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THE RELATIVE VALUE OF RAW ROCK RHOSPHATE
AND BONE HEAL AS SOURCE OF CALCIUM
AND PHOSPHORUS FOR LACTATING
DAIRY COWS

THE RELATIVE VALUE OF RAW ROCK PHOSPHATE
AND BONE MEAL AS SOURCE OF CALCIWM
AND PHOSPHORUS FOR LACTATLNG
DAIRY COWS

Thesis

Respectfully submitted to the faculty of
Michigrn State College in partial ful-
fillment of the requirement. for the

degree of Master of Science.

by

P:

Wright B. Jone.
-_—""

O

1925

IHESIS

 

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness
to C. F. Huffman, Research Assistant in Dairying, for I
his aid in planning and conducting the experiment and.
for his kindly criticism of the manuscript.

He also wishes to express his gratitude to Professor
0. E. Reed, Reed of the Department of Dairy Husbandry, for
timely advice and assistance in the intestigation.

Likewise the writer wishes to acknowledge his appre-
ciation of the help given him by Doctor A. J. Patten, Head
of the Chemistry Experiment Station and Doctor 0. 8.
Robinson, Research Assciate in Chemistry, both of whose

suggestions and aid made the chemical analyses possible.

100215

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
INTRODUCTION a
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1
I Normal function of calcium and phosphorus 1
A A Calcium.and phosphorus of the skeleton l
B Calcium and phosphorus in other tissues 4
C Calcium and phosphorus in milk 4
D Calcium and phosphorus in blood 5
II Effect of a disturbance of'calcium and

I phosphorus metabolism. 5
A Osseous oachexia or osteomalacia in humans 6

B Osseous cachexia or osteomalacia in
domestic animals ' 8
(1) Symptoms 8
(2) Occurrence 9
(3) Cause 10
(4) Treatment 11
c aieket- 11
(1) Symptoms 12
(23 Occurrence 12
(3) Etiology 13

(a) Effect of a ration low in calcium 13
(‘0) Effect of a ration low in phosphorus 13
(cl Calcium.and phosphorus of the blood 14
(d) The proportion of calcium and
phosphorus in the diet 14

page
(6) The mineral retention factor 16

(f) Light and exercise 19
D Tetany‘ 21
(1) Calcium in the blood serum in tetany 21
(2) Calcium balance in tetany 22
(3) Parathyroids and tetany 23
(4) Use of calcium salts 24
(5) Ion antagonism and tetany 25
III Calcium and phosphorus requirement 27
A Requirements for maintainence 28
B Effect of’lactstion. 29'
0 Effect of pregnancy 29
D Amount of calcium and phosphorus needed in

feed ' 29

IV Sources of calcium and ph08phorus for dairy cows 51

A Calcium Ind phosphorus in natural feeds 31
(1) Feeds high in calcium. 32
(2S Feeds low in calcium 52
(3) Feeds high in phosphorus 32
(4) leads low in phOSphorus 33

B Hineral supplements 33

V Feeding experiments with bone meal and raw

rock phosphate 35
VI Discussion of review of literature 38
OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT . 42

PLAN OF EXPERIMENT 43

P389

METHOD OF EXPERIMENTATION 45
I Feeding 45
II Selection of animals 46
III Equipment 46
IV Care, feeding and watering 47
V Collection of experimental data 49
A Weighing 49

B Record of feeds 49

C Sampling and analysis of feeds 50

D Collection and analysis of urine and feces 51

3 Collection and analysis of milk 58

I Blood picture 53

C Hydrogen ion concentration of feces 53

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
I Palatability of raw rock phosphate and bone meal 54

II Appearance of animals during experiment 54
III Graph Number I 55
IV Graph Number II 56
v Graph Number III 57
VI Table Number I I 58
VII Table Number II 59
VIII Table Number III , so
11' Table Number Iv' 61
I. Table Number V 62
XI Table Number VI 63

XII Table Number vII 64

P389

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 65
I Palatability 65
II Appearance of animals 65

III The calcium and inorganic phosphorus of the blood 67

IV Hydrogen ion concentration of faces 69
CV Percent of’calcium.and phosphorus in milk 69
VI Percent of fat in milk 69
VII Availability of calcium and phosphorus 70
A The calcium balance 70

B The phOSphorus balance 72

C The nitrogen balance 74
II.Ph08phorus in the urine 75
CONCLUSIONS 77

BIBLIOGRAPHY 78

TTRODJCIION

The Modern dairy cow has becom such an efficient
milding machine that the ordinary feeds can no longer supgly
calcium and phosphorus in -uantities ls rge enoug h to neep her
up to :ull production. 30th elem e11ts are needed in relative-
ly large amounts by the animal body. This need is intensified
by increase in growth, by lactation, and by pregnancy. About
three-fourths of the sh of the body is calcium phoxphate, and
as the animal increases in size the need ior calcium and phos-
phorus in the feed is increased. A heavily lactating cow

supplies a large amount of calcium and )hOS)hO rus in the mile

as milk contains both of these elements. The work oi most

r

H

inves tQ at are )Jilt s to the act that during heavy milk produc-

slcium and ohogahorus from the body.
- , d

0

tion there is a loss of
Also the ooty of a new born calf weQ hing eightI pounds con-
tains according to fichles and Trowbridge, about a.8 pounds of

1-

mineral matter of which three- I urths is calcium and pnos horns.
These elements must be iurnished by the mother and adds to the
amount re‘uired in the feed.

Host of the roughages and esgecially the le-unes contain
calcium in abundance. Cottonseed meal, linseed oil meal, wheat

.L‘

bran and in lact nearly all concentrates have relatively la rge

l
)

am\unts o: ghossnarus. The 0 dinary animal on a well balanced

ration of grains 21d locume hay or) be bly llas- plenty of calcium
and phosphorus in her diet. It is different, however, with a

is

(D

'5

heavily lactating animal. The su ply in the conmon fee d

not envugh to meet her requirements. Qhere is a need for
supplements which have a high percentage of both calcium and
pLosphorus.

Bone heal and raw rock phosphate are two minerals which

"\

e elements. none meal is a so-

u

118

m

contain an abundance of t

J‘

celled organic source. Bon- meal is a by product 01 the use

industry and can be secured from taehing

.-

louses only in limited

y-..

quantities. This makes bone heal a relatively expensive
sup_lenent. Ra u rock phosphate is an inroganic source of
calcium and phosphorus. It is singly the natural rock very
finely ground. T19 supply of raw rock phenghate is practically
unlimited and is therefore inexpensive. If tLere was not
difference in the feeding value, raw rock sheephate would be

a much cheaper supglement than bone meal.

No work with dairy cows had been done directly comparing
bone nee and raw rock phosphate and this exocrinent was under-
taken in order to determine the relative availability of the
calcium and ghosghorus of bone meal and raw rock phosphate when

fed to lactating dairy cows.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Calcium and phOSphorus are considered the limiting
mineral elements in animal nutrition, since they are present
in the body in much larger quantities than any of the other
elements. Larger amounts of both are lost from the body
during the normal life processes; and probably the main use
of mineral supplements such as raw rock phoSphate and bone
meal is to replace the calcium and phOSphorus that is used up

in tille way.
Normal Functions of Calcium and PhOSphorus

Calcium and Phosphorus of the Skeleton

About three-fourths of all the ash of the body is
calcium phOSphate. (21) About five percent of the live weight
or twelve percent of the dry weight of the carcass of the ox
is calcium phOSphate. (86) Lawes and Gilbert have made the

following analysis: (60)

Half fat ox Fat ox Calf
Calcium 1.50877: 1.2817”. 1.17773
Phosphorus 0.803% 0.677% 0.6707;

By far the greatest percentage of both calcium and
phosphorus is found in the skeleton. Probably 99% of all the
calcium and 85% of the phosphorus of the body are found in the
bones. The two elements make up about 90% of the ash of bone.
(42) They are largely combined, seven-eighths of the bone ash
being phOSphate of lime. (21) Beaunis found the following

composition of bone:

Lime 57.58%
PhOSphoric Acid 53.31%

Hart, McCollum and Humphrey of the Wisconsin station
(34) have shown that the animal skeleton acts as a reserve
storehouse for mineral matter supplying calcium and phOSphorus
when the amount in the feed is below requirements, in order that
the metabolic processes of the body may continue. Under such
conditions the calcium of the flesh and other soft parts of the
body remain as high as in animals liberally fed with these
elements. These investigators found that a cow fed a ration
deficient in calcium during three and one half months gave off
5.5 pounds more calcium in milk and excrement than was in the
feed. This was fully 25% of all the calcium in her body, in -
cluding the skeleton, at the beginning of the trial.

Forbes and associates {23) showed that liberal milk
production on common practical rations, fed in sufficient quan-
tities to maintain live weight and cause regular nitrogen and
sulphur storage, caused consistent losses of calcium, magnesium
and phorphorus from the cow's skeleton. Losses occurred in
spite of liblral supplies of these elements in the feeds. (24)
With a ration of common feeds chosen to provide maximum supply
of mineral nutrients all calcium, magnesium and phOSphorus
balances were negative. With increase in these elements by
increasing the food consumed and by addition of calcium carbonate
and bone meal all calcium and all but one magnesium balance re-
mained negative, the phOSphorus balance, however, became positive.

These experiments indicate that minerals are normally

removed from the skeleton during liberal milk production.

Later studies at the Ohio Station (25) gave no evidence
that the limited utilization of calcium compounds is due to the
difficult solubility of calcium compounds in the ration. Calcium
lactate, calcium chloride, and precipitated bone phosphate, all
soluble compounds of calcium, were added to the rations without
making the calcium balance positive. During this experiment the
phOSphorus balances were negative.

All of these experiments show that it is a normal function
of the skeleton to give off calcium and thSphorus during liberal
lactation.

This loss of minerals seems to take place until the im-
pulse to secrete milk has largely Spent itself after which a
retention begins to take place. Forbes and associates {27) showed
in a series of studies that in 49 negative balances of calcium
during liberal milk production, without one exception, the animal
began to store calcium as soon as the milk production had de-
creased to such an extent that the calcium outgo did not exceed
their capacities to assimilate calcium.

‘Meigs and Woodward {81) found that milk cows store large
amounts of calcium and phosphorus during a dry period, if they
are properly fed.

It appears from the results of all these investigators
that the skeleton is made up largely of calcium and phosphorus;
that both of these elements are stored in the skeleton during
growth and periods of rest from lactation; that during heavy milk
production the animal uses up part of the calcium and phOSphorus

of the skeleton.

Calcium and Fhosphorus in Other Tissues

Both calcium and phosphorus are found in other tissues
of the body. PhOSphorus is found in relatively large quantities
in muscle, brain, nerves, liver and lungs. Gilbert and Posternack
(32) estimate the total phosphorus of the human body as 1000 grams
9205 at middle life. This 1600 grams is made up of about 1400
grams in the skeleton, 130 grams in muscles, 12 grams in brain,
8 grams in nerves, 10 grams in liver, 6 grams in lungs,and about
4 grams in blood. Calcium is also found in these tissues but in
much smaller quantities. (28)

Calcium and PhOSphorus in Milk

 

Very large quantities of both calcium and phosphorus are
contained in milk. This accounts for the enormous drain on the
calcium and phosphorus of the skeleton during liberal milk pro-
duction. The phOSphoruS occurs mostly as phosphates of calcium,
magnesium, and aluminum. (40) Calcium occurs as phOSphate,
citrate and caseinate.

According to various authors the content of lime and

phOSphoric acid in cows milk is as follows:

Author % 0&0 % P205
Barge (1874) 0.1599 0.1974
Schrodt & Hansen (1885) 21.45 p of ash 24.11; of ash
Trunz (1903) 0.1524 9.1821
0.2841 0.3284
Jensen (1904) 0.2851 0.1983
Babcock ’ 0.1400 0.1700
0.2160

Katagama (1908) 0.1670
_ (Average composition of

milk of improved breeds)

0.1780 0.225

(Average comeositionqof
milk of natlvenbrpjcs.

The percentage of calcium and phosphorus in milk is
subject to but little variation. Some authors note (11) success
in increasing the calcium content of milk by addition of calcium
salts to the ration. An increase in the amount of calcium and
phosphorus in milk, however, is hardly the purpose of the feeder
in adding mineral supplements to the ration. The value of these
feeds lies in their ability to supply enough calcium and phos-
phorus to meet the normal demand and thus prevent the loss of
these elements from the skeleton.

Calcium and Phosphorus in Blood

Calcium and phosphorus are also important constituents
of the blood. PhOSphorus is present as potassium and calcium
phosphate and inorganic combination as phosphatides and
neucleoproteins 0r nucleins and according to Panella as phos-
phocarnic acid. (29) Lecithin was found by Gobley in 1851.
Calcium occurs in blood serum as Ca(H003)2. (63) Other forms
of calcium.are present but in smaller quantities.

The analysis of blood as found by several investigators

is as follows:

0x blood Bull blood

Corpuscles Serum Corpuscles Serum

(1) Parts per 1000 of blood 2205 0. 2392 0.1646 0. 2360 0.1560
" 1000 " " 080 0.0805 0.0730

(80) 9.6 - 9.8 milligrams calcium per 100 grams blood plasma

(670 Oxen 6.43 milligrams calcium per 100 0.0. whole blood

(8) 0x blood 7.82 milligrams calcium per 100 0.0. whole blood
In human beings the average calcium in the blood is

between 9 and 11 milligrams per 100 0.0. whole blood. (59),

(50), (10) In rats 9.5 to 10.5 milligrams per 100 0.0. and that

of phOSphorus 7 to 8.5 milligrams. (57)

The amount of phosphorus in both the plasma and the
corpuscles is extremely variable and depends to a large extent
upon the amount available in the feed. Calcium, however, is
quite constant. (53)

Calcium and phOSphorus may both be used for Specific
purposes in the blood. For instance, calcium is necessary for
clotzing 0f the blood, and alkali compounds of phosohates are
of great importance in maintaining almost constant reaction of
body fluids. It is doubtful, however, if the feeding of minerals
containing calcium and ph08phorus can effect these functions.

It is the amount of calcium and phosphorus that is being carried
by the blood to replace that lost from the tissues through the
normal life processes that may be affected by a diet rich in

calcium and phoSphorus.

Effect of Distrubance of Calcium

0r Ph0Sphorus Iletabolism

 

An insufficient supply of either calcium or phosphorus
or a disturbed metabolism of these elements may lead to a number
of pathological changes.

Among these osseous cachexia, rickets, and tetany are
the most important.

Osseous Cachexia or Osteomalacia ( In Human Beings )

Osteomalacia of domestic animals differs from human
osteomalacia. In humans the disease is of an entirely unknown
cause (30) One of the prominent symptoms is an absorption of
salts from the bone and their replacement by tissues not having

the normal content of bone salts. There is usually a marked

7

loss of mineral matter generally, of calcium, 8 less marked
loss of phOSQhorus, and a decided increase in magnesium. {83)
A moderately severe case studied by HcCrudden (79) showed that
the relative amount of inorganic matter of the dried bone was
285 compared with 48-1/2fi in normal bone. The calcium was de-
creased to nearly one-half its normal value, while the relative

amount of other mineral constituents was increased. The 9.05

greater than normal. Magnesium increased fourfold and sulphur

was two-thirds normal, although the ratio P 0&0 was
increased nearly fourfold. The relative increase of inorganic
constituents other than calcium was greater than cozld be
accounted for by simple decalcification. McCrudden assumes that
this is a manifestation of the organism to supply other material
to replace CaHPOé.

The method by which these changes take place, as stated
by Pommer (91), in 1885 is through a continuous building of new
lime-free bone tissue, a cessation of the deposition of lime,
and a local removal of lime from.the parts containing it.

Forbes states (51) "While the cause of the deposition
of the salts in bone is not definitely known we must admit: (I)
That there resides in the osteogenous tissue some properly which
acts like an affinity for the bone salts. (2) That this property
tends to maintain a constant proportion between the salts deposit-
ed. (3) That variations in the composition or reaction of the
blood, as affected by disease, may modify the character of this
affinity, as indicated by the composition of the bones, in
definite and consistent ways, even if not to unlimited degrees."

It is apparent that human osteomalacia is not due

primarily to the lack of phOSphorus or calcium compounds in the

food, nor to too rapid growth, pregnancy, lactation, or
senility, though naturally these may be contributory or
accentuating conditions, but is due rather to a disturbance
of the normal functions of the bone cells.
Osseous Cachexia or Osteomalacia ( In Domestic Animals)
Osteomalacia of domestic animals, however, is due
principally to the deficiency of the food in bone forming material,
although it may be due to a lack of correct proportion between
the mineral elements, bone-forming or otherwise, contained in the
food. (30) The condition is easily curable. The principal
prediSposing factors are pregnancy, growth, lactatiin, starvation,
and unhygenic condition. Bone meal and raw rock phOSphate may be
of great value as preventative or cure in regions where the
disease is prevalent.
Symptoms The symptoms of the disease in domestic animals
can be divided into four phases:
Initial phase. (84), (90), (105), (96).
Irregularity, diminution and sometimes
perversion of appetite. Loss of spirits. Some
interference with movement. Tendency to remain
lying in the stable. This phase of the disease
is seldom noticed except in a region where the
disease is prevalent. The second phase, however,
is more noticeable.
Second phase
Difficulty in rising. When standing still
patient may seem to be in pain. The least
muscular effort when lying down may cause it

to moan. Weakness becomes marked and appetite

very irregular. Swellings appear, due to
arthritis of extremities. Secretion of milk
diminishes or ceases, and abortion is not
no ommon .
Third phase
Characterized by fractures. Even the slightest
muscular effort or violence may cause fracture.
These fractures are seldom accompanied by ex-
cessive bleedings, and they show little tendency
to repair.
Fourth phase
Softening of the bones. This phase is very
rarely seen in cattle because the accident so
often accompanying the preceding stage
necessitates slaughter. The bones become
elastic, soft, and depressible. Bones of the
head are usually the first to suffer becoming
greatly enlarged. Osseous tissue, prOperly
so-cslled, slowly disappears.
The deve10pment of the disease is slow, lasting one to
two months as a rule.
Good mi king cows seem to be most frequently attacked,
probably because of great losses of nutritive material which
occur through milk. According to J. M. Parker (90), pregnant
cows seam to be the most susceptible. In some localities of
Texas 50% of such cows are affected.
Occurrence. The disease has been reported among domestic

animals in several countries and regions. D. Butcheon (49)

10

reports disease among cattle, sheep, goats and horses over a
large area of Cape Colony, most prevalent on the easten coast.
In Hawaii the disease occurs on soils lacking in lime. (l7)
Thienaux (61) reports the disease in cattle, horses, sheep and
goats. In iueensland osteomalacia is a condition affecting
mainly the bones of cows and heifers chiefly of dairy stack and
high producers. Creeping sickness, as the disease is sometimes
called, occurs along the coastal plain region during the dry
season, (19) and the first symptoms of the disease may often

be noted in sections of Michigan. The disease is somewhat
prevalent among cattle in sections of Montana. J. A. Reid and
B. C. Aston (96) report the disease in sheep on soils lacking

in lime. A Scheumut, A. Schattke and E. Loetsch (101) fed hay
and cats to horses and osteomalacia appeared. The hay was some-
what lower in calcium than ordinary hay. No other marked differ-
ences were found.

Cause. As has been stated above the chief cause of
osseous cachexia in domestic animals is a deficiency of the food
in bone forming constituents. It may, however, be due to a
lack of correct proportion between the mineral elements contained
in the food. (30) W. Dibbelt fed certain salts and found that
it is possible to continuously withdraw calcium salts (excretion-
in feces and urine) from the organism of a full grown animal. If
animals so treated became pregnant, the fetus developed normally
even as regards skeleton formation. The loss of calcium salts
from the organism of the mother, however, was intensified and

led to osteomalacia and atr0phy of osseous tissue. Etunni (16)

ll

shows that administration of CaCL3 in considerable amounts over
long periods causes an inital retention of calcium followed by
increased elimination. The loss is derived chiefly from the
bones and may reach 15$. Deformations results wnich resemble
osteomalacia. Both of these cases tend to :how that the case
may be an imprOper proportion of mineral elements in the feed.

Nearly all cases of osteomalacia in the domestic animal
have occurred on soils lacking in lime and phOSphorus or
following the use of feeds deficient in these elements. This
fact backs up the belief of Forbes that the disease is due
primarily to feeds low in calcium and phosphorus.

Treatment. The treatment of the disease consists simply
of supplying additional calcium and phosphorus to the ration in
the correct prOportions.

Moussu and Dollar (84) suggest as a cure the use of
ground bone, tri basic or di basic calcium phosphate and feeds
rich in calcium and phOSphorus. They also recommend the use of
cod liver oil, although it may be expensive. Forbes claims

that the disease is readily curable by the use of calcium and

H
hosphorus rich feeds. J. Hogen (45) says that lime and phos-

*d

phate shauld be added to the ration. D. Hutcheon (49) claims
bone meal or bone ash controls the disease.

All these results point to the use of mineral supple-
ments as a preventitive or cure for osteomalacia of domestic
animals.

Rickets
R chats is essentially a disease of dietary orgin. It

is due to a lack of deposition of calcium and phOSphorus and

in this way differs from osteomalacia uhich is caused by a with-
drawal of them from the skeleton. According to many investigators
a deficiency in the ration in calcium or phosphorus leads to
rickets. It is therefore possible that young animals fed a ration
low in one or both of these elements may develop the disease.

Symptoms. McCollum (70) says the disease varies in

 

severity, and individual cases present pictures which differ in
some detail but all of which have certain characterisitcs in
common. hickets leads to deformity, due to abnormal enlargements
of the ends of bones, and to distortion due to bending because of
the lack of resistance of the bones to body weight, muscular
tension, and to atmoSpheric pressure. The latter factor is
especially important in changing the form of the thorax. Bow legs,
knock knees, enlarged joints, flat or deformed chests, and ab-
normal conformation of the skull, are results of the failure of
bones to develop in the normal manner.

Rickets is essentially a disease of infancy and early
childhood although it occurs in children of five or six years of
age and even later ( rachitis tarda). The disease may be mani-
fested by the second month of life. It is most frequent from
the second month to the end of the year. It is usually accepted
that the disease is rarely, if ever, present at birth, but since
clinically recognized symptoms may cocur very early in life, and
since the development of the disease is slow, it must in many
cases have its beginning in the earliest days of extra uterine
life. .

Occurrence. Rickets occur chiefly in Europe and North

 

America especially in large industrial centers where the peeple

are living in conditions differing very widely from the natural

13

state. Park (89) states that the disease is so common in the
large cities of America and Europe that few children among the
poorer classes are untouched by it.

Etiology. There are several factors that may be con-

 

sidered in the etiology of rickets. These are (l) the supply
of calcium in the ration, (2) the supply of phosphorus in the
ration, (3) calcium and phosphorus of the blood, (4) the pro-
portion of these elements in the ration, (5) the presence of
an organic substance (vitamin D) which aids in their assimila-
tion, (6) and to these five we might add exercise and certain
kinds of light.
Effect of rations low in calcium

It has been believed for a long time that a
lack of sufficient cabium in the diet is of prime importance
in the develOpment of rickets. A survey of the history of the
disease shows that rickets is most common in those parts of the
world where milled cereal products, rubers, and muscle meats
form the principal components of the dietary. This type of
diet is essentially lacking in mineral constituents and vitamins,
and has repeatedly been shown to be inadequate for tie production
of satisfactory milk by the lactating mother.

Recent experiments by several investigators
have shown that rickets can be produced by feeding diets low
in calcium. (e7). (14), (74), (7e), (75), (73)

Effect of rations low in phosphorus

Other experiments have illustrated the fact

that rickets may also be developed by fecding rati ns low in

phos)horus. (87), (103), (68)

14

Calcium an phosphorus of blood in rickets
McCollum and associates (7?) state that there
are two main kinds of rickets. One is characterized by a
normal or nearly normal blood calcium and a low blood phos-
phorus (inorganic). The other by a normal or nearly normal

phosphorus but a low blood calcium.

‘

U‘

The above results of different investigator
indicate that a lack of either, or perhaps both, of these
elements in the diet may lead to rickets. It is, therefore,
possible that an addition of mineral supplements containing
calcium and phosohorus to the ration might be of value in the
prevention of rickets.

The proportion of calcium and phosphorus in the diet

Another factor involving the metabolism of
calcium and phosohorus may also be of importance in the develop-
ment of the disease. HcCollum (69) makes the following state-
ment: "It would seem from the results of a larger number of ex-
periments now available, that the physiological relation in the
diet within certain limits between the two elements (calcium and
phosphorus) is of much greater importance in insuring norms
calcification, than the absolu e amount of the salts themselves."
He mentions the series of experiments carried on by his associates
and himself and also those of Sherman and Bappenheimer (lOZ)

Hess, McCann and Pappenheimer (43) in support of this theory.

In discussing Sherman and Peppenheimer's work,
McCollum says (72): "The basal ration employed by these investi-
gators was deficient in calcium, sodium, cholorin, iron, and

possibly potassium, in water-soluble B, in fat-soluble A, and in

the organic factor playing a role in the prevention of richets.
When calcium was added in the form of calcium lactate to the
ration a marked diaproportion in calcium-phosphate ratio was
produced, the calcium being nearly optimal and the phosphorus
very low. Fat soluble A was almost lacking and the condition
was such under which we should expect severe rickets to develop.
(The authors reported rickets on this diet) When neither calcium
nor phOSphorus was added, the ratio was more nearly optimum than
after the calcium addition. Riiats did not develop. than
potassium phOSphate in addition to calcium lactate was added to
the ration the calcium to the phoSphate ratio was again more
favorable and rickets was prevented."

In an experiment of McCollum and associates (71)
a diet containing about twice the optimum amount of calcium
”and deficient in phOSphorus and fat-soluble A was fed to rats.
Very severe lesions developed. The disease depended in severity
upon the deviation from the Optimal calcium-phOSphorus ratio.
These investigators repeatedly observed that the addition of
excessive amounts of calcium carbonate to diets which were
deficient in phOSphorus and fat-soluble A induced most pronounced
disturbances in the growth of the bones. ,r

The effect of feeding a ration containing calcium
and phosphorus in a ratio opposite to that described in the above
ratio was tried by Shipley, Park, Simmonds and McCollum. (104)
A diet consisting of cereal grains and legumes did not induce
any growth because it was too poor in calcium. It was likewise
lacking in phOSphorus although not to so marked a degree as in

case of calcium low in fat soluble A, and the proteins were not

16

of the best quality. If this diet was supplemented with common
salt, calcium and fat soluble A it supported good growth, although
the animals were not normal. without this supplement the animals
were simply brought into a state of nutritional stability. They
did not grow and did not develop rickets, although the bones were
not entirely normal.

The addition of 10% casein, a phosphorized protein,
enhanced the food value both with reapect to phosphorus and
amino acids, yet when this was done rickets promptly developed.
This showed that the addition of phosphorus without exceeding a
concentration which is about optimum if more calcium were avail-
able, may cause damage when it leads to an unfavorable ratio be-
‘tween the quantities of the two elements. When calcium salts
were added with the casein the diet was greatly improved and the
bones tended toward mormal structure.

These results show rather conclusively that the
quantitative ratio between calcium and phosphorus in the diet
is an important factor in the etiology of rickets.

The Mineral Retention Eactor

The third factor concerned in the etiology of
rickets is the so-called vitaaun D. This substance is present
in considerable quantities in cod-liver oil and to a very slight
degree in butter-fat. Cod-liver oil as a folk remedy has been
used for many years but no direct evidence of its curative
action in rickets had been obtained until recently. McCollum
and Simmondh (78) showed that cod-liver oil caused deposition
of calcium salts in the bones of the rachitic rat. By means of

the X-ray, Howland and Park (47) showed that the.administration

17

of cod-liver oil to rachitic children was followed by the
deposition of lime salt in the cartilage and bone after a
period of 15 to 21 days.

In the treatm nt of rickets with codlivcr oil
many investigators have obtained is oracle results. J. A.
Schabad (99) found that cod-liver ail increased retention of
calcium in rachitis. Addition of ph :phorus to the oil in-
creased the favorable action. Both the plain oil and the
pHOSphorized oil increased the phosp.orus retention. The same
author later found (100) in the use of phosphorized cod-liver oil
in rachitis, the parti c;lar salt of calcium fed with it caused
marked differences in calci1um retention. Calcium acetate caused
retention in large degree. Calcium citrate and ca -lcium phosphate
did not cause retention. ?hosphorus retention corresponded to
calcium retention.

Rucklin (98) Obtained distinct improvement in
a patient and an increase inc alcium rete tion aft er aim ‘ stra-
tion of cod-liver oil with Ca3(PO4)2.

H. Chick, B. J. Dalyell, h. Hume, H. H. I.
Hachey, H. H. Smith and H. Wimberger (9) observed that rickets
developed in children during winter and spring under excellent
hygenic conditions when receiving a diet composed of milk to
whichs m1 ar was added. The disease was prevented by addition
of cod—liver oil, less carbohydrates and a somewhat larger

amiunt of milk.

8. V. Telfer (106), however, found that the

)1; ‘I

retention of calcium and phos orus in an eight months old

-.

of shimmilk and cod-liver oil

c+

child was no better on a die

than on a diet of cow‘s milk or cow's milk to which bitterfat

J

18d been added.

A series of experinents by XcCollum and associates
led to their making the following conclusions: (75) "Codliver
oil contains in abundance some substance which is present in
butterfat in but very slight amounts and which exerts a distinct
influence on bone development and enables animals to develop vith
an inadequate sipgly of calcium mush better than they could other-
wise do. This substance is apparent y distinct from fat soluble
A which is essential for growth and uhich is associated with the
prevention of ophthalmia."

This factor is also thought to be present in
fresh, green forage and to be destroyed by curing in sunlight,

Hart, Stecnback and Hoppert (36) experimenting
vith cows and goats showed that milking animals receiving grain
and dry oats straw are brought into a decidedly negative calcium
balance, 1.6 t02.?9 grams CaO dai y. When the dry straw was re-
placed by an e;uivalent in dry matter of fresh, green material
the negative balance was only 0.6 grams per day. Another goat
showed a change from 1.5 h32.5 grams 080 to 0.3'b 0.8 grams CaO
per day. as the intake was only 8 to 9 grams CEO daily a posi-
tive balance was not eXpected. pparently there was something
in the fresh, green food which affected calcium assimilation.

The s me investigators later showed that eat
hay dried out of sunlight but in a fairly well lighted room
seemed to retain the properties of fresh, green cats. (37)
In another series of experiments Hart, Steen-

back, Hoppert, Bethke and Tumphrey (38) observed that come

l9

produCLng 20 to 45 pounds of milk daily fed a ration of grains,
silage and timothy hay were in negative calcium and ph sphorus
balance. Substituting alfalfa hay for timothy hay, reduced the
losses but did not make the balance positive. Positive balances
with liberal milking cows was contrary to their former results.
However, the alfalfa hay used in the first experiment had been
cured under caps, while that used in the latter eXperiment was
cured in windrows with exposure to air and sunlight. These
differences in the effects of the two alfalfa ha*s may be
attributed to a difference in the degree of destructiongof the
vitamin assisting in assimilation due to the curring process.

It is evident from these results that the same
factor which is present in cod-liver oil is also probably present
in some green plants. Not all green plants, however, contain
this substance.

The retention of calcium and phOSphorus by dairy
cows depends largely on the presence of a vitamin in the hay or
grasses.

Relationcf exercise and sunlight to rickets

The theory that lack of exercise is one of the
main causes of rickets has not been upheld by investigators.

Park and Rowland (89) and later Baldwin confined puppies in
small cages for two or three months at a time without inducing
rickets. Mellanby (82) showed that puppies on a preperly con-
stituted diet did not develop ricxets when confined in such a
way that they received very little exercise.

Light, however, has been found to exert direct
influence in offering protection from rickets.

The seasonal variation indicates that sunlight

20

plays a very important part in prevention of the disease. Schmorl
(89) made a study of the occurrence of the disease and found that,
although rickets may begin at any time, the highest percentage of
early manifestations of the disease is between November and Kay
when there is the least sunlight. Raezynski in 1912 (95)
correlated the relationship which exists between the incidence of
rickets and lack of sunlight. He pointed out that the curve
representing the number of cases admitted to the heapital began

to rise sharply in January, reached a maximum in may and fell
rapidly in June. This shows practically the same thing as the
work of Schmorl.

Hess, Unger, and Pappenheimer (44) fed rats a
diet adequate in calcium but lacking in phosphorus. Rachitic
lesion developed regularly. These could be prevented by exposure
to direct sunlight.

Powers (92) placed 18 rats on a diet high in
calcium but low in phOSphorus and fat soluble A but in other re-
Spects well constituted. Twelve of the rats were exposed to 242
hours of sunlight over a period of 62 days. Six were kept under
ordinary roou light as controls. The controls were killed after
60 days and all showed rickets. The rats exposed to sunlight
were without exception free from rickets confirmed by histological
examination.

Raezynski (95) reported an experiment with
puppies born of the same mother in May. One was kept in sunlight
from morning to evening and the other was kept in total darkness.
Both pups were nursed exclusively by the mother. At the end of
six weeks the two were killed for examination. The one that had

lived in light was normal whereas the one kept in darkness had

1‘0
H

but Poorly assimilated the mineral salts necessary for formation
of a skeleton.
The use of light in curing of rickets began with
Huldschinsky's work (69). He found that under the influence of
the ultra violet ray in children suffering from rickets there wa
a deposition of calcium salts in the ends of the long bones which
were observable in radiographs. Control children who were not
treated with the rays showed no improvement.
Winkler, Putzig, Karger, Riedel, Sacks, Erlaeker,
Mengert, and Hess have since corroborated this work and have
proven beyond doubt the curative value of the ultra violet ray.
The effect of light on calcium assimilation
seems to be the same as the effect of vitamin D. It must be
noted, however, that neither can prevent rickets if the supply
of calcium or phosphorus in the feed is too low. In rations
.deficient in these elements the sup 1y of calcium and phOSphorus
may perhaps be kept up by the use of mineral supplements.
Tetany
A disease often associated with rickets is tetany. A
low percentage of blood calcium and calcium of the tissues
usually accompanies the disease. This fact suggests the possible
use of calcium rich feeds as a preventative and cure for tetaiy.
It may be another case where raw rock phosohate or bone
meal can be used to advantage.
Calcium in blood serum in tetany; The disease is usually
accompanied by a lowering of the percent of calcium in the blood

serum. The normal amount as mentioned before is 10 - ll milli-

22

grams per 100 c.c. serum. Howland, HcKim and Iarriott (46)
found that calcium may fall as low as 5.5 milligrams. The
average of 18 cases was 5.6 milligrams. Brown, McLachlan and
Simpson (7) studied 8 cases of tetany and iound the calcium to
vary from 5.7 to 8 .illigrans. W. G. HcCollum and Carl
Voegtlin (65) showed that the blood of animals killed in tetany
had about one-half nor a1 concentration of calcium. F. F.
Tisdall, B. Kramer, and J. howland (107) and A. Orgler (95)
mention the fact that calcium content of the blood is markedly
low during tetany.

A reduction of 2. bod milligrams per 100 c.c. of
serum was found by Paul Trendelenberg and n. Goebel. (108)

All of these results show that tetany is accompanied
by low calcium content of blood serum.

Calcium balance in tetany. Accompanying the low blood
calcium in tetany is very often, though not always, a negative
calcium balance.

In four cases of tetany studied by Artzenias (5) three
showed negative balance of calcium. The fourth patient showed
symptoms of latent tetany but no disturbance of the calcium
balance.

A. Orgler (93) found a negative balance of calcium in
many cases of tetany.

Underhill, Tileston and Bogart (109) pointed out that
a patient with tetany showed a greater tendency to store calcium
on a calcium-rich diet and a greater tendency to lose calcium
on a calcium-poor diet than normal individuals under the same

condition.

1‘3
(>1

Tetany in infants largely depends on the diet (93).

No as sium and phosphorus increase the symptoms. Calcium and
magnesium havesgood influence. In many cases the Calcium
balance is negative. Parathyroid tetany and Spontaneous tetany
of infants all show the same type of calcium metabolism.

Parathyroids and t etany. That there is a relation
between the 1arathyroid glands and calcium in the development
of tetany is clearly shown by a large number of experiments.
According to Robert E. Hum er (58) the a jearance of tetany
following the hypo-functioning of the parathyroids is due to
the disturbance of th is balance between calcium and the products
of metabolism. The deficit of the calcium deprives the cclls
of their defence, facilitating tlic entrance of toxic products
which give rise to tetany.

Paul Tren‘elenberg and h. Goebel (108) found in tetany

resulting from 1ara. "vr1ideo.omy there is a deionization of

(0

calcium and the total calcium of the erum is depressed. avide cs

'0
H.

of calcium deficiency appears within x ho rs after the Operation.

I. Ott and J. C. Scott (94) proved that removal of pa

?1'

th; roids alone caused tetany. This tetany was not due to a lac
of calcium but to a poison in the blood.

Working with cats 3. Farmer and 3. Kline (20) found that
small accessory paratln'roids can a1 a;rs be found. These authors
removed in forty cats the :our nrincipal parathyroids. Lffect
was not the sane in ill aniuals. Often acute and sub-acute
tetany developed vzhich en ed fatally; other animals remained in

good health after the operation. This was probably not due to

the rema Dining accessorv -lands as there was no correspondence

(7
v a La

between their e) is;

The authors tui1e trans lanted yarathjroids and tengorar:
improvement vas seen.

Noel Patton has shovn that guaniuine or methyl guania'n
produce a"njtoms of tetany. Che authors consider tetanv an
intoxication with these congounds, the functians of the
.¢ (Drooab‘" oxidize

results following ‘aicium treatment would be due to the fact

at
C?-
h

. “A J“ . fl J "‘ 4 r- t‘\" ' '2 ’ .L" 6' ‘- : f ""3"
animals unis si :JaLLe £41 reduce the calcium content 0.

the contra nervous

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Use of calcium salts. Calcium sa ts have been found to

 

£0

0;

5.4.
.0
.....
at
b.
3.)
(1‘
C
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be of great value tetany.

C)

Farmer and Klinge (3 in their eXperiment with para-
thyroidectomizeu cats Had favorable results from feeding calcium
salts.

Uhlenhuth (llO) prevented the muscular contractions by

introduction of a: lo Lum lactate into the bod;2.

V. G. IacCallum and Carl Voegtlin (66) found that the

25

administration of calcium salts has an im ediate and Specific
curative effect on parathyroid tetany. While much of the

rpe of acid intoxication the removal of

{11
cf

evidence pointed to
calcium must be one of the factors resoonsible for tetany.

Four grams daily of 08039 or calcium lactate was found
to decrease the symptoms of tetan‘. (3)

Both calcium and magnesium have good influence in
infantile tetany (93). l

Howland, KcKim and lJarriott (46) showed calcium adminis-
tration causes marked effect on the course of tetany. In a few
hiurs the symptoms disappear. Calcium must be continued for a
long time. CaCLg administration per os causes an increase in
calcium content of the serum coincident thL Cessation of
symptom. although calcium of the serum does not usually return
to normal.

Codliver oil and phosphorus was also fund to be of
benefit in cases of tetany. Eight cases studied by Brown,
MacLachland and Simpson were cured by administration of phos-
phorized cod-liver oil. The blood calcium was increased within
a period of 10 to 17 days.

The results of nearly all the investigators point to
a distrubance of the calcium metabolism as a cause of tetany.
The feeding of calcium salts seems to be of great benefit in
telieving the animals from the symptoms, and suggests that
raw rock phosphate and bone meal may be important in the ration
’ as a preventative for tetany.

Ion antagonism and tetany. Several investigators have

advanced the theory that tetany is due to an irritant effect

(C
03

of certain ions. Loeb (62) exceriuenting 1ith frogs, found
that when certain ions Came in contact vith nerves a tetanous
condition resulted, while at 11er ions, if present, tended to
counteract this efiect. sodium fluoride, disodium ghosph t

-“.-‘ \ ‘i r“ . 1 " -.r \_ : fi‘,,\ ‘ . . h. - w-‘i‘, - — ,I‘ ‘
.nate, s0diuo one ate, so_iin citrate, SOleJ tartrate,

I
an.

and phos
and acid sod ium carbonate, or the eomoounds of sodium whose
anious form insoluble calcium compodnds. Lhe calcium ions
have a sootlfi ing effect and c interact the sodium ions. then
anions of salts of sodi1m mentioned above come in contact with
calcium ions insoluble calcium compounds are formed and the
sodium ions are left free to cause irritabilitv. OH ani H
ions have a catalytic action and soeed up the contraction of

muscles in

(7"

muscles due 0

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presecne of sodiums salts mav be due to oresence f on in the

0

solution. This action is “ountcracted by the constant iroouction
of H9003 by the muscles vhich increase the solubility of the
calcium salts. If OH ions are add ' t;is effect will be counter-

acted again. Alkalinity seems to aid sodium ions in irodu cin

a

CO

L

irritability. The addition of CaCLo to a sodium citrate solu-

tion stopped the contact reaction.

1.)

A. Orgler (93) found that c ciio and magnesium have
a good inf oence on the symptoms of tetany. Potassium and
phosphorus seem to increase the irritation.

Parhow and “.L nit esco (L 8) f1und that calcium seems
to exercise a sedative action on nerves

Joseph and Heltzer (53) using calcium chloride were

able to completely inhibit all irritability of nerves and

.7)
1.:

muscle; this inhibition was growtply 1 ovemo able b subseiuent
use of sodium chloride.

Seve al authors believe tlat tetanv is a condition in
vhich toe norrm 1 balance bet a n calcium and magnesium on one
hand and sodi1m.and jotassiuizcni HMS other Land is disturbed

V

so that the amount of calcium an? ma net iuzn beco1es relatively
smaller in proportion to the amount of sodium and potassium,
which causes an increase in the irrita xility of the nerves
system. (15), (64), (c5)

Tisdale, Kramer and howlan found tha the sodium and
magnesium content of the serum of children suffcring from active
infantile tetany falls within limits of normal. The K content
is somewhat elevated. The cale Lim marlzedls diminished below
normal. The ratio (Ha,K : (02,125) 11 normal infants is 27.6
: 1, while in cases of active tetany it is 44.5 : 1. however,
if calcium were to remain the same the ratio t'>uld be 37.8 The
change in ratio is, therefore, due almost wholly to decrease in
calcium concentration.

The results of these investigators point to the fact
thar calcium and magnesium ions have a soothing effect on the
nervous system while sodium and potassium ions jroduce irritability.
Tetany would seem to be due to the presence of more sodium and
potassium than calcium and magnesium in the body tissues. The

feeding of miner l suiolements high in calcium mav correct this

condition.
Calcium and ?hos2horus Requirements

The literature concerning the ash reouirements of dairy

cows is quite frarmentary and unsat‘sfactory. This makes it
difficult to get any trustworthy estimates of the amount or
kind of calcium and phosghnrus com ounds reguired in the feed
of the dary animals.

The iniluence of function is so great that it is
necessary to discuss this subject from a functional point of
view.

Requirements for maintainence

 

Several factors may cause a change in the amount of ash
necessary in the feed for maintaining the ash in the body. Armsby
(4) states that ”The effort of the body to maintain the osmotic
pressure of its fluids by removing a surplus of some one ingredient
may bring ab‘lt an impoverishment as regards other elements and so
create a need for a supply of the latter in the feed. The action
of the kidneys in eliminating surplus salts and so preventing an
increase in the osmotic pressure is not confined tothe particular
salt in excess but extends to others also." He adds, "Small
amounts of some acids tend to escape oxidation in the body and to
be excreted in the urine carrying a corresponding amiunt of base
with them. Oxalic acid and itssalts are oxidized with difficulty
and tend to impoverish the body in calcium by the formation of
insoluble calcium oxalate. This acid is liable to be especially
injurious to young ruminants while in mature ruminants it seems
to be largely destroyed in the first stomach”. "Long continued
maintainence on abnormal feed or under conditions favoring acid
production in the body may result in extracting from the body

comparatively large amounts of mineral matter even to the extent

apparently of bringing about pathological changes. These

9

1 W

fluctuations of bone ash effect the sea as a vhole and the per-
cent composition of the ash remains abut constant." "‘u’ith

rations containing a larger proportion of roughage there is no
reason to fear losses either Specifically of fixed bases or in

is be the case with

'1'
0

general of total ash. Such would {lmost alas
ordinary maintainence rations of cattle. As regards maint inence
it seems clear that the ash reruirement is a uualitative rather
than a quantitative one. It is the proportions far more than the
total amounts of ash that are important."

Effect of Lactation

 

The supply of calcium and phosphorus in milk must come
either from the feed or from the body of the animal. If the
skeleton is supplying these materials to the milk, the animal
must be able to replace these elements fnam the ash of the food,
otherwise pathological changes will take place and the animal

may die. It is necessary, therefore, to have sufficient calcium

6'

DJ

an phOSphorus in the fead to cover the supply excreted in the

H

ni k

H
0

Effect of Pregnancy

 

According to Eckles and Trowbridge (42) the body of a
new born calf weighing 80 pounds contains 2. pvunds of mineral
matter. Additiinal calcium and phOSphorus should be furnished
in the feed of the pregnant animal in order to meet the demands
of the developing fetus. This ash material would necessarily
have to come from the pregnant animal and should be supplied in
the feed.

Amount of Calcium and phospnirus needed in feed.

DJ
CD
H)
w.
:t
H.
C."
CD
rs
Ho
(3':
(.4
PJ
H
(D
(D
m
r
d
0
cf
3‘
(D

It is hard to arrive at any

amiunt of calcium rnl phosohirus necessary in the feed. Che

1i,,ht on the s;ib‘7ect but

}
V

work of several au tlors tirows soul.

as yet there is nothing defiiite. Qhe main dirficrlty arises

from the fact that we do not snow what percent of the ash in
the feed is d-gesti ole.

.D

Anger (2) showed that Storage oi phosphorus and calcium
took place when large amounts were fed, 60 grams CEO and 90 to

100 grams PiO5 being sszicient. The come he sorted with did

U

not give over 15.48 Kg milk ( aboit 32 pounds), daily.

Hart, XcCollum, Humphr,y (3 5) found that cows fed 190.5
grams of phos horus daily lrnipositive balances at different
metabolism periods during three months time. Cows receiving
only 46.7 grams oer d-y had negative balances.

Nordon, Hart and Patton (51) found a cow storing
phOSphorus when fed only ?7 grams daily. This cow was giving
16.72 ailos daily ( about 54 pounds) and weighed 906 pounds.

From work of Khuen {55) Forbes computed that in addition
to the amiunt of ghosjhorus in the milk a cow mus: receive more

than .07 milligrams 300: per kilogram live weight. From Khur n s
L;

work it can also be fig red that .007 grams CEO per kilogram
live weight above the amount in milk is needed.

A. R. M see (97) cowl lude s that the phosphorus re4uire-
ments of a miik cow is the amtunt of ph-osuhorus eliminated in
the milk plus .036 grams of chosphorus ger kilo of live weight
or .06 grams P 05 per kilo live weight.

Hennebarg (41) determined the maint izence re41ireuent
of a steer for calcium and phOSphorus oer 100 kilogram live

L

weio ht as 100 grams lime and 50 grass P905
H

Kellner (56) in ca guting the re

1‘! - . .4.‘. A: \ ‘.- - \. -—¢- 4" " '- ~ d
. , v ~.\ r C: .n ~.‘ . fi~ ,"..'"\..J .c
la 4-1‘L.S oilec 1.14le “at: £1. uL-..’ ul - --.\ i.

cow adds to these .3

phoSpnoric sold content 01 ;0 kilograms of wi;a tr:euceu yer

.-.~' '_ .. .... ...’» .1. _ "4-..'._.."
.iil: <;o 2 {Jul tutti cote nice 2

'1

1000 kilograms live woi
total of 300 grams of line ;L: 140 arans sf ghornhwric acid as
the re4iirements of milk covs ger 1700 Lilo rams live height.
It is Kellncr's table that was used for figuring the
/'

calcium and phosghirus re UlICQCLtS of the cows used in this
experiment. It is as fol
Calcium grams ?hosniorus grams

For maintainence 1300 pounds 32 10

For production :0 younds milk :9 15
This table gives only an approximation of the re_uire-
ment, and is based on the assuuftiou that a cow can assimilate

*hosqhorus in the feed. The

I I
t

only one third of the calcium and

truth of this assuuption remains to be proven.
Sources of Calcium End ”hosyhirus for Lair; Cows

‘ . - .‘ 1‘ ‘u‘, ‘W 11 . i w L‘ \ ‘
Calciim and lnisghirl. ii natiral feeds

‘

haiy of our common feeds contain relatively large guan-

tities of both calcium and phosphorus. The use of such feeds

f-

in the ration will largely eliminate the abnormal condition
that Very often occurs when a ration that is low in calcium or
phOSphorus or low in both is fed.

The following table (48) shows the calcium analysis
of several of the commwn feed stuffs: (Table computed by

guffman from different analysis)

Feeds high in calcium -

Feeds low
's necess

It)

5
4
5
6
7

m 1 ("3"
‘8‘1--Gce
Cow gea hay
Soy bean may

Skim milk
Clover hay
Alfalfa

Beet pulp

in calcium -

7"?
4....)

l

2

(SI

4
5
6
7

to

Peal hominy

high in phosphorus contert.

_1
3.;43p
. -'
$002949
—--7

1

:1. o :5:jE£SJMJ
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q 9
l.l'-O’0

...\ '
o 739’.)

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(l)
'31
K
0%

‘1)
(I)
{I3
us

.K.
r\ "4
.vléjo
.oeep
.112;
. 4,9
.lgay
4 ,1
o»:;:L.1?:.D

25

15

.10

1
0.1.

o38
.112
3.x4
3.84

4.54

riugaages that are high in

concentrate if the

I?

32

oinds in a ton
" H H
'1 N H
1' n H
H Y! n
H n I?
H H I?
it I? V! I!
" fl " II
I! n H I!
W N I! N
n n V' n
It 1! v! I!
H I! I! H

phosihorus. It

rati n is to be

The table (48) shows the phos -

phorus analysis of some common feeds.

Feeds high in phosyhorus

l

()3

03019-

Shim milk

Linseed oil meal

Soy beans

Cow peas

(Iable by Huffman)

39.6

‘ I
01
o

(I)

24.0
18.6

15.0
10.6

pounds oer ton
n It I!
I! H I!
I! H H
N I! I!
N N I!
I! H II

Feeds low in phOSphorus -

l
2
3
4
5
6
7

Wheat Shaw
Beet pulp
Corn stover
Rice
Timothy
Clover

Alfalfa

eeds as corn,

 

. ~7
.069,‘o
0038/0

<7
n, .

0104,;
.133;
.1835

A
.238p

1.40 poLMds
.8 "

2.04 "

a} 7'

~40

3.5 "

57.7 7'

4.7 "

, pleat and gluten feed

be classed as medium in phosphorus.

As a rule if feeds high in the two elements are

in the rations, additional Calcium and

‘- U

of mineral supplements is

however, additional

Mineral supplements

Some of the

needed.

I'LJ

minerals are a necessity.

most common sources of calcium are

3h0Sghorus in the

C fl
()1

per ton
n n
n n
n n
u n
n n
n u

may

or high producing cows,

Raw rock phosphate which also contains phosphorus

and

wood ashes.

Acid
Bone meal which also contains phOSphorus
Lime stone rock, marl, chalk

Raw rock phosphate, acid phOSphat.,

and marl are so-called inorganic

an organic source.

sources while bone meal

two minerals that were compared in this experiment.

phoSphate mmch also contains phosphorus

limestone rock,

is

Bone meal and raw rock phosphate are the

Bone meal and raw rock phOSphate are made up to a

large extent of the same chemical compound, tri-calcium phos-

phate C33{?O

p2.

However, there is a difference in the

physical structure of the two materials. Bone meal is classed
as an organic substance thile raw rock phOSphate is classed as
an inorganic substance.

V

he phoSphate rock used in this experiment came from

P3

Tennessee fields. These deposits are the remains of very ancient
micro-organic sea life. They are classed in the ordovician
period. Forms of life were crustacea, 81d the phospha‘ic beds
of rock are the leached residues of limestone beds formed at
locations where these types of life were most abundant and which
constituted a high percentage of the limestone beds. Later
most of the calcium carbonate RES leached out leaving the
phOSphatic residue.

The organis 8 making up these deposits became coated
uith siliciois layers of a coral like structure, and it is to
these encasements that we owe the existence of the calcium
phOSphate contents today; because if these encasements had
not been impervious to acid waters, such contents w uld have
leached away ages ago.

However, these same silicious walls today present a
problem in the preparation of raw rock phOSphate for both soil
application and animal feeding. They must be broken down be-
fore the calcium phoSphate contents are available. This silica
and other impurities may cause a difference in the availability
of the calcium and phosphorus of raw rock phOSphate and of bone
meal, as the calcium phOSphate of bone meal is not encased in
these silica walls.

The rock phosphate used in this experiment was a very

finely grwund rock from the Tennessee beds. It was the

commerical raw rock phosihate ”floats" and had been specially

1' :3
(31

prepared by the Thomson Thosphate Company of Chicago, Illinois.

The bone meal was #0 zined from Darling and Conisig of
Chicago and was made from raw bones which were steamed to re-
move flesh and fats and to destroy any disease germs and then
finely ground.

The raw rock phosphate conuained 38.9253 0&0 and 20.7.3”)
P205. Bone meal analysis vxas about 483 CEO and 35,3 1205.

The Sipply of raw rock shoeiiate is ractic lly u -zim-
ited. Bone meal, hovever, depends on the sup ly that can be
obtained from the packing industry. fine price of bone meal is

just-awat twice that of raw rock )Losghate. If the feeding

!

values of the tno were found to be nearly eiual it tould be

much cheaper to use the raw rock phosphate.
Fee in; LX)eriuent pith Bone Zeal and Raw dock “nostnate

‘ ‘

Ho worn nas been done with dairv cattle c311 ring bone

{.21

meal and raw rock pnosghate as a sw1rce of calcium an phos-
phorus. However, azierime“ts nith other ani pals gives a
general idea of their relative value.

Kohler (59) found precipitated calciuz phoSphate, bone
ash, and steamed bone m;al all assim ilaole b5? 1min, the first
preparation feur times as completely as the last two. Hart
McCollum and duller (33) studied the role of lUOT‘“QlO phos-
phorus in nutrition of swine by feeding, slaughter, and balance
experiments. They made the lollo'inu conclusions:

1 Animals fed a low protein, supplemented with

inorganic phosphates, made as vigorous deve lep1tnts as others

receiving their phos;hwrus sup ly holly in organic form.

2 ?recipitated calcium phosphate, a mixture of
di and tri calcium phosphates, gave no better results than did
floats, a crude tri calcium phosphate.

Forbes and associates at the Ohio Experiment btation
in a series of experiments with pgis compared different com-
pounds of phoSphorus and calcium. Theyfound (21) that bone
meal when added to a ration which was low in calcium and phos-
phorus greatly increased the ash and the strength of bones,
but did not increase the percentage of protein in the growth
produced. This would indicate that bone meal cannot serve all
the bodily needs for phosphorus. Some other compounds of this
element are needed for muscle and tissue. Phytin from wheat
bran caused a marked increase in muscle development.

A cereal ration {36) was fed to growing swine. This

ration was supplemented by pulverized limestone, bone fourL

 

J.

raw rock phoSphate floats, and calcium carbonate, and the

 

mdsbolism with the different supplements studied. On the
basal ration of corn, oil meal, wheat middlings andHaCl there
was a loss of calcium, a subnormal retention of magnesium and
phOSphorus, and a high acidity and NH5 in the urine. The
feeding of lime materially caused marned increase in calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus retention. The carbonate lowered
urinary acidity and H35, while precipitated bone flour in-
creased these groducts. ?recipitated calcium carbonate and
steamed bone produced relatively very dense and strong bones,
while the raw rock phosghate produced bones that were only

slightly denser and not ouite as strong as when no supplement

was fed. Precipitated bone was intermediate. Rock ohOSphate

‘-

produced no greater strength of skeleton in proportion to live

weight than did a ration without su.plement. Steamed Lone,

o
o
no
p.
m
(D
g.

precipitated bone flour, pulverized limestone and CaCOB

marked increase in the stre11g h of bone.
Forbes also determined the palatibility of mineral

salts preparations to cattle (36). He fo1nd that steamed.bone

is more palatable to cows than is precipitated C a033, pre ci1mit

('1‘

ed
bone phosphate, or rock “h001hst, This hone preparation is also
more palatable to heifers than was marl, pulverized limestone, or

precipitated 08003. Ordinary packer's steamed bone meal was more

'\,I

palatable to cattle than s ecial Steamed bone meal, although the
latter was taken freely. Hart, tteenback, Hoppart, Bethke and
Humphrey (58) working with dairy cattle producing 30 to 40 pounds
of milk found that the animals were in a 1H6 etive balance on a
ration composed of grains and their by-products, corn silage and
timothy hay. Substituting alfalfa for timothy reduced the losses
but did not make the balance positive. This was contrary to their
former work, but in the arlier attempt the alf a1 is had been cured
under caps while the alfalfa used in this experiment had been
cured in windrows with exposure to air and sunlight for four days.
Addition of bone meal to the timothy hty ration did not result
in positive balances or even eiuilibrium although the losses were
reduced to some exteilt as comyo .red with unsuo1le1ented hay.

B. F. Kaupp (54) raised chicks from hatching, to eight
weeks of age on a scratch rati n of cracked corn, cracked wheat,
and pinhead oats 5L:5 “17 and a basal mesh of fish meal, wheat

mids, pulverized oats, and corn meal 15:20:30:40. To every 95

pounds of mash fed to a part of the lots of chicks 4.5 pounds of

bone meal and 0.5 found salt were ad

minerals the bones were

somewhat greater than those w‘thout.mineral.

arger, birds stron

Jed. In lots receiving

Bone meal has

evidently assimilahle by the chicks, although the salt may have

had something to do with the difference in

It would seem iron the limited anoint

tilt 101350

of YQTK that has

been done that bone deal is superior to raw rock phosohate.

n

This is true at least as :ar as growth is concerned. Perhaws,

however, raw rock ‘hosphate is eiual to bon

production and may make just as good a sup;

rations of milking cows.

for milk

8 {2’1 6‘ «CL

lament to the

oussion of Rev ew cf Eiterature

 

Under nornal conditions large quantities of calcirm

1'“
S
p)

phOSQhDrus are needed in the feed of lactatirg dairy cows.

Hart, XcCollum and H1nphrey showed that a heavily lactating

animal will draw these elements from the skv

in the feed is below eiuirenentr. Forbes
moval of calcium and phosohorus took place
amounts in the feed.

is amount drawn from thn

5...!

icated tiat t

(x

N

d
a large extent on the euality of rotqhs e u

4

I

a r w -\ _' ' _‘ u - a '. '. _ v ’z ‘1‘
associates and “wife and "oooaard foinu “ha

3

quantities of ooth calcium aid jhfifianru

(0
C‘:

.ur

shoved that the re—
in Spite of liberal

Wisconsin Lfiation

skeleton depends to

IT)

ed. Forbes and

t cows store lar

Ho

ng a period of

low milk oroduction or during the dry period.

These results an
in the feed in order to supply sufficient c

in which the animal may store these element

ohorus in the ration during heavy lactation

w ‘- A-‘fi 1 >~ - V - ' '\ x '1‘ v~\.-.
Jest one .se of a hlhcrtl sip lencflt

alciin and phos-

L1. ' ,4. . '.L‘.‘ - .1 1... lot n - 1 ..,
If there is not Sliiiuluhu sipply or calcruh and phos-

{a

1 - - 1 -. 1 “fl, ‘ _ , .‘.'I -‘ ‘ (.1
phorus in theiration a na.ber of letdologtcal changes i-y
take place.

Osseous cachexia r osteonalacia of domestic anioals is

esse1.1tiielly a disease of dietary orgin and is due 5‘1ncipally

to a deficiency of the food is bone form n; gaterial. She

fl -: 1 , . - f ‘A 0 A r3 'J - F.~v n y ‘L '
preoisposing lactois o: .h trooaSe are hr1 natty, lactation,

growth and starvation. Osteomalacia is a disease of the bones

and is one to a remova of salts from the bone and their re-

1..
~

placement 0" tiszue not hEVinn the noroal content of bone sato

Q
Kr

0
It is easily curable. Ereatnent consists of supplying addition-
al calcium and phos horns to tJe ra.ti n and suggests the use of

a mineral Sirlonent containing these elements.

I
+

.0

se oi young animals and 15 due to a

(U
( '1

Ricnets is a dis
lack of deposition of calcium and phosyhorus. bevera authors
have shown that ricgets may be developed by feeding rations
low in c lc ium and o hers lave shown that ricnets can be
produced by feeding rations low in phosihorus. IcCollum points
out the fact that there are tRO kinds of rickets, one
characterized by normal phosphorus and low calcium of the blood
and the other by normal calc inn and low phoSphorus. flcCollum
has also shown that the Quantitative ratio between calcium and
phosphorus in the diet is an important factor in the etiology
of ricaets.

Recentwork has pointed to an absence of a factor which
has been called vitamin D and which aids in the assimilation

of calcium as a cause for rickets. This factor 18 present

in large quantities in cod- iver oil and to a 813211 e} :tent in

40

butterfat. It is also present in certa'n green plants. Treat-

ment of rachitic gatients with cod-liver oil has produced good

Sun ight and ultra violet ray hsve the sane efiect on

(0

calcium ass igiilation and ric ate a the antirachitic vitamin.

Rickets does not occur among dai ry cattle. Conditions
similar to rickets, however, exist among dairv calves. Most
authors believe that richets is not {resent in the unborn
fetus, but since clinically recognized s"nltoq° -p ear W r“
early in life, the first stage must occur in the earliest
days of extra ute; i116 life. The diet of the mother may in ve
some effect on the development of rickets in the offsoring and
the ration of the ore nant mil: cow should contain elfficient
calcium and yhosghorus.

Tetany is another di serzse that may be due to a di s urbed
calcium metabolism. Low calcium of the blood and usually
negative calcium balances accompany tetany. A review of the
literature shone that tetany can be cured by feeding or in-
Jecting calcium salts. The work of several inve H1 gators
show that tetany is due to an increased proportion of initating
ions in the tissue over the ions that sup»ress huiat Hi ;.
Sodium and potass'um ions stimulate, while calcium and mag-
1esium ions repress or sooth. Feeding mineral sup laments high
in calcium would have a curative effect on tetany.

There is very little to be found in the literature re-
garding the calcium and phosphorus requirements of dairy cows.
Small amoints of each are needed for naint inence because

q

these elements are withdrawn with others curing the ordinary

4.1

n“

9

life processes. Ehe l rge duartities of both in milk and
in the fetis make the reiuirment much greater during lactation
and pregnancy. No definite conclusion can be drawn as to the
exact reiuireicnts.

Hany of our common feeds contain large Quantities of
both calcium and ghosphorus. In general, calcium is found in
largest quantities in roughages and especially leglmcs. Host
of the common g sins are low in calcium. Thosphorusis found
in larger quantities in the concentrates especially cotton-
seed meal, wheat bran, shimnilk, and linseed oil meal. All
of the roughages are low in phosphorus.

Among the conmon mineral supplements the following con-
tain both calcium and phOSphorus, raw rock cheaphate, acid
phosghate, and bone meal. Those containing calcium alone are
limestone rock, marl, chalk, and wood ashes. Bone meal is a
so-celled organic source while the others are inorganic sources.

Most of the work comparing mineral supplements has been
done with animals other tuan dairy cows. The review of
literature would indicate that bone meal is more assimilable
and as far as growth is concerned superior to raw rocn ghos-
phate. It is at least more palatable.

No work has been done with dairy cattle directly comparing
bone meal and raw rock phosphate and this eXperiment was started
in order to deternLne the relative availability of the calcium
and phOSphorus of bone meal and raw robk phosphate when fed to

lactating dairy cows.

O“J .‘(V‘Ffl f'\ ,' '71?" ‘ '1 “)I‘.’,"’rn
J -JVJ. 9“ -‘.¢;-.a 44--...;4‘L -wabJ.

The object of the experiment is to determine the
relative value of raw rock phosphate and tone meal as
s urces of calcium and phosyhorus when used as sugple-
ments to the ratiin of dairy cattle.

The availability of the calcium and phosphorus
from bone meal and from raw rock ghosyhate vill be com-
pared throigh balance experiments on lactating COTS. at
the same time the palatability of the two sup laments
will be noted.

In addition, the effect of adding calcium and phos-
3horus to the feed it the form of bone meal 'nd raw rock
phOSQhEte will be nvted on the amwunt of the two elements
found in the blood, on the percentage fat in mill, and

on the hydrog n ion concentration of the feces.

"\"' ' 0* r ‘ - . . - 3 ‘1 q.- ..
‘JIL-| & _-..-_a .J“~'rA—J-§ i- .J- .5

It is planied to use three lactating QD‘S ior tie

d”
m
‘)

animals selected sill be hi-

V
v
V

experimen h producers

and will show dairy temperament. If yOEtlble, aniuals

m

that nave rec n ly f eshcned and are giving mire than

a d3: Till b0 UEQQ.

}' J
r'!

forty paunds of mi L
The experinent uil 7. be divided into f‘ur periods of
twenty da “'s each. A basal ration ‘s low in calcium and
phosphorus as yractical rill be fed during the first ueriod.
Raw rock phosphate till-be added to the ration to the extent
of three yer cent by weight of the grain ration in the
second period. During‘ the third period the shit-1.: s ‘."lll
again be placed on the USSLl rat i111 vithout an; mineral
supplement. chile in-the last period three yer cent by

weight of the g ain ration wil

'v

as
H

' . ‘ I “ - 1 ‘
During the _’.Et

m
D;
("I
n
o
F
w
W
o
p‘
to
O
H
O
m
a”
(“H
‘ .1
(\fi
0
Q
(T)
x
I

periments will be conduc ted on the animals. lhe feeds and
water and the urine, m.“ 1K azid feces will be analvzed for
calcium, phoignir-c, and nitrogen and the balances of these
eleLie nts for all of the five day yariod will be determined.
The first and third periods Tn re no mineral suon em'nt is
fed will be check periods. The retention of the three
elements by the aniuals during the bone meal geriod will be
compared with the retention during the raw rock phoephate
period and the reten ti in durin: these yeriods will be com-

. c ‘. J-V.,~4_- - t‘~.‘.' '_' *1‘_‘ . _' 17‘ 1'1‘ . .. l, ’ .
pared Wltn tLau QillAr the »n> checK gerioos. lrom tiiase

 

balance tests the relative availability of the calciu“ and
phosnhorus of bone meal 841.12%? rock thee hate bill be de-
termined. In additi n tbw efiect of these an plea its on
the reteJt ion of nitrwsen will be 4038do

The palatability 7f raw rfich phesghate and bone nea
will be apgarent frjn tie "a? tee Lfllgilfi eat the
mixtures containing thee» ten cineannes.

The ani.nals will be bled atthe end of each netabwlism
period and the blood an:a-ly: ed for calcium anc phosghorns so
as to determine the effect of sea in 2 nLner: l supylenents
upon the percent of these eleszi s in the bleed.

Composite senples of milk will be tahen daily through-
o;t the experimen and will be tested for but Her fat M the
Babcock me mlod. ibis mill show the effect, if any, of bone
meal and raw rock thos;hate on the gercents of butterfat in
milk.

During each netalolis; period, portions of fresh feces
will be used for the hydrogen ion determir iation in order to
determine the effe-ct of feedinc bone neal and raw rock phos-

phate on the lydrae en ion concentration of the feces.

'v

q

The apgearance and health of the animals will be care-

fully noted each day .1rini

L)

the experiment. Ihey will be

0‘

weighed daily at f)1r e. M. e the di estive tract is

1'0

60811.

(IQ

robabl< more nearlv emnt" at this time than at any other
P J l a 4

time during the day and the daily weights will therefore
be more uni oral.

q

All records will be kept in permanent record books.

$0» ...\‘\ |~V - -,<‘ .‘.r~. 1"". ‘*’\‘.Y

I . . .
- ULJ ‘-;V‘J \J‘ #454.“ ...~&‘-UAI _h- L\/“

Feeding

hree lactating covs were selected for the experiment
which was divided into
During the firs period or 38 as" the anioals were
fed the basal ration which consisted of timothy her, corn
silage, and grain. This ration was low in both phosphorus
and calciun. Collection of urine, feces, and milk mere made
during the last five days of this period and these, together
with the feeds, were analyzed for nitrogen, calcium, and phos-

phorus to determine the anOJnts of these elements utilized.

p;
C?-
0
cf
:
(D
OJ
m
(f)
m
H
H
p
Cf-
'_J
O
to

is

[D
Q:

Raw-rock ghos;hate mas
during the second period uhich covered 33 Ears. Balances
were determined during the last five days of this period.

The basal ration alone was fed the following period
of 15 days. This ;eriod had two gurposes. One was to check
no on the first period, and the other was to give the animals
a chance to recover from the effect of the raw rock phOSphate
feeding. A five day balance was taken as usual.

Bone meal was added to the basal ration for the fourth

(

l
3

F"

(T)

period which was continued for :0 day~. lA nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and calcium balances were determined for the lee
0

five days.

J

From the balances for these different perio s the rela-

C

tive availability of raw rock ;hosjhate and bone meal was

deternined.

 

The animals chosen were as follows: Cons No. 33, a
pure-bred Holstein-rriesian, five rears of a
1,539 pounds at the begiindon;<of the ex:eri nényt. at the
time this animal vas placed in the metaboliso sJalr, sLe

9
- .1. n “4- ".r: .\1~~,-,,. 14' -, :1. 1.- 1.: - 1,. 7' 1- . 1.
was giting abode bu 3.unus oi ~.ep mild aarl; and had bnen

fresh two nontr'1S. This cow Lad a seven dayr rd art finr
years, twenty-two days of 49e.e foinds milk, 26.138 bu er.

She had fresne ned normall; and seeaed to be in extremely

good condition. Cow 30. 71, a pdre-bred Jersey, senior

three year old, weighed ace pounds and was giving 45 pounds
, " V
of 5p mila daily at the beginning of tne exgerinent and nad

q

been fresh one minth. She had a no veer old Class AA re-
cord of 536 gounds fat. Skis cow had freshened hornslly

and was in "03d condition. She shaved excellent m laing

qualities. Cow No. 70 was a gore-bred Jersey, four agd one-

half years of a; 1,079 pounds wlzen placed on ex-

"V
v
\v

e, weighin~

E
periment. She was giving abnut 35 p-unds of 5p milk daily

‘ w

at the beginning of the exoerinert ano lad be een fresh a

:_..a
(I)
(‘1
m
H:
[0

little over one month. L and rodnded in appearance.
lowing a he;de11cy towards beeiiness. Her yearly record was
only 2’0 pounls fat as a three year old. The fi at no cons

showed an inherent tendency towards lliSYII production. no. 70,

V

however, was clear 3 a low grodicing animal.

3111038111;

 

(D

The metabolism t;lls used were a modificet'on of

 

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sferred

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coverzd

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COWS .

to collect

 

ml) the

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all three anizals tv ce a day, at 4:70 5.1. and 3:70 2.;.
Hey was also fed twice a dag, at on. h. and a _. h.. She
cots ere watered fron nails 1» ed.-ucl" after they ha
eaten their grain.

’11s 031's '~.'.-'Cl‘e Lept in metalwlisn stal;s l'll‘lll." the

entire experiment bit every day aooit lo o'clock were
1“1

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cise excegt drring the netato- L

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lism cxgerinen

p! Q ~ 0 A I ~
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ice. The grincing was zone

 

. . '1 ° s. 11 . 1, “r.
Gro 131d ‘31 131111.! nay tans

ma'nly to insure a better senile for anal"sis. It mas

o.”

C I
C+
5‘4
"
CD
5"
y.)

i

4
3
H
('1
{3

found, 1owever, that grinninv

L-
v

The corn eilaoe fed had been held over from the previous

H

year and was str31;
Cow Ho. 33 received the following grain meture from

febrnary nineteenth to Karch twenty-fifth:

103 poinds honing feed

lOO " Distiller's grains (corn)

lOO " gluten meal

lOO " oil meal

1) salt

7

About the twent"- first of Larch ho. 33 refused to eat

(9
D

the grain mixture and on the t enty-fifth it wie found

o as to malte- it more ralatab le.

as

necessary to ch nge her ratiin
The new ration vas uded from the tWenorr fifth of Us ch until

the end of the experim nt. It was made up as follows:

U19 " romin" feed

”00" bran

33' " oats

412 " Diamind gluten

462 " oil meal

512 " D;stiller'e grains

170 Se]. 13
After the change to the above ration there was no
further trouble as to palatability.
Cows Nos. 70 and 71 received the following ration:

:00 pounds homing feed

lCO " Distiller's grains
lOO " gluten meal

lOO " oil meal
There was no change in their ratinn throughout the exoerinent.
The feeds were all mixed ten times to insure uniformity and
to eliminate as far as possible error in e.nolin7

La

Collection of axorri :1 La

V'leisn

H.
’d'
H
.1)

The animals were weighed daily at four a. M. They were
weighed at this time so as to have the digestive tract as
empty as oossiole and therefore the weights more unifori. It
was found that the weights varied very little from day to day.
The daily weights were placed in a permanent record book
innediately.

Records of Feed

P“
:3

Records of the feeds given to the animals mere kept

a permanent record book and also on cards at the barn where
the feeds were weighed out. These cards were kept in sight
at all times so as to prevent any enor in weighing out the

feeds.

Samoling and analysis of iee‘s

 

The feeds for each perio were all prepared in advance.
The timothy hay was grocnd and placed in burlap sacks in a
room separate from other feeds. ianoles of the hay were ta-
from the top, center, and bottom of each soon and placed in
air-tight jars for analysis. The silage was sampled at each
feeding and the samples placed in a large air-tight jar for
analysis. Tie grain was all mixed before each feeding period
and stored in burlap sacks in a separate feed room. A grain
sampler was used to take several samples from each bag. These
samples were also kept in air-tight jars.

Before ta King samples for final analysis from the com-
posites collected, the feeds were all finely gound, (ground
until they would go through a 30 mesh sieve) the silage having
been first dried. The large samples were then very thoroughly
mixed and quartered. Two quarters were discarded. The re-
mainder was mixed again and guartered. This process was con-
tinued until the quantity desired was reached. In this \ay
it was possible to get a very representative sample of the lot.

The method used for analysis was as follows:

From the saxple of feed ten grams were weighed out in
duplicate. The ten gram sample was then ashed, treated with
hydrochloric acid and filtered. The filtrate was made up to

250 cc. volume. 59 cc. was then tahen for analysis of calcium

 

r.
3—.
a.)

and 25 cc. for analysis of phosphorus. The calcium was precipi-
tated as oxalate and titrated uith permangarate solution. The
phosphorus was precigitated with ammonium molybdate solution.
This was dissolved in sodium iydrozide an: titrated back with
nitric acid.

The nitrogen of the feeds was determined from a weighed
portion by the Kjelihl method.

Samples of mater were taken at each watering p riod.

The water was analyzed for calcium and phosphorus. rne water

was evaporated and the ash treated as in the preceding analysis.

 

Collectiin and Analvsis of brine and Feces
During the metabolism oeriod, one attendant Was present

at all times. Th urine was collected by means of long handled

was weighed daily and thoroughly mixed by pouring back and
forth. A sanple was then taken. The samples were taken in
duplicate and kart in glass stoqpered bottles. “ornaideh
(3 drops) w-s used as a presevative. All the metabolism ex-
periment started at fair a. K. and samples were taken about
4:30 A. H. each day. The samples were analyzed for nitrogen
during the same morning so as to guard against any loss.

The feces were collected in large scoop shovels and
iamedistely :laced in galvanized weighed bushel baskets which
were kept covered. The feces were reighed every morning and
thermixed. ya sample of 2,365 grams was taken. This sample
was analysed daily for nitrogen and then placed in drying
racks. After drying, the faces were iinelv ground and repre-

at

sentative sample codeined by the ;usrterin5 Luthod used in

case of feed.

In the deter . 1111a1ion cf nitroaen of urine 3 cc of the
sample was tah en. The Kheldahl metlod was us ed.
For cal-ium 50 cc of urine was used. Three cc. of

nitric acid was added and the solut on evaporated. The

Cu
0

residue was ashed, treated with l1ydroclfl oric acid and filters
It was the” precipitated with oxalate anl titrat d with
perman :va1 ate SJlut i311.

Twenty-five cc oi urine has taken for the phOSphorus
analysis. Three cc of ca,neciim nitrate was added and the
solution evaporated. The residue was treated with nitric acid

(1

Lhe precipitate was dissolved

 

and ammonium molhyhdate solution.

0
H
9..
O

*3
5

in sodium hydroxide and titrated back wit; nitric g
feces \ereanaiyzed in the sane manner s the feeds.
Collection and gne1vsis 0f 311K

'ilk was collected in vei hed milk pails. The milk was

weighed on Spring scales whichtere graduated to twentieth of a

pound. The weight in grams was figured from this weight. The

n ‘

milk was poured back and IOItL.SBYC'al tines to make certain

n,

of an even mixture. C3mposite samples were tans en in triplicate

form. One sample was used for th1 determination of butter fat

(T1

present, and the other two were used for analysis of nitrogen,
calcium, and pho oe>horus. The a.:mleswere kept in glass

stoppered bottles and formaldehyde was used as a preservative.

The 3aocock method was used to determine the percents e

C71

of bitterfat in the milk.

Nitrogen was deters.ined by the Kheldahl method. Five cc
K vas ta he an for this puriose.
For calcium deter1ination 35 cc of milk was used. The

method was the same as that used for the determination of

(.11
t c

*1 1- 1‘.. MA... ... :. .....-., 1-4.:_. r‘ ..c “:1 P ...j .
:or the 11-3). ;.-:...31.1s detesnxaatien lo cc .3.- hlll, and .4 cc
, 7' v ' . “M 1 .1 -. ..‘ ’14-: '1... ,—--&-‘.-'
of magnesium n1trate sclit13h use uiud. other“ as the method
v Q t‘ (‘n ~ r t‘ 0 r1 3, w ‘‘‘‘‘‘ ,
‘8» 1-6 L..- ‘6 3L: 2.4 ‘J LUB‘L ..DL L: .L;¢PT;.

‘ .C.‘ .C' 4- ah ‘— 5 {[‘y : . x J l 7‘ .‘ —\ C4 —- ‘1. s
The e1_ec1 o; .x~ 1e 11“; o- done deal and ran 13w “L s-
~ ‘- 'x .‘ I \ ~ ‘fl ‘\ V ‘ " n " r~ -\ ‘ ‘ . ‘1
phate ,n tue percant o as elm“ and _.3. L10 )u3slhdlhs in *ne
1~ n V r‘ .J' ' ‘~ .‘ : '-- ‘ "1 7‘ r": '-‘1 ‘ ", . ‘J ‘ ‘ ’1 ‘ . 4- ‘ '1 : ‘l .3 ~-
ulood was ucueim-neu. _uU cons he‘s all cl'u at -ut BJU 3- tea

 

the “C1118 81.111 at t: e 5:115. Of +.116; ill‘l 8 m 1.3 (1'45". 17’: l‘lOLl S o l.
a ' .. An ;~ 1 _ , a. .. -.. -r: ,4. . ‘11., ,.. .‘ , .V- ‘1, .,
order to get further eat on the ellect of tle raw roch phos-

phate on the percent of calcium an phosphorus in the blood, the
basal ration was fed for a fifth ncriod of twenty-three days.

shis deriod. iflmniraw roc“

fi

(1)

They were bled tL"e
phosphate was added to the ration and after seven days they were
bled again.

The following method vas used for blood anal

4.. - r! 1‘
, <
0

Inorganic phosohate, erihgs modifica ion 01 hell-Dtisy methoc.

Calcium, precipitatia as calcium oxalate and titrated with

W .— .«J— L. a I ”('0 ‘1' I I
Hyaroge: Ion ConcenJra ion 11 UDJ ;eces

 

(D

o
t t
(D
C
(’3
(.0

0

$21

During each five day metabolism perio sample
were taken and the hydrogen ion concentration determined.

The electronetric method see used for this analysis.

I‘;"‘.j.-:T‘ “" ~‘< r".
“XL—.M_L¢LA~.L‘J+I .LILIJ 931$.“

38193314111151] of Raw Rock 5’hospl1ate and Bone ffeal

 

'2"!
U'/

Both No. and 71 refused to eat raw rock phosyhate

when it was mixed with grain, and ate onlv sparingly when it

E0
m
H:
(D
p.
o
t:
'n

. I <v 7" 4_ __ -—| _~ , ‘ a o >". “ .‘F
.1lage. LO. :3 ate TlELn containing raw lOCh

J
.4

phoswhate, but her a? stite was poor an- sne played withher
101;»; tine before eating.

When bone meal was fed all three animals ate heartily.
Appearance of Lniwals Eurins Exceriuent

At the beginning of the experiment all three animals
were in excellent constion. They had chry appearance of
good health, were well fleshed, the hair was smooth and
glossy, and their eyes were bright. at the end of the ex-

I"

periment there was a marked change in So. So and Ho. 71.

A

No. 7?, except for a little loss 01 flesh, 103hed as good

as at the beginnizg. 30th 37 and 71 had lost a large amount

of flesh, tiey appeared gaunt, the ham was coar

(a

less, and they were very irritable.

e and luster-

‘E‘E‘E’Jr 3!: may

 

MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLI F‘SE

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Hl'.."'\ln ‘ I "I' _ :l u .| I_ II .'

EL" ' . ._. .. .. _‘ . .

3* T . i S - . _

5.; g _ * g - : . Graph 110; III

i _ - ' ..Eyfirbgen Ion Cbncenti‘ation of‘Fecea

i E . . A

L .-_.--_-....- .-"-_---..-_--. . Book -. Bone flag};
5 , "';: -. -“- 3 PhpSPhEta

27577": —~-. ‘ - ..._'. 1r“ . are»... .-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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DI:— ARI—ML“? UP MA‘I'N'I. '-

.
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58

Table 1R3. I

 

fizgroaen Ion Concentration of 39098
Cow In. 33 Cow So. 70 Cow Ho. 71
Date pH pH pH

 

Basal Ration alone

 

 

 

March 15, 19:4 60%8 6042 5057
March 17, 1924 6.49 6.54 5.98
Basal ration and raw rock ph sphate

April 5, 1934 6089 3.70 7051
April 9, 1934 6029 6084 5071
April 10, 1934 6.91 6.82 6.65
Basal ration alone

April 81, 1934 6.98 6.60 7.12
April 25, 1934 7.18 6.45 6.53
Basal ration and bone meal

Me; 13, 19:34 6.70 5.76 6.88
Maj 16, 1924 7.27 6.61 6.18
May 19, 1934 6.68 6.68 6.83

Talle No. II

Average Percent Calcium and Pg05 in milk

 

 

 

Cow I3. 55
' .r
/J Cc. -uL‘LUfl f0 1&05
First Period .1269 .190
Second Period .1557 .206
Third Period .1386 .157
Fourth Period .1974 .2403
COW NO 0 70
p Calcium fl Piop
a
First Period .2046 .2576
Second Period .201 .2488
Third Beriod .199 .2570
Fourth Period .179 .228
Cow Ho. 71
' Calcium 5 -
I u. \4 \. /O “:05
Fire Period .193 .267
Second Period .184 .2398
Third Period .176 .223
Fourth Period .126 .186

Basal ration alone
Basal ratian and
Raw rock ghosghxte

Basal ratitw clone

Basel ration and
Bone Heal

Basal ration alone

Basal ration and

.~, “1,. . 1.

Raw rock JnOLJnFte

\

-- ------ ---------‘--

Basal ration

Basal ration
Raw rock QhoC‘nate

l -
L_ 1'
h

Basal ratiun and
bone meal

Basal ration alone

 

Table No. III
;1ood 1223

”j..- 0 «fr! .\
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v '1 r~ ‘1 ,

A " 0 JC

1.1-yf‘ O lyer
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3-‘u‘3 K. (I.
"'31 ‘1r 111-9715-

 

7/18 70

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11.5
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10.10

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------—-—----—--- ——————————————————————————— van—un- —————— - -------- ---
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Basal ration alone 7/18 71 5.14 p.95

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6/12 4.50 11.02

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Tee resiits plaihlj ELJJ bug; bore me.l is Mata more

:1 4“ - .- _ ‘~ ‘_ "L
J

palatauie .aad raw rova - )FWI Us.

A."

The c-1a11. e in the riggecraace of the animals airing the
experiment ta; probably got due entirelr to a lack of mu
in the feed, but to other factors. 01w E0. 33, the Holstein,
.: s givi1n3 lar e i“adtities of milk at the begin .i:.; of tie
experizner.t and after iifteen days on the basal ration began to

lose weight as shown by gragh No. I. This loss of weipht Uiuld

be only natural ior a 1 aVLl" lactating animzl. plea rook

l..‘aosyhate was added to her basal ratio. 1 she rei sad to eat. It
mas necessary to greeticall: starve her for a few days. Kolatses

was added to the ration and helped a lit 16. the rock 3ho.;hcte

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was then mixed with the silafle instead of the a
the silage very sletly but still refused grain and it HES

7 at last to Change her grain ration. A grain mixture
was fo nd that had practicallv the same analysis as the first
ration but was more galatable. ibis ration was used and the

animal ate better, altho she did nut eat well as loan as tle

I.)
V

rock phosghate fies bein fed. During this period she continued

to lose weight.

of
21')
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...)

After the rock phos3hate was removed the animal a

Inwre relish.

Iarch one o. rter of the

‘D

Aboot the teen..J-eiunth oi
udder of cow So. 33 became infected. The Quarter swelled
up and gave thick, watery mil; aid later blondy mile was

produced. The blood disag” met before the second

)

metabolism period but tie miia was still thicz. Quis guart—r
remained infected until alaost the end of the exteriment.

‘

Just after oone meal res arsed to the basal ration the

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he rayid
loss of weight just after bone meal vas added. For several
days the animal refused food and water. About the fifth of
Hay she slowly beran to recover. The infection had gone from
her udder and the milk was clear again. She recovered
rapidly after this and increased considerably in fier milk
i~ht. Lee was entirely recovered be-
aeriod.

Ho. 71, a Jersey, was the other animal that shoved a -

~ I

the oeginning and at the

.1

striking difference in appearance a

and of tne test. rhis anima showed constant weight during

the basal ration jeriod. ghen raw rock phos date was added

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d. ,he lost neight ralelJ lJrfi lee as s. one

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310 t

(‘3

day

was never i1: unreal conditi 1.. while rat‘s roe}: whoa-mate was

0 1 ‘3! .i.‘ a - o 1 " F _ I H‘ ‘ - ‘0 i
being fed, clino.¢a curing the lee “a. AttibfillSM neiiod
( 4" -J— /|-.-~ ‘ I“ - II \“ hw-
sne LLd . .air a‘ etitqaud G...e finite re¢.larl;.

A ‘ “. 4' ‘._ . 7.4 ‘ P " \ 1 ' g I {‘1 " "" . w 4' -0 ‘~. I‘ ~. ‘- . ,
AS $3711 CF. mile rOx/r; 317.083.11‘te has t-cnfb‘ll Q-‘lI 0.1 1161' IS.) 1011

she began to eat better and so=n seemed entirely recovered

, . . in. J. ..., , ‘ .4 _.4_ . :.. A: J- ‘ w tr, .

erceot uhab s.e a3 eLLLd rat er 1 ...at_e. her w
.i . . .- . . ._o-I ..., H ‘x‘ L ..-,L ~.\\ J.

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I A. ‘F ‘ ‘O . ~ I 4-1 ’- - 4-.- . . J- ~
111 ...:1 gift, ate usefully? (131.1 ....H ‘21-..11‘9 8.. er- 'V—ii... than. £er 29d
4—1.- . N -4- 1 -. K
perfec.id nor‘ai a. a1: .11“ .
1“ tatriwv» am r;-».~~_- i: “c ...... «4' +3. Le :ii.»-i
4.

- I ‘ 1‘. ‘ V . a ‘- -£' , a -‘ J- . 3a \ ’
amoun. oi ”ho.~ or“; in h lead a. -re int- ZHlC
l ‘ ‘ ‘ \\ '. . ‘ v" C 9 q ‘ 4- ‘
of the DlOJQ. hi- .Lree hui.gls ere b_ed at too

The amo ‘dlt of pnos :‘110 .18 in the olood was

very

tenth of April the ninals were bled a

1

of the period in wuLgh rock 3ho33ha

ration. All three aniaals showed a definite

of inoriznic whns_

l
the cows were fed

Agril

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the inorganic phos3horus of the blood was low. On

1 O ‘5.’ o

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-drw,u.orns
. ‘-

- x ' 9‘1“ "

018'.) r . J-‘

in the amount

a. -. ., .D' .-1
uweMtJ-lllbuo
in 3hoswnoras

Lay thir

ant nineteehth, the; were bled again. Shit was during an” at
1.. ‘ O _‘ __'_‘ ‘ _,_‘ _ 0 -"~ 0 . I .‘ ~ ‘ . 't" \ _ ‘1 ‘ r v o 4‘
the 8Huth oi the goriod in \nlU: bane we; mas fed along n th

the basal

hospflgrl S (inlltel‘.t Of rati‘jll

from the

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were taken on Kay

amo'nt of inorganic ohosnhorus 11. the blood of all

shoved a de.ij.ite drag. E.aw Rock

June

d

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was fed again

BLQOQ S :0108

4. . Juan.
UVJU]. ..L Uh .

three aiiim: ls

r‘\‘.
-93

 

ration and the cows were bled a sin on the nineteenth of Jars.
The three ssmgles showed a rise in the ”nosih»ius c011 tent over
the previous samples. She evideice shows that the amount of in-
organic phosih."ns in the blood varies mith the Cflfliht of phos-
phorus in the food.

It is very doubtful if the same is true of calcium. The
results obtain ed in this ezoerinient, however, sh~w that there
may be a tendency for the anonnt of calcium in the blood to
depend on the moint of calcium in the ration. At the end of
the first period when the basal ration, low in calcium lad
been fed, all three animals showed a low ca lci_dm content of the
blood. After raw rock ghosghate had been aided to the basal
ration during th second period all three ani als had a decided
increase in ti ie uloo d calciu; Shis sample was tagen A ril

tenth. In the next period on the basal ration both No. 70 Ln?

71 showed a lowering in the c J] inm con tent of the blood, on

()1
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.

both the eigh teeirth and twenty- -fifth of April. No.
showed an increase on the eighteenth and then a decrease by the

twenty-fifth. The amount of calcium in the blood on the twenty-

(I)
...;

fifth, though, we ligher than on the tenth. Bone meal was
then added to the ration. The animals were bled on the thir-
teenth and twentieth of lay. On the thirteenth cow .8 70 and 33
showed an increase in Llood calcium; Ho. 71, however, showed
a decrease. On the twentieth all three animals were hi gier
than on the twenty-fifth of April and Nos. 71 and 73 showed a
decided increase over the calcium content of the blood on the

thirteenth of Agril. No. 70 w'es very much lower. During the

period from La" twentieth to June twelfth the basé. ration va

 

again fed. The enieals were bled three times during tnlS yerioe

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‘ ‘7‘ ,.' A _ ‘.- .w‘ ’w V 1 +1. ‘ 4‘. u ‘ . ._I ~ ‘1 ‘_o . ._ 1‘ _
gnosphete mas QVLLA auuCQ to the salon the the animals L358
‘. “ ' . " f‘ ’ " ,A-C‘ ‘\\ n -\ 4.1- 4 \ . , yv'.‘ ‘

b18d on the 1.-l;t:t€)t,1-+u(1 u; ewe. 4.3;.J. oozee shonea a s1

q

:=-. , -wn:.v L. . .-. »-: 2 wt

crease in uloo casting over th: ‘IEIlOlS gerioe. -“ese re-
. 'u‘ . '.- 1" LI ‘- 4-“' -.-‘.~ .‘~ ‘ ' ' " I. ‘1' ‘\ a P-' "' “

sults 1Loicete J.eu there he; be a tELOQLC‘ ior the Height of

calcium in the blood to correc;ond to the emwont of CLlCilfl 11

the feed.

"encentretiuu of reees

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Table 30. I givi~u the hydrogen ion concentration of
the feces sno s no elation between the amount of calcium and
phosghorus in the food and the h"drogen ion concentration of

J_ .'
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the feces.

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shows very little va iation and
that the feedina of tone menl or of raw rock ohocwhete does not

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effect the p rcent of cslcium gnu

 

Table NO. III Shame that the percent of fat in oil: is
not increased by the aCditifih'f more phosphorus or calcium to

n 1-: : .. -1 -.“A . ,, 13 H- .i i ‘- - , .. ‘ i. .-‘V.
the ratio» in toe -orA o- tone stel or raw rocL ono&)uete.

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.. .t‘.._ . ' 1 A .~ _ H ‘ ., ‘ ‘ ‘ _‘ *- - J. . ,, x l
ph-Sgntres in uShu Joel the res re°g .RQC'Libe LLS one £J’nht

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an 800 llat C ”egFlTG DUL&JS€ tnU Llln prod“: en Sullal

- -. . ,. 4— —. L:‘- : " ‘v , ‘
declines EDJBLLSt as bhc lac-aullh l.rtoe LQV.ZlCBS , enu tne
, A ‘ ~~\ . N I: - V. . - fl 1 v ‘ .-'- . ‘r’ r ' «‘ . 7‘. ‘. ‘I - \ ~ -
cons Were, there ore, ritlfl* ldts 1114 gt the tide UQJB .eel
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was fee tngu ooen lee T3«u

vso'eild be rawre libel” to In; St calcium and ghee: turn 3 may; raw

rock chosylece was fed thee v ieu bone meal w-s fed because of

a - - O 1 3 ’_"“ v :‘V ‘_ ‘ ‘ ‘2‘ . O ', r“ o . a If ‘
the gr auer oruip of ulsuer h_'u olOulCthdo leis Gillel e
.\ - Vo- .- '_ - 4. ‘ - ‘l- ,- - r. _ _ ‘ -. - ‘ Ft ~- y 4.1.-
111 11111“ LJI'C' LLCblC-ix, 1_‘e"'.'."d‘~t:f, 2‘8 “Qt are/Lt. no. up .‘rlll. Ln”?

metabolism on raw rock 5h speate gave 25.: gpahes of milk daily
and on bone meal 37.6 mounds. No. 71 averaged 34.2 poande

While fed raw £00K bhOE9h3
Ho. 70 average& 16.4 ;ouhis 0: milk during the raw rork whesoh:

period and 1d.; TDthE oa“ihg the ACtLI‘llsd then Lone meal was

1 - -' 1': - 1,--.--.
The Calcite gale hes

 

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l—‘

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to “aw rock .ueephate e‘ e selrce of

ducted cow K-. 73 was :ivihg 55 p\uLEE of h-lk sii Lei an average
negative beleuoe of - 6.:5 ngHE of 'elciiu Soily. “a ehulei ui
befo-e, “tel rs‘ "‘ch ;'w‘g‘--c hes “’7=fi t3 the rq,Loo cen-
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was a‘ain 461 s

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bone Heal t;s l
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she nae a lg~u

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ed when

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Delelice was nae

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No. 71

li't15*

tegen siex and
again she had d

balance

J. ' .
storlrig of cele

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81 unless d1 *1113

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the balance was

4.4-

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was li

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bot.

3.3,
. L).

.‘ :1. V 1113 43

4 j.;: usu:;e *‘efl.‘:0 ; ; 3?:Q.€ s - 3 - (xoih-
fion dJT‘L; tie .efabili“m tria "fit; rem chk
ed a :icitive c ic‘ue paisuee of + 13.57 ara.s
dijfe:%3'*e betWWMu; this ixlw;gce sld fix? first
x ro~r 3h22 lute was fed was probellg due to a
.e ;fiN%& Aer r1171: 'I*Uelartio~1 diffiug’ 3h! filrst
n th-third pC”lOi U“,n the bassl ratio} alone
lad a y tiVe callrev of + a.z Crews calcium
.33 3? oigds of ‘1‘ ”Le last gxrifid .uen
she nae givin3 o.l: L3 pounds of 311:, tVt
ester calcium balance than during any o- tie
r balence at :his time v.es $5.?3 gr. s dsily.
finite increase in the tdluht Cf calcium re~
th rev rock phosphe e a: id name meal over the
ass ration TE: fed alone. Jhe positive
- ~ ~ fl '-
tronger, Lonever, vuen tone meal ves led
:hasglete mas Used.
[ounds of milk d1ring the first [fried

nega-ive balance - 1.39 grams cdcium daily.
pyrio’ ihile on r‘w roe: Lhorohete sie ems
went off feed. after she be3a1 to est regularly
ro"geo U3 L4 pounds of milk drilj. Her calcium

1.).

to a os' 1V8 + v.97 grams daily Bhis
mg? have been Eu; to uer rec wering from the

beeinning of the ~~riod. 2L th rd irriod
one the balance was Very sli3mtly Leaetive,

um d: ily fourth

r“. —‘
‘lltj

fl

sitive t 5-39 drafls of or 013% daily. fliers
in the silk ilow after the animal had firepied

to £4 owinds of milk per day. as in the case of Ho. 35, there
was an 111330858 in the amount of calcium retained when fed both
raw roca 1-1swir e and one meal over the >eriods in which t e
ba. 1 ration alone was fed. The calaLce was liss, houever, on
bone nee than oL rav rock nosélate. This an11 1 Las never in
normal condV i-Jn after ra* rich dost ate Las added to the
ration. {he was very irregular in ICT fee01n3 and agpeared to
be in ponr health. It is d btfd if the results obtained Lith
t‘iis ani 1:21 shwiild be used in 21:1:1113 coz‘iclusions.

ng Lo. 70 seemed to be normal thr1i3hout the ergeriient
and the results with her are probably much more reliable than
with the other two cows. ”Le ca lciUm 02131 for the first three
oeriods Wlth tnis 03 were iracdic 11" the same. The jirst
period on “asal rat ion alone tie b laLce vm s positive + 0.78
calcium daily. Tile sec on; period with raw rock phosyhete added

to

the ration the balance vas very slightly negative being

-O.756 3ra”s. The third period on basal ration alone the
balance was positive + 1.11 grams dei y. There was no appreci-
able d fierence in the balances for these geriods She fourth
period, however, with tone meal in the rati n the balance be-
came very stro1131y positive + 9. 71 3ra a-ns calcium dailV. The
milk flow for th7s animzl was practically the 821 tLroughont

the entire eXperiment.

that the calcium of bone

calcium of raw
The Phothorus
Table No.
d or i 113 th e

animals

. T? '7'?
CO": 8 “ O S O (1",)

VI shows

She resalts with Lo. 70 vould indicate

meal tore available than the

the phosphorus balances for all three

tion of phos-

eater reten

.phor‘s during the bone meal period than When :ed ran roen phos-
phate. Shay als retained more phos;horns when fed bone meal
nan on the basal rat'on alone. 130. '71 showed very little
difference in the amount of phoa horns retained during any of
the periods.
On the basal ration alone, during the iirst period So.

33 had ane;ative phosqhorns balance of - 11.33 grahs dailV.

For the next period raw rec: yhoagnate and the third geriod

m
cf-

same being

0
.1
(12

a a1 ration alone the retention was about

+— cf
Oil

.066 grams phosyhorus dafl; in the second and + 8.98 grams
in the third. buring these two periods and the last one the
milk flow was much less than during the iirst period. Che

large amount of mil; probablv is 3L8 reason ior the loss of

thSphorns during the first period. Klan bone as l mas fed
the balance became very strongl" positive. v.a H+ p.

grams phosphorus daily.
Cow No. 70 showed a positive balance of + 2.68 granfi
phosphorus daily during the first hctabolism period on basal

‘- ' I 1" - ‘N I" . r- F" I .- ~ ._., r‘ a -. . u '-
rauion alone. ine balance becrne negatii e - 6. 3 Claus phos-

"d

horns daily after raw rock phosphate was added to the ration.
The third period on basal ration alone the balance became
slightly positive again, + 0.93 gra.'m . Bone meal added to the
ration for the io rth period brolght the balance up to sosit ive
9.34 grams phosphorus d;i1:, showing the superiority of bone

meal over rav rock phoaohate as a source of ohoaghorus

f)

lfilo niorwis

No. 71 showed no signiiiceit di ffe; ence in the

balance throughout the experinent. As she was not in normal

6+
(D
0
OJ

condition the resul ned with her are probably oi Little

value.

3;.
P

study of Table No. 711 shoving tne nitrogen balance

11dicat that raw rock phosphate causes a loss of nitrogen
from the body. The first period on basal rat ion alone all

three anina s showed a very positive nitrogen balance, Ho. 53,

- 13.53 grams of nitroaez dailt, No. 70, - 35.50 grams, and

No. 71, - SO. 03 grams. Jur11( ti: second p riod after raw rock

1

phosphate had been added to the ration the balances all became
strongly negative, being - 14.8: grams nitrogen daily ior he.
33, - 18.97 grams for ho. 70, and - 39.86 grams for Ho. 71. The
basal ration was again fed alone during the third period and

.

for all but No. 71 the bala1ces became positive. Eor 71 the

balance res still sli 11t1yr ative bin was r'ieh neai er positive

,f)

for

(0

than duriiig the raw rock phospnate period. Che balance

'2'”:
1

the third period were - 15.18 grams nitrogen daily for E0. u,
- 1.88 grams for 70, and - 4.o1 grams ior Ho. 71. Bone heal
When fed during the fourth period did not have the same efiect
as raw rock :hosghate. The balance for No. 55 was - 19.58

grams nitrogen daily, for Ho. 70 - 1.42 gray s and for Ho. 71

- 5.48 grams.

All three animals lost weight during the first metabolism
period as shown by Graph Ko. I. Since they were on p sitive
nitrogen balance, this loss in weight :uSt have been due to loss
of compounds other than those containing nitrogen. the second
period on raw rock hosonate, No. 33 and 71 were los nizg weight
rapidly', probably due to 10s: of nitrogenous compounds from the
body. No. 70, horever, although losing nitrogen, maintained a

constant weight. During the third period the 1veisnt s for all

three aninals varied only slightly. The fourth period KO. 35

Db’C‘-"i S C:

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8 u a .1 E n. S -, S “... o . . .u n .1 a t
I) d ...“ .- U r «G ..L. . u . k L0 0 D... ..V an \, r
-n r .l 1 o 6 ..-. ..1 . e t O S ...“ O .1 a 5 O a
..L a .. .1 . .1 e 1.. .1 L 1.. ...L c O t o
.i . U .0 e u T .Q .E n. 1 ..l 6 e . 7.. u. AI
6 e t e C 0 .c S l ...... .1. .. _ P n
m... S f a _ . ... . we. , O .c k 1 3 .n. .1 e
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3 I O O n 1 .1 .. .l A H r um U S n
c h 1 W. S n. i 1 .1 W t .1 ..1.. d .1
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’61

D.

A.

urine of Ho.

fi

61'

h'

during rs iod 5.0 srsns while

C; r

F

.3

0.55 re

d-

1- .-
LlJ.

,_.
(B

'y nfinr Q
5‘ '— A01»

2 - . .. ' c r: .C. ..
Ho. 71 nsd an storage 01 0.0 gram

.. ‘ 7". . -‘. ' - “1'_ .c -
daily onilxzcnx‘tne basel ret14n1 mJS iirs

)

creased to 15.0 grams F305 daily mhil‘

being fed. Jhen the basal ratidn u:

c
n.

period the amount of P O the urine

daily and remained tue same during the

meal was fed.

" V . ‘ r' -\ Q-
11.10.111.131 raw

L

rock fihOLghEte
end the phosphorus at least a
retention.

'L
1.18

prevents

70 contained 0.7

period, and 0.5 grog

i

Q

nvcr ~

on rsw rook ynosyhete,

C.
K;

the fourth period.

8 of PVC 'n her urine

0“.

‘iod. fnis in-

droc ed to 5.0 grams

earth period wnen bone

digested by the animal

E2 omething , how-ever ,

‘5‘
Lvoiu

L

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.
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e 1. u . ...v
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.
.‘N
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6.

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8.

9.

10.

11.

IBLIOGanfiY

L1)

Abderhalden, 1398

Cite& b; Forbes “ Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio
Agricultural experiment Station, page 152.

Anger, 1898

Cited by Forbes & Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio
Agricultural preriment btation, pages 420 to 431.
Artzemias, G. K.

Endocrinology 3,560-1 Dissertation 1919.

Armsby, H. P.

Nutrition of Farm.Animals, pages 355, 336, 538.
Armsby, H. P.

Nutrition of Farm Animals, page 414.

Beaunis

Cited by Forbes a Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio
Agricultural uxyeriment 5tation, gage 104.

Brown, Hac Lacklin, Simpson

American Journal Diseases Children 19, gages 413 to 438.
Crown, D. H., Calhoun, H. A.

P

Journal Biology Chemistry c

7, pages 505 to 509.
Chick, 5., Dalzell, A. J., Hume, H.. Hackey, fi.n.n.,
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DelllliS, V10, TElbOt, P. B.

m
«a
0

American Journal Diseases Children 81, gages 29 to
Dibbelt W., 1908, Bahrhudt & Edelstein, 1910
Tecnnical Bulletin 5, Ohio Agriculturéi EXperiment Station,

pages 571.

13.

14.

15.

17.
l8.
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20.

22.

24.

25.

Dihhelt, H.

Arb. Geb. path. Anat. Bahteriol Tubinger 7, pages 55 to 59,
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E merick & Loew

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Etienne ,

Journal Bhysiol. Pathol. Gen 14, page 108.

Experiment btation Record 18, page 178.

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Farmer, E., Klinge, R.

1

’7

Endocrinology 5, pages 87 to 576.
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)

htJ

O‘bes, a. B.
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Forbes & Associates

ation.

ct-

Bulletin 308, Ohio Agricultural hx;eriment 5
Forbes & Associates

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..

b
M

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Forbes & Associates

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_.
H
...)

’nent Station,
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r.

page 552.
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Gilbert & Posternack

Cited by Forbes & Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio
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Hart, HcCollum & Fuller

Cited by Forbes & Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio
Agricultural EXgerinent ttation, page 327.

Hart, McCollum a Fuller & Humnhrey

American Journal ths. 1309, Research Bulletin 5, Wisconsin.
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Cited by Forbes & Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio

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'1'
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Hilk, page 101.

Henneberg

Cited by Forbes “ Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio
Agricultural «xperiment btation, page 431.

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*4
ad

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f.
(T)

Hess, KcCann, & Papoenheimer

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Bulletin John HOphins hospital 32, page 541.
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Unpublished tables compiled from york of several investigations

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U1
1 \J
o

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From C. A. 13. 2257.

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agriciltural Sayeriment btation, gage 421.

Joseph & Heltzer

American Journal Phys. 29, page 1.

Journal Biological Chemistry 57, page 1.

Kaup, 3. F.

Poultry Items 26, n03, pages 14 and 18.

Khuen, 1908

Cited by Forbes & Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio
Agricultural Experiment 3tation, page 421.

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Cited by ”orbes “ Keith, Technical Bulletin 5, Ohio
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62.

64.

66.

68.

69.

70.

71.

74.

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Hr.

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Trans. neatci. Am. ihy . 25, paje 416.
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Journal EX}. med. 11, page 118.

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Anales soc. ruin. Argentine 9, oa es 315 to 325
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Am. Journal Fits. 61, pages 575 to $79.
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Newer lino ledge o: “utrition, 19.32 edition.

HcCollum

Newer Knowledge of Nutrition, 1922 edition,

'0
{‘1

CD
CD
1..
L0
,p

KcCollum

Fewer enorledge of nutrition, 1922 edition, page 512.
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I

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Agricultural experiment btation.

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Agricultural EXperiment btation, page 421

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n

Bioc11el. 2 56, pages 240 to 244, Chem. Abs Hr cts o,

(\J
“a
0‘1

Sherman and Fappenheimer

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