WWI

Hl‘ll‘lelWll.

R

4,____
—

1N1

WW

I

 

{3?FECTS 0F FERT'iLiZE’R TREATi‘uiEN'i‘S C“;

‘0.

5,.
1-1253

'0

1"
’3‘.
3“

AND 5052. AND LEA? ANALYS ES GP 81212 r PASPB

(”P

NH?

41113:: 1‘11: .3121 1:43:33; 111.113.
5112211135111 31.1111 21111111113211
fiiifi‘mfi Mafia-3%
WES

MICHIGAN IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

301591 3928 '

EFFECTS OF quuzm mums on YIELDS, AND 3011. AND
LEAF ANALYSES or BLACK RASPBERRIES

By
Clifford Egghecek

{AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the School of Greducte Studies of Michigm
Stete University of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Horticulture

1955

Approved W

 

 

ABSTRACT

Fertilizer trials were made in 1952 and continued through 1953 to
determine the effects that various levels of different fertilisers
would have on the yields, and leaf and soil analyses of black rasp-
berries. Twelve different treatments, replicated three times, were
used. The treatments consisted of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
fertilisers applied at different rates to the soil of a fiveqyear old
black raspberry planting in the spring of both years. Soil condi-
tioner and straw was used the first year in addition to the fertilizer
in two of the treatments.

Records were kept of each.year's yield. In 1953. leaves, with
attached petioles, from the current year's growth were analysed for ni-
trogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron,
boron, and copper. Soil samples were tested for pH values, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and iron.

The study showed that high levels of nitrogen increased signifi-
cantly the yield of this bramble when climatic conditions damaged the
fruiting potential. When weather was conducive to good fruit pro-
duction, as in 1953, and where the soil was above average in pro-
ductivity, black raspberry yields benefitted very little by fertilizer
applications. Under these favorable conditions, rates of fruit
maturity were influenced very slightly by the various fertilizer treat-

ments.

 

[Ill

High levels of nitrogen and potassium in the fertilizer appli-
cations resulted in larger amounts of these two elements in the leaves.
Use of high levels of complete fertilizers resulted in increases in
the manganese content of leaves. Addition of soil conditioner to
applications of complete fertilizer resulted in higher phosphorus
content in leaves. Different fertilizer treatments caused no signifi-
cant differences in calcium, magnesimn, boron, iron and capper content
of leaves.

Use of complete fertilizers resulted in greater amounts of “reserve"
phosphorus, potassium, and iron in the soil. Applications of low levels
of complete fertilizers increased "active" phosphorus in soil, while
high levels of complete fertilizers increased ”active" potassium and
manganese in the soil. "Active" calcium, magnesium, and iron in the
soil were not significantly influenced by different fertilizer appli-

cations .

 

llllll

EFFECTS OF FETILIZPB TREATMENTS ON YIELDS, AND SOIL AND
LEAF ANALYSES 01" BLACK RASPBERRIES

By
Clifford Machacek

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State University of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Horticulture

1955

\

 

 

lll‘llll

 

AWWTS

The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr.
A. L. Kenwortlw for his assistance in outlining the problem, carry-
ing out the research work, and preparing the manuscript; to Dr.
E. J. Home and his staff for carrying out the chemical analyses of
the leaves; to Dr. J. C. Shickluna and his staff for carrying out
the determinations of the soil samples; to Drs. Harry K. Bell and
Donald P. Watson for their guidance and editing of the manuscript;
and to Messrs. Charles and Robert Morrison for providing the facili-
ties for carrying out the research.

361668

 

.lll‘l.[l‘l

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
REVIEHOFLITFRATURE..................... 2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '6
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

note md Pmts . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C 0
Soil and Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fertilizer Treatment of the Plots . . . . . . . . . . . .

\O\O\J\7

Harvest in 1952 and 1953 .
Leaf Sampling and Analysis

10

Soil Sampling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

RE [II-ITS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O 13

Effect on Yields 0 C O O C O O O O O- O O O O O O O O O O 13
Effect on Nutrient Content of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . 15

Effect on Nutrient Content of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . 19

I) IS CU SS ION O O O O O O O O O O O D O O O I O O O O O O O O O O a

 

 

IIIIIII‘II‘l'l-lll

Page

SWY O O O O O O O C O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 28

LITMTIEE C 1TH) O O O O 0 O O O O O O O ‘ " O O O O O O O O O 29

APMDHseeassessesOOOeeeeeeeesseee32

INTRODUCTION

Much of the black raspberry (m 2W) industry in
Michigan - valued at two million dollars - has been concentrated in
the southwestern part of the State. The United States Census of
Agriculture (1910-1950) for red and black raspberries showed a decrease
in yield from 1190 to 722 quarts per acre during this period. This
same trend of about 25 per cent decrease in yield has occurred over
the same forty-year period in Berries County, the center of pro-
duction in Michigan.

Numerous diseases, such as crown gall, anthracnose, and certain
virus diseases, are important factors in reducing yields. Fertilizer
trials have been limited because of the dominant effect of these
diseases. The present experiment was undertaken to study the re-
lationship of yield, soil and leaf analysis of black raspberries to
treatment with different fertilizers.

REV IN 01" LITERATURE

Much of the previous research work dealt with both the black and
red raspberries. Since both species are closely related the responses
to fertilizers should be similar, although they differ with respect to
fruiting habits and other morphological characteristics.

Cinndler (1930) at New Iork used nitrogen, phbsphorus, and potassium
on both red and black raspberries and found that, for black raspberry,
total cane growth was increased only 0.1. per cent when nitrogen was
applied. No response to applications of phosphorus and potassiun
were observed.

Amniua sulfate when used with either phosphate or potash, as
observed in Indiana by Cherry (1931), gave highest yields on Cumber-
land and Plus Farmer black raspberries. The use of phosphate or potash
alone gave some increase, whereas a complete fertilizer showed none.
There was a positive correlation between yield of berries and diameter
of canes. Similar results, plus increased early season yields, with
the use- of a quickly available form of nitrogen, on Cunberland black
raspberries were noted in Michigan by Marshall (1930), but in Oregon
no benefits from the use of this elanent were observed (Waldo, 1935).
Collison and Slate (191.3) in New York found a like response on the
black raspberry from nitrogen, but noted that phosphate and potash
was of no significance. They found the influence of nitrogen to be
related to the correlation between yields and diameter or number ' of

canes. Work in Oregon, by Clark and Power (1916), showed that a com-
plete fertilizer high in potash gave highest yields of black rasp-
berries.

Chandler (1920) found that nitrogen increased total cane growth
of red raspberries 87 per cent and, also, the total yield, although
the two were not correlated. Similar results regarding yields were
shots: at West Virginia by Childs and Hoffman (1932) who found 300
pounds per acre of nitrate of soda superior to 200 pounds. Increased
yields correlated with wood production but time of applicition had
no affect on yields. Stone (1933, 1931., 1935) in Bnods Island found
that the best yield of red raspberries resulted from potash in com-
bination with nitrates. He concluded that potassiun was as important
or even more so than nitrogen. Similar findings with nitrogen on
red raspberries were observed by Mavis (1939) in Ohio.

Harris (191.1.) in British Columbia, showed that boron and manganese
increased the yield of red raspberries, although the increase from
boron was not significant at the five per cent level- Applications
of copper and zinc had no affect on the yield, but zinc increased
the carbohydrate content and dry-weight of the berries. Powers and
'wood (1946) 'in Washington, however, .showed that applications of
copper sulfate increased black raspberry yields. Wallace and Hewitt
(191.6) in England, noted a comon occurrence of iron deficiency in
terminal leaves of shoots in conjunction with a mnganese deficiency
in the older leaves of red raspberries. The availability of both

eluents was affected by copper. The deficiency of iron, which re—
sulted in a high proportion of soluble nitrogen in the leaves could
have been caused by cobalt, magnesitm, zinc, phosphorus, potassim
deficiency, and the Call! ratio in the nutrient median. They con-
cluded that iron deficiency was ertrunely difficult to control al-
though it was one of the most serious nutritional problus in fruit
culture. .

Deficiencies of boron on black raspberries reported by Askew,
Chittenden, and Monk (1951) revealed rosetting of the leaves similar
to that caused by green mosaic. They found in New Zealand that
satisfactory growth occurred when the boron content on the dry basis
was about 35 p.p.m. in leaves from fruiting canes and 50-60 p.p.m.
in leaves from new canes. Their field trials indicated that there
was a wide range in the' level of boron because even with values up
to 300 p.p.m. in the dry matter of leaves from new canes no toxic
evidence was present .

Darrow and Magness (1938) at Beltsville, Maryland, using eight
tons of rye straw plus 600 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre on
red and black raspberries found that increases of 1.00 per cent in
yields correlated very well with ratio of cane length. They ex-
plained the overall differences in plant survival, cane length, and
sucker growth to necessary trace minerals which were leached from
the straw. Similar results from use of mulch were shown in New
Jersey by Clark (1939) and in Ohio by Havis (1939) who, also,

noticed a need for extra nitrogen with mulch. The additional yield
from mulched red raspberries, though slightly delayed in ripening,
was the result of bigger berries or more fruiting wood or both
(Childs, 191.1).

Judkins (191.5) in Ohio concluded that increases in yield of
black raspberries resulted more from larger diameter canes than
greater number of canes, but that this bramble benefitted less by
mulch than the red raspberry. Increased yields were obtained by
Bailey (191.9) in Massachusetts from mulched red raspberries, but no
benefits were derived by the addition of O to 1.50 potmds of nitrate

of soda.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The purpose of this following study was to determine if the
addition of different levels of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium, plus straw and the soil conditioner, Kriliuml, would
result in different yield levels. Relationships of fertilizer
treatment to level of nutrients in leaves and soil were considered.

These same factors were studied in relation to rapidity of ripening.

1 Trademark of the Monsanto Chemical Company for substances such as
CED-186 and CRD9189 sold as soil conditioners.

EXPERDWTAL PROCEDURE

M and Ma

In the spring of 1952 a series of fertilizer treatments were
established in a five 'year old Cumberland black raspberry field,
(Figure 1), northeast of Paw Paw, Michigan, by Dr. J. P. Tompkins.
Twelve treatments were used with each treatment being replicated
three times. A plot consisted of nine plants in a single row with
the plants being spaced 2* feet apart. There' was a buffer row
between replicates but no buffer plants between plots. All plants
previously had received the usual cultural treatment given to

comercial plantings.

seal and 19mm
The soil was classified on the soil survey map as Plainfield

sand, above average in productivity. Prior to this study applica-
tions of barnyard manure had been made periodically to maintain the
organic matter. Annual applications of amonium nitrate and 0-9-27
fertilizer had been made to the planting. Usually a cover crop was
seeded after harvest to help maintain the level of organic matter
and to prevent soil erosion. The topography of the site was gently
sloping with no pronounced pockets in the field nor any outstanding
eroded spots. The surface drainage was good, and a gravelly subsoil
permitted good internal drainage.

Figure 1.

General layout of the fertilizer field trial on black

raspberries near Paw Paw, Michigan.

 

 

 

main: mm. at is: flats.
The first fertilizer treatments were applied to all the plots

in the spring of 1952. Amonium nitrate, super and treble phosphate,
and muriate of potash were used as sources of fertilizer. The
applications were broadcast from each side of the row. No special
efforts were used to incorporate the fertilizer with the soil.

The level of fertilizer treatment, in pounds of the actual
elements per acre, and the combinations used in the plots were as
follows : O—O—O, hO-O—O, hO-hO—O, hO-O-LO, hO—hO-LO, O-LO—LO,
hO-hO-AO plus Krilim, 80-0-0, 80-80-0, 80-0-80, 80-80-80, and
80-0-0 plus two and one-half tons of rye straw. The Kriliun was
worked into the soil according to the manufacturers' recomendation.
The straw, added to each side of the row and between plants, was
mixed with the soil.

. The same fertilizer treatments were repeated to each respective
plot in the spring of 1953. No further additions of Kriliun and

straw were made.

ms. is 1.222 and 1.25.3.
Total production of fruit was recorded in 1952 and 1953. The

plots were harvested four times in 1952 and six times in 1953. The
1952 yields were low because of winter injury to buds and fruiting

made

10

Leaf.§Innlisz.snd.énalz§is.

One hundred, dunage-free, leaves with petioles attached were
gathered per plot from the new canes after the harvest in 1953. The
first fully developed leaf back of the growing tip. (Figure 2), was
selected at random. These leaf samples were dried for forty-eight
hours in a forced draft dehydrator, then ground in a Wiley mill (20
mesh screen), and stored in glass sample bottles. The ground samples
were oven-dried for 21. to 1.8 hours at 100‘ C before chemical or
spectrographic analysis.

The analyses were made by the Department of Agricultural
Chemistry for the nine essential elements. The standard Kjeldahl
method was used for the nitrogen determinations. The Perkins-Elmer
flame photometer was used in determining potassium The analyses of
phosphorus, boron, iron, magnesium, manganese, calcium, and copper

were made by means of spectrographic procedures.

3.11 W am mm
After the harvest in 1953, nine sample cores were taken from the

surface six inches of soil in each plot in the following manner:
three from each side of the row approximately one and one-half to two
feet from the center of the row and three from the center of the row
in the spaces between plants. .The core samplings were placed in a
box, thoroughly mixed and then one-half pint of this composite mix-

ture was retained in a container for the analyses. The samples were

Figure 2. A photograph showing the selection of leaves for leaf
analysis. The most recently mtured leaf on new cane
growth were used (as .n... by the left hand).

 

 

12

sir—dried and screened. Soil pH was determined with s. Beckmsn pH
meter. "Reserve" tests for phosphorus, potassium, manganese, and
iron were conducted on all samples with use of the Spumy "Reserve"
test method. The Spurn: "Active" test was used to make determina-
tions for phosphorus, potassium, manganese, iron, magnesium, and
calcium. ‘

13

RESULTS

mm en ms: .
The yield of fruit in 1952 was approximately one-fourth of that

obtained in 1953. (Table l). The lower yield in 1952 was attributed
to winter injury in 1951-1952. The highest yield in 1952 was ob-
tained from plots receiving high levels of nitrogen alone (ao-o—o).
The yield resulting from the use of 80-0—0 was significantly greater
than that obtained from the use of 80-0-0 plus 24‘} tons of straw,
80-80-0, or no fertiliser. The use of 80-0—80 resulted in signifi-
cantly larger yield than obtained from the check plots and the
80-0-0 plus straw plot. Low levels of nitrogen, either alone or
with phosphorus, significantly increased yields over the check plot.
The lowest yield occurred with the use of nitrogen plus straw. The
use of 80-0-0 plus straw resulted in yields significantly lower than
obtained from plots receiving applications of hO-hO-AO, 1.0-0-0, hO-AO—O,
and 80-80-80. The use of soil conditioner with the complete ferti-
lizer (ho-1.04.0) caused an insignificant depressing effect on yield
as compared to results of the complete fertilizer when used alone.
The 1953 yields showed no significant differences between any of
the fertilizers applied to the plots, but the following trends were
noted. High levels of a complete fertilizer, low levels of nitrogen
with one other element, or low levels of phosphorus with potassiun
gave the highest yields. The lowest yield was noted for the AO-LO-LO

 

 

1/ Yields are in ounces per plot. Each re
nine plants per plot and to 21.78 feet

 

 

 

 

“——

Note -

mm 1. neldl/ of Black Raspberries in Relation to Fertilizer
Treatments
1952 4353?
Treatment Total) ( Total First 3 pickings
0-0-0 65.7 319.5 213.1.
AO-O-O 8&5 307.1 239.3'
1.04.0.0 35.3 350.3 275.0
LO-o-to 76.2 31.0.3 265.1
LO-hO-LO 32.7 306.1. 225.3
o-w-to 73.3 31.3.7 2354.
Wm 77.5 320.8 21.3.5
30-0-0 90.3 ‘ 320.3 21.3.0
30-30-0 69.7 309.1.- 230.5
30-040 37.9 312.1. 2.3.7
30-30-30 32.3 339.3 257.1
30-0-0 plus 61.1 315.9 21.2.3
I..S.D. 5% - 18.2 N.s.2/ N.S.
- 24.3

cate has been corrected to
.005 of an acre).

1 ounce per plot equals 12.5 pounds per acre or approximately 10
quarts per acre.

2/ P value not significant.

15

plot followed closely by plots with applications of 1.0—0-0, 80—80-0,
and 80-0-80. In between theseitwo extremes were those plots which
received 30-0-0 plus straw, 0-0-0, 80-0-0, and AO-hO-LO plus soil
conditioner. It was observed that the application of 80-0-0 plus
straw while still resulting in lower yields than that received with
the use of 30-0-0, had increased yields over several other plots.
Yields from plots where AO-LO-AO plus soil conditioner was applied
were above those from plots which received only hO-hO-AO.
. Yields for the first three pickings, which contributed about
seventy-five per cent of the total, showed that applications of
hO-AO-O caused berries to mature most rapidly. Applications of
hO-O-LO and 80-80-80 also appeared to increase the rate of maturity.
The slowest rate of maturity occurred in the check plots (0-0-0).
Rate of maturity appeared to show a positive relationship with total
yield only for these plots which received applications of LO-AO-O,
80-80-0, 80-0-0, and AO-ho-LO plus soil conditioner. There were no
significant differences between the applications and the relation-

ships .

m 2:! M Mimi. 91. m

The nutrient-element analyses of the leaves in relation to the
various fertilizer treatments are shown in Table 2. The leaves from
plots receiving high levels of nitrogen (except 80-0-80) and'the one

plot on which hO-hO-O was used contained significantly greater amounts

16

8353. .2 2a.. n 3

 

 

 

 

 

38. 86 86 a as
8.2 8.: 88°. . .mé , 8.2 .m.z 8.6 H85 .36 .. mm .33
. 88. $8. 8.5. 88. 5. 84 RA 8d 88 0.88
38. 2.8. .88. . 88. 8e. 3..- SA Ra. 86 8.8.8
360. Rune. flea. , ”8. 0.3. an...” Hm...” mom. min Omicron
$8. 2.8. 83. 88. 8m. 3.” RA «2. 58 0.8.8
. 88. $8. 88. 88. on“. 34 «HA “3. 88 0.0.8
88. 88. .28.. .88. Re. 84 34 man. .38 Ssflmog
«N8. 3.3. .Euo. 0N8. one. out" 0.1." m3". ANA . 310.70
88. $8.. , .63. 88. e8. 84 8; 8m. 88 8.8.8
.38. N30. 88 .88. can. mo..." San n3”. wmé Oslo-o:
mg. $3. .53. $8. 8m. .34 04...“ «ON. Nmé 06.704
:8. 88. 9-8. 88. 48. 34 84 3a. 88 0.0.8
88. .98. 480. was. owe. mus" 8.." 3H. Nm.m clone
13 . g

3.32. be no 88 n8:

noon-seen... donate... 3 e383. 5 853 beefing sees no 35.12 3 .u a...

17

of nitrogen than did leaves from plots which had applications of no
fertilizer, low levels of nitrogen and potassinmn, or low levels of
phosphorus and potassinmn. The leaves from plots that received
nitrogen and potassium, or low levels of complete fertilisers con-
tained significantly more nitrogen than did leaves from plots to
which low levels of phosphorus and potassium had been added. .The

use of 80-0-0 plus straw resulted in the largest amount of leaf
nitrogen and was significantly higher than those where nitrogen alone
.or low complete fertilisers were used. There were no relationships
between nitrogen content in leaves and total yield.

- No significant differences due to fertilizers were noted for
the phosphorus content of leaves, but the following trends were
found. The highest amount of phosphorus was found in the leaves
from the application of 1.0-1.0-40 plus soil conditioner, while the
plots which received 80-80-80, 80-0-80, and Who-1.0 were noted to
have slightly less leaf phosphorus. The lowest amounts of phosphorus
in the leaves resulted from the use of fertilizers which contained
nitrogen only or low levels of nitrogen and potassium

High levels of potassium in fertilizers significantly in-
creased leaf potassinm. The lowest level of potassium in the leaves,
other than the check plot, was found for applications of high levels
of nitrogen alone (80-0-0). It was observed that the addition of
straw to a nitrogen application resulted in higher potassiun content
in leaves. This also occurred when a soil conditioner was added to
an application of 1.0-1.0-40.

18

The application of hO-LO—lto with soil conditioner resulted in
highest calcium content in leaves, but no siglificant difference
could be established between different fertilizer applications and
the amount of this element in the foliage.

Highest contents of magnesium appeared to be in leaves from
plots which received no nitrogen, although no significant difference
between high and low amounts was shown.

The amounts of boron. in leaves were very low with a range of
.0021 per cent to .0028 per cent on a dry weight basis. Leaves
from the plot which received no fertiliser appeared to have the
largest quantity of this element, although no statistical signifi-
cance could be found between the upper and lower limits as shown from
the different applications .

Use of high levels of a complete fertilizer (80-80-80) signifi-
cantly increased the manganese content of the leaves above that for
other treatments, except the 80-0-80 application. The use of AO-hO-LO
fertilizer showed a significant increase for leaf manganese above
that for the no-treatment and the hO-O-O plots. low levels of manganese
in the leaves appeared to result from the use of AO-pound applications
of one major element alone, a combination of two elements, or a com-
plete fertilizer plus a soil conditioner. Although statistical
differences were not present in all cases, the application of ferti-
lizers high in nitrogen (except where straw was added) appeared to
result in higher manganese content ‘of leaves as compared to appli-

cations of no nitrogen or low levels of this element.

19

There appeared to be no relationship between the iron content
in leaves am the different fertilizer applications and no signifi-
cant differences resulted from the use of the various fertilizers.

The different applications of fertilizers showed no signifi-
cant differences in the copper content of leaves , although the
average amounts ranged from a low of .0017 per cent to a high of
.003 per cent based on the dry weight.

and 9s .mi_N ant 22m 2: sun

' Soil tests for pH, "reserve" and "active" nutrients in relation
to fertilizer treatments are shown in Table 3. The average pH values
ranged from l..7 in plots where 80-80-80 fertilizer was applied to
5.1. in the plots where no fertilizer was added. There were no signifi-
cant differences in these pH values as affected by different ferti-
lizers.

The two complete fertilizers, 1.04.040 and 80-80-80, gave the
highest amounts of "reserve" phosphorus in soil and were significantly
greater than all treatments which received applications containing
no phosphorus, low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, or a soil condi-
tioner. The 40-40-40 fertilizer application significantly increased
"reserve" phosphorus over the hO-hO-AO plus soil conditioner. in
application of 0-1.0-40 resulted in significantly higher quantity of
"reserve” phosphorus than hO-O-O or hO-O-AO.

The "reserve" potassinmn in soil was not influenced significantly

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0 0.8 0.u “.8 .3
.04. .3 8.: .82 a8 08 .82 8.2 8.2 0.2 .82 in .084
I , lag
5.0 5.3 0.3 0.00m 5.08 8.0 v.3 mg. anew." 0.8m 8.4 0.0.8
8.0 0.3 0.3 0.08 p.48 «.0 0.3 8.0 San 8.00 . a} 888
0.0 0.3 0.3 0.08 803 Nam 88 0.0 33 5.8 84 8.0.00
man «:3 ~50.” 8.80m 0.00 «.0 «.mm 0.: plan mas «.4 0.00.00
an 0.3 5.8 0.08 0.0a 0.8 0.8 nA Tan 0.8 0.4 0.0.8
. .535 38
«A mg. «.8. 0.000 >18 «8 5.0m 0.0 5.88 0.3 08 0.78.3
0.“ a." 04. «.03 0.48 S. 8.8 m.“ 0.8.- 0.8 2 8.8.0
5.0 as «in 8.08 0.0.3 0.8 0.8 0.0 3: has «A 8.8.8
«A 0.0 «.2 0.08 0.8 and new 3. 2.: 0.8 0.“ 8.0.8
0.« «A 0.3 90.3 «.8 all «:8 a...“ mafia 0.5 0:“ 0.0.73
on 0.0 in ans «:3 3 3n. no on. n8 . E 0.08
0.0 0.0 0.0." 0.004 «.3 8m 5.0" «.0 0.09 0.3 in 0.0.0
«iii... l u ml Hq'lm. lawlll. in a no} g
e. a _ all
Aches hen 00863
38502... neonates 3 confides 5 398 attendees sees no 3.545 dam .m 085.

by the different fertilizer treatments, but the following trends were
noticed. The complete fertilizer applications resulted in greatest
amount of "reserve'' potassium The next largest amounts were noted
for plots which received fertilizers containing potassiun plus one
other elqnent or a soil conditioner plus AO-hO-AO. The lowest amounts
of ”reserve" potassium in soil were found for plots which received

no potassium in the fertilizer application. 8

No significant differences were noted for "reserve" manganese in
relation‘to the fertilizer treatments. Since many of the replicates
resulted in blank readings no indication of a trend could be found.

There were no simificant differences noted between amounts of
"reserve" iron in soil and the different fertilizers applied to plots.
There was an indication that complete fertilizers would increase the
"reserve" iron in soil while application of nitrogen alone would de-
press the amount.

10.. levels of complete fertilizer significantly increased "active"
phosphorus in soil above that found for plots treated with fertili-
zers containing no phosphorus, nitrogen alone, low levels of nitrogen
and phosphorus only, or hO-LO-AO plus soil conditioner. Applications
of fertilizers containing low levels of phosphorus and potassium re-
sulted in significantly greater amount of "active” phosphorus than
the use of low levels of nitrogen alone, high levels of nitrogen with
straw, nitrogen and potassium or low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus.
High levels of nitrogen and potassiun, and the low level nitrogen

fertilizers when applied to soil showed significant decreases of
"active" phosphorus in soil as compared to results obtained from
plots which had received high levels of complete fertilizer or high
levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. The soil from the plot which re-
ceived no fertilizer had significantly more "active" phosphorus than
that from the plot which received 80-0-80 fertilizer. '

The high level of complete fertilizer significantly increased
"active" potassium above that for all treatments containing no potas-
sim and also the two plots receiving AO-O-ho and 1.0-1.0-40 plus soil
conditioner. The applications of nitrogen alone significantly de-
pressed the anount of "active” potassiun as compared to the use of
eo-o-eo or o-ao-uo. '

Increasing the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium
fertilizers (either alone or in combination) significantly increased
“active" mnganese above that found for similar combinations at the
lower rates of applications. The soil from the cheek plot showed no
”active“ nnganese and was significantly lower than all treatments.

'Ihere were no significant differences in amounts of "active"
iron in soil as a result of the various fertilizer treatments. The
levels of this elment per acre ranged from zero for plots treated
with 80-0-80 to six pounds for plots which received no fertilizer.

No significant differences were found between amounts of "active"
nagxlesiun in soil and the application of different fertilizers to

plots. The greatest amount of magnesia! was associated with the use

of LO-hO-AO while "active“ magnesiun was lowest where O-LO-LO was used.
There was no significant affect of the fertilizer applications upon

"‘Ctinn mCiMe

DISCUSSION

The 1952 yields showed that straw was a limiting factor during
the first year while high levels of nitrogen increased fruit pro-
duction. Nitrogen-fixation through decomposition of the nmlch was
undoubtedly the cause of these low yields. The importance of potas-
sim fertilisers as caspared to phosphorus application is in agree-
ment with work done by Stene (1935). The reduction in yields with
continued use of larger amounts of fertilizer application was also
borne out by similar results obtained by Stone (1933) and Clark and
Powers (191.5) .

In 1953. lower levels of nitrogen appeared to be associated
with the higher yields. The differences between yields were
statistically insignificant and it was believed that severe disease
infestations limited yield nore than did fertilizer applications.
work reported by Waldo (1935) indicated high yields could be main-
tained by adequate fertilizers even in presence of disease. The
high yields in 1953 could have been attributed to the fact that the
plantings had always received excellent care. In addition to disease
infestation, yield differences may have been limited by a generally
low level of boron and phosphorus. Work done by Askew, Chittenden,
and Monk (1951). and Ramig and Vandecaveye (1950), indicates that
the amount of both elements found in the leaves was insufficient for

maximum yields. The rate of maturity tended to be accelerated by

25

application of low levels of nitrogen in combination with one other
element. This difference in rate of maturity probably was due more
to an unbalanced nutrient condition than to lower levels of nitro-
gen reducing the normal growing period.

The nitrogen content in leaves was well above the critical
point as shown by Ramig and vandecaveye (1950) and was related to
the amount of this element contained in the fertilizer applied.

The presence of potassium appeared to lower the nitrogen content in
_leaves more than the presence of phosphorus. This seemed to coin-
cide with the added production‘ and growth obtained with potassium
which, in turn, may have caused the nitrogen content, on a per-
centage basis, to be lower. The levels of leaf phosphorus showed a
tendency to be higher from.plots which received the complete ferti-
lizers and was highest from.the plot which received the soil condi-
tioner. This agreed with work done on corn by Quastel (l95h) which
showed a similar influence upon phosphorus absorption. Ramig and
Vandecaveye (1950) showed the critical point for phosphorus content
in leaves to be 0.3 per cent which was greater than that obtained
from any of the plots. However, no visible symptoms of phosphorus
deficiency were evident.

Pbtassium.content of leaves was favorably influenced by high
amounts of this element in the fertilizer. Adequate amounts of this
element, according to reports of Goodall and Gregory (l9h7) and
Clark and Power (l9h5), were found in all treatments. Sufficient

26

quantities of leaf calcium were noted for all treatments, (Ramig and
Vandecaveye, 1950). Fertilizers containing nitrogen alone or with
one other elanent appeared to show the lowest amounts of calcium in.
leaves. Nitrogen alone or in combination with potassium in the
fertilizer tended to result in lowered amomts of magnesium and
boron in the leaves. None 'of the fertilizers showed any significant
difference in the boron content of the leaves , and all were low
according to Askew, Chittenden, and Honk (1951). However, no boron
deficiency symptoms were apparent .

The influence of high nitrogen or complete fertilizers upon
manganese content of leaves was very pronounced, although no apparent
affect on yields was noticed with the high quantities of this ele-
ment in the leaves. The increase in leaf manganese may have been
associated with slightly lower soil pH conditions which were, in turn,
associated with applications of high levels of nitrogen. In addition,
ammonium, potassium and other cations contained in the fertilizers
may. have displaced the manganese from the soil colloid.

The phosphorus in the soil, both reserve and active, seemed to
show larger amounts from soils treated with the fertilizers high in
phosphorus or where all three elements were included. Both reserve
and active potassiun showed tendencies to be high where soil was
treated with complete fertilizers or those high in potassium.

Low levels of a complete fertilizer seemed to result in the

highest amounts of "active" calcium and "active" maglesiun in the

soil. However, no positive trend could be established between the
different fertilizer applications and the varying amounts of these
two elements.

The fertilizer treatments showed no relationship to reserve
manganese, which was predominantly low. There was a positive re-

‘ lationship, although rather erratic, between "active" muses in

soil and the manganese content in leaf. This was not evident in the
plots which received high levels of nitrogen fertilizers and in the

check plot which received no fertilizers.

The highest amounts of "reserve” iron seemed to be associated
with plots which also had the highest amounts of "reserve" potassium
in the soil. There was no related affect between the "reserve" and
the “active” iron in the soil, nor did fertilizer treatment have any
effect on the amount of the "active" iron in soil.

28

SUMMARY

In 1952 fertilizer field trials established for black rasp-
berries showed that high levels of nitrogen would increase signif-
icantly the yield of this fruit when climatic conditions damaged
the fruiting potential. When weather was conducive to good fruit
production, as in 1953, and where the soil was above average in
productivity, black raspberry yields benefitted very little by
fertilizer applications. under these favorable conditions, rates
of fruit maturity were influenced very slightly by the various
fertilizer treatments.

High levels of nitrogen and potassium.in the fertilizer
applications resulted in larger amounts of these two elements in
the leaves. Use of high levels of complete fertilizers resulted in
increases in the manganese content of leaves. Addition of the soil
conditioner "Kriliunfl to complete fertilizer application resulted
in higher phosphorus content in leaves. Different fertilizer
treatments caused no significant differences in calcium, magnesium,
boron, iron, and copper content of leaves.

use of complete fertilizers resulted in greater amounts of
”reserve" phosphorus, potassium, and iron in the soil. Applications
of low levels of complete fertilizers increased "active" phosphorus
in soil, while high levels of complete fertilizers increased "active"
potassiumfiand manganese in the soil. "Active" calcium, magnesium,
and iron in the soil were not significantly influenced by different

fertilizer applications.

29

LITERATURE CITED

Askew, H. 0., Chittenden, E. T., and lbnk, R. J. , 1951. "Die-Back"
in Raspberries - A Boron Deficiency Ailment. Journal of Horti-
cultural Science. 26: 268-281..

Bailey, John S. , 191.9. Winter Injury to Red Raspberries as Affected
by Cultivation or Mulching. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 51.: 197-
199.

Chandler, w. H., 1920. Some Responses of Bush Fruits to Fertilizers.
Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 17: 201-201..

Cherry, H. F. , 1931. Studies on the Effect of Chemical Fertilizers
Upon Growth and Fruit Production of the Black Raspberry. Proc.
Amsr. Soc. Hort. Sci. 28: 176-179.

Childs, w. H. , 191.1. Production, Berry Size, and Growth of Red
Raspberries as Influenced by Mulching. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 38: 1.05-1.09.

Childs, W. H., and Hoffman, 14. B., 1932. Nitrogen Fertilization of
Latham Red Raspberries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 29: 302-305.
Clark, H. E., and Powers, w. L., 191.5. Leaf Analysis as an Indicator
of Potassium Requirement of Cane Fruits. Plant Physiol., 20:

51-61.

Clark, J. Harold, 1939. The Effects of Mulching Red Raspberries on

Growth and Production. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 37: 60h-608.

30

Collison, R. C. and Slate, G. L., 191.3. Fertilizer Responses
of Black Raspberries in Western New York in Demonstrational and
Experimental Layouts. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1.2: 1.63-1.66.

Darrow, George H.,and Hagness, J. R., 1938. Investigations on
Mulching Red Raspberries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 36:
1.81-1.84.

Goodall, D. W.,)and Gregory, F. G. , 191.7. Chemical Composition of
Plants as an Index of Their Nutritional Status . Imperial Bureau
of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, East Malling, Kent, Ehgland.
Tech. Com. No. 17: 38.

Harris, G. Howell, 191.1,. The Effect of Micro-elements on the Red
Raspberry in Coastal British Columbia. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 1.5: 300-302.

Havis, Leon, 1939. Pointers on Cultural Practices with Strawberries
and Raspberries. Proc. Ohio State Hort. Soc. 72: 63-67.

Judkins, Wesley P. , 191.5. Recent Developments in Cultural Practices
for Raspberries and Strawberries. Proc. Ohio State Hort. Soc. 78:
139-116-

}hrshall, R. E. , 1930. Fertilizing the Black Raspberry. Mich. Agric.
Exp. Station Quarterly Bul. Vol. 12, No. 1.: 1236128.

Powers, W. L., and Wood, 1.. H., 191.6. Some Causes of Malnutrition
in Cans Fruits. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 10: 260-262.

31

Ramig, R. E., and Vandecaveye, S. 0., 1950. Nutrient Levels for
Raspberries Grown in Water Cultures. Plant Physiol. 25:

617-629.

Quastel, J. H. , 1951.- Soil Conditioners. Ann. Rev. Plant.
Pkwsiol. 5: 75-92-

Stene, A. E. , 1933- Preliminary Studies in the Fertilization of
Red Raspberries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 30: 275-277.

Stene, A. E., 1931.. Fertilization of Red Raspberries. Proc. Amer.
Soc. Hort. Sci. 32: am.

Stene, A. E. , 1935. Fertilizer Treatments of Red Raspberries.
Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 33: All-1.11.. ‘

Waldo, George F., 1935. Fruit Bud Formation in Small Fruits and
Its Relation to Cultural Practices. Proc. Oregon State Hort. Soc.
27: 75.81.

Wallace, T. , and Hewitt, E. J. , 191.6. Studies in Iron Deficiency
of Crops. 1. Problems of Iron Deficiency and the Interrelation-
ships of Mineral Elements in Iron Nutrition. Journal of Pomology
and Hort. Sci. 22: 153-161. ‘

32

 

 

 

 

 

0 .040 0 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 *0 .00..” *0 .00." 0.0.0 0 .00 0 5.0.9.3.
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.00 0 030
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.00 0 00.00.00
0 .000 0.00 0.0..” 0.00 0.000 1.0.00.0 *0 .00 0.0 0.00 0
0.000 0.00 0.00. 0.00 0.00 .003 .000 0.0 0.00 0
0 .000 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 0 . 00 0.00 0.0 0 .00 4 00.3.0
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .000 .000 0.0 0.00 0
0.00 0.0.0 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 0 .000 0.00 0 .0 0.00 m
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.0 0.00 0 00.00.00
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.00 0
0 .000 0 .9” 0.00 0 .00 0.00 *0 .03 0.0.00 0.0 0 .40 4 00.0.00
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.000 00.00 0.0 040 0
0.000 0.00 0.0." 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 < 0.00.00
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0.0 0.80 .040 0.0 0.00 o
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 .000 0.0 0.00 0
0.000 0.0 0.00 . 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0 0.0.00
0.000 0.00 0.0.0 0.00 0.00 00.000. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.02 0.00 0.0 0.00 0
0.000 0.00 0.....0 0.00 0.00H 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 4 0.0.0
100M 8.1.3.01 llamalldai .10 0 3'4... .8

[0.30 . too .00 40.0 0858.00.

03

88560 - 3082.0 0o .38 no 0000 5 ensue 0.80030 soda no 32: 30.0 .0 0.0040. 80.0000

33

.0300 .20 So 0330 0.

.030 :0 35a 00 03.5.. .8 030 00 £080 .30 08a 0308.88 oz 0

 

 

 

 

 

0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.000 00.000 0.0 0 .00 0 530 .00“...
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 0.0 0.00 0 8
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00. 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.0 0 .00 0 0.0.00
0.000 0.00 0.9 . 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.“ 0
0.000 0.0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.000 3.00 0.0 0.0.0 0
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00 0.0.00.0 $0.00 0.0 0.00 00 00.00.00
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 06.000 00.00 0.0 0.00 0
0.000 0.0..” 0.8 . 0.00 0.00 0.00.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 m
0 .000 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0 .00 *0 .00." 3.00 0.0 0.00 0 00.0.00
0.000 0.0.0 . 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0.00 0.0.00." 0.0 0.00 o
0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0.0." 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.00 m
0.000 0.00 0 .00 0.00 . 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.0 0.00 0 0.00.00
0.000 0.00 0.0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.0 0.00 . 0
0.000 0.0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0.000. $0.00 0.0 0.00 m
0 .000 0.0 0 .00 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0 .00 0 .0 0.00 0 0.0.00
aljlld 0 F 0 w. j I

i. 0 .80 .8 .0000 0558.00.

.0380 .0 0300 00000000

3h

$3 .753 5.63 «.09 O.M+R m.n4N 4.3a 9mg .73“ 9mg Qanfl 46.8 owduo><
méfi. «an: Hang 90% p.85 nVenn docs Qmue ”was aiflm 0.5.2. HA3 H.309
94% 045mm damn MANN «:13 atnmu 0&5 0.43 1th 06$ «.mmm 068 o .
m.N._N imam QSN v.0“ «.mnN «.mmfl n.8N mama 9.3m Nummfi .7an 5.33 m
0&6.“ fig v.3 Tad 0&4“ 0.8N «.Nha 0.00." Hznmfl N.Om~ c.0mN {can 4

A8853 .. R3 .. «96.3w 8.5 «out n .33..« 53%; «38 no 33» .m a fiafimfi
ds «.3 «.3 «.2. «.8 “.2. «.«N. «.8 «.2. «.3 3a «.3 «was:
«$3 Nata «$8 «.Sa “.3.“ .39 “.8" dflu «.«fi QR“ “.93 «gm: .38.
«.8 06¢ .33 «.3. ~43 «.«m «.2. «.«fi «.2. «.~« «.«« 33 o
in“ .32 «63 9% «.2. «Ad «:8 38 «:6 «.8 «.«« «.9 m
«.3 3n 3“ «.8 «.86 . «.3 «.«m «.3 . 3..., «é «.2. 3m 4
Juan? _ a I

+
iggggfligfiééggfgig
alga-25%

 

«equinox

A8253 .. «n3 - $2 Sofia-m 3 «o Sea ..u «.8: figs

35

ill,

wmé Mm.m min «in 49m
8.2 8.2 «Q2 .32 «22
mmé «in 03m «in mm.m .
min om.m 3% «in 4.16
2am wen «QM min 8.m

.32 «a
. 2.2 8....
«3 «an
«in «3
RA «3

03m
mawoa
Omé
«in
«NA

«2 «3 «an «mum

8.0." Rd." 3.0.” 34v
RA «in «in 36
3.n mm.n «QM «QM
@«é qmé on.m min

1

3.32. .5 «o 38 .83 u .853 £8: «32 ac 8.38 83.52 .m «.82.. 225%

 

 

0.3m flamn «.«am 4.8m n.o«n «.o««. «6.3 4.3m _ «dam «.93 «Son «Ann $325
«4.2. «.22 «.5 $2 «.82. 32. .222 «2.... «.82 «.22 «.2. «.«a 38
4.3m «.mNn oéan «Joan o.~.«n «.03 «.mon «.23 «.03 «:13 >.««n «.«on o
H.««« 2th «33 «6.3 5.3m «.mnn «A? m.8« oznnm «.mmm 4.8m 0.3m m
n.~.«« «...Hm «.$« «in «.48. n.««« «.8« «.EN ¢.««n 1.8m «68 «.m«« <
Adar u a . a

... 3.8an

 

 

. ...
90:88:88 §§§§§§4§§§¢§
. Final-F m

 

A8253 u 92 -33.... 5.2.3 3 «a 22» .4 «as 23.5

36

 

 

 

 

8.2 8.2 22.2 8.2 «2.2 3.2 A22 82 2.2 2.2 8.2 8.2 82.32

«2.2 8.2 «8.2 3.2 oné 8.2 min 8.2 3.2 8.2 2am 8.m 230.2.
8.2 2.2 8.2 22.2 8.2 2.2 8.2 2.2 8.2 8.2 22.2 8.2 o
8.2 232 .222 8.2 8.2 an..." 8.2 8.2 3.2 3.2 2.2.2 8.2 m
2.2 8.2 8.2 2.2 8.2 «2.2 8. 82.2 2.2 2.2 «2.2 8. 2

3822. he 2o 2:8 .33 - .8592 2.5882 28.8 2.. 28.28 52338 .2. 282.2 2228.5

2.2. 8 82. 82. 82. 8a. 82. 82 $2. «8. $2. 82. 8822

02m . m3 . cum . mR . 2mm . 9N Rm . 23 . «.3. m8 . £3 . 8m . 2.392.
22. 22 22. 8. . 82. 32 22. $2 22. .8. 22. 8. 0
«M2. 2.8. 32. «2N. «22. 28 m8. 82. «8. 2.2. R2. .8. m
202. o8. 28. 82. £8. 82 R2. .82. 82. 82. 2.2. 82. <

lmfllnam t *3 I I I
... + 3.822.232

o.o.8 8.8.8 8.0.8 0.8.8 06.8 2.2.2 2.2.o 2.2.2 2.22.222 o.o.2

285%

$822. .5 no 2:8 .83 - .353 5.882 2822 no 282:8 25228.2 .8 2.23. 22222.22

37

5:. 8m . 04m . can . mmm . mmm . «.3. Sn . 0mm . 8m . 4mm . $0 .

H34 3“...” 034 $5.." :34 43...“ 26.." «RA can...” 2%...” «RA Soé
A3. Km. 03. 2m. one. 3“. 80. En. oR. an. 9.3. o3. 0
RA. one. «8. 8m. 5m. Rm. own. «3. 2.4. «3. man. «3. m
new . Sm . cum. «3. Sn . gm . 0%.. man. 93 . 9%. So. SK. 4

393.5

38.

 

A332. he no 28 .83 .. .83 Sofia-m €48 no 33:8 ”3884: .m a: fig

 

 

 

 

 

8A AA AA AA .NA 3A 3A «NA 8A .aA “AA SA out»:
$.m Sé «0.4 EA Sun 3.: flan SA 34” dam ‘ «in 38 33
«mA 86 3A ,3A 3A 3A . AAA 3A :3 3A 8A 3A 0
SA QA «AA 3A 8A RA SA AA SA SA RA RA m
«AA RA RA 86 R A 8A 8A 8A «uA 8A 8A SA A
Jinan a L:
+ + 38.38
gigiiggofofgoiggmg
HI! 3% i

 

3.32. he no $8 .83 .. 62.3 Eons—8m x88 .8. .5380 £33 .m as fiafifi

38

‘P

5880. “who.
. 084A. coma.
Como. oawo.
OHmO. Como.
on4o. Game.

HNoo.
Nona.
02.0.
«ago.
0090.

name.
oumA.
owmo.
cage.
came.

88.
88.
38.
88.
88.

4.30.
.300.
3N0.
$3.
4.80.

.QNO.
$80.
«30.
930.
mac.

«And.
33.
«one.
83.

88.
.800.
.33.
38.
0.30.

Sac.
ammo.
mmmo.
name.
«08.

0.80. aowo.
nib. 9.00.
080. 030.
R80. «n3.
«.30. H98.

I

323
30.“.
. o
m
.4

“£32. 5. 8 .88 .83. s .853 98.83 .848 8 «588 8.3.3.2 mama. “HES

 

 

 

 

88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. «N8. 88. .885
38. 88. 88. 88. 88. .38. :8. 88. .38. E8. 88. 88. A38.
88. 88. 88. 88. .88.. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 38. 88.. o
88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88.. 88. m
38. 88. 88. 38. 88. 88. 88. . 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 4
.ufluflm I a

+ + 38398
iggggggggagggg

- gang

 

3.3... .5 8 .88 .83 .. .853 5.8.8 .8qu 8 8888 :88 .3 83a 898.5

39

88. $8. 88. S8. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 28. S8. 88. 8822
88. 88. 88. 88. $8. $8. 88. R8. 88. 88. 88. 88. 38
88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. $8. 88. 38. o
88. S8. 88. 88. S8. S8. 38. S8. 88. .38. 88. 88. m
88. 38. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. 88. <

‘11“

3.32. he go 28 .83 .. .853 big .318 .3 83:8 8&8 .8 as “88.84

3H0 . 05.8 o ska—”O . ONHO . @mHO . wmdo . omHO . mHNO . NmHO . gflo . mNHO . .QHO . 02923
as. :3. «mo. 83. 2.3. :3. 3.5. $8. 3.3. $8. 98. .33. 38
#mNQ . no.8 . mag . ado . 0N8 . g8. 54.3 . GNHO . HNHO . >80 . NHHO. 480 . o
38. 83. 88. 28. 88. «8o. 88. as. 88. .80. 88. R8. m
2.8. as. as. 88. 98. 35. 88. 88. 88. 33. { 88. as. 4
g a

... .9. ngfiaom

§§§§803464§Z§o§3§§§
0 on

 

 

 

3:39: 5 mo .53 .83 o .853 Ewan-d 3 an 33:00 menu .3 mama. “HESS

1+0

 

 

3 3 3 3 m... as m.“ «a o.“ o.“ a...“ .3 onto:
3 . 3 3 9m 3 E m.“ «a 3 m.“ as 3 0
ca 3 .3 3 3 a.“ n.“ . «a a.“ o.“ A.“ .2 m
3 m3 3 3 .3 a... .2 «a o.“ «.4 a... .2 <
.33! . I dam s .
+ . + 03-33%

«RH .. banana x33 .. .3855“. point...“ 8 8313 5 E :3. 1: as. ”595

 

N. .N 3 Nam m o N} n.“ 3. oé N. .N N3 «.4 Nam .383
.3 S d 3 3 3 «a . a .3 fl .2 NA 33
m N. .N N. .N m m m m m .N o o
.N m m o u N. N‘ o m m m m m
n N. .N o .N .N b S .N .N 4 o <

7.8. you agony
than; :38 .. 68.38."... 8595 3 5.3»qu 5 d3. 5 33.335 :23»? .3 a... NEE

I I

can Nag Nag a.“ can «.3 can N..«N. 9% 0.5 ad: 93 $8.34
.3 8n mad .5 a o? .5 «a S.” d: and and 38.

 

 

 

 

on 8 3 R on on .3 3 .3 3 on an 0
on 8 3 3 on 3 on «N. am 3 3 3 m
3 «N. mm on on an 8 8a ‘3 3 3 3 <
fit I; I
+ + 383.5
giggingzoggiggig
g ,

. “one. you 3353
£033 #043 I avg-ob. gonna—"aha..— 3 gang 5 ion a.“ magi—no.3 32.33? .3 mama N325“:

AZ

30 5.43 «an . 98 0.2. 5.3 0.43 can «é. mam «.3 mam .385
8a 3.. an an on a" a can 8..“ . pa a: an 33
«N. 8..” NH.” .3 .3 . om 40H 00 «HA 8 3 .3 o
3 «2 .3 8 8 8 .2: as «a 8 . 8 8 m
+5..” 40H 40 .3 on .3 40H DNA on Co 3 «.5 d

“8.....- uon 3553
Susanna x018 .. Sign. hogan-m 3 53:3 5 flow 5 5338 £0534: .3 an. finfifi<

p.03” , ~2de 533 5.43 MAN." 5.03 0.03” 5.5% 9%: M18." QR 0.09.. 5325
8m 3m .34 3m 3m 33 .13 an 3 3m «mu 0mm H.309
40H 3H 03.. .3." ONH 40H NM." .3." 3H ONH 40H om o
4.: JNN .NN ONH Na." 3H .1: on." 8." NM." .6." and m
NM." on." co 8H «.3 .1: 3H an «.3 «HA 3 8H <

'll IP

 

 

luau-rm 5:3
+ ... Snead—om
§§§§§o§§§¢$¢§¢3¢5¢§§
3m

 

 

IP

A98: you 3563
525an x33 I .3353 hogan... 3 .3313 5 flow 5. 5:033 20:03? .5 an. x339:

A3

5.3 o.3 «.3 «.3 o3 2. 3 3 o o n.“ o o o .955
mm 3 3 3 3 «a m 3 3 3 3 o 333
e 3 3 3 m 4 o n .3 u 4 o o
3 3 3 3 .3 o m m o o m o m
3 3 3 S 3 3 o m o a e o 4

 

A 7.3.- 89 3863
5.2393 300.8 I 60553.39 unpack.» 3 .3333 5 .58 5" 03593: 3:33.. .ON mama. Enema“:

 

 

 

mg fie o6 03 n3 0 n.“ o.» 2. 5." 2. . m5 $8.84
«N ow .a _ «a J o. 3 a mu m 8 mm 338
.3 I I o I o I .3 I m «a o o
«a I m m I I I I o." I we on m
I on 3 a a I 3 on «a I I «a 4
I; I;
+ + . . 383a;
gigggofofgofofoogofqggffigag
gm

 

 

I III, | I

7.3.- uca 33v _
Duncan-a 3018 I 60.3.5495 uoéaucm 3 .3333 a." flow 5 03593: ..Eonom: .3 a H329“:

 

 

N6 Na 06 m3 N.N m3 o.N S. n3 o.N o.N . o6 882:
N N o 4 m 4 o N 4 4 e 3 338.
o o o N 4 N N o o N N o o
N o o o N o N N N N N 3 m
o N o N N N- N . o N N N N 4

No.3. you «gay

Scan; #018 .I 30.55:; hogdfiOL 3 aqua-Ham and don 5.. nahH 825304.. .NN an. NHEAAd

8.44 0.44 n.8, «.8 0.8 4.8 34 98 EN «é 3n #3 88.:

 

 

43 N3 83. 43 4o 8 83 o4N 8 03 43 . 8 338.

8 8 m4 3 on NM 84 8 Na 84 Nm 3 u

on Na Na 04 3 8 3 8 Nm 8 84 Nm m

4N 8 8 m4 m4 3 3 8 3 Nn 4N Nm <
Inga a

+ ... 33.395
§§§§§3364§i§4§4§é§4§
H .3 om

7.8.. .3: 3563 .
5.83m 438 I .333: 8.32.5 3 .8338 3 flow 3 83 $5.86. AN a 3.884

1+5

0.0." 06H
3 3
0H ea
0." 0a
3” on

n.m.n
3
o.”
0H
4H

s. .0."
NM
0H
o."

5.0
0N
ed
on

Aged you .3903

m.“ 0.5

3
NM
0."
0H

0H

azfi
mm
mm
e."
an

«23
A 3

on

0.0..”
04
o."
0H
o."

5.0..“
an
0H
0H

5.0." 39323 __

0m 38.
3.. o
0..” m
0H 4

8.8833 x038 .. .3853“. 8333.5 3 .3313 5 d8 5 538.5: suits. ..N as 33.84

 

 

 

5.3m o6Nn o.on 5.8“ 0.8m 0.8m nag N63 8on Qua: mag 88: 8885
83 8a 03. can.” 03H 03H 33 ooou 03. 9a..” ofia 0.3.." H38.
88 can can 08 8m 8m . 8m 8.» 8m Rm oNn Rm 0
08 on an 8.» 8m 8m 08 08 En So 88 08 m
can can can can on 8m can 08 on can on Rm 4
an a .r
+ 38333

A801 hog 3563
banana x38 n .3853“. “Santa 3 833cm 5 don 5 583.8 .232:

...
0|0lOm Slalom 00l0lom Oncolom 0.0.00 0.70404 0.7.0.70 0.70.70: 0.70.04 Clo; Olav-3’93
gag

.mN an. damn:

 

HICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES

I! llllll ?
1

312930159 3928