v “2‘— .-

 

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.THS.

 

THE EFFECT OF THICKNESS
OF SUPPORTING FILMS FOR THIN
TARGETS USED IN X-RAY
INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS

TIxasIs for the Dogree of M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

Norman Lisle Fritz

I942

MUCH TATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

IIIIIIII II I IIIIIINIIIIIII
1

3 1293 0170 4766

 

PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.

TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
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DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE

 

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This thesis concerns the measurenoit of ass olute
x-rav intensities of the continuous x-ray spectrum,
ani a comparison of the experimental values with theory.
The best available theory con cerr inQ this subject is
that due to San er (1). It is shown that the intensity
of x-ray radia tion produced when electrons interact
with nuclei is dependent on several factors, namely,
the energy of the incident electron, the angle of ohser—
vation from the direction of the incident electron, the
atomic number of the bombarded nucleus and the frequency
of the radiation emitted. Due to the mathematical diffi—
cult7 in treating the more complex cases, the theory is

eased on tlze assumotion that a single bombarding H16 tron

C’-

interacts with an isolated nucleus of an atom of he
target material to produce an x-ray quantum. It can be
seen that the *umntion regariid the isolated nucleus

‘

will be more closely approximated tne fewer the number
of atoms present in the x-ray tube target. However,
tar;ets of the thinness necessary to aooicviiatc the
theory are not self-supporting, and consesuentl‘r a
hacking material nust be used on tiiich the taréet

iaterial is deposited. Since it is desirei to find only

the effects nroducei by the tar*et atoms, and not the

backing material, it is necessarr that the effect due
to the backing material in the path of th incident
electronseither be nebii ioly small, or hat it be a
known quantity in order tha a correction for it may
be made.

In previous work on the measure:f ent of ass olute
x—ray intensity, H. R. Kelly (2) and A. F. Reno (3),
us i cello lane as the tar et backing material. Their
basis for using this n1ate1ial was that when a tar o
consisting merely of the back in; material, and no de-
_osited metal, was placed in the x-ray tube, no measur-
able quantity of x-ravs were pro oduced under the same
conditions of tube current and volta
the experiment with the deposited metal on the tarfist.
however, with electron currents of one Eundred times
normal, x-rays were produced, but the intensity was so

small as to result in no detectahle cnan e in the value

he so :n that the target material Eléjt produce two

metallic film, both of whien would cause more K-rays to

r—~’

be produced than would

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ness 91 tne rachin; material is steroiimatelv live

intensity of x-ravs produced varies rou5hly as the
stuare of the atomic number for the li5ht elements,

and (2) the density of cellspnane is small, which im—

fact that the results of Reno (3) and Kelly (2) are
somewhat hi5her than he theoretical values, it was

to conduct experiments to llnd what
effect the backin" material has, and if possiale to find
this quantitatively, in order that the more usaole,

, and these values

{11

thicker backinr material mi5ht be us e
corrected to values that would be co itained if no caekin5
J.

ma'erial were present.

TLEFG are two methods of attackin5 the problem
t

‘1‘
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his eXperiment. The first

would be to use one thicaness sf hackin" material and to
deeosit various thickn sses Oi metallic film, to measure
the x-ray intensity from these various targets, and then

from a granh of intensity versus tar5et thickness, to

extrapolate the curve to zero thickness of Net All
film. This consequently results in the effect of having
only the bachin5 material. ihis wroced ure has three

major ShOTtCOflil”S. The first is that as the hickness

L)

L‘

of the film is increased, b

Ow
y.
T)

‘; aerot_nation to the theory
of the electron strikin5 a sin5le atom is decreased.

The second is that the method used aere (4) for the
teaszrenent of the thickness of the film cannot be used
for the scall thicknesses necessarv for accurate
extranelation of the curve to the zero thickness of
metallic film. ind the third is that the thinner film
mama: so SHALL A QUANTITY OF x-RAYS A: To

wouldAgreatly decrease the ac curacy of any results
obtained.

The second method of attackin5 the problem, and the
one used in his work, is to, as nearly as nossible, use
one thickness of net allic film which can be easily and
accurately measured, and which will produce a sufficient
quantity of "-ravs,and vary the thickness of the oachin5

material. From a curve of x-ray intensitv a5ainst bach-

v

The disadvanta5e in usin5 this method lies in the fact
that the thinner backin5 material is relatively weak and
therefore will not stand Up well in the tube. ?ut it
has the added advanta5e that it is ea sy to var;.r the

thicknes ss of the 03 ckin5 material, and tar5ets with

- ' .0 1 ° 1- .. , A “A. .. J.
different thicaness3s ale quicll1 construCted.

it was decided for this work to use f

‘_ '_‘ . _. _~ V.
.anfnesses of machin5 material, one of the: h

c nmercial cello phane used in the previous

experiments, for comparison purposes, aLd

nesses of another ma erial to he descri oed later. A

set of four tar5ets, one o

coated by the same eve aeration with a thin

film. This would give th sane thickness of t

mate rial and anv variation in results f1::

tar5ets would be due to tie back n5 material

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A. Discussion 0

For the theoretical work with W1

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lis work was used be

a relatively comnlete relativistic tress,ent of

oroblen. in s theorv is based on the as
le honbardin; electron of known total
an isolated atom, which may result in the

a quantum of continuous x-ray encr5y at a

- - ,.,l ' a — +1.

GUClCJ and a certain ez' t al aane.
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for this exnerinent, are the following:

energgr

Iros t co olete re esult of tleory,

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:hls results in the final equation:

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(can) 3.....——-— 77“ z 2 __Iz___o(7—)
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For tne evaluation of the equation, the following
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= 6.o)428 x 10‘27 erg-sec.

= 4.90750 x 10-10 esu

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3. FESESSARY ccrsztlcrs TC :3 LET sxssillsmTALLz

For this exoerimental work, the electron energy was

measured by careful control of the voltage of the x-ray

tube, the number of bombaruing electrons was notefl by

close y controlling the x-ray tube current, and the

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assumption of an isolated atom was ojrciiracel by

usins a very t} in tar;et, there y keepin; the atoms per
unit area small. The frequency range of the quanta
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tahiard ionization Gil arber in connection with a Compton
electrometer was usei to measure the number of quanta

proiuced per unit time. The balan cea foils in this

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range cl 4).

III TRQD”“TI”" OF H3 iSnI'G IILES

A. Aoparatus and Procedure

 

Since it is de irei to use a tar ct backii; material
thinner nan comIIercial cellOpha ne, and to use several
different tzie :nes ses, and since nothin; of this nature
was reaflily available, it was neceso W to choose a
material and develoo a technique for makin; films of

‘

various tnickness es. It is necessary that the bacgin;

target mate ri,l be as strong as possible, not only
because the films us e1 are very t1.in, but also because

the positively charged tarset is in close pretizn ity to

the negatively charged x-ray tube case, and consequently

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These neasure1ants gave an avera3e value of thick-
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A ~ 3 ' f‘ a, J- -. 1.1 ' ‘ An 1'
one, .OolOE cm, and lor the bLlnnth, .ooOu

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cell onhane was .00205 cm thick.

 

These films were then cemented with Duco household
Cement to the wire frames which act as tar3et supports
in the exeerimental x-ray tube. It was found ha the
cemen dissolved the films, but by usin3 a minimum
quantity on tl1e fre anes, and by careful handl in3' until

q

it had dried, it hardened into a very firm support for

J.

use films.

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A

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ethyl cellulose material, and one tar3 et made of the
commercial cellonhane used in the previous (2) (3)
xperiments. Four tar3‘ ets soul d be constructed from

each piece of cellulose acetate made, and therefore

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FIGURE

21

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To measure all the shifts and seoarations on one
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on";h of hattern (Table II). This nus then reheated for

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