A .suavsv .os FOREIGN Assurance m we. navempmam .0; THE NATIONAL sauce macs ~LN ms REPUBLIC oz: KOREA Thesis for the Degree 65 M. .5. WWW STATE wvmsm H66 Kwan Lee 1965 : J W W 1M|iililililfli'fliiilflilfliflflililihl 3 1293 01730 0389 LIBRARY Michigan Stan: .. University EIJJ“ R I Tfiffk #9.} A SURVEY OF FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL POLICE FORCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA By Hee Kwan Lee AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE School of Police Administration and Public Safety Approved: ABSTRACT A SURVEY OF FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL POLICE FORCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA by Hee Kwan Lee This thesis is concerned with the historical develop- ment of the Korean National Police. Korean police adminis- tration has deveIOped somewhat intermittently along with the alteration of the governmental structure. Consequently, a complete change has been made in the nature of police admin- istration during the present century. The acceleration of urbanization mingled with the import of westernization has had a profound impact on police work. These factors have created the need for police agencies to be more adequately prepared to meet problems both of greater magnitude and of greater scope than ever before. It was noted that the devastation of police facilities and equipment by the Korean war was immeasurable. This circum- stance generated need for financial aid to repair the war- damaged police equipment, as well as to help develop more effective law enforcement methods. This thesis also deals with the relationship between the United States assistance and the development of the Korean National Police. In addition, an effort was made to l 2 Hee Kwan Lee delineate multiple factors involved in enhancing further growth and development of the Korean National Police. The methods employed in this survey were library research and personal observation. The following libraries were consulted: Central Library, Yonsei University Library in Seoul, Korea; and Michigan State University Library. Many valuable materials were obtained both from the Office of the Senior Advisor, National Police and the Planning Section, National Police Headquarters, Seoul, Korea. The findings of this research are as follows. First, under the Japanese domination (l9lO-l9h5), the police were not considered an expression of the country's well being and did not represent the people's needs. Secondly, upon the establishment of the American Military Government in Korea (l9A5-l948), the police system was remodeled and developed to conform with the democratic ideal. With the birth of a new Republic of Korea, the Korean National Police started to make great strides as a law enforcement agency that represented the needs of the Korean people. During this period of time, no records of the material assistance given to the National Police were made. This survey concentrated more, therefore, on the foreign assistance given to the National Police since the cessation of the Korean war. Thirdly, in the past few years through a consider- able amount of assistance in the form of procurement of 3 Bee Kwan Lee equipment, participants training and technical advice, the National Police have developed extensively. The equipment procured has consisted only of the bare necessities to re- establish the National Police on a minimum operation level. Finally, since the year 1963, an advisor has been assigned to work for the National Police. There is no aid available to use for the development of the National Police with the exception of an allotment of limited funds for police officers' training in the United States. Hence, little hOpe for further modernization of the Korean National Police exists. A SURVEY OF FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL POLICE FORCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA By Hee Kwan Lee A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE School of Police Administration and Public Safety 1965 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Historical Background of the Korean National POIice o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Police Services in Ancient Times . . . . . Police Services during the Yi Dynasty (1392-1910) 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Contemporary Foreign Police Influence . . . The Influence of Japanese Police Experts . The Korean Police under Japanese Domination (1910-19h5) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 10 «sowr (UFJ Summary 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 12 II. GENESIS OF A NATIONAL POLICE FORCE o o o o o o 13 A Military Government 0 o o o o o o o o o o 13 Movement of the Military Government . . . 13 POIice Reorganization o o o o o o o o o o 16 The EStabliShment Of a REPUbliC o o o o o o 21 Responsibilities of the National Police . 23 Present POlice StrUCture o o o o o o o o o 25 Summary 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 29 III. FOREIGN AID o o o o o 0‘. o o o o o o o o o o 30 Initial Foreign Aid 0 o o o o o o o o o o o 31 Total Amount of Aid from 195A to 1961 . . 33 POlice Aid in 195# o o o o o o o o o o o 0 3h PClice Aid in 1955-1956 0 o o o o o o o o 39 SYStematiC Foreign Aid 0 o o o o o o o o o 0 ho POIICB Aid in 1957 o o o o o o o o o o o 0 ho POlice Aid in 1958 o o o o o o o o o o o o 49 POliCe Aid in 1959-1961 0 o o o o o o o o 52 Selected Police Officers for Studying Abroad 2 Summary 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 5h IV. THE POLICE ADVISORS ROLE o o o o o o o o o o o 58 General 0 o o o p o o o o o o o o o o o o o 58 Chief Palice AdVisor o o o o o o o o o o o 60 Fire PrOteCtion AdVisor o o o o o o o o o 61 communications AdVisor o o o o o o o o o o 61 Training AdViSOP o o o o o o o o o o o o 61 Administration and Organization Advisor . 61 Summary 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 62 iii Chapter V. FUTURE ASSISTANCE NEEDS . . . . . . Improving Administrative Know-how Organizational Structure . . . Police and Politics . . . Working Conditions 0 o o o o o PUbliC Relaticns o o o o o o 0 Technical Assistance Needed . . . Transportation 0 o o o o o o o PatrOl o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Crime Prevention 0 o o o o o o POlice Records 0 o o o o o o 0 Communications 0 o o o o o o 0 Fire Prevention 0 o o o o o o 0 Training 0 o o o o o o o o o 0 Summary 0 o o o o o o o o o o o 0 VI. CONCLUSION o o o o o o o o o o o o BIBLIOGRAPHY o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 iv 00.000.000.00. 0 Table I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. X. XI. XII. LIST OF TABLES Aid funds to the Korean National Police, 1954-1961 0 O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O Counterpart funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Police communication equipment 1954 . . . . . Fire fighting equipment 1955-1956 . . . . . . Distribution list of fire fighting equipment Aid received in 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . Aid received in 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . Aid received in 1959-1961 . . . . . . . . . . Educational aid funds classified according to major field or StUdy o o o o o o o o o o 0 Number of police officers studied in foreign countries 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Chief Police Advisors to the National Police Police advisors from 1952 to 1965 . . . . . . Page 35 37 38 Al A2 A3 51 53 55 56 59 63 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Organizational structure of the United States Military Government police force . . . . . 20 2. Organization of the Korean National Police during 1965 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 27 3. Map Of Korea 0 o o o o o L o o o o o o o o o 28 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to Professor Frank D. Day for his help- ful suggestions regarding the writing of this paper. I also appreciate very much the cooperation I received from other faculty members of the school, and to my superior officers in Korea whose help and understanding cortributed a great deal to the completion of this thesis. ii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this study is to present some aspects of the deveIOpment of the Republic of Korea's Na- tional Police Force. This survey will delve into the assist- ance that the United States has rendered to the Korean Na- tional Police Force. It will be noted that the focus of this thesis is the period extending from 195A to 1961. Consideration will be directed towards the develop— ment of Operational and technical procedures of the Korean National Police. In addition, an effort will be made to delineate multiple factors involved in accelerating further growth and deveIOpment of the Korean National Police. Historical Background of the Korean National Police Korea has long been known as the Land of Morning Calm, deriving this expression from a Chinese character. Both during and previous to the Yi Dynasty in 1392, Korea was distinguished in its cultural attainments and in the high order of economic, political and moral virtues dis— played by its people. Both law and order were accepted principles under which the Korean people lived. This law was of an authoritarian or autocratic type. 1 2 Since the year 1945 when the Imperial Japanese government was forced to relinquish its domination of the Korean peOple, impressive strides have been taken to re- structure the total society. One of the key ingredients of this change was a concern for eventual self-support both economically and politically of the Korean people. Police service in ancient times.--The history of Korea stretches back more than A,200 years. In the year 7 B. C., tribes united themselves south of the Han River and, following the incorporation of tiny but important Karak, established a great kingdom, Koguryo, which embraced the vast territory of present day Manchuria. In 18 B. C., a third kingdom, Paikche, came into being, thus initiating what is known as the era of the three kingdoms.1 The Silla Dynasty unified Korea in 668 A. D. and passed its sovereignty to the Koryo Dynasty (918—1392) from which Korea, the western name for the land, was evidently derived. In 1392 the Yi Dynasty began and maintained its sovereignty until the Japanese government exerted its in- fluence upon the peninsula. Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 gave her exclusive power in Korea. Japan forced Korea to accept the so-called "Protectorate Treaty" on terms 1Chae Kyung Oh, A Handbook offiKorea (New York: Page- ant Press, InCo, 1957), p. 30 3 pre-arranged by the Japanese. In 1910, Japan finally an- nexed Korea. On May 10, 19A8, free elections throughout Southern Korea were held and subsequently recognized the government of the Republic of Korea as the only lawful gov- ernment. The government of Korea during its early history had been autocratic and the king was the symbol of govern- ment. Under Confucian doctrine the government of the coun- try was carried on by moral precepts rather than by rigid law and the administrators were persons who, having been educated in the Confucian classics, would best know "the right." The services which the government provided were the usual ones of preserving law and order.2 The condition of public safety of Koguryo (37 B. C. - 668 A. D.) was considerably stable, as the power of en- forcing law and order was derived from military authority. Generally, the law was enforced strictly, therefore, there were few criminals.3 2Wilbur D. Bacon, Welcome to Korea (Seoul, Korea: United Nations Command/Office of the Economic Coordinator for Korea, 1953), pp. 8-9. 3 Kyu Byong, Hyon, Korean Police System (Seoul, Korea: National Police College, 19557, pp. 8-9, (Mimeo— graphed.) A In Silla (57 B. c. - 918 A. 0.), the general police service was undertaken by the Defense Ministry and Judicial police affairs by the Justice Ministry.“ In Paekche (18 B. C. - 600 A. D.), the government structure differed slightly from the others, however, with— out exception, the maintenance of law and order was the responsibility of military authority. The system of Koryo Dynasty (918-1392) was not yet the independent one. In general, the police function mingled into all fields of administration. Of special note was the police function that undertook the maintenance of security for the state. This was carried out by the military and thus, the military administration also included the police administration. The Defense Ministry, one of the six ministries of what was then called the national government, assumed the police function as well as the military opera— tion. The Judicial police affairs also constituted a phase of the jurisdiction of the Justice Ministry on the national level. Policeéggrvice in Yi Dynasty (l322-12102.--During the first period of the Yi Dynasty, such conditions as existed above still continued. The police were regarded as a branch of the military administration, and garrisons Ibid., p. 10. l 5 stationed in the provinces exclusively took charge of penal affairs. There was no independent and professional police organization until the 18th century when the Burglar Cap- turing Office was created. The function of the Burglar Cap- turing Office was only limited to a night patrol, and the other governmental organizations such as the Ministry of the central government and the department that concerned itself with the city of Seoul, could arrest and punish those who violated regulations. The Chief and other officials of this metrOpolitan force were all soldiers. In the interior, a superintendent, appointed by the Home Office, was assigned to each province and entrusted with the discharge of some administrative police affairs. This system had been fol- lowed by the Korean government for nearly four centuries. During this period, owing to the abuse of police powers, the peOple enjoyed little security in terms of their individual life and personal property. Korea's police system was established on a relatively modern basis after the Kap-O Reformation in 189A. What was then the Justice Ministry undertook the task of police af- fairs. In March, 1895--about 66 years after the time Sir Robert Peel first entertained the idea of an organized civil police service5--the term "Police" was introduced in the 5V. A. Leonard, Police Organization and Management (Brooklyn: The Foundation Press Inc., 195I), pp. 3-4. 6 Imperial Ordinance No. 53, where the police service was in- cluded as the responsibility of the Home Ministry.6 There was established an independent police ministry which lasted for a short while between the years of 1900 and 1901. Korea at this time was being annexed by Japan. In 1905 Korea became a protectorate of the Imperial Japanese government. It was at this time that the establishment of the Police Affairs Office in the city of Seoul was placed under the control of the Home Ministry. In 1907 a police office was established within the Home Ministry Office. In Seoul, the MetrOpolitan Police Office existed as a separate entity. Some of these prOposed reforms were actually a rubber stamp reproduction of the system followed by the Japanese in their own homeland. The Japanese in turn were heavily influenced by Germany in both political matters and police affairs. Contemporary Foreign Police Influences The Korean Government invited the advisors of police affairs from England, France and Russia, after the Kap-O Reformation in 1894, to visit Korea.7 It was determined that they could do very little, and the chief task of 6Hyon, Op. cit., p. 55. 7Hy0n, OE. Cite, p. 560 7 police reformation remained a job for the Japanese. Once the American Military Government (19A5-1948) was established in Korea, the prerequisite conditions were formulated for the development of the National Police. This period was the turning point in the development of the Korean National Police. The influence_9f=Japanese_pQ;;gegg;perts.-—In 1894, the Korean government made an agreement with Japan, which engaged Japanese officials to remove the chronic evils existing in the area of police administration in Korea. The Korean government enacted several regulations concerning the police functions. In addition, police powers were separated from that of the military administration. The Burglar Capturing Office was renamed the Police Affairs Office, and the official titles of its chief and his sub— ordinates were also changed. Numerous other changes took place, and consequently the police administration of Korea assumed a new organization, thus paving the way for future reforms.8 In 1904, the Korean Government, following the advice of the Japanese Minister in Seoul, engaged Mr. Maruyama who was well versed in Japanese Police administration.9 The 8National Police College, Ministry of Home Affairs, Republic of Korea, Hankuk Kypngghal Chetosa (History of Korean Police SystemI'(Seoul, Korea: National Police Col- 1ege, 1955), p. 95. 90ffice of the Senior Advisor, National Police, Repub- lic of Korea, Brief History_of the National Policg (Seoul, Korea: National Police, 1955), p. 3. government agreed to entrust the projected reform movement almost entirely to Maruyama and to act in accordance to his opinions in all executive measures. Upon arriving in Seoul, this Japanese advisor gave himself to the task of reforming, first at the administrative level in the Korean capital, and then gradually extended measures to the prov- inces. It may be noted here, as a matter of some interest, that the Korean police system at this time was still in a very primitive stage of development. Maruyama found that previous reform movements had not attained the desired ends sought and had only given rise to new evils. He concluded that, in order to improve police ad- ministration effectively, it was necessary to guide and upgrade the personnel engaged in it before undertaking any changes in the system itself. Therefore, he had 21 in- spectors, 18 sergeants and 1,205 patrolmen sent from Japan. This personnel was distributed among the metrOpolitan areas, as well as provincial police offices, to act as advisors to their Korean colleagues in the practical management of police affairs. Maruyama also found it necessary to increase the native police force to a total of 22 police inspectors, 88 sergeants and 2,982 patrolmen. . At this time the Japanese took over the policing of Seoul and placed a Japanese police inspector in each province. In addition, a Japanese police force was maintained 9 at the Headquarters of the Residency-General and at each residency designated by the Residency-General. In 1906, the Residency force numbered 558 Japanese while the Japanese controlled the native force which numbered 73A Japanese and 2,067 Koreans. Until this time the Emperor's Palace had been allowed to retain the Imperial Guard but on July 2, 1906, the Residency-General, fearing intrigue, sent his police advisor with a body of police to relieve the Imperial Guard and took over the palace. The force of Japanese con- stables was increased by 350 for this purpose and the police state came into being with the Emperor a virtual prisoner in his own palace. In 1907, a Japanese Police Director was appointed for the entire country and now the provinces came directly under Japanese leadership. The Residency Police force was incorporated into the new Korean Constabulary of which they formed the nucleus. The Korean Army was disbanded and the police had complete control of every aspect of life of the Korean peOple. During 1908-1909, the Police were continually called upon to quell uprisings which were frequent throughout the country; against the administration. Coupled with this was a need to increase the existing police force. The number of Japanese police attached to the consulates gradually grew as Japanese residents in Korea increased. In November 1906, there was a chief inspector, 20 captains and 250 constables distributed among the consulates. 10 The Japanese gendarmerie were stationed in Korea primarily for the protection of telegraph lines and reailways. There was a steady increase in the number of police needed after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war and the Resi- dency-General's office was entrusted with responsibilities of both a high and low police order. This contributed a great deal to the safety and orderly conduct of the country. The Korean Police under Japgpese domination (1210- 125§.--In June 1910, a memorandum entrusting the police affairs in Korea was signed between Korean and Japanese gov- ernments as the preparatory step to the annexation of Korea by Japan. Complete annexation of Korea by Japan started a 35 year period of rigid police control by the Japanese, which involved control of the entire Korean judicial administration including the prisons. The official Japanese Proclamation at the time of annexation ended with the following warning. No leniency will be shown to those who, entertain- ing malicious motives, try to obstruct the carrying out of any administrative measures. But all those who behave themselves loyally and abide by the law peace- fully, shall receive unto their posterities the bene- fits of a judicious due cognizance of the new regime and be careful not to go astray.10 The head of the government, the Japanese Governor— General, always a military man, could call upon military lOOffice of the Senior Advisor, National Police, 090 Cite, p. 30 ll forces if need be, though he usually depended upon the elaborate police system to maintain law and order. Conse- quently, Korea was essentially a police state. Japanese law was made the basis of government and was administered ' strictly and harshly. Old traditional forms of government were wiped out, as a new and alien force was imposed. A rather lawless and very undemocratic political situation resulted, which influenced the citizens to criticize public employees as faithful servants of the government while dis- regarding the needs of the Korean peOple. The police system under Japanese rule was simply to perpetuate a colonial form of government. Koreans were not protected by such legal devices as the Writ of Habeas Corpus or other legal safeguards against arbitrary action. Third degree methods, torture, search without a warrant and the use of informers were commonplace. With these methods the police were usually successful in forestalling overt action on the part of the Korean public. In the final analysis, Japanese control rested on force; the police power penetrated into entire communities and was supplemented by military force with emergency powers emanating from the Governor-General's office. Police con- trol was carried out by both civil and military personnel and was not limited strictly to the prevention and detection of crime. Indeed their activities extended into politics, economic matters, education, religion, moral issues, health, 12 public welfare, and fire control. By 1938, the civil police numbered 21,782 or one policeman per 1,150 pe0ple; A0 per cent were Koreans. In 1940, the total number of policemen was 24,898 men. By 19Al, the total number of civil and military police was slightly less than 60,000 or one to every 400 people. In this police state, the Governor-General had complete control of every phase of life, and the police had the power to exercise summary jurisdiction.11 Summary 1. Up to the end of Koryo Dynasty in 1391, with no exception, the maintenance of law and order was the responsi- bility of military authority. 2. In the Yi Dynasty, the Korean police system was established on a relatively modern basis after the Kap-O Reformation in 189A, and the Justice Ministry took control of the police. In 1900, an independent Police Ministry was established, and later, in 1907, the police were transferred to the Home Ministry. 3. Under Japanese domination (1910-1945), the police existed to maintain the colonial government, and consequently influenced the citizens to criticize the police force. Yet, there was quite a bit of improvement of police management. —_—o—-‘—-—. . _.._ ,_ ‘_ H 11Office of the Senior Advisor, National Police, 020 Cite, p. be CHAPTER II GENESIS OF A NATIONAL POLICE FORCE In spite of the turmoil and partitioning, the Japan- ese domination was a period of significant progress for Korean public administration. As the American Military Government moved forward with its program of reform, the Korean National Police was organized as a public safety organization. This was nec- essary to maintain a semblance of order and to preserve life and property. A Military Government Movement of the military government.--There were some international commitments during World War II concern- ing Korea's independence. The first genuine commitment was made at the Cairo Conference by President Franklin D. Roose- velt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and President Chiang Kaishek. In their joint declaration, released December 1, 19A3, the Allies in the Pacific stated: The aforesaid three great powers, mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, are determined that in due course Korea shall be free and independent.1 1The Department of State, The Record on Korea Unifi- cation l -1960 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Print— ing Office, 1 O), p. A. 13 14 The three powers reaffirmed their Cairo pledge in the Pots- dam Declaration of July 16, 1945, which was later endorsed by the Soviet Union when it declared war against Japan on August 9, 1945. Immediately following the Japanese surrender offer of August 10, 19A5, the United States Government decided on the basis of military considerations that Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel in Korea should surrender to Soviet forces and those south of this parallel to the United States forces. Decision making concerning the areas of politics, topography, geography, economic and military matters, came to be the dominant force in the continuously changing Korean scene. Thus the economy already was weakened when 25 million Koreans, about 16 million south of the 38th parallel and 9 million in the north, were suddenly placed in a state of mass confusion in the summer of 19h5. Politi- cal chaos was the pattern of the day. Returning from exile and suddenly released from the common anti-Japanese cause, the little band of nationalist leaders fanned out into a confusing, shifting, left-right spectrum of parties, cliques, and cabals. Lieutenant General J. Hodge, Commander of the United States garrison, accepted the Japanese resident Governor's capitulation in September, 19A5. The United States Military Government was thus inaugurated in the southern half of Korea. Major General Arnold was appointed to the Military 15 Governor-Generalship, and the government found the situation enormously perplexing. A return to a Korean civil form of police was re- established on October 21, 1945, two months after the liberation. The Military Government adopted a systematic program to eliminate the oppressive police system, while utilizing the existing police structure as the vehicle to accomplish this end. At this time there were few Koreans adequately trained in public administration. During the entire period of Japanese occupation, the greater share of administrative direction was centered in the hands of Japanese officials. Late in 19A5 General Arnold told Colonel Arthur S. Champeny, serving as Minister of National Defense and charged with the security of Korea and its coastal waters, to organize a security force for the restoration of order throughout the nation. Korea was then torn by disorder and subversive elements. The Korean people were violently anti-Japanese and all Japanese administrators were in hiding. Colonel Champeny organized a ten thousand man police force, re- cruited from among the best men available throughout the country. Applicants were recruited by American army offi- cers, serving as provincial governors. After these men had been screened thoroughly, they were sent to Seoul where a training program of six weeks was then conducted. Discipline 16 was stressed along with incorporating the best known Ameri- can principles of law enforcement. Unfortunately, the example set by the Japanese police force led many of the new recruits to rely upon brute strength to control their fellow man. All members of the new force exhibiting such tendencies were rejected as undesirable.2 The Japanese concept of police administration was knowingly avoided and its application and technique were expressly forbidden. Upon graduation, the newly trained police were sent to the provinces where their services were most needed. When Colonel William H. Maglin was Executive Officer of the military establishment, he decreed that the number of police were to be increased to a total of 40 thou- sand men. Police reorganization.--During the Japanese occupa- tion, all phases of economic, cultural and political life, including religion, education, public health and welfare, and censorship, were vested in the police department. After the Military Government was established in October, 19t5 national and provincial police organizations were thoroughly remodeled to conform with the democratic concept pertaining to public protection and law enforcement. The national police organization therefore emerged from its embryonic 2Kyung Cho Chung, New Korea New Land of the Morning Calm (New York: The Macmillan Co., 19625, p. 5. 17 state of being to become a forceful instrument of law and order. On February 16, 1946, the Military Government established the police department consisting of: l. 2. 3. h. 5. 6. 7. 8. General Affairs Bureau Uniform Bureau Investigation Bureau Training Bureau Communication Bureau Inspection Office Public Information Room National Police College (See Table II.) Under the provincial governor, the provincial police departments were installed and consisted of: 1. 2. 3. h. 5. 6. 7. 8. General Affairs Section Finance Section (in Seoul only) Uniform Section Investigation Section Intelligence Section Communication Section Public Information Room Provincial Police Training School The ordinance of December 27, l9h5, brought forth a separation of police administration from the jurisdiction of provincial governors. 18 The newly formed police abolished the old police sabre which was replaced by a police night stick. All badges and general police symbols were remodeled at about this time. In March of 1946 Colonel Champeny organized the Na- tional Railroad Police. The Railroad Police were responsi- ble for handling the thousands of Japanese evicted by the Communists in Manchuria and North Korea. Additionally, they handled thousands of Koreans who were repatriated from all over Asia to their homeland. On July 1, 1946, the Women's Police was organized for the processing of women and children because of the tre- mendous need for such a service. Efforts expended on the concept of a pure police force were significantly enhanced by a reduction in the expansive work load undertaken by the previous police administration. This was accomplished by simply transferring unrelated tasks to other organs of the government. For example, the re- sponsibility for issuance of permits for public bathing facilities and restaurants was transferred to the Department of Public Health and Welfare. The task of enforcing price policies on economic goods was transferred to the Office of Price Administration. The cumbersome job of inspecting movie houses was now to be handled by the Public Information Department. The secret police were quickly disbanded.3 3E. Grand Meade, American Militarngovernment in Korea (New York: King's Crown Press, COlumbia University, no do), p. 120. 19 Another significant achievement was the abolishment of rather outmoded laws which once were the symbol of the colonial police administration. Six notorious laws and an ordinance were abolished by the Military Government Ordi- nance No. 11. They were: 1. Law of Punishing Political Criminals 2. Law of Precautionary Arrest 3. Law of Publication 4. Law of Maintaining Public Security 5. Law of Protecting and Observing Political Criminals 6. Law of Japanese Shrines 7. The Judicial Power of Police It was evident that the abolishment of police judicial powers meant the end of court actions taken by the police; the police summary action and the release of suspects with admonishment by the police. Legal definitions of crime and penalties and the protection of human rights were accordingly stressed. During the period from October 21, 1945 to August 15, 1948, the National Police went through several reor- ganizations and other symptoms of growing pains. On August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea was established. In the reorganization of the government the National Police were placed under the Mainister of Home Affairs. 17-" ’ v» '1 ‘3 nL-' . 4 4-1. A v. ,.£ , '“-." i . --‘,. - \l ...I . _’-'.' ...~,-_ .1 ‘, L)-.t ._.,_ _ _-\,‘_ __ c)_ u-.. . ‘ _,_.M, x [.1— . I . —. ._. ‘ _‘ , a.» —‘ ‘ .- ---.-— --l ' . ' ' . _...L‘....J \I. . _. . .. I ._—.-~l --_L.- 1...-.. r‘: ~“ - . ,.,,) .— -- —— -‘~ 1 ~‘. ~ .‘ Liv.-i _ ,. ;. _,___',._\J.4 1"...” I _. 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' . . ‘ g a ‘ l n ‘ . ’ r . . . ‘ , L l . ‘ : v I | r i ; : ' l 'M—o—q—fiw- o--M...——. -v‘m' --—.—. «r.--h~—-—_—-—- ‘ l .. ‘pm‘cm f w-wco—‘t—~- u.- ~-- — 3 i y”: ‘. a I. .,. .‘,..’ 1 , . ( -“'.“".'. .1 _. -,. _ - , -§\4- -'-...U V ....-. ...———~—.... - i ‘ - . a—- _. ' » ‘..-\.\-~A-fi-.-‘— 1.. \J-- ‘4‘“ L -‘. __ t w , - , u ‘ = V V l r . ' u-nu ; z , . I E " _ u... -.-v§ ~. ‘—.—.-1 i '- 1 ‘ 'D‘ K‘ I : _-.... ./~-’ k- H -‘-»-.'4 | u . h*_a..rv-—- ‘ u 1i . . a. , __‘ ,_. ,_ ‘ 70.3} f I : '°--~ v . -- -_...-w‘cz ; \. ... , , .' .— - "-....._.. v< ' I , 1 n I i .' L d ‘ ‘4 . - .l .' '~ I‘ 5 - . z - c ‘ .. .— L i l i . . . . ...._... M . u ‘ I‘- '. Tolice Col ...— q . ~¢-. ,./~, A filL‘.b-‘-U $i§..§. ' 7': anv- '7, 1.0.. Kl|zL~i .. ' I a - __\ CH1 n... ___- .4'.l LL4.’ ._. .Ufl \I»- I~ - ‘ I I“ . ’ ,\ rwf1n - ‘ \LA‘J-v-—|—U .po w‘. ‘1 i .1 ,1. ”- \.. / F'K‘ K44- J . . --, - >- a; . ' ‘.‘ I‘Ir - -1... 5.; J1. -. V'U _v .— A .. A-,.‘ 1 I“ -,.'.-‘ pl-” .1 . E.-\-‘ '.-.\ SK 1 \ r. .. u --.. i ! J. ’ . as. \J .. .. . v I . I > i I ‘ f . u : , i I l . . a . - I I l W' _ N V . .' 5 t. ’ . I ‘ I . -. . ° ‘- . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ - ' ‘ - ' — -u t ' l ’ ~ 5 - -‘ - . l . .. ~ . - 1.; I .' . . .' l 1 ‘ l .' . V .4—1 m ' fiat. r—J“ ~ .— v. ~r— N- . , --.'_‘ I . 21 The Establishment of the Republic On November 14, 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution favoring the creation by the Korean peOple them- selves of a provisional government, and the subsequent with- drawal of all foreign troops from Korea. The General Assembly created a United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea to ob- serve the election and consult with the elected representa- tives of the provisional government. The division of Korea became a fait accompli May 1, 1948 when, after the 38th parallel had long since been closed to ordinary personal travel and the rest of South Korea was cut off from northern hydroelectric power. On May 10, 1948 free elections through- out southern Korea were held and the Republic of Korea came into being three weeks later. On August 24, 1948 newly elected first President Sungman Rhee and General Hodge signed an interim military agreement providing for the transfer of jurisdiction over the Republic‘s security forces, including the police, Constabulary, and Coast Guard to the new republic.4 On December 12, 1948, the General Assembly recognized the Government of the Republic of Korea as the only lawful government. Politically the establishment of the Republic of Korea included (1) the new constitution, (2) pOpular hKyung Cho Chung, Korea Tomorrow Land of the Morning Calm (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1956), pp. 225-221. 22 elections, (3) progressive labor laws, (4) some formal recog- nition of individual rights, and (5) other policies. With the development of the newly born Republic of Korea, the National Police were gradually taking on the form of a democratic police force. Since democratization of the police force was one of the most urgent tasks of the Republic, the National Police College at Seoul and provincial police academies in local districts were established by the government to train and reorient police officials and to instruct them in scientific methods cf investigating criminal cases. Railroad police maintained guards at intervals on the main lines to prevent sabotage of tracks and trains. When the Korean War began on June 25, 1950, members of the National Police Force engaged actively in combat Operations. Its strength was increased to 63,417 in order to deal with their dual mission. The police combat units that were formed both within and outside of the United Nations did an excellent job in carrying out their heavy responsi- bilities. Police casualities during the Korean War were 3,108 police officers killed in action, 6,637 wounded, 7,142 missing, and 354 kidnapped. Of significant note here is that the original foreign aid police for Korea had been quickly switched from economic aid to military aid with the Outbreak of the Korean War. This resulted in the mutual security act of 1951. This meant that all military, economic 23 and technical assistance coming from the United States was consolidated under the mutual security agreement. Through- out the Korean war assistance by the Mutual Security Agency was limited to only those things of a military nature. In July, 1953, the armistice agreement ending the Korean war was signed and the National Police Force gradu- ally was able to assume the stature of pre-war times. Responsibilities of the National Police.--The police department is more than a law-enforcing agency. It has a broader responsibility. Korean police activities involve: (1) prevention of crimes, (2) supression of crime, (3) ap- prehension of offenders, (4) recovery of property, (5) regu- lation of non—criminal conduct, and (6) fire protection and civil defense. 1. The prevention of criminality is one of the newer responsibilities of the police. It is being more and more clearly realized that a constructive approach to the crime problem must go to its very roots—~to the factors in community life which create criminal tendencies and lead the criminal to indulge in anti- social behavior. 2. Supression of crime is a function firmly em- bedded in police practice. Adequate patrol plus continuous effort toward eliminating or re- ducing the Opportunities for criminal activity is stressed. 3. 4. 24 Apprehension of offenders is a closely related activity. Quick apprehension and certain pun- ishments discourage the would-be offender by making the consequences of crime incontrovertibly evident. In addition to its repressive influ- ence, apprehension enables society to punish offenders, prevents a repetition of their offenses by restraining their movements, and provides an opportunity for their rehabilitation. Recovery of prOperty is an activity intended to reduce the money cost of crime, as well as to restrain those who, though not active criminals, might benefit from the gains of crime. 5. Many police activities are concerned only inci- dentally with criminal behavior. Their main purpose is regulation, apprehension and punish- ment of offenders. These are the means of securing obedience to the laws. Other methods used to obtain compliance are education of the public in the dangers inherent in the disobedience of regulations, and the use of warnings, either oral or written, which inform the citizen of the violation but do not penalize him. This type of regulation is time consuming and drains police energies from those tasks which are more important in the eyes of the public. 25 6. The objectives of fire protection in order of their importance are: (a) to prevent fires from starting, (b) to prevent loss of life and prOp- erty in case a fire does start, (c) to confine a fire to the place of origin, and (d) to ex- tinguish the fire. From the point of view of the government this involves the services of fire prevention and fire fighting. Fire fighting, because it requires positive and dramatic action, has had a greater appeal for peOple than pre- vention measures which involve restrictions, pro- hibitions, and administrative interference with what are termed "individual rights." Civil de- fense is the new role being undertaken by the National Police. Pregent police structure.--The word "police" in its broad sense means the regulation and control of a community, especially with reference to the maintenance of public order, health, safety and morals. Kenny, referring to police activity says: In a democracy, peOple decree the extent of police activity in laws, social mores and customs. The broad purposes of policy everywhere are to control and/or apprehend those members of society who do not conform, and to assist other duly orderly environment. Non- conformist members exist in all societies including the petty thieves, burglars, robbers, murderers, and rapists. 5John P. Kenney, Police Management Plannin (Spring- field, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1959 , p. 3. 26 The task of control by the National Police is pri- marily concerned with the non-conforming members of society. Korea is divided into nine provinces, the Special city of Seoul and City of Pusan are treated separately. There has been established nine provincial police bureaus along with the MetrOpolitan Police Bureau of Seoul and Pusan. This makes a grand total of 166 police stations and 24 fire sta- tions throughout the country. The police and fire stations are subdivided into 1,435 police sub-stations and 622 police boxes, in addition to 39 fire sub-stations. The governors of each province and the Mayor of Seoul and Pusan are appointed, but there is some measure of self government at the provincial and city levels.6 The map depicts the boundary of the juris- diction of the provincial police bureaus. The provinces are as follows: Kyonggi-Do Kyongsang-pukto Chejudo Kangwon-Do Kyongsang-Namdo Seoul Special City Chongchong-Pukto Cholla-Pukto Pusan City Chongchong-Namdo Cholla-Namdo This skeleton framework shows the overall hierarchy and the arrangement of principal sub-units along with the essentials of the authority structure. The number of police 6Frank G. 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" F] I - \I.I‘ \- L l | _..' T._, ff\‘,")flf\ . \J L-‘ .- V‘.-. \n’ \a’A_J‘ ‘0 n W; ”A . u C‘,;-\.....""{ "" J..- - '1 ‘ .1. l-OUA‘ 'r L .. 1“ 1"‘*r"l“ :5- \ . ' ”VJ-5.... $ov .- ViJKJm—l— ULJ'LA '3 7 ‘ A A 'CT. - '1 *0...va pull-'0; ; 01141.27. \r ., o .2 ‘ ' ' . 09¢ «:fi ‘fi 54‘ ..—5 ‘ 1 h J‘:‘“ v 7) fl . “5“, I‘ “ " ~VOV-_~ -.‘.‘./ ‘-‘... )O-‘_...L. -J\ .41. J. OLE—CC n—J‘v- H.'3"-"..J 8",1Q .. «1- ,. o _4 . . ‘ -Mjh . , .4 "I 1. t4 . I \r ',u ' a 7'; ‘7‘..- "' ‘ 5 w v) Ki—..—A.CC _) \;.n (4 (' - ‘1'. -OL,J_¢\’—-A (we... -v...—.-. .5 ‘ ___ 'I'u :- -. O... __‘V "'3 "fl“ "““" ° Q ~ 'P; 0 ”-TAH ‘1 . ~..- ' . ‘- ' _ . ,1: .. ,_ .. , --, “I..-” ,1..- ,._-_ 1 -. ‘A.. . .. .- ooo._ co, .1_ so. 3, » - ‘ f" C" “v 3‘ ‘3 "‘ x .i -- a“, \-JK3VL‘~.._3 -.V.. V... c U ) 5 v . . |‘|V‘J ‘1!!! I” ._...n.-.u< noasom on» mo .A32v cwsm paw manHop noon :« umpwhommn ohm mvcsm pnmmnopnsoo mowwmo no cowpoom mswnnmam nonpfio Boga UmuooHHOQ some so comma mm: cofipmadoamo “mpoz 6 o a a r |? 3 mm RH 30 2.. oo. Sm. .:mH AOHm. moo. mmH. H see ma.mom.eoe.ee Hoeoe oo.ooo.NmH 00.000.00 mamaoflcgome oo.ooo.mm moaeeHoHoeee oo.oHM.Nmm coapmuwcpovoz oo.on.mmN eoHHom HeeoHoez HooH mm.mem.wmm oo. smH. .oem e 1000.000 .oonmv mm.H~m.~m meeHoHeeooe ooaH mnmaaoa Hopes vase ppmmhmucsoo w soapwooafl< powwonm ummw eoeeaoaoo--.H oHoee 37 Table II.——Counterpart funds Counterpart Funds (1) Year Hwan Dollar Equivalent* 1954 HM 62,470,510 4 124,801 1955 19,300,000 38,600 1956 77,708,000 155,416 1957 4,894,000 9,852 1958 811,262,000 1,622,524 1959 - - 1960 160,000,000 246,154 Total HX1,135,665,510 $2,197,347 Counterpart Funds (2) Project Hwan Dollar Equivalent* Concrete Poles Hw 559,162,000 $1,118,324 Typhoon damage 250,000,000 500,000 1960 160,000,000 246,154 Other Costs 166,504,510 332,869 Total HW1.135,665.510 $2,197,347 Note: *31 = HW650 38 Table III.--Police communication equipment, 1954 v. Quantity Cumulative No. Item Unit Dollar Value 1. Switchboards 77 sets 313,500 2. Telephones 8,360 sets 185,000 3. Transmitters with crystals and spare parts 182 sets 247,343 4. Receivers with headset and spare parts 184 sets 104,200 5. Public address system with vibrator and spare parts 11 sets 8,500 6. Tape recorders with spare parts 22 sets 12,000 7. Battery with electrolyte 40 sets 1,289 8. Line transfer switches 20 sets 890 9. Underground fuel tanks with fuel line kit 10 sets 675 10. Telegraph keys 194 sets 884 11. Generators with spare parts 125 sets 197,619 Total $1,071,900 Note: All the commodites were distributed to provincial and metropolitan police bureaus. Prices shown above are all estimated cost. (Actual allocated sum is $1,073,750.) 39 through the Korea Civil Assistance Command in 1954. Eglice aid in 1955-195 .--At the end of the Korean war, fire protection rested entirely on the ingenuity of the fire brigades to improvise equipment with whatever ma- terials they could secure. Fire protection for major cities rested with United States Army fire fighting units which involved commissioned and non-commissioned officers with crews of native personnel. Under the "Military Roll-Up Program," the National Police received fire apparatus in 1955 and 1956. They secured pumpers to provide a reasonable degree of protec- tion for major cities. A total of 35 units of the pumper type were received in 1955 and 32 units of the same type in 1956. These have been allocated to major cities along with a two year supply of parts and equipment. While these items were of the World War II type, the price of one such unit new, fully equipped, would cost approximately $17,000. Each unit transferred for Korean use was priced at approximately $7,000, a saving of $10,000 on each unit or a total of $180,000 on the 18 pumper units out of 37 transferred. Even though each unit had seen con- siderable service at many fires in Korea, they were still in good condition. These units were inspected by the United States Army Maintenance Teams and the American Fire Advisor prior to this transfer. The new fire fighting equipment programmed for 40 1955-1956 period was immediately sent to major cities. American Engineer Units working with this project have now been relieved of this responsibility. The Korean Fire Service is functioning once again as a separate organiza- tion, responsible for the protection of their cities. The cumulative dollar value of the units furnished is presented in Table IV and their distribution is in Table V. Systematic Foreign Aid The quantity of new equipment received consisted of the bare necessities to re-establish the National Police on a minimum operational level. Police aid 1252.--Under the Police Modernization Project of 1957, equipment was being received for specific projects. Several examples are: (1) Small Arms Maintenance Repair Shop, (2) Miscellaneous Police Equipment, (3) Traffic Signals and Signs, (4) Criminal Laboratory, (5) Harbor Craft and Patrol Boats, (6) Communications, (7) Police College Library, (8) Transportation, (9) Police College, (10) Police Hospital, and (11) Fire Fighting Equipment. 1. Small Arms Maintenance and Repair Shop: The National Police Small Arms Maintenance and Repair Sh0p was established in October, 1955 with the view of maintaining and/or repairing all small arms in the hands of the 40,000 man National Police force. In addition, a reloading plant 'was established to supply the necessary training ammunition 41 Table IV.--Fire fighting equipment 1955-56 ‘ Quantity Cumulative Year Item Unit Dollar Value 1955 Trucks, Pumper, 500 GPM with hose and other accessories 35 each 472,226.30 1956 Trucks, Pumper, 500 GPM with hose and other accessories 32 each 470,587.37 ._‘___ Note: 1. A11 trucks were distributed to major fire stations in Seoul and local provinces. 2. Pumper units were transferred either to the Na- tional Police from 8075th Engineer Unit in Pusan and/or to the City of Seoul from the US Army Seoul Military Post. 3. Both 1955 and 1956 Fire Fighting Projects were completed. ' Source: Office of the Senior Advisor, National Police Head- quarters, Seoul, Korea, January, 1965. h m 0 OH 0 N a 4 mm no "Hmpoe 2 L. I m H o H H H H H mH Emu 00m €anan .0398. ome u m N m a m H m m a Emu 00m £38an $395. wme 5% emz xzm smz xsm smz Ham so; Ho Hsomm EouH one :030 mono machm mocha mango mango mama machx oocH>onQ hp ucoEstvo wcHuanm mnHm mo umHH coHpanhpmHQuu.> oHnme 43 Table VI.--Aid received in 1957 ‘— fiv— Classification Amount in Dollars National Police Modernization Project 625,551.25 1. Small Arms Maintenance and Repair Shop 113,488.35 2. Miscellaneous Police Equipment 31,775.49 3. Traffic Signs and Signals 18,751.87 4. Criminal Laboratory 23,163.97 5. Habor Craft and Patrol Boats 50,000.00 6. Communications 194,240.33 7. Police College Library 393.86 8. Transportation 233,128.51 .‘ 9. Police College 10,595.37 National Police Hospital 22,219.47 Fire Fighting . 382,039.87 Participants (Police Officers training in USA) 40,342.20 Technicians (Police Advisors 22,998.45 Counterpart Funds 9,852.00 Total $1,143,410.64 Note: Calculation was based on data collected from either the Planning Section or Office of the Senior Advisor, National Police, Seoul, Korea. 44 for all provinces and the National Police College. The sh0p equipment employed had been salvaged from several Japanese arms plants that were in operation prior to and during World War II; along with certain machine tools that were allotted by the Korean Civil Assistance Command. The total number of small arms in possession of the National Police in 1957 was 76,244 of which 33,966 were at that time unserviceable, and it was estimated that 40 per cent of the serviceable weapons had some maintenance requirement. Serviceable arms and ammunition for training are some of the first essentials in the efficient Operation of any police force. 2. Miscellaneous Police Equipment: The National Police because of limited budget appropriations and the in- ability to procure locally, had a need for certain items of police equipment believed to be essential to the preservation of law and order. Specifically, chemicals and gas masks were needed for the control of civil disturbances and riotous mobs, sub- jugation of criminals or insane persons, protection of life and preperty and, because of limited night lighting, safety- lights for emergency use or directing traffic at night were also needed. 3. Traffic Signs and Signals: The responsibility for vehicular planning, traffic policies, traffic control and the procurement, erection and enforcement of traffic control 45 equipment is vested in the National Police. A survey of traffic sign requirement was conducted by the National Police in 1956 and the results indicated a need for some 43,948 traffic, directional and route signs. Since the National Police did not have funds to procure the necessary signs or materials for the construction, 818,751.87 were allocated in 1957 to obtain the necessary materials. 4. Scientific Criminal Laboratory: The Scientific Criminal Laboratory, under the operational control of the Minister of Home Affairs, was established for the purpose of providing criminal investigation laboratory facilities for the National Police, to make official records thereof and to provide eXpert testimony in relation to such results in judicial proceedings. The value of a competently staffed and suitably equipped police laboratory is generally recog— nized by police officials and since there is only one such facility in South Korea it is believed that it should be adequately equipped so as to provide service to all operating units of the police force. The laboratory is divided into the following sections: (1) Chemistry Section, (2) Firearms Section, (3) Document Section, (4) Fingerprint Section, (5) Photographic Section, (6) Lie Detector Section and (7) Refer- ence Library. In order to restore to the laboratory items of equip- ment damaged or destroyed during the war in Korea and to implement the present equipment so as to insure efficient and 46 effective operation, $23,163.97 was allocated in 1957. 5. Harbor Craft and Patrol Boats: While it is gen- erally recognized that the Navy, Coast Guard and Customs have primary responsibility in controlling the waterways and har- bors of South Korea, the National Police are also charged with the mission of protecting life and property, control of smuggling, anti-espionage and the maintenance of security in the major ports and island areas adjacent to the coast. In order to supplement their current equipment, consisting of nine small antiquated patrol boats, and to enable the police to enlarge its sc0pe of activities, nine boats of the J-type and one Q-boat were transferred from the United States Army units in Japan. 6. Communications: This project supplements the project for police communications in 1954 which is to continue equipment rehabilitation and the procurement of new equip- ment. It was expected that a great deal of test and main- tenance equipment would be required to maintain this communi- cations equipment. There was a need for additional switch- boards and telephones to bring some of the provinces and Class A police stations up to higher standards. At that time, the National Police had very few mobile type radio sets. By programming some mobile sets the capabil- ities of the mobile security force could be greatly increased. At the time, the National Police had no teletype or facimile equipment. With this equipment installed at the National 47 Police Headquarters and in each of the provincial bureaus the capabilities of the National Police would be greatly increased. This equipment will make it possible to send out general alarms, fingerprints, pictures of wanted or missing persons, and general information to all or any one of the provinces simultaneously. $194,240.00 was allocated in 1957 for communication needs. 7. Police College Library: In order to provide the National Police with a reference library that could be used in connection with planning and research, a sum of $393.38 was spent on the purchase of 80 books. 8. Transportation: The quality of police service and the success of many police operations are dependent on adequate and suitable transportation. Transportation needs are especially urgent if criminals using vehicles are to be dealt with decisively. Adequate transportation may also be considered economical since it increases the effectiveness of police manpower and mobility. The 1957 police vehicle procurement program pro- vided: Willys-Overland CJ 5 "Jeeps" 88 Willys-Overland Panel Trucks 3 Willys-Overland Personnel Carrier 1 Willys-Overland Station Wagons 2 Willys-Overland Ambulance 1 Harley—Davidson, 3-wheel motor cycles 9 Total 104 48 1958 supplemental program: Willys-Overland CJ 5 "Jeeps" or Equal 71 Willys-Overland Personnel Carriers 9 Willys-Overland Ambulance ____ Total 82 The above programs provided 104 vehicles valued at $233,128.51 in 1957 and 82 vehicles valued at $224,062.94 in 1958. This study revealed that the foregoing evaluation of actual personnel vehicles totals 528. Based on National Police strength of all ranks, as of June 30, 1958, there were approximately 39,000 men and the ratio of serviceable vehicles was 1 vehicle per 75 men. Due to normal attrition, it was estimated that 50 per cent of the total vehicles were in unserviceable condition. 9. Police College: The National Police College which is under the operational control of the Minister of Home Affairs, was established for the purpose of providing an establishment wherein all National Policemen could be given extensive training in modern police methods. The value of a competently staffed and suitably equipped police college is generally recognized by the Minister of Home Affairs and police officials. This is the case since there is only one such facility in South Korea and it was believed that it should be adequately equipped so as to provide extensive training for the police trainees. The immediate post-war period was a critical time for additional equipment and 49 training aids in order to bring the training of the National Police up to the standards being sought. In 1958, $10,595.37 was allocated to procure office machines, and other needed materials to be used by the police college. 10. National Police Hospital: The National Police Hospital, under the operational control of the Home Minister, was established to provide medical care for National Police- men and their families at a nominal cost and with the ultimate view of being able to provide extensive treatment. Budget limitations and insufficient equipment have hampered Opera- tions and reduced the effectiveness of the hospital staff and they have not as yet reached their goals. In 1957, $22,219.47 was allocated to procure various medical instruments, machines and facilities to improve the police hospital in its opera- tional activities. Eglice Aid in 1958.--This year (1958) marked the second significant year of systematic police aid. During 1958 the National Police modernization program was further implemented. To expand and broaden the technical assistance program of 1957, the same fields previously cited were developed. Aid funds received in 1958 may be noted here at a quick glance. 1. Tools and parts for Small Arms Shop - $17,025.00. 2. Miscellaneous Police Equipment - $96,146.59. 50 3. Police Equipment - $3,528.00. 4. Taffice Signs and Signals - $21,047.66. 5. Equipment for Laboratory — $18,418.79. 6. Communication facilities - $252,005.69. 7. 82 vehicles - $224,062.03. 8. Police College - $6,670.03. 9. National Police Hospital - $23,390.00. 10. Fire Fighting Equipment - $55,688.85. In addition to the continued projects of 1957 men- tioned above, the following new fields were developed by adding the newly procured aid commodities. They were: (1) Police Records, (2) Criminal Investigation, and (3) Internal Security. 1. Police Records: The importance of police records cannot be overstated. They are necessary for the establish- ment of a modern police department. $13,454.24 was allocated to secure equipment for police records. 2. Criminal Investigation that involves quick appre- hension and accurate investigation discourages the would-be offender by making the consequences of crime unequivocal. To increase the effectiveness of the investigative capabil- ities of the Korean National Police, $10,737.45 was allotted. 3. Internal Security required the establishment of adequate methods of preventing infiltration. Technical train- ing in the use of furnished equipment and in the general fields of techniques of deve10ping volunteer sources and 51 Table VII.--Aid received in 1958 Classification Amount in Dollars National Police Modernization Project 8 261,555.03 1. Small Arms Maintenance and Repairs ShOp 17,025.00 2. Miscellaneous Police Equipment (A) 96,146.59 Miscellaneous Police Equipment,Revolver (B) 3,528.00 3. Traffic Signs and Signals 21,047.66 4. Criminal Laboratory 18,418.79 5. Police Records* 13,454.24 6. Communications (A) 9,772.05 Communications (B) 12,000.00 Communications (C) 230,233.64 7. Criminal Investigation* 10,737.45 . TranSportation 224,062.94 9. Police College 6,670.97 10. Internal Security* 19,268.85 11. National Police Hospita1** 23,290.00 12. Fire (Spare parts)** 55,688.85 Participants (Police Officers) 95,149.59 Technicians (Police Advisers) 82,003.61 Counterpart Funds 1,622,524.00 Total $2,622,524.00 Note: *Newly initiated project. **This project was integrated into the National Police Moderniation Project. 52 obtaining intelligence information from the citizenry was begun. For this purpose $19,268.85 was allocated. fzflgpe Aid in l959;;261.--After two years of signifi- cant aid for the National Police, the allocation of funds to procure additional police materials ceased during the 1959- 1960 period. The one exception to this was a limited project for the training of police officers abroad. In 1961, $252,316.00 was received for the following areas: (1) Small Arms ShOp, (2) Tools for Motor Shop and tow truck, (3) Traffic and Investigation, (4) Police Records, (5) Training Films, (6) Fire,and (7) Mobile Unit. The Mobile Unit is a newly created police organ that was established because of the need for increased motorized mobility. Selected Police Officers for Studying Abroad In order to enable National Policemen to observe advanced police methods, it was felt necessary to send some National Policemen abroad. Through the supportive efforts of the Agency for International Development (AID), 58 law enforcement officers, including 2 prosecutors from the Ministry of Justice, were sent to the United States. Six were sent to Japan for either selected course study or to observe police methods. The time allowed for this ranged from 2 to 12 months. Dollar alloca- tion for participants were: 53 Table VIII.-—Aid received in 1959-1961 FL— v.— J J Year Classification Amount in Dollars 1959 Participants (Police officers and 2 prosecutors) 76,750.00 Technicians (Police Advisors) 761605.09 Total $147.355.00 1960 Technicians (Police Advisors) 52,821.58 Counterpart Fund 246,154.00 Total $298,975.58 1961 National Police Modernization Project 252,316.00 1. Small Arms Shop 500.00 2. Tools for Motor Shep 28,000.00 Tow Truck 6,300.00 3. Traffice and Investigation 62,475.00 4. Police Records 3,125.00 5. Training Films 2,000.00 6. Mobile Unit 43,580.00 7. Fire Fighting Equipment 105,686.00 Participants (Police Officers) 33,000.00 Technicians (Police Advisors) 99,000.00 Total $384,316.00 Note: No equipment procured in 1959 and 1960. 54 $47,600.00 in 1957 $99,090.00 in 1958 $74,300.00 in 1959 $54,000.00 in 1961 Police personnel training in foreign countries totaled 105 as of January 1, 1965. ClaSsifying this number by funds granted would break down in the following way: 58 of those sent abroad included 2 prosecutors from the Ministry of Jus- tice trained in the United States under the AID program, 34 police officers under Korean Government funds, 7 police officers received support from the United States State De- partment, 3 police officers by the Chinese Government, 1 by the Australian Government, and 2 were privately funded. Classifying this number by country, 91 per cent of these officers trained in the United States, 4 per cent in Japan, 3 per cent in the Southeast Asian countries, 1 per cent in Europe and 1 per cent in Australia. Summary The qualities of police service and the suitability of equipment is essential for successful police operation. Particularly, transportation and communication needs are urgent if motorized criminals are to be dealt with decisively; the use of these devices is also an economy since they in- crease the effectiveness of police manpower.3 3O. W. Wilson, Police Administration (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 19507, p. 295. 55 Table IX.--Educationa1 aid funds classified according to major field of study v w— W Year Sub- Fields of Study 57 58 59 60 ‘61 Total Records and Statistics 1 3 1 - - 5 Intelligence Operation 2 3 - - - 5 Traffic 2 2 2 - - 6 Criminal Investigation 2 2 4 — - 8 Observation Tour 2 9 1 - - 12 Juvenile Control - 2 - - - 2 Police Communications - 2 l - - 3 Patrol — 2 - - - 2 Police Administration - - l - - 1 Civil Defense - - 1 - ~ 1 Legal Training* - — 2 - — 2 Supply - - - - 2 2 Training - - - - 9 9 Total 9 25 13 - 11‘ 58 Note: *Two prosecutors from the Ministry trained in this field. 0f.Justice are to be 56 Table X.--Humber of police officers who studied in foreign countries ‘. rm-“ Number by Funds Fund Percentage AID 5337. Korean Government 34% U. S. State Department 7% Chinese Government 3% Private Funds 2% Australian Government 1% Number by Country Country U. S. A. 91% Japan 4% Southeast Asian Countries 3% EurOpe 1% AuStralia 1% Note: Police personnel training in foreign countries totaled 105 as of January 1, 1965. 57 The quantity Of new equipment has consisted of the bare necessities to reestablish the National Police on a minimum Operational level. In addition to the performance of normal police functions it is necessary to c0pe with the responsibilities for maintaining adequate fire protection facilities, providing an alert wire and radio communications system, and the training Of police personnel. CHAPTER IV THE POLICE ADVISORS ROLE As was mentioned in Chapter III, even though there was no indication of a forthcoming monetary allotment to procure needed police equipment, a number of police advisors were engaged in administrative efforts towards fostering the National Police during the time of the Military Government and the subsequent Interim Provisional Government. In May, 1952, police advisors consisted of small groups primarily from the United States Military Police Corps. Colonel William Hamby from the Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG), then Chief Police Advisor was of some assistance at this time. The chronological list of primary chief advisors is presented in Table XI. General The Police Advisory Group organized its resources in order to cope with the problems confronting the National Police with special emphasis upon its combat duties rather than its normal police role. For an active and effective combat operation the police force attached to the allied forces received an intermittent supply of military goods along with strategic provisions. The cost Of Operating the National Police during the war is still provided for in the 58 Table XI.--Chief police advisors to 59 the National Police —— NO. Name From To 1. Col. William H. Maglin1 Dec. 1945 Dec. 1947 20 Lt. 0010 EriCksonl Jan. 1948 Aug. 191+8 3. Col. John E. Bairdl Oct. 1948 Feb. 1950 4. Col. William Hamby2 Oct. 1950 May 1952 5. Col. Maurice J. Fitzgerald2 May 1952 Oct. 1952 6. Lt. Col. Rader A. Konopaska Oct. 1952 Sep. 1953 7. Col. George P. Hill Jr.2 Sep. 1953 Aug. 1954 8. Lt. Col. Joseph W. Pettet2 Sep. 1954 Aug. 1955 9. Lt. Col. May M. Wright2 May 1955 Jan. 1956 10. Mr. Ray W. Foreaker Jan. 1956 July 1958 11. Mr. Marc J. Logie July 1958 Oct. 1958 12. Mr. Irven S. Brown Oct. 1958 Oct. 1960 13. Mr. wyman W. Vernon Oct. 1960 Feb. 1961 14. Mr. William Simmler Jr. Feb. 1961 Aug. 1962 15. Mr. Harold Caplan3 Aug. 1962 Jan. 1965 Note: 1Acted as the Chief Police Administrator under the Military Government in Korea. 2Acted as the Senior Police Advisor in the Korean Military Advisory Group. 3One man advisor status. 60 annual budget of the Republic of Korea. With the exception of small amounts of ammunition and limited support for cer- tain special police units serving with major US-UN headquarters, no logistic support was received from the United Nations Com- mand. In 1956, the Public Safety Division of the Interna- tional Cooperation Administration (ICA), started to provide technical assistance to police agencies in foreign countries which were participating in the mutual security of the United States.1 Chief Police Advisor.--Mr. Ray W. Foreaker, then Chief Public Safety Advisor to the Korean National Police and former member of the Berkely Police Department, came to Korea for his third visit and established a highly successful advisory group. His effort resulted in a systematic aid program only after a thorough joint analysis was made by Korean police officials and members of the advisory group. He was responsible for the over-all implementation and super- vision Of the ICA program now know as the Agency for In- ternational Development (AID), for the National Police. Through his effort, the procurement of police equipment was set in motion. _—__ 1 John P. Kenney and John B. Williams, Police Operation 9 Lspgingfield, 111.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, p. 1&3. 61 The study of the past management weakensses Of the National Police clearly indicated the necessarity for con- carted efforts by advisors in the field of technical improve- ment. Seven advisors under the direction of the Chief Public Safety Advisor were engated in the fields of (1) Fire Pro- _tection, (2) Communication, (3) Management Training, and (4) Administration and Organization of Regional Police. Fire Protectgon Advisor.--The Fire Protection Advisor made surveys of all major cities and towns throughout the country to determine the requirements for an adequate fire protection program. He was responsible for the preparation of documents required for the procurement of fire fighting equipment under the AID program. Communica;;9ns Adv;§25.--The Communications Advisor role had been established for the express purpose of coordi- nating both equipment and technical advice for the training of police communication Officers in order to attain a maximum utilization of these facilities. Training Advisor.--The Training Advisor conducted studies for the purpose of improving police training pro- cedures which were followed up by recommendations for any changes he deemed appropriate for the improvement of training activities. Administration and Organization Advisor.--This advisor was located in the Metropolitan Police Bureau in Seoul. His bureau served a population of now 3,600,000 and operated 10 62 police stations, and had 6,500 police Officers. This advisor provided a technical service to the Bureau. He analyzed statistics pertaining to trends in crime, accidents, security, fire,and other activities falling within the scope of the public safety function. A list of advisors holding civilian status during the period extending from 1953 to the present time is shown in Table XII. Dollar allocations for these advisors were 824,573.00 in 1957; $76,000.00 in 1958; $80,000.00 in 1959; 894,000.000 in 1960 and $99,000.00 in 1961. Summary The police advisors are required to have a wide range of police experience and knowledge in their fields of work that will enable them to provide improved service. Since the year 1963 an advisor has been working for the National Police. His major interest is in the field Of supply. As there is no aid fund available to use for the development Of the National Police with the exception Of an allotment of limited funds for police officers' training in the United States, little hOpe for further improvement of the National Police modernization exists. 63 Table x11.--Police advisors from 1952 to 1965 -—— m m‘ Name Field From To Ray W. Foreaker Chief, Public Safety July 1956 July 1958 James J. Whicher Fire Protection Mar. 1953 July 1958 John C. Hazelet Training Dec. 1956 Dec. 1957 Hersh D. Miller Communications May 1957 Oct. 1960 John F. McCave Regional Police Oct. 1957 Oct. 1958 Richard M. Tansing Administration and Organization Dec. 1957 ' Aug. 1962 Marc J. Logie* Deputy Chief Oct. 1956 Nov. 1958 William Simmler Jr.* .Training Jan. 1958 Aug. 1962 Irven S. Brown Chief, Police Advisor Nov. 1958 Nov. 1960 Lack L. Larrimore Training Nov. 1959 Dec. 1961 Wyman W. Vernon Chief, Police Advisor Dec. 1960 Feb. 1961 Peter F. Castello Administration and Organization Jan. 1961 June 1961 Jeter Williamson Acting Chief Feb. 1961 Apr. 1961 William H. Ronan Fire Protection June 1961 Sep. 1961 B. Frank Borsody Communications June 1961 Sep. 1962 Harold Caplan* Logistic and Supply May 1961 John Velerio, Jr. Secretary July 1956 July 1958 Note: *Later became Chief, Police Advisor. CHAPTER V FUTURE ASSISTANCE NEEDS It would appear that the primary objective of an assistance program is to aid the National Police in improving the overall field of administration. In addition, it has been Observed by police advisors that the National Police have not been provided with adequate equipment. Also the minimum need is not only to repair war damaged equipment but also is to provide the Korean National Police with a suf- ficient capacity to meet the public demands for the newer police methods which have merged throughout the world. The police today use almost every conceivable means of trans- portation including boats, automobiles, airplanes and heli- copters. Scientific crime detection, with its use of physical evidence, the camera, the police laboratory, the lie detector, and the narcotic analyzer are widely used in police Operations. Improved Administrative Know-how A project of this type does not envision a full time advisor nor does it recommend any sweeping changes of any of these processes. Instead, each advisor to a specific activity should work with his counterpart in improving that activity. An advisor might be available at all times to 64 65 study and make recommendations on any administrative process which might be desired by the police. Organizationglgstructure.-—Organization is the key to a successful police Operation. Organization reflects the relationships between personnel and units of the department as they are structured to perform the police tasks and duties necessary to achieve departmental objectives. As Smith states, a determination of the proper span of control must rest upon informed opinion in each specific situation though no doubt a span of five or six is prOper in many instances.1 The ability of one man to direct, coordinate, and control immediate subordinates that he can command suc- cessfully, and a broad span of control requires the chief to make a large number of decisions and to participate in operat- ing details.2 The Korean National Police has been centralized under the direct control of the Director, National Police Head- quarters (Security Bureau), Ministry of Home Affairs, Republic of Korea. It consists of eight divisions: (1) Administration, (2) Public Safety, (3) Planning and Inspection, (4) Security, (5) Investigation, (6) Intelligence, (7) Communications, and (8) Fire. lBruce Smith, Police System in the United States (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 94 , p. 2 . 2O. W. Wilson, Police Administration (New York: McGraw—Hill Book Co., Inc., 1950), pp. 40-42. 66 There is some danger that the burden of details will overwhelm the Director and prevent him from exercising a positive, creative, and. imaginative leadership, due to his broad span of control. Police andgpolit;3§.--A sound professional philosophy must be developed. The old regime and the previous govern- ment consecutively made the police its instrument for the purpose of seizing political power, and accordingly, the police neglected their primary mission of maintaining peace and order of the country. The police were obliged to un- willingly perform duties other than those usually carried out by the police, such as political intelligence activities. The policemen had no choice but to curry favor with the ill-temperate politicians instead of being faithful to their assigned duties.3 In April 1959, 30 police officials, notably those in constituencies won by the opposition in the 1956 elections, were sacked in order to establish stricter dis- cipline in the National Police Force.“ The policies and efforts of the government cannot be expected to be smoothly carried out without maintaining national security, and the foundation of all policies of the government is really based on the maintenance of public 3Speech made by John M. Chang, Prime Minister, Re- public Of Korea, January 7, 1961. (Mimeographed.) hW. D. Reeve, The Re ublic of K rea (London; New York: Oxford University Press, I963), p. 70. 67 safety. During the period of political transition, the Na- tional Police has been developed along with the policies of the government in a series of hesitant steps. It is essential that the development of the National Police be absolutely free of political influences. This can best be accomplished by a series of non-political appoint- ments. If this were the case, a great improvement would take place. There is no doubt that persons concerned with the concept of modern law enforcement are especially concerned with these two things; they are (1) selection of personnel, and (2) promotion and efficiency. WOrking conditions.--To achieve good police perfor- mance it is necessary that the community provide for an ade- quate number of policemen with adequate pay and reasonable working conditions, good tenure for the chief executive of the department, administrative and Operational competency throughout the department. This can be achieved by good personnel selection and a program of in-service training at all levels. Salaries of the National Policemen were increased in 1961, but much more improvement is still needed in the area of wages to attract the best qualified applicants. Even though there exists a tremendous differential in the price of consumer goods in the United States and Korea this condition does not necessarily preclude the rele- vancy of comparative analysis. As an example the writer 68 will attempt to correlate the patrolman's salaries in the Korean National Police Force and several American police departments. Since the year 1961, the patrolman's pay of the Korean National Police has been 55,560 WOn per year which is equivalent to $218 in American currency.5 On the other hand, tOp patrolman's pay in such cities as Los Angeles and San Francisco is approaching $7,700 per year. Significant re- gional differences in salary may be noted, with the lowest salaries being afforded officers in the Southern part of the United States. For example, top patrolman's pay in Atlanta, Georgia is $4,936 and Fort Smith, Arkansas is 83,215.6 The work week for the average patrolman Of the Korean National Police is estimated at about 60 to 80 hours per week. This figure will vary with size of individual cities. The average work week for both urban and state police per- sonnel in the United States varies similarly from force to force while the federal police generally work a basic 40 hour week.7 5National Police, Republic of Korea, Police Bud et in l 6 (Seoul Korea: Headquarters, National Police, I964). meographed.) 6Samuel 0. Champman and T. Eric s. Johnston, The Police Herita e in En land (East Lansing, Michigan: MiEhigan State University, 1962), p. 39. 7Ibid., p. 38. 69 From available evidence it seems that provisions for better working conditions along with firmer job security, reasonable rules for leaves, and recreational and welfare activities will be one of the key elements in promoting the efficiency of the National Police. Public relations.--It can be safely said that public relations is an essential ingredient in the success- ful functioning of a police organization. The effectiveness of a police department depends to a great extent upon the success of its public relations program. To the citizen in distress who seeks assistance or information, or one in con- flict with the law, the policeman is both a governmental symbol of authority and a liaison for public relations. There is some evidence that an awareness of public relations was very weak among the police in Korea until the April Revolution of 1960. The following quotation is some- what revealing. The resentment and criticism of the general public against the police because of the role forced upon them by the corrupted government under the old regime reached its peak during the April revolution of 1960. However, the object of their resentment was not the policemen but rather the old regime and high ranking staff of the Liberal Party which made the National Police their pri- vate instrument and made the government into a chaotic state of being.8 Contrary to the general expectations that a cherr- ful welfare society would be born as the result of the April Revolution, the reality appears to be far removed 8Chang, op. cit., p. 4. 70 from such, and it is causing a great deal of disappoint- ment among the people. To make matters worse, the police are far from winning the people's trust and there is many an impasse to overcome before its restoration to a normal situation is possible.9 Public relations is achieved when a police department has many policemen who hold good performance records and who have an appreciation of what is being attempted in their relationships with people. The Korean police and the public safety advisory group reCOgnizes the importance of and need for a planned program designed to enlist public cooperation and support. This can be accomplished through mutual agreement as to the value and method to be employed. The basic approach to the entire program would be to convince the public that the police department is concerned with the safety of the public and ready to perform such services as it can to achieve this; thereby tending to restore public confidence in the police. Technical Assistance Needs There are eight major areas of National Police opera- tions which required a concentrated effort on the part of the American advisors. These areas are: (1) Transportation, (2) Patrol, (3) Criminal Investigation, (4) Crime Prevention, (5) Police Records, (6) Communications, (7) Fire Prevention, and (8) Training. _ 9Shu-Ryong Kang, "The Agony of the Police," CHOSUN ILBO (Korean Press), (October 21, 1960), p. :3 in Korea. 71 Each of these areas has been intensively studied and their most pressing deficiencies have been observed. In some areas the need for intensive technical advice is urgently required in order to improve standards of performance. Such training can only be furnished by a prOperly constituted American effort. Trgpsporta;lgp.-—In December 1964, the National Police possessed a total of 1,023 vehicles of various types along with 300 motorcycles. Of the aforementioned number, many are still in good condition even though they are already seven or eight years old. There are 837 vehicles whose condition might best be described as good, while some are fair to poor. Needless to say, there is a need for more new vehicles to replace those that are unserviceable in order that the effectiveness of the National Police can be main-1 tained and strengthened. The procurement of a helicopter is desired to deal with rescue work, disaster and flood control, traffic control, and mobile unit control in the metropolitan areas. Patro1.-~The current system of police patrol requires improvement in order to make it more effective and more efficient. The current box system in use in cities is caus- ing the average policeman to work longer periods of time and is not sOphisticated enough to c0pe with the increasing need for frequent area coverage. Technical advice and supplies will be required for the successful development of this patrol system. 72 Criggffreven;;QQ.--New to Korea is the idea of combatting juvenile delinquency, but a start has been made. How much planning and forethought must go into the estab- lishment of a program is still to be determined, but any such program must be comprehensive. The program would deal with all the conditions that underlie criminal behavior, would attempt to reach the potential delinquent early, would include means for locating potential delinquents and unsatis— factory conditions and means for treating individuals and improving conditions. Since delinquency is more than a police problem, wholehearted cooperation among the community agencies --schools, welfare agencies, health agencies and police is absolutely indispensable. Police Recorg§.--A drastic change in the police records system has taken place since 1961. In spite of this, the current system of maintaining police records is obsolete, complex and cumbersome. The system now in use requires too much paperwork and too much space for filing. To accomplish the desired develOpment of a standardized records system, further study by appropriate personnel and advisors may be required. Once an efficient and suitable system is agreed upon, enactment of legislation which would permit the in- stallation of a records system vital to the operation of the police department would greatly enhance the present situation. 73 Communications.--Pr0gress had been made in the pro- curement and installation of police communications equipment, as well as in a training program designed for communications technicians. However, rehabilitation of the police communi- cations system is not yet complete, and technical assistance and advice will be a continuing requirement to insure optimum use of equipment already received and installed. Fire Prevention.—-The National Police are responsible for fire protection throughout the country. They are faced with serious problems when it is realized that (l) the majority of homes and buildings in Korea are of frame construction, and (2) the water supply system is almost totally inadequate not only in the rural areas but in the metropolitan areas as well. Consequently, primary efforts must be directed towards the preventiqn of firesand the removal of fire causes. At the end of the Korean war, as the overall recovery of the Republic of Korea continued, the need for the development of fire pre- vention and fire fighting methods was easily observable. It was necessary for qualified men in this field to conduct a continuing study to develop an effective fire pro- gram. The establishment of an intensive fire prevention system, supported by technical training of fire fighters, and the procurement of appropriate supplies and equipment is highly essential. A further development in the existing fire alarm system is needed to permit the prompt reporting of fires so that fire fighting units may be notified and respond with 74 a minimum of delay. Training.--Police officers do not acquire the proper attitude and technical competence unless they receive instruc- tion in the techniques required for successful performance. Thus, organized training is the means by which police officers individually, are given the knowledge and skills they require for self-reliant patrol. The police team is afforded suf- ficient practice in combined Operations to insure effective coordination in emergencies, and the specialists who devote their time to scientific crime detection, obtain the techni- cal qualifications they require. Above all, command per- sonnel extend their knowledge of human relations, organiza- tion, and administration. Training of police officers was first started in about 1895, when a school in police administration was estab- lished under the control of the Police Affairs Office.10 The present school system is composed of Provincial schools and the National Police College. Provincial schools offer six months basic training to candidates for an appointment as a patrolman as well as retraining course of 30-90 days duration for experienced patrolmen. The National Police Col- lege offers basic training to candidates for appointments as lieutenants, retraining courses for lieutenants, captains and superintendents and technical training in such fields 10Korean Military Advisory Group, A Brief History of National Police (Seoul, Korea: n.d.), pp. 4-5. 75 as: investigation techniques, communications, fire fighting, and traffic regulations. At best, in-service training in its present form can serve only as a temporary stOp-gap during a period of trans— ition in which other solutions are developed. One pre-service training course is the Officer's cadet course which takes over where the colleges of Korea leave off. While efforts are required to enlist the aid of the Korean colleges and universities to offer courses in police science, the struc- ture of the present cadet course offers the greatest poten- tialities for the National Police. The subject matter of this course must be developed as closely as possible along the lines of the offerings of the advanced American colleges. By so doing, many of the subsequent problems which develop when police Officers are inadequately prepared by their pro- fessional education can be avoided. Because it is Obviously impossible to completely replace the present personnel in the National Police with properly educated personnel, a con- centrated effort to train all ranks will be required during the coming years. Progress has been made in the field of police train- ing at the National Police College by the Korean staff and faculty assigned to duty at the college, and by Public Safety Advisors; however, to keep abreast of new developments in the fields of law enforcement and public safety, constant revisions in the curriculum and methods of training are 76 necessary. On the other hand, a successful police training program depends not only on the constant presentation of interesting, up-tO—date methods of instruction, but also upon the ability of its instructors to handle every phase of police work. In the solution of these problems, progress already accomplished in the training program should be sustained through the assistance of professional guidance of training advisors. Future expansion of the participant training pro- gram, and the procurement of a moderate quantity of appro- priate training equipment is also necessary. Summary To perform Operations of the National Police as a typical law enforcement agency in Korea, there were consider- able amounts of aid funds allocated to the National Police during the years from 1954 to 1958. This enabled them to keep abreast with new trends of dealing with criminals and law breakers. This survey, however, has revealed that no funds were allocated to procure the police equipment to aid the National Police since 1960. If this condition persists, th (0 ability of the National Police to maintain and preserve the law will be adversely affected. In order to accomplish the police purpose of protect- ing life and property and the preservation of peace and order, it is necessary that the efficiency of police administration be further promoted. If suitable police equipment is provided 77 and adequate numbers of well trained police personnel are available this purpose can be achieved. CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION Police Administration in Korea has develOped somewhat intermittently in view of the frequent alterations of the governmental structure. Under the Japanese domination (1910- 1945), the police maintained the colonial government which was criticized by the Korean peOple. The police were not considered an expression of the country's well being and did not represent the people's needs. It should be recognized that the achievement of reformation of the police system into a modernized system resulted from the American Military Government in Korea (1945~l948). The police system was re- modeled and developed to conform with the democratic ideal. With the birth of a new Republic of Korea, the National Police Force started again to make great strides as a law enforcement agency that represented the needs of the Korean During this period of time, no records of the material assistance given to the National Police were made and there- fore this survey concentrated on the foreign aid given to the National Police since the cessation of the Korean war. There is no nation in the Far East with which the United States has had as much heartening experience or common 78 79 cause as with the Republic of Korea. After the conclusion of hostilities, the United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency (UNKRA) was set up to engage in long-range reconstruc- tion projects. Unfortunately, however, the contributions to this international agency from countries other than America were small and the main flow of aid became subject to a strictly bilateral arrangement with the United States and Korea, and a direct United States responsibility. As a re- sult of this, the assignment of competent police advisors who were able to cope with this adverse situation resulted in a high level of satisfaction in the Korean government. With a significant amount of assistance in the form of train- ing, the National Police have developed extensively in re- sponse to a widespread public need. New threats to the peace, security and well being of the Korean citizenary in the form of increasing crimes by both adult and juvenile delinquents makes the police task a complicated undertaking. Adequate police protection must be provided but the degree of success here is heavily dependent upon the suitability of equipment for a successful police operation. Particularly noteworthy are the areas of trans- portation, communication, and criminal investigation where an urgent need exists for methods and equipment to deal with criminals. Observing the limited amount of aid funds allocated to the National Police since the year of 1960, it is, thereby, 8O necessary that the efficiency of the National Police be in- creased to the fullest possible extent. “trays: BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Chung, Kyung Cho. Korea_Tomorrow,Land of the Morning Calm. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1956} . New Korea,_New Land of the Mornin Calm. New York: The Macmillan'Company, 1962. Goodrich, Leland M. Korea,_A Study of U. S. Polio in the United Nations. NewfiYork: Council on Foreign Rela- tions, 1956. Reeve, W. D. The Republic of Korea A Political and Economic I Study. London; New York: xfor niversity Press, 9 3. Wilson, 0. W. Police Administration. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., 1950. Books: Parts of Series Bristow, Allen P. and E. C. Gabard. Decision-Making in Eolice Administration. Springfield, Ill.: CharIes C. Thomas Puinsher,7I961. Chapman, Samuel G. and Johnston, Eric S. The Police Heritage England and Ameriqa. 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