I\_ %‘ THE EFFECT OF DIETfiRY ALTERATIOE CF FROTEIE, CARBOHYDRATE, ARE FAT OH PHYSICAL PERFURMAECE 0? THE ALBIHO RAT 3? Louise Lyle McBurney A THESIS fubmittad to Richigan Stgte Univereity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Easter at Arts Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1969 /w”/€/2&' 1.? J I /,7 5"”9’ . o ABS TRAC The problem of dietary alteration and its otteoto on physical performance has long awaited experimentol inventi— gntion. In the pant, invootigotoro endeavored to determine the adverse or beneficial effects of dietary alterations on human and animal growth. behavior. pathology. and intelli- gence. in athletics grow in America. the consideration of diet inoroonod because of its inherent importance in the training or the individual for physical performance. Bo~ noose of the look or oxporinontal evidence concerning dietary alteration and its effect on physical performance this inventigation was undertaken to determine the erraoto or high protein. high carbohydrate. and high fat diets on the performance of forced but oontrollod activity in the male albino rat. Thirty~two weaned (ZS-days-old) mole, albino rats of the sprnguo-Dnvloy Strain.wero used no oxporimcntnl animals in thin otudy. it twenty-three days of use. each animal was randomlynonignod to one of the following four diet groups: High protein - 50 per cent casein, 30 per cont dextrose. 30 per cent hydrogenated vegetable oil. 1 2 High oorbohydrnto - 20 por oont ongoin, 60 par cont fieztrooo. 10 nor cont hydrogenatod vogoooblo oil. Eigh {at - 20 nor onnt onnoin. 20 nor con: dextrooo, 50 per cont hyorogonnted vogotohle oil. Pollowing on néjuntnont porioé of nix wooxo, ouch animal woo unsigned to eithor tho abort onrotion or long duration now tivifiy treatmoni. The groan» worn notched oooorfling to voluntnry nativity,'body uoightn. ond diet trontnonto. The diet trontnontn worn naminiotorod once a any over a lé-ooek period. Eno'voriono experimental oxoroioo treat- nonto were oininiotorod once a any, fiVianyo a nook over n fiuwook or dflwfiny period. Booauoo of ito inhoront'vnlno, analysis of vorinnoo woo utilizoé no the chief otatintiool.nethon for the onoly- aim of the onto obtainod. one following oonoluoionn were derivod from tho-data 3nd row oboorvntionzs l. Tho dietory oltozotiono or rofi. oorbohydrnto. nod protein uned in thin otndy hove a olgw niiioanoa (0.0695 lovol) effect on.tho phyniool porfornnnoo of the male albino Int. 2. This offset in oboorvod in the two typoo of sxoroinc nood. nhort and long onfiuronco, whore marked difforonoon ', PER ocoroo onn.bo noon. 3 The protein, carbohydrate, and control oniw malo in the long endurance program achieved higher ‘ER ocoroo than the protein carbohydrate, control, and fat animals in the short endurance group. Also. the order of Pofl scores of each diet group varied in each training group. In the ohort group, the fat dict grouy achieved the highest PER score and the protein group the lowoot; while in the long group, the pro- tein diet group achieved the highoot PER score and the tot diet group the lowest. fiincoro appreciation and acknowledgement to Dr. Villiom V. Houonor for hio unoolfioh guidance and inopirotion Chapter I. II. III. IV. V. TfifiLE or comm“: INTRDEUCTIOH TO THE PROBLEH . Reed for the Problem. . . . Soapo of the fltudy. . . . . Definition of Terms . . . . Limitationo of tho fitudy. . REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. . . Animal Studies. 0 o I o o 0 Animal Performance. 9 o o o O... C O... O O 0". . Human Entrition and Physical Activity MTHCDS OF RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . Experimental Animalo. o I c AdJUBtment Feriod o c o o o Trefltmant a o o o o o o o 0 Treatment Periods . . . . . Humbfir 01 inimtzlfi Q o I o 0 Treatment of the Data . . . ANAL” IS 0? D}\QA I I O O O I O SUMNfiEI AND CQRCLUEIONS . . . mgrifil’zCEs 'O O O O O O O O G I O O 0 O 11 .00... COO... 00.... 0.0... 0... 00.... 0‘... O... 0.0... a; m G cn~no u: \nununj kl bud CHAPTER I IKTRODUCTIOH TO THE PROBLEM For many years, invootigotoro have endeavored to do- torminc tho ooverco or beneficial effects of dietary oltora~ tiono on human and animal growth, behavior. pathology. intol- ligcnoo, and phyoicol activity. Tho dietary cltorotiono usually have been achieved by inoroooing or decreasing the quantity or protein, carbohydrate, or fat, and adding or cubtrocting'vitoninn and minerals in the diets of experimental sobjocto. Simultaneously. control oubjocto hove been fed diets containing adequate amounto of all these components. Similar environments and cirounotonocc have been iopoood upon both the experimental and control subjects. The belief that only a ”vollobolonced" dict prevents nutritional disorders has oxiotod for many years. If one roado the literature, one will find minimum and maximum vol- uoo for all of the dietary components and must conclude that somewhoro intermediate lies the uell-bolonced diet. This intermediate area is Juotifioblc only because of the foot that each individual varies conoioorobly in terms of metabolic need. hcnco the noceooity for flexibility. With the growth of athletics in fincrico, the conoidor— l 2 ation of diet has increased in.view of its inherent importance in the training of the individual for phycical performance. Recognizing that it is the dietary components which provide the neceancry fuel for energy expenditure in athletic per- formance, athletic coaches and trainers have recommended specific foods and dieto no a means of improving athletic performance with very little experimental evidence to Juntify or refute their choicee. Over the past decade. food oupple~ manta, including vitamins, minerals, wheat germ, gelatin, and infinitum. have been steadily increasing an integral parts of athletec' diets: although numerous writers have concluded that there in no evidence that athletic perfornnnoe in improved by supplementing an already nutritionally adequate diet. Many oocchee ctheotively believe that the dietary needs of the athlete ore not the name on those of the average individunl and that particular foods enhance the athlete's performance. If this in true, which dietary components are most beneficial and what quantitative alterations should be node on e result? Becauce of the lack of experimental evidence concern- ing dietary alteration and its effect on physical performance. thin investigation was undertuken to determine the effects of high protein. high carbohydrate, and high fat diets on the performance of forced but controlled activity in the male albino rat. ~ I'- . “111‘ L_._._ui.—‘ The problem of dietary alteration and ita effecta on phyaical performance has long awaited experimental invaatl- gatlon. minimum and maximum values for each dietary compo- nent havo‘bcun eatabliahed, but do these standards hold fer subjects engaged in physical activity? Kill a rat which is forced to axerciao flail: cvcr.a substantial period of time perform better on a "balanced diet” or'a diet which in coma posed mainly of protein, carbohydrate, or fat? :gggg 92 3g; thgx This study involved the dietary alterationa 91 protein, carbohydrate. and fat in the diete of 32 male albino rnta and the affects thsae alteration£ had on their physic&l perform- ance. The study covored 14 week&, beginning'Wben the animals were 23 days old and ending at ancrifice Vhen the animals were 121 to 123 days old. T." e The following terms are defined because of their specific connot&tlons in this study: High protein - Formula g/kg Casein, High Protein 500.0 Doztroao, Hydrate, Technical 300.0 Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil 100.0 Vitamin Fortification mixture 031 Cal; o $40060 Salt Mir, Bernhart and Tomorolli chrfiutritivo Fiber (cellulose) High carbohydrate - Formula Casein, High Protein Dextrose. Hydrate. Technical Hydrogencted Vegetable Oil Vitamin Fortification Mixture 031 Cat. #40060 Salt F ‘, Bernhcrt and Tomcrelli Cat. #170750 Nonufiutriiivo Fiber (cellulose) High fat ~ Formula Casein, High Protein Dextrose. Hydrate. Technical Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Vitamin Fortification Mixture OBI Cat. #40060 Salt mix, Bernhart and Tomcrolli Cat. #170750 Ron-Rutritive Fibor (cellulose) Control diet - Standard Kayne Laboratory Blocks 10.0 40.0 50.0 200.0 600.0 100.0 10.0 40.0 50.0 200.0 200.0 500.0 10.0 40.0 50.0 Forced exorcisa - Thic standard program vac designed using male rats of the fpragucuflcvley otrain. fill animals were 70 doyc of age at the beginning of the program. The durction and intonoity of the program were eotoblirhod co that 75 per cent of all ouch animals should have For cent Shock- ?reo limo and for cont Expected Eovolutiono of 75 or*higher during the final two weeks. Ectod below in Table l are the firot and loot dcyo of training of the eightaweok, short-duration. high- intonoity and longudurotion. low-intonoity cn~ duranoo training progroco for adult male rate in controlled-running whoolo. Ligigggigqg o; 332 pgqu Because of time, expense, and uncontrolloblo condi— tions. many limitationc and restrictions were imposed on.tho design of this investigation. The scope and depth of this otudy were limited because only two exercise programs were included. Thuc, all generalizationo are limited opocifically to tho short and long ondurcnco programa outlined cleoohero in this paper. The number of animals woo chooen because of houoing convenience and time available for programming and running the czarcico wheolo, rather than determining the exact number accessory for tho cotabliohmont or otatioticol signiri~ canoe. Tho diets were designed so that a maximum amount of a specific compound was utilized. Thic eliminated the dotormin~ ction of any potential influence that a progrccsivo alteration coma 3m¢ 00m Omv swam o...” mvumm m.H MAB .mcdv Ioaopom .mxn finaOB omuwm o.w :vumm m.a «con i. moon "53 E: n92. .wocw cco9. no can 33 H33 nwmampflcnfi £33 $.33 51*! hadnnoanngmfim .noflunhnnlahonm mafia Mug Anyway Ag» “9.! 3H“ 9H0 dam“ $0.90 fimfimw “Oflnv 7 of component percentages might have had on cninol performance. It should also be noted that casein was ucod no the protein source. dextrose on tho carbohydrate oourcc, nnd hydrogenated vegetable oil no tho rot oourcc. It in thooc cpecific coma pounds, rnthor than all protcino. all carbohydrates, or all fate. that the results are attributed to. Air conditioning and control of humidity woro ovoilnblc in the living quort~ oro, but the training area lacked ouch control. Therefore, it vac virtually impoosiblc to determine the amount of on- ‘vironnontnl otrooe plocod upon the animals and its effect on their physical performance. It in often argued that animal otudico hove no place in physicol education rooecroh oinco the results cannot be applied directly to humans. However, many experimental de- signs cull for prooioo control of subjects, observations, and voricblco over the majority or the oubjocto' life spans. Curtainly, with designs or this nature, animal experimen- tation in for more feasible than studies which make use of human subjects. It must be realized, by both thooo who do animal rc— scarch and thooe who rend it. that the purooco of animal studies in not to draw inferences which are immediately npu plionblc to human populotiono. but to provide researchers with inoighto union other tools and techniqueo will not n1- low. It is in this canoe that animal ctudieo may be thought 8 of almost as pilot etudiee, for they provide the inreeti~ gator with infornetion concerning the pooeible direction of future reeenroh. CHAPTER II 'RBVIEW OF THE LIQEFLTURE The rational for any dietary alteration must be carefully inveotigeted before that alteration in inple~ rented. Thie eurvey ct‘pertinont literature wee directed at gaining insight in terms of protein, carbohydrate, and fut requirements and olteretione in uninel and human diets and the influence of ouch alterations on physical perform— 3500 o The inforoetion derived from enimel studies in of interact mcinly because of its potential application to humans. Uniortunetoly, rigid control in etudiee of this ne- turo in extremely difficult ueing'hucen.eub3ectc3 therefore, it is hoped that the adventego gained in experimental con- trol through the one of animals is not effect by the limi~ teticnc in the uppliceticn of eninel dete to humane. 229$£1g_§§a233£§§25§w-Protcine ere required by the animal body for the replacement of the tieeue proteins which are broken down in the normal metabolic processes, and for the building of new tieouee in growth and reproduction. 9 10 Frotoino oigootod and absorbed in exoeon of those requiro~ nonto are for the most part used for the production or energyu—cithor ntorod no carbohydrate or fat, or expended in work or heat. Proteins ore made up of amino acids. The nocunte find proportions at thooo amino ocido vary trenondouoly in protoinn from different sources. Inoonuoh on many amino aoido occur no conpononto or body proteins, obviously each of theoo moot be made availablo, either preformed in the diet or by oynthooio in tho organion from other anterinlo. The recognition of this fact raises the quootion.an to the nutritional importance of the individual amino acidc. Until comparatively recently. only three of these compoundn. namely tnyptophnno, lyoino, and hiotidinn, bod been.ohown to be indispensable components or the diet. In 1951, Bone (26) reported investigations using diato in which the proteins were replacod entirely by.nixturon of highly purified amino acido. From this work it was apparent that the known amino acido, when incorporated in othervino ado- qnoto dicta, were incnnablo of supporting growth. Thin led eventuolly to the isolation and identification, by ficCoy, Eeyor, and Rona (24) of a new indinnennoble dietary conpon~ ant. now known on throonino. Feeding orperimonto with this new amino acid incorporotod in an otherwise ndequoto diet ll constituted the tirat auccesaful effort to induce growth in.an1mals maintained upon diets carrying eynthatic mix~ turns of highly purified amino acida in place of proteinm. Following this fiizcovery, the importance of the individufil ‘ amino acids wag deteruined by Quitting than from dial: one or mora at a tine. The kncwn essential fimino &cida fer the rat may be summarized &8 follows: Lysine Tryptoyhano Hiatidine Phenylalanine Leucine Igoleucine Threonine Methionine Valine Argin ine filthougb a number of proteinfl are lacking in certain of the esaential amino acids (gliudin of wheat ifi deficicnt in lysine and gain of earn is devoid of lysine find trypto~ phnne), the feeding of & ”ture of proteina of plant and animal origin will usually inaure the pretence of all the necewaury ones. Two protaina, each of'uhich is deficient in one or acre or thefie ceaentlal components, may.mutally aupplement each other to prnvide an adfiquate source of nitrogen. Hogan and rilcher (18), aging rationa varying from 7 per cent to 33 Per cent protein, foun that rata on the higher concentrations “flde better gains than thoae on the 12 lower levels. Hogan, Johnson, and thorth (19) reportod thot rate on a high protein ration (26.2 per cent) mode greater gains and otored more rotor and protoin. but loos: fat, than did their pair mates: on a low protein food (10 per cent). Porous, mitt, Black. and Kahlonberg (12) do- soribed studios of the effects of four different levels of dietary protein (10, 15. 20. and 25 per cont) when equi- oaloric amounts of the ration were fed. With inoreoood protein intake there won on inmost in total gains. an increase in protoin tutored and uoually a deomoao in fat. gained per unit or protein stored. Hamilton concludod that the mouth-promoting value or o. diet 15 increased as the protein or the ration is increased from 4 to 16 per cent, is unchanged between 16 and 30 per cent, and is decreased vhon the concentration of protein in above 30 par cont oi’ the food. Dioto containing low than 16 per cent protein produce gains having more fat but lose protein than 15 pro- duced on a tenabolanood ration. Gains: of approximately the am compooition ore produced by foods containing between 16 and 42 per cent protein. McCoy (2.4) otudied the growth and body composition of animals receiving different levels: or protein in the diet. Vitamioofroo, feat-free. Bolt-low oaooin was: ouboti- 15qu for a part or the dextrin or the basal ration to pro~ duoo foods containing: about 15, 25. and 40 per cent protein. 13 Animaln receiving the high~ and medium-protein dicta grow more rapidly than thooo receiving the low—protein ration. In paired feeding czporimontc the rota of growth and the percentage of nitrogun of the onimcl pcrnlloic the protein intake. The percentage of fat in animals on tho 40 per cent diet was conoiotently lower than in thooe from either the 25 or 15 per cont rations. Alteration of protein.qunntity and quality in the rat without consideration for their physical. mental. and behavioral dovolopmant can canoe irropoiroblo oncoge. Dc- layod physical doveloPment and impaired learning ability of rat pupa resulted from feeding c.mcrginnl diet. Under ox~ pcrimontcl oonditiono. two low protoin dicta which provided 14 and 21 per cent ao oypooed to 25 per cent rooultod in differencea in.body'weighto and intelligence (3. 10. ll). When animals were fed a diet containing insufficient quan- tities of an eccenticl amino acid growth woo retarded or abnormal tiooue dovologmont occurred. Changes in the cell- ulnr structuro of the pancreas have been reported when rats were fed a low protoindict (27). Changes in the liver, principally in grooo cppcoronoo and color. slight chmngea in the pancroao and come ctroyhic ohnngoo in the eploon.ooro reported on a reoult or n forood~tod dict consisting of n ‘vitnmin~oucroce mixture plum corn. rice. wheat, and mile flour as the 3018 source of protein (27). On the othor'hnnd, 14 the nativity or many liver enzymes involved in amino acid oatoboliom inoreooeo with on elevated dietary intoko of protein. This eauoeo o_high rote or doomination which in turn oouoeo higher blood levalo of onmonio. Under experi— mental conditions. dioto containing either 25 or 80 per cent ooooln were fed to control mad exyorimontol treatment groupa respectively. It was found that the mean blood am- monia lovel 1n.tho rota on.tho 80 per cent ration.woo more than three timoo higher than that of the control group ran calving the 25 per cont ration. (33) 2E3_§392l£2o£§2g.-ln 1929. Burr and Burr (5) re~ ported a deficiency diooooo at the rat produced by the ex— cluoion of fats from the diet. 0n much a ration animals grow for a time. but ooon dovelooed deficiency oymptomo: the akin become scaly: the and of the tail appeared inflamea and swollen. and later become heavily oooled and ridged. Investigators (6) concluded that both linolenio and lino- loio acid are effective and are of about equal value in curing rota auttaring from a fat deficiency. It has been further ouggootod that linoleio and linolenio acids are ooa eontlal for the production of more highly unooturoted fatty acids. Evidence hue accumulated for several years that the type rather than the quantity of {at oonoumefi may be of 15 logortoncc in dietary alteration. Cn diets containing 26 per cent tot, roto bod the boot growth rotoo when ooturatcd fatty ccioo accounted for $0 per cent of too fat. 6n tho other homo. growth rote coy not be on cotircly rclioble criterion. Grcotcr longevity coo oooociatcd with lower growth rctac when onloclc veto foo oieto of alohar 27 per cont rcpooocd oil or cottcrfot. foo ropooocd oil onimclo hcd o longer life opon than thooc of the buttorfot group. with c moon lite coon of €69 coo 545 fioyo roopootivoly. (31) A otufiy by Corrol and Bright (6) won 6colgrod to dooorcioo whither changing the rclotlve proportion of carbo- hydrate and tot in the diet would influcoco cotobolio rc- oponcoc in rats to difforcnt couroco of the two nutricnto. Four carbohydrate-tot coohicociono (glucocc and fructooo each with corn oil (60) cud with hydrogmncted coconut oil (HCO))wcrc oombinod in high corbohyfircto-lov tot etc low cowbohycrctoahlgh tot alcto. Protein and caloric voluoc of all dicta worn equivalent. Eight groupc of mole coonling rota cor: cccb.fcd ono of tho oxporimontcl dicta for two to four'vccko. ficéucing=thc carbohydrotcnto-fot ratio from 6435 to l9325 (by weight) rccultcd in tho following chocgoo in liver zunctiono: l) corked reduction or complete elimina- tlon of roopcnocc to the gluoocoucuphocphotooe ond tructcoe diphocphctocc «mayo: oyotcmo to diotory trucocco; 2) olgnlfa iccnt increase in rccpcnoc of glucooaué—phcophotooo to clotory 16 ECG: 3) dooreoeeo in liver glycogen to a different extent with different oorbohydrato~fot ooobinotiono; 4) otriking inoroooeo in total lipid in fate fed C0 or ECO with glu- oooo; and 5) increases inoholootorol in rots rod 00, and in phospholipid in rats fed ECO. a No or s.-fiony orperimontoro hove studied the influence of individual carbohydrates on growth (16), on tho utilization of other dietary components (9), and on body composition (7. 21. 22). There is now a subs otontiol body or evidence that in a number of different ways different kinds of dietary carbohydrate produco different effects in animals. To emphasize this difference on orpori~ meat in which the carbohydrates studied formed 80 por cent of the diet can be cited (2). Dextrose. fructooo, liquid glucose. and ooorooo were tho ozporimontol oorbohydroteo while starch served as the control. The moon body weighto of the rate in all treatment groups inorooeod steadily throughout the experiment. At the termination, the rota given dextrooo increased significantly loos in weight than thorn given diets containing liquid gluoooo or oucrooe. The moon weights of the heart. kidney. liver, and opleon were calculated so porosntageo of body woight. The organ weighto of the control group were uoed no normal values. The ro- aulto are as followo: 17 2m 0 o, 2* Liquid glucoco No difference Dcxtrooo Hoort weight greater sucrose Hoort weight and kidney weight greater Fructose Heart. kidney, and liver acighto grootor is compared with values found with the control diet, corcooc and liver fat vcrc inorooocd by oucrooo cod fructose diets but not by dextroco and liquid glucooo diets. All high oorbohydrotc diets rooultod in lower liver protoin.thoo the control diet. fho difference was grooteot with tho fructose and cucrooc diets. d P _ "ii For decades man has wondered if alteration of the quantity or the three dietary componento of protein, carbo- hydrate. and int would cnhonoo his performance in terms of physical performance. Animal experiments have chad some light on this topic and are utilized because of the difiin culty encountcrod when trying to control Variables in studies with humans. Investigators have found that a diet containing be— twoon 14 and 18 per cont protoin.is boot suited for the spontaneous activity or albino rots (28). Ho chongo in activity woo oboorvcd until the protein content roochcd 50 to 54 per cont. Above that level. a doprcooion of activity occurred (15. 29). Dicto containing 66 per cent carbohydrotc 18 or 43 per cent fat did not influence the amount of upon- tnneouo activity (23). Ltudioo of spontaneous activity of rats fed diets high in either rot or protein indiontad that on much an 56 per cont oi the caloric value of food may come from fat without doproooing activity. In the nbovo orporinontn, activity was defined no the amount or activity which won of a completely voluntary nature. There are many other variobloo which may have been Operating in.tho obove experimento which have not been noted. Very little work has been done on tho effects of altering the quantity of each dietary component in regnrd to torood or controlled oxeroioo. Focusing attention on tho otntno of Anoricnn nutri~ tion provides the invootigotor none insight on to the range and eoopo of dietary needs inherent to all individuals. A oompnrioon of present any diets in the United Etotoo with dicta at the beginning of tho century ohowo that the inori» can diet in higher in all nutrionto. Fifty of the dietary otudioo made by Atwater and hin onoooiatoo of the Office of Experimental Stations between 1895 and 1903 were recalculated. on: comparison ohowed that 50 per cent of the dietary etud- ieo node by Atvntor were below 1958 K tionnl Research Council recommended ollovnnooo of calcium, riboflavin, vitamin A, l9 ascorbic acié, and thiamine. The percent of calories from fats hcc increased. The dictc or 1895 and 1905 contained 131 areas of fat which was 38 per cent or the total calor- ies, compared to 155 grams or 44 per cent of the total calories of 1955 (30); The avcrcgc American consumes approximately 40 rcr cent fat, 40 per cent carbohydrate, and 20 par cent protein in addition to an cacortmcnt of vitamins and minerals in him daily diet. Protein in the diet 13 nccescary to afford couroec of nitrogen and amino acids to bc utilized in the cynthecic of body protein cud othar nitrogen containing aub- ctanoee. Protein 1a involved in a variety of important metabolic functions. Protein in excess of requirements carves only as a cource of energy cince it can not be stored as a protein and presents the kidney with excess crannic acids to filter and excrete. Fat 13 an important human dietary component, because of its high Incl value, becaucc of the essential fatty acids in natural fate, and bccnucc tatc are carriera of the fat soluble vitamins. The optimal amount of fat in the diet cannot be atated with exactness but the N tional Research Council. the British medical Aa- cociaticn, and the American.mcdic&1 Association's Council on Foods and Entrition recommend that the average diet should contain 20 to 25 per cent of ite calories as fat and that the diet of the activc pcrcon, child. end adolecocnt chould con- 20 tain 30 to 35 per cent (25). The value of ccrbohydratec licc cololy in their capacity to provide fuel for energy expenditure. 0: the three componentc. carbohydrates are the most flexible when alteration of dietary qucntity is in question. Over the years, cocchcc have been attempting to control the cictc of their cthlctcc in order to insure maxi- mum.porformancc during competition. Those coaches hove been under the belief that the inclusion or exclusion.of certain fooda in the diet impairc or aide performance or the cth~ lctc. Unfortunately they have had little scientific basic for their endeavors and to a result they hove relied upon pact traditionc, unfounded beliefs, and tho clover Eadiron Avenue adverticcrcntc of big burinccc. It hat been gonerclly accumcd that carbohydrate 18 the main and yrimcry energy source during crorcioc. Experi— mento with high carbohydrctc dietc have shown 25 per cont (32). 11 per cent (14). and 8.5 per cent (4) increases in ruccular efficiency. It ram clcc found that a cubjcct could continue ctrcnuouc work three timcc cc long on a high ccrm bohyarato dict as on a high fat diet (20). Pat has boon concidcrcd only at reserve fuel. need mcinly during recovery. However. in recent years evidence has accumulated which score to cuggcct that the plccmo free fatty aciac are on important fuel for prolonged muscular work and that ccrbchyfiratc 21 metabolism otcrts to ploy a major role only in heavy exer- cise when the oxygen oupply of the muscle becomes inouffi~ oient (13). A120. the oxygen uptoko of the okolotol muaclo in man is so high that it cannot be explained by the oxida- tion of glucooo clone (1). Another otufiy (17) above that on the bacia of recpirotory quotient values, fat appearefi to b0 the principle energy source in men exercising after an overnight fast. In light of the contrcaictory rooulto from the above studies. it scams or conoiderable practical importrnce to study the effects of high carbohydrate rot, and Frotein diets on physical performance. CHAPTER III METHODS OF REGEfiRCH This investigation was undertfiken to aetermine the effects Of high protein, high carbohydrate, and high fat on the performance at forced but controlled activity in the male albino rat. Experimental Defiign Veaned (23wday3~old) -ala rata of the fiprague~ Dawley Strain were utilizad &3 experimental animala in this investigation. % u" E To permit adjugtment to tha laborgtory énvironment and the experimental diets, all animals were housed for 512 weeka in standard, individual cages far amall animals. Theme cages ehall be ¥e£erred to am "sedentary cages" here— inafter, find are 24cm. long by 18cm, wide by 18cm. tall. For tVO'veeka prior to the commencement of the training phase of the etudy. the animals were permitted voluntary activity in exerciaa wheels. of the type described by Richter and 22 2} Wang (23). which wcro attached ta their individufil ccdcn~ tcry cagea. This wan done an that the animals were able to learn.how to run and to become acquainted with an excr~ 0188 wheel. At the and of the voluntary activity period, the animals were returned to a sedentary oxistance, except for their exarcice bout each day, for the remainder of the study. 1. it twenty~three days of age. each animal vac randomly assigned to one of the following four diet groupm: (a) High protein - received casein. 500.0 g/kg or 50 per cent, dextrose, 300.0 g/kg or 30 per cent, hydrogenated vegetable 011, 100.0 g/kg or 10 per cent; and.vitnmin, salt mix; and non-nutritive fiber in a combinction of 10 per cent. (b) High carbohydrate - received casein, 200.0 g/kg or 20 per cent, dextroce, 600.0 g/kg or 60 per cent. hydrogenate vegetable oil, 100.0 g/kg or 10 per cent; and vitcmin, salt mix: and non~nutritive fiber in a combinction cf 10 per cent. (0) High fat - receivcd casein, 200.0 5/kg or 20 per cent, dcxtroce. 200.0 g/kg or 20 per cent, 24 hydrogenated vegetable 011. 500.0 g/kg or 50 par cent; and'vitmmin, solt mix; and nonsnutritrvo fiber in a combination of 10 per cont. (6) Control diet - received standard Wayne 2. Laboratory Blocko. fit flirty-five dayo of age. each animal.waa ao- oignod to one of two activity treatments. The groups wore watched according to activity records compiledover the tVO‘woeke that the animals bod access to their individual exorcise whcolo. according to body woighto, and according to diet treatmento. (a) A Short duration running group woo subjected (b) to o short-duration, high-intensity program of interval running in controlled exercise vhoelo for onall onimols. By the end of the eighth week of training thooo animals were completing 31x, tennminute bouto, with two and a half’minuteo or root between bouto. Beoh.bout consisted of ten ropetitiono or ten oooondo of work alternated with forty seconds of rest. Thio group ran at oix feet per second during the work intervals. A Long duration running group was oubjectod to n.1ong-durmtion, low-intonoity program of oontinuouo running in the controlled exoru ciao wheel for small animals. By the and of tho eighth week of training, those ani- cola taro completing two. twontyufivo- minute bouts, with two and a half minutes of root between bouto. This group-ran at two feet per second during the work interval. The controlled cxoroioc wheel. designed, constructed, and tested at fiichignn State University, was utilized in this otudys With this apparatus, the speed and duration of ruo~ ning can be controlled separately and in combination. Either interval training or-oontinuouo regimens or exercise can be conducted depending on tho objectiveo or the inveo~ tiga’cor. The diet treatments wore administered once a day. seven days a week. in the afternoon over a 14-week period. Tho'varicuo experimental exorcise treatmenta woro adminis- tered once a day. between 6:00 A.H. and 11:00 A.E.. five days o.wcek (Monday through Priday). Thoco trontuonto vcro continued over a eight-week or fortyuday period. Thirtyntwo fiproguo—Dowloy Stroin.malo rota were utilized as the oxperioontal animals in thic invootigction. 26 Eoted below, in Tobie 2, io tho combinotion diet group— troining’group‘decign cno the distribution of cnimolo in each of the lictod categories. mm 2 a Gro Protein 8 4 4 Fat 8 4 4 Carbohydrate 8 4 4 Control 8 4 4 1 r” Cu Throughout the experiment, all of tho onicclc re- ceived water and were fed their specific diets ad libitum. Each animol.wcc hanfilod, fed. and watered dci . T . t a Data The following data were collected curing the otudy and cnclyzcd: 1. Daily rcccrdc were kept of the body weights of all animalc: (c) Bocy weight before exercise (b) Body weight after oxeroicc 2. Daily recordc were kept of’thc environmental 27 conditions in the room where the animals were exercised: (a) Air'tcmpcrcturc (b) Percent humidity (c) Barometric prcccuxc 3. Daily recordc were kept or the controlled exer- cise wheel cettingc used with the short and long running groups: (a) Acceleration time (13) work time (0) Best time (d) Ecpctltionc per bout (0) Humbar-of boutc (f) flimc between boutc (5) Amount of shock available (h) Speed 4. Dfiily rcccrdc were kept of the training results for each of the two exercice groupcz (a) fatal expected revolutions (b) Total revolutions run (a) Percent cxpcctcd revalutionc (d) Total work time (0) Cumulative duration.ahock (2) Percent chock free time 5. Anclycic ct varicncc, correlaticnc, and means were ucca 1n.tha cficticticcl annlymic of the compiled ante from this investigation. 6. These animals were also utilized in two other studies involving blood precoureo. CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS 0? DATfi Thio ctudy involved the dietary alterations of pro- tein, carbohydrate, and rot in the diets of 32 mole albino rots and tho effectc those oltcrotiono bod on their phyoiccl performance. The study covered 14 wooko. beginning when.tho animolo were 23 days old and ending at sacrifice when the [mimic were 121 to 123 days old. Over this: period of timo data woo accumulated decling‘with the aspects of the daily life of the experimental animals, the environmental conditions. and the training'rooulto recorded for ouch animal. Because of its inherent value, analysic of variance was utilized co the chief ctotioticol methofl for tho analy- sis of data obtained in this study. Tabloo 3 through 6, and Graphs 1 through 8 provide the coalysic of variance, moon, standard deviation, and vioual interpretations of the data compiled from thio study. Animal number, Training Group, Diet Group, and Troining Group pluo Diet Group ore the category variables; wheroco Booy Weight Beforo frcining, Body Woight After Training, 29 Body'Woight Loss, Poroent Body weight Loon, PER, nnd P8? are deponoent voriobloo. The following points ohould be noted: (1) Diet Group ona Training have boon defined in (2) ( ) Chapter 1, therefore, reiteration in not noo- oooary. Animalo fihmber 5. 13, and 18 éeoooood for reasons of unknown origin. The data obtained from theoe animals was not used in order to facilitate easy otatiotiool orcgromming and interpretation. The tormo PER.ond Pfi? ohould be defined in order to facilitate undorotonding of the data prooontod here. I23 oanlae defined as the per- cent of exoeoted revolutions. The planning of the exercise progromo woo ouch,that on animal woo expected to run n set number or rovolu~ tiono in.the exorcise wheel in o givon amount of time and at a particular rate. For example, if on animal wan expected to run 400 rovolu- tiono and then ran 450 or 350. ito PER.vould be 112.5 par cont or 87.5 por cent respectively. Po? io the percentage of'ohock free time. The programo were booed on a time principal, oo arrangoa as to allow the animolo a predetermined 31 amount of acceleration and performance time. If they tfiiled to maintain the required pace, n.9timulatory shocking device was utilized to facilitate their performance. The percent nhock.£ree time during each exercise period wast; csdculated by dividing the mummified ahock.timc by the program tima ina subtracting from 100. For example, if cumulative aback time'was 50 seconds and program time nae 1.200 seconds, the PS? would be 95.8 per eant. Each table and graph haw been.deeigned for easy reading and interpretation. Special att¢ntion should be devoted to the degendent variables, Body Weight, PER, and 3?; alao, the category‘V&riable Training Group and Diet Group (Tabla 6) and Grapha 1 through 8, aince thay are or extreme importance in this study of animal performflnce. TLblO 3 provides a summary of individual animal scores over tho 40~day training period. It wag earlier stated that animals which had PER'valuea of 75 or better may be considered capabla performers. Table 3 indicates that only Animal Ember 19 failed t6 achieve the 75 per cent criteria. The data for this animal was included in the etatietical analysis because of the already small sample 513% o '2 TifiLE 3 3 1nfilyeia of'vnrianco. means. and standard deviationa: where the category variablo 11 animal number 14 L4 .4 .14 .11 .1. .__. _4. AM CATEGORY: BODK’WEIGHT BODI'EEIGB2 BODY'VEIGHT 11111111. BEFORE ifllfii 1.0232. 1 246.6 7.66 245.9 17.0 0.7 16.1 2 256.5 24.25 253.1 23.4 3.3 2.2 3 512.3 30.38 303.5 34.4 8.8 22.3 4 309.6 29.60 301.5 46.5 8.0 39.1 6 326.0 32.21 310.2 34.0 7.7 15.4 7 344.1 34.01 336.4 34.4 7.7 16.0 8 516.2 29.47 312.5 28.5 3.7 2.5 9 287.2 3.79 285.3 29.5 1.9 16.1 10 254.2 23.10 260.1 21.9 4.1 2.5 11 296.2 24.07 292.7 23.9 3.5 1.9 12 277.7 25.58 274.7 25.1 3.0 1.8 14 322.1 21.67 316.5 22.5 5.6 2.5 15 327.5 22.15 323.0 21.5 4.5 2 3 16 348.0 22.30 337.7 34.1 10.3 22.8 17 277.7 20.28 276.9 23.4 0.7 15.6 19 250.1 36.87 246.8 35.7 3.2 2.2 20 238.9 23.21 236.6 22.9 2.3 1.2 21 312.7 28.37 309.2 28.1 3.5 2.0 22 308.1 25.93 303.9 24.9 4.1 2.8 23 312.7 34.01 507.4 33.5 5.3 2.2 24 252.5 37.80 247.8 39.1 4.6 22.7 25 255.9 21.16 285.5 27.1 0.4 15 3 26 270.1 25. 45 266.8 25.0 5.3 1.9 27 292.7 25 59 288.8 25.7 3.9 1 7 28 227.5 M. 66 225.9 11.5 1.6 6.2 29 329.2 28.69 318.4 32.8 10.8 22.1 30 305.7 29.97 301.0 29.0 4.7 2.2 3 300. 7 23.99 301.0 31.1 ~o.2 22.1 32 345. 5 23.85 340.2 22.7 5.3 3.1 .... A‘ 4.. W .7 ' .fi w v w Whoro S. D. will repreoont Standard Deviation The overall Esau #11 294. 6 and tho overall Stand1rd Deviation mm 42.0 for W The overall Mean was 290. 2 and the overall Standard Deviation was 42.1 for W The overall bioan.V1a 4.39 and the ovorall Standard Bov11.ion was 14.0 for W TABLE 3 (Continued) 53 ‘7 fir , —~vv fi w -r ‘—r PEECEET BODY FEECEET EXPECTED wr————. CATEiGOEI: PBRCEET EEOCK AHIE".L WEIGHT 1. REVOLUTIOHS FREE TIFE 'EEER EEAH 8.D $313 5.3. MEAE S.D. 1 0.2 6.6 ' 95.4 29.0 79.8 20.8 2 1.2 0.7 86.9 8.6 84.2 8.4 3 2.7 6.7 82.9 8.2 78.1 9.0 4 2.4 13.6 85.2 20.5 74.8 21.1 6 2.3 4.5 75.1 21.0 68.9 16.0 7 2.1 4.1 80.6 28.0‘ 74.2 15.9 8 1.1 0.7 112.9 19.9 88.7 9.2 9 0.7‘ 5.5 79.0 33. 57.4 27.6 10 1.5 0.8 94.9 24.2 87.5 11.1 11 1.1 0.6 115.1 35.5 90.1 10.2 12 100‘ 006 86.6 15.8 82.5 9.6 14 1.7 0.8 105.7 36.2 80.9 18.3 15 1.5 0.6 81.6 18.3 77.9 11.3 16 3.0 6.8 91.7 25.7 80.6 17.4 17 0.2 5.8 111.5 47.3 85.5 13.0 19 1.2 0.7 58.4 4.4 66.7 12.4 20 0.9 0.5 85.1 27.1 70.9 24.8 21 1.1 0.6 93.7 27.8 79.1 15.4 22 1.5 0.8 109.9 17.6 88.9 10.3 23 1.7 0.6 124.5 45.0 90.5 7.7 24 1.6 6.9 82.7 2804 76.8 1407 25 0.1 5.1 97.8 20.8 85.5 14.2 26 1.2 0.6 108.2 38.5 87.4 9.9 27 1.3 0.6 73.4 29.7 75.8 14. 5 28 097 206 96.0 2707 86.4 1,). 3 29 5.2 6.2 78.4 14.9 75.1 13.8 50 1.5 0.6 86.2 18.9 76.5 11.4 31 ~0.1 7.7 90.8 30.1 82.0 3.6 32 1. 5 0.8 105.1 36.8 83.0 15.7 w-r—v— w w— v..— V V The overéll Eean.w00 1. 4 and the av0r011 Standard Deviation was 4.6 for The overall. wan 30.8 for The overall Fean W08 79 .7 anfl.th0 qverall Standard Deviation was 16. 5 for e 34 Table 4 utilizeo the troining groupo, short and long. ao its category variable. This provides information concerning the differences between the two training.groupo on a whole. It is of extreme importance to note that a comparison of short a oinot long 18 of littlc value because performance 13 relative to the objectives or each particular program. This table is uoeful chiefly in analyzing the per— formance within each group. Table 5 ohcva the effect of diet as a category Variable, but omitc the independent effect of training group per 59. An intoreoting point can.ho made concerning the differences in body weight between diet croupc. Boay weight was not controlled in terms of the amount of food consumed each day. ihe animals were permitted complete freedom of food intake. Largo boéy weight differences be- tweon diet zroupo could be observed no early co the second rook. Theme differencoo became greater in the performance period of the otudy and continued to incrococ up to sacri- 1103 during the fifteenth cook. The 0.0005 level of oig» niticcnoc indicatoo the importance of diet to animal.voight. However, oovcral alternative roooono exiot for the marked differencoo other than dietary compooition itself. For example, the texture and teats of the various foodo may have been either deoircbla or disagreeable. is o rcoult. one group of onimelo may have octon oonoiaercbly more than TABLE 4 K .11 U1 analysis of varianoe, new and atemdewd Mutations: where the category variable 10 training group .4 CATEGORY: 130m WEIGHT BSD! mam 30m YBIGHT 1'3».me BEFORE fiFTER 1.00:0 0200? 1mm 0.0. mun 5.1:. mm; $3.3). SHORT mm.- Axcx 298.1 41.3 293.5 42.3 4.6 17.9 1.000 Erma- AHCE 290.4 42.4 286.5 41.6 4.1 6.9 AP?ROXIMATB 31015131051103 mmmmm: 0.002 0.004 0.565 kAA‘A A The overall H001: and Starfiarfi Deviation War: the mum we. allow; in Table 3 for £13. DESPERDEET VAEIABLEE; CATEGORY! PERCENT BODY PERCEN? EXPECTED PERCENT CHUCK TNINING WEIGHT L055 53 REV OLUT 10153 FEE}; TEE SHORT mTDUPw-I MB 1.4 5.9 91.8 33-7 77.8 18.7 mm EKDUR-u ANCE 1.3 2.1 92.9 25.7 82.0 12.9 IsI‘l’RCXIF’ATE f.“ IGNII’ICAECE A. ‘hm .- w—r . W ThBLE 5 Analyz 13 of 111.0000. 0.02020 and atzndera deviation“ what: the category variant! 10 diet group MgA-- _A_ L. W — —-——— ww— 7 ~— V , W ww— GA; 330013.?! MD? 36316}??? EGDY $31613? BODY EEIGB’I‘ 01 T A BEFGHB arrgn ~30 CGEETOI 32502 30.8 31901 3207 601 1601 Carbohydrmta 27502 30.6 27205 51.6 8.7 803 Pat 270.2 5801 26603 39.6 309 1901 Protein 31294 3904 507.2 39.2 5-1 11.3 A? I YIOXIFI ' ATE EIGIJYIOAHCE I’EOEABILITY 3 0.0005 0.0005 0.025 .4.; A .0. A The overall Beam and Standard Deviations warn the 00.00 as «ahawn in Table 25 for £11 3132;323:3553 VMABLES lined. CATEGORY 3 P333 ”TECUY PILIiCHIT EXPECTED 1337133.ch u.- HUGE: DIET WEIGHT L05" 3 3 IBVOLUT ICES 3.5.41.3 TIE 4"} “EDD? HEAH 30D. “EEK 3.5a EEEE 3:3. Control 1.8 500 9296 290 g 7906 15-3 Cmbohydmto 1.0 2.8 93.9 31.6 81.3 1707 Fat 1.3 606 86.1 28. 8 7608 17.6 Prawn 1.6 3.3 95.7 31.8 80.7 14.7 HEIGXHTATB I? 19331? 1533:5103 FRCWEILITYI 0.149 9.001 0.005 I r I .— w. v 'v -—— 7—7 M W .q 37 nnother group. Table 5 would indicate that a high fat diet in not conducive to optimal physical activity. walo 6 and Gropho 1 through 8 represent the moat valuable data obtained from thin study. The importance of classifying the animals by both Diet Group and Training Group is abown by the fact that.noon differences in all variables except Body'voight Loon nnd Percent Body Weight Loos rooohod the 0.0005 level of oigniticonco. Table 6 compares tho category variable. diet-training group. agninot the previously noted dependent vnrinbloo. Each graph gives the viewer n viounl impression of the daily PER ond Body Weight of a particular diet-trnining group. Suru prioingly within the abort endurance group, the onimoln on the tot ration achieved tho highoot PER of 93.3 per CorbOhydrnto. 91.3 por'oont, control. 91 toin. 90.7 per cent, diet animals i tho long endurance group. one tindo that the nninolo on the protein ration achieved the highoot PER of 100.6 per cont, followed by carbohydrate. 96.5 per cent; oontrol. 95.6 per cont, and tot. 75.8 per cent. It in interesting to note that carbohydrate and control diet animals worn second and third in performance both in short and long ondurnnno. But, there won a complete reversal of position for tot and protein'diet nninnlo. Aninnlo on the int diot'vero lnot in the nhort TABLE 6 Analysis at variance, meann and standard deviations whert tha category‘varimbla 16 diet-training group 4‘ A_. 1.1 .1. CATEGORY BODY'WEIGHT BODY WEIGHT BODY HEIGHT DIET-TRAIHIHG BEFORE AFTER LOSS GROUP “£113 3 o D 0 MBA}: S g D 0 EM” 9 o D o SHORT/CDHTROL 325.2 29.4 318.5 32.9 6.5 19.7 fiBOHT/GARBOHYDEAT5290.5 23.8 288.1 26.6 2.4 11.1 SHORT/FAT 268.2 35.3 265.2 39.1 2.9 22.5 fiHORT/PROTEIH 308.7 48.5 302.3 48.4 6.3 15.8 LOfiG/COETRUL 325.4 33.5 320.3 32.6 5.0 2.7 LOfiG/CARBOHYDEATE 259.8 29.0 256.8 28.4 3.0 3.7 LOKG/FA? 272.9 41.5 267.8 40.4 5.1 13.1 Lona/PROTEIN 316.1 27.2 312.1 26.5 4.0 2.4 AP?RDXIEATE SIGNIFICAROE PROBfiBILITY: 0.0005 0.0005 0.046 0A EGORY IERCLET BODY PERCEHT EXPECTED FERCEET SHOCK TRAIHIKG GROUP WEIGHT L0?S REVOLUTIOES FREE TIfiE ARI) DIE? GROUP MEAE' 8 .D . NM ' S . D . $23M! 5; .D . SHORT/CORTROL 1.9 5.1 91.2 29.0 79.5 16.0 SHORT/CARBOHYDRATE 0.8 3.7 91.3 34.3 76.7 21.5 SHORT/FAT 0.9 8.1 93.3 34.1 77.2 20.7 tznoz—m/Pfiomm 1.9 4.6 90.7 37.2 77.6 16.0 LOHG/CONTRCL 1.5 0.7 95.6 30.5 79.7 14.0 LOEG/CARBGHYDRATE 1.1 1.4 95.5 28.5 85.9 11.2 LONG/FAT 1.7 3.9 75.8 14.5 76.3 12.4 LCfiG/FROTEIB 1.2 0.7 100.6 24.4 83.6 12.8 APYROXIfifiTB SIGHIFICAECE PROB£BILITY3 0.184 0.0005 0.0005 59 endurance program and last in the long endurance; while animals on.fiho protein diet were loot in the short endur~ anon program and tirot in the long onaurnnco. The original hypothooio that there might be a difference in.per£ormonoo as influenced by variouo dioto hos been substantiated at the 0.0005 level of significance. From the data accumulated in this particular otudy. it may be opooulatod that the short and long exercise programs involve different metabolic requirements, poooibly diitoront metabolic pathways, and more than likely difforont energy oxpenditureo. Except for the ratnfod. longuenduronoo animals, the BER or each of the other groups follow aimilor patterns as illustrated in Graphs 1 through 8. An.1nteroot1ng, but for from subotantiotod. oboorvation 13 that 83 body weight 1n~ creaseo over time, £23 decreaseo. There are many poooiblo explanations for thio occurrence. Eor instance. body voight may influence animal performance after a given point, or the program difficulty increasing as a function of timo.moy be tho sole cause of the PER decreaoe. 0,24,; 9. @644 m,/...._.,,,z_:;.r@ 2a arm/1., x. 9, .3 3. $.— 5 . . a, . 3m 1: N94 2 .5 7d .013 :. wmw :w Mum, IH. a - . .3 ma . . IF... 3 1 7 3w . .2 t 3, . 3 .... J. 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(A+ 3 a s s 2 s .2 ~., sag m. :25 93a wwwfiwgfiayg 9.,”ny 5.9% cm Jlnxrflflflw lr|llnlllll CHAPTER‘V SUHKARY AKD COHCLUSIOHS In lieu of the lack of experimental evidence con» earning dietary alteration and its effect on physical per- formance this investigation was undertoken to determine the effects of high protein. high carbohydrate, and high fat diets on the performance of forced but controlled ac- tivity in.tha male albino rat. Thirty~two weaned, (23~dmys~old).nale, albino rats of tho Sprague—Duvley Strain.ware ufied as exyerimental uni- molo in this study. Following an odjuatment period of six weeke, each animal was aasigned to either the short dura- tion or long duration activity treatment. The following conclusions have been derived from the analysis of the data and row observationa obtained from this Hipsrimental in~ vestigation. 1. The dietary oltorationa of fat, carbohydrate, and protein used in thia study have a Bignifioant (0.0005 lovol) effect on the physical performance of the mole albino rot. 2. Thio effect ie observed in the two types of exercise used, ahort and long enfiurunoe, where marked 40 41 differences in IKE coerce can be eeen. The protein. car» bohydrete, and control animals in the long endurance pro- gram achieved higher FER ecorec than the protein, carbo- hydrate. control, and fat enimele in the short endurance group. Alec, the order of FER eooroe of each diet group varied in each training group. In the chart group, the fat diet group achieved the higheet PER score and the protein group the lowest; uhilo in the long'group, the protein diet group achieved the highest PER ecoro and the fat diet group the lowest. 3. All animals except number 19 achieved a 75 per cent or better PER score. which one the criterion each enia mel had to meet to be considered e capable performer. 4. Graphs 1 through 8 indicate that PER eooree and Body Height‘veried from day to day over the 40~dey training period. Except for Graph 7. long endurance and {at ted ani- mals, PER scores and daily Body'beight ecoree followed very similar patterns. It may be concluded that the difference in daily PER coerce may be a function of program difficulty, a reflection of the dietary influence on the phyeicel per- formance, or a reflection at bou'well.tho animal was able to run. Kore than likely it ie a combination of ell three poe~ eibilitiee. 5. There 1e eubotantiel evidence from the teblee and grephe that body weight may influence PEB.oooree; however, no definite statement can be made. l. 2. 7. 8. 10. common 1.3 Andrea, .;.. ' .. "The Quantitative Kinor Role of Carbohydrate n Oxidativc Retoboliem By Skeletal Allen. R., and Leaky. J.. ”Some Effects 0: Dietary Dex- trace. Fructoce, Liquid Gluooco.m Sucrose In the Mun 12m P- t. W. Vol. 20 (1964)! .139‘347. Borneo. 3.. ”Retrition coo Learning.B4hevicr, ” R J Eigvgggo, V01. 25’ RC. 1 (Jflnmg 1.967). 20'"? . Biorine, 3.. "Respiratory Quotient end Eificioncy 0: Moderate Exoroieo tith S§peoifio Reference to In- fluence 0! Diet, 5;§_;32gxgig;ggig. Vol.5 (19$2), 17-21. Burr end Eur. . by . Vol. 82 (1929), 345. Burr. Burr. and Miler. WW. Vol. 97 (1932): 1- Carrol. 0.. "Influences of Dietary Corbdhydrotcc-Fato Combinations 0n Various Functioncc . eocieted with Glycolyoic and Lipogoneoic in the Rot.” w ‘§g§;;3;23,, Vol. 62. R0. 2 (February, 1964;, 133~§%1. Carrol. 0.. and Bright 3.. "Influence of Carbohydrate to Pet Ratio On Retobolic Chongeo Induced In the Rat By Feeding,“ grre . V01. 87. R0. 2 (October. 965;, 202—210. Chang. V.. ”Effect of Carbohydrate 0n Utilization of rrotoin and Lycine By Rota.“ 0 Vol. 78, Ro.11(3eptecber, 1962 . 21-27. Chow, 3.. §:_g1.. "Effect of Eoternol Diet 0o Growth of Pot Pups, " Wm. Vol. 2:5, 2:0. 3 (tiarch, 1956), 34-87. 42 14- ’4 U: C 16. 17. 18. 43 Cowley. 3.. and Orient 01. R.. "Diet , Development, and 4 . hit 011156308 " ~ . 1"" . V01. 25 . no 0 8 (Aflgfifit’ 1964). 244“2470 Forbes, Swift, Black, End Kahlarberg,J n' a finn mm. Vol. 10 (1935). 461. Fritz, 1., "Fatty Acid Oxidation by r*keletefl. Muscles During Heat and Iotivity.” éggg§ggr fihxz;ggggz, Vol. 194 (1958). 379-385. Eamilton. T., ”Growth, Activity, and chposition 01 Rata Fed Diets lecnccd and Uzzbelance¢ With lleopect to Irotain," 'QQEEQQL’21_LEQI$ELQQ. Vol. 17 (1939). 565’5851 Harper, A.. and Lrtayzma, 3., ”The Influence of Varioue CT zbohydrates on.the Utiliz :Tticn of Low Iratein ' f “ ’ v01. 49' R0. 2 I‘LE’Avely Roy 8nd Cfirlfian’ LO. 1m: w, \ol. 19 (1964). 613 20. t . , 1‘0. 179 ' 19:40 Krough, 3., &nd Linbazt, qJ., "The Eielative Vilue of Fat and Gm.rbohydrnte he Sources of Ruscle Ifnnrgy,” MW. Vol. 14 (1920). 287-291. Eacdonnl. I., "50mm Influencea of Dietary Oarbohydratea on Liver and Depot Lipidz," J ‘ .4. v01. 162 (Jufie. 1952). #34“3440 Knoaonald, 1., and Bruithwnite, D.. "The Influence of Dietary Carbohydrzta on the Lipid Pattern in Serum and in Adipox.za Tigaue," S .s , Vol. 27 (1964 ) D 2,10. 44 23. E20n2be, R.. at, g;., "The Lffect of 3131 F2 t and High Carbohydz Lte Lists on Lpontaneous ActiVity in Albino Lice," 1622 - g , Vol. 26, No. 4 (1966), 448”454o 24. FcCoy. fie er. Rage, (1955 I J60 25. Fead, J., ”Present Knowledge of Fbts, " Wfi+ri+*cv 2L§22§h'8' V01. 249 30.2 (February. 190‘ 9 33“}50 , Vol. 94 (19 31~1932). a t1 0 Sidransky, H., "Acute Amino Lcid Deficiency in Rats, " figigé. W! V01. 239 110.1(Jmuzary. 1955), 27*30- 28. Slonakor, J., "Effects of Different Ieroentagee of Protein in Diet, ” Pvevicv A .. 2, Vol. 96 (1956), S57~5 l. 29. Smith, 3.. and Cougar, 3.,“ Spontaneoua Activi y in Relation to Diet in Albino E2ts, " Jozamrr: Engago;ggz, Vol. 142 (1944), 663-655. 30. Ctitt, X., ”Hutrition+1 V lues or Diets Tod: y 2nd Fifty Years A 50,“ L ",Izevign g, Vol. 21, no. 9 (IR? stomber 9190) 9 257*(5 do 31. Thom’ufifiong Ho, "The 31010310511 V‘lues Of Cyila 821d lfitts," J ‘- * 2212292. Vol. 57. 2°. 1 (1955). 17-20. 32. VanItallie, 3., tflnd Wt re, 3.. ”Hutriticn Lad ‘thletic Lerfornwbnce, " QZEETJ f a 22 v, a: l'iti fi9 v01. 162 155 p 1120“ll£40 33. Weredal. J.. and ngrper, 2., "S'frcct of High Protein Int: k@ on L’itrogen bptbeliufi9 --2 . u.- -. AI}, T “9909mm co. IIJTIHHIHIHHWIIIIIWIHWIIHHHI 31293 01730 6931