ANALY$IS 0F SHOOT TIP. LEAF AND SOIL SAMPLES AND WELD GF SELECTED BLACK RASPBERRY PLANTINGS Thesis for {419 Degree of M. S. MECHEGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Wiilard LEoyd Koukkari 1958 THESIS ANALYSIS OF SHOOT TIP, LEAF AND SOIL SAMPLES AND YIELD OF SELECTED BLACK RASPBERRY PLANTINGS By Willard Lloyd Koukkari AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Agriculture, Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Horticulture 1958 Approved WILLARD LLOYD KOUKKARI ABSTRACT A survey of 42 black raspberry plots in 21 plantings in Berrien and Van Buren counties was made in 1957 to determine the nutritional condition of each plot. Shoot tip and leaf samples collected twice from each plot were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, man- ganese, iron, copper and boron. Soil samples were analyzed for cation ex- change capacity and also were tested for phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium and pH. Cane diameters were measured during dormancy and yields were harvested in 1958. The survey showed the shoot tips to contain higher amounts of nitro- gen, phosphorus and potassium than the leaves. Calcium, magnesium, man- ganese, iron and copper showed higher accumulations in the leaves, while boron was approximately equally distributed in shoot tips and leaves. The second samples collected revealed a decrease in composition for nitrogen and copper and an increase for phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and iron in the leaf. Potassium remained approximately the same in the second sampling. Boron showed an increase in Van Buren county and a decrease in Berrien county. Leaf analysis revealed a negative relationship between potas- sium and magnesium. Yield records show iron and boron to decrease with increased yields. WILLARD LLOYD KOUKKARI ABSTRACT ~ 2 Low levels of manganese in both soil and leaf samples were associated with low production. The poor production plots generally possessed a higher pH than the higher yielding plots. Yields showed a closer relationship to cane diameter than to number of canes. ANALYSIS OF SHOOT TIP, LEAF AND SOIL SAMPLES AND YIELD OF SELECTED BLACK RASPBERRY PLANTINGS By Willard Lloyd Koukkari A THESIS Submitted to the College of Agriculture, Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Horticulture 1958 2/ role/9’? I; 7393s A ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author acknowledges the guidance of Dr. A. L. Kenworthy for assistance in outlining the survey and presentation of the thesis. Dr. H. K. Bell is given special acknowledgement for valuable assistance in the preparation of the survey and for aid in the collection of the samples. Sincere appreciation is expressed to Dr. E. J. Benne and to Mr. S. T. Bass of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry for aid in the analyses of shoot tips and leaves. The author wishes to thank the black raspberry growers of Berrien and Van Buren counties who provided the survey plots and also to the Michigan Food Research Association for financial assistance in conducting the survey. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . ............. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . ........... EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE RESULTS . . . . .............. General Field Observations . . . . ....... Survey . . ...... . . ' .......... DISCUSSION . . .................... SUMMARY ......... LITERATURE CITED ................. APPENDIX . . . . l3 l3 14 29 35 36 40 INTRODUCTION Michigan is credited with being the leading state in the production of black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis). The southwestern section of the state, especially Berrien and Van Buren counties, comprises the chief black raspberry area in America. Black raspberries ripen between the harvests of strawberries and tart cherries. The early ripening Logan is the chief variety grown in Michigan, and is sold mostly for food processing. During the 1930's some research was directed towards fertilizer studies on black raspberries. A limited amount of early work in Michigan was carried on by Hoffman and Schlubatis (1928), and Marshall (1931). The purpose of this investigation was to conduct research on the nutritional requirements of Michigan black raspberry plantings using shoot tip, leaf, and soil analysis to provide basic information and data to guide the planning of future fertilizer studies and recommendations. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Many factors may influence the growth and production of a black raspberry planting. Sudds (1935) recorded a difference in black raspberry stands when the same varieties were planted in similar locations by two different persons. One obtained a 92 percent stand, while the other obtained only a 45. 5 percent stand, and both were experienced planters. He suggested also that differences in performance of surviving plants may be associated with the way they were set and not other cultural practices. Johnston (1925), Teske and Gardner (1927), Cherry (1931), and Judkins (1945) all found a direct relation between vegetative vigor and pro- duction of black raspberry plantings. Khanmai (1939) noted a positive corre- lation in the red raspberry between the weight of leaves on fruiting laterals and the weight of fruit on these laterals. Johnston (1925) found that thinning out lateral canes of Cumberland black raspberries resulted in greatly reduced yields without a material in- crease in size of berries. He also showed that the yield of canes and of laterals and size of berry were closely associated with cane diameter or size. Teske and Gardner (1927) noted that the number and size of black raspberry canes directly influenced yields. Judkins (1945) indicated that higher yields of black raspberries were associated slightly more with large diameter of canes than with number of canes, though good correlation also existed between yields of berries per acre and number of the fruiting canes. Teske and Gardner (1927) in Michigan showed that the physical proper- ties of soil reflected greatly on the successful culture of Cumberland black raspberries. Highest yields occurred when a clay subsoil was present to retain moisture during periods of drought. Marshall (1931), Woods (1942) and Thomas and Mack (1943) all noted that climatic conditions had a great effect on yields of black raspberries. Thomas and Mack (1943) indicated that differences in yields between pairs of similarly fertilized plots could have resulted from soil differences or differ‘ ences in weather conditions or from both. Marshall (1931) revealed that black raspberry plants were extremely sensitive to soil heterogeneity. In the most uniform field he could find in southwestern Michigan, the coefficient of variability for row yields was 20. 67 percenL Hoffman and Schlubatis (1928) found the black raspberry to be tolerant to a wide variation in soil acidity. A study in Ohio with Logan black raspberry roots by Havis (1939) showed that fertilizer applications along the sides of the rows and to a distance of 2 to 3 feet outward to be the most economical. CAD Collison and Slate (1943) found nitrogen to be the effective element in fertilizers applied to Cumberland black raspberries in New York. Neither phosphorus nor potassium in the fertilizer produced any significant effects. In comparing the yields from different plots, Cherry (1931) found that 300 pounds of ammonium sulfate per acre showed an increase in yield, with the same cane diameter, over the treatment receiving no nitrogen fertilizer. Chandler (1920) noted that in plots receiving nitrogen the total cane growth was 1. 004 times that of nontreated black raspberry plots. Larger fruit was harvested from plots receiving heavy treatments of potassium by Clark and Powers (1945). The leaves reflected the potassium treatment more accurately than did the black raspberry fruit. Stene (1935) reported potassium and nitrogen to be very important in fertilizer programs for red raspberries in Rhode Island. Phosphorus was important only for cultural systems requiring a cover crop. Powers and Wood (1945) found that applications of potash increased yields of black raspberries. When nitrate and phosphate were applied with no potash, leaf scorch appeared to be intensified. Askew, Chittenden and Watson (1951) reviewed the work of McLarty and Fitzpatrick (1938) and Atkins and Wright (1942) and found them to agree that the use of boron gave better yields of red raspberries. Askew, Chittenden and Monk (1951) found that low soluble boron in the soil caused poor growth due to failure of buds to develop on fruiting canes of Red Antwerp raspberries. Harris (1944) found that boron, magnesium and zinc deficiencies were likely to become pronounced enough in red raspberries to warrant their use in fertilizing programs. While working with black raspberries, Powers and Wood (1945) observed a response to the use of copper sulfate. In the Leningrad region of Russia, Pehoto (1957) showed that the high- est yields were obtained where, in addition to an annual dressing of 30 tons per hectare of farmyard manure, young plants received a spring application of 90 kilograms per hectare each of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. Plants over 6 years old received 90 kilograms per hectare of nitrogen in the spring, and 90 kilograms per hectare of phosphorus and potassium after harvest Reports by Cherry (1931) showed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potas- sium all increased yields of black raspberries over the nonfertilized plots if used in sufficient quantities. Seasonal variation in leaf and available soil potassium was found by Powers and Wood (1945) to be such that the standards for leaf potassium content of black raspberries must be based upon the stage of growth and standards for levels of available soil potassium to be based upon time of year. A study on red raspberries by Ramig and Vandecaveye (1950) showed that leaf blades were preferable for the analysis of nitrogen and magnesium, while petioles were best for analysis of phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The critical level of total nitrogen in leaf blades was approximately 2. 9 per- cent. The critical level of phosphorus for both leaf and petiole was approxi- mately 0. 3 percent. With potassium the critical level was approximately 1. 0 percent for blades, and 0. 7 percent for petioles. A critical level for calcium was not found, but was thought to be about 0. 2 percent in the petioles, which contained a higher percent of calcium than did the blades. Askew, Chittenden and Monk (1951), using the fourth leaf back from the shoot tip, found 30 to 35 ppm of boron necessary for healthy development of red raspberries. They were found to tolerate up to 300 ppm of boron in dry matter without any signs of toxicity. A deficiency of an element may greatly reduce yields in numerous ways. Goodall and Gregory (1947) define deficiency by stating that "a plant is deficient in a certain element if supplying that element to the plant in a suitable form causes an increase in the yield, this effect being specific to the element in question". Goodall and Gregory (1947), Shear _e_tal_. (1948) and Kenworthy (1949) report that the total level of nutrients should be in proper balance for optimum results. Goodall and Gregory (1947) stressed that the relative concentration of the nutrient element in the tissue may be no measure of the level of supply, but may depend upon the total supply of all elements and vary according to the par- ticular element. Shear _e_t _e_1_l_. (1948) emphasized the consideration of several elements because information on a single element could lead to erroneous con- clusions. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Survey In 1957, 21 black raspberry commercial plantings in southwestern Michigan (Figures 1 and 2) were selected for leaf and soil sample studies. Both a good and a poor plot were sampled in each planting (Figure 3). The variety used with the Logan. Ten adjacent plants were selected for each of the ‘42 plots and used for collecting samples of leaf, shoot tip and soil. A leaf sample consisted of the first mature leaf back from the tip collected from 50 main canes; a shoot tip sample consisted of the terminal 3 inches of growth from about 50 canes (Figure 4). The first samples from Berrien County were collected on July 31, 1957, 2 weeks before the first samples from Van Buren County. The second samples were collected September 4 to 9, 1957. The soil samples were taken from the top 6 to 8 inches of soil at each plot. Fruit yield records were obtained from 14 of the original 42 plots. Those areas were excluded that were injured by frost and affected appreciably by disease. Four harvests were obtained from each location. Cane Measurements The diameter of all canes in every third hill in each plot were measured for diameter during dormancy. Vernier calipers were used, with the measure- ment taken at a point 6 inches above the crown. Figure 1 Map of Berrien County showing the location of 13 plantings which provided plots for analysis. MAP OF BERRIEN COUNTY MICHIGAN \l/ ' — — ‘ / I \ S LEGEND 37A“ 6 “NW ”A“ COUNfi W DAM — “ARI. — = m — sun's-m. ccumvmfi m5 0 I 2 i t J VAN-URI" C0. BUIEN CASS Figure 2 Map of Van Buren County showing the location of eight plantings which provided plots for analysis. can't... On 0‘ .VI. ,. l 3‘1 [09.» in EU is B<>u a5 :(PV :8 v 3 OOIVIV'IVN i oi 0!! O a: 0 I’d. Illl: ! i 0233 Z<®_IU_<< :ZDOU 2m~5m z<> $.. .0 221.30 1... In» 03 I0"... ‘Ql‘! II C; . :1 k. l V .4.-. . . lo I... I... 00 a... .- 1(GUJJ( I... ‘.«I 0‘ Figure 3 A "Good" (left) and a "Poor" (right) plot as they appeared in the same planting. Figure 4 Black raspberry cane showing location of: Leaf sample - - - - 1 Shoot tip sample - - 2 10. ll. Tissue Analysis The leaf and shoot tip samples were collected and air dried in venti- lated paper bags. They were then oven dried at 150 degrees F, and ground to pass a 20-mesh screen using a Wiley mill. Samples were analyzed in the laboratories of the Agricultural Chemistry Department. Phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper and boron were determined by use of spectrographical procedures. Nitrogen determinations were made by the standard Kjeldahl method. Potassium analyses were made on a flame photo- meter. Because of unusually high levels of manganese, colorimetric deter- minations for manganese were made on the 14 leaf samples that provided yield records. Soil Analysis The soil samples were tested for phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium by the Spurway Active Test, and for phosphorus and potassium using the Spurway Reserve Test developed by Spurway and Lawton (1949). Soil pH tests were determined by using a Beckman pH meter. The tests were made in the Experiment Station Soil Testing Laboratory. Cation exchange capacity determinations were made by placing 20-gram samples of air dried soil and 100 ml of sodium acetate (1 N) into a 125-ml Erhlenmeyer flask, and shaking for 30 minutes. The contents were then 12. filtered and leached with 100 ml of 95 percent ethyl alcohol. After discarding the filtrate a clean flask was used to collect the filtrate obtained by leaching the soil with 100 ml of ammonium acetate (IN). The ammonium acetate leachate was used to determine exchangeable sodium as a measure of the cation exchange capacity. The flame photometer was used for the final sodium determinations. 13. RESULTS General Field Observations In general, environmental factors such as site, location and weather appeared to affect yields of black raspberries in the plots more than did cul- tural practices. Temperature variations, especially the advent of spring frosts, caused production losses in certain locations. In locations where damaging spring frosts did not occur, peak production was usually found in the lower sites of a field, but when frost damage was prevalent the higher sites of a field had a higher production than the lower sites. Soil erosion contributed to poorer stands of plants and plant vigor on hillsides when the rows ran perpendicular to the contour of the land. The non-eroded parts of a field produced higher yields where conditions existed for good air drainage. Some of the growers located on rolling ground used cover crops of oats and rye, while a few relied on weeds. Cover cropping was more of an exception than the rule. Most of the farmers removed the fruiting canes soon after harvest, while others waited until spring when more labor was available. Early re- moval of the old canes may have reduced the spread of disease. However, some of the growers left the old canes in the field and chopped them up for mulch. Mulching was not practiced, except by one grower who attributed 14. part of his good production to the use of sawdust mulch. A complete fertilizer of 1-1-1 ratio (10-10—10, 12-12-12, or 13-13-13) was used by a majority of the growers at rates which varied from 400 to 750 pounds per acre. Some growers used a fertilizer with a 1-4-4 ratio (3-12-12, 5-20-20, or 4-16-16) at rates varying from 200 to 600 pounds per acre. Farm manure was used when available. Most growers made additional applications of nitrogen just before harvest. This was either applied as a foliar spray of urea or broadcast as ammonium nitrate. The most prevalent diseases in the plantings were anthracnose, crown gall, and viruses. Most of the plantings showed some evidence of anthracnose. Control, when properly practiced, involved applications of lime-sulfur in the "delayed dormant stage" and ferbam in the "preblossom stage". Crown gall was also a serious disease, which, through poor control, was spread widely in a few plantings. An unidentified fungus disease, which hardened the berries before maturity, was also beginning to appear in various plantings. This fungus disease was responsible for reduced yields in several locations, and is being studied by Dr. R. H. Fulton of the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology at Michigan State University. Survey The analysis of shoot tips and leaves for all the plots are presented in Appendix Tables I through VI. The analysis of shoot tips and leaves showed significant differences in nutrient composition. Tables 1 and 2 reveal the shoot tips to be higher in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), while the leaves contained higher amounts of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe). Boron (B) was approximately equal in both parts of the plant analyzed. A significant difference between copper content in leaves and shoot tips was found for samples from Berrien County, but not for those from Van Buren County. Boron showed no significant difference in either county. Statistically, according to the "t" test, there were significant changes in composition between the first and second samples. These differences are shown in Table 3. The decrease of nitrogen and copper in the second samples was significant at the 1 percent level in Berrien County. Phosphorus, calcium and iron showed a significant increase in the second samples from Van Buren County. Boron showed unusual fluctuation; there was a decrease in Berrien County and an increase in Van Buren County at the second sampling. No significant differences occurred for potassium between the two sampling dates, but in general, the trend was towards a slight decrease in potassium in the second sample from both counties. Magnesium increased significantly both in Berrien and Van Buren counties between sampling dates. The 14 plots that provided yield records were harvested 4 times. The 16. 49,2 “:8qu H 65 pm EwoflEwwm Edmotmtflmi. .152 Emoumm m of pa EmoGEwwm 333533? 3w . mm . 3.5. .m. 3.: .m .43.. .N 5.3 .v Sag .o :8 .o :2 .v 029 :u: em 2, mm: mmm mm . om . No A M: . Hm .N “no: em ca 3: wow. .2, . mo . 3 .N om . no .N EH poonm ESE c: .3550 :35 :m> mo . 3.: .m ...mo .N asww .N imm .v 3.3 .v 3.3 .N. 3.5 .2 3.: .N. 039 :H: vm no new 3m .3 . oo 4 oo A NN . 2 .m. ~84 mm mv n: nmm mm . No . om .N 2., . mm .m QC. 805m $85 as 3:200 :mflnom m :0 mm 52 ME «0 M m Z Emmi, .CO Sam £325 .30 Econom EoEBm -Eowbsz .hmofi .2 “mama/w “550200 mmEEmm 3:300 :85 cm> Km: 4m. 33 @300on mmEEmm 5550 93.33 .mmBESO :oEm cm> cam anthem 5 wEEEmm “mug 2: mafia umfimfio mash. boosm use 3284 Lo :oEmanoO owwuo>< H mus/a. 17. 49,2 “:8qu H on: “a EonHH:mHm .mHHmoHumHHSmi .623 “:8qu m 2: am 5:23:me 3283235... mv mw Hum omm mo . ow .H oo .o Hm . wv .N HmmH A22: 0: 5:500. :musm :m> pm . iv .N 3m: .m 3.2 .m goo .m 3mm .w ibw .m 3&0 .m 3.0m .m wig :u: 2.. 3. 0mm oom Hm . oo .H 2. .H HN . S. .N HmmuH cm Hum on 0%.. 3 . co . 3.. .m 2.. . mo .N QC. Hoop—m as; as 3580 57.58 m no on 52 m2 «u M m 2 EmeB .39 :5: EMS?» .CQ Emoumm EoEmHmLfiquzz .nmoH .o :5 H. HmnEmEmm nmuooHHoU moHaEmm .mmHHESU :musm :m> HE: :mHHHom :H wEEEmm u:oomm m5 w:H.H:D umEmEO mar: Hoop—m HE: mm>wm1H ms... Ho N mam—4H :oUHmOQEoU mwmum>< .I‘ I’ll. ‘Illfai. ‘ ‘ 18. TABLE 3 Seasonal Differences in Leaf Composition Between First and Second Samples of Selected Black Raspberry Plantings, 1957. First Second .. .. County Element Sample Sample I Berrien Nitrogen % 3. 12 2. 72 6. 34* * Van Buren Nitrogen % 2. 51 2. 48 . 34 Berrien Phosphorus % . 22 . 21 . 28 Van Buren Phosphorus % . 18 . 21 2. 47* Berrien Potassium % 1. 6O 1. 43 l. 68 Van Buren Potassium % 1. 02 . 90 . 98 Berrien Magnesium % . 43 . 51 3. 39M Van Buren Magnesium % . 53 . 65 2. 10* Berrien Calcium % l. 00 l. 09 1. 05 Van Buren Calcium % . 96 1. 40 3. 92*" Berrien Boron ppm 35 27 2. 66* Van Buren Boron ppm 24 4S 5. 42M Berrien Iron ppm 262 230 1. 05 Van Buren Iron ppm 193 271 3. 43’” Berrien Copper ppm 65 44 3. 48M Van Buren Copper ppm 47 43 . 50 *Statistically significant at the 5 percent level. M'Statistically significant at the 1 percent level. 19. data are presented in Table 4. The plots were divided into three groups ac- cording to yield, with the high producing plots yielding over 4500 grams for 3 hills, and the low producing plots yielding less than 3500 grams for 3 hills. Medium producing plots comprised the plots which yielded 3500 grams to 4500 grams for 3 hills. Table 5 shows that the low producing plots had fewer canes per hill and smaller cane diameters. The cane measurements showed a correlation (significant at the 10 percent level) with yield. No relationship seemed to exist between average number of canes and diameter. The correlation co- efficient between yield and number of canes was not significant. The leaf and soil analysis for the high, medium, and low producing plots are presented in Tables 6, 7, 8 and 9. The nitrogen, magnesium and calcium contents of the leaves all showed some evidence of decreasing with increased fruit yields. Potassium and phosphorus both showed a slight in- crease with yield. Manganese also showed a direct relationship to yield with the high producing plots generally possessing a higher percentage of manganese in both leaf and soil analysis. Low yielding areas, with the ex- ception of one plot, had a zero test for soil manganese. Leaf analyses showed similar results with the same four low yielding plots containing lower amounts of manganese. High pH and increased amounts of calcium in the soil and leaf showed a TABLE 4 Yield Records for Black Raspberry Plots Harvested in 1958 (Grams for Three Hills)*. Harvest Dates Total P1“ July 7 July 9 July 12 July 16 Yield High Production 29 2818. 0 916. O 1904. 7 1067. 5 6706. 2 33 2950. 2 1344. 1 1763. 4 363. 2 6420. 9 5 1283. 1 1057. 6 1283. 1 1043. 7 4667. 5 115 1789. 3 629. 6 1120. 0 1110. 9 4649. 8 Average 2210. 1 986. 8 1517. 8 896. 3 5611. 1 Medium Production 35 1547. 6 852. 2 957. 9 804. 9 4162. 6 7 1026. 0 1228. 5 903. 7 917. 8 4076. 0 111 1668. 4 880. 3 655. 4 491. 7 3695. 8 31 1894. 8 438. 0 845. 3 444. 8 3622. 9 117 1686. 4 535. 3 790. 4 527. 9 3540. 0 Average 1564. 6 786. 8 830. 5 637. 4 3819. 4 Low Production 109 927. 4 385. 5 1022. 0 996. 1 3331. 0 107 905. 61 1252. 7 548. 4 624. 1 3330. 8 93 - -— 1252. 7 777. 1 300. 7 2330. 5 11.3 711. 41/ 375. 4 295. 4 423. 5 1805. 7 91 - '— 573. 1 539. 5 258. 1 1370. 7 Average 848. 1 767. 8 636. 4 520. 5 2433. 7 1/ - First and Second harvests combined and collected July 8, 1958. * To convert values given to lbs/acre, multiply grams by 1. 3 if planted 3 ft. x 8 ft. 20. TABLE 5 Number and Diameter of Canes in Harvested Black Raspberry Fields, 1958. Plot Ave. No. Canes Ave. Diam. Canes (cm) High Production 29 6. 3 1. 26 33 10. 3 1. 09 5 4. 0 1. 16 115 9. 0 1. 07 Average 7. 4 1. 14 Medium Production 35 16. 3 1. 12 7 7. 6 1. 23 111 7. 0 1. 16 31 5. 6 1. 02 117 6. 6 1. 08 Average 8. 6 1. 12 Low Production 109 5. 6 1. 15 107 6. 6 1. 12 93 5. 6 1. 10 113 7. 0 1. 11 91 6. 0 0. 97 Average 6. 1 1. 09 Yield/Hill vs Ave. No. Canes - Corr. Coeff. 0.2513. Yield/Hill vs Ave. Diam. Canes - Corr. Coeff. 0. 5256. TABLE 6 Leaf Analysis for Black Raspberry Plots Harvested in 1958. Major Nutrients. P1 N P K Mg Ca 0t (Percent Dry Weight High Production 29 2.39 .21 1. 18 .51 0.84 33 2. 33 . 20 1. 04 . 54 l. 12 5 2. 78 . 34 - . 50 0. 95 115 2.79 .27 1.27 .53 1.37 Average 2. 57 . 25 1. 16 . 52 1. 07 Medium Production 35 2. 61 . 22 1. 36 . 49 0. 92 7 2. 85 . 27 . 66 . 46 0. 94 111 2.75 .19 0.90 .66 1.57 31 2.81 . .27 70 .40 1.14 117 2.52 .22 26 .43 1.10 Average 2. 70 . 23 1. 37 . 48 1. 13 Low Production 109 2. 39 .19 0.98 .55 1.18 107 2. 20 . 20 l. 06 . 54 1. 32 93 2.60 .18 0.50 .87 1.13 113 2.77 .21 1.23 .50 1.32 91 2. 72 . 19 0. 85 . 66 1. 02 Average 2. 53 . 19 0. 92 . 62 1. 19 23. TABLE 7 Leaf Analysis for Black Raspberry Plots Harvested in 1958. Minor Nutrients. B Cu Fe Mn Plot (ppm) High Production 29 23 35 174 350 33 28 31 163 400* 5 43 37 296 1420 115 49 45 284 840 Average 35 37 229 752 Medium Production 35 24 34 190 870 7 32 40 188 470 111 43 49 368 400* 31 31 100 298 590 117 19 40 195 580 Average 29. 8 52. 6 248 582 Low Production 109 28 39 179 200 1 07 37 45 251 190 93 56 33 265 120 113 42 41 396 640 91 62 34 310 140 Average 45 38 _ 280 258 *Spectrographical analyses for Mn used. Chemical determinations made for other values. iioul 5‘ . l4 TABLE 8 Cation Exchange Capacity, pH, and Reserve Test of Soil Samples from Black Raspberry Plots Harvested in 1958. Cat. Exch. K PIOt Cap. pH P (lbs /acre) High Production 29 17. 39 5. 5 38 144 33 26. 95 4. 5 102 261 5 11. 73 4. 2 34 185 115 7. 36 5. 1 34 96 Average 15. 85 4. 6* 52 171 Medium Production 35 24. 23 6. 5 126 240 7 12. 39 4. 6 48 198 111 11. 08 5. 6 26 89 31 21. 73 4. 8 42 240 1.17 5. 10 5. 1 26 55 Average 14. 90 5. 0* 53 166 Low Production 109 3.60 6.3 102 117 107 5. 69 6. 6 55 55 93 8. 50 6. 8 40 41 113 23. 04 5. 4 96 254 91 5. 43 6. 4 26 34 Average 9. 25 6. 0* 64 100 "‘ Calculated as average H+ ion concentration. TABLE 9 Soil Analysis for Black Raspberry Plots Harvested in 1958. Active Test (Pounds/Acre) Plot Mn P K Ca Mg High Production 29 8 10 130 800 24 33 8 22 233 320 16 5 60 10 178 320 16 115 16 10 62 600 8 Average 23 13 150. 7 510 16 Medium Production 35 8 21 158 1000 32 7 40 10 151 320 12 111 8 6 48 320 16 31 40 6 117 320 16 117 16 6 41 320 4 Average 22. 4 9. 8 103 456 16 Low Production 109 0 18 117 320 16 107 0 14 69 800 32 93 0 5 178 800 32 113 4 14 178 320 16 91 0 8 27 800 16 Average 0. 8 11. 8 113. 8 608 22. 4 26. slight relationship to yield. The majority of high producing plots had a low pH and low calcium content according to both soil and leaf analysis. The relationship of leaf analysis and soil analysis to yield was deter- mined by means of correlation. The correlation coefficients are presented in Table 10. Only boron and iron content of the leaves showed a significant relationship to yield. All other correlation coefficients were not significant. Leaf analysis in general had a closer relationship to yield than did soil analysis. Magnesium had highly significant negative correlation to potassium in the leaf. This relationship is presented in Figure 5. These two elements also had'a similar relationship to yield, as shown in Tables 4 and 6. TABLE 10 The Relationship Between Nutrient Content of Leaves and Soil Analysis to Yield. l4 Areas Correlation Coefficient Leaf Analysis Yield Nitrogen -0. 3193 Phosphorus 0. 2759 Potassium 0. 2758 Magnesium —0. 3594 Calcium -0. 3061 Boron -0. 5735* Copper -0. 0914 Iron -0. 5800* Manganese 0. 2764 Soil Analysis Yield pH -0. 1600 Phosphorus (Reserve) 0. 0292 Potassium (Reserve) 0. 1173 Manganese 0. 0834 Phosphorus -0. 0157 Potassium 0. 0109 Calcium -0. 0200 Magnesium -0. 0146 Cation Exchange Capacity 0. 1220 “Statistically significant at the 5 percent level. Figure 5 Relationship of potassium and magnesium in the first mature leaf of the second sampling, chosen from the areas that provided yield records. % COMPOSITION- om! WEIGHT (“o- o K!— 0 gr— \ o \-..- .flQflEsmu ~‘§ 1“ Q r— --~\ I ‘s‘ O \\ ’I s. \I \\‘ \ l I l J .I I I J I I I j J I 93 9' "I I09 33 I07 29 "3 II? "5 35 7 3| AREA NUMBER 28. 29. DISCUSSION A great deal of variability exists within most black raspberry fields. Since only two small plots in each planting were selected to find the prevail- ing nutritional conditions, a random sample from a large area might have yielded different results. If a field contained plants having a nutrient defi- ciency while other plants in the area were growing well, the mean nutrient content of the random sample would not reflect the disorder. Ulrich (1943) very clearly showed the influence of these factors. Although the plantings were all of the Logan variety, the nursery stock was obtained from various sources. The plantings also varied in age, type of cultural practices, degree of disease, infection, and suscepti- bility to frost damage due to site. By selecting 42 different plots in 21 plantings, some of these difficulties were eliminated. Shoot tips and leaves were selected from each plot for analysis and both were obtained at two different sampling dates. This method is supported by Goodall and Gregory (1947), who state "It seems clear that in order to obtain a clear idea of the range of nutritional conditions in the field or planting, it will be necessary to take more than one sample, and to analyze each separately". With black raspberries, as well as other fruit crops, a portion of 30. the plant that could be easily obtained without altering production or injuring the plant, but still suitable for analysis, was desired. Two parts of the plant (leaf and shoot tip) were selected in the beginning to determine the suitability of each. Shoot tips, although they showed higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, were not as favorable for analytical work as were the mature leaves. The shoot tip samples possessed two very notice- able types of tissue, leaf and cane, which differed in texture and weight. This condition which reduced the accuracy in weighing samples for analysis may have been prevented by grinding the samples to a finer mesh. The leaf samples were more homogenous and easier to weigh. Thomas (1937) and Ulrich (1943) reported similar experience with potatoes and grapes. Another disadvantage of shoot tips was that their removal caused the forma- tion of laterals. Normal production practices require removal of the shoot tips in early July. Thus, the use of shoot tips would require the collection of such samples just before or during the usual tip removal operation. The newly developing shoot tips, composed of younger tissue con- tained higher amounts of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen than the leaves. This same accumulation was found in other crops by Nightingale (1942) and Burkhart and Page (1941). The amount of calcium in the shoot tips was low as compared to the 31. amounts found in the leaves. This has been reported in other plants by Goodall and Gregory (1947). Bukovac and Wittwer (1957) traced the mobility of calcium and found it to be very immobile in the leaf. This possibility accounts for the low amounts of calcium in the shoot tips, as compared to that in the leaves. The cell structure of and metabolism in the leaf favored a higher concentration of manganese, iron and copper. These elements are not greatly needed by the newly developing shoot tip, but are necessary for the structure and manufacture of the more complex organic compounds in the leaf. Boron did not show a significant difference between the two types of tissue, but is essential, especially in the regions of new growth. The nutrient composition of the leaves varied with the stage of plant development. Increases in phosphorus, iron, calcium and magnesium, and conversely, decreases of nitrogen and copper, supported evidence for separ- ating the first samples from each county. The counties were kept separate because of the time of collecting the samples. The plots in each county were in the same general location, and, therefore, reached similar stage of plant development simultaneously. No different stages of development would have been present if the counties had been grouped together. The nitrogen and copper content of the leaves decreased as the season progressed in Berrien county. There was a greater production of vegetative 32. plant growth at the time of the first sample than at the time the second sample was taken. This indicated a higher content of nitrogen during the earlier stages of plant development. In the second sample, phosphorus and magnesium increased in both counties, while calcium and iron increased in Van Buren county. This possibility was due to the increased maturity of the leaf and the higher re- quirement for these elements necessary for metabolic activities and the formation of organic compounds. The marked increase of magnesium has been observed for grape petioles in the same general area by Bergman (1957). As black raspberries ripen, they need to be picked almost immediately, or the berries will turn soft and drop. The plantings are usually picked com- mercially three or four times, but because of low market value, the berries were harvested only two or three times during 1958. The 14 plots which supplied yield records were harvested four times. Generally, the first harvest produced higher yields. The high producing plots averaged 2. 5 times those of the poorer areas. Boron and iron increased significantly as yields decreased. Accord- ing to information on other fruit, especially red raspberries, by Askew, Chittenden and Monk (1951), the amounts of boron in black raspberry leaves (less than 62 ppm) were considerably less than reported for toxicity (over 33. 300 ppm). However, many plantings were near the deficient level reported by Askew, Chittenden and Monk (1951). The amount of nitrogen in the leaves indicated a normal amount for all the plots; there were no significant differences. Magnesium and calcium both decreased slightly as yields increased; potassium showed an opposite reaction. This same trend of high amounts of potassium and low amounts of magnesium in leaves showed evidence of increased amounts of potassium in the soil depressing the absorption of magnesium. The easier release of potassium, compared t 0 magnesium, from the soil was reported by Bray (1942) and Wadleigh (1949). In general, highest yields were obtained on the more acid soils having a lower pH and calcium content. The five low yielding plots had a higher pH, averaging 6. 3, while the four high yielding plots had an average pH of 4. 8. Hoffman and Schlubatis (1928) observed the best black raspberry plots to have a lower pH than the poorer plots. Low yielding plots generally contained less manganese according to both soil and leaf analysis. Where manganese was low, calcium was often high in the soil. The possibility of applying manganese to areas which were high in lime to increase yields, finds some support from Askew and Watson (1951) in their work with Red Antwerp raspberries in New Zealand. Phosphorus and copper were not limiting factors in production, 34. although phosphorus showed an increase with yield. Some of the differences in production were due to factors other than nutrition, such as plant origin and disease. It was probable that the cation exchange capacity and other nutritional factors did not show as great a response because of these factors. Yield, as related to cane measurement, manifested itself mostly when considering the diameter of canes. Highest production was obtained in the plots having vigorous canes of large diameter. The positive rela- tionship of cane diameter to yield is also shown by the studies of Johnston (1925), Teske and Gardner (1927), and Judkins (1945). 35. SUMMARY A survey of Logan black raspberry plantings was conducted in south- western Michigan. Shoot tip, leaf and soil samples were obtained at two dates in 1957, and analyzed. Cane diameters were measured during dor- mancy and yield records were obtained in July, 1958. The shoot tips con- tained higher amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than the leaves. Magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron and copper showed higher accumu- lation in the leaves, while boron was approximately equal. Changes in percent composition of the leaves showed nitrogen and copper to decrease from the first to the second sampling, while increases were recorded for phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and iron. Potassium remained approximately the same in the second sampling. Boron, which showed fluctuation, increased in Van Buren county and decreased in Berrien county. Leaf analysis revealed a negative relationship between potassium and magnesium. _ Boron and iron increased with decreased yield, while the other ele- ments showed very little relationship to yield. Low manganese in the leaf and soil samples was associated with the poor producing plots. Generally, the poorest producing plots had a higher pH than the best yielding plots. Yield showed a closer relationship to cane diameter than to number of canes. 36. LITERATURE CITED Askew, H. 0., E. T. Chittenden, and R. J. Monk. "Die Back" in Rasp- berries - A Boron Deficiency Ailment. Jour. Hort. Sci. 26: 268- 284. 1951. Askew, H. 0., E. T. Chittenden, and J. Watson. Boron, Copper, Man- ganese and Zinc in the Nutrition of Red Antwerp Raspberry. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech. Sec. A, 33: 3. 1951, as quoted in Norman F. Childers, Fruit Nutrition (Somerville, N. J.), pp. 173-174. Atkinson, H. J., and L. E. Wright. Studies on Some Raspberry Soils of British Columbia. Sci. Agric. 22: 287. 1942. Bergman, L. E. Unpublished data. Michigan State University, 1957. Bray, R. H. Ionic Competition in Base-Exchange Reactions. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64: 954-963. 1942. Bukovac, M. J., and S. H. Wittwer. Absorption and Mobility of Foliar Applied Nutrients. Plant Physiol. 32: 433-435. 1957. Burkhart, L. , and N. R. Page. Mineral Nutrient Extraction and Distribu- tion in the Peanut Plant. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 33: 748. 1941. Chandler, W. H. Some Responses of Bush Fruits to Fertilizers. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 17: 201-204. 1920. Cherry, W. F. Studies on the Effect of Chemical Fertilizers upon Growth and Fruit Production of the Black Raspberry. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 28: 176-179. 1931. Clark, H. E. , and W. L. Powers. Leaf Analysis as an Indicator of Potas- sium Requirement of Cane Fruits. Plant Physiol. 20: 51-61. 1945. Collison, R. C. , and G. L. Slate. Fertilizer Responses of Black Rasp- berries in Western New York in Demonstrational and Experimental Layouts. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 42: 463-466. 1943. 37. Goodall, D. W., and F. G. Gregory. Chemical Composition of Plants as an Index of their Nutritional Status. Imp. Bur. Hort. and Plant. Crops, East Malling, Kent, England. Tech. Comm. No. 17:38. 1947. Harris, G. Howell. The Effect of Micro-elements on the Red Raspberry in Coastal British Columbia. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 45: 300-302. 1944. Havis, L. The Distribution of Black Raspberry Roots under Mulch and Cultivation Treatments. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bimo. Bul. 24: 81- 88. 1939. Hoffman, M. B., and G. R. Schlubatis. The Significance of Soil Variation in Raspberry Culture. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bul. 177: 8-9. 1928. Johnston, Stanley. Winter Pruning the Black Raspberry. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bul. 143. 1925. Judkins, Wesley P. The Effect of Cultivation, Straw Mulch, and Sod Plus Mulch on the Growth and Yield of Black Raspberries. Ohio Exp. Sta. Bimo. Bul. 236: 166-172. 1945. Kenworthy, A. L. Wheels of Nutrition - A Method. of Demonstrating Nutrient- Element Balance. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 54:47-52. 1949. Khanmai, M. A., and W. S. Brown. Correlations Between Leaf Area and Leaf Weight and Between Leaf Weight and Fruit Production of Red Raspberries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 37: 589-592. 1939. Marshall, Roy E. Black Raspberry Studies. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 111: 30-32. 1931. McLarty, H. R., and R. E. Fitzpatrick. The Boron Deficiency Symptoms on Agricultural Plants in British Columbia. North West. Assn. Hort. 4, I. 1938, as quoted in H. O. Askew, E. T. Chittenden and R. J. Monk "Die Back" in Raspberries - A Boron Deficiency Ailment. Jour. Hort. Sci. 26: 268. 1951. 38. Nightingale, G. T. Potassium and Phosphate Nutrition of Pineapple in Relation to Nitrate and Carbohydrate Reserves. Bot. Rev. 104: 191-223. 1942. Pehoto, L. T. The Effect of Fertilizers on the Growth and Fruiting of Raspberries. Sad i Ogorod. 9: 56-58. 1956. Abst. only seen. Hort. Abs. 27:34. 1957. Powers, W. L., and L. K. Wood. Some Causes of Malnutrition in Cane Fruits. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 10: 260-262. 1945. Ramig, R. E., and S. C. Vandecaveye. Nutrient Levels for Raspberries Grown in Water Culture. Plant Physiol. 25: 617-629. 1950. Shear, C. B., H. L. Crane, and A. T. Myers. Nutrient Element Balance: Application of the Concept to the Interpretation of Foliar Analysis. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 51: 319-326. 1948. Spurway, C. H., and K. Lawton. Soil Testing. Mich. Agr. Exp. Tech. Bul. 132 (4th revision). 1949. Stene, A. E. Fertilizer Treatments of Red Raspberries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 33:411-414. 1935. Sudds, R. H. The Effect of the Personal Equation in Setting on the Stand of Black Raspberry Plants. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 33: 415- 416. 1935. Teske, A. H., and V. R. Gardner. Management Methods in the Raspberry Plantation. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bul. 165: 22-24. 1927. Thomas, W. Foliar Diagnosis: Principles and Practice. Plant Physiol. 12: 571-599. 1937. Thomas, W. , and W. B. Mack. Foliar Diagnosis in Relation to Plant Nutrition under Different Conditions of Weather and Soil Reaction. Soil Sci. 56: 197-212. 1943. Ulrich, Albert. Plant Analysis as a Diagnostic Procedure. Soil Sci. 55: 105-107. 1943. Wadleigh, C. H. Mineral Nutrition of Plants. 655-678. 1949. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 18: Woods, J. J. Effect Of Green Crops and Manurial Treatments in Rasp- berries. Sci. Agr. 23: 247-250. 1942. 39. APPENDIX 40. APPENDIX TABLE I Shoot Tip and Leaf Analysis in Berrien County for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Element Plot” N (per cent) P (per cent) K (per cent) Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 1 3.32 2.98 .30 .23 2.24 1.73 1a 2.33 2.60 .24 .20 1.28 2.06 3 3.28 3.17 .28 .21 2.22 1.56 3a 2.64 2.53 .28 .22 1.40 2.23 5 3.92 3.31 .40 .28 2.12 1.98 53 3.20 2.78 .41 .34 1.43 - 7 3.81 3.39 .35 .25 2.57 1.89 7a 3.50 2.85 .34 .27 2.58 1.66 9 3.72 3.24 .28 .20 2.05 1.32 9a 3.24 2.84 .29 .21 2.34 1.40 11 3.29 2.63 .27 .20 1.83 0.81 11a 2.26 2.43 .23 .20 1.62 0.90 13 3.83 3.36 .39 .27 2.48 1.84 13a 3.15 2.81 .25 .20 2.38 1.48 15 3.43 3.17 .33 .26 2.15 1.28 15a 3.22 2.67 .27 .18 0.25 0.94 17 3.42 3.03 .35 .24 2.10 1.59 17a 3.60 3.05 .25 .20 2.59 1.64 19 3.60 3.21 .30 .21 2.45 2.11 19a 3.57 3.17 .26 .20 2.82 1.78 21 3.67 3.20 .31 .22 2.93 2.08 21a 3.14 2.93 .30 .23 2.46 1.47 23 3.68 3.10 .30 .21 2.61 2.33 23a 3.22 3.20 .27 .22 2.49 1.91 25 3.31 2.89 .30 .21 2.38 1.10 25a 2.91 2.51 .26 .21 2.48 1.00 27 3.22 2.89 .30 .23 1.83 1.02 27a 2.95 2.54 .26 .24 2.06 0.91 29 3.62 2.89 .29 .20 2.72 1.44 29a 2.78 2.39 .26 .21 2.60 1.18 31 3.13 2.97 .32 .26 2.13 1.73 31a 3.26 2.81 .30 .27 2.49 1.70 33 3.60 3.37 .31 .23 2.22 1.67 33a 2.61 2.33 .24 .20 2.48 1.04 35 3.38 3.05 .30 .21 2.06 1.58 35a 2.84 2.61 .24 .22 2.35 1.36 "a - second sample. APPENDIX TABLE I - CONT'D Element P10": N (per cent) P (per cent) K (per cent) Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 37 3.81 3.39 .34 .21 2.36 1.64 37a 3. 05 3.03 .31 .21 2.50 1. 12 39 3. 68 3.29 .32 .20 2. 11 1.72 39a 2. 86 2. 86 . 28 . 24 2. 54 1. 44 41 3. 68 3. 28 . 33 . 22 2. 12 1. 64 41a 3. 10 2. 64 .28 .22 2.63 1.47 43 3.70 3.21 . 32 .23 2. 14 1.45 43a 3. 43 2. 91 . 34 . 25 2. 67 1. 25 49 3. 64 3. 18 . 31 . 18 2. 36 1. 99 49a 3. 15 2. 98 . 23 . 17 2. 35 2. 04 51 2. 63 3.21 .30 .17 2.41 1.84 51a 3.06 2. 78 .22 .16 2. 35 1.41 71 3. 59 2. 98 . 34 . 28 2. 59 1. 43 71a 2.81 2. 34 . 30 .26 2.43 1.29 73 3. 51 2. 90 . 29 . 17 2. 06 1. 05 73a 2. 79 2. 36 .24 . 18 2.71 1.20 *a - second sample. .APPEDHIUK7RABLJSII Shoot Tip and Leaf Analysis in Berrien County for Calcium, Magnesium, and Manganese Element P103“ Ca Qer cent) Mg (per cent) Mn (per cent) Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 1 .58 1.00 .38 .37 .0219 .0229 la .70 1.20 .54 .61 .0195 .0375 3 .68 .85 .35 .34 .0200 .0390 3a .61 .92 .50 .55 .0266 .0400 5 .50 .74 .24 .30 .0400 .0400 Sa .52 .95 .44 .50 .0400 .0400 7 .56 .74 .25 .29 .0400 .0400 7a .52 .94 .40 .46 .0400 .0400 9 .75 1.99 .33 .39 .0242 .0400 9a .64 1.30 .50 .53 .0294 .0400 11 1.05 1.82 .35 .50 .0122 .0285 11a .75 1.40 .57 .58 .0260 .0400 13 .65 1.22 .36 .37 .0208 .0400 13a .63 .74 .42 .38 .0162 .0309 15 .99 1.46 .35 .38 .0400 .0400 158 .65 1.37 .46 .50 .0400 .0400 17 .66 1.54 .30 .39 .0257 .0400 17a .76 1.14 .42 .43 .0220 .0400 19 .50 .72 .27 .33 .0067 .0125 19a .61 1.27 .45 .51 .0079 .0160 21 .50 .83 .31 .32 .0400 .0400 213 .56 1.11 .45 .56 .0400 .0400 23 .85 .83 .25 .26 .0400 .0400 23a .62 1.10 .51 .55 .0400 .0400 25 1.04 1.06 .28 .42 .0234 .0400 25a .72 1.10 .45 .53 .0400 .0400 27 .55 .78 .30 .61 .0400 .0400 27a . 63 1. 56 . 43 . 70 . 0400 . 0400 29 .51 .78 .43 .50 .0192 .0371 29a .72 .84 .35 .51 .0200 .0400 31 . 69 . 77 . 31 . 41 . 0400 . 0400 313 1.18 1.14 .38 .40 .0400 .0400 33 .50 .68 .36 .47 .0245 .0400 33a .94 1.12 .40 .54 .0170 .0400 *a - second sample. APPENDIX TABLE II - CONT'D Element P10“ Ca (per cent) Mg (per cent) Mn (per cent) Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 35 . 55 . 57 . 29 . 39 . 0190 . 0260 35a . 73 . 92 . 38 . 49 . 0400 . 0400 37 . 50 1. 28 . 39 . 54 . 0140 . 0400 37a . 51 1. 37 . 41 . 53 . 0220 . 0400 39 . 50 . 97 . 32 . 42 . 0219 . 0400 393 .63 1. 16 .41 . 53 . 0219 .0400 41 . 50 . 91 . 40 . 47 . 0253 . 0400 413 . 64 . 93 . 42 . 50 . 0307 . 0400 43 . 50 . 89 . 39 . 52 . 0400 . 0400 43a . 50 . 97 . 48 . 56 . 0400 . 0400 49 . 50 . 64 . 39 . 42 . 0145 . 0225 49a . 58 . 80 . 45 . 46 . 0124 . 0400 51 . 50 . 90 . 40 . 50 . 0026 . 0031 51a . 56 1. 32 . 37 . 44 . 0027 . 0037 71 . 64 1. 18 . 34 . 54 . 0400 . 0400 71a . 70 . 70 . 34 . 36 . 0400 . 0400 73 . 50 . 94 . 37 . 64 . 0146 . 0231 73a . 61 . 98 . 41 . 48 . 0154 . 0325 *a - second sample. f APPENDIX TABLE 111 Shoot Tip and Leaf Analysis in Berrien County for Iron, Copper and Boron Element Plot Fe (ppm) Cu (ppm) B fppm) —Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 1 172 229 39 66 19 24 1a 258 397 29 36 31 46 3 176 243 29 71 21 25 3a 232 235 34 26 32 35 5 475 693 60 100 76 57 5a 207 296 30 37 31 43 7 386 596 67 100 44 43 7a 139 188 27 40 24 32 9 170 240 32 54 22 33 9a 240 250 50 44 27 19 11 157 295 32 100 17 43 11a 220 329 39 37 22 29 13 238 337 71 100 47 47 13a 224 310 57 76 31 30 15 218 447 51 100 31 65 15a 276 381 55 58 46 54 17 228 279 92 100 38 33 17a 166 211 35 45 24 16 19 158 239 33 59 43 48 19a 166 203 28 73 28 23 21 176 395 35 48 35 50 21a 214 231 41 68 29 22 23 156 296 31 38 32 34 23a 194 362 36 65 18 25 25 152 186 48 77 30 26 25a 124 162 34 41 22 18 27 164 159 48 29 30 26 27a 163 184 31 31 27 25 29 130 162 35 64 27 26 293 138 174 42 35 25 23 31 278 240 60 74 31 33 31a 190 298 28 100 21 31 33 90 170 24 37 35 23 33a 99 163 24 31 16 28 *a - second sample. APPENDIX TABLE III - CONT'D Element P1“ Fe (ppm) Cu (ppm) B (ppm) Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 35 167 150 37 58 34 21 35a 100 190 28 34 19 24 37 140 218 63 37 39 32 37a 137 189 52 32 39 29 39 107 190 100 37 30 36 39a 137 177 39 40 23 19 41 111 171 29 67 29 26 41a 114 173 20 34 17 ' 18 43 102 137 29 43 28 25 43a 183 191 26 34 37 19 49 115 150 27 47. 32 27 49a 124 179 27 31 21 20 51 112 175 28 54 30 20 51a 97 175 25 37 19 24 71 115 261 32 75 31 39 71a 121 164 26 34 24 27 73 103 148 45 44 29 40 73a 112 156 31 33 26 22 *a - second sample. Shoot Tip and Leaf Analysis in Van Buren County for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, APPENDIX TABLE IV and Potassium Element “OI" N (per cent) P (per cent) K (per cent) Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 87 2.98 2.54 .29 .16 2.06 0.64 873 3.26 2.60 .32 .23 2.41 0.61 89 2.81 2.49 .28 .18 1 78 0.32 893 - 2.32 - .22 - 0.45 91 2.79 2.78 .24 .15 1.69 0.47 913 2.82 2.72 .25 .19 1.63 0.86 93 2.76 2.81 .23 .16 1.78 0.40 933 - 2.60 - .18 - 0.50 95 3.50 2.65 .31 .20 2 45 1.08 953 3.34 2.62 .26 .23 - 0.72 97 3.32 2.56 .28 .17 2.45 1.08 973 - 2.54 - .18 2.47 0.78 99 2.69 2.24 .25 .18 2.13 0.94 99a - 2.23 - .19 - 0.84 101 2.63 2.12 .25 .16 2 09 0.96 1013 - 2.20 - .19 - 0.95 103 2.95 2.47 .27 .21 2 32 1.23 103a - 2.41 - .21 - 1.15 105 2.27 1.88 .24 .21 2 12 1.14 1053 - 2.12 - .26 - 1.00 107 2.55 2.35 .24 .18 2.20 1.14 107a - 2.20 - .20 - 1.06 109 3.15 2.46 .29 .20 2.18 1.47 109a 2.89 2.39 .27 .19 2.50 0.98 111 3.31 2.83 .25 .19 2.20 1.15 1113 - 2.75 - .19 - 0.90 113 3.24 2.73 .25 .20 2 48 1.56 1133 - 2.77 - .21 - 1.23 115 3.24 2.79 .28 .24 2.26 1.41 1153 3.52 2.79 .31 .27 2.36 1.27 117 3.14 2.55 .26 .21 2.08 1.38 1173 2.78 2.52 .25 .22 2.26 1.26 *a - second sample. APPENDIX TABLE V Shoot Tip and Leaf Analysis in Van Buren County for Calcium, Magnesium, and Manganese Element Plot" Ca (per cent) Mg (per cent) Mn (per cent) Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 87 .50 .77 .39 .75 .0090 .0187 873 .93 2.58 .45 1.05 .0073 .0232 89 .50 .82 .43 .77 .0140 .0400 89a - 1.77 - .99 -- .0400 91 .50 1.00 .46 .63 .0085 .0135 91a .64 1.02 .48 .66 .0109 .0172 93 .61 1.06 .50 .77 .0056 .0100 93a - 1.13 - .87 -- .0145 95 .50 .81 .33 .41 .0400 .0400 953 .54 1.69 .32 .77 .0400 ' .0400 97 .50 .80 .31 .39 .0117 .0400 97a - 1.40 - .69 -- .0400 99 .50 .92 .37 .56 .0191 .0400 99a - 1.22 - .54 -- .0400 101 .59 .88 .57 .67 .0155 .0293 101a - 1.19 - .60 -- .0400 103 .57 .57 .45 .45 .0209 .0400 103a - 1.10 - .48 -- .0400 105 .90 .98 .66 .50 .0400 .0400 105a - 1.44 - .64 -- .0400 107 .56 1.14 .50 .50 .0136 .0400 107a - 1.32 - .54 -- .0354 109 .61 .81 .38 .47 .0112 .0250 109a .65 1.18 .44 .55 .0129 .0308 111 .52 1.19 .46 .33 .0133 .0400 111a - 1.57 - .66 -- .0400 113 .50 .92 .36 .39 .0245 .0400 113a - 1.32 - .50 -- .0400 115 1.14 1.33 .37 .44 .0400 .0400 115a .59 1.37 .39 .53 .0400 .0400 117 1.04 1.45 .43 .53 .0400 .0400 117a .72 1.10 .43 .43 .0400 .0400 *a - second sample. APPENDIX TABLE VI Shoot Tip and Leaf Analysis in Van Buren County for Iron, Copper, and Boron Element P10” Fe (ppm) Cu (ppm) B (ppm) Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf Shoot Tip Leaf 87 291 155 100 61 32 18 87a 120 229 19 26 21 42 89 202 160 88 60 31 19 89a - 331 - 43 - 48 91 121 198 35 75 21 19 91a 141 310 24 34 40 62 93 108 158 44 60 27 25 93a - 265 - 33 - 56 95 145 159 49 42 32 28 95a 99 220 23 40 21 38 97 110 156 24 47 30 21 97a - 194 - 40 - 33 99 98 ' 268 45 100 27 37 99a - 260 - 98 - 52 101 85 158 33 44 16 23 101a - 204 - 45 - 53 103 91 154 29 31 19 22 1033 - 213 - 37 - 43 105 123 226 31 38 20 39 105a - 437 - 40 - 81 107 139 289 33 39 24 22 107a - 251 - 45 - 37 109 125 134 33 27 32 18 109a 128 179 25 39 20 28 111 117 217 32 ' 36 30 25 111a - 368 - 49 - 43 113 123 244 26 35 26 24 113a - 396 - 41 - 42 115 135 226 24 30 28 26 115a 131 284 26 45 27 49 117 129 188 20 21 23 22 117a 100 195 31 40 21 19 "a - second sample. 2Q 1113.1 50 yaw—e" ,g ll 1‘: g \r 7 y "I _ _' i .l .- “V" ‘ l I "151.3 '._.A..v’~4---‘---- . . lull‘llll'lll‘lllll l'llltl’lll‘lllll I 31293 01740 4090