A STUDY OF W RESTUNG {NJURIES -.N HIGH SCHOOLS THROUQi-iOUT SEVEN MlDWEST STATES . 5.: _ ’1 r' * x , r:- ‘ a :1: v... 3' ‘ ”u a.“ a ‘Vd’b: ’ .1 R- v o . A o- . ¢ K i. t ,. . ot\.'o \ 3: V U 0‘ { ‘ “5“. LA ._‘, ‘ I '\ .. —. I . t ‘% £41. :1 w W ~\\O L -‘l ‘1 ( w (_ ) r, (,1 A ST ”3" O‘?‘ ‘3'?"1'3TLIG ITTJU‘YIZS ITT BILI SCFI .— Alfva ‘FF'V‘Q‘H '.'T".‘"'T:"\“"T7"" r:"‘17"" ,"'"'C'F7“ _ T” tvbuiloui 9.2-7.2“ ...‘1.L.‘.,.:i'_..-_;i p.L:\J.-LQ Ey Ignatius John Konrad A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Kichigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of EASTER OF ARTS Department of Physical Lducation, Health, and Recreation for hen 1951 THESIS Title 2: Study: A Study of Wrestling Injuries in High Schools Throughout Seven Midwest States. Statement 2: Problem: This problem consists of a study that reveals the incidence and cause of injuries in high school wrestlers in seven Midwest States during the 1950-1951 wrestling season. Why the Problem was Selected: This study is intended to be mainly informative regarding-the frequency of injuries, the most common types of injuries, and the causes of injuries. The writer felt that the material of the study would aid coaching personnel in taking measures to avoid injury. The wrestling season of 1950-1951 was chosen as the latest year for which data and records were available for study. Questions It Is Hoped This Investigation Will Answer: 1. What are the average number of injuries that occur during a wrestling season? 2. What are the main causes contributing to wrestling injuries? 5. What types of injuries account for the greatest number of injuries? 4. What, if any, is the relationship of coaching experience to the frequency of injury? gethod g: Securing and Source 9: Data: Information was obtained from the returned questionnaires sent to the high school wrestling coaches in seven Midwest States. The thesis was written from the data secured by tabulating the results of these returned questionnaires. Some 9: the Significant Findingg: The average high school wrestling squad was 40.29 boys. The average daily practice was two hours long. The average number of years of coaching experience was 7.6 years. Of the 4835 total wrestling participants, 735 received an injury of some type. The rate of injury was, 1 in every 6.5 participant. Cauliflower ears and infections accounted for the greatest number of injuries. Boys wrestling one or two years received twice as many injuries as boys wrestling three or four years. The greatest number of injuries occurred in the 145 pound weight classification. (D x] O\U'| 4} WIDI-J #4 ..1}.'_)'1~l VV};LWf>I Fd‘ iii 9. Wrestlers carelessness was ranked as the major cause of injury. 10. Schools using canton flannel mat covers reported a bigger percentage of infections than those using plastic mat covers. 11. Schools using no daily disinfectant on the wrestling surfaces had a greater number of infections than those schools disinfecting daily. 12. Radical examination was required in 116 schools of the 120 schools sampled. Defense 9: the Study: The safety of wrestling is of primary concern. With factual knowledge of the frequency and contributing causes of injuries the individual coach and athletic organizations can take measures toward reducing the present rate of injury. Suggestions for Further Study: 1. Detailed study of measures that are being used and can be used to avoid injury. 2. Detailed study of the general health of the individual wrestler in relation to the frequency of injury. 3. Detailed study comparing the number of high school wrestling injuries to the number of injuries sustained in other high school sports. Auk Approved . _ rofessor Maj 01" Acknowledgement The writer wishes to express his appreciation to those who have assisted in making this study possible. Special thanks are due to the wrestling coaches of the high schools in the various states for their c00peration. I. J. K. TABLE OF CONTENTS ChAPTER I. ThE PROBLEI AND DEFINITIONS OF TERTS USED........... The problem....................................... Statement of the problem........................ Importance of the study......................... The data.......................................... Methods of collecting the data.................. Methods of organizing and analyzing the data.... Definitions of terms used......................... Injury...................................r...... Infection..........................t............ Mat burns...........................¢........... Cauliflower ear................................o High School Wrestling........................... Limitations of the problem........................ II. PERTINENT FACTS REGARDING THE PETRS'JNNEL OF THE GROUPS STUDIE ...................................... The coaches responding to the questionnaire....... The average number of years of coaching experience The average number of wrestlers per squad......... The relation of the number of hours of daily practice to the number of schools participating in t‘he StUdyOCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOC0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOO. -b ¢~ kN \N v4 \N \J n) to n) IA F’ F4 :4 ON 15 15 vi CHAPTER PAGE III. THE FREQUENCY AED THE CAUSES OF INJURIES.......... 21 The total number of injuries.................... 21 The common types of wrestling injuries and their frequency............................... 21 Facts relative to the occurrence of injury...... 25 IV. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS RELATIVE TO INJURY............ 5l Wrestling surfaces.............................. 51 Disinfection of wrestling surfaces.............. 55 Kedical examination............................. 55 V. SUIITJK’EARY..C...................0.................... 37 Recommendations......o.....-.o.oo.oo....o.oo.... 39 BIBLIOGPLAPEiYOOOO.0....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.0.0....00... 40 APPEJDIXOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOQ 42 LIST OF TABLES I. Wrestling Coaches from Illinois Responding to Questionnaire..00000000000000000000000...... 7 II. Wrestling Coaches from Indiana Responding to Questionnaire............................... 8 III. Wrestling Coaches from Iowa Responding to QUGStionnair'eoooooo0000.00.00.00000000000000000 9 IV. Wrestling Coaches from Hichigan Responding to Questionnaire............................... 10 V. Wrestling Coaches from Kinnesota Responding to Questionnaire............................... 11 VI. Wrestling Coaches from Ohio Responding to Questionnaire................................... 12 VII. Wrestling Coaches from Wisconsin Responding to Questionnaire............................... 15 VIII. The Average Number of Years of Coaching Experience per State........................... 14 IX. Average Number of Tears of Coaching and the average Number of Injuries per State........... 17 X. Number of Schools, Total Number of Wrestlers, and the Average Number per Squad According to State.000000000000000000000000000...00000009 18 TABLE XI. Percentage and Ratio of the Types of Injuries...... viii PAS 24 [1.1 FIG 1. ID ll. 12. LIST OF FIGURLS URE The Relationship of the Average Number of Injuries to the average Number of Years of Coaching........ Relationship of Number of Schools to Number of hours Practiced per Day........................... The Frequency of Common Injuries.................... The Relationship of the Number of Injuries to the Number of Years of Competition ................... The Frequency of Injuries According to Weight Classification.................................... The Relationship of the Number of Injuries to - Occurrence........................................ Number and Size of flats Used........................ humber of Schools Using 1, 2, 5 or More Mats........ Frequency of Infections on Plastic Hat Covers....... Frequency of Infection on Canton Flannel Mat Covers............................................ Number of Infections Correlated with No Daily Disinfection...................................... Number of Infections Correlated with Daily Disinfection.....oo.oo.o.....o.o...............o.. PAGE 16 19 22 32 32 54 54 35 35 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TEENS USED For many years the injuries involved in the amateur sport of high school wrestling have posed important problems to the individual coach. No catalogue has been made of the factors and causes of injuries sustained in connection with high school wrestling. I. THE PROBLEI Statement 93 the problem. It is the purpose of this study to increase the safety of wrestling as a high school sport by cataloguing evidence (1) of the frequency of injuries; (2) of the most common types of injuries; (5) of the causes of injuries; and (4) of the possible precautionary measures to avoid injuries, as revealed through a questionnaire study. Importance g: the study. Safety in high school ath- letics ( i.e. wrestling ) has been frequently discussed by various groups of educators. However, in spite of such discussions accurate studies of specific injuries have not been made. The individual coach has been limited to his own particular coaching experience, regarding the incidence of injuries in wrestling. In this study an attempt has been made to bring to the attention of coaches and other educators factual knowledge of the actual injuries sustained by wrestlers in seven Midwest States during the 1950-1951 season. II. THE DATA Methods 93 collecting the data. 1. The first step in the study was to send letters1 to the State High School Athletic Directors in the Midwest States in which the study was to be conducted. These direc- tors then mailed to the writer a list of high schools in their respective states who sponsored wrestling. 2. From the lists received from the State Directors, a mailing list was prepared. 5. A letter2 requesting c00peration accompanied the questionnaire} sent to the high school coaches. 4. The schools cooperating in this study were asked to return the questionnaires in the self-addressed and stamped envelopes that were provided. Methods 92 organizing and analyzing the data. Results from the returned questionnaires were tabulated and analyzed. I Appendix, page 45 2 Appendix, page 44 3 Appendix, page 45 A final evaluation was made through the use of tables and figures, including (1) the ranking of factors causing injury (2) the number of.injuries per weight classification (5) the number of injuries per years of competition (4) the fre- quency of injuries (5) the rate of injuries (6) the rate of incidence of injury per thousand participating (7) the corre- lation of coaching experience with the total number of injuries, and (8) the relationship between the type of mat cover and the number of infections per squad. III. DEFITITIONS OF TERMS USED Injury. Throughout the study the term "injury" shall be interpretated as meaning any damage done to an individual which would in any manner impair medically approved partic- ipation in normal competitive wrestling activity, either because of possible further damage to the individual or because of the communicable qualities of the damage. Infection. For the purposes of this study the term infection shall be classed as an injury. Mat burns. This injury is caused by the scraping off of the epidermis, due to the swift rubbing over the wrestling mat, resulting in an abrasion which is highly infectious. Cauliflower ear. The cauliflower ear is a common type of injury to wrestlers, and evidence shows that it was known to man as far back as Ancient Rome.4 The blood vessels of the ear are not well protected by fatty tissue, and there- fore are easily injured. when blood vessels are ruptured by a blow, blood flows between the skin and the cartilage, form- ing a large swelling. When the blood separates the skin from the cartilage, it deprives the cartilage of its nutri- tion. As healing takes place, the blood clots and the cartilage contracts, causing the ear to take on an unnatural appearance.5 High School Wrestling. The amateur sport of high school wrestling is often times confused with the professional version of the sport. Competitive, high school wrestling is primarily taught for the welfare, development, and enjoyment of the participant. IV. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROBLEM The study was limited to: 1. One hundred and twenty schools that responded to the questionnaire out of the one hundred and seventy-six schools 4F. 8. Lloyd, G. G. Deaver, and F. R. Eastwood, Safety in Athletics. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1959. p. 278. 5Ibid., p. 279. having wrestling in the seven Midwest States included in the study. 2. A total wrestling squad enrollment of 4855 high school boys. 5. One hundred and twenty high schools located in the Midwest, an area including: a. b. c. d. e. f. 5. Illinois Indiana Iowa Michigan Kinnesota Ohio Wisconsin 4. The wrestling injuries incurred during the 1950- 1951 high school wrestling season. 5. High school wrestling engaged in as an extra- curricular activity. CHAPTER II PhnTINEKT FACTS REGARDING THE PERSONNiL OF THE GROUPS STUDIED Facts regarding the personnel of the groups studied and to be discussed: (1) the coaches responding to the questionnaire; (23 the average number of years of coaching experience, taking the seven Midwest States collectively and singly; (3) the average number of wrestlers per squad, grouping the seven Midwest States collectively and singly; (4) the number of hours of daily practice with relation to the number of schools participating in the study. The coaches responding 32 the questionnaire. A complete list of the coaches responding to the questionnaire may be found, grouped according to state, in Tables I through VII inclusive. The average number 2: y§g§§_9§_coaching experience. Through tabulation of the returned questionnaires it was found that the average number of years of coaching experience was 7.6 years, taking the seven Midwest States collectively. See Table VIII for the average number of years of coaching eXperience for each state. It has been stated, without factual evidence, that the number of years of coaching experience has a bearing TABLE I WRESTLING COACHES FROM ILLINOIS RESPONDING T0 QUESTIONNAIRE ___”- ___ _i__._ __.._._.._.._ _ _. __ -_ .—— .— Number Name Affiliation years __C E coaching Amer, M. Lyons Twp. H. S. LaGrange 5 Bandy, L. W. Danville H. 3., ville 20 Bay, 0. A. Waukegan H. 3., Waukegan ll Blunk, C. L. ' Blue Island H. 8., Blue Island 22 Brooks, H. M. Western Military Academy, Alton 2 Custer, J. B. Pekin H. 3., Pekin 13 Czech, T. rIhornton ‘1 . H. 5., Harvey 5 Garner, D. S. Wheaten H. ., Wheaton 2 Goranson, P. Joliet lip. H. S., Joliet 20 Gottfried, C. Urbana H. S., Urbana l Greene, K. Rock Island H. 3., Rock Island 14 Gross, C. Woodrufr H. 8., Peoria 10 Hasbargen, G. J. Morgan Park Military Acadany, Chicago 2 Henrichs, K. A. Manual H. 3., Peoria 3 Hurley, A. A. New Tier Tip. H. S., Winnetka 14 Hall, H. H. University H. 8., Chicago 3 Murray, J. Franklin Park H. S. , Franklin Park 4 Musgrove, H. Sterling Twp. H. 8., Sterling 18 Parsons, W. B. Evanston Tip. H. S., Evanston 5 Pempek, C. J. Maine TI'p. H. S., DesPlaines 4 Sanders, M. D. Brookfield H. S. Riverside 9 Sarfr, c. M. Chicago Hts. H. é., Chicago Hts. 29 Scharf, A. Elgin H. S., Elgin 3 Scharf, 1. Woodriver H. 3., East Alton 7 Schmitt, W. Granite City H. S., Alton 4 Sherman, W. Hinsdale H. S., Clarendon l Slimmer, L. F. Proviso Tip. H. S., Haywood 26 Sloan, D. H. Quincy H. 8., Quincy l5 Sovinski, J. Thorton Fractional H. S., Calumet 4 Stindell, R. W. Champaign H. S., Champaign 15 'Vavrus, J. Moline H. S., Moline 7 Wilson, R. Mattoon H. S., Mattoon 4 Wojcieckowski, E. Morton H. S., Cicero 8 TABLE II WRESTLING COACHES FROM INDIANA RESPONDING TO QUESTIONNAIRE Number Name Affiliation years assisting Concialdi F. G. G. R. Clark H. 8., Whiting 3 13111, P. it. Shortridge H. 3., Indianapolis 20 risher, C. R. Muncie Central H. 8., Muncie 2 Foster, J. Peru H. 8., Peru 2 Freiberger, C. Washington H. 8., East Chicago 11 French, K. R. Roosevelt H. 8., East Chicago 17 Hiatt, M. Broad Ripple H. 8. Indianapolis 4 Hoke, R. Crawfordsville H. s., Crawfordsville 8 Jones, R. Central H. 8., South Bend 16 Kelly, R. R. Here Military Academy, Hove 5 McDaniel U. Southport H. S. Southport 11 Meyers, C. R. Bloomington H. 8., Bloomington ll Shively, L. H. Decatur Central H. S. Decatur l4 Treichler, W. 8. Arsenal Technical H. S” Indianapolis 18 Willey, N. B. Jefferson H. 8., Lafayette 5 n.n. Hammond H. 8., Hammond TABLE III WRESTLING COACHE FROM IOWA RI'BPONDING TO QUESTIONNAIRE Number Name Affiliation years mashing Alitz, L. A. Osage H. 8., Osage 3 Barker, H. ‘1‘. Mason City H. 8., Mason City 20 Bellock, C. Oelvein H. 8., Oelwein 4 Black, R. Britt H. 8., Britt 2 Brand, D. E. Clarion H. 8., Clarion 8 Chambers, W. Carroll H. 8., Carroll 15 Chism, E. H. Newton H. 8., Newton 11 Doty, V. E. Abraham Lincoln H. 8., Council Bluffs 2 Farber, W. J. Independence H. 8., Independence 4 Flanagan, G. F. Cresco H. 8., Cresco 17 Fox, J. Davenport H. 8., Davenport G Iverson, L. Iowa School for the Blind 2 King, J. Franklin H. 8., Cedar Rapids 4 Lenth, D. A. Traer H. S., Traer 6 Martin, L. Algona H. 8., Algona 5 McCabe, W. Maquoketa H. 8., Maquoketa 2 McQuoid Waverly H. 8., Waverly l Natvig, D. East H. 8. Waterloo 8 Pelisek, J. Wilson H. s., Cedar Rapids :5 Rabey, H. W. Cedar Falls H. 8., Cedar Falls '7 Sidders, R. West H. 8., Waterloo 2 Stone, R. Eagle Grove H. 8., Eagle Grove 5 Wilson, L. M. Clinton H. 8., Clinton 10 Wilson, L. R. McKinley H. 8., Cedar Rapids ll 10 TABLE IV WRESTLING COACHES FROM MICHIGAN RESPONDING TO QUESTIONNAIRE Number Name Affiliation years coaching Cooper, D. Battle Creek H. 8., Battle Creek 1 Craig, R. Cranbrook H. 8. Detroit 4 Duch, R. Davison H. 8., Davison l Finlay, R. Sturgis H. 8., Sturgis 10 Hetherington, F. IMich. School for the Blind, Lansing 4 Johnson D. Eastern H. S., Lansing 4 Kline, F. Ann Arbor H. 8., Ann Arbor lo Konrad, I. J. Sexton H. 8., Lansing 4 Shippey, D. EWerett H. 8., Lansing l Sullivan, P. East Lansing H. 8., East Lansing 2 Vevne, 0. Berkley'H. 8., Berkley 2 TABLE V WRESTLDIG COACHES FROM MINNESOTA RESPONDING TO QUESTIONNAIRE ll Number Name Affiliation years smalls Becker, P. Ovatanna H. S., Ovatanna 55 Beiersdorf, K. Robbinsdale H. S., Robbinsdale 5 Bockhans, H. Mound Consolidated H. 8., Mound 18 Enerson, C. Edina Morningsdale H. 8., Minneapolis 5 Curran, W. Roosevelt H. S., Minneapolis 4 Gerdes, G. R. Faribault H. S., Faribault 5 Grim, G. Blue Earth H. 8., Blue Earth 1 Helleckson, R. Washburn H. S., Minneapolis '7 Kolesch, W. A. Willman H. S., Willman 3 Lappin, G. E. Anoka H. 8., Anoka 2 Mass, L. Albert Lea H. 8., Albert Lea 11 Miller, J. E. Lake City H. 8., Lake City 2 Pegors, K. W. Waseca H. S., Waseca l Ridenour, C. Rochester H. S., Rochester 15 Turrell, G. V. New Ulm H. S., New Ulm 6 Wilcox, E. 8. Austin H. 8., Austin 13 12 TABLE VI WRESTLING COACHES FROM OHIO RESPONDING TO QUESTIONNAIRE Number Name Affiliation years coachigg Breed, F. W. DeVilbiss H. 8., Toledo 10 Busha, A. E. John Marshall H. 8., Cleveland 13 Chase, E. Garfield Hts. H. 8., Cleveland 4 Davis, '1'. M. John Hay H. 8., Cleveland 3 Eckert, C. F. Euclid Sr. H. S., Euclid 15 Foust, J. Barberton H. S., Barberton 3 Harger, P. C. Lakewood H. S., Lakewood 8 Hinkle, C. A. Cuyahoga Falls H. S., Cuyahoga Falls 12 Easter, H. West H. 8., Cleveland 21 Lazzaro West Technical H. 8., Cleveland 4 Mancuso, I. A. VanBuren H. S., VanBuren 4 Slough, J. Mt. Cory Rawson H. S., Rawson 2 Venditle, L. A. East Liverpool H. S., hat Liverpool 2 Zednek, E. Shaker Hts. H. S., Shaker Hts. 3 13 TABLE VII WRESTLING COACHES FROM WISCONSIN RESPONDINC TO QUESTIONNAIRE Number Name Affiliation years coastline Chalupa, F. Luxemburg H. 8., Luxemburg 2 Currier, K. Beloit H. S., Beloit 3 Jankiewiez, P. Milwaukee H. 8., Milwaukee 4 Jankowski, H. M. Pulaski H. S., Pulaski l Roberts, J. E. Stevens Point H. 8., Stevens Point 'I Weaver, G. Washington Park H. 8., Racine 2.2 14 of Average number syears coach TABLE VIII THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS OF COACHING EXPERIENCE.PER STATE State 0819145 0 e e e e e 0 9963876 . O . . O . O . . ....... ....... ma .mm 2m non .oos .n n.a 1.0 o ali.asu one ldvcm18 11n.0.l .nal IIIMMOW 15 on the number of injuries sustained by a wrestling squad. To determine the possible validity of this statement a tabulation was made from the returned questionnaires. As is evidenced by Figure l and Table IX, there were no significant findings, taking the seven Tidwest States either collectively or singly. The conclusion, therefore, is that there is no concrete evidence on which to base the statement that the coach with more years of experience has fewer squad injuries or vice versa. The average number p: wrestlers per sguad. The total number of high school wrestlers in the schools in the seven Midwest States which participated in the study was 4835. Since there were 120 schools sampled, the average number of wrestlers per squad was 40.29, during the 1950-1951 wrestling season. The average number of wrestlers per squad in each state, may be found by referring to Table X. The relation 3: the number 2: hours 9: daily practice _p the number 2: schools participating lg the study. The relationship of the number of hours of daily practice to the number of schools participating in the study is shown in Figure 2. As is readily seen from Figure 2, the greatest majority of the schools practice two hours daily. If the relationship is discussed in terms of percentages, we find q--_— —..‘..._.__ Q“ —— -__. ",_, om am I H ———.~-_-._r—._—-—_—.H._.‘_.__r-.A-..._.—_ .. i cocoanooxo ms ma on “ma AH ._ _ _ quzodoo .u:;..mmHmpeaH.ao _ l (1. 0-- “a-.- _, ES -_—--—-—— _—-— acfincmoc mo msmom do _ NH ma HH . I a mmaoHa mm” “M I _ I _. 0 _ _ . means so Wmmmm..,5.,,.l madam: Mm .,ms:z madma>¢smmslaoimHmmonsanmm.z;- p l . _ H 05 ”songs: owmnm>« a m --—_..-.~- _ ._ .-.~-—_ .--—.-. .- | ‘ 9-__. --._.....~. _— -_.. 4 V‘._f v... -7 l’ulA‘A U.l as I a -..._.al.._ 4 H ___ , _ __,._ A __r__._....._ -__ _._ _.-.. -_..— __.._...— _A—v—a 1) ‘0 QJ _ .. W a m ._ . _ W. ‘- —.. .- .- ‘_-_.-.‘-—-.--—-.. O D r-oy u-v- --.‘~-_——._. -m... . - . \ _. .. ..s .. l- -.- . .-..-_...,..__._..+ .. --—‘-.-.—<- \ -—- +- _.-.—.——._—_- - -n--._ -—_*V.- .-- .. . C . ...-- _.-....._..._.-.._.._-..-.....‘_..__._..___....A--- h... l w... --.-‘._ .— .. —.- Mn 0 fili.‘ ‘ I ‘1||I,l A A .- - _.—u _— *A-_<._ ) .q.._-. q-.. u---—-—- 0" _.._.—.-u --A__A ._....___ -._._.._ _Aur--.. m. “A ___.— .- .. l...-..._....l _. ...___ .--» l ' 1 . I 1 T \0 Q! SGIJHPUI JO Jeqnnu eBeJeAv M 4;. Ln F ......... Meow—w - -Q— n- .¢.- 2—.“ _w W. _ w l — m I h“ -~--~....—— . .__._ h..-”— w----w-_'u ’ _. -..‘ ...._—.____._—.—-0 _~ -_l_‘ .. TII'I}I"IIIII)II .i -- ---—-- -o — -——....-.. —. _- . 0- _---- v ‘- --—_..-- .-- _-_’. ¢__ .‘l.'!il .— —.___..o_—_.__--- m _..___ ......-—v-. «..._A.. .. E11], w- ‘ ‘ ‘ 1 . .-_-._.,__..,..-. anew—- ,_ eualll... oltfa. rrli‘ _ _ l v . A ,. _ . e 1 f e L . . . - Q l I I I I. . .. ~—.o—¢¢..--.-._..._ _ _._ __.+. 5. ___ -...._ A. __.*.. ........_... _. ...-- _-.—-.o... -—., --- - ‘—-—O- _._ AA.7.7—- O .|.Al.fil .vlills ’1h0: _ l .4. 1 > LI u l _ o . h . . . h l _ q _ — . — 4 I. o u. Fl- .l Vi ._ -.___.-.-.... -- _-_~—._.. .-l_.—.-..__.—a-——- -..— ..Q ~—..._. .-...+. _._Al.— ..-‘___..-.—_. ~- pll..l1u“ll| I.) 1 I? u l . I I 1. 1‘ l .1 ..\ '- .( a. Ir 1 . .l OI Al [III ‘0'!!! -6-— .. .. -..— EA.___.l. ___.-- _.,_._.__ __ -_,_, .... ...___ .-..—_._._- al_ __ ...-¢....— _. .Ayrls..--l .. ..... . I i i t ___—o.— m... w..————' —H-—- _v—hm-..——~' —. .— I l A I i mg- 7+7 _,_.______‘_ _ _l _ a..- .51}: xii 4 32.11-71: - - a . l _ w l l . u, _ i a m _ _ . .I int I?! T . 1‘? a. i a _ u I . u q.-— TABLE IX .AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS OF COACHING-AND THE.AVERAGE NUMBER OF INJURIES PER STATE 17 Average number Average number State years of of ___ coaching injggig Illinois 9.0 7.5 Indiana 9.8 6.4 Iowa 6.1 6.3 JMichigan 3.9 4.3 .Minnesota 8.1 6.8 Ohio 7.4 3.5 6.5 6.8 Wisconsin TABLES! 18 NUMBER OF SCHOOLS, TOTAL NUMBER OF WRESTLERS, AND THE.AVERAGEINUMBER PER SQUAD ACCORDING TO STATE Number ‘Total Average State of number number schools wrestlers per sgpgd Illinois 33 1625 49 Indiana 16 667 41.6 Iowa 24 973 40.5 Michigan 11 354 32 Minnesota 16 592 37 Ohio 14 421 30 Wisconsin 6 203 33.8 m... .._._ A._.._¢_fl._m_.,_ l- _. _.__ -.l-4-'——.. _~—.r- ._ ,....-.__a . ! Number Of Schools y Q---“A4 all - AGE H-w- - c—-v~-———— ‘- -r—w-w-u—A- ---—- ~—-—-—-—-—- n————- o 7*" ., “_-o-..... .r. AA. ..h«.--._.-._ ...__...___..a - _... .4. ...-. . _... ""56" ”fill--.“ _ l... , _.,.__s.___-. ,_,,-_____ __ ‘ I "——-‘go-— _a—-—_ _-_ m- -._.-—--_.-.-. .. “no... . __l.‘ -.-- ~0- --H~— -.—-—~- m . g ‘4 -“V_ ~~+v— _ A- Ax—‘u Wu H... a i- x ' V n w I c . __-. -—..o_ *r-H _q. - -4 . \ MIA—vh-PA *1“~u.-—~v_~._...._——.. .-Q ~.-—.—..__ _.—.--......_.___ .- 4. ._ _s. ..-— "_ _____, - _. -An - _._.--__.-....__.k .“Ml,- umlu.-—._-‘-—- ~._-..l v._---_‘.~H .—._ _. -~.__.-o~ w-- 1301' nlll. 0.1 ‘1 1 v I I‘l- ' I '1 t. 1 ltd? .I' 1 1 .“ 4 “___---4 .- A11 .3. .9. ___— »—_—H_—__ ._-.. ._ _ - _q... .-.- _.---.q. .0. ...- _-._..-. _- A. v , A. .. o-—-—.._. .- --..A. ——~—4— .Q... k"...— --— - —~ 4... -...——-...._... —o-.-....... —e -- _.-. h .,-._—.-. a- v"..- _.a———.-...~e‘_-n Q HF-Aa 0‘. ...__ a- A I'llp I.-I111‘1.1V|11 1 1 1 . I1 1 1 311-11 oi l. l-.. __A_. .90.. __..._ -<-_A - -__..' . .——--. .__-_— .-.. *A___A_.-AH.-A.-4. 1 ,,,..._. .. {Id—ll Ill I‘ljlml‘lll 1 ‘4‘ I‘ll Ill 71 'tl‘ ‘ J} Ill!“ 1- 3'1qu . \ _ M _ . n n l m m _ _ ,, . . . _. _ _ .. _ I _ m h l _ M _ . ~ 1 . I -. - - 1 - - - A . . .1 1 - 1- I - T1 -1 -1 .14 1111-1 11 1.14.313; 111-111... 1 -1311; 1-1-1 w:- 1 m _, . H _ m l l .. u A a A m . . M _ n ._ _ m . I w I . . w * a . a n . a m .. r u . n l . . l1! 11101311143'lll11lll 1’14- l...l1l0 .1" 1011136 .41ll1 ll! Ilolu .0... 3.4111"..- 31.31111»! '14 I111» 10- 1|. .1 111 M 111 I. A! Ii 3 v l.l t. if 11 11 . . l _ .. .. u w a l ,. . _ _ . . I l _ i _ " ~ 1 _ A u l . m M , l _, . I l _ 1 11 11. 11-11 «.1 1 .1 1 11! 1.41 .11 1 111 1.. .1.“ 11111 11.... 1 1.1 11 #111111 .1..1.1. 1111+ 1. 1 1..- 13.1%...111 _ _ m _ l l . I . . l. . . l l a I _ l _ l w W a . . n _ l. _ l A I l n a w . A . 11-: 1| 1 . . f . . -. 111.11.“. ..1. 1 I111 11... - 4...: 1.1.11. .11 I .-v .r .1L11.1!-11-I1-.I..Y -11111 -1.1.1.1111 1711.1 m l . .. m .,. w _ A .. .. ¢ * _l n a a . . _. I . __ .. u .. m . M A l M u . ._ ‘— 1 . -11 1:1.. 4 - ..... l.- 11 1 - .- -- 11 - 1.1-11.1... ....-1--..1--1 11-. -131..- -.-111.1-1.1. 11-14.11-- - 1-.- 111+!!!- . . . . * _ a. m w L _ D H . m H F u . .. _F . _ w d _ . w w m . N n w u i . l _ n . _ u . _ l l . I 1 I: ll.’ 1 M11 1. .-11|1. A. 1..| 1|. I O. -I1 Ii 11 1 1111.111. 0 31C . 1! .11 I111 I 0.11.1.1? 3111II- 313.1 . 1 11 ,H 3 '1 9111i 1.3.11.1 1 11-1“ 1| I . . . _ l m U M a m _ l W . l l H. I. l. _ . . I w l . M . l _ _ . l. . H n n n ._ l l _ . . _ . . w H , . _ _ . . A u h . . - - .- $11-7 1: - .- 1- 1.11.-..1-1..- .1 a 11..--...1-..- 711-11..--- .111- -11- 1-- 1 1-. ~ m . v _ .l _ a .. w . . M l . _ M u l A. u .— . . . w _ . _ l _. a . _ _ l a n l l . M r .. I. o . 1 [ 1. M I 11 1 11 o 1 1 1 f .1 1 . 1. Cm 4! 3.1111 1511 1 W1 1 1 1 .1 1 v v e W . . a a _. 20 (1) that 2.5% of the schools practice 1 hour daily; (2) 20.8% of the schools practice 1.5 hours daily; (3) 45.8fl of the schools practice 2 hours daily; (4) 17.5% of the schools practice 2.R hours daily; and (5) 3.337 of the schools .I practice 3 hours daily. §ugmary, The average high school wrestling squad in the seven Midwest States, taken collectively, was found to be 40.29 boys, who practiced an average of two hours per day and who were coached by a man having an averare of 7.6 years of coaching experience. E? at *0 H [.1 'YR III THE FREQUENCY AND THE CA’SLS OF INJURIES The safety of wrestling is of primary concern to the individuals interested in the sport. With this fact in mind, the writer will present (1) the total number of actual occur- rences of injuries in the seven Midwest States during the 1950-1951 high school wrestling season; (2) the common types of wrestling injuries and their frequency; and (3) the facts relative to the occurrence of injury. The total number 93 injuries. From the 120 schools sampled for the problem, there were found to be a total of 735 injuries out of 4835 participants. One in every 6.5 participants had some type of injury, either major or minor, infectious or noninfectious. For data concerning the average number of injuries in each state, refer to Table IX on page 17. The common types 9: wrestling injuries and their frequency. From the returned questionnaires it was learned that there was special interest among the coaches as to exactly what types of injuries occurred most frequently. It is apparent by consulting Figure 3 that while broken bones were relatively few in number, cauliflower ears and infections accounted for the greatest number of injuries. It should be noted that 1 out of every 28 participants 7| iii1.-. ‘4 .4111 1.1.. _ m _ M- .-fiMHMDdZH_1Ga§oo ho Mazfld w M MfiH.- 11 a; - -.1 - ..1 -- - . m mmeHm _ mmaasmca no a 98:2 - QWH omH H om om cm - .-..:-:.:-.--1- 1111 macs o _ and Coxo m _ sonfim mopsoonm D M- W. .. . .a- 111 - -111. max wanna a m m ammcHM cmxo m i m one: nmxo m - ii; 1 W h , - - .. _- - - -11 -1111... Erinwmhls 1 - -1L _ W savages. cmvaOHm o M . mmHLSmCH xomz . 1. .. - _ - - -- 1.1 11, - :i... f..-mwm1mws.m . mcHaCm cmCHmLam mafia emcsqu mchmzs pmHHnm :1-.. 1.. 1 1 - .-§1--mdd1anv1HmfiH 1 1-11, 1 Law scEOHpaasmo mmasdwcfi mo momma 1111 11.131.11.11 1-111.131.1111 1-11-1-11- 11.111.111.11... ---.1 1:..- -1-1 1-1-1.11 .. 1. .-11.---1.---.11T111-1111. .11.--- 11. 111 -1... H . u~u-....— .1. .- 1 1 1 o I I ' v I. ' 'It 11I|1rl l 11 I. .. rl||| It‘l.‘ .911 ’7 H...—......__.-~_..-....-.v- ...—-17— “un1‘_-_-_._.flk, '_..___....— -.._.. .- -- -.—~.——....___... .I1lllllll. ll. 1' 1‘ I | l 1 .111- -‘llllrvlnll: T 1I.|.t1|l1 1'11 111 ~— ___— _.-._ _-—.-——..— H.__._.___-_.__-——~._. o 1 4. 1 . ....———.—.——-.—_.— _o—n — ——.—--- .- ..........7» 0 1 I I 1 o I 1 i 1 1 1 1' 1 --..-_-5.._....-_....___-...___. - . ..1 1 1 1 . Y1- . u _ h _ . _ ._ b __ _ r . _ . __ $1111 .111 -1 1 11.1.1 1-11-11 1... . ‘ ~ . _ i . . w . .- M _, . # fl . . . c H w a . . i M . fl * _. _ n “ r1ltllt!.11|'.'lll[1|!l1l_'ll.ll1! $1.11! Ii 11! 1.011101111111111- 1:111 w _ L m y t ‘ w h H 4.11! 1111 1|lll1. 211ll'lfll ..-—..1-,—r..--_—.- _~,—.. -g..-._fi_..- ..1. . W W _ 1111 11111-1111 11 11.1.1-1111-11-111-11..-+1 . _ M W o 1 .._. -__-._. _ fl”... .1. _...-._ ? _J O '1 1 1 ___.” --1 .. _ w __ w w _ a “ fl ’ _ M . . _ fl . u * ~ " , fl .- u . u . r W 1 .1 I.” - 11 11 1 1| ll .1 ll‘ .f 1 111 111 1.11 1.0. 101 o 1 1% t1 1 1‘ it I I ‘ .0 '01. Yv.l.1| III11 [-1 T 11111 11 _o )111 1|.1 iv- 1 I1 .1 -I .o Af I .I 191- _ , . . F . V _ . . w _ . M H- _ . , . . * _ . v _ q _ . . ., . . . M ' T . -- . 1h1-11111111111 11. +1., 11. 11.1.1.1 : .111711111-1. 111-....f11.11.1;-11111111 . 11.11111 7 . M _ w _ m . , _ “ u M N , . _ . a _- . w ._ _ . _ w w H ” W m .. a u , ._ 1 . m . m _ - . . W _ . - + 1 -1 - -1 4 1111 1.11511 1 + .1 1--. 1-. 1 1.1.-f1.1-111..111.11.1- «11-11-11.11-11111.+l11111|1 _ . . . * w W “ _ . p a . m .. . _ . . , . . a . . . m m ~ . u . _ m ¢ d . ~ , _ m . m . _ w _ _ _ _ W .- . o I. 1H D lil‘lu '11] 11 .h I111 1‘ 11 0!. I! I l.‘. 1|» 1 1 11 1 111151 I 1 11+ I I 1'11 I 1. 11 1| w. '1 1 1 11! 1 '1. I1 ll 5. 1 11 [1‘1 w .. w _ . _ . _ w . _ «- W _ _ . . fl _ H _ m , u H _ _ _ m 1 .n _ __ m n n . u . ,_ _ _ m m * . , _ .4 . W _- 1 ill 11 O 1 1' .1111 1 I 1 11.. 1 1 11 1O 1.. 101 I .1 111.1 I 1! 1 1.L. 11f1 1 111111111111! ft 1.. .' +v-I1‘1‘l ‘1 1|||11 10 13. I .01 .Ill) 1'.) I I11I... . I. lssl. 1 |.l 1 M _ U 1H _- u . . fl . _. m _ . m .. ., W * . . _- _ H “ ,- fi _ _ * _ . — r . ‘ _ u ,— w _ . .- M _ . . _ 11'11r1rll1111111011l. 1111.111 1 1111.1 .1111! h 1 110 111111! 11 v1.1.1111.‘ 11.11.. l w..- 11 .1 1 1.1.11 111 +1.1 1 1 . u . . . .. . _ m _ _ n _ H ; # . w . w . H H ,_ u . ~ _ . w a . . m . . w . . . . w H , . , ~ ,. . _ _ 11111.1: 111 11 1.... 1 1 v1 1.- 14mi 1 , 1 111 1‘1|.l'.11111- I 1..- {IA Jtlhl1'-..‘1lll.lll . Illtll‘.l.l1lllllvl\1l1 (I. 1 1*. 1| 1. 11 .‘Illllll II.‘ 11 I41 1' I 1 ¢ _ v . u , , . . A .- v _ _ q . . . y m . m w m ,- _ ,. h _, . n w _ ,_ * . w _ M .,_ _, m 1 1 1 1 11 111 .1 . . . 1 1 . 1 .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 _. 23 received a cauliflower ear and 1 out of 30.4 participants developed an infection, i.e., mat burns, impetigo, or boils. It would seem, therefore, that if these two types of injuries were reduced, wrestling would be a great deal safer for a high school boy. Table XI presents a further analysis of the percentage and ratio of the types of injuries. Facts relative to the occurrence 2: iniury. There are numerous elements to be considered regarding the occurrence of injuries. The discussion here will concern (a) the rela- tion of the number of years of competition to the number of injuries; (b) the number of injuries in each weight classifi- cation; (0) the number of injuries incurred in practice as compared to the number of injuries incurred in matches; (d) the period during the practice and the match when the injuries occurred; and (e) the rank of the causes of injury. It was found that boys participating in wrestling for one or two years received twice as many injuries as boys participating three or four years. ( See Figure 4 ) The writer would like to advance possible factors which might account for a greater number of injuries to boys competing in wrestling for one or two years: 1. Many high schools have only the three grade system. 2. Many boys compete for only one or two years. 24 TABLEIII PERCENTAGE.AND RATIO OF THE TIPES OF INJURIES _L Percentage Percentage of Ratio of Incidaice Types of injury of participants injuries to per 1 in Cauliflower ear 23.4 3.50 1:28 35.8 Infection 21.6 3.20 1:30.4 33.0 Pulled muscles 13.0 1.90 1:50.3 20.0 Injured ribs 6.6 1.00 1:98 10.2 Sprained ankle 6.3 .90 1:103 9.7 Strained back 4.7 .70 1:138 7.2 Neck injuries 3.6 .50 1:179 5.6 Dislocated shoulder 3.5 .50 1:186 5.4 Sprained wrist 2.8 .40 1:230 4.3 Broken finger 1.2 .18 1:537 1.8 Broken nose 1.2 .18 1:537 1.8 Twisted knee 1.2 .18 1:537 1.8 Dislocated elbow 1.0 .16 1:604 1.6 Broken arm. .8 .12 1:806 1.2 Others 8.4 1.20 1:78 12.9 . - I._---_-*—_‘-._ w..-_,-, _,. 7—4' I; i , T . '"' "T““m‘ “_ ’ 1 . : t ; 5 . .' . . . i i , ' ~ 1. I 1 f I f i I . . i I 3 Number of . i , i .injunies.___.._._m;.-m-.__-.-_-i..-i .T, .11-"...11.--.1111“-.. :3 .-ii..--._-,-_._._-r- "___“ w _ 3 3 ' ‘ ; ‘ I i ‘ i l i I =60 - ___i_- l a Q I b 9. ; = ‘i ‘ d z i ‘ 1‘ I * ‘ . 3 : ___...“ 1... 1mm... 504,_.;_.__._.._. _ _. .__.__._....i--._ u ' 5 § , . 1 t 1 ; k ii401_i_-i __1_ ; -mi 1 i__i__.li- é , “-30 , 20 3.4 i? t 1 4 O : 1 l : u;_hEHEWRELA 2 yrs. 3 yrs. rIGURE 4 I I -4 _f.-- m- _._ 5-,7 l I 1 IIONSHIBWEFWTHELNUMBERiOEWINJUEIEB_ TO THE NUMBER or YEARS on COMPETITION 4 yrs. Number of years of competition 1 ‘ 1 1 l I l ‘r 1‘ l T I . é lly.ll0,k|l..|4 r..._.—_--».—...- 7* .- .-+—_._~.-_—._-__—~o—-‘. -_- ‘. I f T 1 5 ! —-_ ___. ”.14 _ -m-_........__......_._ . .1 ._....._ __- *i,# _‘ . Hi-*_ _._._k__. .s..- III! ‘0 _~ +.____.—.—.——-va- .__...5 __.__.._.._...._i a,» i .V .- .-----—- _‘a_._. o 7-. .__. --—. —_—-—.—__ _.._-. .-—..-.._..____._ __ . in, _. .-m-.-..._. 4 ___---_..-_- _._. 1‘,— .w—\ fi,._-_._ .-—‘ a.-- -.-.f on s.fi-+ u-—-wj._.. ..'l g“... _ .- - -.—.—.i_.....— _. . .. Ago-~4- ~ «*— --....... iXIi-.l I1.Al0¢t¢.lll.l1lr. . .I \‘i i, ll I'i.|.'| ii:\ ___--..._...___ -1; _.... -..___...._... .— .—-— .-...4 g“ 151 I0. I l‘iillII-ltla.lllllifl Yr» Ill Ffi’F ulllllvliv 11, i l I t .t 5 _._ .._ ._k_ ._—.— _MH- - .-... -.._1_. “A '77-», 1 ‘ 1,}-r |:t.u.l .1 In... .141‘4tl71. A .I.- II I}. . I'III’I‘II~4I 4:- 31} O I ‘l‘V.’ .101"-I III- I’ll Lr‘i‘l .. Tl I‘J I; . . ...-i-i.... 4,- Ii- 4* I .-. lull I 1’ t4., .A.~l‘. D. . _l...1l--.+_ _ .__. 26 3. Inexperience in using the various wrestling holds could lead to injury. 4. A boy in the first years of high school is not as well coordinated nor as physically developed as a boy a year or two older. With these factors and the supporting evidence found in the study the individual coach could do much to decrease wrestling injuries by careful instruction and supervision of the beginning wrestlers. There seems no obvious explanation for the fact that there were more injuries occurring in boys wrestling in the 145 pound weight classification; however, such was the case, as illustrated in Figure 5. Before any conclusion might be drawn that the 95 pound weight and the 175 pound weight are the 'safe' weights, since they are shown to have the fewest injuries, it should be pointed out that both of these weights are Optional to the individual school and are not official weights as recommended by the National Wrestling Rules Committee.6 Further, it has been the experience of the writer that 145 pounds seems to be an average weight for high school boys and consequently there tend to be more boys competing . 5 The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Wrestling Guide for 1951 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1951 ), p. 100. - 51v." .-. —-.— ~--‘.-___.-. h <._— ,_.-._, -- - a. -7 ‘ , I I , I D . l 1 i . . J I . I E 4 ; i VI eight 1 I I 7 classif cation 1 i g Afi _. -. .._-_.__-.. ._.__.-,.._-.._..__ . __ _A-_ -._-l_.e._..., . 1-1...._- 7 _ , a; .. : ‘ 9 I { , l J J v 0 C l I I 9 ,_ ,_..,_‘.-—--_~.————- “ 0' _.——.—_.---..-*. ___—___...“- ..._ _~.. 1.»--- Wm ._ ._ 5 lo 15 2o 25 30' Number of injuries perIweight classification 1 FIGURE 5 ' ... 1y..__._—-.— -. ,, - -liTHE.FREQUENCY _OF INJURIES ACCORDING_l;w_l__1Hl_Q TO WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION I 3 i !_ ._ __l..._..+.- hughw M.........~ ”7+ .hhrr.-- -p -- _*h_ _ ‘7+.,_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ 1 _ 1 -17-- - - . _ . 1 _ 1 1 1 1 ._ 1 1 .I-.wIII I-II.-I F , “1....——--- -_- -_ H-- .- l 1 -o. T...’ “—1‘. _w--.——-- -‘— -'—.-v"—-—_——--—r— — I I I I I I I J l I I I 11 —-..-—__-~-_——H-—o_-_ -- m-_-_-.---_.—_.- __1,, IIIII IOIIIII‘I IIIIIIII' H--. - -... -.-- ....-.__. _~_-4. I.IIIIOI 1..- ___.- “f” _——.._A y .— I I I I! -_____.- *_. __- “a”. .fi..... ‘-~—.—- -1 n1...— -1-.. ~_ .- .9. .—.-.o— “1.11- A.-. ,..l._-. “F-*_-. - _i w .--_._ ,_1 Mm... -_....- I II-- -.I- II II -..--.I 3-. I - I- i- i 1. - - -I I: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d 1 1 ~ m _ . _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ 1 I--- - - .T I III-II II-1II-IIIII-.--II._ I I ii III-1371..- -- I I I- I-. - 1 1 1 _ 1 1 _ m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ . . 1 ._ 1 . . . m 1 F — . . 1 1 _ 1 I III I IW I I. III I I III -¢I c I I. o I.’ III a I‘I IIIIIIIOIIIi.-.‘ I.#. o s] I II IIIIIlIIIvI _. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m s 1 1 _ 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 . _ 1 1 1 . . . 1 ,. 1 I . . .I- - :4-- - -----I-..1-- .I-I: ILIII-I--:-I- 1 1 . 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 . 1 n . 1 1 1 . _ 1 , 1 1 g — _ 1 , _. 1 u _ 1. . 1 III III I» IIIIII III I.IIIIII ..F. I III I III. .I.IIIII.,7 II II IIIII lI. II .I W. IIIIIII III IIIIII I 1 1 1 M l 1 1 1 1 . 1, 1 . __ 1 u k, . — 1 1 _ 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 w _ _ _ . m 1 . . _ _ I III II -0 I IIIIII. II I l I o II I I II I .II I .I + IIIII I I II I III II. 6 IIII II I III II II I 1 - .. _ 1 _ .. . 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 . u ~ — 1 ._ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h . _ . , a _ _ 1 1 1 1 1 _ 1 1 II-IIIIII. II..--!III. III I +I.IIII.I-.-I.I-:II III +1..-».IIIIIIII.II.I.III...-III.I.II.III..I2II 1 1 1 _ 1 1 1 1 _ . . a . 1 M . 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 M 1 u 1 . _ . 1. . 1 1 1 1 1 1 - -- ._ . - “I .. IIII-J.--I- II . I- a -- 1. _ 1 . _ AII' 'III II .v- 'I - II I I, III I I . 1 1 1 1 1 _r- I I:- I I 51- 5- 1 1 . . 1 1 .1 _ 1 1 w 1 1 1 ..II-.,- II.-- I. I. r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m _ 1 71-- ,V.._.._ -v‘. c I I I I I I I I I _ *7. .v. -owew.-fi_w-w .. ‘pL- - —-v—o ,..._._.-... . -» —— F..-_F-¢.. H ___.hF-_. _ -0- _.-_ 1-.. 9--.- . 4-.IIII.IIIIIIIIII .IIIIIII IIIII . . 1 I . v . c 1 _ v .. 7 II III I - ... I. III III 28 for a place on the wrestling squad at this weight. It may be simply a case of more boys, causing more injuries. It is difficult to establish the exact time of the occurrence of some of the injuries, i.e., cauliflower ear and infections. From the questionnaire it would be the Opinion of the greatest number of coaches that the majority of injuries occur during the daily practice sessions rather than during the matches, and further, that of the injuries received during these practice periods, the injuries occurred most frequently at the beginning of the practice. The coaches also stated that of the injuries received during matches, those too were usually at the beginning of the match. ( See Figure 6) From these coaches Opinions it would be possible to say that the warm-up or loosening—up parts of conditioning had not been sufficiently emphasized. The coaches ranked the major causes of injury in the following manner: 1. Wrestlers carelessness 2. Freak accidents 3. Conditioning 4. Poor practice conditions Summary. The analysis of the data in this chapter has - H-__._.. _.-..-.-_....-._- _~1 1..-..9. 11*... i .— o-.--, 11 .— ..--.._._.‘. ..—--—o\ -17 “'77-... -1 .1. .. 7-7 .- Number of 11;1_11111301 -— 4} -‘-" --—-—n- A- -—-‘-- _. _ 4} --_—. ~—.1 _1411---. L 11201 -1 1 -. -II- .1111 Saginning I i I 11.11-11-111 3 Middle . End ; of match of match 10f match FIGURE 6 9 I 11* D- c 0 - V A ___...” 1...... .11-- ... 1...1._..-..... ___—-m~._~__ -11¢_h.__ 1_._ ._'_ 1.. .11 “g- —-_....—. --—.- —‘~- -.——.— .-......1_. - “—--- .11111injuriesm11. .- 7- 1‘...’ 1-. - ,_71._I- 1.11..-- .-+1..-_. 1...- -1 -...__ _,__. —.r-1- - _. .1 1-».1 __11.-_.—.. t—_. 1-‘ .-. .1 I 11—..- 4 f ._ ___—.— __.__ ._ -11-..- . ,1___—~._—._.-_._._-_._ . “.1911 I I n..- ”-1. .- —--.—- ..__—_—.—I¢ .q .. 1I_~—.———.————.--..-+.-.- _ q---.-—.q- 1... ..-...._... .1--. . "1.1.1....1— 1.1..._- l O F _— ‘o- —L—— h "”“THEIRELATION:- HIP UF TI E‘NUFBER OFEINJURIES” *7 "1”- _1 1 -.§ .... __.I-.—_.—...._. .w—‘1~_1.._A_._.__..11._._ 1 .— TO OCCURRENCE ; f I 1 ___ - 1.1.. 1+ 11.1. .._.1..... _-_1 -1411..-— ._ 11111.1 1 .1 L I I ""7““*"—“'""F . f 1 I I i t I ' ' I 1 I 1 ._. ..._o. M l ——A-. fih-F —.—.—-_.___ a..- MT__.._._——a——~—. -_._,..._._.._4.- - Ono-.9.— I‘d,- . . _aww— ML__._— _- + .. -.—. .— me— -. - .* _.—-———- H- -__..—_—4- _Q-Hirhm-.M-—o —-, '- 9 ‘9 l I .12-11.9 fii'll-l-‘f lt 1.10.1.1- - -- r rfinid—‘Am— _—-—. no-.. A— W-..-.__-- v...‘ - I 11‘ .l-klt-il IIII :I-Iv .- I..lv| 1-II!-.l‘\-Il I‘l~'v| sli- nx . 44 -_-- 4H.— -_.*._-... .' Inf-‘91" ‘J'tl'l-14‘ Iv!" .‘ « ¥ _ m m w - . _ . ,- .- _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ._ _ _ _ _ I M _ _ . _ ¥ m ,. . .1.-.-._. .1.-- .- - .. ---,.-.i:- ,.._ a _ _ ,. . p m N w _ _ _ _ u w w m h . _ . N H m . ~ _ . _ k _ m . . _ _ _ _ _ . _ F 1 a ._ . t M _ _ .._ . M , - w _ w a w _ . _ . m y _ m M _ _ __ u m _ . . m _ W u . . fl ,- _ . . , a , _ . , . w W w H. m _ . _ . .Ilu vtlll. I. I'll! 1‘9}: ll\-|Illu I _ .6: vI.-!l.|>lllllliu‘l.+ .llt 1 . I Iv-l Ill .1 :a 94.1 I!!- 9i|tl - II' - .‘v ‘) m _ n . . . . H u . H. _ . . . . .- . m a w _ M d -_ n h m . , . fl 4 m . W m w w W _ u w m M _ _ _ r _ 4-!- -.--:+.-.1 - 4- 4-.-! 1.- “ _ m u _ . .. fl “ m _ _ . . . a u w . . _ W . . H m _ H w _ 7 n u E M _ m H _ H w . W E M m .9 I :- I-sl-t-l - v 4. .- t I? t ----- 1.9.11! I- ! -J-il-. - 4T..- via-1:5..- - I.-u1,.!l4lil-.-\r| -..u-I- +-. . _ m . . , _ _ _ - W . . H _ __ M 1 M . E. u w m _ V _ . a . _ . w M u _ . w E . _ . . . _ . 4. _ . . . _ M H W A _ w _ . . w m a _ _ .. . A . . _ w . V _ U 4 4 w . g M W _ . , _ . . , A _ . , . _ v w _ q n M - W . 4 w -Prii‘ll -I'i‘j- -OJ-lll.l|1t’-Ih I! ut-F .-||.J|A-.|l-‘ Iii-n 1r|t-.¢ ‘Iafudii'Il-Ilio 9V- IIIIII -ol.i ull|0 I: m - .__ _- H H W m _. w w 4 w m m . m n E .- m — - _ w . m 1 _ E ., M M _ m m . ._ a .. . .. m _ w , ._ _ . u 1 , _ . - :1; - - - 9 - z: - . -4 - 1.. .- - - - I. it 1‘ cl 4 .l-tllll -' I ‘II [I 'u 0.19 1.] til \I ll 9!. Itl-folL ‘11 utllll [Olli- 1 :l--Yin-.| 1| -l..I-| .-r!1.\l-I [*w whom-m H--. ~vw—- ._..__._ - l _- ~—_—._-_. .._ .7 - .._4 ~ .--._.__. .. fl.-- .4 .. ___--..... 4 ,. H. —.- -- .- —.—». ~.o-c—....__... W-_—-+.M_ 4...... 4-....- “9--..-- ‘ i o I R t I s [1.1 ‘llal‘la’lll-.l —H.._.- ___-H .-_...___._..-4 ..- ___...n—m H _.-‘.¥,_—--‘ ‘~_'....——.<—-- --.‘. a..-” - m._.__-- .4..-_..4. w.-. . .~_¢ 30 revealed the following findings: 1. Of the 4835 participants, 735 received injuries. 2. One in every 6.5 participants received an injury. 3. Cauliflower ears and infections accounted for the greatest number of injuries. 4. Boys wrestling one or two years received twice as many injuries as boys wrestling three or four years. 5. The greatest number of injuries occurred in the 145 pound weight classification. 6. The majority of injuries occurred during the beginning portion of the practice period. 7. The coaches ranked wrestlers carelessness as the major cause of injuries. CHAPTER IV PHYSICAL CONDITIOYS RELATIVE TO INJURY The previous chapters have dealt primarily with the actual frequency of injury. The discussion here will be confined to the physical surroundings of the sport, (1) the wrestling surfaces; (2) disinfection of the wrestling surfaces; and (3) medical examination. Wrestling surfaces. For the purposes of study it is of interest to note the kind of equipment used in the various schools. The sizes of the wrestling mats vary considerably. It was reported that, 10 schools used 18' by 18' mats, 73 schools used 20' by 20' mats and 37 schools used 24' by 24' wrestling mats. Only 35 of the schools had 1 mat, while 72 schools had 2 mats, and 13 schools had 3 or more mats. ( See Figures 7 and 8 ) There has been a need for a mat cover which, among other factors, would be easy to care for. There are two commonly used types of mat covers, canton flannel and plastic. Plastic covers are the newest type being used, and from the results of the survey they seem to have proven their merit. Cf the 135 plastic mat covers used, there were 60 infections reported or 37% of the total number of infections, whereas, of the 68 canton flannel mat covers used, there were 89 L. I. I 0|. 1 1| l.|l‘h.lr." ll.‘ -—.—77___..- , a ‘ . m» a...“ ___—___.m_ _ A 6‘ .— ., - -____...___...l__~.~,..li-‘._ ~ ‘ . I mace Lo mwme m :.,wa0 owdpmoEH . “OH MEDUHm _ cmyomth _. W m _ _ m . m _ _ _ eupjmmm .-l.-. - n m m . 1 M m mHaom Irtil‘ lllllIIIII l chssn awe __ m _ _ ” E I. II I Ill-all. . ”I! fI +31 1: I I I I-..OWI I u . . I TIIII- on. .- I mmmmo 1 mo hwnasz _ m ..-_.—.— Q—v—m fi--- _ mmm>oo e<2 0H . .mZUHHuMMFH #0 M omaanEH I. I-. 1'11 III..I.I J i i X I _ ___..- ..-...... +--_.__.._. cw...— I ! 3 I m mmDUHh mcgsn use UmucmmcH m a _ M. _ a u m44m zo ZHdemh- IIIIII .:sI-II momma mo LonEsz v a . _ IT III IIIII- I - -M. ..—._..-p——-———-- “w- 9 ill .IllOI II “.~-- I I “__.__..._.— I ..I.-— .flm l - ..— ——..~— -u_—.,a_ . . _ . a _ _ . _ a _ ,_ a “ VIILIIIIIIIII‘IIIIIIII.41!.IIOIIVIIII9'IIIII 1.4.1! {IIIIIIIII'IOIIIIIWII IIIIII II.IIIl -.I TIIIIII OIIII'IIIIIIll.mO -l..I.!.b|.IIAI.I.I .I fl I.IIII.IGI.$|I.I.II.III.I: YIII III III- .IIIIUII \IIII ”*IIII IIIDIIIIIIO IIII Aw I:- . a _ m g r 1 _ _ _ i l a l M __ . _ u m _ ~ . . _ M . a . . w . _ i l n a 1 a i _ I. IIIIIII . IIpI. ..I. II.-+III II. -II b. ..I--- IIIIILI IIII I.IIIII.4.II-II.-IIli+i l-I-I- II It”. IIIIIIIIIliIII +|-IIII I II- +1 a _ l _ .1 i 1 fl 1 v _ . u n l a M H . .. . M a _ , m _ M u d _ I“ . _ l. a . n .. _ _ _ H _ w H g H u n l . i H . a . . . _ . y m . .. a. a _ D a _ _ .. , a . _ . ” III I IIIIIIII. I-I.HIII|II III 0.! I a IIQI I I I I I. II - IIIII.| ..II v (..I I - II-II -IIIIIw III..IIITo. it?! 1 I411} .IIIII-..I:I.lIII..wII.II-III III.....I 1.1-!4 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ATIIiI m t i a r. a U a l i . _ . . ,1 _ m p H n M a _ . . M . m l . _ _ h m __ w _ 0 _ a. . _ m * w , _ a , r N ,. i I l . . _, t l a w . l a n . . H h i, b k a _ _ . ,. - . __ _ _ a . _ a I . _ _ I v \TIII . . .‘I fi II! I l I .-I- I I,*III II III. a I ¢ l I aI I o I.) l IIAI! IF IIIII I ’4 I I II I» IIIIIIII I! II I \. +.fI III I It I III I V)I1I\41II|~ IIIII If. I ..I \r I 6 l D ‘l . l _ u .. . ‘ _ _ _ _ _ u. ~ . u w H w , l a M w a _ . 1 m , . u, . _ W _ _ m . l a W m . ., l l U ... . A k m . — l . _ p .. u i _ w _ _ ,_ _ p m l . a _. m . I I I\ I I! v T 0 s I. I VIII: |4+I rl .I II I ..I}... I? IIIIII II II!» b I i I I ITIIIIIIOI. I. I iI 'I‘Illb lnlII'III|II¢ JziI 'I‘{’L.1.IIII"IJI I’IIIIIO .. I IIII f III II III I I .9 II _ . u .. in u a l i __ _, 1 _ n _ _ . I, _H W l _. a . . . _ u .1 . l .. _ l m .__ _ , _ m l _ _ _ _ _ . V d H . u m 1 l . .. a . . . _ a U n a .h M . l _ _. A H III: I II I. I II I I .-.4 . I I I . Io -lrbl IIII I 9 I III I. .o.1IIII1 . I o I I I III . 7? I II I- II II I! I II v 1,. m . _ _ _ F u . M . m l . n . m . . v 4 H A N N _ . . i W i at, _ m I W a ., . _ . _ _ . . f * l 1 l , i . _ _ , _ . n . __ _ .4 l l a i a _ _ . fl . _. . A f l . m _ a n . . fl 1 m w l w l . . w H _ u _ H l l n . w u . . l, h . . _ . _ _ — . 1 a N p ., . l . __ r H m. * . a l l l l i . . d I I I - 5...-.—..- _. w..-—_—-»——k._—¢-A~-v-..—--.-—__-_....~.._ A"._——---o.—~_—_... _- O I z I .9 I I. P Y! I 1.1!? .II I! 9". fl _ _ . _ _ _ . .., ! awe .hfimou oufipmnhH W A onaumqumHa qu...—... I Om.- mcofipothH ho LwQESZ ',rl|‘I'.II‘lII' III.."I.III . IIIb IIIIIIIII flv—A~v-”~—rw -.ov—I—I—IpI-II—I. ..me I oneommszHo qu4a.oz me a“ - oma«qmvmoo monemmmzH mo mmmauz owfipmmsH m w _ m _ HH mmeHm mcgsn awe cmpommcH fl -. —. *_I.._-._~...._-—___._.__"--ao_ .—.——.~—- -— IIJ I II I'll! ‘ ill-III I i, IIIIIrleIIa IIIIIOI II III; 5.... . w _ m T. ]. OIIIIIO'I'"IIIII mcofi ho III, 0 CV IOU III. I-,-.I-I II- vomgcfi umDESZ AvI'l'III'JIIIIIOIII I l I I I I E I I AL. I I ...II II. -..q. m. ,“m¢‘—~_wu ...fi YIII i .ll IIIIIIlI-IIIII II II II II. I III I I I o t v IIIII I I I I I! . _ _ _ fl _ _ _ k . ..I-I I I II! I II I _ W a _ CI--. p -| I III I . _ _ a m y _ v I. I .II.. - - -I III-- _ . . ,. . _, H _ w I IIIII I- -I III-III . _ . . _ v “ . . r. IIIIIII III! I I “—.q-‘I -.v--v-._. __1._,‘ - _. -W".._._-_I..q.,._.1.o-._.- 4 ..._.I. .5. _--.._. ..--._._ _.-_._ .H—w—I—vag..._-I-I' -. ‘f” ___”_,_‘ ..I h-«._._W——k—I. .. .._. h...“ . ...- .-— ,_..,_,..._..._._..._.__~__+,____ I III I IIIII -I I III I‘ I I II I I I. II I III III!!! III- II .I I I l I I II I I G I.III .III I III .I, IilIlIII-I ..-II.‘ III-Ifi'l‘ll-II II. III , v v I II III I I II . . . _ _ _ .. ‘ _ _ _ _ I _ u olIIII IIIIIII-I _ q . _ . . _ k . _. _ . . . . ‘IIII' | GI -I III! . m _ _ I , r A m 5 III.-. III- I IIIIII II .III I I I III-II I.-;Il., _-....._ ’ ..-....- --I. .. I -I,,¢,, o-' -—- -..-_ _7.<7 *#_* . -—_-.—-..k.fl_*+¢ H‘— . ,*,I.._,...- I, # armgqnw- - 4 ..I.,I-.....--._ ._ # -.-,-.,.-I-. C‘ ‘- ‘-_ -I—-_ .. . _ fl . t . . . v _ O ' I I IIIII '- o M I I It I. I II ..I-III- *ln IllIuII.-. IVIIIIIIIII-I .III III ‘I ll IIII IIlI’I.“fl III _ w . w m _ m h _ . . ¥ H I _ . c __ . _ _m m . _ .. . . M u g, u _ -I- I . III v-IIII. .- II ..I I ..I III- III-.III-. .III IIIIII -.I. .. III-II h _ I * M w _ H _ _ . . . H q H. W m m m . _ ,_ . III-II I I I. II I I I.“ III III I- III II. I, IIIII. I .III III. II|;Y DII‘IIIOIIIIIIP IIIII‘II W [III _ M M ., 1 T * _ H . u n J _ u _ , . , N H h w I I I I I I I In I I” .I .1 III III-I- II Irv-ll I...Il. III I! D ”IQI II [III- IfiIIII II .-I- IIIIII II + I. I . . m n v . . _ . v * _ . , _ , m h fi m m _ _ W . . u h _ A A . . III. -II I- III II. -: TI I I II -I.. III- I- I III II .I II .-.I.I.III I: -I II-.- IIII-I-III..III,+I.III| M _. w w H _ w H . . . m m W . . _ . v _ , m H m W _ . w . . m ” W ---.I.-II-I III-Ill. I.. ...II I: ---II III-III ..II -. I II. III-I- I I- I - - - I I .r ..-I w w I _ W w M w I _. m g a M _ 0 H m . . . u ., 1. , -- I IIIIIIII .II. III I...I._IIIJII -.I I I. I - Ii III .III IIII III III]. -— _m--—..-——~I.—.~-—.-. -9. o...~_.., . _ . . L g # M I m ,,,- w,‘---.——”H. \ I» w_f~. h ##7## —_-..—.—__.'—.*_..-—v——o—.Icw .fl—umw‘u .—_'-.. ‘— 36 that 116 schools required medical examination and 4 schools did not, previous to competition. It should be noted that the schools not requiring medical examination reported comparatively no more injuries than those schools where medical examination was a prereouisite. However, since the number of schools which had no requirement of medical exam- ination was small, no definite conclusion can be fairly drawn. Summary. Those schools using canton flannel covers reported 63% of the total number of infections and those schools using plastic mat covers reported only 37% of the total number of infections, even though there were almost twice as many plastic mat covers used as canton flannel. The 71 schools using a daily disinfectant on the wrestling surfaces had 26 infections and the 41 schools using no daily disinfectant reported 123 infections. 116 schools of the 120 schools sampled required medical examination before participating in athletics. CHAPTER V The preceeding survey presented the frequency, cause, and contributing factors of injury that actually occurred in the seven Midwest States of, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin, during the 1950-1951 high school wrestling season. Data was collected and tabulated from returned questionnaires sent to the coaches in the seven states listed above. Relationships and correlations of the various factors of injury were presented with the hOpe of aiding the individual coach and athletic committee in obtaining a better factual knowledge of the injuries occurring in high school wrestling. The major findings of the survey were briefly as follows: 1. The average high school wrestling squad was 40.29 boys. 2. The average daily practice was two hours long. 3. The average number of years of coaching experience was 7.6 years. 4. Of the 4835 total wrestling participants, 735 received an injury of some type. 5. The rate of injury was, 1 in every 6.5 participant. 6. Cauliflower ears and infections accounted for the greatest number of the injuries. 38 7. Boys wrestling one or two years received twice as many injuries as boys wrestling three or four years. 8. The greatest number of injuries occurred in the 145 pound weight classification. 9. The majority of injuries occurred during the beginning of the practice period. 10. The coaches ranked the carelessness of the wrestlers as the major cause of injury. 11. Schools using canton flannel mat covers had 63% of the total number of infections, whereas, the schools using plastic mat covers reported only 37% of the total number of infections, even though there were twice as many plastic covers used as there were canton flannel. ’ 12. Wrestling surfaces were disinfected daily in 71 of the schools and they reported a total of 26 infections. Of the 41 schools using no daily disinfectant there were 123 infections reported. 13. Medical examination was required before partici- pation in athletics in 116 schools of the 120 schools sampled. 39 Recommendations. The writer has the following recommendations for further study: 1. A study of wrestling injuries throughout the United States. 2. The number of years of wrestling experience of the coach correlated with the number of injuries on the squad. 3. The factors of general health of the individual wrestler in relation to the number of injuries. 4. A detailed study of the type and effectiveness of disinfectants used on wrestling surfaces. 5. A detailed study of measures that may be taken to reduce and possibly eliminate cauliflower ears. 6. A detailed study comparing the number of high school wrestling injuries to the number of injuries sustained in other high school sports. BIBLIOGRAPHY 41 Bibliography Bilik, Samuel Ernest, Athletic Training and The Treatment gf_Athletic Injuries. Champaign, Illinois: University Press. 350 pp. Bilik, Samuel Ernest, The Trainers Bible, Seventh edition; New York: Atsco Press, 1941. 374 pp. Collins, Fendley, “Competitive Wrestling“, Athletic Journal, 26:12-15, January 1946. Collins, Fendley, "Competitive Wrestling“, Athletic Journal, 27:15-18, February 1946. Gardiner, Edward Norman, Athletics of the Ancient World. Oxford; The Clarendon Press, 1930. 246 pp. Hawley, Gertrude, An Anatomical Anal sis of Sports. New York; A. S. Barnes Company, 1940. 191 pp. Heald, C. B., Injuries and Sport. London: Oxford University Press, 1931. 543 pp. Lloyd, Frank, S., George B. Deaver, and Floyd P. Eastwood, Safety ig_Athletics. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1937. 432 pp. Thorndike, Augustus, Athletic Injuries. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1942. 216 pp. The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Wrestling Guide for 1951. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1951. 110 pp. APPEEID IX January 1951 Dear Sir: I am making a study of wrestling injuries among high school boys. I would appreciate your COOperation in furnishing as with a list of all schools sponsoring wrestling in your state. If you so desire, I will mail you a summary of the above mentioned study. Sincerely, I. J. Konrad Wrestling Coach J. W. Sexton nigh School, Lansing, Iichigan LANSING PUBLIC SCHOOLS LANDING. MICHIGAN J. W. BEXTDN HIGH SCHOOL CHIICTIAN H. RDDIINIAAD PRINCIPAL March 1951 Dear Coach. It is w belief that wrestling needs a "shot in the arm“ to put it on a crowd-pleasing level with other sports. Be- cause of this belief, I am making a survey of wrestling in- juries. their causes and their frequency, in order to have some selling point in favor of wrestling other than its' developnent powers. I believe that, if the wrestling coaches would bind together as the football and basket- ball coaches have done. we would be able to make wrestling a real drawing card. Your help is needed. Please fill in the enclosed ques- tionnaireand return it to me soon. Perhaps we can in- clude the results of this survey in one of the Wrestling Association's bulletins. Sincerely, ' flagfl atius J. Konrad Wrestling Coach IJK: GAB. Enclosure : 1. Questionnaire 2. Return envelope I A Survey of High School Wrestling Injuries for 1951 Name Position School No. of Years of Coaching Experience 1. Number of men on your wrestling squad 2. Number of hours of practice per day 3. Number of injuries on your squad in 1951 11. Number of cases of the following injuries: Cauliflower ear ( ) Dislocated elbows ( ) Sprained‘ ankles ( ) Infections ( ) Broken arms ( ) Sprained" wrists ( ) Neck injuries ( ) Broken fingers ( ) Pulled muscles ( ) Lislocated shoulders ( ) Broken noses ( ) Strained backs ( ) Injured ribs ( ) Others ( ) Dii you have any cases of boils? Yes ( )3, No ( )4. No. of cases ( ). Ii :1 you have any cases of impetigo? Yes ( )3 No ( )3 No. of cases ( ). Did you have any infected mat burns? Yes( );. No' ( ); No. of cases ( ). When do most injuries occur? Practice ( ); in Matches ( ). Number of injuries in Practice ( ) In Matches( ) «Then do most injuries occur? Tekcdowns ( ); Escapes ( ); Pin Holds ( ) 11 List holds you believe are dangc rous and cause the most injuries. 6 O . '3 O {2 \D fry-Q (J\'\_n e 3.; 9 12 .How many injuries occurred in each weight? 95()11?()127()138()154()175() 103()120()133()145()165()HVY( 13. How many injuries occurred in boys out 1 year ( ), 2 Years ( ), 3 years ( ). 4 yeara( )‘9 111. Rank according to frequency, with no‘s. L, 2, 3, etc.. the cause of injuries: Carelessness ( ) Dangerous holds ( ) Poor practice ccnditionsC Conditioning ( ) Illegal holds ( ) Poor meet conditions ( Freak accidents ( ) Lack of knowledge of Others ( the sport ( ) 1"”). What size of mat do you use for meets? 18 x 18 ( )3 20 x 20 ( )3 2h 1 2h ( ) 150 How large is your practice area? 1 mat ( )3 2 Mats ( ); 3 Mats ( ). ' ’io What type of cover do you use? Canton flannel ( )3 Plastic ( ). .18. Do you disinfect your wrestling area? Yes ( ) No ( ) With what? How often? 3.9. How often do you wash mat covers? 3.3. How often do you launder practice equipment? 1 21.. Are the walls in your-wrestling room padded? Yes ( 7 No ( ) 22:1. Do you use tights for meets? Yes ( ) No ( ) Practice? Yes ( ) No ( ) 2K. Do you inquire a(mec)iical examination before each season of all participants? Yes No 21;..Do you tape cauliflower ears or use headgears in practice ? A In meets? 25.. What type of headgear do you use? Canvas ( ) Leather ( ) Plastic ( ) 26. When do most injuries occur during practice? Beginning ( ) Middle ( ) End ( I 27:. of practice period? In Match: Beginning ( ), Middle ( ), End ( )? 28.. Would you like a sumary of the results of this questionnaire? Yes ( ) No ( ) ‘I ...l . . ,. . - _ . . *‘OI. 'c . . v . . ‘ ' . .1 .- ,O R. ., ' a .- - . . A_ .— . u . , . . _ . . . . v . V . . . ' o l I ’ I . u . o ., . . .4 - L I . . 1 . . ' - . > ' -o- - . a. a . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . A .. A. . I l .o ‘ \ a ' ‘ a . .- . . . . Q a a . ' 7 ' n ' C b v ‘ C 1 . .o . - 4 ‘ f 3 .. ' . . . ’ I . ~ 1 . . e . . v , , , . - -‘ ' . I .’ _ . ' .' c ’ . . . . ' . - J . . n .' .. . I a u. . . - .( ... -~ .. . ”1, ' , ‘ . - ~ - u ..1 _‘ , V . A . . . 3 . . . . . ‘. . . o | n n I a I Q ‘ a . . . -... -i o -.-n . ,- ' " - ' N. .. . .o~ 1. 5. ‘ 1. .u. .. 1 . c l . . .. . . \ . .. , . ‘ 3 . . . , - » . . o . . . ‘ . .' u. . . IIIIII IIIIIIIIII IIIIIII III II III II 31293 01748 1502