J H l I rv“ ( H 1 ‘ W Hill \ i .4034 (00000 A HM CENWMETER MECROWAVE OSCiLLATOR. Thesis for Hm Degree af M5 3. MiCHiGAN HATE COLLEGE Ranaéd Lawm Martin 1948 331E833 llllllllllllllllllllllllllIll“!llllflllllllllllllllllllllllll 301774 5583 Thlsiltoeerufgthatthe thesis entitled . ”A 10-cn Microwave Oscillator” presented by Ronald Lavern Martin has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for 3.5. degree in Physics Major prof3r -— Date‘iJAIQlflzl—K u.“ a. v . t .......‘b . .fo ' .? —.,-. . -fip-W“ awfi ‘7 ’14.. =.V-O"‘mh ' '~‘ PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE .1 .filqa .-p (v‘. ..- ’1' ( --r~.-r-r1- -‘(i .;-. ".1'r ""“'I‘.’" ._ ' , . 1:. *AJ;‘ ‘J“‘! .5 J.‘r-i...b.k.a-n - -J. ~J‘.‘\, «A. V a \ J.L.‘J.Ld {L ,, u: 7. . r T.- -\ -1". ’..' ’A . nonuld guVClh Luatln A Jheeis ‘ * ..' '-,. - t '1 .‘ e ,C " ,- 4. - C1 ' .z r” f..- .H. euuMltted Lo .hu Jcnocl 0t fraruate Jtuulue ct Lichtgau C‘ . \ f v p 'nh-‘. ‘ 1nd,, ; ‘0 '. \ '. a P. ~ . - .. etete Celleie 0c utilCUlthiu mflfl ¢pilleo Jelcnce 4 ~ v. - -- f‘n r." '1 a. 4- :.- - . -. ....' ”MI I Lh ydrtlwl Lh;nllLLenU 0; the euullemehts for the degree of 11 wt 2 u {3' 'w ’1 LntTnfi C; LCEML pul‘t;.1t‘:ut of Jamie; am”- 194. Ci 4—- \ “—'~VW zit u4‘Cl:C.’.:J é/?/49 I JiSh to take this orhcrtuuity to eXpress ~Vr . -« ' ,; ' ~ \ T 1‘- ». 1 '... ‘v ~ .fi \ v- ; - "’5 a 1» apDLGCluthU to ur. Aulrfl p. LOJBfaCR and #1. :9 Robert L. Spence for their help and advice. I wieh to thaug also Ir. Charles Kingston for his help with Conetruction details. 530-1342. I ’Y'Ij11\r-‘7Tr‘ 1TATY . -‘AI-‘I' J—‘KtVJ-ikn.n The purpose of this thesis was to construct e micro- wave oecilletor with suitable detectors to he teed in ’3‘ .1 Hr ,_ C) 1 ._ I I the laboretcry to demonetrete some of the o tic l p ONL in a simpler manner than is roeeible with the much Shorter vieiol e liiht re; In order to achieve ; frequency in the heifhborhccd l‘ of 5000 me ordihhry r cio circuits must be modified cou- eidercbly. Ehe reeonent frequency :or the uewui l tu ed circuit of a coil and conde eer (neglecting reeietence) ie f. ”v5? . Decreeei Hf the induct .rlce or cip cit hce will increase the ir ecuehC“ until we have a CgpuCituDCG of two perell e1 plo .tes and en inductance of one turn of Nire. Jith thie circuit freouehciee up to 200 me can he obtained but it is very difficult to tune properly. ”ith such small Veluee of L end 0 in the tuned circuit the in- ductance cf the ehd wires Fcth in and cut of the tube, end the electrode chpecit;ncee ere large in cony;rieon and have e very greht effect upon the perfor mance of the tube end the tunine. i‘he b e- of the tub) is an insulator ’h to ordinary freetehcies, but a conductor to ultra high frequency currehte. it SLCh high freeuenciee be we are 2 to achieve the struy rediction from cash wire circuits becomes excessive. Ehis tuned circuit of e smell coil _ a -_ —. .. V .. . - 1 a . , . rw .,,a 1‘. wt ..1 - l end cohcehser Jill also hcve e lOJ , ”£938'33 —- since the resistance of the circci will be lur 'e compared to L. L is L measure of the selectivity of e circuit and 4L for an oscillator us went e high selectivity in order to have it oscillate pt only one frewuehCV. a can clso be ‘3 .2 defined as the energy stored 'n the field per cycle di— vided h; the energy lo t per cycle end is therefore a 7’? measure of the efficiency of the oscillator. Tinslly L trchsittime of the electron from c thode to plcte is very important with frecuehcies in the r eye of 1000 ac or greeter since it is of the bane order of mathitude e U) rt e period of oscillation. Jhis will ch.hre the sh re rel - tion Leteeeh the grid voltrye, which is controlled hr the oscillations of the tuned Circuit, end the outnut current. i‘hc tuned circuit does not receive emerge: it he pTOpCT time of the cycle and the eificicucy of the_ tuned circuit is reduced until it :-ils tc oscillcte. '1‘\ — '.- ' 7‘ -‘ . ~' w~r w; ' . ‘ Q \ 1' R. 7 fi ‘*‘ ' V ihe hi-u iredueucd UculllJLOl of the tgpe crustruct- M ed overcomrs these iifiiculties of the ordihhr} radio oscillator izcuit in the followiu? mihher: .‘ .‘ "I ‘\ \ " 1. l7 L" l' v- ‘t,- .~ - «e‘..‘x \ ‘ - I 1‘ ' , 4- 35- V. . .4 ct.i:uice:, said rite, v;er; sturll. elxrietgts filtiilll U;-e ‘tulye -. is 1;. ‘ e T \ 'Q-v- . x, -_ - -. ‘ n . In 1‘ C.) - P. .J.‘ . 1 a r: . . N.“ . n . ‘ __ Era tfll V5-0' ClUCAB toacetie . -iiircicxre try; ltuxi ilmrict sh'BS to the tune wre he li iole, interelectrcde (’4 5) capacitsrces are reduced consider t1" E“ the Lapll ores of the tube elements, even witn tneir close sp sing and transit t‘me is grectly reduced by the close sf;cinx he— tveerlcmithode sax} glate. (2) its entire 34Cil ire mercy circuit is contained within the cute" shell sec tgges “lsce in the resonsnt q CuVltiES so thst stray rudlnthfl is uc5i g ble. H. (C) all metclic parts of the circuit r"d silver plated to reduce esistsuce to rudio 136aU9L03 currents. (4) Ihc lumped elements of the tuned Circrits are I O Q 1 at.“ 21"" t" (3 "it. .‘1‘:.|'.T L; r2. 34 sue-4.80 u .L v l (I. L.) 4.. r~:|,‘.\/ ‘~.- MlcvuA.‘ 0 J . . o ‘11 j. _‘ ~ g c 5‘ _. h ~r‘ 1' _ ’_ r .‘ ‘ ' ‘ _0‘ ”ltn tn“:8 HOdlflCutlLU: tue CEClllat i own -ttsis (' ”'5 CATHODE LINE PLATE LINE PLAT: GOA/00670,? SHORT'IUG PL 0N6 (R FIG. la A/VabE GRID A\\\‘\V M101 8Y-PA s: Can/OENJER C A THODE 19-: c cam/army Hall) 01 T ("f‘r‘ ‘T;**fl"1 "" ( " 7T?" .“.'*r‘*'*"' 2 'V’. 0 wk.“ 4-‘.|. x44. {‘1'. " ‘ _ ..‘ ‘ “‘3 w . n f‘ \ ‘ ‘ s ‘ I - 5. Law CbClllquT ULHS u Vlntle t - l I. j 0 ‘1‘ O . ~f‘.‘ " .,‘ CfluOU Jhlch lb “a ,. be u 1‘ « - n - . w . ~ ‘ . '-. -- T 15‘ ~ v~ ' « 'w ggpcurfince we seen 1n .1\. ¢(b). at r-; COLnBCthflb . - ‘. .3 " - 4.‘ ., 4. I .J. ,-: .3 .‘fl .\ L. .fi . ~.» - -j._ V are uhue ullcctl; b0 tne Otbblfle o: t“: LL06 JlLJCLt '1! . "fl “ ‘ I 1" ‘."‘ ' ’.- \ ‘ "-' " \ Q- '1‘ ~_, ‘ ‘_ . ‘ V iolni turou_n tue oct,l 04: . taste ebtefluul COULQCthhb ‘ -‘ . . ' "~‘ - ~ ”‘1 "' ‘| ‘-“ I" '7 . w " V . ‘. -\ v ‘\ .' x C \ "t are gll silver ;1»tec. -u: tL.: sub dc:1,hec Mb ; cits: i . 42‘ ,. Vfi m- V . . '4‘ . ”1.: -- -A‘ ,‘ - _ - a ‘ . .' A raLlO";regu8uCJ w._,:1.:L+J.e or :L t C“ local ObClll;t0r u ‘ . -\ . ' . . f.‘ 4 ‘ . w - ‘ n ' t—a - . T! ‘ \ A .9 ~ - - r' I A‘. J.‘ 1". . ‘ . at tn: fllghsr LleHhUuClcb, hut tneleiore Gees LOu Java 4 ~ U .‘ IQ . “ ‘- j‘v -. | ~ \ ‘ L- - 2 f‘ '1 —- IN ' vx vary 1“ 5e ;c:e: Cnght. It wa utet $01 tn; lbttcr -.~ ‘- ‘- ‘ . - -, . ' . ‘1' - t - . - ~ arg- -v‘ ' '7. L . Q . ' 9’ ghIQOEB 1n ta tlrcrwit rdowr :et 1tr Nthfl thlt C-Vltt resonqtor Hg: desi med. ‘035 o; the tube n;r;cteristics ‘0'“: VOltS CD Cf (D '1 1 C) H Cf- '7’) (D (‘3 r7 Ave: :6 Cuf;ifiCLthfl f:ctcr g6 Grid-pigte trguscondtctunce, lb 17 mil.gups. 4&5] Cf Direc interelectrode cmgucitguoes 1) lat (D H O w S g *\ Cri' l - f" *(S Grid-Cgthcde 1.1 «a! h Plate-01; t hoc‘l e , n11.-«:ir.;u::1 O .05 «HI C“tHcGe—r—f canuecticn, Chthcée 100 c4q/ gafiimum freuyehc; 5570 no Etna cooling ~ Convection O) Q. I” LN- ‘ . ' '. 0 ‘O ‘culmun weal temper,ccre ~CC C O *1 D: I O ,4 (‘1‘ (D vaic;l Oper ting couditicns f V0131?e 9 L glgte volts 9 but volts t '4 l 0 3-0 g;id vclt;;e ‘9 VCltS alate current 30 Lil. caps. * . -.. .v _. . ,-.:, 4.. - r' ..' .. J-C ‘rlu-thfuun, um :QJLJ~LH 0.1 mil ;U*. I H. [.4 H H- C.‘ 1" f.‘ ?c!cr out ut 7a H fh 0 deferring to ‘i'. Ita), the oscill-tO? ccuy three coaxill cyli:-dricl concluctcrs. L219 1mm" conduct- ally to the c thcde. C, . l. ‘. A _ ,- I . . O ,- '1 _ ‘- , . , * ‘ 7 _ h 'i‘ _ 1’ _ j .. “.1 ' ‘ arc snwrt UerLlumG Lt tug 'nC uJ LTOM tgw tLbc my u ,6Ju 5 H12 clungcr. 1 connector 15 becvrelr clam CC to .,- 4-,” w -m. '1 .4. ‘. -, ,3 - -, .. ,, .t .- 4.1. . .-. CuL;UCuLf cs tnc ldttcr 1c “c“L;th clout 74Lh tzc glun: (7) fi -‘4—, , . ,.J—\ 1,- ,- A, . .'.. 1._ 4-,“ la: yllte couahctcr 13 Abllu! tu ullCJ ,1; to as :lrch- 1.1)} c twatsinj . v“ ~ 4 C‘. i. 1., 4 Fl ’ I \‘ H Cf (—f r '..J H (‘9 FJ L. cf H. _’4 ‘0 (I }__1 0 A ' ( 1...: O .4 (J ',_l C \ L (F I .k..~.1 . ‘ , . ' ,0..- —.—° .LA- : :_ -,~- .._. .~ Lgut on thlb ,Hrtlcul r Cacllllto: lt lg Luv theuc r, to use air cooliuj. lna hollov 53b cwuducoor is roatrictea in one glwc my 9 ou;rto3 'VVo lib th chcho Jhic imam} “.‘co t4 r—f CL.-:-:rcx;ts tut“: thaw'e oscillptiono fro: 'oin; into tho @- JILB EfKDTLlJl‘ j>lu1tf02" alw‘ t}; f;k$beub0 "i 161;; to wythcqrzrufl ore tfl12’tuuiloj gc:£yv. .flra d—c cunnuecti is Wlde b; three synetricglly-pl;ce 4. L; from the f- 3 ~_ _~ ’(I_ ‘ -“-\ . ‘ ‘ \ f ,f . 3“ CO to 131er Luce-ll Eula-1.1,}; w lQ,U 'U C:- gut 15 taken from a ,roue 1n tau 0 4. U short coaxial line c 1. -~,. ‘-w,~ -.,~. ,. -V ULU Cd b; .u el‘ht lilo-11 {NMJJ ‘llc I fluCtQT no: he ro.chc o; Mulllmg 0 OJ. the gigolo, :ooscuiu tm; acrer q , :.—. . «3 -. . ‘ or to tue Ouvhlol lluo out Tc ov1u5 - -. x. ...\ .,-_ ". .c o ‘.- "4-5 111C 'tnu .LQUlmwjd Ihill <3; tr”; vlu ole line '5 connected to the out3ut pro and CAM thoreforo b3 re LVEU. It i -ch the reflector to re ova the co out? ipolc as 2 unit from the T6 :‘Ul. l truuofor e? 18 used Jlich ho to the tnbo halter can tilot Ti ht 9 betyeen the :l:t= conéuctor ;mfi tho A- - ° , .1 _ -‘k glso connected . tho lutexhll cltu + U of he tube to 0? é—O fl 1.. c rlctc S A. 9 A. '41.. U” CU Oil d . .‘1 7f .' N Il’L‘d~(a. i1:“ 4-: r 1"", hilt 1.6-4. 5 hot u:ces [DJ-1:141 ll lfj‘ , ‘- 001.. S C9Ut7‘1'tfl ‘ {11"6511. ..:“ ‘ ‘ s. — . UL'U tfiz’ul. - n .-L . C 7TIE31‘USo " 5" -/‘C_‘ : .A 1).: ° .LiiJ. $-l r! u..- 1— ' 0 ‘fl . Q E 4'. ‘vs 2 6 +.-. n .4- u...L71l U L) O I ‘ ‘v" ‘3' '4 '"' ' C.‘ L .. 1 . k.— (‘J - f1 ‘1 Na — v .1. '1 . 1!] ’3 u :3 9 'T1- I! (I, U) cu 0301c : no. ffifl Tod v.u“jih” from t5; Lt‘" L,ii tho :l-t: CLUC“CtCT is a Mocha; tile tzuiiXJf {JQCZhLJciEEQ ; 15‘ lilo t};e ;.;”3 VKJ: ploto :o .W.t Hot In towcfiod 1n;. th: cccilli turn 6 (a. LLe Luci mic 1 stop T y 19 :C ire unit is mounted in a not; . I " " *' “.. I “ ‘ ~ 1". " j . -:“ ‘3 ' ~2- luwa st‘l‘ rloiition. _hc uruu-lts LchJ “ 1‘ ) C , , . . _. ,. ‘ ., , --_ . 1-1‘- .‘ .' Tuu muct 08 remove Jar“ Id.uVlU_ oLu rccillu Ll)" ta" .~ I‘m... .1‘4 ‘,~ "6 “"‘ ) r‘c 1‘77er 4 Uxxo -L...‘ (:L'liliu ULULAL‘ L-p D‘A.’ Vubla.a.-LU\./+ .Ll.( r I no .1 z. - — - . P v 1 J 13* ;u.tl loll, guitc“, l“;,, -h .ilco 11 “U L— A- {7. . , - J" “ ‘-, t A . IUK 'U..&/ .5. “”1U LOX?“ II. U-L u-A'V 'JC’J'A Uk‘ U'. L) ly-‘tlcq ("J (C A ( r v L 1 FJ. H \‘V (W c+ \ J '—‘ I P“) | P ,_. g‘.‘ F). vi (‘ I“ '-’I C r -__-. .t , '13 ,3 -._-{4. *3 (-. .. ._ «lih—h VLL‘ L‘s U‘.k_-J 1. A .Lk|-$‘\. I1 1“:le L/Cr -\ (J- 1V ’vbv k—llLt-.;J. l‘oA-k»l ,_ z” ,t.-'1- ,,.: -.. ,.-;.. 3..., J .4-4. ,I‘- ,-‘ (JALA.:J( J .Llatc‘ lat—LUC 4‘Uk-(‘3 LIN-r'b ClU I‘LL tilt] C (11 U 4A(I': Ci:- - .-- 4 - 4. - 1 . - -. i l -‘ ‘ ‘1 ' . 4 . . .\ ¢;_‘ ‘ 4‘ __. ' . Q L It E -1 U.’ '3 J- VIE} ‘4. L):. ‘flL.- .1. k .L(' .L t s‘ ~~-A":! 1‘?»" 5 L --1 .' L)-k 9-3 4- “I .I l _, 1‘ ‘5‘ “' ,- ---' 1 ' r 7, t *‘ La La k; “tor 41 lo; C, ' I'b x.“ ." 1.1.3." U .x. RC t; V: o ‘3 n o t I ‘* fl 1 a n“ «4 f. -‘ L t 1_ M ,— ‘ -4 v I Q -~ . . v L.L.v Ai-‘L. v (-0 .LJ-u h. l .-1 '2 - t1; (alJ l“ .. U- -. 11A y- H .L‘l 1“ ~ "F t ,V ' .' , \ l .1 , 4-“ - 1 4 “- L La- LU b LL13 x~~0 \ lb- g'i) 1:. ll“; l'":L~K L LL (4 i" ‘ .L. ~L‘x {k\ +' - +3, -‘ ‘- _ ‘ ‘9- 4 ‘ 'u .- - 1 t fj » ‘- '1‘ I- v- .- A ~ I" a - J . T? 1 / A ' ‘ A ._ 4‘ r r s11.“ c.1351» 4.. mo: 1 -'.._. ’Bd c. u '.. b LL LL; a. -.iu- 121. t, oz? C cit-L; U533 x . ‘ ‘ r: 1 .~ 1‘.- .‘.. up - .4 all: .LC‘ -. 4;. ....L-.i.‘;:.' 0 ‘ ---- — — — — , Fm. Z (1') 6'- 1‘; "\ A"‘ “3‘ ‘(SV 2" fl.“ :1 ." k. .~§vv“.LU .-..l...-I XLLQ“..CI‘; |'l.ol. Liv-1U ., >J.|' _' V . ,_". \f A . n J_‘. _ -: L“ ' . ,i . ‘_I w- N V_ -Jotz: try: CLLF‘CLAU cos-21c; 51;: .‘e ”litc- c tit, .0121 V ~r\‘ . -. -. ‘--‘ . 1 . ‘ - t. , A J '1 1, . .. H. J... , , ‘ tgllJCTO Cl'.‘Cl£lbL gliC C I; (N; f" .l‘loczwldfi re .LJ lii’.‘..(.5o ALCU ‘v‘lld 4copocitoncd in p rollcl. In oddition there 18 intorelectrode cwpooit;nce tetveCu 7 W . q. : ,.‘ ' v ‘ {JIAC‘ ‘l'lns flu 'J L£11{.' C .\ 1; LL," ‘3 O ' . ,3 . 4- : . - :.- 3 — ‘1‘ euuivllouc circLit oi d ' ... . A. . - - '1' 114130 bid—3 .“U Ctulice 4, *3. 4-‘ ,. - . 4 . . °. ‘1' bllU IT'S-WC; colic: X 111 1L.) :3 '1 ' "a P. ' t, : .1 1 7. 1 (b) . “‘ ’ C__ ‘1' ’ (A ‘3 in ;:£;. s Circuit tmc return i V u ‘F‘. " . 1‘. . J" 1 L ‘4‘ ‘ . ‘. uhk quglthe to thgt- .0 4n- -W , L‘ oi one bldjle CUlyltbS v .‘ “4- "..- WM ° . 4,-.- “, AULU no c-9ocitit v .Ll. voltcgo initgr biut : ‘- -.-f.‘ ‘.~ v‘. I: ‘. “"n Cup U- nag: JEI; cine 'uruotive in ordar to ecuiValwut CiLCLit is Ln uu~i -++——- (bk I 1 c,“ FIG. 3a Logginer now the loot (a 3'. 800111160 ted cont" tween grid and ecthode :- fi ', ~r~l , .. o, ’1 lo mid ;-l._.te, t_;ir. “upon 3'1 (.4: "MW“ :3 -. NW. .',AL‘4U\J 3 .t.\.: ,A :14.be w .. u. v.“ I l r— ( ." ) T \‘{2 A l; O l. L.- O .‘J. «‘1... ‘J «LL _ 7' . _ ‘ x . - ~r¢ - xof‘ .LJ —---‘-’ (I vs.’ 3 C .\ w .,. L .L) L) L';'nl\.’(§ 23*“; -.1",I+ u Cszlig Lidl._gv.-‘.. u '1 V? ‘ p _ , [- .A‘QC‘ ‘4'“ _: 1‘}. 11k.‘ t’h' AA‘L‘Qt .L— fiL ‘A‘ \o‘! l C "1 ‘. (,1 + - r‘ ‘ “ I '14 I: I U‘U.f c 1.0 t“; Llu .L J“ I ‘Q - 4—1,‘ ' , ”'1 L9 LC Upwt 1t glib (Jpn 1 .1» OH . ,,. , - I . ill r:tU“1 u volt;r~ 3. . 4.- ,., .H > . ' loot: Vult :17. LL01 .':3"3 111C 13.0"1‘56 o 3;; "o“: o bLJh; ClTUUlt. “w‘ ‘2' "w: h ‘ Lilat OJ. L .L .0 1(U)O uhf cz‘nofle, .,'\‘,‘~‘ "~ .) \-\ CHJL' .iJ 1;} .1; 1‘)“ C" '1‘; ‘ICAd v~‘.\.‘ kALk)_L.LJ\J C"? C“ . <4” ,. r. - 1- L Jiilr'éo - lit-(,1 '. ..' A. .. :‘i‘ ($13011 'o 0_ tic/iiahx1 o ‘tr; iii; L; :‘CD‘fvei 1‘ ‘<‘}1-,,Lfea 0 O \ ' . -I‘—‘- 1;. 1:” x- itf'rl CAL IO“m ; to t? - :vid ljggtioima Iorld c LC LfllLt lie Fm.36 Colgittc oscillctor on c£;tor;:l_'?olt_-ea O 'Jith the FM. 3: ., ‘ V '4 £" C) . V 1- ~ ;L:,E').Ll€3 . ll ,‘ “.4,— :3 .: _ ”-f _ id 1 _, _.‘- 3" +1“! .‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ _‘ _,.- . rescuing ireuueuce oi tue tea“ birchlt one“ *-U tie“ 01r- ~- v- . 1‘ ry‘y. .' ‘v ; ‘ , ., L- . ‘. 1-;'\A- . . -~ - -: 1 . ‘ cult #111 megive he a reLOhwut UI‘JELC‘Jrf gdv Iil_ -0— 1 - - r ‘ r “. 30 " +‘1 J .- . 1-. - \.- 1 pew: 11b -. .sz‘ ILBLlquzliLE 111 u'.€ 1-. :3 91 'Cth. 3J'UL -W L“ ‘ . - ~’-‘ .1- ' - .- . ‘- w r :‘ \L - I- - w» I, I" 1111 be oi Oggoeltc 01w;1t; to -.- -ue e01 rut, c; “0 i 0 j “ ' \ \ - L i ‘3 .. '~ s I Ill L ' [I (4. JU\;1L€ b0 t1b~~t 0* *‘ : ll‘cr) C ~ bVlAC‘ C 1 K (It (Lb . n \4 ‘12." I t! #1,}... 91;. . r. -' .. ' ‘ 1- 42‘ - "fl - - + , a VQVtiCe mi413e3. inereitre JO 1: 14 Li.3 41 F t:: ‘\- ‘- . \ ‘ m T.‘ ‘ V. I N ‘ x K 7* 1 ll . a ’fl;lhul vcltiLe i”. iqev butt w :L ea 0: equal 1. 11— a: tude or the unfliiic;tisn o; the tube LUSt comrenrete :or the attenuation of the voltage divioer. Then these conditions occur 'he exteruel SOL“C€ may be re.oved end the grit. 1826 can be rt‘gconnecteé. She circuit is {.021 all r-f eucliii;r supplyiu: its cvn in at voltage Lhé oscilla- ~11tiigue unchmiged. . d p. O L U} H- H [.4 O O Y‘ ‘ .. ine freeuenc: of the OSCillJtOf must be the regen- d ‘ l‘ .‘ ~ ‘ TV a IA - ( ~.,- I x . - . ‘ '. " . ‘ "v-v ‘ -— r. 4” but Iretteecu o- the Lian Circuit. at gnu ctne; ire- A ‘ ‘ .3 , 4. ; ‘_ ' -‘4. - \ .-, ....A.,.-. . —. . t' \ queue; ask: tau; ClTCLlu dc>n3.uot »-eeeut 3.:iqwa ‘EEILt- C.) r? (W '1 . ' 1 .’ -‘ 31‘ I . ° , — - ‘- t’ ~ &LCG ios tn; tune. .uua e 18 Hot ex ct1* leuo out r a C+ L (I) (' I 3’ _J H i P O c, d P- C‘ h: 5.4 0 F13 c+ | i (2‘ (—3. fl C‘ r“ H '3 H (1‘ (f1 I" C'f' » .u p.) \- f: (ff r‘J ‘J I...“ . ("1* :3” C - ‘. l‘ ‘ ‘1' "‘ 1' ‘ ‘ v ‘NA . ‘ "‘- “v ‘1 TleC b,/brh the ret'-hec wcltiic lb toe egall th is r.“ circuit c hnct cscillite. If the cm 1i' J itielly grccter thcn tLi: ratio, ce*i11.;ichu st "t find churcctcrieticc ieiice ch11i51‘-ti0h to the correct Hetu"hihg to Lur oscillator—- In crder to mike Xz 049ccit;tive the current in C.f must he Lreute r than the current in cg of oscillation must be hivner thin the reschcht fre— cuehcy of the c thcde 1ine.imi1.r1v the n ’ . ~ lzirx thee recychcigt Iixac‘inicg' (-‘ L- oscillatic hS mist be loficr of the alete line to meXc KP inductive cuit must be tuned to a higrher 5 911161102" then the 0‘.th- 20 make this clecrer echaicer uh ordinary H O (.4 P. d 0 de ci Cl 111.111}; Ci"cuit Jith I‘OSOIILJ‘it unruly: ”"mwwcz; w = 751? . .. ', . — 4.. ‘ " .WL _‘~ - '. o _ o If :J 1:: .~:re-ter than Wctnen z: w—L'Lc l -.’:-lC.-1 is -.-. C'é-fiuC1- ’1 titive TGuGtLJ‘CQ, where-is ii ”I is less timi- ‘..r then z= WHiCh is er incuctive rehctmhcc. X; cud I, do Lot Var* with frequent? in the sage Jay cs Jctlt iflua reactghce o: eimyle c pecit ncee JUC in- ductehces since they ccntmin :. hum of reverte ele- ments lunged tC5ether. Iherefcre one c.h 0:1: cetermine FJ P \ circu1t reletiche from the e_uiv;lent 01T“Ult at the oscillation freeuehc: but c huot cclculite the freguehcf free circuit pir;hete"e. Junie; the Cathode line controls the u:.cunt of Via-13938 fed ‘CLCL: to the gric by the ten}: circuit Since C. is wart cf the ceaacitctive VCltafe 6i"i7er. Ch is L; R .1» normally much lerger than Cw“ i? order to p"ovide the “is prcper volt g9 divider rltio for feefibick so it me: be necesairy for the cethcfie lime to be slightly frexter thafi f/é Jive length in nhich 04:: 1h Iculfi be c-31citgtive h rether thin infuctive. Juhihg the pl.t: liLe *9 er iuee I chC therefore deter ines yrihciply the frefluehcy of oeeill;ticne inc to & bLLll degree feedbuc; since the retic CL/C- 1 “ pg ' .“ f" " 7 ‘1‘— '-‘.' ' . -‘ r. . " I ‘ “" t“ . -‘ ‘ 1 Jluh ireuueh'5. ine elite 11h huct elxcue be Lii~nt13 "\ I- - "‘ u A ‘ " ’4 ‘-.l a " F ' . ‘. ' ‘r ‘,'\“ '1 “ . ’7' lee: then u ILll Jive i Lil- deb Llubb up enet L1J,[e L1 ce incuctive. Iciimum output iuéicutee the conditicn of correct feedbech voltcge, since i: the feedb-c; is too me‘l the oscilletiphe er- week, chm if the feedbec; i: toe ler?e the no Ier cczetmed in the grid Ci‘I'Ul-it is large r.hv’ out- put cor es ordihglg refiucefi. (Ehie i: the to trehait tine loedihs :hc actual frio currehte ween the Trio is ERR.“ «1.x - 131163 excited i3; approx {- A Llectrons yoihg grid ‘ N will collect el {rid-lee; which cutoff. Tow eh Cit; resonant cavities 14 tics of C;vit* Zeson;tor - (1 co xiul c vity .r.‘ -4 ,,. 1 4L 0 1 us followiny manner less than 3,42 \ l / l L ‘i :v 1:16.5- .p .L. ron Cathode to elete induce e voltege 7‘ ~9-. + 1 ll‘So I \‘a I ‘ 8 (,1 118 He suig electro makes t ositive. Ihile the :rié is it \- positive ectrons end current will flow in the O Q C biases t7 'utive but not beyond en electrons £107 from c thcfie to elute the: incuce e positive volt we on the sric svberiuoosec on the gcfl 1 mi s. .Hue grid ix; still Ihfif tive tuyvever em; this slow. the electr us r'on'n let'veen the cthcée and the grid. .‘he grid gains the 2.3..ount of energy lost by; the electrons end sets the cavities to resonitinr which sets Up en ultr- high freeueic* voltege on the sri in- dependent of the other sources of grid bi;S. high freguency electrons if trsn cilletions have begun in the resonant c vities the; ultra ’1‘- , .L lilld voltage on the grid serves to hunch the sit time is not too lcree. After os- will 15 be sustained in the renner deseribed for the Colaitts oscillator. ahen the uhf voltefe on the grid is most negative it Jill teie the maximuh anergg from the elec- trons. Ehe grid Jill lose relitively little energy to the electrons when the electrons are hetveen grid and plete since the distence is shorter ant the volt ya on the ,lcte is highly rositive end contributes most of the energy gained b, the electron durin: this part of its transit. when the plete voltcge is too high the electrons have a higher seeed end there are uore or them so that the voltege induced on the grid 1y this swings the grid more positive thun tefore. The grid draws more current, which represents energ; lost, and is elso biased beyond ‘ .L' ’1 cutoft. *2} he grid remains hiesed beyond cutoff for e com- paratively long period so th;t oecill:tions cease. Dhis result is noted in the section on eéiustment end tuninr. Resonunt cavities excited i: this menner Jill h.ve H the electric vector perpendicular to the walls of the c;vities so the dominant mcce of oscill,tion will he the 3301 code es shown in dig. 6. for this re-scn the output probe extends redielly innari from the shell, that is it is parallel to the electric vector. Jhe muvnetic field is concentric vith the exis of the ecvities us shovn. Lnere is obviously interection betveen the tvo fields at ‘1‘ fl .. a 1 r ‘. 9 _ V a} ,- ‘0‘ a 1‘. A - ..‘ ‘ ‘ tn end or the 5110 cjlinder since the ilelcs Luet be 16 continuous here. Thus we heve feedback from the ylute line to the cathode line. . CAKMKK'Ewh/ FIG. 6’ }.J Q I‘.' 11'7“. 1 H" v * :3 J0 $1.1- -.\ -r‘. -..J The output reciutions have been modulated at 60 cycles Ly impressing en e-c volt;ge on the plete so all g I thct is needed for detection is u eiutle crystel detect- ,. .. N'I - 2:: i. w .. .0 2... . .t. ° or to cmt oil tLe ioqer yell or tue Jeve, or LULVCIC it ”J I ('1‘ l’ to irec current. 3L9 oscillOSCOpe teen seems tee en- "t, (Y‘ VelOp‘ o the neves, the enacter r‘ivee the eve age velue, t he eudio emwlifier "ivee : 60 cycle hum. 1 UIXC 2J0 detectors were euilc. The uicroexmeter detect— Us or eiupl; conei ts of e crystel Leunted tetneen the . 1" ' v " ~ -. ‘ 1 LOth of tne meter. ihe or addition to rectifying the current. iuch experimenting " . ‘1 \ ~ ' . J. .' r ‘v- .. 4‘ 'v , ' ‘ f‘ I . O . n' ,~ A 4' ‘ ‘ lab done Jitn etner t; es or ”lCTO;Afl8ter detectors but - ’\ - ~ . I v - . ' ‘n ~ ' -- . " 1‘“ ‘ .0. I‘ .‘ ‘1 f . 7 . ’\ Jere gitnu up Juéfl it Ire louse tnet tne metal cglizdcr in Unich the e meter Wit pieced had beooge e resonant c vitv :hich Hes not of tie ri ht size to EtFt'ln oscilla- tions at thit freerency. Bhe Wand detector is thONL in ”is. 7. ?he le-d from the fiend detector to the oscilloscore or eudic Ln- plifier is e ten foot, two wire shielded 04118 with the . shield connected to the green? nire. She ground vire is teped ;,t time prceeg end 2x33is to [natiieti1i"uis}uflflbe fronl the other Mire. K. .Su wokuhkbfi e} (\S \ bxnxu‘ b N /K/é~\\\ \\K / \ vino / WRTMWIIII L “ § 7 “£de r. I 10 f VI V V V : 6 it \ t \ cwwwwwwxes xx : Ta 4 (41.79;? 19 v1» '7}; ;e1r-_'-r‘:'11w1*r 1 (""1 "11'1'5 r T'r'11vflxf . .~ _4 - 5-x - {’1‘ ~‘xu -.V'.n- ~. A The simplest method of neusuring the frequency or the oscillator is by observing the distance between the nodes of the etending weve pettern. Tor this pirpose the :ind detector Wes clemped in e fired positicn in the q 3 83:1 {Arid t p. re reflecting plnte mounted riridl; in a vood- en blo'x slotted to slide along e deter stich. In this '1 ., l“..1.'q m, .1. 1.1 .2, -.-, s cot; i» oololetel; coming the 19ildCtlh: man no 1‘ one glete end coes not interfere with the reflections ne{rly es much as if one were holding the wand detector and nov~ l in; it between the oscillator ;LC the reflecting plate. es the reflecting plate is xovod elong the meter stick reedings ere t gen w-en the CUb‘Ut es shonn on the oscilloscope is zero or nt least e LiUlflUH. ;ll frequency neesurements were me e in this manner, most of them with forr to six reidinfis nno a gen et in- tervels of the tuning with ten reedings for greeter ec- -~ ;. ur— h ; -: a. a“ r *. »r- f‘ 1-: .- ~‘ 4? 1 - 3" F "q 1 II >~ I" l CLl‘nC.) 0 “Boiling: fl‘O..1 -t b-’ 18 iret‘uencg. ..;e-.eLrer..e..t e.l‘€ giver below. larger repaings were given greater weight distance between the reedinw and 811106 L111 U f ‘1 (-3 (1.4 i *‘i "1',- ti (D (O D H L—1 (‘1‘ of PV’ ,_) x3 . 1 .. :1 1,, J." 3 1111;,;L.‘:,; 0-- ”441.1. '.r-J...VL.- d r:1 (I) f H H (’3 Cf H. '1‘ DJ H. p ,. 1 C); p «1 ‘1 *4. r )2 CD Cl: FT, 0 a c+ . - J (D r ~‘;+‘1 .- ‘, 4‘ r-“’ ' ‘I' ~‘ I ‘. . 2" "fi -‘ fi " »- . ’ lznr ofh. doth eel; tne 1:40 rweidiin s 1410 :flionlo 0e gicre auc— (3‘ I9 \3 F’ C? C 171 O O o a: {1 fix C: is Co to ("10143 .5; 1 m. w .JC 0 3. {‘1 ( O C\ \ r,r— r1 {1/ 01' CL’ ob C O ”.11 CI: “:1 “Vi“. l‘La‘e A/2 = E" 0555 .;;-ve 11.123 CID '1 I FL]. .41 {‘C‘ .: O O " 2'31 -: to 0‘: C- :45 ‘IF"F" “lflli (“IF-‘01 o r 0 (.31 CW r15 C}: C) £1 t C C O U o S" (‘7) NON—J vf ------- ‘ 1" -~_‘ * 1Y"Y~'1 ‘W ‘ I. In; L '- -1 +8.-Ar--L Ab- .. ‘L.-IJ“-»’ Several tests here run on the oscillator to deter— nine the effects of v;ri;tion in voltege, tunin; rod, 0 len-Wt of grid c;linder, lengm oi dipole of o cillntor end detector, and the len th of the ovtnut probe. Ihe plnte volt SC w-s fee from n 7UU vo‘i t trzris;crm- er whose primer? was connected to e V riec tr nei_‘orh,r. Plate voltage Wis v:ried throtfgh the conflete r nye from deco volts end effects on the intensity of output, wive shone, end wove length were noted. Tor this turnose the Wend detector Wes cleaned in e fixed position in the bee; end Hes connected to e c thode re: oscillosoOpe. Jove length meesurements.1ere t;hen es previously descriced end are believed to be vithin en error of l mm. ?or any one settin; of the tuning rod it was found tth e VLriLtiCH of the voltege did not effect the fre- otencg' of oecilleticns to the extent th:_.t on; ch::.ngje in fretgzer of; could be de tected ’Jhis res ti t cotld have been predicted since the C of the resonant cavities is e: tre. .e- 1y hijh (Of the order Cf 7U900U) so that they tune at ““0 fr“ UVMCF VeTF 8h>relz- A voltage which would h:ve the effect of chnngin; the frequencv of the oscilletions t to eig*ggre;t e;ttnfl:avill CbleB oscillaticuhs'to cease. :lts 11L .1 4, 1&4 r4 4.8 33 1 Us U vd C 111. _ — .415. ".11. S 11* 1...“ TIL _ .. . at .1 c e e c 11a .1 .1. H P. S o ... n1... 1 . . {o O 1“ 1 o... .1. S .l g . . .C :1, _ t t o 1 C .l S .n .L t C e t .t 1 .1 P1. 0 M. C C n-.. H to .l .2 C . .n 1 C U .0. e .1 .1 t t m .L ....n e -.. .11 M t C 15 .11.. 4 J t , .. .1... _ .11 G 1:. C u .U. .1 n .. 1.1. 0 .. V 1. :1 e, . w v . ..1 1 1. . V .. h .., c ”1“ 1 e .u .11. .l e T 11, 1 1 .1. t 9 1“ 8 t t .l 1 ... D e n: c + .. e .1 .1 H 1 o c. h C e .. t L l C 1 t .19 S r... 1 V 1 1 t 11. ... . b at t t b .1 t o 1. e e m 9 -u ..1. . n S ...1 C .o . w. ..1. 1c 1 .l n O 1 f t . c .9 .3 t C P t .. 1 3 N v r N a C. G .1 (L .1 "\v H _ Cu "1' t 1 0 + (C J.,U m1 ‘9 H W LIV e .n * u "11 P ._ 3 un . .1 9 .1“ . B .1 l U. .1. .uc .11. .... P. .11... C 1L 8 .11.. .1.” L : 1H. C C ..L 1:. .1“ fl . ..1. 11 w. 1 t. L _ 1/ 1F“ 6 11. ..L C .1 11. 1,1. .11. V L... H“ x o .1. +111 O 16 .11 C ..-... n .T, C 1?. . .1 1.1 . O t . 1 O 1 l 1 ._ 8 ...H W . o . .11.1. d 111 V .1. K C it ..1“ ...1 t O .n._ n * C O ...:1. 1W1. L p l1U ..I; Ck 31* C 0 w. s 1A. O "11“ nu .U V O L C n.“ ; t H .l 1. _ ..L .f V t .11” t .. l . .. e 8 n1 : l 1. c .1. t .l M p . .l t C ...: P at. r .G t .L a .1 h 1 m... C n "a d U 1.1. 8 .1 m C C a t t n .11. e E C h r. e h e ..n h u. S L ... . n e e .... - . c. D t e V 5 1. h t I” .1. i t a t a, e t .. n.1,“. 1.L.. v .. .. 1 U 11. h C T 11 ...1. w ... Z .11. ..11. 1. 1: L t C n .111“ C a; T M 1L .1 I 1. 0 vi Q 0 .. _ O 6 h 21.». 111“ Mr. . 1. t ”0 .U ,1. D 1U \U H a L .9 11.“ AU ...; "v .1 L Nu,“ V: .n ‘ 1_ n n 1 3 t C -... K T. 8 2” T t t .1 . t ... t .1. .l L .1 . _ C n M u .l 1?. a .l .l A ..-U .3 .l .U C e 1 C S .D O .l t .. i 1i a L 1 11 a ..J L 1 J .1 C o b .U .10 +u . r, .1 M on U ...” l J ..u r L x 0 ...fl .1 V .1 - .l t t U. C m - o .I. E Q . - . 1 .. V 9 e at. .l h .1. U. a u t T .111 o t 0 t b .3 .. 1. b t . vd .n C .... 3. .1 t u S H. ...n. .“ t .. a .. H O .. .1. O n t n C ..u . e t ..U T L 11.. .1 TH. 1.; m .l e uni. L L C 8 1+ L M C 3 p U. V 1.1. L 1. .1 i _ T .0 .3 13 V C t., .1... a v 1.. e t a 1. U i V 1. o e .. r .1 e C e . n. 1. c. o o "1 u .l e “ 1 u 1 a ...1-“ . .. . H t .111 .. 1 n ... .11. t . 1i. F. e n. i . . u 1 C t t 1.1 e .1 a O G 1 .1 C .c e .1 i 1 ,1. O O C .1 i 1 V 1 b c o .n i at t T U. 0 v 1 o t «O C C. C e t .. u E. ..o .5 U ..L .r .5, f C 1. o 1 t : .. (a V 1 .. V . . e O t O l n e -1 r 1 .. l o S r C . e .1 0 . 1 111 .1 1 O t 0 h .u 1 C .l 1 C I e C e H. r 1U ......u + u .... . Cu .1 _ V :w 1.1V .11. ...L. C l .l t .l a.-. .l 7 .... .. . ..2 .11. .1.“ . ...1, M 4 1. .3 ..1 it u. t .1 16 .-.w .. l p _ t e . S. 1 _L .l e C L ..C h u H . .. C o 1 .l e t t ..1. 1c . v. ..G t t ,C no t fl 1 .1. u a .1 l b C u 1 .1, e C .8 1. . 8 L C 2 S C C o. O n .. fie. ... n S .11. I. T O H h n 1 .l a u L w, n 3.. ; ..L C .2 .1 .w 1 .1 J C .l t t n t e u . .l 1 .1 U 1., .1“ c .11. 1 H1“ . 3 .n ...c .1 e. . 1. a C 0 a ... o n u S ...“ .l L 3 . O 1 .... .. i e f ..o ..M t 10 .1. w. ..... t t .5 1H C ...1 C 1 . l .,._ -.. O 11. t 1 .L e t S 1- 0 x . M. e C .l 8 t . H t .. a t .l h T p .i G .C T C .1 £11.. ...» + o 1b .1. 1o 1 3 W... .3 no i. To 0 ..c in ,n m ...... e 1 “11 t e 1.11. .... e u . no i C r c .U . u n .1 e h u ...11. b u. a S 1.1. .11. 1 . a 10 H .11. ..H v. C t .l r 1. o u t D. t ..n t 7 on th. ch rts of 1;. 9. She volt 393 t 'hlch okcill,tion: r€“1n, ihthu 1ty "e-c}*“>r ,Li 1 , (r ‘H*e U1P”IT lizit £1?rs cr-cill tjjnls cetgew‘.?: ymflg the aur¢3 winnl thf? osciljgttor isa‘ttnefi 7cr diffe"eut freaucucies. She; Should not be the s-re for GifferéL‘ freuucucies tiuce the IGQOL ht freguenc: of the CoVithEs.IMi'th8 feedtmcnzlt S been (fluxufied. R l Re lathe I "tensity G 1 (D f too -200 300 4-00 500 . volts (b) "axing Rod As exclaimed befor“ the 1;;CVement of th: :71'10r*‘ilg_;_" plunger 031541-388 the z..r..c11;z1t of :‘e-efiflxtl: from 1 ts 11119. to c:thode line and therefore controls the intausit: cf ObelllgthhS. Iovemeut of th: yl to confuctcr Jithin ..-.'- .. -.ynu.cut;ofl. 1911mm. --- ._ ._ -_ .2on M. m alum). ...!!!‘11 zoo ...... - 1011!. w :0! Us!!!” ...... INSTANTANEOUS PLATE VOLTAGE vs TIME zoom 51 m m m 08 CILLOSGOPE PATT E RNS Fig. 9 the grid cylinder changes the effective 353th of the plte li:-e .'..'hich determines 11 end t eras; controls the freduehc: of oscillations. LlJte cchfiuctor and shortin? t‘f; plunger ere s*teued ri idly tog et}er ;h€ hove toiether when the tuning control is adjusted. Che"efore b; tun- ing the oscillator to different frettencies Je else Chih”e the feedhec; so that due to the des i‘h of the oscill “to it will 03erete Lost efJiciehtlg at s certcih fretrchci T “ ' ' “ ' . J ’ t '1 -. “‘ .~ " ". ’ O 'N ‘ ' I.‘ ' ' o ' Jntehs1t1es “re re 0 When tne UbClllCLCOOB Letteru hws a 51 13 EOT‘ T 14~$ 3”“3 fledgus sizxce t}:is is; tee chcigu:1:f0" that frei.-ue:Jc*~r iinegsehdeht of volt-1563. It 2*;st nece es; r;* I.’ to change the olt15e to obtain these shgnes ct dierrent poin s but th1s does not introduce any error in in esults of relative theus ty and weve length :J,.;.=.Ji1:st movement of the trrJinj; red are shown in the =fr'..J-:h of dis. lb. lne intensities are only reL tive v;11es and depend 1 . ~. - " ~‘ - + -,q . 1 tor zhténhe, ceJectc;, “LG PJ on the efficieh*y of the or i (r ('3 the outgut probe. These efficiencies are deyendeht when l) the 1:1J5j1t1 of digol s, leer'the of prohe in the resozzltcr, Lhd the impedehce metch of the probe. (c) Len th of Li;oles fhe (1p ole es of the oscillstor and detector were plrposelv left tOL long in order test the effects of J. .- . fi I ‘I‘- , ._’ no u -. 4 l _‘ clLd1; in Juwalr leJ.ths J1}; be :‘tu01ed. JJ c1polxe'citehnu 3&3 ALISNBLNI 3M1V138 o. .3“. 353.. 3.3595 maucpxu :2: 353333233 9:5» 2. 2:. 2:23 no pzmzu>oz 00 on Owl 0‘ _ _a__J_d__%___dfi 0| (—JHEH. U>~JNQ 1m. . \o r 9. .v 2]. owl mnl Iv / (AX 001 02.23... ....0 sz2w>02 5.3 Ikozm4w><3 nco wZO_._.<.._J:omo mo >._._mzw._.z. mo ZO_._. o. N HLONB'ISAVM 'HO "I should be helf e w;ve length lens (or some multigle c? lquf a thfifl3 lengtTJ :for rmxst efficieqm;<1oer.ticni. Lute}? (‘1‘ (‘1' (D these conditions there will be meii v; voltwge 1 - .- s . Pt ' n g: — 4_ - -. -:\. w- . _ .1 1 ~ ‘- enos, zeio vclteie 1n he ceet~r, ehc L.L1uum current at 0. course, zero current at the urre t It. 2. A F r Fig. H She loiqflfii of the euternuJ ~- —_~., 1" n . - -. 'v?‘ 0 ~. ..‘ . o _ _ V' I,‘ ~‘ vv- 0 q‘ '1 1!. 7 L¢bor4tuxg, .Lrvura .hlVUKblLJ, .LVTQJ- 11-, 4V4 . Q ¢ I ”‘1. ~--, ~ -. .-.‘. ‘ 1 :I. .‘. ~ ‘o ‘ f“-" . I- 7 fi' " L ,Cstcb rh-BPLMGMLb LU FICfOJNVfi x-JlCL, C. L. ”MUTCIS .- J‘ _A_ ‘ ‘ s " '1- . u . v C - .I .‘ "... ‘5 ‘I “ A_ . 1 Vnera; “LGCLrlC >€Clait;us p;VlLloh, 'ouerg; ‘ a ' n1. (‘1'? LlethlC MU. , limbo - . 1v P “ ' . ‘ . ‘ - . (, - 7 ~ ‘ ' . “ v ' "4/ ‘ . r‘ CJV1t; 2:0111wt0? letflltm, a. I. uhTEJlUSCh, J1*1J th’g Q _ 7' I ..LLJ , lv‘fzb’o 7 I l ’ ‘ " ‘ ‘ ‘. 7—1 1 1‘ ’1 V “ a . - ‘ r- . 1 W . I“ r r 3 f ’5. '7‘ / h MldthULLC -Luv 1U;lu“ Tlv viletln, 4‘“~ 40-9 -LL WC;. - ‘ ‘. ‘ x f- ‘ ,—\ - fl ' 1 4. . ‘ _: tuneg, udUGE»; 1¢CCDL40o HICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES 29301774558