COMPARISQN O! SERVICEABSUTY PM
05 DYNE‘L ACETATE AKD WOOL CR}!

am'xm as commuau COST

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3 1293 01783 8479

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This is to certify that the
thesis entitled
A Comparison of berviceability Factors of bynel,
acetate and kool Crib Dianxets

of domparable Cost

presented bg

Edna B. Shantz

has been accepted towards fulfillment

of the requirements for

R105. degree in 'lEXtiiBS 8C ClOthiI‘lg

Wand 55%: W

lajor professor

Date July )i’ 1'95)

 

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‘ l I A. . l: '. I ‘ -' . TO AVOID FINE return on or before date due.
I : . ‘ . " - MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested.

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GO 'LU‘JI‘J‘ ? 31": Utrlnr. 13 TL; -.'L)DLUL1 lfl'l Ull all Kit‘jLL‘ llL:A.L"_/ruL‘.Lrl,3 ILlIiL/‘Lfr' 01.

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1.1.111: LOf‘ til»: I-JrzlL known llww'o Owl“: 3.; Ln) utnglf‘ ‘{')ILL 1551.011. LtIraLOP-

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17-1 9C1 83-) VLAI‘tlSLLH-v 81 ILLL tiff». fi:;4l;"fr YIEJ'.)I1 -'1’ {'1 ti]. (:4. '1 .‘LJI'S I16 I 5 CU FM, uJ.‘nl [1‘ tzll'u't‘.) 3 I’ll/YT”
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floers €30 flnlSHwb are u flild '11 . Ju tIe LJbSLN‘p h‘»te war; ortutL

lnformction Bertelninr to tie ?+”V3QLLV€ pzvfurmauce chvracturlatics o
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the Qlffercbt pFQUUCLS,
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The til-1H FI‘lC: OJ. LID-01 Ltlb (1.11:1; LIILunIJJA/L: -LO-I‘ Lia? CanglOr . g- It ()1
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1— k/vro 1~. -..~ I 1 CUIL LI] .1 uQ‘J ' +11 {4‘ '. LLs‘Q (IL J1 tuk)‘) UL CLS (-11 (l— . U .11 no U\! 1. —)r “\al'l .

products which have traditiIrale been made from wool. DJHHI is One of

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tl‘...’o:’ 1161371-! 1 E:V":lUl -:(. flittfit‘b I‘Li’JQHJ! who“) .1 Cc) all (1.1. pigf'llcrh ?, in 1.1) 0' HI)

strong, resilient, and ecquL_~fi1 to :rofiuce. Because of its warm lrul
as tall as its rm oIIerties 0; Strength and resilience, it :as been vigor-
ously promot3d for use in blfiukcts.

Another develoymcnt for incrersei w:: to in faorjcs has begn V‘ULF
b? the Celanuse Corporation throu h the psrmcnunt crimping of its acetate
fioers. Those crimyeg fibers have apyoare; on the ma ark: t mm 3? the name
of "Interecl" It has been quilted to satin, taffeta '3: other linin-

fabrics, the int3rcel crdstitutiig the interlining for storm cos ts etc.

It has also been quilted to ’nitte; acetate fabric for use as crio

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331-1ng at {Ficus SLHLZJnLlU to bOwC a ‘ vni LlGULfiLS, It 13 possiclc
t‘yurt 473.3 1,(\'(' ." r u“\ ‘1,’-I 3! \ "r- ‘ “-7-. TI r~,-3 --L'""/\ :0 V|\q"’ "3" \f'~"‘ljwv- "~ J “n'

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lao(rator f tests, how thcse ragantlg intro.133i c111 oiunicts of 100 per

cent dgnc cl or acetate comLsrc w1th 130 p3? cunt woof n olaLkats of com-

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Id? 313 Cost. Tno outractarlstics 1nJ33!

13 111 cz‘io olank’: s inclu Lin? 11 fitness

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DGCcUSJ OI tn: I153.-. ‘ 3.1. , OJ. 12".";1133’111 lent» 1.;T‘lng.‘ I C! ill Irt-‘n's plan-ct» ,
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CIIc‘J‘o» xJI‘lo Ulu‘lQ I\Lzl.o-s 1.); Uviuz 883.“, 111 v!:-,oull'l.; , l .r, . , 8 Fold -Jviuxf oh L u

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o Hyl n51 t1m3° rctrnuion of 031 lhdl Soltnuss, Ifisiliuncc an1 LonL, aflJ

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minimum alrird 3:3 auu uloLQltLon era a LhfilnlLJ siLLLLLJunt. 133 trimurw

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tten of this investigntLOn w;ro he inhorcnt

physicsl am: perfonaance chart-d t r'is tics of t1 3 new blankats with thci

Two types Nara cnosen for corjm J?iSQU; the woven and the comforter
type. The latte? had cithmr CC1L53n acetate or dyHul as tho "1113? .
Lnalvsis of laboratowy cots constitutei thc basis for evaluation an; com-
parisons between thc wool and dyncl Woven blankets and to tween the knit

omfortars as wall as ccmvnrison bgth“n the woven anfi the knit con-

structions.

RAVIJW GE LlTQhLTUhj

Dynel is the staple fiber s,un fr om "Vi myon h" yarhs and produces
1H7the‘11 *‘1jje,Fioer.Dc mflm nt of U1 Union<3a11163 andfikh‘o on Comww“
tion. It is compcs3d of 60 per cent vinyl chloride anfi 40 par cen
ac ryl ionitrile in co1oi,u=h (5) and is solo in two to tn at; '2n1 r sizes
and in a nunher of fiber lengths Its chief progerties are said to be
dimensional stsoility, warmth, both dry Fad wet strength, rcsista.c3 to

~11 1- 1.. .- , n ,1“; -.,-1 .3. .-. , 1,,. ‘1 -;.- '4.” ' ..:
COV‘.U:.1S1;1JU, Cir-51711131110, 0.1th 1.1.1-1.k_.(1.W aid its I??d,T“:x_‘.:‘-.. 5131251 bLVl U"; t3 1111-ng1.

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Inn: SUI 1011-:r Li. ].S u , 91.1. 1"; (q 1 1t. 11-11:} [1" Ln.) ’ (411.21" 1.31 11/31‘ 1" L 7’11 d] ‘ L
fume oecs While 13 do 3r1s1ic u31 it is foun- 1n ro'1HJ arz upwolrtv'1
pr' -. ‘ a c- ; lr‘ T .r‘ . n —— I ‘ r L- . 1"! /
133r1cs, rurs chi llenLJ-U. 1t lo 1n hlakats tnuv 1t 11‘ ouvn mor1

to thp.touch, has high COVurinq power and the 1ioers do entrap air because

of the irregularitv of the1r cross—srction Those characteristics to-

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gether with its resilience and sorcngth m€k3 it possible to produce
heavily n2y_gm a fabric without impairing the strength of the pr dust.
TheSe have scan the primary selling points for cgncl blankets.

The Tcxtralizinz process (2 0) f(x crimping sgnthctic fiecrs a:
new horizons in acetate production. 1113 process ails ancular crimo and
is said to be an improvement on nature's wavy crimp because it can absorb
more wear and abrasion. It is also saio to incrcas 3 the bulking capacity
of a fioer an: so a:id to its warrnth graliuies. This rimp is not re3mov o
- 1

0y tte tir1sion of hifl twist Cclanesc rcsgircu has resultefl in the

crimping of all its staple Lib rs an; SdnSOQiCfltly in the norm ml
insulating material known as Intercel (A). Intercel has been used in
r. M211 _nings of cold weather f"fl‘h s as well as in crio blankcts.
thhoujh no studies of d.nel or crimrioz: acetate blankets have been
the var ion Spencral characteristics Wnick ma lge blankets satis-

reported,

factorv to the consumer have been stu is: t 'ou hour the last quarter
century.

In 1927 ruinick (23) rQJortod a.stu y of Tie EFL'5ct of Lavnleriqg

 

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Uoon the Therral lnsolatinc Vzlu: of Cott on ula nto;s. LLzerr al resistance,

 

 

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- ' 15 e”... L .. ,- ‘ .L'._ . .2 1... - 5”,! . ,‘r,—\ . ‘ . -.
weignt, lenitn anJ Wluuh, were Geuuflrlnzfl Lor ud.h t2s t s 3cimen o Lore

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laundering. After laundering the we :13 s were roweiqheo, remea°urea
thermal resistance was avain detennined, The sanoles were tnen normed

and the same set of measorem2nts taken. This procedure was followea aftsr
each lau uncarin~ It w s CJnclidej from the re'zlts of this inv~5tivation
tnat an accQJate tr05ess for lrJnJHFth cotton blankets must provide

IF.

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ans for eitixer presex vi n; or restoring the original fluffiness of the
nap. Further, it was conclu::eu that each laundering process may effect
a slight decrease in thern al resistance,

Gilmore ant Hess (13) investigated the Effect of Fiber Content and

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Care on the Mes Thickness and llxmmvil(}onouctivitr of .lai5sts.

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Blankets of 100 per cent wool, 100 per cent cotton, blenos of cotton,
rayon and wool, of re 350m and wool, of aralac anc wool and one paper blanket
were studied. “he eLLects of launiering, drycleaning and storare wgre
determined, inc all wool olankets w; re found to be more res silient than

blenos and the blends containing wool more r=silient tlan tLose without,

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Laun1erin9 ano d‘yclcrning t n-on to reduce resiliency, The thermal

conductivity of he Llankats was found to no r late(i to tne thickness and

construction of the fa oric ratier than to tho fitor content, It was

[i 1‘ ‘.2 v_ 1‘ 1_". 'r_u _ VA if I q_r . fl 0 . fi ” ,.\..‘ ”a : ~~ ‘1 Yr ‘ _
iouno t.-at t:..e {may/1.13813 83m nos t U;'J":‘Tl$l_'fii wool hos b_LlE’::Liflv ass Iro-
.. 1.:

tective than the oan3r if ooth wer3 the sane in thickness, With one

exception, laundering and dTyClWBEfln-j iwncr 3 sz3o th3 protective value of

C0

the blankets containing wool, hut in most c3 35 laundering grnatly da—

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roasod protective value of lar Lkots containing cotton. Thore was

shrinkage in all blankets ani in both types of cloani nix how3vor, launder—

) 9

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in ca us: d nreat3r shrinna e tnsn dry clcaninj. ill wool olan (cts wars

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among those havinc the lowest per cent Shrinks 3 with the hignest in
blankets containing rayon. Warp shrinkage was excessiV3 While filling
shrinkage did not reduce the widths noticeably oxccnt in an all cotton
and in a blond of wool and aralac. Cotton and reyon stze tched 1.0 per
cent and 2.5 per cent in wiith r0~'zctiVolv.

A service Study of blanket fatrics moot from blends of wool and
mohair was roportco by hoisns, Hays and Early '22). The blankets Nero
used by the U it'; Sta mrs Ravel Bosnitnl in Warn mi3cton, D C. and were
laundered Sixty tim s at two w:3;k ingo~vals. In tiis study it was found
that sisnificsnt chances woro nraouccc in tho “1. n - ts by service, but
anounts of wear and launfiering did not producc p- roxrc 38 five
chanrcs in the various pronertics, Both connrcssi nal resiliencc an;
thernal insulation.vcluos were ~icniflcontlv lo"n3r in lonndcr3 blanks
nilicant incraass in str an th was not3d

than in the unlanndorcd. L si;

during the first tWolve lsunocrings in both warn and filling, hoW3vcr,

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subsequent launceflincs did not prucuoe further sirnificant changes in
st erzth. Shrinkage was firea,;r in the wars than the filling
in the all new wool blankets than in those centaining rcworkel wnol.

In a study oy Hays (1?) consumer s ecifications €or re“sciol” blankets
were sugqested. six classes of blankets having diff c r-nt tfiber content
were studied, The blankets were not laundered; only the initL l srcciii-
Joel and cotton blenis were monor>lly more
resistant to aorasion and tensile strength varies qr3atly par icularly
was gfmajo 1
that; l) blarnJUc be classified by fiber content and wcifiht; 2) that the
ole S'ses oe ocf‘ined by minirnum requirtnc.nt for yarn count, breaking
stre1gth wei ht and l'iCkF*Sc and by maximum reguiroment for air penne-
asility, heat transmission, and loss of "tr;n_un after a: re sion. The
purpose of this classification was to enable the consumer to purchase
for individual needs and to be able to compare h13*i_ts in different
classes not only on basis of price, fitar content and general ajmp aranco,
but by weight, thickness, simrcn th, air oorneaoility etc. as Well. It
was suggested that information could be wivcn on the label or by stating

that the bl ankzt neets reguirements for a Sp cific class of blanket as

The oerformanoe of blankets manufactured under war tim restrictions
i a 9
to various cleaning agents as investigated by For d and Stral 13n (ll).

They too noted greater shrinkage in warp than filling and greater distortion

in blankets having a high percentage of rayon. Less deformation resulted

' ‘ -- ”z. -¢ 4-' r 1'31} «- .._ —" 477‘- h. ‘1 ‘ '., r p n: ,_ -; ‘."']'V -.

1n bryf Cl‘J‘wJ 1.11:1“) UI.C‘ri {3.4.1 (2111.)! U: Di 8 0‘ ' .‘r us 1,1(1'3'11‘ 111 1‘) 111 ’l L ,Ln 1. 0.1.13 t1 *LLLIJ,
LA . ‘, T r _fi J ‘ ‘ r. ‘. ‘ . ‘. ,' L '_

WBLHT With nux Wan the most bunlSLaLUOTD 8 nt for lainler ing.

’N _.‘l h _: fl - a 3 ' " _ -..-‘ '-.' a v_ '7 "0 ‘~ 'J.( j: .1.fn - . ' L \‘ " '. r -1 ' f ‘r
bLI.:i_.l' I‘ BILL U LEM- I a («—1) "J n SMILE—III. 13 u Lil 1.1.;"=_’“.:3’1u f1O'io-‘l11Jl .L chf.1

founi a linear relationship butwren the comyrossional resilience an} the
wool content of cotth-aool blankets and the reciprocal the:mal trans-
mission was founfi to Le related llfljaFlj to the thickness, The; too,
found.t;mu; 1€l tfi”a Irvss11q1'to be int‘ywnrhqrt of the lzhi' of flinn . nmpi

LJ.

cal relat.onships Ware also ionnd am th‘vnal tra ms ission, thiwr

1 . 2 1 {.1 _ . .y
at l ls./in. , ani our Puuolyxl ty; an. anon; uniexn;ss at ,l lo./in.“,

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compressibility and Weigtt. Hrcahin" stranfith oi blankets W33 founi to

' . ~ :", I r, ‘r v»,. .‘I )1.‘ .r.—‘, -.J-l, , ‘.-- ~r-‘
in ' n: a]- WloA tne err: hwlyht anl to LuCFR;.€ Wlud :cmrress-

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ibilit‘r. All blan'rmts s‘11rank in both w.r , and f"ll;;-;in d rev: tions with

greatest shrinkage courrins in the first launaorinf. srtakin

1;}. L‘

in COELF ms ibility indicated feltinr or matting of the blankvts,

Since protection from coli is the most important resw*r‘vent for a

blanket stuiies ralatoV to the warmt“ Quali

3

measurement of heat con uotivitv ars als o includ in this review of

500k Cd 0 thers (17) COnClLch 1 L rom tn ir Stuiy of the timinal prop-

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1 . v" f‘ n -: «or \ -V\ .‘ s - \\ . -. 0 r ‘ ‘ . : r\ ~ - - ‘ 1 .1 ». (fl I
SKln W58 0 maJOT Loutor COHoLlHdtlu; to the chillinfi effect of nOis
D ‘fi-y... n ”1 ..‘l ‘_'-. ‘,J- .1 -'\~- V‘. ...-‘ ru :. a- . ~ (Ky-1‘“ V w
.LauilCo. Ifuit1ii1m3ra t11e fourr "that PIW)‘IZDSJ_‘3 .provem exit‘was slmnni

by the a fition of wool with its rou'lar Surface agfi greater loft, It

)

sl;1‘e1r1_;i;11

orerally increases with launnering it wrs further noted that oecreaso

that area of contact oetwecn the fabric and the

was also noted that fabrics which sake test co rtaet wit1 the ski nro1uc

vi o“.
4/ , .
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fabrics whtn t“
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tion of

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OLU that “he can i. wflS
on tne scmmle) Wfljcu nus

filly the heat 105

cylinaur C0"ered

ratio was found *
found that whxn
or nap affur<3J
the b r? This w
gnu mOVinf sir.
Invcstigfitor

PI 0
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of aye Looiiv.
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I

L-“ "+ a A .
strum uh «nu clan
:- -‘ ‘-, -: .1 "~
L GDTLC v Llr_L1 .L.r.2‘.‘h‘

temgcrature or as

8132.

with the

I
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FWfi?

.fLNDIn

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4...

8H Oil

('1‘ 1‘ .

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r _ , m 1... .,, ' j.
1 I‘vm JC 1&3 (EL/11115.!)
.. , -.4:.‘..,..-..
"1 2.3571314 3...; I1» :21" ‘1.’

3 found to 30 tr

,... . . 4L
:rflgnu

O
s < . .L
E: .1. t‘ CIJI‘ 1" 251'. LS

in proii

Cloth SQ?
e f? ric.

ivs
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‘ihlV' vaLu 2:11 ngrta
(:1 0.11 ‘EIiFéit.iI1? q :(t
inner placed 'n a w”

to conwnr

\‘

o n o n

—. —\ r' _ . v I 'u , ~.\ .—

.8 ML Jt‘rca¢infi LPG
.2“ 1+ 1 ”1
(,__.,_ J. u N v. . o r...

lsata

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tdu was urhjn as L“:

.. p. .‘ .-‘ ‘v I "I 1 1
Cduuucte. in Stiil and

L I

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ucgtl
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fitting caveru, fabrics havin: a.pils
wa:n tFa smrpth surge a was n~xt to

11'; i-¥1 r \211' 'nqi,r1£.i;i(J31zs nxzs7 * .1r1 'cw) ti! Esigi.1 l
.1 tgat the_waymth of 8 fadric TS oe-
~Jlj Within ’ts stcrcturi 2) tue

the fCuFiC, anu 3) the arua of CwLLEgt
igzt-w the efficit of detergents and

wire or Nuol. Shrinhtgm, bruekir:

to he :clatui to agitation of the

ation was a more important factur *Lan

T‘l 7km —,. . 3, .— “' ‘1 - .4 11. ,4. 1:. r.,, .17! - . ‘. .Y.,. . ,- ,1
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(3.0 . r37 1" I .'.'r 4 7“ ‘1 I ,- )~'\' .1 - ' n", '1 ‘rt 1(- "i .. .—‘ - + 1‘ 1r“ ‘ ,} ~1I . -- I» -~\ L n +‘ .‘ pr. \. fl
-~..‘1|1'L.1£)l\411 -.11 ..'-c"~J.'1' 2.11... cm. —, L11. cu 91.1. . .10 c L..;.1..1L1m‘=:v.l.l:1. 01 up: 10121 1(_.
.—.+v.._n+- r, ',—_- ;_.,~._r~L»w~ ~. ran; “r" .—.°,-.. . J. ‘- .— .-2" .. 1 L' y.
D .L Lu, ULII‘QJ , Tgl‘f) J (4..) .‘Jl...a U.. ("1 up. 1 fluid U i C. - j- 4‘ C014 "J L)"; f .1. ‘J 1"; 1'1 ('1 r5)" 8.1.;101011

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trgobusnu uO StnbVU b.3uu1Uan QU 11.“ L»- 5erCtu : J) 7» +;3;11t 'lubk.

/‘ ' ri " 1" ."4 ~. ' G" ‘r‘L. fl r '.-~ I .‘.. v - 1‘ -~ I" ‘ ‘ r- -‘ v «'«~‘ . 3 ‘-v ' -.- ‘ ' ‘ 11 . " ' " -"'
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D: nwoiorv1 «9 fi=wmr -~1«:*-- a,fl. ..1 r«:..fl :‘r. “A r. . -‘~+ in» .91.,

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q " ‘1‘? . “-VAJ- ‘\ - - f‘ , “.1'1 “I” .31.: ,r“
i903 than S fist" (If-J . . u f '1’“ I'(i_1_<:u\‘:,-.1 I. .1 (.o .

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In an ea1119r Svflhk fluuCLUf gnu Otywrf 1;) foung tun“ u1e MLMWJ-

. -" D V‘"-"L‘ :-" r . .- ‘ . ‘ ’ “'1‘!" 'LV‘ . ‘3 1 J" “ ...rl’
clonal Change 01 kalu T0000 Vw?l?. wWiL Lgu LJPC of CbLbuTUCulun, L“:

win-1‘ (:1 n "' -"I or. t" r . .’~ ‘1] ' 1" ‘ ’tM") H" '1. ‘. '\ -i'1 L 'x "o "-1 ‘ ~r~° Q '2 }.p-' 1"". 7.
kuqu-r‘ OI CUIJI u [.3 pt- 1- {(4 . c.11Cl my; 1.1.9171“ (JOILU‘-:rl . . (2‘1”; .nIl'a 1.1.1» S L- 1.13.4.7“-

n ,— . I. .~' ' ‘ r. f . I , ‘ -~~‘ -,.. .,- .‘ ‘ h . x ‘ ",— .n" -. . "Ij
was 1:55 1n LauFJCS maVlflfi HO cours 0 bar lucu tuon 1L tho~e haVlflg 3..
{’1‘,,__ _.1 '1._,..' .‘.. ,.___.},.'-.|,. .,.,.. u 1‘. , "15d ’. “'1, "3 _." 7,... “9... .

1. [id‘y’ I10 tux} (Jud {I 14119 (1.": {fit-3 “tint LE .r;;.1- .‘3‘ DUO 1‘. F1611“) :1 {‘1 L1. .2? L; 1' 3:1: .Ld 1.11.... 5: J 1.: J

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€119- L1-d 1‘.f11.l,bt:1%.._ J. ~ .11 Lb 1.4.9.4 “1”, 191.1%:1112 1110?. .111. 11:11.; 14.1 1, 1.11; 310‘; {an 1 ._...H T(.._)

01 51m11£r 11ugu'CK1H;11 .

ll

’ r l . ‘v‘ A‘". . - -J, fir \‘ -
LUILL .'....'I..L 1141‘ L 111.; 4 ”U“, 1.1;)ng LE;

Alwanr; n m? Iwnr
L)4._ d..‘v3-- UL Jv'I-’

I4 ‘1

 

— ~ VJ“ -4—-—-—-——__~_~--~.—

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Tm”. w .r.~ f .. .“r -‘...I . CO .: , H w . . . . :.
Lava. ~'.U'.A.1Ju O uLL: HIV-luxulJJ, _)..J .‘ ,1 LIL-unto, flit-Li: I)u'.lvl.ri‘0".'. In

3" l—
ar' -: 5 FA?!“ 1“ 1 ." I ‘ ~-. ,. ,.' r. ‘~.-.~.- . ‘- 1‘”: .v" r-—- if r‘l. -- T - ~ --r
hffll’ l/pa, at choll sturuo In Lancing, HILHInan and CbQuUH, Inalauc.
r7: , I . ' ‘ 3‘ - ,4.‘;.. .,. ‘ _ ..fl , ._ .. .3. ‘ _J.‘ V ,- ‘ r ‘n .: ‘
IWU gl‘Ou.£\:S Of fLVe-i ulauly; uo UuUli Nd! u o). No Vr: r1 LUIIQ u: LIL. Lion o! G hm. Jr:

P“

' ‘ " l“ ‘1 l": f“ -' ’N I ,' " . ‘ 5 It] ‘ \ - I~ - " 1 'r‘l ‘ , - . ,5 .' " ‘l "
5 me bI‘oIlu Runny, Inf: lilananb 111 Ln 01.15;.) I WEI .3 13mm: 01 .LUO 122.}. upllu WOO}.

,, ,V. '. W. .. “ n W .. .. r, L-.- p ,‘M .3 ‘ ..-

dnJ tuoos 141(n(m4) II OI ICL pal L Jj;k9rufl_. le,du ; Cup 01 tun: wool

L‘l r— 1'an ~. m.- p " d3 5‘1"~.~,.~‘v4- arr ‘: 'a ,-,.r_ 7 .7; FL? 4 - ‘, 3 «f , 1‘; ~~ ~ t‘-- -
LJ_O.rLi-.C )S (ICAQ JJ. 8. _L-.. .L(, L ‘41.. L! L: I L kL‘n.‘ l U lu’ («3.) 11K.) U 141;.) l,» -.l 4n Lilli, b 1L4‘.I.\f , bk) ..LU Lu.

4 'N‘l‘f‘r) V‘ ‘1'. ‘ ‘ j ‘I' '.| " )o' m ...;_‘ ‘J- 1 :1‘ \
J..-l U‘CJCL). Oi. .1. .V8 {1.1.8.1L2'wv 11:) 1011;) U l5 1.0th '\A]. 0UP I .

.r 4' ‘ \ l'V' '- L 1.2' ‘4‘ v '1
CulluUu Adlb LquUIUL-

'7
I” 9:,
Q:

The blplkuts in groups III and IV wave 4
I

tlon. The tops and b“cks were of warp knit aC¢uaLw guiltcd ov;r a filling

of Spun crimped agatace in Group III enn over Spun CFlmpEm gynel in Group

C.)
F?)

IV. 'rhe blankets in all four groups Mgr) Ljuiskeu with binuiufis

.' . I r " ‘ I’ '0 l"r\"‘ 1‘7 ""N)" ‘ i. ’. -"' 1 -v-“‘.'l ‘ V I ‘ ' ‘>""D ‘ u f - ‘v ‘
1.1.13 lllrllt CUSU QJ- L113: blolhxtito II). tiaCLl 9;; 011..-; WEE) akin OJLLJHdkxng'; law's}

F 'Y‘ ' —. V ‘5' ‘ ' .V’ ‘ I 4- - ': " “A - r'.‘ "‘ 11’ 1: ‘n rm u" - -. r~-. ~ -"~..
ScflnJ r'uI:Iihr.Lronxgh,.yb LA) S.&In. Luv gnhptul LAILQLS t;LLHkl.th1wLu4n

. a
J

(J

"Ah". ' P v '71.. " ' .v' ." Ir ‘. - n "‘.~l" V : -~ r I" ,' --~~n - , -: — “\ 1“. ...-
m 23 ang hbltb 1n bloup I, nnloc, UIHG, pluk and ELUBH In biolp II

r. -...4 ,. d ,1‘ .L. Y”, " "' a .r—3
mdlze, blue, ngtn dun Wulvw Lu gloup III, and LaI

N

‘ I. " ‘ "1 f- 1 )- ~v ‘1
a; , L;1Jl&?, LJII; L, Ejftlul

and white in Group IV.

' 1 r.ri

‘. v ‘~', I r.~ I.) - . ~‘ 3‘ "n r vvr-,-‘ .. « - ~p-3 :- a.“ A -‘ a- - ‘L j - -.
n tWUJ33-Ilve IHLM sgdowe we. Balsa I-on ecuu plcnlou 00 shown In

Platws V and VI of tfie Lyvvmdix. TLQS¢ sections wgrc bouna with the

r , ' '1’ V '1 I\ ., ‘ - | ..V‘ I . ... . _‘ _ r —. ‘

ori ‘ILdJ- L‘iIL'\ -1; 7 0:51 ‘45, Ii ‘ (Jr! LA; 41.2.2‘ 1.’ "r‘:)JV‘\JI K—‘i. C‘ (I ‘ 3 ll 1‘ (—11. J";
r‘ 1| '3‘. r J , I (II I 1 r . 1"}: .._

8121 I0? "f.‘,01-.01 t'HCuln (ALI: l" u'I £11,1—! LU .1f'1 l" '7‘} “-3. Lil’ I‘ ‘ (ill

C" 7 I. o-« .-‘J- ,1 (-1 l‘ . t,‘ ”K , -r - ""1 - - -u - . .- I ‘ r ‘ -. rn: ' ' I‘. :1 ‘n " ‘
0; 68311 Lic1.k-;b 9c. !.'.._; ...‘ I- 1" TI! .CI-,r:l E':f.,ul..n- OI LL..." Ol‘le._f1c:.l fo.,-T",-. rill;

‘ VV ‘ : ‘." x a . , I u. : , .z r h. ‘ » -,. . - g 'L ‘ ~ 1 -.. ' (W -- p r
for CO;.“€'I'-LS'JH Oi. I...|'r":"i gm: (,ulOI‘ c1» ’2 MEI-1v. \. 'JTlIlv 51.:‘I'JJt-3 UJ 1

u H (3‘... ~._ (‘0 n' 4.-.‘ ‘ «_ A, 1‘ (w: r Y! 1"” ': “‘0 K. 3‘ 1“ ‘ a _|-'-
III-S . lIJ' phi glad]. vJLJ uh I;- II‘)I Li C; it). (TLL. L‘JL .Lr-kLUM LI l.("-' J_1:{ LL10 [LA LC.

\4

1?. .

1 Hart-V . .--.1‘ ...--..:. ,. 1. ,1 .. 2,, ,.,:
Gnu/01” Owl. DIM: Sticnxub, 1 .SLllnxmg, I:c_1_'_,m2..rL vs LA) aura—13ml: an. t5
tFafiSWlSSIOH. fern CQUHL

1

\ ‘ I o .. r. ' ‘V r ‘ ’ r ‘ I I ' _1 '_ ‘ ‘ “v. . v 1- ? pf '. ‘ . ., _- ‘ I..."
of tue 031"1wal ulcukgt fnurxus can nLh P uu»LU.-I!ve lawn.drln u
.‘ “ |

Iantvrfi““xfi"~-nwfi‘
w — - * —._—v- .4.—
I'T‘l

u . '

resin-umflak-n1? my t:

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9 t (1..-['10 villi].- .’-.+1 81‘" Mb '_ U 5211“!) I) VT"; {“9 d. . U k, r: ,- Y1
--)

1 -. - -, ‘ ',,-___ ., ~°:'---x._,,,-:_. ,‘r‘:‘~,..‘.
.Lh‘j “1'qu 1117.3 Ilium Ml lc:.:[1.'fl‘4_-;," NEH d l 0’ _ - l -H y" f‘al-DH UI u._;:u

'_ ‘..‘..-'v _‘ "’1' r . _ .." ,..' , ... ‘1'..‘~0 ,4‘ -,
flaoblnfluohb< LlflCuVLC UO'PUFULIUH for mehlh; hvblufl

blaantS in the Laundronct, TLe wstcr sav;r {ial was Sat at "re ular"

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l" ‘I t V i ‘ L‘ - v ‘2 ' . a r': . ~ \ ‘ - '2 \ f'n‘ .4 ‘x r .1 ~.-;-- - fi 1 ‘ J.
ulenme Us C‘J!:l..‘l;, taly SU Jim: ‘ 8': 1n I'LL) Su’tz. , J. :u- L>l:-:ll.~~f:-; US W211": ELL IONQL. to

r‘i

1 :r u -- . -. —‘ "I.. . . . - _ y "L ' 3‘ I) *I -. , , \‘~,’\,c Ir\ ‘ .--. .1 -. I :
50am Lor ton minutmb, tn» KIHLMUM UILV FRLOMCLthJ I0? PJIUVIHC hot

the water extvactnd 07 a two minute Svin. The; Warn than rinsed by

v

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0nd dU a. tLrie 1r]. 8 1(11 .‘"3 VOLLLA'L) 0.1. VI J Di)? {2)} L‘ lIlUlJ bq1{:7,? Ll .: Ulzc W’c.

‘
a

through the facric without liftin

uq
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b

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.61th

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Chen raull Dbl to but? moulzlue for a ELLUUJ L-L'J'J Ir-1hut~:; Spin. I; S‘. din-,1

-. SN" ‘. ‘ ' ‘. r- r I" D‘ YV x' 1"” 7- I“ “| '1 Vv~. " IL ' r‘~ .r I r" | . _.. ‘ '1“.
lmllBP rlnsgn; wuo lullowml my a IUul HLthS oflld cft~v Whlbh bAQ

V - J

were dried flat on a wotmh

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Int» {83 complete

blank

ly

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T ‘ r\ ‘ r - ,‘ ."x - ‘47. (fl 3- ’1 ' .-~ . n h~ n 4“ r ‘ ’v V‘ ‘ “ "W ‘ ‘
rrior to 1aUH-JPII tpi twenty—LIV; incn sgwccos of the Wqun

.9

I

deflums w re TMcfieJ MILMEIM“,L: inx;,irmo an fifit n-imy; 3H' s.
SuoSFQfi”r't bz-sfli;7 lixyns were tfljfihll at :3;( inciximrtérvals tmfixtfien time two
sets of parallel lines.

Four vertical and four horizontal fleas Hrwmwntu corrGIt to tut nearest

0 V_ ‘ -K‘. f' A, ’H ‘- _Vv-\‘- r.‘ i: "-"‘I.' r- ' 9.1 “...,- ‘1)
OTIS-SlX’tb’BIll/I’l OI all lflbh Inf-Em: 1103’ch 863011 IH‘ATN* 1"3 SL-dolJlloT‘L dI U‘IL tun.

first, seconfl, third, fourth fifth, t9nth, fifwf mtil, twentieth, and

D

e of the [‘0 1r x-rarp and four Iillfiirm~

.q

twenty-fifth lsun orin . The avers:
wise measurements wgre recorded and t}e nenccntehg dimensional chan.e

snecimens wzre allows; to condition on the metal screens

\‘r

calculate-J. The

 

, o - —. -.1, ,9 ,o-._ r I: 3' .3 .
from Iour to thalVe nourt. QILUF pressing the singing, ocfore any m1 su_r9-
.. I n J,— ‘_..
menus we;e taton.
. (‘ ‘r~" I ‘5 A
Sirlh."d lestiL;
r'n ',’ ' rw _ 7 r‘ ‘ . _ _;_ , . . _j ‘,.,. '_j ”‘7 ,° " f f" “‘1 .» Ii} I, f. ‘,
Ihe knit moans o'*191. J TUSUCP, d;volo QUum a, tie bhitJu stutts IUQL"

- ' .1.‘

ing Company, was used to dat amine the shrinkan and restores.lity in LHQ
knit blankets. The testing: procedure was tnat accompanying; the instru~
ment,

Three ten-inch squares were cut from the blankets as shown in Plat9

VI of the Appendix. Using a template, a five inch square we 3 nc irks”

within a si54 anh outlin9 on each ten inch sn9nimen with the sicos of

‘the squares parallcfl.£nmi C‘llulstunu. lflx: small,s were tflmnq laundered

4

and dried flat on a metal Screen at room temperature.

lg

wales than in the uircotion of the soars s, L r919 dividLJ irto onc-
tsnth iJKLl'unltS was mural far‘m,asur£_1;, na-terfidl inch bsirmfefiy;al to
two per cant change in the five inch sqxare. IL? av (as: of tn”_€
measurexants 19 eacn tirgchon was rchrlel 5 tie Larsent dimensional
Charge.

Easefi on the calculat,; shrinka*9 in t5; r lax~l sq.ara, the sawgla
was plac;d or the StritCHCf of tL: shrinlagw ttst9r to .a'r* the tension

vwara Ortnignt inn to Uh) t tin,'two rxxnairdluf siihxs of tin: irsxni outljxts and
'tne fabric pr0339o onto the nucolas with a stuncil brush. Alternate

d
(D
:5

SiOJ was apnliei to wales and cours;s until the orisinal fivw-ircn

- rt‘! r. -. , "1 ‘\ '- w I " 3—1 . 1'11 ‘ . 1 ro-9. " . 0" .‘ ,u ‘-. ' 9" 1; - ‘
square Wdo OIJtdlILtEKJ . ht: I710 11d. ..’le Il‘._:t.iu.'.-k.‘o #9219. haul (v " clone} toe. ll <3th 11}

S‘
5
r:
H
r.)
(L‘
("J
c1
H
(J
:5
O
H)
S:
\J

L ‘L -‘~ rr-w / .(~ 7 — . 'u ~ a. ‘V' I"~ .: ' r _
strutcn as LUUQLQH Nab FCalthIBu on th SColBS
‘ ',~.. 'L-n- ,‘ . ' . Vrr‘ -r: ~ r—w ‘, ' Ar ‘»~-‘- 9' - . -F‘ 1.] '|« 1:
The rangubidb t3LSth was tcx9n as tns final ogtszhination oi tug faozlc

rcstorability.

. f‘ V-, ,- f1 P' "W.
I" vOI'Lu'Xfll; ULALJl.U.C4

J

I
t

I

 

rJl
Q
ID

Th; fiber content was confirmed by burning tests, 9- the use of sodium
hydroxide for wool, and acotonc for d;ncl and acotato, In distinruisninq

oetwoan acetate and dynal a.solution of 20 nor cont wat9r and LO ner cant

‘ '\ ~~ ‘\ V ~ “ oh 1 r .‘:‘ l‘ \-: , - . 1‘: —‘ C 1 2 n v‘ Ml r_ ,\ . J-
acetonc, by Vuldfit, was usau, lnis solution cissolvaa tua abbtct: QUb

did not affect the dgnol, while 100 per cent acetone dissolved both

acetate and cyrel ( )

L Suter hicrcmctcr was usvs for Cat rminint the nunwcr of yarns yer
ir.cjp for boi .n 'I'J") ' rm: '5": lfi ' Tr" :l'l'r; ;' ’c.‘ "-._z 2) t1. 0 ‘ tho Or '3 9" v.2. nu
L A A URL V C-.. .9. d A‘.‘ _L_‘__. 1.11.. , . L. ; COJJTIUU ‘V'VF‘J L: ..n I1 ALE; IJ;_)\JLI.1_A1\JILL)
f I" 51(- V-. r t,_}¢-+I-(~ r '11 - {’1' ~ '- - LP: .{'..3 J-1'\-) (‘Irj - 3 I f. l 'v -"F
01" C10; CbJ-Un LOUD Gall n0 an.) CUIlUC...r.v‘J LhJ‘v OtleL’ V (3.1 [J or ll .LI {3 JG)» .
The woven fagric s“uares we 9 placed OV9r ali; t box fo r counting; the

number of yarns in one and one—half inches, The avgrage of five counts

T) 311d filling).

l
J.

was recorded for the war
For the knit blankets the wcle and course count was detennincd in
accordance with tho tarrawd procecu rt for kni t fabrics as aggrovcd by
Committee D-l3 of the American Society for Testing Uatcrials (l). mhe
number of wales and courses per incn was determined by counting a space

of two inches with a micrometer. 'Ihe average of five counts in each di-

rection dividec by two was recorded as the Wale or course count pe tr inch.

The inst-uncnt used for this tesc was the Universal Yarn Numbering
Balance. Icccrr no to tl1e cire tions acconcanying the instrument, a
length of yarn :‘as rmnuved rom the fabric and measured to the proper

length on the metal tape provided for that purpose, The len tn r; qu1 ir3d

C)

for wool w; l2 and 27/32 inches; for the dynzz 1 3f; chcs (as required

‘I

for Spun ‘Q*on). Tie yarn was looped and hunq centrally on tim oalance

balance. Readings

H.

hook, and the index lever rotated until the seam was

were recorccd directly from the scale with the average of ten cctcrminations

re-cord as the yarn nun er This procedure was followed for both warn
and filling in the wove! blanket fabrics.

at, 9,, ,.
3‘, I1 liOl':

k

7)
U
'1

Since it was iryoss isle to obtain warns of the required l

the knit blem gts neither y<rn numocr nor twist was take

'\.' (7‘ '
..L Earn .L EFL S

 

‘ ' .0 -‘ ~. r" '. m." .9 r“ 7‘ 4 ,7». ,.°-.
Ln ilired Suter iWLSt leste; was uSPu U0 cater.ine the numoer of

W

twists p or inch. The procedure followed was the modiiie u ru cedure

_,

0)

...1I

'1 ~-" . ‘71- ‘ -’ \l P .v' r. ‘I’-r'\ ‘r) r ‘ r‘ ¢ v'.‘\
descrioeu in haven, LrLUcn cal Fdhllcs (12). A one inon KUC:C lethn wa

 

 

used which is the length recommended for single yarns. The yarn was
ravelled back from the 30 inch strip for a d'stance of four inches and
inserted in the right hand jaw. The remaining length was carefully removed
with a pick needle so as to retain original twist. The yarn, under a
deflection load of three grams was insertec into the left hand jaw. The
def ection load was lifted, the jaw tight ned and tmte arn untwistel until
all twist was removed and the fibers were parallel. The nunoer of tu ns

required to parallelize the yarns was recorded as the numcer of turns

per inch. in avera~e of ten detenninations was used in reporting the

\L
H
(«A
o

twist per inch for warp and fillinq yarns respective
Wei ht oer i3L1a_re Yard
Five Specimens, two inches square were taken from each ole hit at in

.L .

such a manner as not to incluce the sa:

(3

warp or filling yarns in any
two squares. Tlese were then conditioned for four hours and weighed on
the Chainomatic balance. Muight per square yard was computed accordinq

to the following formula (27).

17

7/: '3': * L)" "M“ ‘ f o nmmj he 3 *\ «warm.»
J‘.’ ‘)\.‘ .{ I‘D/l . L; O L.) 1.. . Jul; J (L . r‘2,. {S ...?
“,Tfifi‘fr- OZ . DEF SQ . 3'11,

3C
square ll’lLZiLcS Of SFJIleEKj X (1) .33

H

 

—-..._.‘—. --

 

or‘ S ll'P'fll if iii: (ii 3

1.5.71 X waifht of smiples in ,r'razis

“ _———_..-~

02. per sq, yd.

*-
(M
I

40 square inches

8 tre ngft‘z‘l

‘l

The reveled-scrip method was used for the woven blanket fanric as

U}

the size of the blankets did not allow for the larger Specimens required
for the gran method. In accordaice with £.S.T.L. procedures (1), ten
Specimens one and one-half by twelve inches Were taken. Five were out
having the longer dimension parallel with the warp yarns and five having
the longer dimension parallel with the filling yarns. ho two Specimens

for warp breaking strength contained the same warn yarns and no two

..

'1

Specimens for filling strength the same filling yarns. Lech specimen was
reveled to one inch oy removing aporoximately the same number of yarns
from each side. Each strip was then divided into two six-inch strips for
wet and dry testing. For determination of wet strength the Specimens

were soaked in distilled water for four hours, after which they were

removed one at a time and tested within two minutes.

Elongation
The per cent elongation of the Specimens was obtained simultaneously

with the tensile strength and was recorded on the autographic tensilgram

sheet. The elongation was calculated from the start of the line as shown

H
('7‘

raphic record il tie point of ruyture. in average of five

‘ --: r4- . -\ . I 4-1 . 4"" I‘: ,‘~ > “ ii-\' .5 'I" ‘
determinations each for warp and filling an considered the oerc nt

elongation ressectivcly for warn and filling yaris for that abric.

BUrSlJIh; 'trenvth

 

The bursting strenrth of the knit fabrics was determined in accordance
with the standard general method for testing bursting strength as approved
by Committee D—l3 of the American Society for Testing Materials (1). The
instrument used was a motor driven pendulum Scott Tensile Testing hachine,
eQuipned with the ball bursting attachment. Five sanoles, four and one-
fourth inches SQuare were used to determine the dry bursting strenjth.
After conditioning, the Specimen was placed in the rinq clamp mec.anism
and held securely under a tension which was uniform in all directions, and
the center of the Specimwn w s Dressed asai inst a polisied steel ball until
rug>turc d The direction of the bursting motion of the ring clamp was at
right angles to the original plane of the Specimen. A second set of five
Specimens, 'fter immersion in distilled water for four hours, were burst
in the same mannzr as the dry Snecime us The average bursting strength
in pounds in the five Specimens was renorted as the bursting strength
reSpectively for wet and dry detenninations. The bursting strength of

the knit facrics was too hi~h ior Lse of the Scott Tensile Streneth machine

which had the tensilgram attachment for rrc ordin elongation.

Thicknsss
The thickness of the fabric was detennined with the Shiefer Compresso-

meter, the procedure that outlined by Schiefer (25). The sample to be

19

tested was placed on tha anvil of the instrument smooth but without
tension. The five inch foot was UScd and law.rei upon the S}m mi -n and
the pressure gradually increz sad. when til?) pressure eached ,l lo,/in.
the lower dial reading was recorded. S3nilar observations were made and
recorded at seven other press:rcs up to 2 la /in.3. The standard thick-
ness was recorded as the difference U: twe1n the zero reading of the
instrument and the reaming at .l lb./in.2. The series of readings were
taken at three different areas of the fabric specimen and the average of

the three determinations recor :;d as the Sta njar} thickness.

nn‘xc H .l.;" '3 ,‘ fi‘ 01 v‘r‘( " 3 91? "To-I; ' ‘q

it} re ‘. 4.‘ ‘- - _ f ' . '-

COJrIvJo (VJ-:1 L J l ‘J ., DIAL»: b'). l‘l. ‘_)\I1'\ n‘ J -‘L' -o_1 -.h vll‘l"'I
4

.1: 4'—.—.——‘——-——-

 

The compressibili”y and compressional resilience of the facric ”ere
calculated from the data recor<h 3L when the thickness of the fabric was
measured. CompressibilitJ‘was recorded as the ratio of the rate of de-
crease in thickness at a presoxta of one pound rcr SQWJ 5 inch to the

1

rd thickness anr was conyutec Ly the followin: form :

(D

stand

 

= C wtere

0

1
C’-
H
+Sj:
p
O
D‘

The compressional resilience of the Specimen is the amount of work re-
covered when the pressure is decreese i from 2, lbs/in.2 to .l lb./in.2
expressed as a percentage of the work done on the Specimen when the

. . , . 2 s ,- . . ,
pressure 15 increases to 2 lbs./in. (2;). The reported compreSSional

resilience was calculated by the foJ_lom an: formula:

wiere
it = the arount of work recovered
C = tic otal cownrcsscon

and Cu = compressional rrsili’nce

Abrasion Resistarce

4.-

 

The Taoor foreser was use: as the leuoratorv ne'is of crcatinc
destruction of the fabric by abrasion. lhe o'liorace Wheels were pre-
parer by the procedure recommended for this instrument, before starting
the test and afterc eec 11000 C"ClCS

The test Specimens were placed on the turnteole of the “(thin and
tightly secured against the clamping plate by'means of a nut The fabri_c
was tautly pulled to prevent wrinkling of the Specimen during the test,
Finally the clam . in; ring was seC““ely attew led,

Six s~ccin ns from each ole Met Wrn'e tested for purposes of compari-
son of the acre sion resistance qualities of the fa hrics. Plates V and VI
in the Leyenfiix Show the position of the test Specimens Which were taken
from the blankets,

In the woven blankets the Specimens were abraded a constant number

of crcles and the 83 _l S con Jarefi in terms of sirns of wear. Signs of

D

wear were consicerei to be changes in the amneerance of the nepoed sur-
face as well as the a; e mr Ice of the yarns, out not n::ce ssarily a bre c

in the yarn. Two Specimens each u re run le, 300, and JD 03 cles,

Three SneciI .ens from the knit clanhets Were aoraioed to a point at
which tne rat: rial was Jufificd to show first sirns of Herr. The numoer
of cycles was rwccrcgfi anu tie acrasive action continiefl to complete
breakdown of the material. :xo averave of tne number of c cles f r three
sanples at each test in anval we ereportoi as the n11mo:r of w er cycles
for that group, lhe second sot of three ucci Ions Were run a constano

nap-tor 01 c 331.3.

 

 

,, "a. -'. ‘. r .1, .f‘ , '~ :' "t‘: y I -L ..f 1. ' .'
JCC‘JI‘ c- =J intido'll'th.‘JKLL O: 11.51t t1a1 3.1 e1 1:: (11.1 L--_L:U_LU o0 8CL‘JI-‘1lyllull

even with adequate ins.rumcnts, so at cast the test proceiure anc instru-

v ,.

ment of test for this stujy prov L ics only a comparison 01 Warmth values
“orent blanket s and is not rep: cs~ot~u as complete or as a

Leasurement of tM ir wzrnth unu r Specified coniitions of still and nov-

The method use; to test the h:at tran Sier properties of the r‘len‘..;'et::.

~J-

t 6“nal conductivity anng,r atus (27). The

z'r
apparatus consistefi of: l) a copper cylinder, a."source", which helfi
.1,

wauzr maintained at the boiling point by an innersion hcauor; 2) a

receiver consisting of a known mass of copper insulated from its surround-

inns eXIZBpt at the ton; and 3) a. galv: none't'. “he golvanometer was
connected to two thermocouple junctions, one in the oottom of the source
and one in tLE ton of thl receiver, 1o insure proper contact with tne
sample the source was weijhteo so that the to tal wgirht of source, water

and heater apolied to the face of tne receiver gave a pressure of 3.3

pounds pe" square inch,

which had begn 1

The current was read

reauings hau

’7":
'3

‘.E|u’4
s] ;V

r. '-
.‘JC 15;» J

1”,: +

n IsicorflrJo,

L1
f"

L.: .

1". —‘Y"r."‘!
IA I‘LL 1‘.C ...

In"!

1\

and recoroc'

he rgsiirfis

‘
ENC

c
t-
LI)

tNRJIflifiutm ijitervals

I I
1

the

 

Isiah O: iJ1_53 CCprer plate

0
H:
S:

COpper plate

coeiiicient of thermal conductiv-

w:re plotted on semi-lo

formul

{\D
[\J

A. H -
tau EmJUJCté,
£141 I'SCUlV‘FEI'.

until ten

.f‘u ‘: \
J;r‘_1.\JAHt.L.A
C4:

*1
”J

P)
Ku

1" I'p ‘V‘.‘.‘ r-‘- fa ‘. 2 V; THIN
UiL‘A/ULJULLIH UL .‘LQJQ‘I'LIJ D

' ...‘.'« I." fi«‘. .' ..1 fir‘ V"|t"
A. Lndjébib UL Uiih4bdi [obllco

to determine oiffcrences or similarities in character-
istics and performance inclufied analysis of yarn for Rdhhtr or size, ans
tie amount ani cirection of twist, and verification of fiber content.
Fabric analysis consisted of Weave, weight per square yard, yarn anu/or
wale and course count.

Bursting and/or treatin: strength, elongation, TSSiStanr

)

 

“ion, and thermal conouctivity constituteo the performance tests.
Flt‘Pr‘ Car‘l‘ ILL
yr- .. H“ v’,‘ ' . - ‘3' _ . 1" r .'_ .r ‘0 ‘ ‘W F. 1‘: ‘ I’\ ‘ ._~ , . TLY_"
lulcr‘cbcopla, and (41131..-. CoJ- dlxfil‘;315 Vt. I. -Li 1km.- floet combo-ht. Huul

fibers Wore verified microscooicallV, oy burrinf, ari chemically by boil-
ing in a five per cent solution of sofiium hydroxifie, From reactions
obtained it was conclu ed that all blantet fabrics coistituting Group I
were of 160 per cent wool content.

Dynel was distinguisheo from acetate fibers 0] immrrsion in an to
per cent solution of acetone. From the reactions noted it was concluoed
that fabrics in Group II were 100 per ceno oyncl and the covering faorics
in Groups Ill and IV were 100 par cznt acetate. Tle fibers of the oatt
in Group III were acetate and tnose in Group IV were dynel. A very thin

'1 9

ayer of nattei cotton fibers covered each side of the acetate bait

E.“

1’1

f\
(D
r«'
J
(I:
f
O
>
H
(II

Group Ill while a Similar 1339? 0’ sifia of the cynel catt,

T .| V v ’.
fern knalJSJS

 

Due to the censtruction of the knitted faLrics it was not possiole
to analyse their yarns. Botn ware and fillinr yarns in the wool blankets
were number ton SEEKS. In thi dynel blanh2ts there was a marked differ-

ence in the size of tie warp and filling yarns. Filling yarns were much

0"“ser (numeer 3), tlan the warp yarrs which Were number It. This

O

:p". , - .. ' -.r . ..' ,.,.. WM,“ : . ‘, .0, . 1,' . ., ‘._. .° 1
lilerwwuh: in ,c Q) SJZe has rm)luuuct ran: to Liw'LcflJbithL only 1313 fili-

1'

CL

ing yarns in the dynel alankets were netted. In the wool Llanhets double
or "two directional" napping was core.
In both ,he wool and dynel then plank ts, the warp yarns were more

tightly twisteu than their filling yarns. However, ,hc differences in

q

amount of twist oetwcen warp and illine yarns was much greater in the

J

!

oynel than in the Woolen 1:)lz‘:.n?.<s:'ts_ '1“: (-3 aweruje Di_1_m:':eI‘ Of twists per inch
given the wool warp yarns was 9 and ( turns per inch in the filling warns,

The warp yarns of the dynel blankets had lé turns per inch but the filling

yarns hau only L. All yarns were giVen a Z twist.

Weave
The 'ool blanket fabrics were constructed in a 2 2 twill weave while

the dynel blankets were of double weave construction, one set of Vérp and

two sets of filling yarns.

Yarn Count

 

Both the wool and the dynel woven fabrics were well balanced in
construction, but the total yarn count in the woolen blankets was only

two-thirds of the d nel. The yarn count in the wool blankets was 26 and

[\D
\_} “x

25 yarns r25pectivzsly for war-Lg anj fi llirgr, The (151191 fabrics had a

warp-filling count ratio of 37 to 35 yarns per inch,

Course Count

 

There were slight differences in the wele and course counts of the

ace ate- filled and the oynel—filled blankvt fabrics, In the acetate-

filled group the average wele count was no and tne course count 55 per

—‘

inch. In the (5*nel—ni11od group the

‘|

+3 c«1n1t 01

U

W61 the knit covering was
35 and the course count was 50 per inch, This difference in the wale-
course ratio in the two knit constructions Would in.1cute thz t dif R rencvs

in their behavior in the sun fluent lEUNderinflSIMifiht be expected,

F'
.13ch .j'I—ILJ I

OAIGIFLL SffiClFICLTIOHS

 

.- “1 ...- —- v .—-.r

 

 

‘_. w- .—-_-._\-..-

unfii
Yarn Twist Yarn3 Course Per Sg,Yd,T ian(ss
‘ . . 7 ‘r- . 9 -~ 0 \ , V F
Fabric RHPIaierl Fer incn’ Count Count in Cannes nIncnes’

Y r :‘n " ' 1'1 YUYI 1. {‘ (‘f ,y‘w. L"
o, .1 1. .J- ' 3 _
W .L. W J. . ~ (...L-‘ . 5.) JK) £1.11. K); t.)

 

'11).

N

WoolI 10 10 at 5.575 25 2:; 11.35 .2211;
(woven)

ngelIIIY.553.2€ 13.52 £1,213 37 31;; lot .2372
(maven)

Lcetate MO 5o 13.93 .1573
(knit)

D'1-nel 3:; :30 12 .53 .1§1€
J
(knit)

 

1 five. of 10: eterminations 4 five. of S determinations

2 five. of 10 oeternimations 5 Ave, of S det\1,1nctions
I .‘I | ! 6 .

3 ave. 01 S ce'ernine tions Ave. of 3 determinations

Y O .‘ _~‘_ u "I r ,x' ‘ ‘ '- ‘ -
Jeignu 1n.Cunces er binare 13rd

- —-—~.—_..~_.__ -

 

The weight per SQuare yard was calculates from samples conuitioned

\ | 1... y—,,’0
for at leaS‘ hours unoer stangerd cono1t1ons of (3 + 2 temperature

cl"
H:
O
P‘
p—J
H
J

1
f‘ ,..
one

rm.

>5 i 2 per cent relative humidity. The wool and ognel olanxet

weighed 11.3 ounces and lO.h ounces per sqware yard respectively. “The
dynel was initially one-half ounce per square yard lighter than the woolen
blankets.

The weight of the acetate-filled blankets was 1h ounces per square
yard and the dynel-filled blankets weighed 12.6 ounces per 5 uare yard.
The average weight of the acetate—filled blankets was one and one—half
ounces per square yard greater than that of the dyn;l-filled group.
Differences were greater between the two tyres of fiber—filled blankets

than differences oetween the two groups of woven blankets.

Thickne s

Original thickness measurements showed the woven dynel blankets to
be approximately 5.5 per cent thicker than the woolen blankets. Original
values were .22h5 inch=s for the wool and .2372 for the dynel. The origi—
nal dynel blanket fabric had greater thickness in relation to its weight
than the woolen fabric .

The difference in thickness between the two knit fabrics was slight.
The acetate-filled group averaged .1573 inches in thickness and the dynel-

filled group .1516 inches.

AP
é.

B. Performance Tests on Original Fabrics

 

The dry warp breaking strenq h of the woven dynel blankets was
approximately thirteen per cent greater than that of the woolen blankets.
Wet warp breaking strenfith in both the dynel and the wool was lower than
dry. however, the wet strength relationship to dry in the wool was 32
per cent lower while the wet strenqth of the dynel was only 7 per cent
less than its Cry stranrth. Dry breaking strength of the dynal warp
(37 lbs.) and of the wool (33 lbs.) are not as significantly different
as the wet strength differences; 35 and 22 pounds reapectively for the
dynel and the wool. Filling-wise the dynel was five times as strong as

he wool in dry testing and four times as strong in wet testing. Filling
strength for the dynel was 15 pounds dry and 22 pounds Wat while the dry
strength of the wool was only 3 pounds and wet strength 5 pounds. The
gain in wet strength of the wool fillinq yarns was attributed to the in-
creased tenacity of the napped fibers when wet. These tests verify the
claim of greater fiber strength for dynel; a.particular1y significant

characteristic for consideration when freguent laundering of the product

is required.

Elongation

 

Dry warp elongation for the dynol blankets was 37 per cent and 23
per cent for the wool. Vet warp elongation was hO per cent for the dynel

and 56 per cent for the woolen blankets. Difference in dry and wet

elongation was but 3 per cent in the dynel but elongation of the wet wool

R)

a“ z“

TLBLn II

OfiIGIKLL PLLFOnLnDCE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

— :5 ur it i In:
Fabric Breaking Strengthl blongation2 Strenrtn3 Comp,
Err WE“; "t; _ firm; that DP]; 13" TC LC: 8 . 4
g n w y w E g F
Wool 32.9 3.1 2?:3 5.1 23.5f_13. Lw.37 35.xl 37.17

(woven)

Dynel 37.3 13.05 3h.7 22.1 37.13 33,LS b0,h 32,6 2% :9
(woven)

€C€t8§€ 135. 9L.9 h9.l3
knit

Dynei) 12:2 .56: 9o .76 3.51.1;
(knit

 

1 Ave. of 5
f

eterninaoions 3 Ave, of S determinations
2 Ave. 0 e

d

5 d terminations 4 five. of 3 determinations
was consideraoly more than twice as great as its elongation when dry. In
the filling direction, dry elongation was 33 per cent for the dynel and
15 per cent for the wool while wet determination showed dynel filling
elonration 32 per cent, which is comparable to the wool's 36 per cent
elongation. This test data indicates that dynel was not greatly affected
by moisture. Elongation in the wool was twice as yreat wet as dry. In
addition to the fact that the wool lost 32 per cent strength warpwise
when wet, elongation difference would indicate that much greater care

would be required in laundering the woolen than the dynel blankets.

Flt

c’.

Burstinq Strenctn

Initial bursting strength of the dynel-fillai blankets was approxi-
mately four per cent lower than the acetate-filled blankets in ooth dry
and wet testing. In both groups, the wet tests showed a 31 per csnt loss
in strength. however, there was some variation in burstin: strength with-
in the two groups. One blanket from each group deviated as much as five
per cent from the averare of tie other fOur in its group. The average
bursting strength of the four seetate-filled blankets was 135 pounds when
dry and 95 pounds when wet. The ave age dry bursting strength of the
four dynel-filled blankets was 130 pounds and the wet strenfith was 91
pounds. These figures represent the breaking strength of the cover only

and part of the difference may be due to the difference in the closeness

of the quilting.

‘ _ _- 'fi v" .' 0‘ -
ComrreSSJonal unailionc~

 

In the new blankets the comhr:ssional resilience of the woven all
wool blankets was fifty per cent greater than the woven dynel. The acetate-
filled blanwets showed thirty—three pe‘ cent greater compressional resili-
ence than the dynel—filled blankets. Resilience values of the original
blanket fabrics was 37 per cent for the wool, and woven dynel 25 per cent.

The knit acetate-filled was L9 per cent and dynel-filled 36 per cent.

Lbrasion
ho standarc method of test procedure and subsequent evaluation for
abrasion tests has, as yet, been agreed upon since results obtained from

the different instruments of test Show conSiderable varia

c+

ion. Skinkle (27)

30

tar are only comoara-

U1

states that the results Obtained on an abrasion t~

tive and ttat, in some ceases, the orzwr of resistance of fabrics to

abrasion is also the order of w ar, but in nary other cases is different.
In the d ncl-fillefi olanlets, the firsu Sign of wear occurred after
3h cycles on the Tenor noraser ar [1 a.hole after 66 cycles. The acetate-
filled group showec little oiiference for first signs of wear occurred
at 37 and a hole at cu cycles, so the two knit fabrics initially had com—
parable resistance to abrasion.
In the abrasion tes tin on the woven blankets no attemot was made
to run the test until varns Were ruptured. Because of the nature of the
blanket fabrics, signs of wear Vere considered to oe char ”as in the

appearance of the nested surface as well as the a;yea ance of the yarns,

(D

but not necessarily or ak in the yarn. tor 1 O cyc lcs the dgnel
yarns showed creator signs of wnar than the wcolen. This was due both

to the finer lengthm mid the densiM of the dynel nan which appeared matted
and tangled after 150 abrasion cycles. Liter L50 ogcles the base yarns

of the dynel blankets were oauly distorted although there was no break.
lhe woolen warp and fillin" yarns wcr 3 still at riflt anqles to each

other with no evidence of distortion after the save nunoer of abrasion
cycles but the nap had been almost entir3lv remOW mi from the surface and

the fabric appearance was Sl.(-‘;f1lflC€:fitl"f changed.

Thermal Cc ndu ct ivi ,3;

 

The tests for thermal conductivity were made for purposes of com-

parison and do not claim to shor actual warmth values of the ciffe rent

b)
}_2

blankets. Lccoro in" to the test data the woven dyncl blankets had the
greatest resistance to hcat flow in the four groups tested. The co-
efficient of tienmal conductivity of the ori inzl hldl‘ t fat -rics was

vrr‘
..U

i
(u
:3

found to be as follox

1‘
.0

dgnel .CClOB, wool .OOlBO, acctate—fillefi
.CGlSS, and cyncl—fillee .OOlto. Sirzce a higher coeffiCM nt of tn: m.al
conductivity indicates lower resistance to heat flow this data in‘icates

that tLe woven dynel blanket he; Ursater resistance to loss of heat than

C)

‘ H‘ - f ~17 "' ., ~~l‘rl‘" (\O - ‘ —"« r” ‘»r"1 1 1 - -P 'x-u {x r
the Wool blanket. lhe aeotete-iillee blunfiubs r u :rgcte‘ re51Starce

to heat flow tLan the 4;J“'- ”ll 1'10 desccnciiz order of initial
warmth values of the four blankets are woven Cynel, woven wool, crixr m

acetate— ill:%. and dynel-filled,

C, AHElJSlS of Fabrics Lftcr Laundering

 

Change in yarnc ount sitar twenty-five launderinqs was negliiible.
In the wool olz:nkcts tic av rare warn count was orovilv the same and in

.nch after twenty—five

L—n

the fi lling there wcs an ingrtase 0; one yarn ner

launderinrs. TLe change in the dynel hlanhets was sli ght with the warp

Count decree sin 5 by one and the filling count increasing by one yarn per

 

cent in the aceta e—iillo; tlczk;ts an; 7 per cent in the [H‘l-llllqb

by)

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J

;»Teat in the a etaUa as in the dyfiU . Tarminal sgrinlcewfl in lanctn was

9.5 per cent in the dvnul-iillad fabrjUs ani at 3 3 y>er e nt in tic

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Average of nine ootnruinations

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1

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lane has been set at three pounds in the direction of both the wales ens

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1

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acetate-filled planknts.
standard tension allowsl to restore knit goods to their original

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Fasrios which do not exor those tansions for rostorabi lb}

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are consifitcrad elastic cnOUv; to restate aftar laundering. in th
acetate knit fa Mi 3 the averase tension required was l.b noun 5 in the
direction of the wales and 3,3 pounds in the Qiract on of the ceirsas_

1113<iynel Inflpiir i a.i,nmsion of 2::/ pounms £411 2 .7 'ernsfs PL£3VflCLl old

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tension in the dirvction of the COUPSQS nut came wall within the linits

in tne lvnot,WJs~ Ql"UCtlQn

CO'““:Ssional HFSlllfifinq

---

 

 

14'
O
"J

thhough the orifinal COWLI‘HJSlOIal res1lionce of tns wool iaor
was 50 per cent grrct tra tLe wor'n d nvl, the wool was Onlg'lS per
cent greater after twenty-f: vo lalntv“nrs. The wool resilinnce values
in the £1 rst ten 1: ‘dé‘infs Ware erratic but after twenty—five laundar-

’r ...(‘

J. n if _, .. 4. i .L‘ -. ' , r. A '
u CO.u tor CUHu oi bhulr r~s ilicnto. 1L3 dtnsl olsnLt o

H I
:3
s '7
0)
Ct
F5,
‘4
I?“
O.
L).
H
U
(I)

gained 5. 7 per 0 nt in their tour“ ssional resilience so terminally the
resilience of the wool and the dvncl wore unparatls.

in resilience of the dynel-filled knit

'q.

There wes negligible Chang

1";

faoric whereas the ans tate illefi ric lost more tLan lO pnr cent 0

however b cans the ori-r qinal resiliznce of tze asstete

(L‘-
C;

its rosilience. ,
was so much higher at the end of the test period its con 1% sional

resilience was still awyroximatuly twenty per cent wetter tLan the dynol-

filled blankets.

Tight VJI

“r“

COIEnnSSLUMLL thlLILKCLo

(IL tax cat?

 

 

_-p—-o———-—

Lannfierin: Intvrval Percent
Fabric Oricinrl 5 10 15 20 2? Cherie

 

Wool 37. 7 33.17 37.39 3§.ti 33.67 29.90 -20.5
Dinel 2h.§9 23.75 33.23 25.23 2h.37 25.99 5.7

Acetate t9,13 té,97 39,u8 39,0t t2.23 t3,t9¢ -10.e
knit)

Dyna 3'3 .2411. 32 .17 32 .i 5 35 .313- 3‘1: .63 3‘0 .33 " .3
(knit)

>i<

Average of three deteiminations

 

Resistance to abrasion in both the wmol and dynel woven blankets

£3

increasefi slicttly as a result of laundering with the 8 me relationship
of resistance existing between the two groups as originally. Lfter L50 1
abrasion cycles the nan of the dynel fabric was much more matted and
tangled than the nan of the Wool. The warp yarns of the dynel were badly
distorted although none was ruptured. The warn and filling yarns in
the woolen blankets maintainel original alicnmcnt but did not appear as
threadbare as in the oririnal sampling.
The knit blankets showed some loss in their resistance to abrasion

as a result of launderina The loss in resistance of the acetate-filled

)-

fabric was nine per cent and of the dynel-filled blankets si

>4

per cent.
This oiiference is not great enough to be a significant factor in their

wearing qualities.

'10P—

30-

3“],

 

 

 

10

F£-*‘fi&®*:
9

N
v o
I I

 

’0 ’5' lo 15‘

—- .—— Adth he MI d
—— Drud- (3'4

 

 

:0
° 6'

Lounlerinx

Io Ir :0 16'

§n*¢r0t\

L3

V? r"‘ :1 'v ‘7‘ or"
rrjc-{ih' Ste-tum or:

 

After twenty—five lannderinns the war) strength of the wool blankets
had increased about 10 per cent in the dry tests and 7 per cent in wet
strength determinations, The woven dynel blankets lost arnroxirately
3.5 per cent in dry strenvth ani 1.5 per cent in wet strength. This gain
in strength in the wool blankets cannot ea accounted for by an increase

1
b

in yarn count since the warp count was tflB same as originally. Since the
warp count in the dynel fab‘ic chanced but one yarn per inch, the loss in
strength of the dynel can not he explained solely on the basis of change
in yarn count. Since the dynel elannets increased in thickness and

gained in weight this loss in strength is probaely due to fiber deteriorc-

tion.

TLJLE Vlll

T 9" , “ii 4 "-' 7'" CFT‘,7‘.".1'"‘Y‘L ‘ 2"" ‘~"‘f‘
(Jen; Uni-urine UL.LL4.L»UJ_LI 1N FUUHUQ

 

“;“|y1'- T.7 _)4
1J L "f 13“; \J

Fabric Orininal Laund, Chance Original Laund, Chcnxe

 

‘Wool 32.9 35.2 lO.b 22.3 23.6 7.32

Dynel 37.3 35.1 3.63 35.7 3b. 1.63

J"
n

Average of five determinations

The averace dry strength of the filling yarns increased appreciably
in both the wool and dynel blankets. Filling yarn breaking strength in
the wool blankets increased ltt per cent in dry testing and the dgncl

.
v

132 per cent. In the wet detenninations the wool blankets Snowed little

TAJLE IX

FILLEJG BLLEAKIHG S'I‘LLJ'EG'I‘EL ll": PDQ-aid"

 

 

 

 

v1 " y
1.1.“ ' .' ‘I,
- " 7 . T *1
r ”VI-I l - I l 1» -- w" t r ,' ‘ r r 'w\,, r x,-
F8 JA. ..C C ‘ ' (‘1 lam-I” . C l 01‘ ‘1? 1 Ladlunx . b1 75}

 

Wool 3.1 9.27 lt€.7 5,5 5,0 10.

Dynel 15.06 3h.0h 132.25 22.1 25,9h 20.

 

1 Average of five detsnninstions
change, out the dynel calmed 20 per cent over cririnal wet values. Since

there was only slirht gain in fillinr count, some of this increase in

strength is attributed to the mattinw of the fibers,

\

Elo n if t i on
The average elo gation in the wool olanxets increased both wariwise

and fillingwise for both wet and dry tests, The dyncl blankets showed
increased warp elongation when dry, but decreased elonqation in wet de—
terminations. In both wet and dry determinations, the filling yarns of
he laundered dynel bla Hats decreased in elonration.

L

cate that as yarn strength increased in the woolen blankets, elongeJion

'1

likewise incre sed. In the dynel blankets there was no similar relation~

th and increased or decreased elonra—

k.‘

-ain or loss in stren_

Q)

1‘. 4-: -. .4. -A...”
unsun;3wemtn
'2.

 

Ls would be expected from an increased wale and course count,

‘

bursting strength of the knit blankets increased as a result of launierinv

"_)

ILJLL X

W 111’ 1111101111 'IUN IN

\.
w-u ‘ _ -:1 “a“
I” ‘31 LC 1;; 1 1‘

 

 

 

 

D" 'Wlt
I»avcx-1 1%:rcr311t
Fanric Cririnal Launfi ’GU CP(1’1LX 03131r81 Lawn Sured CM1n:j%%

 

34001. ‘3

C-
/

:10 .

37 .22

 

firwnina1tyh3ns
tur’
inol

x“. V L:

FlLLInG ELOHGLTIGN

difference 33tw33n th3

I I
sale: 11,1231, -
V

13 Fi

031;;

[OH and convvrting1)o per 031t.

T ”I
113C! L111 J.

 

 

L113;

 

farcent

if ._"‘ t

 

Eetmyant

\~ \I

 

 

 

Faoric Cricinal Laundérpd Chrn’38* Cr131nal Launmenod Chan'vww
Wool 15.32 19.72 2L.6 33.1 3C.9 22.3
-_ 1 .1 — p. ‘
Dame 3) .215 29.1 —< . 5d . 1, 11.- .L
* n- h
Av3r333 of 1'1 ve 36 CnnLnat1ono
*.x_ 'N ,3 _ “ . 1 1 . _ . -.v 1. .." _ 1. V1- . '- 11 . 4—}. ‘ 3’. - .1"! r -. v.‘
Cult-1111:1031 0y LLLViuLDSE 311:3 (111101311136 L)r.::b’rI=1_)Cl’l 311:.) OI‘1;—:1I;a1 c1111;

‘UFCd by thu OFiJinal clonji

laun

tion and

converting to per cent

HOW3v3r, strin tn incre 333 was n3t in 3L3 sand rat1o as Chan 3 in the
course count of the two fazrics.‘ Tum total increasc in Hale and course
count in the dynel—filled iajrics was 17.5 1’“C“Nu and 1nchaucd r'
bursting strength 13 per cent while Uh) acwtotc-iillei clan s 1n3r3333d
15 per (nt in total cours: count out 011/ C 3-3r c3nt in c3rsti1* strzngtl

Q1

0th facrics also 53 er wet 31

h

E‘JIIC.C;I"J.T19:. mare. d‘"'r"1.11'1 TLI‘IIZINEHSF: 21.17.

filled than in the :3

Q, ”t Z: "LR-1.1. 111317. '01. 81

the dgnel and 0 per cent in the aaetate-f111®

rm

.1. .-' -‘IJE ‘

l ,

,

Y " ‘..I"1T‘ ‘ ‘ :‘V‘n -c 3,:
.‘L‘ithLLuCX QLLLL‘JIJ:

1.;
H

Dry

 

 

I
q;-
Sc

,7. ' _ ‘1. ,1 -11
133t133 bufchwufl 33

renqth

133ts Cain was 10

,v ‘ v ' —~
1 UlEHkHCb_

XII

IY.’
,—.
$1.

In

\Jt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11‘1": 118‘ -.

Fabric Crifinrl Lautimred Change Original Laundered Change}
acetate
(knit) 135. 115.7 3.3 91.9 100.9 3.36
Dynel
‘ - 1 n 1‘ 3"", {“1 ‘ (W, -_ fl“ \
(Kfllt) 149.53 193.9 3,33 70.;6 100.1 10.
3 , a n. , . .
11vcsra f“_ 13 o1 1 1v ', Ui1leni1111'ci L11.) 118
TLJLd X111
:7 " J” ,‘1 {w "$""‘ «111' 1 rule".
THMHLLL cbu4t311VIL1
, Itrcent
Fabn1c Original ~€undcred Chan_c
EfooJ. .OCJJT) .OCfl133 2:.L1
. ,.1 ‘ \ '
Dgnel (woven) .OUlLZ .00115 12.2
Acetate (knit) .0011: .03175 12.9
Dyncl (knit) .00153 .032 7 11.3

Efiirml Con tw1d

——v~ uh—

 

Ehe thorfial Cau1Lct1v1t; valais Cncrcasa1 for all of the alank ts
as a rcsnlt oi r09“fit@u la¢n Prints, hooricfi (23) found that in orcer
to retain tnvcv'J rwsu stauce lb cotton blankets, a teats 1or 1 “torirf

tne original fluffiness of thu nan must no provic d. Oth~rs, mumford (29)

la prOt tactive val1a of a fasric

(1'

and bergonie and Coulier (3) found that
is (istar‘uirv—EL; larrely 11;! tn”; amount of air lald e‘:1111v-~251.13<1 within its floors.
From tlasa findings it was PXIJCbbu that the woven dgnol would Show
greatest rcsistanca to heat flow. thnourh the woven d31al blankets
snowed greatest incrtasa in conguotivity, or a lowered “asistance, as a

result of laufib,-ln', its esistance was still ll per cent greater than

that of the: wool after the scrics of 1211;111:111. .

I
0

both groan of knit clankots also l_ost :cs istance to heat flow as

CG

blanket

S?
Q
C.)
{-
C.-
C.'_.
0‘
c r‘
(.'

l
t‘g
t...
}__J
"__J
t '3
L.

a result of rooaetud laundering. thh011:
lost slightly more resistance than the dynol-filled blankets, they Ware

1“ r" .. , .r'*" 214- (”ht-.1. rut—h -.T ,.,-.- r“ ., 2
still 13 par Ct-nt Nora cliici nu d;ou- lcunuwzln' tflvn ULB 1101oo-,o

Tho resistan03 of tno launng_tw wool ani wovon o;,:“.ol Llcn.;et s could

—-. _‘ 1U, ,1 . 1’ .-\ ‘r‘ “'7 1 Kf‘. —- "-‘. J< r/-. (‘..— ' ‘l" r- ,‘ vn rx 4-
: LJ'FUI’I ill. {‘10 thi W1 on 17122113 uI‘LJoI,£lI.(-5 b0 I'alod T1116 I101) lldo

;‘7 _ '1..—
prooaoly th

I

in lBUHUCFinj. m1e protective value oi the k11i-t blankets could protacly

1

h .n -—\ .- ~ w ' -- 1 - *1 L- h: '1 fi' . ‘ \ . ‘-r r ‘ ‘ fl. *.
also Lava ooan meZOch 0f using mQIh care in stlctc ”1111 ano nollqu

J.

to

Shane and by iluffinf tna f’ller tors F.q14nblf as it was dryinw.

; ‘~|
LIL)

li“

chl

     

AltLOLif'h 501736; feline; occurred in Lil“? CM.) Lite 61m (Jr-ul-fl llle .i
blankets during the twenty—five leuufierings, neither group shoWeo enough
change to merit discontinuance in use.

'Therta was 1%) pererpLiggle CCLUDF ciywu:e lJl tzxs wovtxl oeril L1; 1k to
during laonCering. Tie wLite wool blankets became somrwhet dimyJ with

registed launcuring but the yellow blankets showed little change in color
even after twenty-five launoerings, The blue arw ”pirk dyn=cl Lzlnnlets

'1'

slflowei cons ineraule fading to light alter si W3 Iouxs bit the yellow
was not perceptibly charged in color. Mowewer, this fact was not con—

sioereo sirnificant in this Stuoy since cri“ blankets :s a rule would

not be subjected to much lrlixut,

- ‘ ’ '1,_?.‘
SIL‘Wact‘v"‘1 ef2fi112s

 

Suejective aralysis of the blankets as to hand, contour, color and
general epoc arance of tie new was based on the rating of three people.
These various characteristics Were rate; as good, acceptaole or oo—
jectionable.

The all wool blankets were jio ed objectionable in hard as the; were
consioe ed harsh and toeroy. jlthouvh the atoeerence of the nap itself
was acceytatle, theov were rated as objectioneole because of thick and
thin Spots and some threadbare areas. Tie white woolen blankets were
rated as accwptaole in color while the yellow wool were thought to be
good after tie twenty-five lotntorinhs Their contour and was ral appear-

ance was rated as acceptable

L9

thhough tne anel olenkets ware also considered to be somewhat
harsh ans boarfiy, the; Wuru rated netter than the wool in this resnect.

Tney were thougtt to be less fcltoo thwart tie wcol and more uniforn in

(‘5
c+

of

thicnness_ Their gen rel bUPHEFHUQQ was considered httter tran
the wool and the shape retention of the launcereo Gym 1 blankets was
rated as good. There was no percentibl b3 diff—re nce in the color of the
laundered and the original blankets

Differences between the two ETOJLS of fin er —fi lle ed knit nlankets
were considered to ce slight. In over-all softness of hand, both groips
were judged to be good although Some shiftine of the fibers in the batt
was noted, This shifting of the fibers wl ich resulted in some benching
of the filling mat;rial, was largely due to the thin l'a‘J-‘er of cotton
which covered both sides of the aceta t’ batt but only one side of the
dynel. Consequently the knotty or bunched annearance was more notice—
acle in the soot tat e—filleci blsnhets, In color the dJnsi-fllled olanl:ets
were rated sli rtly better than tie acetate-filled blankets after launder-
ine. The re ention of shame in both groups was rated a“ acCeptable.

now ever it was more difficult to restore the acetate-fil l: d blen}:ets to

Shape than the Cz/nel- -fille es.

CLLCLUSIOES

T} e fin in,z's 01 this CCU“nroLlVb Wtu:y of four different types of
crib blankets showed certain differences in their initial proberties and
performance as well as their pzrformance in launoerinv. The results of
laboratory tests will not, LQWLVMF, olLO>ttu~ simulate the conoitions
to which crib blankets are sub arectei during actual Service. Some aspects
of satisfaction in Service cannot be sh<n¢n in laboratory tests, The
sanblinc, too, was not sufficiently la rte to invicate conclu;5i» e evlience
for an ev:_luation of orrt: in chzr -cteristics and tests, now Jer there
were asveczts of Serviceabilitg wnich, juopu C on the basis of the con-
sistency of test cats, can be consiocred as valii conclusions.

After evaluating the data obtained in this laboratory study, the
investigator ccncluo d that in many respects tie woven oynel blankets
would give the greatest over-all satis ia ction to the user. In lightness
of weight, thickness, warmth and dimensional stability the dynel clan} cats
were superior to the WOVen woolen ones, Although the resilience of the
dynel blankets was initially lower than the wool, it retained its resili-
ence in launocring better than the wool Coupled with the fact that the
filling yarns of the Woolen blankets were so Weak that exc thional care:
was necessary in hancling in laundering, th es se fincing s incicate that
for the same price, the dynel blankets were the better investn.ent.
However, the oynel had some disadvantag:s not apparent in-the laboratory

tests. The foremost disadvantage w;s the exccssive static electricity

generated in the fabric throu h han ling, L Second undesirable character-
istic which became apparent in handling was the shedding of the fieers,
Due to the Ctatic electricity, these fibers cling tenaciously to the
clothing of cne in contact with the blankets, In crib blankets both of
these characteristics would be undesirable.

In evaluating the results of the various tests, less didfercnce in

erformance was noted between the two groups of knitted blankets, 'rhe

'C‘

\

dynel-filled blankets rates higher in restoraoility to share and in
colorfastness in launde‘infi. howcvzr, in resistance to heat flow and
resilience, the acetate-filled blankets were more satisfactory. The
acetate-filled blankets were slightly heavier, and had greater bursting
strength. Choice between these two groups, than, would depend upon which
characteristics the individual considered of greater importance. It was
felt that both groups would have been more satisfactory if the layer of
matted cotton had oeen omitted frtm the batt.

In conparing the two types of construction, the WOVen blankets re-
tained shape, warmth, and resilience setter than the knit construction.
For most purposes the woven blankets would probably give better service.

The need for further study of these and other new blanket fabrics
is evident. A stuny of different types of blankets in an actual service
Situation would be a valuable supplement to laboratory testing. The
Opinions of a.representative group of mothers would be most valuable in
subjectively comparing total satisfaction for the various types of

blankets. In future studies it is recommended that a larger sampling

for each of the types be provided.

K‘w '\ f“ 1 1f
UL; g1: [1.1.

Five crib blankets for each of four different fabrics costing
approxinately six dollars ezch Ware purchased for this investigation,
Groups I and II were of woven construction an? consisted of 100 per cent
wool and 100 per cent dynel FQShwcth5ly, Groups Ill an; IV resrectively,
had knitted COVers quilted to batts of crinpeo acetate and dynel, Tic
study was designed to comtare through laboratory tests, the initial
properties and performance characteristics of these blankets and their
performance after thenty-five launderings. because of similarity in
construction, comparisons have been male primarily between the two types
of woven blankets and between the .wo comforter tgpes.

ffter determination of original dimensions, the blanket fabrics
were labeled and Specimens prepared for testing, Lnalysis of the initial

rcperties of tle blankets showed the woolens of Group I to be heavier
than the dynel, but lower in breaking strength, The woolen blankets also
had a lower yarn count and yarns of lower twist, wool yarns were of the
same size in warp and filling. In the dynel blankets the warp yarns were
much finer than the filling yarns anfl much more highly twistec. The

Eater resistance to heat-flow than

I“

dynel blankets were thicker and had gr
the wool, but were IOWer in compressional resilience,

Lnalysis of the initial properties showed the acetate-filled blankets
to be heavier than the dynel-filled with higher bursting strenfth, com-

pressional resilience and resistance to heat flow. The wale and course

count and thickness, too, Were slirhtly greater in the acetate—filled
blankets ,

Cne Suction from each blanket wws hound with the orivinal bincing
and launderen twenty-five tires duplicating acceptable h”me laundering
procedures. MUESJththS for determination of dimensional change wrre
taken after each of thn first five launierin s anJ subsequ:ntly at eech
fifth laundering interval. Thickness and congressional resilience were
measured aftereyaflaifive launderings.

Dimensional chance was greater in the woven wool than in the dinel
in the lenythwise direction, but neither changed appreciably in width.
This difference accounts for less distortion of shape and lower total
area shrinkage in the oynel than in the woolen blankets. soth groups
gained in weight; the dynel gain oeing slightly more, The wool lost in

_lience while the dynel gained in ooth. ilthough the

$40

thickness an} res
warn creaking strength of the dynel decreased it was still much higher

than that of the wool which had increased slightly as a result of launder-
ing, The two woven groups showed similar decrease in their resistance

to heat flow, but the resistance of the dyncl was still greater than the
wool after the twenty—five launoerings. Analysis of test data indicated
that in dimensional stability, in strength, in thermal resistance, and

ease of care, the oynel blankets Wore more satisfactory than the woolen
blankets. However, the fact that an excessive asount of static electricity
is generated in the dynel is a decided disagvartage for its use in crio

blankets.

I .

 

In every Way EXCEpt in dimensional chanve, both groups of the

1

comforter type blankets were at

I

cted similarly by laxndering, The

P“
( I

acetate—filled blankets showed greater distortion of shape because of

the difference in shrinkage in the direction of tie wales and the courses,
Tie dynel-filled blankets showed slightly greater over—all shrinkage,

but were more easily restored to Shane. Both grodys increased in wale

and course count as well as in weigtt and nursting str ryth. Both groups
decreased in thickness and in resilience as a result of laundering.

Although both grOUps lost resistance to heat flow, the laundered acetate-

filled blankets maintained creator resistance,

SS

LITLLITUBL CITBD

l. Lmeritan Society for Testing Neterials ,ConLni L ee D—l}. L.S.T.A,
Stancirds Cn Textile Net rie s, nilalzlynia, 1950.

 

2. Backer, SIEJl‘V TLe relationship between the structural eomcch
of a te extile faoric and its rhysical properties. 'iev ilw
he: we -Ch dourrel, Vol. 21:703-1L, Cctobur 'Sl.

 

3. burns, David. In Intro”nction to Biophjsics (Hith forward by D, noel p
Paton) New Iork. 192i, '

 

b, , Celeneso, Emphasis is on Research. Textile 139. V01.
1E, Sept. 1950. pp. 9t-99.

 

 

S, Dvnel, hatioral In mi tutu of C caring and D in:
-. ;_ T a 1,
Bulletin ho. C~lu “LP. lyyé.

 

6. , Djfifil. Textile Ice, Vol, 16, fipril, l9h2.

 

 

7. , Dinel, Lni‘ I EtnLes I'ur) Li n5 Cothhx Inc. ‘Yesting

- m

L; ='.“. ’.
Lee ”D Bulletin, L—lY, 1930.

               

 

8. Field, T A. Jr. D in; enzi wet finislin* W'n‘ 11 fat rics, American
*;o'i ff revoctrr Vol, hO, uOV. l2, 9 1. pp. 737—0.

 

9. FletI-hcr, Hazeli DU‘Holn,, Lary dllen anj Gilliam, Jane F. Dimen—
sioral Chen: S of knit Goons in Laundering. Imurican Dyestuff
fléiortpr, Vol. 3:, June 27, l9L9. pp. Lei-LLs.

 

 

IO“ Fletche , Hazel M, and doberts, S. helen. Distortion in knit fabrics
and its relation to snrin13a~e in launderinq, Textile hasearch

‘

J01.a rn l. Vol. 23; 3I"42, January, 1953,

 

11. Ford, herle and Str'hen Hazel b. Bl enlets LarufaItuicI in i ccori~

 

ince vjjfli'”ort..x sf,r rctions. Jr11n4,dnlisred uUHLDf,LiJL!l:cn

,5};
DLBLBCUII,19L2.

12. Furry, Margaret S. and O'Brien, Blinor M The Laundering of wool;
Effect of deterrents ani Woublnc methods on faoric prooerties
varicer Dyes uff -Zgort r Vol. h15703-7J9, nov. 2L, l9g2.

-‘m M....—__

13. Gilmore, Icarl I. and Hess, Katharine Paddock. Effect of fiber con—
tent and care on resiliency thicknass and hormal conduativity
of blankets Rehcn Textile Lontbly. Vol. 27; 232-6, hay, 19h”.

 

 

 

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PLATE I

Woolen Blanket Fabrics

Original Laundered
(25 times)

 

Original

 

PLATE II

Dynel Blanket Fabrics

 

Laundarod
(25 times)

 

 

A1liwrrmwfivrvv-
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PLATE III
Acetate-filled Blanket

Original

aw .. ,_
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Fabrics

Launfiared

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Dynel-filled Blanket
Original

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PLATE V

Location of Test Specimens on Woven Blankets

 

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a

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F Filling breaking strength (dry) ’WY'Warp yarn number and twist
F' Filling breaking strength (wet FY Filling number and twist
? abcd Section for laundering

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q.mm m.ama mm mm mm.ma 0p0p00¢ 0a0p00a a mue
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B Acetate Loytate & Cotton 13.25 15.10 +13.93
C Le tat: heetat a Cotton 13,00 lh.BO +ll.53
i) icetato £12 Late & Coifiknl 13.93 1L.‘0 F b.03
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D-li i5 Icotite anil a Cotton 13.3]- lib ,1 . + ('1. IJ
D-K C Acetate Dyn l & lotton 12.“? lh,\] +17, p
D-K ‘ [catate Dy el & Sutton l],K3 13.3h +13.72
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thfidii 11.;p7_ -7_m:;~— ‘13:;ng‘
LVbFG a of five determinations
Calculated by divicinq the Qifiurona: bath on original and lawn cred

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D—w b .226 .2ng .252 .2575 .2ghe .22 b - 1.71
D-w c .2h1 .275 .2567 .2521 .252 .235 + 5,&1
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D .139 .135 .1291 . A3 .1263 .139 -12.31
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D-h D .1255 .1256 .121 .1153 .1108 .1068 —l3.3
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1 Q

and laundered by the original and converplng to percent.

co 1303:1031L 215111.:05 021:10 1101212120
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Lawn Ir1n~ Interval Percent
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Did D 26.0 19.LL 21.77 22.11 21.72 26.7 + 2.7
047 1: 2%.2 2337 39.17 23‘“: 22.0 23;1_ :_2.7
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