A STUDY 0? THE; SUBJUNCTWE
m -
THE WRITINGS 0:1? ROGER A-SCHAM

. Thai: for “1°; Degree of M. A.
MICHIGAN STATE. COLLEGE
Dorothy Evelyn Hug-hes

1944

 

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1944

In l9c2 the National Council of Eetclcrs of nglish

nude poaslhle the publication of a study by Sterling

Lndrews Loo: ‘.ard of tha Enivcrsity of Liscouain, CL rrofit

 

Luflish unagp, in which a collection of expressions which
have 1m can tabooed 1y grammariana was submitted to a group
of 299 tudges rousiet12* of a1: t?or3, 691% 0018' busincas Len,
linfrlats, and teachers I‘or tLe pnzpose of icing qu ed as
to their acceptability for standard usage. Among the
expressions inclvdod were two which dealt with the mood

of the verb. $Le first one. If_1t wasn't far fgotbnll,
scroal life Leyla be dull, would he canstnered incorrect

. by rust firarmhrians bncauae it uses tL 12w icetive where
they WOUld co;‘xs idcr th anbju:zct1ve necoaaury, but it WL
accepted by 81 at; ~tche per cent of tLe Judges as good
colloqnlal English. The second axyresaion under coneideratlon,
I wish I was_wonflnnful, would call for the subjunctive 1n
tLe noun clause in order to be approved .y most grewcuriuns.
but it, too, was accfiptcd by the Judges as good Englian.
furthermore. tLis s$0find exgrosnion was LRLPQVGG 93 Linoty-
tLree pcz-r cant. Leonard pointca ovt in his report tLLt LL
decision of the gudges 13 ev.» Lace tLat the inflectional
subjunctive is graflvally disappearing from the Erzlish

lunvunqe.

Lhilo it is true that there are few inflectionul sub-
junct1?es left, it is also true that new suijnctivca have
come along to take their place. ?Lo devaloyment of these
new subjunctivcs has naturally trough about controversies
among scholars and textvbook writers.

In an attcmgt to clarify the waiter sore acLolaro
have inveatigatcd LLe subjunctive as found in the writings
of uvtLora of merit. Taey have frequently turned to the
sixtLCLLL century writgzs for t.¢£r investigations because
it was Luring this period that the infloctionul forms of
the ctbjrnctive beg: to be rcplaood by tLe perighrastio
forms.

Lillian KLsten gathered citations from tLe writings
of Shakespeare, 3a? owe, Jonson, and 593306? for his treatise,

P

gn<lngplr3 snto tie figqapf {LL Fvbjynctive in thovfiliggfcthan
?;gggg, Lohumil Trnka made a study of the subjunctives 1n
aixtcenth century literatvre in preparing his book, an the
gyntax of tLo :Lfilggh Verb fgom Caxton to Lryflqg, thhonth
H. Poutsuu {Lzbered most of his citations from oigfiteonth
century writings, he turned frequently to the writSLrs of
LLLLGLLLLTG for Latorial.

it is regrettable that no studies of the subjunctive
have been based on the writings of Fager LsoLam, whose

language offers an oPundance 0f excellent material for such

an investigation.

The purpose of thin stvfiy is ttraufold: 1. to corpure
same of the treatments of the subjunctive thafi have beta made
by writers of acfiool textbooks; 2. to inveatigmte some schol-
arly treatfientc of tde subjunctive: 3. to offer suggestions
for a rare systema$1o treatficnt, basod on the subjunctivea

in the English writings of roger Ancfiam.

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Chapter I

ROGER ASCEflK

Obefore making a study of tho subjunctive, the grectcr
part of which will be based on he lungue;e in the writings
of Leger Aachen, it is apyropriate to consider his standing
as a man of letters. Little has been written abo t him,'
but from he few meager biographies available we Know that
be was reco;nized as One of tbe finest writers end philol-
ogists of the sixteenth century.

In looking back over tie life we find three factors
wuich undoubtedly contributed to Aschsm's success: 1) the
general conditions in England in he sixteenth century; 2)
Ascham's education; 5) Ascham's occupational experiences.

1) The general conditions which existed in England in
the sixteenth century offered umlinitcd stimulation to an
eager yO‘fig scholar. The last great intellectual revolution
was filling the rind of every academicien with either ardor or
anxiety. Following the fall of ConstantinOple England had
become a place of refuge for the Greeks, who naturally took
along with them their languefie and culture. The art of print-
ing had made books available for those who desired thew. The
doctrines of Luther were causing much controversy thrOUfihout

the churcles enfl colleges.

to have evidence that the intellectual revolution

16.“: its mark on eschew from such reports as:

Roger Aschcm was not only a typical literary English-

man, but 3 notable representative or the New Learning

so it took root in Englandcl

caches became an enthusiastic student of the Greek

language and philososhy and passed his enthusiasm on to the
small boys in the town and to his classmates at college.
we read that "ho taught Greek; he wrote Greek, he talked
Greek, no seeder if he dreamed in Grock.'9 On one occasion
he wrote a letter to his friend, Robert Pewter, in such
excellent Greek that teeter replied. ”fiecrly beloved, -
I render thee thanks for thy Greek ospistle, which might
seem to have been indlted at ancient Athens, co czlotly heat
than attained the preprioty of Greek phrase-'3 fie testifies
to the inorecoo6.populcrity of Creek at the college when
he writes in 1542 to Erandcebyl

krictotle and rlsto are now read by the boys in

the original langtafie,-n, eophoolos and hurlphidoc

are new more familiar to us than Pleutuc was When

you were here. Rcroéotus, Thucydidcs, and xcnOphon

are more read now than Livy was then. Ttey talk now

as much of Domoathcncg, no they did of Cicero at
that: time .4

l. Charters, gyologgedis of ggfilish_Literetyre, I. 144.
2.-§flrcetion. 25.

5.

H

- \ a.
bi§.. ”V.

 

4. Aachen, roger, The whole Forks of Foyer Agghew, I. xxxvii.

2

In a letter to Sir W. Pagct he refers to his appointment. at

a ”handsome salary“ to “profess the Greek tongue in public."5
Ascham oven entered into a controversy at one time concerning
the correct pronunciation of the Greek language. He took

great delight in teaching Greek to the Princess Elizabeth and
makes reference in later years to Queen Elisabeth's proficiency
in Creek.

The doctrines of Luther left their imprint on young Aschsn.
too, for at an early age he accepted the Protestant faith.

2) Asoham's education began when he was placed under the
capable tutelage of R. Bond, who inspired in him a love for
books from the vary start. At a time when scarcely anyone in
England was roading.knglish ths young boy showed a preference
for books that war. written in English.

His formal education hogan when at fifteen he entered St.
John's College in Cambridge. This was a fortunate choice for
two reasons: it was the most famous seminary in England at the
time, and Asoham was placed under the guidance of two son who
wars to become outstanding teachers in later years. Ono was
John Choke, who afterwards became the tutor of Edward VI. and
the other was John Badman, who was dostiflbd to be the first
master of Trinity College.

John Choke must have made a lasting impression on his
pupil, for Asoham.rcfors toihim.ofton in his writings years
later. In a discussion of the value of Imitation in.ghg,

Scholcmastcr. he wrote. "This matter makoth.mo gladly remember

 

“—

5. Ascham, The Whole Works ot¢fiogor Ascham, 1, x1.
3

my sweets tyme spent at Cambridge, and the pleasant talks
which I had oft with M. Cheke and H. Wateon,»----"6 Later
he refers to him again in these words: ”My dearest frend,
and best master that euer I had or heard in learning, Syr
I. Cheke, each a man, as if I should liue to see England
breed the like again, I fears, I should line ouer long.-7

Ascham received his degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1531
and his degree of Easter of Arts in 1537. However, his
education was not limited to that which.he gained from insti-
tutions of learning. His travels through Germany and Italy
added to his linguistic and humanistic education and left
their mark on his literary career.

5) Throughout his life Ascham engaged in remunerative work
which contributed to his success as a iriter. During his
student days he spent much time tutoring the small boys in
Greek. One or his masters made the remark that he would learn
more by explaining one fable to a student than he would by
listening to the lengthy explanation of a difficult passage
made by someone else. No doubt his reputation as a philologiet
owes semething to the training he received through this tutor-
ing.

Following his graduati on in 1537 he was appointed
Mathematical Lecturer at the University. Nine years later,

 

——‘—-

6. Ascham, Eager, English Works. Edited by William.Wright, 289.
'7. Ibid. , 297.

in 1646. he secured the position of Public Grater, in which
agacity he had to write all of t e pu‘t elic letters for tre

University. his experience as writing-master to Prince

Edward, the Princess Iliaaheth, an—d there helped to fit

him for this post. Furthermore, his eatericnce in.the capacity

of Publi c Ozator helped fit {Am for his literary career.

The fact that he was chosen to teach.aenbers of the-Foyal
family is an hzuication to at iis alwilit was held in high
esteem. His years or service in this capacity must have con-
tributed.to his mastery of the language. Later his appointment
as secretary to Queen Ear? offered him still more agportunity
to perfect his style of writing.

In addition to the utside factors arioh contributed to
sectar's aims one, we must add one more factor'n enchan's own
desire to perfect his English. He wrote the goggnhilgg in
nn‘lien wish, he explains in 1A3 Preface, it voxld rave been
"more profitatle for his study and more honest for his nfiflfl"
to have written it in another leaf age. fie says that the
lan1naar;e which is used by the heat of the country should not
be vile for h.-m to write. Fe further writes:

And as for the Latin or greke tonge, euerye thyng is so
excellently done in them, that none can do obetter: In
the In~lyau ton3e contrar3. euezy th11n3e in a maner so
meanly, bathe for tre matter and handelvn3e, that no
man can do worse. E‘or t?.erin the least learned for

the meats parts, haue hen alwayes moost redye to wryte.
1nd they w: she had leasts ho je in latia. taue hens
moste loulde in enrl~s he: a -en wrelye etery I an that
is meats zestzy to ts inn, is not moost a is to wrytc.

he that wyll wryte well in a: y ton3ue, muate folowe

8

thys councel of Aristotle, to speaks as the common
people do, to thinks as wise men do: and so ahouldo
euery man vndegatandc hym, and the iudgcment of wyae
men alowo nym.

In the_figtroapectivo Revlon for 1821 we find the soonestion

(Jw

that perhaps we owe more to Aacham.for having not a success-
ful example of a simple and pure taste in writing than for
having cultivated the Greek language among us. Concerning
his style we read:
Asoham.ia a great name in our national literature.
He was one of the first founders of a true English
style in prose composition, 31d one of the moat respec-
table and useful of our scholars. He was amongst the
first to reject the use of foreign wordsand idioms--
a fashion, which in the reign of Henry VIII, began to
be so prevalent that the authors of that day, by "usinge
atraungo wordea, as Latino, Fronchg, and Italian, did
make all thinges darko and horde.”
Aaohamla interact in clarity of expression.and simplicity
of style is revealed in e cholemaater.
For what proprictio in Hordes. simplicitie in sentences,
plainneaae and light, is comelic for these kindea, 10
Caesar and Livia-~-are perfito examples of limitation.
He apeaks of Plato, Isocratea, and others as 'the purest and
playnest writers, that over wrote in any tong, and boat exp
ample: for any man to follow whether he write, Latin, Italian;

French. or Engliah."11

 

8. Aacham, Roger, English Wongg, Edited by William Wright, xiv.
9. Retro§geotive Revien. IV, 76-77.

10. Aaoham, Eager, Egglish Works, Edited by William Wright, 285.
11. mg... soc.

. He refers repeatedly to the importance of acquiring per-
fection in writing. In recommending the use of models in
the study of language he mentions their helpfulness to the
study of English.
And this is not onelie to serue in the Latin or Greke
tong, but also in our English language-«must we seeks
in the Authors onelie of those two tonges, the trees
Paterne of Eloquence, if in any other mother tongue
we looke to attaine, either to perfit utterance oizit
ourselves, or skilfull iudgement of it in.othersu
His irt crest in words is revealed in such phrases as: “his
[Varro's] wordes sometyme be somewhat rude'15 ”In deed, our
English tong, having in use chiefly wordes of one syllable
which commonly be long,---."14 He speaks of Salust's “use of

old words and new ones14

and his "hard composition and crooked
framdng of his wordes and sentences, as a man would say;
English.talke placed and framed outlandish 11ke.'15

Aechamfis published writings include one hundred sixty-five
letters written during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI;
and Queen Mary, and seventy letters written during the reign
of Queen Elizabeth, a few poems in Latin, and his three English
works. The Toxephilug, Aflfieport of the Affairs; and Statewgg

Germanz, and The Scholemaster. His correspondence includes

#- ‘A

12. Ascham, Roger, Engflish Wgrgg, Edited by William.wright, 285.
13.. £bid., 295.
14. Ibid.,A289.

 

15. Ibid., 293..

letters to the rulers of Denrnrk, fpein, Portugal, Poland
and tohcmin, to 1neen.slizabeth, to tte Pepe, to Eishops,
senators, dukes ., end to iormer tccc:: ere, scr oelmates, and
pupils. As these letters are nearly all in he in, they will
be of no value in this study; thereto re we sr'll turn directly
to the tlzeo Enjlien =5 riti.n s wfich will form the basis for
tno study.
it is believed Ezet tie ’ovenbilts. written in 1544

during his residence at the University of Cambridge, was the

on].y one of tEc t.r rec w ich nee {sullished d1 ing his lifetirc.
It was first ;3ublisned in 1E45 by Bd:erd fihitchnrch. A

second ex, :ition we.s putlislm ed by Thomas flsrehe in 1571 and a
third by abell lefres in lSEQ. The tenant of tie affaircs and
:At: te of Gerwuny was written in 533, but it was not printed
until after Renter's death, protebly about 157’. The Schole-
T1335? was yI‘IITYV‘YW'TO“n.la"C in 1%

l have ehoeen those three English works as the basis

for en investigatian of the sntjvnetive mood because they

were written during tze period when the inflectional sub—
junctive was beginning to be replaced by the perifi rasti
snijunctive. because escban was considered e caster or the

1.3113,.1ewor re. and because no stud es oi tlze slbfunctive

have been based on his writings.

C}: a.tcr II

Ellis; 121.; "L LEE 01* TIT}; fiCL’JL‘fiCTIVZZ

I
Textbook Treatment
The subjunctive mood is always a controversial subject
among the writers of textbooks. Some devote several pages to
a di sou :ion of it; othera 5179 it only passiny consideration:
wfiilo a few oyit all mention of tke goijnctivo in their text~
books.

Charles Eonahaw Kurd in his book, V5at 13 English?,

 

wkich he wrote in 15435 and snb-titlofl “a ! 300k of Ftrnt97v for
English ioachors“, gives tbe following advice to toucrors of
Englioh concerning the toucking of the subjunctive: ”Unlesa

my prinoigal or sore eta to oxa:.zm113 hoard obliged no to touch
mood, I shoulfl never take up the subject in school. 4 state-
zr.ont or question of fact is incfl otive, and a o :aand is
iwperativo; tiooe two 72005 5 iin:;lish really has. find there are
remnants of an undovbted auijnotivo mood in a few formal or
archaic vaoa like 'lf 1t woro’, 'msy it be', 'though he have'.
Ttone are Foal variations in forw to Show that the verbs ex-
press a more 7050 or thought. Beyond this thcre is only a wel-
ter of svhtletics, a flux of contradictory 0;)1n10n. If left

to your own devices. have not‘fi n7 to do wit‘:anyth1n7 but the
few realities. if you are remr'ired to teach subjwmctlvea, stick

to one single foxxulu: L003 it clearly inoicate a more cond1tion
9

or u'wught? away cacao arc debatablo. Thorn m tower
subjunctive: than you 0039030. érobably the following are
magma”: 'I oould have shot it. with perfeat 0330' (the
fact is tmt I have power ta), '1. may be mm; abaut this'
{the fact 1: that that-c is mum a yoaeibility). 'Pertmpa you
vault! 11kt! to atay’ (the fact perhapa really in that). The
following would usually- bo called subjunctivo, because thny
alwrly show, or thn mntoxt chews, that the var!) 1: not
indicating a fact: '1! only I could have shot 1t.’ '1 might
have gene to bed aomaer.‘ Wouldn't he have enjoyed that“
Few will over 0135th to your method if you limit mbjunotlveu
to: (1) real aubjunetin by its form, (2) mar: prayerful hep.
or axhortatmn that do” not. sound the least like fact, (3) a
condition that in ulnarly a can or spanking about. what would
be true if the facts were otherwise. I cannot conceive any
any teacher would ever need to mention, optativo or potential
mods, for these an mare wad“ of meaning; they are not
changes of farm; they an pl'mntoma imported from alumina
gramm."1

Tat. A. Cross m‘ws no mention of titan wbjunntlvc in his ‘

textbook, ‘The Little Graymar, which has been widely used in

A
“—1-“ v “.7 ‘—

1. Ward. Ch 3.. 351mg}: gammy, 186.
10

secondary school: throughout the country since its publication
in 1922.

fho flood and Kollog grammar. which has been a standoby
ever since its publioation in 1809, goes no farther than a
brlof definition of the aubjunotlvo and potontial modes.
”The subsunctivomoda asserts the action or being at a more
condition. supyoaition.or wish. Tho Potential mode naaorto
the power. liberty. possibility, or nooosgity or being or
action.”2 .

Kabul C. normano, heooaroh Assistant in English at Lo:
Angelea. California. lnoludoa instruction in tho svbjunotlvo
in not text. Studios in Qrgmogr, published in 1924. Sh. defines
the subjunctive an (0110!!! 'A tort 1: in tho subjunotiva mood
when it ia‘uaod.1n ozpreuning,c wish. u condition‘oontfnry to
fact, or something that 13 uncertain.“3 aha than give: a
conjugation of the verb “b." in the present and past subjunoo
tlvo in tho following form: "If I be there", "If you be there,“
- eto. .Tho immaturo atudont, learning the oonjugation from»hor
chart suppoaoa. and with good reason, that the verb in in the
subjunctive mood only than it 10 preceded by tho word 3;;
Yet the oiorolaoa which follow contain such aeotooooo an:
“I oiah ahe‘gggg‘horo now * in whfidh .ho word igDGoeo not

upgour at all.

.h.

a. flood. klonso and Kellog. Brainerd. filgbgr Lessons in

Eng; 1 92}, 313 a

a. Hermana. Rahal 0.. Studios in Grommor.2186.

11

Eondbook of Grammar by 8162611 and Siegfried, published
in 3.8? 5. lists rive macs or the subjunctive:
1. Doc the subjunctive to express an uncertain condltlon.
9. Leo t? e subjunctive in a co 6 tion contrary to fact.
3. .ln wisdzcc introduced by one? wor63 as wovltH, mg, etc.,
the subjuncti we is ccvctfirca used.
6. If a concession to contrary to fact, the pact subjuno~
tlvc 1c coed to rotor to proacnt time and the pact perfect
to pact time Just as in con61tionc contrary to fact.
5. The cubjunotivc lo ucod after such ezgrcaolona as,
cc 1:. on thoogg. had. a llcf Ego raghcr. cno.hod
Softer. 7
“me only motion or the subjunctive 1n the collcgc textbook,
gngocltA on for_pollcoc Etudentg, yubllchcd in 1927 by Thomas,
Eonchectcr. and Scott. 1: the following definition: ”?hc form
which czprccccc a wish in the independent sentence: (God grant
this be true) and is used concidorably in dependent clause-3
9.3.. in wishes. cold in scrum conditional ma conceal"
clauses. exprcacifig uncertain condition or condition contrary
to fact. Ex. If this were your first ofrcnac, tho case would
be élffcrcnt. If this §g_trccoon, make the most of lt.”5
In Awfirlcf Egglioh Ggggvar, by Prod Scott and Gertrude
tuck, 1805, aypcarc this fictinltiont “Verbs which represent
a ctntc or things not as actually existing nor yet an impera-
tivcly demanded by tho speaker, but merely as capablc or

existing; are cold to be in tho Egplonctzzg_mood. Under this

A‘ L... AAA

‘ 4. 221222211 cm! Siegfried, 2 22am 2: or woman 110-111.

5. Thomas, Pcnnhcctor. and seatt, C-Japocltiona for Collc2c
:fiuflogta. bio

 

head come verts union represent a state of things as merely
supposed, as possible under certain circumstances. or as
wished for without the etrong demand of the imperative mood.“
fie lists other use: of the subjunctive as: ”in making such
wishes no 'Ood‘be with yang. 'Long live the Kingli 'oeset be
thy o1eep.'. in subordinate clauses indicating s state of
uncertainty. apprehension. deliberation. desireo'5 In regard
to periphroetic forms he writes: “The subjunctive forms of
the verb are not, as ee have previously noted. frequently em-
ployed in modern English. Instead or‘thcm.wc often use, to
express a state or things which in possible or desired rather
than actually present, certain covecllsd auxiliary or helping
verbe in combination.with the principal verbs or the sentence
or clenchmaxch auxiliary vcrbe as w. mm. m. m
Egggt, are tons need in combination with principle verbs of
the sentence or clause in the place or the cfibjunctivs forms.”7
In 183? George Krcpp. in £23ova;encgggggggggggilgliggag

Eynlieh, ehioh ie a discussion of current American idiom.
makes the following statements about the subjunctive in present
day English:

the subjunctive mood in present day Englieh is restricted

almost entirely to the condition contrary to fact, as in

If no oopcflgomrggfiggzgggghieg, thegcuio no ougetion that
Egfiyould do. In iftorary style a oonoosoion or eupgosifion

m..— _..- 2..

6. ”89558c¥§°55§t and Buck, Gertrude, a~areoe~sngt+eh
7. Ibig. 134.

is sometimes expressed by the sub motive es in 3%"
I to do tt' I '7 d , 19:11 I» 2241'5529—3
“ l were” 9 c_thc . c on 2 3 c more nan-2 cm
or expressing this idea would be. H I dfi tat. Z

:1 never re in self-re ec . ~ story
it y e sometimes a , . cares o ubt is expressed
by the subjunctive. as in If climate be 59 1-. '

egcgcnt in the fogmtion a: mtffifi ykmrsd ‘ t.

who or ceases to be :9;an - ., r . 2».
gs cello-ails! speech. even in the co 2. y

to fact, the force or the subjunctive sppesr frequently
only who: the subject”?! the vzrgnis s. msfipgnm.
I. on, e, 5%. ex. Bu these cone 0 one
Els§rcofioqu cl $22 ordinarily hes the inductive,
as 11‘ he was here hc 110' ; ..

Totfcrigg as i , was an j. A '
W. 5 ece uses are now so

‘ i

     
  

 

 

       

       

      

    

  

 

genera be 2'! ey
one ' accepted as at lesst good colloquial English.
'the subjunctive is employed most frequently when it is
' sepia-yea at all. in forms of the verb t? be. With

other vwbs. the subjunctive has a dis cc 1:; literary.

often artificial color. so in I he : i to one t .
believer l r d 1 com! _. more {
cc 9 res ’ so e on honestl etc. 9

Gnarls-s Fries, Professor or was st the University or

 

Michigan. mode s survey of American English. basing it on an
examination of letters written by American soldiers during the
mic our of 19142-1913. Among other conclusions which he no.
as as result of this survey are the following concerning the use
of the subjunctive.

1. In general the subjunctive has tended to disappear
from use. this statement does not use that the ideas
formerly caressed by the inflectiozully distinct tons
of the verb called the subjunctive are not new emmssed
but rather that these ideas on nos expressed chiefly
by other means. especially by: function words.

8. In. these tutorials taken all together not more than
one fifth or the instances or 315}, elsusss after such

words so £29m“, fimmc%, gong, er. etc.
used the su inactive. so on 32 22.8 per can of the
“non-ui‘cct conditions“ used the subjunctive.

M 2 4-2 w
_7 V. w

3. Krupp, George Philip. A Corgrehscgivc Guide tom
°' W2 “1‘553- '

14

3. The failure to use the eubjunotive form in non-foot
conditions, and in that elaueee after words of asking,
requesting. eugqosting, ete.. ie not oherooterietio or
Vulgar English only. The practices or Etta-1nd:- :1 English
and Vulggr Englioh do not differ eignifioently in tfiie
respect.#

9. Fried, Charles, gmdriggndfinglieh Oragpar, 136~107.

II
ScIolnrly Treatment

A discussion of the subjunctive from the Scholar's view-
point may vell begin with & statement made by flood chster,
who might be considered.fimerica's first ironworion, because
in 1?84 he wrote a treatise entitled A Plain and Corggchcnsivo
Gramnar.10 In 1789 he expressed the following Opinion con¢
earning the stzeojtu22tive: "by the construction of our lan Qua go,
no subjunctive mode is necessary - in most cases it is im-
orogcr - and what is the stronrest of 5.11 or gimonts, it is
not used in the spoken language, whicI 1- t1: ;;1y true form
of Fr1rrur."11

Sixty-two years later Goold Brown wrote in his Grawwar

of Infilish Growncrs: "The Subjnnctive mood is that form of

 

the voro m 1021 represents the be n3, action, or passion, as
conditional, doubtful, and contingent: as, 'If thou 33, see
tnat thou offend not' 'Soe thou 92 it not' Rev.xix, 10."12
He further writes: "The subjunctive mood is so cuL Led bacon? o
it is always subjoined to an other verb. It usually denotes
some doubtful contingency, or some supposition contrary to

fact. The manner of its dependence is commonly denoted by

 

10. Port Of a 3 volume woflg, Gran-TriatiCQI Institute Of the
Enolis Lanovsoe.
ll. 1costcr, leozsw in In lisfifipvcwwor as qloteo in Bevier,
Thyra Jane, "A1erico n use of the CLIjvnctive," Averican
Smooch, VI, 208.
12. Irown, Goold, TIe Granrar of Incli.h Grnnmnng, 557.

 

16

one of the following oonjmmtiona: $5, m, w, 331.1%»
11111053312 :30 criticizes gremmrians Chandler, France, Flak,
3. 8. Greene, Canals", Ingersoll, R. G. smug, eanborn, sack,
Emtler, hart, field, Fitness, and others for recognizing a
”subjunctive mood in the indicative form“. adding; that "the
sug;§';est3.on Maia}! we frequently meet with, that the regular
inelastive or potential mood may be gi‘I‘O'thintO the mbfigmgtive
by merely praising; a ornijunction, la somtflng worse than
n01.13ense. Indeed, no mood can ever be made 5:193; t of an other,
without the greenest confusion and absurdity. Yet, strange as
it in. some celebrated author-a, misled by an 5;, have tangled
together torso of them, proflucing such a snarl of tenses as
never yet can have been understood without teing; ridiculous.”13
on the following page he states: "'lhe true gubjunctivg mood,
in English. in virtually rejected by some lates- grsmariana
who nevertheless acknowledge under that name a greater number
and. variety of fame than have ever been claimed for it in any
otz-aer tongue. All that is peculiar to the exozbgunctive, all
that should constitute it a distinct mood, they renresent as
an eu1cs‘.‘aisn, an obsolete or antiquated scene of exgrression, while
hey willingly give to it every form or tot)“; the Indicative
end the potential, the two other moods which sometires follow
an 33;."14

125. 3333., {5515.

is. 3933;... see.

1'!

The views of thugs two grammariana show the diaagroomons
that exists in regards to the subjunctive even among adholara.
flame-agree with Erown that tha aubjunctive ahauld bu left in
its classic form: others are of fiebater'a Opinion that it
should be aliminated entirely; still others take a *middle«of~
the-road“ nttituda.

In 1%?4 williwm Kaatcn submitted to the Gniveraity or
Bostock for his dissertation leading to the degree of doctor
or philOflOphy a study of the subjunetivasas he fbund them in
the works 9f thateapeare, Johnaon, marlowe, and Spencer.

In his study, which he «pgroacwa from a armmatioal angle.
he first lists the use: of the subjunctive in principal sen-
tences, subdividing tham into five groupa of present sub-
junctive» and faur groups of imperfect anhjunativas. The
mxhjnnctlvea Of éeyerflanb clause!) he subdivide: into substantive
eontencea, advarbial sentences, and relative sentences. Below
are his categories, together with examplca which he has taken
from the above-mentioned authors.

PLIEICIPAL 5.3;.Q3'1EIICES
1. to express an.act10n or state as merely auppoued. whether
reAlized or not:

finch men as he he never at heart's ease. (Fm. J. G.)

'How nuance the rages there do flade so rant. (Sh. E. H: D.)
E. in wishes. prayers. and commands:

E13 be the graiao. (Sfianoar: Fairs'flpefln. 3.155)

(,‘$
a ~J

"Thy love ne'er alter till tho? avast life-end." (an. x, E. 3.)
”God nava such a 10rd." (Shauocr: Epight'a $atgo)
3. in a supposition upon which another statement depends:

"Ea it so she will not connent~~~. I beg the ancient
pr1v11656 Of K henfiofi (3%. N. go E. 1.10)

4. in a concession:
"flame can hear him, cry he ne'er so loud.” (3nr1. £333) -
"be thou a npirit or hell, firing with thec~--”
6. 1n a.pr1ncipa1 clause partaking or the nature of a
couditional clausa: A
”If I do, mankin disclaim me ever." (men Jauaon.)
Following theaa citations. he lists exaxples of the imperfect
subjunctive under almilar headings.
1. incertainty ~ (also politeness):
“mtnt board were I test to play it in?" (Eh. m. R! D.)
”It ware best he speak no harm of Brutus here.” (3h. 7.3.)
"T1at were enough to hanging all." (2%. 1. E, D.)
2. in wiauoa implying possibility:

"I am.tho beat of them thfit apank txia language. ware
I but where 'tia spoken."

3. 1n statements contrary to fact (inverted word order):
"0 warn favor an, your: would I watch.” (Sh. H. 3. D.)
4. uncertainty from the conditional elauae:
“If the matter were good, I durst awear it were his.”
$here are sevaral ayparent incansisteucles in the above
clasglfloation. In his first example it 10 yosaiblo that tha

verb, at}, is indie titre, since the aubject 15 plural. In 1:13

 

15. Kasten, g9 Inqpiry into the Use of the Subjuggtive, 6-10.

19

example under 9 or hie first group, he attributes the sub--
junctive disclaim to in proximity to e aubjunotive in the
conditional clause. Would not the sentence, mankind dialog-5
me expr., eall ror>the subjunctive in its con right no on ex-
ample or hie second classification. he. in wiehee. prayers.
and oozmande‘! Is not that statement parallel to one or the
examples He has used, “Thy love ne'er falter till thy tweet
lite 0:162". Furthermore. can eoneeeeive clauses be classified
on principal eenteneefl In the citation. "Hone un hear him.
ery he ne'er eo loud ', the subjunctive, on, in in n elmm
whioh depends upon the principal clause. ’Hone een hear hi:::..'|
Again, in the exariplee frm the imperfect subjunctive he has
included a eitetlon from a dependent elauee under him group or
subjunctive: in prineipel senteneu. .143.” (3) in statement:
contrary to fact (inverted word order): "0 were favor eo.
your: would I eatoh.‘ In my opinion, 9_ were favor 32 1e e
dependent elnuoe in inverted word-order. It in only another
way or saying, '0 it favor were eo, yours would I ouch." Under
the fourth heading. uncertainty from the conditional elauae.
he hangivon the following citation: “If the utter were good,
1 duret swear it woro his.” By classifying; if. thuely. he in
claiming that the verb m in in e prinoipal emtenoo and in
subjunctive because of its proximity to the eonditional. 11.5322.
matter were good. First or all, the verb m in not. found in
a principal sentence. but rather in a noun clause used on a
direct object. Second. it is subjunetive because it is expreeeing
an uncertainty following, the verb durst your.

20

While his oxnmnlee or the eubjunotive in principal eon-
teneee are confined to formal subjunctivea. it will be seen
from the following citations taken fromHhie discussion or the
subjunctive in subordinate elauaee that be has included peri-
phreetio subjunctive: ee-well as formal ones.

A. substantive eentenoee .
”I told him, he were'best to send it.? (Iéarl. Jev., 4.5.)
“They should ewear hell eere‘broknn looee.' (Ben J. §3g_§3 4.1.)
”Do you think I would leave you.“ (Ben J. £:&__e 1.3.}
"I nape he be in love.” (3h. Each Ado. 5.2.)
"I feur'd lost I might enger thee.” (Sh. gage, 4.1.)
"Pray heaven it do.’ (Ben J. E!&‘§p 2.3.)

"nut I beseech your grace that I may know the worst.”
‘3h. fl: H: De 101.)

“I'd rather it eore a apenlard.” (BoniJ. £7. E. 8.7.} '

”It was natural that he enould.unconeoiouely'mngnify their
nerite.‘ (Preacott.)

B. Adverbinl sentence!

Temporal eentenoeas

"If our father would eloop till I waxed him.” (Sh. K, L.)

“Long ere it were day.“ (Chaucer. B. 9, T. 131)

”The canker gulls the infants or the spring too oft
before their buttons be disclosed.“ (an. Lam. l.)

”Lre he do leave this grove, thou shalt fly him.‘
SSH}. E: N: 2. 20b.)

Conditional eenteneee:
“If the prorarb hold, that cannot be. (Ben J. gr: 3.)

"Humor in nothing 1: it be not red.” ‘3” 3- Mo)

"Or. it there were a eympathy in choice. war did lay
60150 to 1‘.“ (5h. r: W: D. 1.10)

21

Concessive sentences:
“Though.she be but little, she is fierce." (Sh. M. N. D.)

"However the world .0 I make sure for one.”
(Marl. Jew. 1.1.

Consecutive and intentional sentences:
“You would fright the ladies that they would shriek.”
(Sh. §;_§;_2. 1.2.)

"Seek for him lost his ungovern'd rage dissolve his
life.” (She Ks Le)

Sentences of modality:
("Subordinate sentences expressing the manner in which

something is done, in some cases, admits of the subjunctive
mOOde.)

”Yet even in beginners (It were best) to adhere so
moderately, as he be a man of the one faction which
is passablcst with the other.“

”Smile upon my speeches as if I were a fool.” (Sh. Hml.)

0. Relative sentences:

Determinative.

”With power to excite all Who in future time may
appear." (Webster)

Explotive.

"I hither come engaged by my oath (which Godeefcnd
a knight should violate.“ (Sh. R. II.)1§:

Under substantive sentences he lists: "I feer'd lost I might
anger thee." His explanation for including it in this group

is that the word lost is sometimes substituted for the word
that in noun clauses. However, it would be feasible to include
this citation under condition of exception. It seems that he

has aGOpted the term sentences of modality to cover that use

 

16) Kasten, is Inggiry into the Use or the Subjunctivc. 12-23.
22

of the subjunctive st: ion expresses tne sooner or doing, something.
Is not this nomenclature apt to be confused with model verbs!
In discussing subjunctive in principal sentences he groups all
periphrsstic expressions under the heading: gyros or modeligzy
in discussing subjunctive in subordinate clauses he includes
the periphrsstics with the formal subjunctives and then uses
the term modslitz in quite n-dirferent significance. Keaton
closes his discussion with the following statement: “In the
English or our days the differences between the indicative and
subjunctive moods have almost entirely vanished in comm: prose:
‘tne subjunctive is seldom used in conversation except by pedants,
however. in slevstedlsnguugc and poetry it is still found
according to the rules prevailing in the Elizabethan pcriod."17
fienry finest. in his‘ges Englisnzgrsnngg, written in 1893,
list two uses for the subjunctive in independent sinuses:
1. to onerous wishes and commands: 2. to express fear or the
future. to subdivides the subjunctive of dependent clauses in
the following manner: 1. rejected condition: 2. hypothetical
comparison implying rejection; 3. rejected fulfillment after
a verb of wishing. his notion or the subjunctive is confined
to inflectionnl forms. s11 perighrestio substituEs‘being clsssi~
tied under three additional moods: 1. conditional: 2. compul-

sive: 3. permissive.

.. A ._._ 4......

17 Heston. hilliar an In33iry into tie Use or t} e ‘rbitnctive
31.nod in tie fin oil; 5:: Of t3e nlis Lot on rerTo1. La.

1.20

Otto Josporaan. a reocgniaed anflmrity on mar-rar- and

author or a fiveavvolum study. ”A orlern xrglish (‘r-Wcr,

 

along; wi uh other disoertatlmm, drama a. definite line between
fcr no}. subjumtlvea and their mzbstitutee, referring to the
latter as “imaginative use of tenses". According; to him the
subjunctive has been needlessly complim ted by those writer:
who speak of oozrbinationa with auxiliary verbs cm 11’ they wore
aubjunetive or subjunctive equivalents. In Essentials of
guygiah {ivory-or he writes! “mm subjunctive 13 used in main
gamma-mes to express. a (Manageable) who, orderly in get.
pkwasoa like:

"God b16313 you! God mm m 0 king!"

"Leaver: preserve nal'

"are Lend have mercy on on!”

”Long live the King!"

"Honey be hanged!”
Other related uses of the mbgunctiva are seen in:

"For be it from me to fiepreoiate mob pleasures."

"Home is home, be it: ever 50 homely.“

"i‘uffice it to any th&t-*"
"anon all men by these presenta'm“ (in juridical
parlance)
$29 in of the Opinion that the mbjumtlve 1n ewransionl of
uncertainty, hesitation, and diffidonoe no longer has the torn.
it did at ona time anfi may be canaidered a ”literary trick to
remove the style from everyday sasoeiationaflm
Under 'mmgizmtiva an of tenses” he asserts that in

ninetyfinino per cent or the cases in Which the preterit. or

_‘. A. AL

w—v w

18. Jespcrson, gwMifla of Grammy. £394.

0
u

imagination is used, it is impossibio to tall from the form
whether it in imiiootivo or subjunctive. Io he not admitting,
that the forms which to labels as 'pretorit or 1Moglnation”
might be true subjunctivoa? A for citations will suffice to

show that. his ”imaginative tomes" are parallel to subjunctivoo

 

of Kanton.
imperaen'a "imaginative tom” Kagton'g subjungtin
1. owls: I could doubt it! 1. Ywould; I could “our. you.
'23. 1 mm I had a «mu-~o 23. I wioh you could Od'W.‘”o
3. If one had but too honor“. a. It you our. club”.
4. You 12219121: do me a favor 4. He could easily do it
[if you wouldJ [1! ho triad;

In his fhiloaoghlpf Grmgg Josporam suggests; possibility
of eighteen moods of the verb which he terms; "notional moods”:
Juanivo, compulsive, obligation, advisory, pronoun, hortatin,
permissive. promioaivo. ootativo. dooidomtivo, intmtional,
asaertivo, presumptive. dubitntivo. potential. conditional,
hypothetical. and oonoonaionai.19 All or those suggested mood-
aro. mbjum the in nature, and many or thorn could be combined.
thus reducing the number of categories. In my Opinion the dir-
inction bet‘oeen 00:12:19.1” and gbiigmtivg is too alight to
oorrcmt a double oatagory. Likewise tho terms Advisory.
preontivo. and hortativo are synonymous. since ho did not
give ozamplea or these various; categories, we cannot: be certain
of his exact meaning; in same cases, but it is probable that
oomo of the remaining toms could to combined to reduce the

£1111.“ng .

 

19. Jospersen, Philosolyég of Gramtar, (520-521.

 

25

George Curmo, who has given us a most usable textbook in
Collogo English Groomer} published in 1925,30 maintains that
any expression which is subjunctive in nature may be classified
as subjunctive Whether it is a verb with the subjunctive ending
or a substitute for that inflectional form, His classification
begins from the stand-point of usage, 139‘ he lists volativo
subjunctive, subjunctive of slab. subjunctive of logical reason-
ing, etc. When he comes to the potential subjunctive in do-
pendcnt clauses, ho flzrgctc that ho was classifying from tho
stand~point of usage and turns to a grammatical classification:
1,0, 1. noun clauses, 2. attributivc relative clauses. At
this point he returns to his classification according to usage.
3. conditional sentences. 4. clauses of result, 5. clauses of
cause. 21

Below is Curmc's classification tagcthcr with examples
which he includes under each category.

OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

l. volativc:

Let him come int

We must go]

YOu shall do as I say}

You may go into the woods.

Would you tell me tnc time?

You might offer to help mo.
2. subjunctive of widh:

God bless you:

May you see many happy returns.

Oh.woro he only hero]
Might I see her just once!

2x1 For fuller treatment sec Curmo, garts of Speech andeccidcncc.
t3 Curmo, Collegc English Grammag, 260-277.

26

5. -subjunctive of logical reasoning:
Let figure a b c be an isosceles triangle.

4. action conceded: -
‘ Say what he will, he cannot make matters worse.
Let him say what he will. he cannot make----.
Though he make every effort, he cannot succeed.
However hard it rains (it may rain) we shall
have to go.
Even though.hc were here, I would say the same.

5. action desired:
a. in noun clauses:
She desires that he do (may do) it.
'She begs that he will do it.
It is my wish that he come. (may come, shall come)
I wiSh I were dead.
I wish.you would stay.
b. in relative clauses: ‘ ’
I desire only such books as shall instruct.
Envoys were sent who should sue for peace.
I ambhunting a man who may take my place.
c. in adverbial clauses:
I'll 30 early that I may get a good seat.
He is so badly hurt that he shall (should) be
taken to the hospital.
Your father is aging to wait till your uncle
shall come. 2

POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE

In principal clauses: It may rain.
It cannot be true.
He could easily do it.
It might possibly be true.
It were wise to be silent.
He must have come by now.

In subordinate clauses:

1. noun clauses:
It seems quite probable that it may rain.
We doubt whether it be possible.
I fear that he may not recover.

I don't know what I should do.
Each was dreading lest the other suspect it.

22. Burma. College English Granmar. 260-266.

27

2. nttrihutive relative clauses:

It is a book that may lwel
I oifcr a rewaid to any one wro suall give no the
add! 033.

3. conditional sentences:

his ties] com itim ‘
Lot .2111. 05;, so 0:111: gire cot-re home with glory.

if bod so clot1:c the brass~c~c

The slight, if t: eze be one, was un ntentional.

 

 

theorgtjcal condition:
If~it s1oou1d rain. i “wouldn't go.
If we :issed (should miss, were to miss) the train,~--

cogfiljion contrs.ry to f ct:

)1 We were lets, 1 Would speak.
i’lt kfin xai.neu, I would not have gone.

 

ellinticol condit
70 could ea.. 1y do0 it if he tried.
I should as: if I were asked that it were better to
say nothing.

 

4. clauses of result:

he is so badly in;
he is so badly itmj
he is so badly in nj

urfid t} 8.1: he Dfiiflt dig.
'I‘Gd ti 111$ 116 UB‘ €13.00
txrcd t1:ct he might die.
5. clauses of cause:
Let us not shrinr for fear (or lest) our motives be
nisunderstood.
She was afzaid to breathe lcct;she break (or slould
break) the maria spell.“
Curme could have reduced his 'ist of uses of the Optutive sub-
junctive by oonbining his second category, subjunctive 0:
wish, with his fourth category: action desired. While the
forfior deals with subjunctive in independent clauses and the

latter with subiunctive in depor dent clauses, he .93 M_ade no

{a
C
8
Cl:
p.
a
C

i

.tinction in the headings, and therefore has no need

for the two headings.

 

25. Curme, College English Grammar, 266-277.

28

In 1930 the Prague Linguistic Circle publiShed a study
by a Czech scholar, Bohumil Trnka entitled: 0n the gynta;
of the English Verb from Caxton to Dryden. In this study
Trnka subdividss the subjunctive, (which he prefers to call
the Optativc), into two moods: 1. wishing mood; 2. thought
mood. Under wishing mood he gives such examples as: Blesszd
mayo he be: ya1;ithpleaae you to lot it pasgg, Long mazst
thou live. 211that the slave had 40.000 livesJ24 Under
thought mood he gives! gov schal we defend the lzbcrtz? M
gnpuld I lose that handkerchiggj In.his classification tho
subjunctive of subordinate clauses falls under the following
categories: 1. that-clauses; 2. deliberative indirect ques-
tionsg 3. temporal clauses: 4. concesaive clauses: 5. consecu-
tive clauses; 6. final clausea;7. relative clauses; 8. con-
ditional clauses; 9. comparative clausea.éfl3 It is evident
from.the above classification that Trnka, too, has vacillatcd
between a classification from a standpoint of usage and one
from.a standpoint of grammatical structure.

H. Poutsma devotes 84 pages of his Mood and Tense or the
English Verb to a discussion of the subjunctive and conditional
moods. His treatment is cumbersome and confusing. In the

Introduction he outlines the order in which he intends

1

1‘3

4. Trnka, 0n the Syntax of the Enggiab Verb from Caxton
to Dryden, 67-6§.

1‘0

.0 Ibido' 69-71.

29

to discuss the subjunctiva and canditlonal woods. I repeat
the outline, omitting the explanations and citations.

a) principal eentencea

l. oytativo sentences

2. hortativo sentences

5. canneqpent sentences

b) suborfiinato clauses

1. subordinate statements

2. subordinate questions ”6

3. aflverbial clauses “
it is apparent from thia outline that he. too, confuaad two
.typcs of classificatian in his scheme. fie 13 classifying the
ant} motive: in principal aafltcncea according to use: he in
olaasifying the aubgunctlvea of subordinate clauses acnording
to 2-31.? 913338.?-3+\_¢£é.3_-~-..§E¥:}¥9$131!.

Only by careful examination 15 it possible to detect his
general outline in the study, no risleufling is his aystem or
numbering.

his "Einal Observations" are singularly limited in
scope and not at all in proportion to his detailed study.
They conaiat of thres statements {with a number of citations
unfier each).

1) It ghould be rem nherod that *6 as a finite verb in
used not only as a aubjunctive, 53% also as an indicative.

8) Shakespeara bag a 5003 many instances of be instead
of 2.9. after to $3312}: and one after giggly fit. as he
is anything 53% afgfbt in the use of the subjunctive and
indicative, we.havo no certainty that in these places

we have to deal with an intentional subjunctive.

5} The use or the inflactional or periphraatical sub.
inactive or conditional in a Elven sentence or cluvao
may entail the use of the flmfifi mood in clauses depending

 

2% Poutsma, Mood and Tense of the English Vang, 8-9.
30

on them, which would otherwise have the indicative.27

Throughout hia inveatlgotion Poutamo has rocOgniaod
both the inflectional forms and the poriphrastic forvs and
has given (1:515:10 citations for each.

A few general conclusions may be drawn from the examina~
tion of the notions of the subjunctive mood according to
xoaten, sweet, Jeaperaon. Carma, Trnxo, and Poutama.

1. fibers in a general tendency to ignore the distinction
between usage and grozmutionl structuro in much the manner of
the school boy :0 wrote in his essay, ”mankind is divided

into man, ohiléron, fathers, women, bachelors, uncles, and
girls." 2. The notion of uncertainty has been classified undur
many moods, including subjunctive. Optativo, corpulsivo,
conditional. permissive. obligativo, and imperative. (Rot
mentioning the eighteen moods which wero suggested by Jesporaen.)
3. Opinion is divided as to Whether only those verbs should

be considered subjunctive which have the nflootional form

of the subjunctive or whether the poriphrastic substitutes

for tho inflectional {01793, 1.6., should, would, might, may,

ato. should b0 included unfler the category of subjunctive.

 

—v

27. Poutaua. hood and T93 0 offline English Verb, 83-84.

A.

51

III
Suggested "Te-trent

The gow English victiobarj defines subjunctive as "Ieaig-

 

mating a wood the forms of which are employad to denote an

action er a state as canceived (enfi not as a fact) and tjrra-

fore uscfl to express a win., caprrzfi, e :hur tion, or a contin-
r- ,,_ '-

gcnt, hygottetical, or prospeztive event.“

The gpnycan Petgpupgrpngg§_llluatr§ defines the subjunctive

 

an the "Foac an verbe, infliquant qu‘une action est congue comma
auburaannée & una autre at. par c0286fifififit, scare douteuao.”29
Geor3e C1 “F78 dcfinea tbn subjunctive as the moqd which
r\“encht sorcthing as not actually bolehwfinf to tfie damain
of fact or rcaliL , btlt an weralv eyiste\t in t?e ring of the
3p0ufier us a desire, win: , vnlitmi ma, plan, canccztion, thanth;
soret116$ with more or 1633 home of Paulization, or, in tke
case of a etutcmeut, with hero or less belief; nonetinca with
little 0? no hope or faitn."5o
If we coneificr tin subjunctive in the light of txcse def-
initions, a classification.nmst finclude not only these verb

,i'l

forms w 10h have a so~called "subjunctive ending but any
exyreasioms usad to denote uncertainty of action in all its
variaiions.

The écfinltlons given in Bart I of this 0%mptcr are evi-

dence that 139 m1 iters of to"*}o;x% did .ot all afrec as to

28 .- .xiloz‘fSZ-y , in...“ $6331” IIXH]; q}~;;:‘¢:;¢jrjl T: f ’3‘}. W: q t or?" PM} {Zr-.1! v30: ,5: 00"

'w v:;"“‘ - r‘:.-.' mum w...-..,.........
.1... #3.“ .ml’ Liv-.2.

 

. G“ .. .3: .‘. . _ ...‘. .. .., f’: ."~
29 ,L:;._.5, Limaz..e, VC‘ act}: Paxwr‘sgte Illinh‘fi, u.

 

’1 Ira. . .. . I"? : .3. -q.' l‘ r‘ «ts -. ' ' ‘.:
'10 \VUI" .C, 3591- L. 403 iC.‘ 0 .3. p.- 113?“. u I ..:.* T333, Ht 0
U ‘ -*.-. ~ -

 

 

what ohould.bo included under the term "subjunctive". The
scholars wh so motions are discussed in Part II disagreed on
his point as much as difl the textbook writers. Goold Brown
and Utto Jcnperaen both maintained that only those verbs might
be caraldored subjunctive tfiioh haé the inflectional enfiing

of the subjunctive mood. Coorge Curne and H. Poutsmn are of
the opinion that the term aubjunctive appllea not only to
verbs with tbs infloctioral ending of the aukgunctive, but
also to all expressions which serve tve same purpose. Cohumil
Trnka and William Eunton take a moddle of the road attitude,
r0003n1£133 the inflectionnl forms and the pcriphrustic

forms, referring in some inqtancea to the peripnrustics as
“autjunctivoa” and in ofihor instancca a3 ”aubstitutos for the
subjunctive.”

Before making a classification of the subjunctive, we
must decide upon what basis we intend to make the classification.
It is posoible to claosify from the atanflpoint of grammatical
structure. Such a classifica ion would fit into a general
outline similar to the following.

I; subjunctive in independent clauses
II. subjunctive in depenoent clauses
g. in noun clauses
B. in adjective clavses
C. in adverb clauses
It is also possible to clasxify from the standgoint of usage.
(This 13 sonetines calleé a “noti'ual classification“.)
I have already pointed out in Port II that man? of tke scholars

:53

have 331ftod their cln331IECutlon from grafiflotlool to notional,
and the result has been a classification wfiioh lacks clarity.

It floors to no that since a clonolficatlon of the sub-
junctive involves a catcl~h“lr" of exp-rosslon which deal with
various phases of uncertaihty, the fore logical apgroach is
the one from the Mtanczoint of use. 1 have therefore built
my scheme on that basis.

fifter a careful study of tie notions of the graro'2ians
and an exominatlon of the citatloaa which they incorporated
in their stuoies, I have evolved a ochewe into which thoae
citations will fit. "'Po sci; :cwo coma .sts of seven types of
e;h 1nct1vf1ve of waich are brOad enough in ecooe to
wur2unt sub-divisfi no. The seven types are: oblifiotlon,
pernlssion, erotlon. conoition, concession, otpnositlon, and
limitatio.

The suljonc11ve of otli ation cxpzesees

{1} moral ohligotlon:

It is neceQSury that b- :zrnv to God I'or help.
Eho Lord flomunded that ftzwglrxouen woman 2232'

faith in Kim.
fio_§vat follow the dictates of our conscience.

t

 

(2) leval obligation:
The law re.;u1res that Bay a fine.
The King ordered that every subject he 1:1uc. tionod.

(5) logical o’lif.tlo1'2:
It is esaontial t rot ebo1ro fifty dollars for
travel rr°ev"onsos
no r1znt worc lard if? we rant to nuanced.

The subjunctive of perm salon neeas no auboivision.

Lot h m sp~nd the money as he wishes.

.: IMfi ”‘.. "7 3". 1 '1 l '1.
.0 ,My 5193;.tne money as lo wlshos.

34

The subjunctive of emotion expresses

(1) desire:
Would that I could go to Englmid now:
I dish I were in England now.
I wish they would take me to England with them.
I wish that Izmight spend the summer in England.

 

(2) prayer:
We Shall pray that his health be restored to.htm-
He prayed that his child might-Fe saved.
Let us pray that the war guy end soon.

(5) h0p0:
He hepes he will be elected.
He hoped he might be elected.
It was their hepe that he would be the next

governor.
(4) fear:
The mother is afraid that the bear may bite
her Chi 1d 0

She feared that he mngt be ferocious.

(5) regret or grief:
' It is a pity that he be so stupid.
I regret that he should’be so stupid.

The subjunctive of condition expresses:

(1) condition of present reality:
If he lack courage. he cannot undertake it.

(2) condition of potential reality:
If they would follow instructions. they could
build it in szeW'hours.

(5) condition of unreality:
If I were you. I would call a doctor.
If IiEad lived five hundred years ago. I would
have missed knowing you. ‘

 

The subjunctive of concession needs no subdivision. It includes

such expressions as: Though.he buff and he puff, he can never

blow it down. Although it should take another week, he must
finish.the book.

35

[1‘ . 1... 3. -3 . . I? . ,- 1 C _ ‘
.13 cu Junctivc Oi si3yosztion exureeees

(i) re Us? flilityx
It is possible that are will_§.3 live teddy.
It is possible that s e 3.3 urrive trminv.
It is possible that sis $773t erzi ve todcv.
Pie may nrxive today.
She hi it arrive today.

 

 

(2) int} coin: on:
She3 were undecided whether he Eyre guilty
or not.

338: 30rdered if he were guilty.
36 did not kuow if he yould he acggitteg.

 

(o) belief or hear-euy:
I believe to 311.3 w~3te to them.
I} or t7lfit he will writ_e to them.
I understand t};et i1e rat 3 write to th m.
I ieard that he we‘rld‘ ?”1t8-L6 1 beta

It is rurorerfi tnet tue invasion nny_stnrt today.

-“

”he subjunctive of linitetion expresses

(l) liritction of a porn 3, object, or idea:
She is lourlnv form a sleeping powder the t g9
not *‘“3 t.?e pat:i.ent.
They n.1nted a unfievr v 0 would fulfill all
of U 1e (Mel if3cntions.
He was workine on an invention that {ifbt revolu-
tggggge the industry. '“

 

 

(2 ) limitation of ce.use, reusor, or pvrpo
She invited 3.1m geeks steed lest he She unable
to Cete. ——
Qhut you fin? utte?g_the twecti :3 1 am dierissing
you (35;! 13;. I”
(a) limitation of time end distance:
The child has been noted to wuit until his
fe the? 99':er
The boy will walk out on the ledje as far as he
(if: 1’6.

(4) limitation of action!
He would sooner Lave feilcd the enumlnution
thfin ye veil 3 have panned it distonestly.
Eo 3x;.de d t} e ne‘err as he gfghtJfii; a wreve.
30 read 8-3 th ovzh :e were accustorqfl to reading
31101-1(}..fi " '

(in:
Ca

b) linit&tion of (Hall “:
3&9 dinner was an tieliciovs as tlov"32 it were
£_p3131d I? an FILOT‘E’CCa c of. ‘
fie is so cl ever 3.'itn £33 ICnCs tLCt Le 33 Ct
L338 fiagician. __~Mm.

 

(6) limitatian of runner or ”firreflx
fie ran as Cuicwly as he wcul if: 0 wcze a
marathon runner.
I M yce o"3ttad anv detailed e 3,pl.m ' t3.on of thn classifi-
catian and have given only a few examples at this point because
each categary will be causiflcred in Chapter Three in connection

with tbe 9H3 Eantivaa f unfi in the writinfla of FOSEr Aacbafl.

37

Chapter III

ap‘ A“. '- ~tr 0(7w*':-‘ "r "_'.'-:‘ ‘.""""fw' "flu". """‘- X‘fi-‘E‘"" . WWII".
'l'a. ‘4 o..‘:'- iidL-Js;l¥lb lit 9:...» niwLJln‘Ju U! Liv-4-...“ Asnvunm

I

%3 materials from ascham represent some five hundred cita-

tions gathered fram Egggghilus, §_Eqport on the fiifggra in the

 

Egcfie of “ermunie, and Eye “c“olewastpr. These citations

 

 

inclufie all vorts which CXpreas uncertainty wficthor they are
formal Hubjunctives according to the notions of the claasiciats
or not.

These materials I shall arrange and discusa accozfling to

the categories unveated 1n the preceding chapter and reviewed

in the following Ovtliue.

1. the Subjunctivo of Dbligntion
a) moral
b) legal
0) lagieal

2. the Suhgunctive of Permission

3. the Subjunctivc of Emotion
a) desire
b) prayer
(2) 1':_<);:o
6) fear
a) grief

4. tLe aubjunctive of Condition
a) presant reality

b} potential reality
0) Unreality

a. the Subjunctivc of Concession

38

6. the fiubjumctive of Sup osition
a) noasibil'tv
b) inrHoc sion
0) belief or hoar-aay

7. tie f Hubjtnctive of L1x1tation

of a person, oh1eot, or idea
of an action

of a purpOaa, 01233, or reason
of t1.o or mistanco

of action

of quality A

of manner or écgreo

Cnfivo¢39139
Viv V's—v vii-Iv

fine catefiorica usoa by 'I$~Vur1ara 1n tLolr discus axons
of the subjunctive, OVBPlfiDQLIf a3 tL My ave been shown to'be,
give but a confused notion of 1t5 use. Tho bases for the
yrescnt acLome are notioaal. In the case of each oate3ory I
a? ca.11 discusn Hie extent to Erich the reams are formal or
yorip‘rapt o, th extent to which the a"? ‘v1ctflve ocCIm a 1n
depenflcnt or nfiependont atatcm.nts, and the extent to which

the traflitional categories are awenahla to tho schewe.

t-vi
H

3L6 aubgunctivo of obliga m1 occurs in statements of

moral. 101;;ul, and lo ical 01Ml.@;tion.

1. subjunctive chgreswlr1w roral obligation:
a) ”Eurelye enerye man 233§t_po3prylg_to Sod-dayly." (T 2&)

b) “a Er1:iico in )A3 Lcrte wrst to full of mercy and
[JP-£100." (Tb-1')

c) "and so true to his magtor am he ghoulq_be." (G 151)

 

2. subiunctlva crpresaing 1631A olAi 3ut10n:

a) “Lake proclanation to all mon-—~thut eoeryn scare
persona gone home ana shaftos of his own." (T 47)

39

b) "wicn Eaten Ftewnz t;“~-cowwrvnfiofl vnfler PaVQe of a
"ram te fQIIytc, t at euczye Scott §:0#1dqglg§3ng.

 

c) "tbe first statute 3 lave txut ever 13 avid made a ter
he was kink, was tale, that a1 36 ckildren of
Israel 3~vl§e learne to nhote." (T 40)

 

4) "and 84~"§ unto the aybggcg a.»‘q’ you 5 511 5055555
Em toiflntyseafl’ (z £1) ‘W****~

5. aubjunctivc expressin; 10:30u1 ohligutlou:

a) "last of all 10;:0 it at ‘t to 20 lent: zcfl arongea
men for t e orcxc.re of it,” (x b)

b) "n 30 5&3 eth be, you ”fist tal:e me as I meanez" (T 27)

c} "finclarvww in his trolonue i‘lst cutees wv.y he
531-33313 :30 so.” an 16-33)

(1) ”7'0” 76 «ron 3:0 to well known by t‘ (3 3:... 9 taken
the last tyre 7cm were here 3:33 tooke a
Cebmlet away W3.31 V0”; 3 thorfore W393 you
have dynod you rm: no witfiont farewell, and have
leave to came afayne wion ye be gent for." (G 55

0) "flat v0“r sould are have thcyr weapofia wel appoyntea
trr-r ed." (a? 46)

f} "and In tier cane whvle lot kw m gyve tlzanxea u :to
God,-~" (T 41)

g) "10 tLat ruPCLE pea rfitxue in the Latin ton; his rarke,
rtrt 00:0 to 1.t b'g’ 9306 h certaise knowloato."
'(ETTn )
1n tge first grow; wg have expressions of duty to a divine
power or to one'n own sense of right. In t36 second gro p we
yave expressians of o. ty w? 3011. result from legislation or
royal decree. In the tf.fd gravy we flare all expressions of
obli~ation which are not of a r ral or lcygl nature.
6f the sixty-five citations exgreaainfi obligation, only
one employed the forfial subjknctlve, althcvgfi 0313fi.tinn can
be expresnofi as effectivvly with tfie forral subjunctive $5 with

the cvzressiozs 0"M 1: "“"t. axd "Movld "It is necessarv t“: t

40

Le ggg God for help“ 13 quite as effective as “Le 23;; ask
God for help," Lnfl Loews mare OhlifLLOPE tLLn “go ouwit to
ask Codi 10? 161p or "13 L?3 #23; 1d &?1 Cod for hclg." Likewise,
it is §Rfit LL effective to say "The law re tires t3“ Lt 3e
2§£_L15 $3.1" as to say, "L6 333% ya? Lin tax." In the BtfitO‘
want ”it is tke oré.o or of the aim“ that 36 IL 33ut to death”
there 33 n0 doubt of the obl3va.tian irzvolved.

It is interesting to notc that 3 M16 t1e Lozdr rLr is

Lanaliy considered a word cngaas 1 13 Efipggsfiign' 1t 13 finite

 

Loss iblc to use it Lt t1: cs to Ly“zesa obligation. ¢he state~
m1t "L303 30L LLve uymed yam gizngg without farewell" 0x-
nrcqnow qo~etuLLv strsn er tian permission.
Eikewlac, Oblltg”it10n is sometimes expressed with ng,
as if .“a*:lcs Gland f). "Egg "3‘? SW lagers have tLeyr
weLpoms val Lp ovatefi Lnfi trivwcd" 1Lpliea more than perwisaion;
it irplieq obllyation. Also the etLtLrvnt ”Lnd In the Lanna
whglc g3; hum gyve thankes unto God" involves Lore tkLn were
pcrwimsiun and therefore fits Snto t3 6 cu tegory of oblifiution.
0f the SE citationa on tha art unctlve of oblifntiom, 30

used tLe weld n3n31L, IL usea LL31, 7 exprema 0d t: a GIL iration

with BELLE) 2 with let, 1 with 39?; and 1 with tie inflectional

form of tho subjunctive. Ur the a: azp3e easier a 01 obligation

43 we: 6 in independent LtLt<rcrtn Lna 25 in dependent stLtcLents.
LLsten malzoa litt lo mention of the Lubjunctive in ex-

pressions of obliyation. L13 nearest ayproach is under the

0Lt63or;: of 4“ es, prayers, and camranfis in the oitutior. Ty”?

41

lOVfl ne'er alter till thy sweet life end " (Sh. g; figmg.)

and t2.13 3:33 3311 be 0133? ified as a 3‘; .3L‘ . Unfier his discus-

sion of Verbs of foflnlit: we finfl the citation "I should

 

enquire after Fr. E." wflioh egprensos a form of oblijation.

C2nLa c13331f133 expzcsnions of 0211~0L103 336 or t: e 1-“-
pcr3tive mead givingjaa a citation "Thermfore szwoet E1033rd
you 33311 came nnfl you 31311 mat 33y me nay. (Tie £33119
Q.‘.<—.'~.-:‘£32.3 " -

:rze class ifies 01313.tion under Volitive Eubjunctive.

”he E§££_go$” "You Elfiiiwgfl as I 3331" fie uses the past tenao
to express a madest or p011t3 volitive as in "You anguld go
at once!"

Poutsra pivea a nurbcr of citationa expressing obligation.
"T 3 xccenaity of the tiwe devanfls that our people 23g_aside
all un.eccuhu1i tawn"~ and fliifli united arninst such a place.
- 31: £52. " ”I ghall give ovdwrs that my doors {3; no longer

.u». ~.—~-.-v ‘—~_c—p—--—

be open to you. - E‘“ elafl.nf, $93. Rndrfiwnf "A law panned 1n

 

13:3 L,o*1 as t} :.at elifibility to academic office ahall not
60:033 upon creed. ~ -331" gflron. "03p reader gxggggqg‘nlcnqe

t0 quifi the woofia aha sea-shore. ~T13ck., 3333." “The kind

re Ger wilxmggggre pp gcncgper--- T5303, {352“1333." E13

 

citations inclnaed inflectional subjunctivea and pcriptrastio

ubjunctivea in both indepc: dent and dependent statements.

III
The svbjunctivc of pcrmiasion is f: and in statements
3 13h cxyrnas any type of permisnion. This type of nu?junc-

42

tivo 13 not large enough to .:arrant nore than the on 5 category

3) "and therfore gggte man when there 15 no waxze,
use shoctynga at home." (T )

b) "Rot yen? ficholcr 23 n6220r airai éc, to ask you-—~”

c) "Ear 1c t no ran 3:" 1.: U a" re Zonaatly 25¢ the?
”m x! 1
no no xnrre Q 2:)

6) “£11 £313 wfilo, h* r'nc a: v'ax, tho c?1lde a all
290 to o;euke n0 latflne." (3 135)

 

a) "to 8‘"11 not vae tho corron order in co-zon
ac :olcs,-~ (3 1

f) "?Uch f001€3 chiefly, and .1atterera faiwgpQUUe
‘ freely $53.3 to; "51} 21-22:} 22:1:22322221 2.2. .;.;?. :02“).
men sral cnh:o 3y to sic t,~-" (G 15‘: )

E) ”A man r8 e (graunt) a; t on u U: ante hyll agde,-~"
m «a
(1 Lu

h) "Suffer these bookes to be read,~~" (S 251)

1) ”Two kindea of: ~ n~~~hc will never long suffer
to be in U13 hovsc.” IQ lné)

 

fine classification of some or thoefi citations nay pezhop a

'l

to Ogen to question. Ecrri

C

”0
SJ

(:3

n and oUligation tend to shade
into one anotUer, and in the laat analysis fiestam 13 tUc only
one who can say Which 13 ino?; Certainly‘ggg denotes permis-
sion; yet the citatzon listed un er obligation is svfficient
avid-nee tiat 1t can denote obligation. ?Uo sure seewa to be
true of 1&3, In the statement, for -xufiple, "and t erfore
latte man wnen tUcrc 19 no wurro, nae shootgugc at home" the
intention 13 1» st to reqxire b2t pa. M, man to use sheatin;
at home. TUe statement "£11 tiis in s, b; v.12 :0 aduiae, the
oUilde a 11 use to speak no latine” 15 rare questionable.

43

I Urve c):,1dored .xgresaions of permission as subque
tlve fart wo rehsunsx 1. pcrxiasion invelves Ffsce?b a‘"f"
”Kan may go to tUe yarty if you :Uc” lea veg txe "gain?" moat
y‘atzta’w‘ tUUre is a go Uihility témt you will not go.
2. yCYU13410n 18 clOULly PCLuier to oUliymtion. Uince obli-
gation is definitely a UUuse of ti 9 UuU 'Lcti"c, it 13 1051*cul
to classify also perU15513n as such.

0f tIU 27 cfitation n exprea sing permission 17 use 553,
8 use Egg, 5 use 3555;, and 3 use £2§$££¢ all but two were
in independent statements.

Uaaten, QWzI- u:, and Pontgma do not treat e.)ren5 013 of
Ucrm*aaion in tUeir atvdlea. Curve has the fallowinw yarau
grgph unccr Vfilitive *"U*v“ct1"n.

wm-g‘lr" u-mmww

Amfild" form of evvhesnicn of will is found in per-

ziabig U3: "ion. raw (or can) r0 into file yuvfio“ “ Trut
t‘ ‘ I ,- -. y j" ‘5 ‘ v u 01 - - '\ 1r ‘ 0
IOU FM» Lot (01 U€f6 “.2 2c ztive foam r019 c:)r on L

armh02) eufi tr.e fruit.” If,1 ova wcr, t a word r95; is
118mm 1.17 E}. {ii C'Uth): l, 7": 'i' :1" 13:32”): 8.1 fore in £2. ("if Live
a“ vvr~ ”Egg i go Howifi — ”“0, van 351.30t."i3 nora-
tivw 101m 33g; 13 vacd t9 12flic te tUut permisaion 18
w:itnbeld Leeuuae it is not avanapla or graper to $0
tie t 1p" in qx:csti on: You 3333 not go out into this
Winn. - 10m tvnt not sz 32202; t'iahq. In questions we
was £21.0r cu"fi Luv (or 23:) I go no w: fiuv and gen
are U.a€d‘ n rild o"*auua' Johnny, you PUV (or can)
run $10; 1029 naxn

U15 exylanation anfl examplea are further evifionce of the tend-

a: c: of “cr‘issicfi an“ obiivatiou to eUmfie i;to one another.

W w v“ hv“\ ‘- ~.~v~ " -“‘ -“‘-“

'1. Cflrtfl, gplleje'ggglis% Pngvjhg, $81-$82.

44

IV
3L0 subjunctive of evnt1’ on eggzcs 999 tie action or state
of 012: that results Iran such eroticnal atlmuli as 6991r9,

pruyor, hope, fear, and grief.

1. subgnnctive expressing desire:
a) "I Unggg fayno be at U0me~--" (T 59 )

b) 9..” If! to {3.05 ttilt tbeoe 0132‘ 7.0"! $13 Macy lira TEL). d;
t° pTcT“° TT. '“ "¢"0 99 wf~ 1219" to £01109 Lin. "
(G liI:

o) ”C?cxcfo e, I wold UEUUe, that--~"099199t1990n
£5359 use, and delete In 911 Court 9116

onezoise." (i 216)

d) ”To ageake 0f aroatirre 992101099, tPL I woxldo
l 90:2 a 30 91M ,---" (i

e) "Surely I 90316 309 199 3 Hr W131.“ (fl ISL)

r) T Ian 90 do 1 9399 o~-~that tie 39139119 0 stave
of Uni; 11flrco-uun e Izot ao decafied.” (g 3

"I09, I do 919:9, tpat all 931:9 TOI;;01
ware SUortor £199 they be." (f :32)

{7-}

fl scholcra

9‘:
.' -I
V

"onoly 1:99 doairoi C9999 9911 tzat txe I perour
9021le £591.: :3 hi}: leave to 250 22-0929 to his
CHRIQ." (: 143')
1) "Yet tiis I 90“lde W“39”e, ttzat all "reat: non in
Ing7rnLo UL” IeU ouer 91 :"c.tl"e t e
PUIUOU 619 1916:" {2 29)
J) "The Undicinc is t is, t. at 90).do to Cod and the
Ivv"e, all t3099 untfm iftle ydl pUUtymea~~~
W(Xe U930 ICIOH-U.“ (2 "1)
Iron tae tUUULUUthree citations express 0 9991 re V were in
independent sentences and 18 in dependent clauses. All of
the indoyendcnt SLUtcnces contu1ncd 59919 and expres9ofl an

unfulrillcd 919;. "99919 have the :choler broa:;1;t up 91 t‘all,”

fix:r08303 a wink tflnt 13 91111 not fulfilleé as does "I
fngglbave no flattery tut'wink for freodore." TF8 follow.
in: irfi- 103 not 0::ly IL ck of 1‘. W11 llaext, ..ct a :oas.1?111t;
tyat titre never 7‘11 to a f 1f111 c: t: "pracwrynfi thut to
be two, w: 101“; God, r‘sutm‘e, and 1:0 130:1, 3332;} flame one."

$16 depenfieut clnxsea are divi Jud between iuilcct 1.0nal

.. .W 3.9., h. _ It, ,. . ..“ - ,. _, W ,. i.-. '- ,
gnLjanL1vcs and Pcz1phrustlc anL§Luctiaos, o in t1” first

group and 10 in the aacand.

flaaten includes expressions of wish unfler Eggmgg;§ha

P.04“ , v‘ ‘- "‘ -‘fi ‘- v5 :- - .u— 41‘ -,' ‘...‘_,,_‘.-
técmoflb Lauetrmc 11. we in wisies, Fraycrs, 1.» 091.11d9:

Riv-B ‘ “. 'i .-.'.
‘mtfi 1&1? 1.3t L1;

"rauco to with Eurfivndg." (F?. V. L.)
$33 wis“cr'a 63¢ “9 prenn'd ‘ (3%. “. V. 3') and v Ger

”firm

{fit at T1fii=:rw~t1£a (<3’c {pgtivo §'0:‘>d), "I at“: the herd; of them

 

 

that speak H 38 lanf3mfie, were I but where t'is spoken

(if, Tnfin.) "O, that I were a rocker? 11nd of svow ”

 

laiLie or t; a Leading Egyfipwpf Fodglitg he gives cxa~glca of
a": #111: used to main-can a wlfliu "33:13:11.1; 1 but; live: to see that)
in my toucr.' (3?” £3.19) COnccruln; exgreaeicua of wish
in svhcxdinLfl c sentences he writes, "khan tic principal
went hoe contains a verb which expreaaes a wish, a do and,
an ' ment.1on, a tezzdewo" or & cawcoasion, 1t 13 frc neatly
followed by t -6 31%;“nct1vo road as its result 13 do btful

and rarely ethanficd by our up otctzva €21. lti es, "Int I

’23

.)

" =‘. .9 “w «‘3 ,. ~, . , :_...- _.~ . ‘ . , .. ' r'-$ . 9V
{flee-(CL; 3111’ 5._1u=:.t.r. 13-31. I. run: 11230.5! Ugo warm. (‘ . . :9.

 

 

2. Kasten, An Inqgiry into the Use of tr 1e subj"nctive, 6, 9.
3. Ibld., 11.
40 IBLdt, 13.

46

Curme, in his discussion of thative Subjunctigg, lists,
as one of the three categories, the "Subjunctive of Wish" with
the examples: “God blggg.you:' ngz_you see many happy returns
of this occasion" '0 m he only here!‘ "99313 we only look
forward in life and see as we do looking‘backwardl“ (gigs; I
see her Just once more!” "I 321133 rather go now.‘ '0 m I
have known it in time!"5

He gives more examples of the subjunctive of wish in his
discussion of subordinate clauses under Action desired} "She
desires that he gg_(or may do) it.” “It is my ardent wish that
he eggs (may come or shall come) at once.”' ”I wish I 3232 dead!”
“I wish you.ggglg;stay a little longerl"6

Trnka includes the subjunctive of desire under "The Opts-
tive as Wishing Mood": ”Long mayst thou.live to sail the chil-
dren's loss.' (Franks, ghakespeare Gran;) - "That I had been
born a kingl' (Massinger, Cit: Medea) Under'his heading gggf
ordinate Clauses he lists subjunctives or desire as‘ghggfolausos
depending on verbs denoting a wish, doubt, hope, tear, necessity,
or desirability. He gives only three citations, none of whish
belong to this category. In his section on periphrastics we
find expressions or desire: "They wolde gladly that he might
escape.” (Berners) ”He desired it might be now read.“ (Burton,
2431.21)"

Regarding the subjunctive of desire Poutsma says - wishes
are often exaressed. especially in rhetorical English, by ex-
clamations which.have the form of subordinate statements

c. Curme, College English Grammar. 262.

69 Ibid.. 264-266.
7. Trnka, 0n the Syntax of the English Verb from Caxton to 22100?-
:-'.Q A '70 i

igtpofitced by that, or of adverbinl clauses introduced by lg;

t‘

C‘I

;e principle sentence being understood or, to a certain ex-

tent, represented by tie iotrr‘cction U? 1 OP nh "fightigg

you could stay 10R Cr; deer {ehscoal” (Thank. Van. Isi.r) *

 

. .. ‘ . H \ ' ‘ “I.“
”912012162?! Lather! t*'z:-;t you were here: {Wane}... Ion: ‘. .) - w:-
. h: _ 9
for another glinpso of it!" ( array)

2. snbichtive artressing prayer:

I! .‘- n I," u‘ 13"" w l .r‘.
a} wiich, l praie (Hod, e e ozt of En 1a 1, gm: SC-d‘
also tlose oi cures "bcii.er rim‘es.~” (5 #16)

(G 159

c) "Eor stone a1 England dayly doth prays, yt Le---
new egg out and gsyntaygg goddes words."
(1 46

d) "Lut I t use C:riste wvl so lvsht on and 13 ft up

«1'

CE Jr stun rennes e es.“ “E in)
the subjunctives in $313 caterers were egually divided between
%: 1ecti anal and peripkrastic. ell were in drueat0*t state-

manta.

eaten gives tie followin5 citations expressine prayer
in Dr” ci;>el so .t{T:CrSZ “tome beaverlv oowor “ride rs out of
. J. c— ; L- 5., . - ‘9. .. z- ‘ -~- - A“ s. a . . .. I
this feed ful country " (5:. 33:2,) - "God save s“ch a lorfl-"

(Cleaner, inifilt's this}. These are listed in t e o; te org of

 

"dishes, prayers, con:srds.”

She citations in degendont
clauses are incltdcd in the outscory of "a wish, a deraud,

an intention, a tendency UP a conceSBZOH." "'E’Iay Pioaven it
do." (3. June. §;_1.) ~ "Fred fed yovr voice be not cracked.”

(film. l.) - “(Foal 5'".l"a.‘x!':t t" at we may cove out witi‘: 92:91"; a

 

8. Poutsma, Mood and Tense of the English Verb, 12.
48

pure heart.” (Thadkcray). It seems an inconsistency to
include the word prayers in one category and omit it in a
parallel category.9

Trnka gives one example under "verbs denoting a wish,
doubt, hope, fear, necessity or desirability!" "Well, well,
sayd he,I pray God some of us $113 not till that day.“
(Reper)10

In Poutsma's study we find "God grog: you become a

braver men than he" (Kingsley, Vestw. Bo!) "Heaven send

 

we 22 all alive this time to-morrowi' (Sher., Fiv.)11

Curme gives the following examples under Subjunctive

 

of Wish: ."God bless you” "The Lord have mercy on us"
"Heaven forbid8"12
3. subjunctive expressing hope:

a) “I trust thet man,~--will yet thinks, that he is
not---” (§_ 3005

Although expressions of hOpe and desire are closely related,
there is sufficient distinction to warrant two categories.

"I wi had he would comgfl implies a desire; ”I hoped he would

 

come” implies more than desire; it implies expected fulfill-
ment. I found no citation in Aachen employing flue word

hOpe. The nearest parallel was introduced by trust.

9.) Eaten, fligflri into the .Use Of the Subjunctive, 6, 13.

10' Trnka,_gp the Eintax of the Bnfilish_yerb fromfigfixton to
yryden, 70. .u

115 Poutsma, Mood and Tense of tye Engligp Verb, 25.

12' Cur-me, 0011533 Lydian Gl’am‘fug, 2:03. ""

 

 

 

 

 

49

Kasten writes, "Verbs expressing hepe or fear or an
affect ssxsetines govern the subjunctive mood. 'I hepe he
be in me. (53-11., £332)"13 This is evidence ti‘sat he
reOOgnized a distinction between desire and hepe.

Trnka includes hepe in the group denoting "Hig-, do at,
hope, fear, necessity or-desirability." He gives only three
citations in this group none of which express hepe.14

Curve does not discuss this category.

Poutsma believes tint the subjunctive is frequent in
clauses which express what is the smbject of a bone, and he
gives several citations: "I £922 I Egg never get eyes on it
again" (Thack., yen. Fair) "1 Egggg the time miggt_ggmg--
"She trusts that her mother will be found---“ (G. Eliot,

 

Dnnfiwyer.) "I ventured to express a home that she would not
'0 “I 5 c.

reiuse to see him in his trouble" (ulCfi., Can.)10

4. subjunctive expressing fear:

a) "but ye be affrayd cosin (quoth ye Hnrches) lest this
talke kg to loud,---” (g 151)

b) "but euermore kepes it under ave, tLiet it darre do
nothyng in the Open lace of the worlds," IT 25)

0) "much fearynfi, lest when he Wu s absent in Germany,
the 'I‘ur-ke florid be too nigh---" (g 150)

 

d) "I fears, I should live ouer long." (g 297)

3

f.

p.

-is category, too, had as many inflectional subjrnctives as

periphrastic ones.

15. Kas ten, A_n InQ‘irJ into t1e_ Use of the °Ltjpnctive, 15.

~-—-—-.¢—u~.~ _.-

l4 0 quLILL‘L, \)11 t1 :9 LJ 1] Lax 0i t} '6 V6I1),IIO Q
15. Posters, good and Cerrsc of_the Englisn Vegg, 26.

 

 

50

Kasten cites sirdlsr cases of the subjunctive expressing
fear. "I fear it may be to take leave" (Sheridan) "I fear'd
lest 1 night an er thee" (Sh. lggg.) "For fear lest day

1 F. H. F.)16

iii

should look their shsnes Upon---" (S

 

fl

Trnka lists this use of the in“lectionel subjunctive
under "verbs denoting a wish, doubt, hope, fear, necessity,
or desirability" but does not include an example. Under an
identical bending for periphrestic srbjurctives we find,
"The kyng feared that he shulde scape hym" (Berners)

Poutsma writes:

In literary English occasional instances are met
with of the subjunctive in subordinate statements in-
troduced by lest ghicn.express what is the subject of
an apprehension.

He follows this with 21 citations of periphrastic

suijnctives, all of which would fit into ny scheme under

subjunctive expressing fear. I quote a few to show the

 

variety in phrasing. ”I dreaded lest any strsnfer should
ngtioe me and speak to re" (G. Eliot, Dan. Der.) "I feared

lost I stoulg_b§_§eceived" (Rein, E. Gr.) "His terror was

 

excited lest he actually have seen his encestor's ghost"

 

(flies longs) "There is orneiderable gnxiety lest the evacua-

tion me be in some way evndeg or ggdified” (Westm. 6512.)]-8

   

A

16. fasten, 5n Inquiry intgntheLfise_of the :5?$B2%31ve' 13.
17. Poutsms, Hood and Tense 01 Lee nnrlis» vein, an.
18. lbi§., 41.

 

Following these two pages of citations he concludes by
saying , ”The indicative is, however, distinctly the rulo,~19

Curmc does not include this category in hisftreat ~43.

5. subjunctive expressing regret or grief:

a) "It were pitie truly Phililoge, that the things
shoulde be neglected.” (T 16)

b) "It is pitie, that those,~--, be no more circum~
apect herein, than they are." (§_230)

It is interesting to note that the first citation employs

the formal subjunctive in the main clause and a periphrastic
in the dependent clause, While the second citation which
parallels the first in meaning employs the indicative in the
main clause and the inflectional subjunctive in the dependent

clause.

Kastcn gives the following citations, 'I am grieved it
would be said" (B. Jone. E1;_£,) I'I am 10th such a pot of
pottage should be spoil'd” (Marl.,‘ggg.)20

I found no mention of the subjunctive used to express

regret or grief in Trnka, Poutsma, or Curme.

V
he subjunctive or condition is found in dependent
clauses that express conditions or present reality, potential

reality, and unreality.

19. Ibid, 42.
20. Kasten, An Inqriry into the Use of_§he Subjunctive, 13.

52

lo 81L’1‘1

n)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

(7‘;
u

h)

I)

ctive SX'ICGBi n“ coalition of present reelit“
"M ml yr anjye One be aen_,e, whet so ener is done in
(Reno verge 1.06.1113 ." (31.; 5:6,)

”11'- 134310 ‘63 reg :c: so liile five}. in it. C‘Li's’e
man sooth i', ---H 3‘ 23

"but if you be terns or brought up in a rude
countrie, ye exall not c2 ose tmxt spanks
rudelie.” (g_:en}

”for if sfotinr to a :ed icine (as vou say that
it is) it have not 1e usc:d vezy cit, lest
a ran 3 uld hurt hiweelfe with all." (2.50)

"33ft e et:::;.<'-'e still in one fnci In ., t eir I. .irzr’es
stanza 32.111 witIII hym: If be t Infilg, they
gusts: If };e cM de, thev feera: If he con-
EEEEEEJ ticv a? cry wit? h-u.” (E_15}

"If a manna lngt§_the first two, sptneese and
Cur: .yng, flee Can do lytlo food, at all."

(I; e?)

if L0 3395;: a wrentche, or have is 23.531; co
3";13 ul'h-‘E‘i, 1‘26 VIII-If! fixing: 1.33) 225.3 {(190 (l
wnrr‘nz,—nt you) for one season.“ (j: 21}

" M e in

”for surely no irrr sue 3WOW€X can mnertbroee us,
if -Lrn*ss.c lyie do not ee~t us dean tefoxe.

"if a cunninm man Inve it in TInfil‘n.u I will set

{:134 th that one verse in all t“: roe to:z,f;es,"
a IT.

"hut if the childe .Isee,-~-, I wemld not! t~ we
the raster, ei‘ <;r fIczune, or cnide w.it;
him," (;_ 85

”And I trust no man will be miscontent with mv
renczall Bevin: erce:.t cvnscience do nri.M :e
hiII: of Lie OIme priw ate doyngj. " (’7159T

 

fine scholer stall witne not'mi 3 bv rerngE.rnsis, Int
onelie, if we '51“le 9133"“13‘0, to 02:69:30 so
worse were es, --- (E '4

”(Let gr eat rich do, Le 1.t“:0‘)<‘; or 31}, trestle I'en
com. enelge love to follows, (:_23)

”1 will, Goa Willitt. go ‘oztcr orderlie." (g :92

53

T39 principal clauae in each of theme citatinna ex-
preaaaa a oifcumstance 331cm 1a true 0? will be true provided
ch conditlozz exiata wL1ch is a: flyre csecd in 130 dependent clause,
$39,. yrovided the coudit13n is a present raulity. we find
that this oon31tion of present reality may be ax3reased by
the present tomato of the inflectiozml subjunctive, by 5131,
or by an elliptical exprenainn in wfiich the verb is omitted,
as in the last citation, wfiich in another may of saying "It
303 Le willin3, I wil; go forward 01 dorlie." The consequence
0? these conditions of present reality may be expreaged by

be present indicative, by tha futura, by wauld. or by $539

In citation k) am hava a conditir introduced b? gxnont.
SGKO gram;3rians cansiaor tkia a candition of exception.3’

At flrat I hafi canaidered {allowing tfia‘grurmuriaaa here and
renegniziug u faurth tyve of coaditlonal subjunctive, but on
further consifloration it seemed unnecessary. 1 have come to

the concluaion »hat conaitions introduced.by excegc are nothing
more than negative expressions of conditinns introduced by 1 .

in not ”and I trust no van will he miscontent with my generall
may 33 exceyt canaclence do pricke him or his owns primate fioyng“
merely a ne3at1ve atatomvat of the condition "And I truat men
will he mlacsntent with my generall saying A; conscienoo‘gg

pricke him of his owna primate doyng" or "And I trust no man

“nun ‘ '-----~ --“"“;‘;_.~ :—

\

2|. Kcaten uses tie term c0135t133 of o refitfio“ an3 Ever t1ve

1m.

61.0‘t303. kutts‘"'.xvaa 633' 103 0: this inc as a

u-Qw‘w

codu111uu ex3r¢ascd bv” a woxd otzor t an.££.'

:34

 

will be niacrmtent with my general saying 25 connoionoo

h.‘

fio_not pggpggrh1m~-.”o
2. subgunotive expressing candition of potential reality:

a) "In very decade. 11' children are brmvfi'wt up, in
soon a housopnmrelieftfian the (mule
use of speaHLng, were the best and readiost wayo,
to 163mm the latln 10:13." (33 1535)

b) "if one gums war hardo, he myght easelye learna
an other: (1 21)

o) "if it were turnog into English it would loose
the mole grace thorof.” (g 135)

d) "and surely y: I knew; that 1 var. apto. and yt
on worlds team no how to shooto, I woulda
come an ”char.” (2 63)

e) "1: I 9333;333:3393 them to rnnve into the tappa
of this high castel, and cast themselves
dome backoward upon these root-zest, I am sure
the woulde do 1t.“ (3 a4) 1

f) "1 team 3'!“ your companions which love at'aotingo,
gygyfig you, they waldo thinks you made it
but a triflyng-~~” (3; 12)

3) "but surely yr a tomato beyngm never so m‘eot,
$333293 brawn-w, all the other dayntiea
niaouldo to unmvory,” (if; 43)

h) "if the meaning: and. mama's Of some. that do use them,
were somewhat amsndgg, 1t worn no great hurt,
n61 tiger to thoxaclvoa, nor to oth~a---"
(§_138)

1) "For 11‘ but two or three :10le man in the court
I01 but berrinn; to shoote, all yang; lentlomon “-
wo ' straight vale oxerciae shooting.“ (5'; 221

j) “But if to 33213 {0103511115 0011213613., ho 12235.32:

bryngze'IO pas-m, that they 321013136 ncuor more
rebel a grammt 223m," (:3: 15)

li).”'_lf‘az Easter woulde have a perfite example to folow,
let, him read diligently--"_ (g 250)

55

1) "find toerof0r9, if ye woglg sggnko on the beat
and w‘soot do, yo must be conversant, whore the
best aud wlaoat are.” (§,866)

m) “If I ahulfi rehearse tho statutea-~. I could be
very long. (2 8)

a) "if a man showldo doaoribo a groato taunts, he
would.e not onoo name tzrrad, althouwn it be
nooate oomton-~~' (T 4’}?

o) "if you 0Q. ”rovo no that scholars and non
gyven to 1?m:rnfinr move honeatlio use ohotong,
I wyll scone grant you that all ot}er aortas

of men mayo not onolve lofullie, but ovrht of
dutio to use 1t.'(T 10)

p) ”Therefore it you will nodoa nrnunt ech.olero
pastime anfl recreation of tneIr mandoo. Iet
them.uoe (as many or thom doth} Buavke,-uo'

(T 12)

q) ”If a man ghovldo_go to the myll or market with
norms, and happen to apyl oowo in the ways,
yet it 1501420 toko route and g;’_:!‘0‘£‘!6.*""

(3: w)

r) "ourolio the miaorder of opgoroll in mean men
obrodo. stf.all nouor be awondod, except the
greatest in Courte will order and meng them
selves first." (33 2:

All of the ooove citations cor taio conditions which do not
oxlot at present tut which could exist at present or may
oxlot in the future. Einoo thoae conditions have all of the
potentialities for becoming ronlttloa. I have chosen to label
them gonditiona*oflpotontfial realitz. SOmo are expressed by
means of tho past tonao of the inflectionul aubjunotlvo, some
by the future tense, some by woulg, stool d, or can. The
consogponoo of the conéition is exprenaed by would, ghonld,
111, a Hall, ooulfi, moat, right, or lot. Some of the
consequoooea are oxorossod 1n the pest avbjunctivo, as in

56

a) and n). no consoauonca was expressed by the indicativo.
“I am sure”, but it will be noticed that tho indogondent olauno
is followed by a dependent clouao in woula. Io this category
we find conditions introduced by except. Tho final citation
miflht‘be expressed: ”gurolio the miaordor of upsuroll in
moon men atrodo, ahali be amended, 1! the gtootoot in Gourto
will order ano Eggg them selves first." Einco the citation
is merely on g; condition expresaed in the negotivo. it can
be classified as a condition of potontial reality.
3. subjunctive expressing condition of unreality:
a) ”yet I bolouo. 1! that noblo Prince, king Franco. tho
firot woro oliuo, they shoid homo neither
olaoo IE"T13 Courto, now ponaion 1n.h19 warren.
if he baa knowledge of them.“ (Q 213)

b) ”finrclgo if I were Ono of tho parliament houao, I
mnaldo not faylo, to put up a 1‘-111°-“ (2 16)

  

o) ”yea it 1 were .xx. scholars, I wolfle thinks it
wero my 'utio, both with exhortingo men to
ahoto, anfl also with skating fiy oolfo to
holpo to sot forwardo that thing-~' (2 11)

d) "that surelie (if I wore a rich $33) I had rather
have spent a. orownoz“ (g; 4)

o) “This face had bone more oumlle. if that hie
xoédo 1n the cflookog wore oowowhot more aura
anaguin than it 13: (§_EPB)

f) ‘yf he had hg§_bowuon, surolyo there ohoote
mygzto paradvonturo have bone a litlo
:indorea---" (2.49)

g) "If Suletiua had had Plato: consideration, in
' right using this exoroiao. ho had not deserve
the name of Traglcua Orator,~~-“ (§_2555

h) "It kyna afloard had lived a lltlo longer, his
onoly exampIo hoé SFood each a rose of worthlo
learned iontlomon.” (§.219)

1) “It fluke Euurice had bad a Faohiauels head or a
cowarfies hart. ho wonlfi huvo wozno a bloufiyer
sword the he difi," (o loo)

5?

3) “If tho Emporour had Root faith with my master for
hffrlca, 1 would not hone broken with them
a: Tripoly.“ (a 131)
The above citations express consequences of conditions which
do not exist at present. or did not oxiat in the post, or eon-
not exist at any fine. They may thereforo be classified as
conditions of unreaiity. fheao conditions are exproosod by
the pant tango or by the past perfect tense of the inflectional
outjunotivaf"€ha oonooqponoo in oxproaaod by past perfect of
tho inflectional subjunctive, as in d). o}. g). and h). or
by Egg, should, :33" W.
"The 175 oonditlonal oontonoea cxamined fall into the
following.5roupax
inflectionul subjunctive in present tonao $3
inflectional subjunctive in past tense 56
inflectionul subjunctive 1n compound tonne 17
periphrastlo subjunctive 57
0f the total numhor. fortyofour contained the subjunctivc
of "to be”. Fifteen of the 1?3 had an impersonal subject.

or the 57 oitationa containing poriphrastio subjunotlvos.

P.
(in.

“ used would, 8 used should, 6 used. v11}, 2 used can,

2 used max. and 4 wars alliptical-

Kaaten mnkoa chin atutomont regarding the nae or the
sub; notivo in expressing conditions!
Fraporly speaking the subjunctive mood does not servo

to oxyreoo a condition, it indicates moroly u atatowont
no being reflected on. In French we gonenally find the

I“:
U3

indicative mood,.tho pluperfoot subjunctive, however.
has been preserved hv a sort or coorico or the language.
As to finolioh tho indicativo and oubjunctivo seem to

be indifforootly used. Even in Ago wornoot with a
certain confuaion. where, however. as it eooms, the
indicative occurs when a whole period loplioa certainty,
whereas the use of the subjunctive mood is oonasionod
by ouhjcotivo motive. or the person apooking.23

he follows this atotoment with over sixty citations which

employ the formal aubjunotive. An examination of his discus-

slon

of the subjunctive in expressing condition torothor with

a too of tho ooooxponying citations will shoo how his claooi-

floatlon of confiitional oontonoos oorreayonds with mine.

'A I

II

1. A condition in known to ho real. nevertheless. it 10
expreased in form or'a supposition.
“It the proverb hold, that cannot be.” (8. J. Ev, K.)

2. A condition, the content of‘whion 13 wished for, oon~
tains the subjunctive mood.

“For if but once thou show me thy gro light, 1'11

find Lomotrlua.” Sb . 3. fit42.

5. In sentences expresoino a condition which in tho pre-
sent moment may correspond with reality, no frequently
find tho subjunctive mood:

“x: it be (written) give it no.” (Sh. y, R: D.)

4. In.oond1tion which. at any tioa, zen realized, have
a certain consequence, the subjunctive mood in proforrod
in a aontial way of speaking:

"fiumour is nothing, if it ho not fed.“ (B. J. Ev. v.)

0.'Conditionol sentences referring to the future, looly
in most cuooo a more supposition, w ioh is infiicotod by
tLo uoo of tho subjguotivo wood: ,

”fhero is nothing done, if he return the conqueror.“

SEE. to L.) J

1. As to tho 1vporfoot subjunctive 1t is employed for tho
nuke or politeness in conditions referring to the post
which. in the preoont, exercise no influence:
"Oninmrsday, if he were in the house, why didn't
ho spook?" (Bougl. Bottles)

..

22. Kuoton, inquiry into the Uoo of the ?ubjunct1ve, 16.

59

2. Tho imperfect subjunctive 15 also used to donate I
condition which may be realized in the present:
"If I more fair. I were only thine." (3h.

 

3. In most cases where on moot with the imoorfect subjunc-
tive o coofiitloo 19 oonaioorod contrary to roulitgn
”If I were Brutus now and he were Gaooius. he
should not humour mo.“ (Eh. J. G.)

o
?he conjunctiono 80. so that. pP0V1fl€d th$t introduce
rostrlctivo conditions. thooo, as more supposition:
follow the common rule.
”Let 'om war. so go to conquerors. (Earl. Joy.)
0

An exceptivo candltmon in oxprooaod by sentences intro-

fincod by tho oonjvnctionai but, but that, without that.

aavo that, unloaa, except.

“Exceot it be to 3330 choice spirits, T could not
extend thuo for.“ E. J. Eflgnipi

513 citations under 3, £5 and 3_of I fit into too category
of conditions or present reality. Those under‘g’and.§ tit
into the category of oonditiono or potontial reality. The
first group under I! might‘bo considered as conditions of
unreality. The citation ”On Thnrefloy, 1! he were in the house,
why fiifln't he spook" ioplloa that he was not in tho houso.
Rooten admits the poaolhility of unromlitg in this Bondition.
for to says, "Frequently the moo of the aubjmnotlve imperfect
employoo in this way, toolion a doubt as to the truth of the
aooortion.“24' The citations in §_ot II are definitely condi-
tions of unreality. Thane 1n g_fit into tho ootogory of
present reality. if we consider omooptive conditlooa as

negative sfatomenta or otnor conditiono, his final group will

fit into my aohome. Thin 1ozvoa only one group unclassified.

 

: > . ._ .4 . _ .5 .‘W.M

23. Koston, Inggggga$ggg tgo Use of tfigffitgjngogivg, 16-19.

24‘ Itid.. 17.
CO

3pmy Opinion they do not belong'with expressions of condi-
tion at all, but rather with cubjunctivcc expressing limita-
tion of action.

Trnka lists cix examples of conditional clauses which
employ formal cubjunctivcc and two which employ periphrastic
subjunctivec. He gives no explanation: in connection with any
of his citations. Each may be classified in my achemo.25

Curme, as I pointed out in Chapter II, cub-divides con-
ditions into: practical conditions. theoretical conditions.
conditions contrary to fact, and elliptical conditions. Prac-
tical conditions may be conditions which exist in the present:
if so, they may be classified as conditions of present reality.
they may be conditions which do not exiat at present but may
exist at some time in the future: if so, they may be classified
as corditions of potential reality. His citations "If annihila-
tion eggll end (or 33d) all our Joys, it will also end our
gricfe'26 may be classified as potential subjunctive. Although
he gives no citation under practical condition which exprcacca
a condition of present reality, there is no reason why practical
conditions could not be present realities. "If he pg.hungry. let
him eat bread” might be classified under his schcne as a prac-
tical condition and under mine as a condition of present reality.

His examples under theoretical condition, “If it ghould rain

25- kaa. M t 8WW
Egyden, 71,73.
26. Curme, Collgp English Grammar, 273.

61

tomorrow, I wouldn't go” and "If he should go away without
speaking to me, I should be grieved" may be considered con-
dition of potential reality.27 Condition contrary to fact is
parallel to my category, condition of unreality. The examples
of elliptical condition may be classified in my scheme according
Ixto the nature of the conditional clause which is not expressed.
"He could easily do it if he tried"28 may be considered a con-
dition of potential reality. “I should say if I were asked
that it were better to say nothing about it"28 admits of the
same classification. If the sentence read ”I should have said
if I had.been asked that it were better to say nothing about
it” we could classify it as a condition of unreality, since
it implies that the speaker was not asked.

Poutema lists four uses of the inflectional subjunctive
in expressing conditions:

1) to express doubt or diffidence on the part of the speaker

or writer as to the action or state being in accordance

with.fiact.

2) to express doubt or diffidence on the part of the

speaker or writer as to a future action or state coming

into fulfilment. -

5) to express that the fulfilment of the condition is

necessary for the action or state in the apodosis

becoming matter of fact, ig’having the value of provided.

4) to express the fact that a case is assumed for argu-
ment or is put in a general way.29

Among the citations under 1) are "It is not necessary to let

other nations into all our secrets and expose all our weaknesses,

 

27. Curme, gellege English Grammar, 274.
28. Ibid., 276.
29. Poutsma, Mood and Tense of the English Verb, 58-59.

62

i£_such there be? and "My friend should, perhaps, have taken

you along with.him. But the slight, if there 92.0ne, was
unintentional.'5° Both citations admit of the category of
condition of present reality. His second category; corresponds
with mine of condition of potential reality, as his citations
prove: ”If it assume my noble father's person, I'll speak

to it, though.hell itself should gaps and bid me hold my
peace.'30 The citations under 5),‘i&g., "I will come to~morrow,
if the weather 23 fine” and "Ordinary verse may pass muster i;
its manner he finished.---'31 may be classified under condition
of potential reality and condition of present reality respectively.
The first two citations under 4), ”If thy right eye offend thee,
pluck it out" and ' f England Qg.the heart of international

and cosmopolitan finance and London bg_the heart of England,

the City is the heart of London,'31 are both.conditions of
present reality. The last citation, "If the bill pggg,the
second reading, the House proceeds to consider and vote upon
each clause in the bill separately,'31 is a condition of poten-
tial reality. Further on he writes:

The inflectional condition is used, also in the
ordinary language of the educated, l) in hypothetical
clauses expressing a supggsition contrary to some fact
known to the speaker,---

It is evident without listing citations that this category
is parallel to condition of unreality.

 

'50. routsma, Mood and Tense of the English Verb, 58.
31. Ibid., 59.
32. Ibid., 65.

63

VI

The subjunctive of concession expresses the ”oireuwstanee

in spite of which” the action or state of being expressed in

the prir

cinlo clause is true.

a) "And though the throwes lo flee 1‘;o sa:f tn.at be

t)
e)

d)

e)

t}

h)

i)

k)

l)

thinéetln yet is isfiFoth soozot in parpoeyinq
5:01030 in sorkan---" (G 14")

"if a (can a: oulde (”write a 5*reate toasts, he

“and

onldo hot OuflB name bread, altiflou h it be
most com. on..-" (T 44)

though a there some to the dare, and heaveth
at it, to come In , and s1e~e )hym, yet he
1:, eth in his badger" (14 4)?

"as one Eal"in s throv'z blinds affvction,

preferred his loner t-efore all other women,
althourn sic wage d forLed with a polypus
in} ear nose.“ 1;}; 153

"it although it were a fonds « w3ldish t.inw to

be to ernest In pastime a play, yet doth
he affirmem" (3', 2)

”although al the worlds eere rsrhcred in an army

to*other, et withou shotinuo they can neuer
come to theyre purpOso,' (2 58)

“thong h be had lost will yet woxld he not loses

his proiite." (3 1C1)

"hue? musike maizeth mennos meters, sagtn

" :1; nd

”and

Galen, alt.* :ou3h some men ei.l says t! -t it
doth not so,” (” 13)

 

althonmh shouting maze be note sonetyme for
some scholars, and so forth: yet the fittest
sleeves is to be preferred." (2 2)

thouwn,~--t’ry can follow, fauna, and flatter,
yet comeniie t1 “<33 a1”; is themselves with
the worst Papietes." (g 233

"he can not stepfe thon,;h he woulde never so fayne."

(T Qfi)

"you sh save that you will for your DIGRQHYGO

tn s I an s1:re~¢-“ (T 18)

54

Clauses of canoeasion are naually introfiuced by althoqu
or tung: as in tha case or tze first eleven citations. The
last aeutenca is evidence that a clauao does not have to be
introduced by one: Of these two words.

or tha 38 citations expresaing cancession 11 were ¢xprossed
by the present inflectional subjunctive, 9 by the imperfect
infloctianal uuhgunctive, and.13 b§ the periphraatic subjunctive
Mm . %w 2-22.13... mm).

tastes, Trnka, Foutama, and Curme all includa citations
under the hoaflzng "concesaion." All are parallel to fine cita-
tiona from.$$dham, and it would add nothing_to the diaaunalon

to quote timem at this point.

VII
The subjunctive of suppoaition~occura in expressions
which expreaa fiosslbilltg, indecision, or belief. An examina-
tion of cash category will show that they are closely enough
related to be classified unfler one main heading, yat diversified
anon; h to warvant aub~head1w*
1. subjunctive orareaeing poasibility:

&) ”finfi therfore the quickest wittes cawwonlic
wLE’Ethve the test f’Oétea." (f. 189)

b) ”find U in 1:0 Ls most true, ggg 6&89116 he gutloreg,
(a 2122

’0) "Ana wiao man Ff v ea it was ye wisest deede-.o'
(g 162.)

d) ”set~~~m a: a€cwe to be the breeder of uny false
reproch." (a 145)

55

a)“ hug-o trutn in religion ~146t Ye fully tryed
in t: a hearyn~ of even and equal ind ea--”
(c 156}

f) “and trerforo was glad wrea he saw the Karena:
-1Ht be made 133 30 a 3013.“ (3,151)

8) "It wfirPt to either for the lacks or learn3nr,
and 1033 br-1r_1n3 up-¢~or $136 for tv is
bami‘ull nut: re 1n 3011t21.*(g_ 146)

El

”butchca F1r‘*van tsld eo'e in th is court~-
Imke «atrice a? 031$ tecome the greatest 633:?
to tne Lrperour t:at eucr the 21yorour imr d.”

(§.i67)

i) "I supyoae it awro better to make tram or good
Aaeho, «#3 not of Aspe.' (E 9‘5)

:1 all of U 336 1.3tances th.cre in a goasibility that
the action will take place, but there is no guarantee that
it will. In a) txere is a poaaibiiity Uzat the quioLeat
wits will prove the best goats, but thera 13 no guarantee
that they will: tierefore tbs statemant is uncertain and
cansequertly axbjur ctivo in nature. In example a) there is
a possibility that the wise men will make a statement, but
wiU: it 3&9 s 3 613366 of macs..¢inty . In 3) tha possibility

is cz;reascd 11.3tesfi oft .aug liad t‘e atatemanb

read: ”It“ m-" Aeituer tor 13039 of learnyng 33 good bringing
uy-~" or ”fhore is a possibility that it §g_fram lack of-~“
the 3613331 reunin~ would have been the 3&me. Tho Lust
citatior. expresses possibility by means or "shanld.‘
2. SU Tunotivo 033163313 inficclaion:
a) ”3n1 rung menre do ubtyn; an‘! rearyng whether they

8“Or146 d;.?e or n0, even for ver 6 fearo of

t.e, pcevautct Jaemselle with a mars byttar

deaths then he other death Shouldo have bone
in d63d6.’ (2 15)

 

66

b) "you shall 96 1f swine ValLfi’i‘ffi any Turkish

m.-

t'leahc. " (g 132)

o) ”lettzc us so if choting to not 13 adore” atonqos all
kyndcs of men as mocha otherwuyos.” (T 20}

 

d) '1 Loocdomonian token priaoner, nus aakrd of
one at Athens. whether they were stoutc fellowoo
that were cloyxm, or no.--~" lg 43)

c) "it is not plcyno in XenOQhon howc Ethflé;j amootcxa
the Persians were, win 2; Dawes they 2-411, 11: mt
Blmtcfis and 110.4183 t? 10‘: 0601‘. $186., m :at 1:31.120
of war1o thoyr enemies vse . ”(T 36}

t) "as when you bc dotcrminofi whether ye will £010! one
or no, to know partitiio, and whicfi way to
£0101: that cm” (2 21316)

5) "For {yrstc a question mn3c be asked, whether any
other U 1in3 hcnfdo a fat? r,Ԥg_t1t for a chart
or no?” (T <7)

Indecision or doubt are exprocscd in all of these citations.
In a) the coubining of the two words dangtxga and fearvnq
make the sentence more difficult to classify. Perhaps it

should be included mfler Mtbjj1ncgg‘rc of 91101719533 fibut I am

 

inclined to feel that the indecision cxproooed by ”donbtyng"
and view-ero-qgg’dm justifies its inclusion at this point.
In b) there is doubt 1w1rocw<i PO? mrdimz the appetite and
eating habita of tho awino. In 0) the formal cubjunctive
following cttc ug go 1; is definitely cxprcaaivv of indceicion.
The indecision exyresacd in d) is intensified by the whethc
25439. While the verbs 3533, had, ogcnpied. and1g§§g,cou1d
be indicative, the independent clouno, it 13 not piggpc.
labels it as inaocieivc and therefore subjunctive. The
dependent clauso in f) 63 chcsec indecisiozx, following a
oui?jzrzctive in h principal clause Which intensifies the

indecision.

67

5. subjunctive expressing belief or hear-say:

a) "And I suppose it be a ’ICAL deal zxore plcssuzc also."

2)
b) "I wold think it were my duty." (2.11)

c) "I t? ;inke tlw ey s? :oald Lfvnde W11 play and lease
pleasure in It tat ETT2“8 L24 47)

G) "And t.his quicke wedccine I beleue welds so tnorowlye
gour=L e tiw m1, that the daVlVe medecin s,~--shoulde
GUS-301 X7 or $11th J tar LAG they-1." (Z 51)

6) "And I trust no man will be miscontent with EV Generall
saying." (5.; 562 '

f) "it 3.5 said tua t letters from he greatest in the
I”;)erours 00urt ".ere never lackynfi." (Q 149)
rm

iAis thnrd eaten w:or-y includes expressions followfi ng such

verbs as thi:_9 believe, 2:;CCt, suggosg and expressions of

 

leer-say.
Although some of these citeti ns employ the inflectional
subju.nctive and some the per; phrastic form, all exp1ess

supposition,

Kesten gives several citations under ”Substantive Sentences”
Lf1cu.o Iit of clas siiics..on in this part of my scheme.

1.»—

“I wete not whether the revcn ins steel were 32n?.dned" (Sh.

fl

. A.), "I leave him to judre whetrer it he not very pleasant”

H1

(fiarryat), ”I wonder if Titania be EWAkcd" (Sh. g. Y. D. ), and
"I thi nk tLis be tLe house" 3. J. Lv. i‘-'..)55 all Express
indecision or mere Eggigg and therefore may be classified as
subj natives of supposition. Under "Verbs of Hodality" he

gives "It might be done that way."04 This indicates possi-

 

33. Kssten, gs Inqyiry nto t1 10 Use of tlze Sutjjrctive, 13.
34. Ibid. ’ 11 o

68

bility and may therefore be considered a subjunctive of
supposition.

Trnka classifies "In that book there is a doubt made,
whether the woman were created according to God}: image" as
a deliberative indirect question.35 Since it expressed in- '
decision, it may be classified as a subjunctive of supposition.
So also may we classify the periphrestics which he includes
under ”that-clauses depending-on verbs denoting doubts”
"He doubted that the Frenche kyng welds in the nyght tyne
come and overrun the cytie of Paryo? and under ”deliberative
indirect questions: ”We knowe not What diall daylie fall.'36
In this same gredp is 'I began to think, How if one of the
Bella should fall?"36 This expresses Eggsibilitx and therefore
may be considered a subjunctive of supposition.

In Curme we find such expressions as, "It may rein?
"It 9.1.5915. possibly be true” "This 3319.3 seem to confirm his
statement" ”He thinks it Egg.rain' all of which.may be gon-
aidered aubjunctivos of supposition.37

In Poutsma's citations under "The Sutfiunotive in
Subordinate Questions” we find: "We doubt whether there bg’
a hundred genuine Bengaloes in the whole army of the East India
Company" (Kac., glggg) ”The blowing of the horn-~mado mo
hestitatingly inquire-$£,there‘gggg,anything to pay." (Dick.
g52,).53 Those belong in the category of indecision and may

 

65. Trnka, On the Syntax of the English Verb, 70.
36. Ibid., $2.
37. Ourme, gellege English Grammar. 268.

58. Poutsmn, good sndLTense of the English Verb, 42,45.

69

bility and may therefore be considered a subjunctive of
supposition.

Trnka classifies "In that book there is a doubt made,
whether the woman were created according to God's image" as
a deliberative indirect question.36 Since it expressed in- ‘
decision, it may be classified as a subjunctive of sngposition.
So also may we classify the periphrtstics which he includes
under ”thatoclauses depending-on verbs denoting doubt!”
"He doubted that the Frenche kyng wolde in the nyght tyne
come and overrun the cytie of Parye? and under "deliberative
indirect questions: “he knows not what shall daylie fell.'56
In this same group is ”I began to think, How if one or the
Belle should fell?”36 This emresses Rewiring and therefore
may be considered a subjunctive of supposition.

In Curme we find such expressions as, ”It may rain?
”It Eggh£_poszibly be true” "Ehie Egglgzseem to confirm.his
statement" "He thinks it g§y_rain' all of which may be cen-
sidered subjunctives of supposition.37

In Poutsma's citations under "The Subjunctive in
Subordinate Questions“ we find: “We doubt whether there 23_
a hundred genuine Bengalees in the whole army of the East India
Company" (Kae.. gligg) ”The blowing of the horn---made me
hestitatingly inguinal; there me anything to pay.” (Dick.
gag.).33 These belong in the category of indecision and may

 

65. Trnka,_gn the Syntax of the English Verb, 70.

56. Ibid., 72.

37. aurme, gellege English Grammar, 26B.

38. Poutsmn, hood andwTense of the English Verb, 42,43.

69

therefore be classified as subjunctives of supposition. Poutsma
writes ”In literary English the mibjnnctive is fairly common

in subordinate statements expressing shat is the subject of

a proposal. a en‘gg:estion,or advice. Elms especially in the
lam-net's of deliberative assert-lanes or bodies. 'I propose

that the matter he get to the vote at once!‘ (G. Eliot, gig,) -

'I also street that tte ceremony gskewplacs_before the depar-

 

ture.’ (Dar. Gerard).'39 Could not these citations. which

involve possibility, be considered sutjnnctives of supposition?

VIII

The subjunctive of limitation is found in dependent
clauses which limit the meaning expressed by the independent
clause when uncertainty is involved. This subjunctive may
be used to express limitation of: l) a person, object, or
idea: 2i a cause, reason, or purpose; 5) time or distance)
4) action; 5) quality; 6) manner or degree.
1. subjunctive cxnressing limitation of person, object, or idea:

a) "be he neuer so worhipfell a man,-~, that gyrte
his: in dads.“ (3?. 2?.)

b) "for blessing any that he alone," (Q_163)
c) “I Han also nary a good nitio, side}: have played

long pertes when i prey God Reps long still
upon the stage.” (5; 153-9)

 

(1) "am-20 in England, that grad have the peOple neither
witty nor wealthy when wit is th Hears gift
of Gods" (9, 143.)

#. .__..

Efik Poutsma, iced and @ense of tbe_Fn:lish Verb, 3e.

70

0) "he that maid have an example of it. let hi; read
{Ramon-~45 lg; 5360)

1’} "and Ctr-"we min: awayc that got-Jae rotate 113m and. slay-c

8) "as to give trace afiuice to them, thug mfl 'bc
great hcreaftcr." (E 233 -1~——

h) "more mischief than he neede,” (g’ic?)

i) ”or some other part of Tullic,n~-‘ which your scholar
wax not know where to findc. (§_239)

J) "and I could describc the nature of a quickc medicine,
which Qgpcldc within a whylejggggg_undlyigg§g
auto all t c unthriftie games in the Ecc1m6,“

(g 251)

k) "I cannot much prayae his wit. which mirht have had
the Emperour in his handes c would not.“ {Q Icc)

1) "ihcrc is a ccic touched in.tha first book of Cicero
no oratorc, uhichc, wisclic brought into ocholcs,
trucly taugfit, and constantly used, would not oncly
takc-~,'but conic also,wn-corko a true Choice-v-”
'3 33
inc first ceven citations contain a subjunctive that
limits 3 909903, the next four contain aubj actives that limit
an obgcct, kilo the last contains a subjunctive that limits
an idea. Soon mglo; the formal aubjunctivc; others tho peri-
phractic. All of them eXprcca uncertainty in their limitation.
In citation f} the dependent clanco limits the meaning of him,
but it docs not give factual information. inc clause “that
figplfic Porto him.anfi glcgc hym“ docs not express positive action
that will take place without fail. but uncertain action that
'nay poccibly hcgycn at some indefinite time. In citation j)

the dependent clause limlta the meaning of ficfiicine, but it

w—

 

doca so with uncertainty.

71

Keaton includes examples of this category under "Use of
the Subjunctive mood in relative sentences.'40 In the citation
"With power to excite all who in future tine nmy'appcar' the
clause ”who in fUture time may appear" limits the meaning of
‘2;; and at the some time implies uncertainty; therefore the
verb may appeag_may be considered a periphrastic subjunctive
expressing limitation of person. In "Thou hast stolen that
whieh, after some hours, were thine without offense” the
clause "which, after some hours, were thine‘without offense'
limits the meaning of £223, and so the verb w my be classed
as an inflectional subjunctive expressing limitation of an ob-
ject. As an example of a subjunctive used to express limita-
tion of an idea we may cite, "I hither come engaged by my oath
(which God defend a knight should violate).'40 The clause.
"which God defend---9 limits the meaning of oath.

Trnka gives us more examples of subjunctive of limitation
in "What someuer he be, he is comen of a noble blood“ and "Who
may see hym lyue he shal preue a good knyghte." which he lists
under ”relative olauses.'41

Curme classifies this use as ”Potential Subjunctive in
Attributive Relative Clauses": "It is a book that mg: help
many a poor struggling fellow” "I offer a reward to anyone
who gh§;;,give me the desired address" "Can you give me one

8004 reason why you gggglg always answer so peevishly2'42

 

40. Kasten, An Inqpiry into the Use of the Sub unctive. 22, 25.
41. Trnka,_gg the Sinfax_of_thefifingllsh Verb. l.
42. Curme, golloge English Grannar, 271.

 

 

72

although Poutsms has no category which parallels this
use of the subjunctive, he has a citation which fits into the

category: "I Wish to publish a book that smell create a stir

 

and make me famous" (Xsrie Corelli)4°

2. subjunctive expressing limitation of cause, rouson, or
purp 0 so 3

a) "lost, his oucrmoch fearinge of you, drig§_rim to
seeks soee misordorlie Shifte:" (§_1U4)

b) "And now take heede, lest your scholer gg_not better
in some point than you yourselfe," (g 240)

c) "e because he ygpld rake a lusty chaunfie from the
fears of Go& and knowled e of Christ's doctrine,
he fell to be a peruerse and bloudy Papist."

(g 150)

d) "yet that you new know what secret workyns went bEfOPG
this plaync writynfi and Opfin doyn¢,---, I Will
by more ,Lrticnlsr circrnstaunces lend you to

this genersll cowplninte." (g 145)

e) "they wouLde kneels downs on theyr knees, and so
cover all theyr body wyth thcyr shyldes and
targottes, that the Parthians sheftes niéht slvde

oucr them, & letnem no hurre,---“ (2 3a)
In this category the clause of limitation is introduced by

lggt, bccsuse, or tiet. The subjunctive may be the inflected

 

form as in exsnples a) and b) or it may be the poriphrustic
as in c), d), and e).

hasten classifies this use of the subjunctive under
"Intentional sentences”: "Let go thy hold, WTQn a great wheel

, e e v r ~' ‘1. £3.
runs icon 3 rill, lost it breek thy neon.” (Sn. i;flg.)‘*

45. routsms, Food and Tense of the Eg~listhrrb, 53.
1

.- _.-—.-- o—u—u—n
Q
e

4e. hasten, An Ingriry into the tee 0?-thewfivbjunctive, 21.

 

75

Under the classification "Final clauses" Trnha lists one
inflectionel end one porinhrustic. Poth mnv be included in
this group: "And that we ordeyne---szche provysyon 1nd do-
fenee that our countreg receive no blues" (Bernors) "What
soeuer thyngos are s=itten a fore tvre, are sr5tien.for our

lee rnyn 0, tie t we---might haue hepe" (Lutircr, Seven screen )40

 

Curme includes subjunctives of this category in two places
in his scheue: l) _-'crbiul clauses under "Optstive Subjunctive"
as "I'll go early that 1 £53 get a good seat? "I went early
that I r;"bt get a good sent? 2) Clauses of Genes under
"Potential Subj motive" us "Let us not end not shrink for fear
(or lost) our motives 22.nisunderstood" "I trembled lest you

c
l-\

suctlg be seen" "She was afraid to breathe lest she brook

 

(or should break) the wonderful spell of the magic." It is
unfortunate that in this second grouo Curme included only
eXunples that connote fear, for all of these Snflde into the
subjunctive of emotion extressing fear, and it would have been
possszle to include e: sr1i les tout would not be so lim ted in
meaning.
'Poutsxm writes:
Adverbial clauses of 12uroose sometimes have tie
predicate in the inflectionsl su ‘tjunctive win en introduced

bv t.uc,z ircly sten o; )ening with the more 00110quial
9O tint, and rather frequentlv after the purely literary

 

 

 

lento
45. Trnks, On two ‘ZML“” Oi the “nolisn Vert, 71.
4:6. CUI’IiIC' (JOMC'G I". .f7lfi‘“ ”ram :11”, “—506.
47. 3.13.560, " £1er

74

To emphasize tr a notion of purpose in OIGCP that.
to: tr'333rj ose.t!st and, more or less uzcnaicallvgmto
{50‘7“xvut “et or to t‘3: end t‘st, are e matinee nega
insto.c Of the “airple t..t.------clenses iatronuced by
lest may often be cypresetced to express rather a
islstion 01 Beige \rerson or erour.d) ti an perp ose, this
con3unction Iroquently up elrln to lave tie value of
heo:tse it it (or wee) feared or a phrase of like

MW-

‘2__1'__a0* L.Qh-~n-

 

 

From his six and a half pages of citations expressing purpose
a few will be sufficient to show that they are parallel to
the citations from.sschsm included in this category. "Ana
bzay caterpillars hasten, zest no t;' nze be lost ' (Rossetti,
Eggggg) - "fake heed, ;ggg_p&sslon gaggithy Judgment.”
(tilton, Egr. L033) - ”All they would.do was to give a loaded
gistol, lee t we v.'ere*attsc?ed.' (stovenson, 2:335. Isl.)

”re cut with the door wide upon at all times. tr at he m1~ht
beer the footsteps as they entered." (T ick Cruz) - “to

one supposes for a moment that they gave snythinr in order
£§3£_the gift riott be talked about.” (Aces.) - "For God so
loved tie world, that he gave his only begotten son, 3333

whosoever believeth in rim §:o-ld not 3crist. but have

 

everlasting life.“ - "And I will sing that they gigggmgesr

I an 110$ afraid.” (5‘11. 3“}. g. D.)

5. subjunctive expressing limitation of time or distance:

a) "so ferre, that! a can neuer retocrne bactm
ant; 1 has Is no E;'ht, t.hst r:.c nede fcsre no
tlcues by” the were.“ (3 96)

b) ”fart: 1%? then any man now dare inurney by land
either for pleasure or profits." (g 158)

.n routers, roogMer _Fense=p§3the<hsflish Vere. 51-5”

I45
C' )

75

o) ”—31-. aeldorre they wyl loavo :1 mm before he cor-1.;o
eyther to hangyng; or 813 nonune other ext-203:0
afiaory." (g 2¢)

d) ”wmzlc‘te mifcr no to roads of it, wrmn I work‘sq.“
(2 42; " '

o) ”Octoav10--m;a so I'eoroé of Co::-.za;~,o that ho tE-aouagjht
hym 5:01:36 1:81:61" east-waned for Retro Luis death
an 10:13 as Octavio his aonno $602216: 11mm"

(9,, 133) “ ’

f) “whilost 30x6 fitter time should fiiscougg some
better remefiy,’ (g 16:3)

 

g) "And commonly he would not hearo them whilest
an. rumored easier-o Mm“ .. at once."
(8 140) ,

 

21) ”Eat when his talker: Maltw hard, or his writing 333
£3§,¢--that fiimium in him,~--, shall eyther
of tiles two, bite r19 lippo, or abake his
hoac‘io at it." (3.; 2260)

 

Citation a) contains a limitation of éistanoo. that he
onn nougrwretourgowpuzgg. and a limitation of time, notyl he
be no liftt. as well as a limitation of qpollty. that Fe
ngfie feare no ghggp§=§3 the ware. (the latter belonging in
the sixth category of limitation) he in the other eatoyorles

we find inflectional anti-natives and perigmraatio aubjunctivea.

floats-n 113m three ,sg-t'mupa of "(Femoral Sentences" vfl-zich
employ the subjunctive.

1. ~¢aeutencos va‘kinr a goint of time as merely aupjosed
in the present or Future, bear the character of in-
certainty, and they, t&$ref0re, frequently coatain
the eubj. mood:

"at any tifi it please you, you shall find
me ready." 5. J. Fv.;:.)

"3:36:51 o:-mnot retire Men the: omit}, neither
will they when it more reason."
(bacon)

76

2. In ter- oral 3(n3tonces intz-oduccd by till marking the
eizu u) to Ifl lob an action extends, tLe subj. mood is
freqoently four d.

" we may not cmaunge till we be bathed."
(Sp. PG '3 0)

"Thy love no or alter till thy sweet life end."
(SI-Lo £7230 1"}. Do)

5. Lion an action is expreseeq which follows anotzicr,
tLe idea of incerteinty as to its re lizetion may
be adwli :teo, indicated by the subj. mood. TLls usage
extended, and is also stpted in cases not at all
doubtful. The c njunctlons employed are: ore, before.

"Long ere it were ” y." (Chaucer E. P. T.)

"Servo it upon him qvic1:3.};, e- 3‘ore Le 1332113.“. Ire."
(1:3. J. Ev. 35:.)

"until bef01omo stand this rebel chieftain."
(c uCOtt)4 49

Trnhe gives three citations of inflectionul subjunctives
used in touporal clauses and Lree citations of perl‘rv Lrostic
subjunctivos in tomyoral clauses. "Syre Ector wold not ewey

til Gaoayno were hole." (Lalory, forte d’firtbur)50 "Yo may

 

well encode it tvLan it 321all please you." (Berners, Froissert)
""e cest him. into prison, till hee should pay the debt."‘51

Curme writes regsrcu Eng tLe subjunctive in temporal

In temporal clauses after until, till,chn, wLencver,
before, abolnst (-before), egg, we employ in ch0333““‘“'“
English Le modern suijnctive with sLall, in older
English and in poetry also the slople—Ffitjunctive, to
represent a fUture act, not as a fact, but only as
the out00me of circumstances, the result of a develop-
no 3t, or as planred, desired: "Your father is going
to wait till your uncle 83ell oon3e" "T 9 most for- r0
Wald bud Is eaten by the“ c..nk :er ere it blow." Shakespeare}fib

 

 

49. Las stem, LA i'CViP” int.o tlo Use of tlc {L3t jtzncti vc, 15-16.
50. Trnlca, On t o :intax of the En3lish Verb, “1’0.
531. 11:33:30 , {do

38. Curve, gpllOQ§,Enyllgp Grarnor, 266.

 

77

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4! 5. 4. ~ .
:1. Li: 1.3103}

l. Eubordinato sentences eeressing the manner in which
sometiinfi is 0016, in sor e CLS€B a€:.its of the subj. mood.
A cougsrison ray to redo bet1ieen different subjects

doing the same actiorl or tetweon different actions
corsitted b5 the sore or several subjects. The subj.
mood is most frequestly found with the letter kind,
especially vhen the parallel is drawn between reality
and e.n action supgosed or v;isred for.

"“et even i.n leginners (it wexe best) to adhexe so
moderately, as he tze a men of the one iection
which is passerlest with the other" (Bacon)

3. In case the action referred to is merel" a supuosi-
tion, it has verv fre equeitly the stepe of a conditional
sentence wzececed by as, as if, as thoudh:

"Speak trulg, ---as so flefend thee heaven and tb1y
velour (Sh. Lice. II)

"8121163 noon my slvecc es as if I were a fool"

(3L. H11.) _

"Use him a§”it he were a philistine” (furl. ESE-)55

Under "Comparative clauses" Trnka gives two citations,
both of which Civress lin1itation of action. "You look as
if you had something more to say" (Sh. §;*§.) "Now em'I
better pleasgd, seged Pryemus, than thou baddest gyuen to

L. Q t a:
me all the pr01ynce and psxys t.e ryche? (sorts d'Lrtsur)“b

 

Poutsme includes under the heading "clauses of disjunctive
concession (or alternative hypothesis)" citations Which may
be classified as limitations of action. "“hether it be
beast or mes, it shall not live." (Bible) "But §§_it hep,
or 2g it 1uW1, We tread the putrr a? are in arm" (Scott,
Erie. of Trierwein§57 Us: a ~’c:l:1:;...:sz-3 of hyg-ot eti cal similaritv"

we fine were citations stich admit of this category. "He is

 

‘ —c._

L5. Kesten, An Inquiry into the Use of the Subjunctive, 21-22.
56. Trnka, On the LLMtax of the lis11wtrb, V1.
b7. Poutsmu, ;ood and Zens e of t’e Eu"3*8' Verln, 80.

8O

always talking about honesty, as if he E££2_thc only honest
man in the world." (Sweet, H: 3. Sr.) - ”They argue as if
(thcvvh) the matter were doubtful.” (Onions, gfiVQsced Eng.
§;3£,) - "Gwendolen felt as if her heart were aegis: a

sudden gsmbol.“ (6. Pilot, fen nerds;8 Under this save classi-
fication ere citations Which cryzess limitation of manner.

"I treat her us tenderly es if she £333 my daughter."
(Eggwfigo*'s En;;igg) - “So far from intesding you any wrong,

I have always loved you as well as f you has been my Own

_ ‘8
mother." (Fielding, Josgmgggmggg)u

The 74 citations from th writings of ascham which I
classified as subjunctives of limitation are divided arong tho
6 categories as foliaWSI

50 expressed limitation

O
*9

person, object, or idea
14 soresseé limitation of tine or distanco
12 expressed limitation of cause, reason, or purpose
8 exyressed imitstion of quality
5 expressed limitation of manner
5 exyressed lisiteti n of action
or the 74 citations 28 were inflectional and 46 were
periphrastic. an exuwinstion of the citations expressing
limitation disclose tree facts:
1) The limitation which they place upon swme word in
too inoependent clause is a limitation of uncertainty.
2) The limitation enseers one of the q1esticns: who?

what? why? when? where? how?

 

53. Poutsma, Food one Tense of tte Enjlish Verb, Bl.

 

31

a) The subjunctivos which expreao limitation of pcraon,
object, or idea are found in adjootival clnuaoa; the
subjunctivea which limit cause, reason, purpose, time,
distance, action, quality, manner, and degree are found

in adverbial clouaes.

83

Chapter IV
SUMMARY

It is possible at this point to draw some conclusions
from.the study I have made.

1) concerning the treatment by the writers of textbooks

The amount of space which the writers of textbooks have
devoted to a study of the subjunctive varies from no space at
all to several pages. Some textbooks include both inflectional
forms and.periphrastic forms in their discussions and exercises,
some only the inflectional, and some only the periphrastic
forms (calling them I'moderh substitutes for the subjunctive”).
Some include several uses of the subjunctive, while others
limdt its use to conditional clauses contrary to fact.

There is a growing tendency on the part of teachers and
supervisors to fall in line with Charles Henshav Ward, who
advocates the elimination of all mention of the subjunctive
from the courses of study in English.1

2) concerning the treatment by scholars

There is as wide a divergence of Opinion among the scholars

as among the writers of textbooks regarding the form and scape

 

l. The junior high schools of Lansing, Michigan ruled the
subjunctive out of the English course of study in 1943.
The senior high schools ruled out all except the subjunc-
tive in conditions contrary to fact and the subjunctive
expressing prayer: God be with you, etc. (figures of
Study in Engligg)

85

of the subjunctive mood. Some hold to the Opinion of the
classicists that only those verbs are subjunctive which have
the inflectional ending of the'subjunctive: others admit of
two types of subjunctive, inflectional and periphrastic;
others refer to the periphrastic forms as “substitutes for
the subjunctive." _

The majority of scholars who have made extensive studies
of the subjunctive have recorded their findings in poorly
organized schemes which confuse notional classification and
grammatical classification. I have made some attempt to
eliminate some of the confusion by classifying the categories
according to function.

3) concerning the subjunctives in the writings of Eager
Aachen.

The subjunctives in Toxqphilus, ngepprt on the Affairs;
and State of Germany, mud The Scholemagteg;may be divided into
the following groups:

subjunctive expressing condition ~35$
subjunctive expressing limitation -i4%
subjunctive expressing obligation ~13%
subjunctive expressing supposition 43%
subjunctive expressing concession ~105
subjunctive expressing emotion ~10%
subjunctive expressing permission - 5%

Ascham.has employed both the inflectional forms of the
subjunctive and the periphrastic forms. Approximately one
third are inflectional, and the remaining two-thirds are

84

periphrasiic. i have observed that these statistics hold not

only for the citations as a whole, but for individual pages.

To illustrate the point, I Opened tilliam Bright's edition of
0-03

fischan's ?nflish Torggfico “fed its subjunctives that appeared

 

on two consecutive pages (pages 33 and 51). Of the 16 sub-
junctivos on the two pages, 5 are inflectional forms, and 11
are per phrastio forms, giving the ratio of 1 to 2, which I
found in a count of the tetnl mumher of citations.

All seven types of subjunctive were represented on these

two pages, with the greatest numrer of citations falling

under subjunctive of condition and subjunctive of limitation,

 

with gytjunetive of nuppgsitiou and Ephjpnctive_of Obliyetion

appearing next in frequency.

 

 

Futjyncgive of persiseion, which

 

was found least frequently in the total count’wns represented
on these pa 63 with one citation. The subjunctive of emotion
and suhjvnetivs of concession which tonether accounted for
20} of the sutjunctivcs in the total count, represented only
13 l/fifi of tit nuhju alives found on these two pains.

I quote here the subjunctivee from pages 50 and El as
they admit of the classification I have followed.
1. subjunctive expressing obligation:

”and here 1 E213 nodes remember a certaine Frenchman--"

"cornaunied under pay 0 of a greats fozfyte, that cueryc
{icotte s“~o~.il§e l"?3"f"‘.€3 to af- 0136-.“

m. Q

 

9. subjunctive Expressinf permission:
"they moulds suffre them no longer to be two"

«urn-k“

85

3. subjunctive expressing emotion:
"I--~wrmld faync 3163 at ho::e~--”
4. subjunctive extresain. cor dition:

”y! they were to rcken agayne, I wold not ones name
them,

”if I gyro GA oaefl to do it, and you hodAe leysuro
to FZazc it, i coulrie scone do as ‘1exfor c10tu,’

"Textor needed not to have fyiled uppe his booke
wit}; scone lyea, if has tAdve read the storye
of 3cotlandc,‘

c. subjunctive expressing coneoaaion:

"but as for ahotingo, they neyther can was it for
anye profyte, nor yet :11 ohalengo it for any
prayae, although master ioxtor of his gentle-
nesaa woldLgyvo it them.”

6. mmjnnctivc expmacingg mapposition:

”TLis sentence-av, may he cciieg in question and doubts.”

 

”that *crtcr-~rvv*t verw scone, even in the first
towns of Kent, ha_ve founwc cuche plent.ie of
8110121833..

”wixex‘oin he rr-‘-'".$’hto haveloarnfl, that when Ia.n-2ea~'~'
7. avbjunctive cyproasing limitation:

”I am now affectioned even an it werc a man that had
bone longe wanderyng in strange centriea~-”

"of one tLat would~ owe to be fitt or for a shop in
docs than to wzite any boke~~-'

”coo reken up auche a ratio of choters as colds hoide
vs talkynm whylea tomorov"

 

”tie receyuinge of any. protyto that Eyght cog; by it."
AltLough some of the inflectional forms in the above
citations are plural and therefore might be considered indi-

o6

native, 1 am convinced that they are intended as subjunctivna
in these instances because they are parallel in structure and
meaning to numerous citations containing he subjunctive 1n
the singular.

Through the examination of some five hundred citations
from the writing or finger Aadham Iibnvo com. to the conclusion
that an 1aea of uncertainty may be expreaaed equally well by
means or poriphraetlc subjunctivea and inflectional subjunctives.
The 0%tat10n from onoyhilug (47) "and though a theta come to
the flora“ mny also be oxproaaed.by using any on. of four
periphrastie subjunctivea without lasing or gaining in Often.
tiveneaa. 'z‘hua be m. ght havo said ”and though a that. m
gggg'to the door.” "and though a thofa Egght congto the

door,” "and though a there ofiall co~q_to tho floor,” "and

 

though a there ggould come to the dore.’ On the other hand,
on page 56 Aaoham employs the periphrastio form whore the
inflectional would have been oqpally clear: "That 13 a
wonder to ma, y: the rearo or a displeasure, ghoulde do more
karma than the displeasure itselto.” would it not have been
equally clear to say. "Eaat 13 a wonder to me, yt the {euro
of a displeasure g3 more harms than the diagloasuro itaolto?’
The sub} motive of supposition in tho citation “And I suppouo
it‘gg.a great deal morn pleasure also,“ might have been captained
with the periphraatle mag he, might bg, would‘be, must Do, or
oven erall kg.

87

4. concerning the decline of the subjunctive

I am not in accord with the grammarians who maintain
that the subjunctive mood of the verb has practically dis-
appeared from the English language. It is true that there are
fewer inflected forms in use now than there were prior to and
at the time during which sscham.was writing, but it is not
true that there are fewer subjunctives.

Life is equally as full of doubts and uncertainties and
desires today as it was in the sixteenth century and before,
and mankind is equally prone to giving them verbal expression.
This being the case the subjunctive is here to stay. The
proverbial mother of the young bride was offered the consola-
tion that she was not losing a daughter but gaining a son.

We may offer the same consolationfiths grammariaxs Who be-

lieve that with the decline of the inflectional forms of the
subjunctive we are losing that mood of the verb entirely.

We are not losing the subjunctive; we are gaining more sub-
junctive. By adding the periphrastic terms of the subjunctive
we now have four_or five choices of expression where we formerly
had but one. The addition of the periphrastic subjunctive is
another step in the enrichment of the English language.

88

B I E“.- LI '3wa AP 13:25

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nflrd,C ‘Lrloq Porcuun, Lfiat Is En"li “a L *wak of Stratedy

for Fn" {sh 10:0Lers, New York, toott, Foreamau,
REC-1 CG 0 9 11:1:— 0

 

 

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