WHIEHER‘S DEUNEATION
OF NEW ENGLAND HEE

THESIS EUR THE DEGREE OF M. A.

WILLIAM CECIL WILSON
1937

HISGAN BRARIE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEE EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

129 9301848411373

Iain-1m! B mun-10"
of

IE! gamut:

by

WILLIAI CECIL “L80!

1 Thul- aubnutod ta the Graduate haul”
of Home“ state 0011080 1:: Partial Fulfilment
of tho Requirement: for tho Dog?“ of . . . . .

mum

mama: of mm

K1031” mm M!

1937

I O f E

In procunting Whitticr'c dolincaticn of
various phasoc of New England 11!. only his poo-I
have been employcd on account of the fact that
his two pron. corks concerning New England lifc
picture. tho life of tho scvontccnth century

and not of Ihittior'. own time.

The most nccful collections or Whitticr'c
poems employcd in vriting this thccic cor.

         
 

" ."' ' .’ '4 w. a 9 0’. 3‘. 1

mm“ (on-smog. Edition) and W
W (1825-1835)

by Franco. Eat: Pray, which contain. poems not

               

round in tho former collection.

W.O.W.

III
IV

‘

VII

TABLE of 00313878

Introduction.............................
A low Englond Hono.......................
schoolo and school Lifo..................
Religion and fibittiort...................
Politico and tho Anti-Slavory Eovonont...
Tho social Bido of low England Liro......
Labor in low'England.....................
laturo in flow England....................
Conclusion...............................

Bibliograph’ooooooooooooooooooooooovooooo

39

93
it:
153
167
166

190

Introfluctlcn

From tHc earliest time of its ccttlcncnt to tnc
nrcncnt any flew England hnc find conctfiinq nficut it that
is nttrnctlvc. This something nififit be rcfcrrcé to an
nn 'nlncfncnn‘, 'nlcofnnce’ in the ccnnc thnt new Rnfilnnfi
curing colonial tincn and lntcr rcr tfic lccflinfi section of
our country, and kncn it. flaw infilnni nrificfl itcclf unon
rollclcun frccflcn - the object of coming to thin country -;
yet there were cctunl persecutions cf ccrtcln rcllficuc
tectn. ficn Englnnd prificfi itself uncn intclligcncc: yet
the majority of tho-pofiulnce can vcr nurcrctltlnuc, helich
inc, for instance, in witchcraft. new England prided itcclf
unon its litcrnry distinction; yet nothing in the way of
literary achievement in America can accomplinhcd until the
latter part of the cirhtecnth century.

In spite of thcnc.fnctc, however, flaw finrlnnfl dié have
none basic for cctccnin; itnclf bccnnnc it 51% have the
best that was tc bc found.1n Anericn; but nltcrnticnc in
such chnrnctcricticc as have bccn monticnefl were cccn to
take place.

Some of thccc changes were the credunl waning from
Cnlvinicn to Unitnrinnicr, thc concrntlcn of church nnfi
state, the granting of rights to Quakcrn to worship as they
pleased and tc follow their conventional cuntcnc without
interfcrcncc from otter ccctc, thc ncticcchlc Rivivicn of

clncvcn - the Brnhnlnc nnfl ttc middle class, and the ctnnfie

[0

of the litcrnry center from New Enflonfl to How Eork.

During the larger part of tho firct half of the nine—
teenth century, thorn can no quonticn of the literary pro-
acrinqncc of How York; flow Englcnfi plnycfl, oonpnrctivoly,
on inconrwicuour nnrt in the fielc of no ionnl literature.
.A few of Longfellor'n cnrliort pooch rcrc nonlithcd provi~
oun to 1333, nnc pone of Thittier'o alto; but it not really
nonrcr 1”L0 than 1333 that either obtnincd renornl recogni-
tion on a poet. fire orco n' 3 first coring of Tcncwq was
nublinhcd in 1331, nnfl Forttcrne'c “orccc fronégn 01’ Pnnvc
in 1?;6.Trc iccrlnt Lottor did not notccr until 1753. It
who, ncvcrttclonr, n pcriofl of intcllcoturl activity. In
Boston on? Srnbrifigc, not iécnc more ctirrin: two minis of
tho t“inkcrr, nnfi thrGU‘Hout the Now Lnrlnn‘ Etrtof, rfiich
were nnvcnfiin* ropiflly in fictcrin firornnrity by too
establiohnont of manufacturing intorccto nnfi the builfiing
Up of n rich trade with the inst Indian, the intclloctnnl
life of the people not fooling tfic rtinnluo of its own
energy in rather re“rrk qblo degree. 1

0f tho above montioncfi writers it rnc Yhitticr who bo-
ngno tfic grantoct dolincntnr of flow infilnnfl life. Vin
birth occurred on Ecccnbcr 17, 1137, tho yonr in trick
Longfellow ran born. Unlike Lonfifcll or, Vorttornc, nnd

Encrnon, Whittior won noithor city-bcrn nor collccouhrcfl

In hio preparation for lifo trc nonfiowic eloront won

1 . .
t. 3. Sinonnn, A ftvficnt‘c VictorKAc’ nocricfin Litnrnturc,
n. 133.

u

entirely lnolingj. Ho rat a country boy of the genuine
New Englnna stock: for one hunfirod and sixty yearn his
stalwart nnooct orn had oultivatou tfio Hhittior torn, nnu
he very house in wiioh to was born had been built by the
great-granflfnthor of tno poet in 1633. 2

The birthplaoe of fihittior lion in Knot Faverhlll,i nonn-
ohuoettn. The largo farm, which is not hidden from the
right of the poororo-by, wnn once reoluflod, firnt by its
natural position nnfl second by tfio unortfioflor nnturo of tho
fonily. A rocky, hilly forrin: loot, like footlonfi, the
Whittioro livofi on. For onyn onfi wcofin tfioy ni_\t not Fee

7"

other thnn their own circle nnvo on rirrt and Fourth Psyn,
when they roflo eizfit "1199 to tho FriOM 'o rootin" “ouoo.3
A boyhood of hardest labor rn bin fron the any: of
his orriieot monorion. To wring a living from a flow ung-
lnnfi farm roguirod r Mri. inc nntivo ointorn were ferociour,
anfi the father bollovefl in the prifiitivo finntrino that
ohilfiron snould be 'hnrfionofi in”, enoulfl wonr in wintor
the some clothing on in nunncr. It all but oestroyoé the
boy, laid tno founclntion indeoa of "n lntor ills. Vory
little w2.n t‘oro to otinul .to intellectual lifo.u There
were about twenty volumes of books in the mfiittior‘hono,
wontly journals nnfl MQTQlPQ of pioneers in tho rolifioun
L W. E. Simondn, on, cit: p. 23%.

7 l
J F. L. Nottor, ?ho First Century,oflfifrojifn1_’9tor*tvro,

(’5

h p. :ra.;t...
Ibido ' :30 5-5-2.

acciety. In a brief autobiogrswfiie leaflet 3?. Whit: icr

C?

0119 vs tfint he ?69 fonfi nf ?O£3ifif rt an early 939 and
that Wfinn he honrfi, nnv nnfl thnn,of a rook of blnrfinvhy or
travel, he wanifi wclk miles to borrow it: but in those
oerly years 359 bulk of his rpqfiin: w¢n tfie fliblc.’
One brljfit lay t‘c dist rlct scfioclfinrtcr brought a
envy of Robert Burma into the Whittier hfimo and raga aloud
tfie nongn of finothnfi'n pnnwnnt poet. f“e N015?Snflfinfl
farwer'n can, then fourteen, linucnnfl with dolirht, 33a felt
his own soul kinflled,with $99310 fire. We began t0 write
rnyfien of hi“ own, anfi the Vernon were pm:nefl about nnfl

Y on ‘N " ' ‘ "
admirem. Le barre 9d 211 tme boobs 3323 were nvwllnbl

(3
Q

ephncially poemn. .Cne of hi? first purchases wna a envy of
S..nkerpenr9'g plays. H19 phrontw were devout fuqknrs, and
1t wan natural enough that aftenc? than any other volume
the Bible was in his hnnfin. fiexnwfille the youth was work-
ing hard at 910w and scy‘“e, r wné“v owploycfi in t¥o severe
manual labor of the rm rm. fie attenfiefl t“n mistrict cohool
durinfi the twelve weeka' snr?ian every win ntor.5

fialtticr'n fat ”.0 van r.vh .Pth“ to the £3?” ?wnrr, a
weekly paper which young Williaw Lloyfi Garrison was then
efiit n5: at N wturyfinrt: ani ta thin «17‘1wnon Wary nfiltticr,
a sitter two years older than the youthful poet, cent anon-

ywoucly one of his en-1y comfioeitionn. It wag wrintnfl by

LA

r: r
’ F“ H. Underwood. Jom Gremjmr imam. pp. 56-97.

33'. E; ElflOnflfi, OU'IC.1_t“og I3?- 237~23r:‘

5

the efiitor: and one 11y 1111 tFQ 1111t01n—y01runld 111 115
1011113 £01101 the 101t1nn t01111 f11 the moanly 1.1101 with
111 111111 in the '“oct': 311111“. HF tticr noulfi 11111y
believe his 1711. V1 ntood 81711, 111£113 the 11111;
111101?" 10111a‘111111 the {11$ t11t one of “11 11111 111

1 q." 51 u I 0

1113 t 010*ftnr th1t C111110n

53
a
‘3

1111111y in 1111:. It
111111? drove over to have 1 look 1t 111 111 nontrlfiutnr;
111 tfie 11511013 {111111111 1! t1110 two 111 111 10311.

T11 v11: tor urged 31. fihittle 1 ant to 11111u1130 $10 1 ter-
nry 11%1t1011 of 11111 and 11virefi thnt tFe ynuth be
Given an ccu1ntion. 3:113 n1t infllffercnt to his son's
deg-23,1101, 11,1. "‘«7’11ttiol‘ 11.1.- 2111:1111—1101:103, 71111-111 7.111"
1111:1111 11.1. upon “"101 t‘m noncrritz' of 1 13.111101
11.1141 henvlly. R11 terse 19110119 to t111 13 T3111 111
'311, 10121" 1111 11$ giva him H1o'fi'“7

It 111 n fnlnnt $11 1111 1i3110n1 ‘1t11p1e 1tinn of 310

Fr1enfi'n 111 1111 th1t 11t11111 11131.1 1‘11”” be 1'fie 11
911, and the notion thnt the boy 111111 be sent to an 1115-
omy 111 not encourngfifl; but a few 111311 11311, 01111101
111111 left Newhuryhort for Barton, 11d ihlttior 112113
new connectian 11th the V1101 1‘1 (brettc, the cfiitor of
t”1t 11111, 3?. A. W. fh1yer, y1v1 tfin 1111 111101 111
1111111 :10 1011111113113 $113 1 new 1113111 111 1101t1y to
be aficnwfl 11 quevhill. Kc 0*11111 t 0 D17 1 “111 in hi.

£1111y 1nfl tfie father now 101111313, 11v01 1110 by the

«no

‘r—v— —. —V— ,— V

w
I 1. a. 111n<r, g , n:§., .131.

daubt an t0 whether hin eon conifl 2t2nfl the 2fiyrionl strain
of fern work. He had no money, hnwovcr, t2 ennre: 2n2
Greenlerf had tn earn his own living. s‘Tfiin ha 612 2y naku
in: n 22022 kind of slinpcr, and devoted hificelf no faith-
fully to tho industry in the few 2.2nth2 intonvon‘22 between
the decision and the o2eninn of the academy in 39?. 3337.
that he earned enough to 22y hi2 22202232 thnre for a harm
of six monthn. “He calculated r0 0102 -e3y every ite2 or
922enne', n2ys his biom.nnhcr, “that he knew before the
beginning of the term that he mania have t202t2-iivn cents
t2 npnre at ita 91020, 2.2 he netu2liy had this nun of
nanny in his pocket when hi half year of stufly 222 over.
It 222 the rule of his @2016 life never to buy anything
until he had the money in h2nfl to 223 for it, and although
his income 222 22211 and uncertain until pant 212312 life,
he 222 never in nebt.“ Hy t22ching n flintrint 222001 a
few week2 and ioiinfl n mer2t2nt rith 22222002 n:, he W22

cnnblnd to make out 2 full year of atuéy, 22122 222 tfio
c‘
L)

extent of his acnolnntio tr2ini ng.

3:5:

rte? three terms at the n22202y ended fhittier'n fernnl
edu2ntinn, tfie n222222022 222 t“e noliticnl ”fl“ld 2n2~1222nt26
20222212 enureon with courne2 in the 922221 of crncricnce.
Burinn the winter of 133i- -?9, ‘titt “event tto grentnr

rx
manta
- 'J ~. A.

pnrt 0f the tine in Heston as editor of the

   

or inn”! "an

anutacturqr. In 1330, from Jnnu2ry 1 to July 10, he aorvcfl

Cnnpletc Poet 221

 

7

as cdi tor of the Unverhill C~1cttc. Thin misc as he le ft on
being invited to Rnrtfnrd, finance W113, to take ofinrre of
t“e flow 1"‘11‘ ” 002;; ?cv111 durln" the nbnence on politic .1
buninere 0? 1t? r:;1m1 r 951m , George D. Prentice. Here
fihlttifir renninnfl for eirhtccn "anthn and have pnnlfi he was
entertained in tfie bent families where he not pn011 c of
culture nnfl of literary thvtn" chief n1nna thc1 Frn. Lydia
Sijnurney, who w1¢ cowoth mg of a literary lenfier at the
tlfie. Tfint the editorial work by Khittlnr was not unnoticed
anong hla literary conte1fiorarics, 1n shown by the £01101»
in: ertrnct frow a vqtire publinf1efi in 1331. Evidently it
rm? somewhat gallin: to certain writer: cf extensive canon-
tlon thnt n yaun” man of twenty-four, self-Pchooled for

the moat ynrt, nfiauld she a 11309 of reayonslbillty on

9

I (: ‘v ‘ Q M ~
one of New ungland'a Landinfi remfl1110ru.

;nn wax still ntlakln: t0 his {inters' enfis
T10 u1et~“t" m-ottnr, for erafifilc, innfln

Tfia wnrlfl imvnrtnnt mid to unfiovrtand

 

 

What's snlé, nnfl runf, rnfi lent ed in t“e lflnd.n
Fran Ervfifi. A finm Vnnw'n r11:
f0?3"“1’1n"n

 

7“ fl ' n
“'3' " “.LLE1F"" \7. ’ s*"‘.a..-.1n .

F0 tor, Bortan, 3":1.1O
The fientfi of Sfiittier'n father in Junn, 1533, 15119 it

net him free fr01 hifl fnt“cr'e o"cu1nu inn, r~(o it "til

Frannnn any Pray, A Etufiv of ?”1tttor'a A11rnntlnér%1fi
. , .,+‘ v 'T v ’I
:_n ‘n -J¢":u’ q). '_.- “ v'.

13 Francefi is“? P?“Y:.22&—2l§" n' 9’

more imperative for him to earn his living, since the care
of the family fell unon him. He had been using his pen and
etudying meanwhile, nnfl hie versee were brinoing him acquaint-
ences and friende. Through one of theee, the brilliant
George D. Prentice, he was induced to take no editorial
work again in Hartford; but after a determined effort it
becqne clear that his henlth was too frefiile to pernit him
to devote himself to the exacting work n: of_editing a
Journal; and in 1332 he returned to his hone.' Juet at this
time he published his first book, a were hennhlet of twentya
eight ootnvo pages containing a noen of New fin lend
legendary life entitled “Hell Pitcher“. He hnd contributed,
besides, more than a hundrea poene in the three yearn since
leaving the nondewy, and had written many more; but though
thus active with his pen, hie strongest ambition at this
time was in the direction of politics.

For the next four years he remained on the farm at
Haverhill; and when, in $36, the farm was sold, he removed
with his mother and sisters to the village of Aneebury,
chiefly that they might be nearer the Frienae' meeting,
but also that Whittier might be more in the center of things.
In his seclusion at East Heverhill he had closely watched
the course of public events. he wee a great ndnirer of
Henry Clay, one e determinefi onnonent of Jeekeen. flith
hie engaging character, his intellectual renfiineee, enfl that
politicnl instinct which never aeeerted him, he wee rnnialy

eomhng into public notice in hie eietriet: nnfl hie own

\‘3

desire for office drew him on. To be n member of Conrrere
he rurt he twenty-five genre ole, rne rt the election

ehieh was to occur juet before hie birthday there rerc nrny
infiicntione thet he would be the nominee of hi" herty. This

L

ran at the end of l3 2, but before the next election occurred

there ”a“ n grnve 0593801e or ent 03 b" '“ittier riveelf:
and th°n¢0f0rtard t”r0neh the yeera r“en he ronln_neturnlly
11

engegc in nuhlic life he can prne m1rlly debnrree.

?he 1"rt etntete

3

of the above pernfirnfih scene a bit
felleciouc. for fihittier rec elected n nenber of the fitzte

gal-3r

leri"leture for the year leg), the only public office he

V

ever held, except thnt of preei3entinl elector. he can en
t n 1 1 a 1 1 ‘7 1“ 12 ”t“ 4“ "
nele, nell-in.ornee, nna uneiut ierinintnr. bu the clone
of the te.m he ran reElected, but ill health preventee

5.! 1} '"" 4 3 ¢.
fur.aer service. even before enrerin: in tee ectunl
service of the state Shittier drennefi of volition. Pie
frien3n were preenrei even to run him for Gonjreee;-nnd
carer he was to give to then his entire rower. A letter
to fire. Sizeurney, February 2,1332, rcere like e fnrerell
to the tune!

“I love poetry, with a love no were, re fervent
an Pincere as any of the rare riftefl rernhionere at

the tenple of t‘e hence. I conviccr ite rift e:

_.v V W r v W

11 Connlete Peetienl ankv, p. 3111.

f) _
“ F. H. Underwood, on, filt., ?. 113.
13 W. E. zvgj‘finnn‘pt “do" _ 9:320. :7. 2‘3”).

10

nomethin: holy rnfi abnve the fashion of the world...

V ‘3
n--" ‘1'
o

(3

?0112115 11 the 111” £11,13 nor 0101 far m

1

A few no th1 later in January, 1333, he irate:

t:

.f‘n‘
dun.) -Ap

“I have bean 101111193 to 1lunf1 into t“n 117i
rfiir31ool: for I “1V0 f1xn" thrt My 511131111 r91-
ut1tinn is more inzlunntinl thwn "1 11nui11 : 30

I try t1 flake mv1el f a man of the worlfl - an? the
publin Dre donnive3, but I a1 n1t. Tfiny 30 nab roe
that I have $111011 the rough nrtnr of r1230. and tar--
bulont PO"t“OV"”“J over 1 knen7v 1011itive 0111, -

n hnart of rafter rnfl rontlcr ornti1n1 t“11 I 31re

1r
cr1096.'“J

A reafiin: of Garriwon'a @firufififi1 11 1111*111121
(lfijfl) 113 a meeting witfi t“e author in the rfirinf 3ftvr
ociv‘1v n let or fro1 hi1 3233 finitticr 31 Aholiti11ifit.
Far the nc't thirty yep rm he 3cvotel rinnnif to $30 wrifiing
of Tyrtacan poems on aubgcctr 011110313 with slaver" and
16

its M1011 111. One cent.noe of tie letter fro1 Garrison

W11 the kinfilin; Gyrrkt

“ “ “ s’ O I. r
.uy brotunr, uvnra are uvrnrdr of trn rilii1n of our

nountryron rfin are ”fin"13 to t“1 r113 horrible corri-

T ‘ w—v ._ v

F. L. Pattce, 01. c;§., r. 535.
I 556.

3;"t‘““““" of 311ri111.fii11r1«hy. fl

11

ur race nni binnficncfi t&o

c?
1‘:
:3.
0
3‘}
p
L)
‘..J‘
O
<
t)
’1
g
G
{3
m
.‘b
3

para of hiptnry.'
?hero was notfiin: mild or uncertain shout tilliqn Lloyd
Garrinon. He followed his lct*cr ta Cnvnrhill, and h“it*icr
van renfiy to follnw hlfi tn any nxtrowc. Iwfin%iatoly cvfie
kin war-cry salutntory: “Justice find Exweflicnoy: or
Slavery Conaiflered with n View to itn Rightful and Effectunl
flnwgéy, Abelition.‘ (June, 1333). From thin newest he
was first of all an Abolitionirt, even to the ndflrenning
of fincsumcctingn, most of t5cw hortile even to the extent
of nnhhing hiv, as in Concnrfi, flow HQWfirhirn.17

Whittier'n activities in the Anti—rlnvcry wovowent were
the tennent and most noble that avert over How finnlnnd

and Pnuecd its evil muse to nnrtwcr: he ran tfie nutfinntio

laureate. It is 13“OSSlble far the flaw inflanfinr (even
one Who fancies hingelf a tFernurhly efinnnifiatod nnflern)
tn dethE Whitticr'c rnrfinfily heroic vcreen frnn tfie hvrrh
nail of history: to 999 than efccfit t“rnu:h t“e noon air
of his nanifio and serene vorrnnnlity. To hear his vorror,

9n it ware from his own lifin given them Enable firmmntio

force. ”in why Quaker voice i“ hnnrre With rrrc nna his
13

linn of innocence are W“it9 with scorn.
It 19 internptin: to see how laynl fihittior refioinod
to the ifioflls and innfiiratinna of this woriod, 350 distinc-

tive chocfi of his life. ”?hn sifijle fact in,“ he wrote to

A Q; .4. A - _‘

17 F. 10. 1533339, 0". CLEO, Do 55?.

1v
0 5:: m ‘
J05. zany, fiflgrgéfifl.;rit°”¢ naufitprififia_h4tor~turn, p. 112.

wiv— w v

E. L. Goflkin, 'tHHt I nhnnnt be an: {1.0109 31:! rrn Mai to
tHe Divine “Hov_unnc‘ tHnt an early 0H),?c‘ my nttentisn t0
tHc anHt internrtn of humanity, snvin: no from tHH Hoar
ngitifins and nicerrblc jnnlouninn of Helfish Hurauit of
literary rewutntinn.‘ ..c poet hinreif never r03 attcu

EHO fact tHHt tHis alliance Ha Hlnce’ tHHHe liHitntin

..\ u

D
1’3

ufion His verve: he rHtHor HHH it in tHn HHHI in~rlrnticn
a? HiH life, 3H3 true birth of poetical HHHHH. “TH 19H,
if thee Hamid "in Huaoeen, 151m tHyHclf to Howe unwnwuldH

fi.

but nnhle c.uve, ' arifl H0 in after yHHrH tn n

yHutH WHO enHe
to hiH tn? caun;01.19

In 1:37 Vhittier wna Helectefl by GHHHliel . allay
editor of tHo firtinqfil Hr: orran of tHo EngliHH anfl Hfinrican
filnverv Society, an aHethHnt editor Hni He FHrvcfi in tHiH
nfififlfilty until 1759. Ahnve eithy of fiHittinr'n pnoHH are
noun 11 , in tHe files of thiH HHHHP (from 12L? to lififi),
nnfl in nunbcr, Hover, vcrioty, Hnd intercnt EH9" HHCCHd
any PQ?109 crcefit, Horhnfir, tHHt OHHHHSHvHH t0 tHe

20
*‘Hntic Swfizle

5

U1. '.

9.". r1 " 'O ' ~ 1 “ I” ‘1‘ l 7 +1 , fir" . ..
dtHn JR uticr van a iinr a- tza LHJ‘HHHE «Hu.h0 wro.¢

 

I - 't.‘ v q . o. 1 - b1. 3 4-
to Lififi JT‘dflgl tHH. Ho HHHuia Have event .Ae H Sufi? in

WHHH’nHtGH but f0? tHe HthH of HiH HHHZtH Hnfl 2H9 aiffinnfity
n1

"' ’ ' - a, ‘ t... é‘ I, +"
of leaving zHHc on H13 HatXHrH nccnunt. In 9H9 HH~H 1e.u0r

H .. IA. $1,“! Anxzi" ' a“ i 01:). 33;}.

n P V . ‘7 11 H h
r. h. USECPWOHfl, “We cite, Pfio 1{m-17j.
m .
a.
K... PH 1:' 1 1". ‘ 1
L. H. ”igninson, DH. nit., p. 17;.
W

13

(23. ms. 21, 17??) He Hrhtc:

“I HHVQ of 1330 been able t0 write Hut little,

.I‘

"“ I- ‘ a *‘W \ , $ '0 .
Hui uafit Ho'tmy .nr L.e HHHHHH, Hr} I Lrvo Hedrcclr
HnHHnrcfl n lotto r f3? 3 Honth HHHt. I éHcHd to

touHh 9 Hon. Tchcvcr I fin it inc rHHHnH tHc Hull

I-
h

HeHHlnfi pdin in my H053, HHLHH I nH rczrccl" ever

~15“

a 02')
free LHHH.

Yet at tHiH tiHQ He Vnfi occnslbnnIly HuhllHHiH: cint or

‘

nine calanH a Week in tHn fintiandl CHH, baciheH a '_”"fl
Holitlnr 1 carrnc, cadence. There was no lltnrwry man at
His tiHn wHo workod under much a lifelonr rnrtrrint in

n2
‘0-
rchcct a hHHItfi an ‘uaittivr. ’

a

11

Id

henltH H01m“H1tt1Hr down, Hut no: H13 Hen. In
tHc cuiet of hin home He wrote not Hlone an an Abolitifin-
let : during the CSOHHy Cccrde be: are tHn Hp? flfifiQ of tHe
vnry beat of YILH nonHOlit1H=1 VCPHQ nfifinnrnfl. In 1750 he

Huhlirhed HiH “Song“ of LHHOP”, tHe bHHt HrnletHrldn HnQHn
yet profiuned in Amerifin, pficmn written ann the life He
knew - really tHn only life he knew, mince levcry was

for him a were nhntrflctlfl.. To tHin enrly Heriofl, toe,
belong H19 bHHt-knovn brllnan - “CnrHHnflrnlflothHick',
"THH Hrificl Hf ?Hnnncoch", “WHrelny of Lry“, “3H0 Anrcls

of Rucnn Virtq”, ”Tana “vllcr", “”Hry Garvin“, “THH GarriHnn

A ._ L A. L ___
m __ _V_ ~—v ‘— W -V

‘4‘:- (l
§ J

315.3110}. “1'3"? "Ltd. 0'3 : Canto, I. P. 13“,.

”3
L. m :1!
L o H ..

. Higginrnn, o a Hit. pH. 1?1-17?.

g 1%

4 ‘ ' "

of bnfio Ann“, 'fihijficr Ireron‘s ”1’9“, “:5“ 375“ 5533 0f
parggn Avppy', “label Tertin', "Th9 Trfipfieny Of fififiuel

fl ‘ u 21

we 0 1

Then nf‘er tfio War came 'Lnun Don", t“n nont rtlrr as
of his lyrics, Which haw an interertinq histary. It wan
ennfifisofl 6‘21- the poet U"fi a tt2n3 2n the Frinnfln' Ne931n3~
”nhro 1n Afianhury, rt the rn~ul~r Fiftfi Day mootinh, listen-
inn t? The belln of Jubilation viich QHHTBnfiOfl tFo PfTTFTC

of 3He cons titutiondl pmeninnnt nh911"fi1né s1fivery, Jrnunry
nr

31, 135f;¢J ““ now-inunfi AT1ntcr Ir‘VI" (l‘CC): “T“.o Tent
on the 1cwnh nn‘ QtFer Pocnn' (153? , 'Afifinf the N111: and
etzor T’O““"' (13,3): ”3&11951 of How Enrlnna" (1f7fi). flew
Enfilnna wn" rlwaya uWfierfio¢t in t“e wlnfi of *1 ttlcr.

Recently John flan" hon rnfifirkefi thfit “”0 ‘"cr1n. pfint his

sun: of P19 nnlfifihorfinofi “it“ naive finflr2fin, n" 1? 1t Vern

all tFQ warlfl to him.“ Tfittinr, hnWCVOr, Eur anne r9.

5*
i".

knew nothint also; he lcvzrd.not“.1nf nice. Like a fnfifier,

he laved it: 12¢ a “c"“'“ , he know it mnfi Cofcrihnfi it:

A?
(.1)

ouittin3 n02.1fi'
Thittlcr w.na t“e only one of 2‘0 ninotc.2th- -"cntu“y
from? of Sew fin land poets who never went afironfl. Vic

152230?" 31'8qu ave-pa 0111?"! {1’16} :2“O¢_:‘mz‘f)11f2. 27.9 1‘181'3 3"." 711111.110

5

fiosltlon nftnr his efi?1y service in tfio Lanc"c¥uscttn Loyisu

:1 i
”L F. L. Tattee, fi cit., p. $60..
3r

2 m - n. n 2
"1 C E' I ‘-’—£..1fi.' ad“ . W: ’ .- '..‘ (’1 Q

P. L. Patten, a“, cit., p. 563.

15

leture, but during the period when the overreerr of Harvard
College were chosen by the legislature he once rervcd, in
1358, an overieer, and allufled Jocorelv in n letter to
Lowell, then editor of the Atlcnt_c, to the fact hat he
hnd.authcrity over Lowell. He receivee tVe Harvard honor-
ary aegree of Teeter of Arte in 1363, and that of Doctor
of Lane in 1366, at the hunfiredth anniversary of the college,
when he woe the only literary man so fieccrnten among a
number of men of science, a fact which ettrcctcd some
notice. He We” nnde a trustee of Brown Univcrcity in 1869.
He Wee ohcccn a member of the Enccnchucette Nictoricnl
Society in 1563, one was borne unon its roll for three
years, but never accented the office or even refilled to
the invitation, for some reason yet unexplninec, so that
his none was dropped. He declined nonberrhin in the Loyal
Legion, a society of officers who had rcrvcd on tfie Union
eifie in the Civil War, one hrd a limited nunber of Civilian
menbere; but this he refused as the princinlee of the
organization were inconcietent rith tFOQe of the Society
of Fricnfic.27

The society of his kinfired and e fen intinnte fr131Ce
he dearly loved; but he rnc too difficent to enjoy large
connnniec, nnfi he cFrnnk from n11 puhlicity. The fnrner
of Enet Haverhill wan mcct nt‘hcme With cannon folks,

.. -.‘ ‘1 v n \ 1r (v
underc‘anr n3 tnen perfectly ”n4 toliinc mitn than in

'3
L.
7 T. W. Higginncn, on, cit., p. 176.

16

language they could unfieretnnd. He unofl tfie nronoun “thee“,

the Q “her forn of e-firooo, enfi elrnye reneinefi heartily

d
.3

qrd

loyal to the eiofile mannerc of tho Frienfie.“” only rcntlfiu
neon, univorenl goodanill, nnfi a benutiful rindlioity of
religiouo faith eternotorizod him.

Tfie ponulnrity of WE ttier inorenroe enong all olneoee
of rooflere. Hie revontietn birthfloy one celebrated more
orofueely tnnn had hnnnened to any Anorionn author before;
and noreoo than wee et firet tfiolly congenial to his
nodont nature. Tn, innue of the Litornry Weilg,of December
1, lfi?7 one devoted wholly to him and contained articles
by verioue authors. On Dooenhor 17, 13?7, on elnboroto

fiinnor nee given him by the publisher? of the fitlontio

 

. on .
Eonthlv, at Hotel Bruneeiok in Boston.“’ E319! birthdnye,

like those of Loinfollon, were observee witfi note—nortry
tributes of eeteen. Uyon hie oifhtioth nonivorenry, the
Governor of unoenehneetto With otter dirtinfuiehod citizonn
visited the root at one Knoll to present tfio oonrrntuletione
of hie motive etnte. Upon one of thone anniversary
oooneiene, fihittier nee oeenly touohed by e tolerrnn sent

by the Southern Foreetry Confireee noeenhlod in Florifin:

“In renonhrnnoe of your birtnfiny, we Enve plnntod

....

a live-oak tree to your nonory, nfiioh, like the

'2
leaves of the tree, will be forever troon.”’

Li.‘ A A ‘L hi“ J. A

v w— vw—V Viv.— V— f rw—vv

we
“” W. E. Simonde, on, o;§., p9, 2H7-2h‘

:2— ..
9 T, e. Virgincon, on, nit.. n. 173-
30

J

{

Q

”or
4.).

Far“. J. T. a

“no 95-

 

1?

T930330? with him gentle flirnity of hnnrlnf and him
canoe: nryncnn of nn.ner, WE ttler fi09368”0£ a keen sane.
of hufinr and had a homely ”it that flashed out in conversa-
tion wltfi hln frlnnfiv. Aflnng thenc was n number of €19-
tinruirhnd women: irx. Stowe, Lucv LQCTOfi, alias rnd
Phonba Cary, firrah Erna Je*ott, £0113 Thnrtcr, and Fr¢.

anna T. Fields. 312% Longfellow, finnrann, fin? VOIWOO

"n ‘-‘ 2-». .‘ 9. "' “ . “'
”£19.19? hrfl n ,leorrnu .Uu not an ln.1finue no uhiutnnco.’

H

. l.“ 01.. 1 .. .. 8 "‘9 $4.0.
n 003)9r1ro* $1.1 0” or hnérifion pneuc, ~11~.19r

0U. . "' " r1" 3! . ‘-’ a‘ v _..- 1
us“ he rnco Jinan on onncnuinllv nrovincinl. Amine from

..

12".!) f.”- ,.

L

. u..-l,‘

t that 2 lnrfia bafiy of him verse, th Anti-SVHVfiry

‘

~ F-VI'I «- 0 . - '9 fi - a v» ~
poemn, nun nunonvsrixj of ennubfifinrnry vidnn, re nub.

- r—y ...‘ ~- ‘~- ._ . 1. -r ‘ c9 ‘ I”
Pg;c,00? 31.0 tnut nae be“. fiartlon of ‘10 ycrh belonhs

'T'S
/‘-'*

. u‘.
|

- 6“ P‘- ' Q q ' ‘
0w “n“;and, w‘ich be no clear;; Lciinentec.

CWA;”

Ya. I

53? 'W?‘\TD "0‘32

The honeatend 1n wfiich Whittier ran reqrcfl 19 to this
any so sheltered fran the w-r1d that no nnlrhbor'n roof
hag ever been in Fifht from it: anfi Whittier rnyfi 0? it

in “Snowaanund'

“go church-bell lent ita Christian tone
To the savage air; no nocinl swoke

1
Curlefl over Woods of snow-hung oak.“

In a prone paper by EB tticr, "The Fish I Difin't Cntqh”,
“ublishnfl nr1r1nally in the little Fitrr1fi, 1n fihilnfiel him,
in 18:3, there 15 n aketch of the hang of his rant“ fifiloh
is Enfwent1ve of n runtio boyhnofi. It arena an follnwn:

“Our old homontnnd (the hourc rra very old for a new
cauntry, havinr been built about the tine that tha Prince
of Ornnfie drove out Jnfien tfio Semen”) mantlefi unflev n lfifif
rnnye of hills which stretched off to 339 wort. It qu rur-
rounfiod by wand“ 1n n11 Fircct ion" save to the "“u’“n'"*
Where a break in the wall rfivnnlcfl n v1?tn of low, f”093
meadows, nicturocque With wnofiefl iflrnfls 9nd Jutt ink unwea
of ufilnnfi.'3

The fifiittior hfiure in wave oven to vinw fraw the “fin

Jfihn Grecnlenf fifilttigp, Cn~:?n*a nn¢+q¢n1 f“?3fi, P. *30.

 

O w a ‘ .
“ T- "3 31¢»:1nron. Jn‘ran Mahala? J"‘.ltt1a!“, :3. .r,

road thnn it was sixty yearn 3:9. The wnofls thtt hefifiefl it
in have bnen novtiy clenred, enlarging greatly the riolfiq
of ynnture nnfi meadow.3

The oaken frnfio of the hence, novvovcfi of timber fifteen
inchefl acuqrn, in built around a cnntrfil cViflflny. The
kitevon, which is the chief room, it thirty feet long: and
t“c fireqlnce in eight feet between tfin gnwhn and wvn Game

A
brnvd enough to nah t honohcn on oithnr Ciao.

The square front r0019 are unchnnrefi. $ho warkn of
their cantury are ujon every finrt of the work: strength
and sifivlicity. The otken bcnwr, which a nnn of fair height
Can touch with an upraieofl ban”, arm fifteen inches rqudre,
nna an firm an whom laid. ?he wninncote nnfl floors are
well prenarvcd.5

At one end of the kitchen Wfifl n bofiroon kno¢n an tVe
mothnr's room: but it war in tto want front roan that the
pnet was born. The small chnnbcr overhcnfl in tte one he
OcaUWied an n boy. & flicfit of well-worn stern loads ufi
to it fPOfi the kitchen. Above are the tine-strinafl rnftors
and the bonrdn ninrcod with nail-pointn vhicfi urea to
piinten 11ke powflorei ntnrc on frcrty warnings. fibre it

Wm, m: t‘m “not hm' tolt’i W1, flint On RESP-“V." ni."f'*"‘;tr-‘-, -

. g}, r‘ 3 W
'ue heard .50 loongnea CléthOfiPgm tort,

3 F' 3‘ ”mermn‘it 30““ Gmmlvnf ‘v‘hittifim 9. ‘5’...
[1
' F' “° ”HT’CFVOO’E. Mm cit . 9:1. P‘s-3:1.

F
J Ima, '3. 21-1.

I

Th0 board-nailn Ennfiwinf 1n the frost;

Anfl on un, through the unflincterod wall,

.6

Felt tte lifht ciftei anew-flake? fall.

The Revere colanona of tfin hence - for wnrfiof.tfiroufih-

out it never was - ennnot be reckoned today. Haw WUC5 more

real son“? ttn cnnflint wit‘

frnrt tn” rnnw unon Thittinr'n

".1

hearth as he dcanribos the bviifiinfi of t¥c fire in "finowa

Bound”:

7n
.4

O

'30 “119%, with cnrn, our ni~ht1y rtcck

Cf wood nfninnt t50~031finny-bnafi -

The onhcn 19:, green, tuce, rnfl ttict,
Anfi on its tap tfie ntnut hficE-rticfi:

Tfie knntty fore-stick laid apart,‘

Anfl filici between with curious art

ion ragjefl brush: than,-hovariny narr,

Io watctefl t5e first r01 blaze nfifinfir,
Hearu the shzrfi crackle, cwufht tfio rlcan
On wtitewnnhod well end nsgéin: beam,
Until the 015, rude-fzrnicfied roan

Burst, f10~er~like, into very blocn;
while radiant with n WiMIQ flhfie

Cutniflc tto nfiqulinf drift bonnie,

Ami throuffi the bnre-bour59d lilac tree
Cu? own word hearth 900*nfl blaring freo.'7

If one wnuid know tfic gfiirit Of tfio h?U”QVOIfl he may

Cownlqte Poetinni tnvkn.p. £05.

M Y 2-! “ -’ + ,ir
¢pleta fincticn; .nrtg, on, niu., p. wEO.

.7

4
:3
J
C?
:9
<3
:3

find it in ”Snnw-tound". fhe farm itfielf wt:
nrof table one: tto 11nd vat only noflerntely fertile and
nfiulfl never have boon tfin "flurne of wnnlth tn tFo nbct
laborifiue cultivntar. The farm wnr oncufiberei with flcbt.
In tfie town ansecrwcnt for 1 23, it stand at the finint
prefierty of Jocept, Jotp, 9nd 3039?, 9nd W”fi ratefi at 3233,
finch below its nrabnbla value. At all event”, then in 1736

.1

Jonc~h married nnfl removed tn fininfi, bi" chrrc was hnufibt
by Jnhn, fntfinr of our voot, for 5533. Tfiifl nuw was borrow-
ed; ana the interact even wnq felt as n hurfion. The fight
refinined durin: the father's lite, nnfi wan at lapt clchrcd

.
by the ernrtinne of the non.”

It will not fit to infer {ran nuch details ttnt tfie
fnfiily wrn natunlly roar, sltfieuyh wonny wurt have hnnn
rennrtlly padres. In those firyn thn rantt of “on an? Women
were fewer or the afiirit of self-denial ant perscndl in-
éefienfiencc was more comwon. Each houaehold kw” its nlenti-
ful nupnly of foofi frat tfie croyn rnfi tern? rnfi t“e river:
tha fiela of flax and t3@ annual flocc,s, rwun and rfivcn
at hnnc, furnithcfl nofit of the nncerrnvy nlothinr: nniHPbor-
bnnfl GXCthficfl flirtributnfi nnfifortr: rnfl survive wonfl, nuts,
crrin, ant otter turn profune belhefl t9 bnlrnne tke renount
at the country stare. LVfi y nfiturnl w~nt Wt” PU‘?1103, rnd,
little an the fafiily hat to nnonfl, finvnrty Wt? unfolt, or

Q
rather unknown.“

A‘. JAL A. A.-

8 P?
9

r. A. Unfier300., 9*, cit., 9. L4.

1".)
f0

The fitittier hnfie was cnfifortébln, and tfiq hicture it
left in the pact'n mnmnvy is an invitinfi one. ?“a “01%
rufic-furnivhdfl room” with its “wEitnwnnhofi wfill nnfl cdfging
beat“, *0 motley brviéna net" uwon the floor, qnfl its

.u _,l
nfifile firefilhce ruafly with the flfifin of o“nc‘:li n" lo"r, wws
3 seems of cantentment and hOfiely chner. 10
“hut in from all the WW" *1 wi t‘mut,
fie cat the clean-wingefl hefirt“ abnut,
Cantent to let the north-winfl roar
In baffled rage at pane and floor,
fihile the rad logs bofnre us bnfit
'fhe frort-linn back with trohin hour.”ll
Here we hove, nbsclutely wfiotokrnfihna, 350 Furitqn
Cclbninl intericr, PS it orintefl t ll Within t5? Very mafi-
cry of old men still living. E9 other book, no 0th?"
ricture preserve? it to ug: all other bnflk", all Otkcr
victurnn cnflhined, leave ug still ifnnrfint of tfie ntfiosWhern
which thin one “n"e rc-crenton for ur; it in NOPQ ififinrich-
able than any interior printed by Gerard Dnuw. Ttip hinture
we owe to a lanoly invalié, who phinte? it in memory 0? his
inst householfl comwnninnr, hi? motkcr nnfl his sister.12
Those wioea acme“? reache° buck fifty ycfirr, nné enfienial-
1y thoee 3%9 were ronrnfl in Inna” rn" to frhn lnrga towns,

will find in '“nowalnunfl“ perfect 310 turns 0” t‘c n‘d tines.

fhe wont hintnlf 0:11? thaw Flowiéh 510tU?°"3 “"5 it 1’ true

A , ‘A_g Lh

— 'w v—

1- . l ,

O W. E. Simona, Ofi. n1t., pp, 33 ..3?.
W

11 n

0””13t9 Poetical works, P“. h03-h“1.

12 7* .
T. 95?. Iififlginfon’ 0"“ alto", p. 9‘

that t”oy have ouofi of tHe homely fifinlitg of Toniorr, but
Ithoy are for more than literal rohrooentntion". Tho scones
'rlow with ifionl beauty, - all the more for their buoolio
tone. The works nna wryc of t“e honoot fiooolo pro oloort
whotogrqwhioally revealed: and re bnvn rttorworflr nothing
but rooolleotiont of choorful oioty, moflont onfi ntonfifnrt
trutfi, and heartfelt love. There in but non oomntoroart in
tho lnnrunre: the 'Cofiter‘e Saturday Eiffit" of flurno: rod
that in comnnrotively‘lioitofl in noooo and lawn ooetiool
in treotooot. An cynonition of “Snot-Wound" Punt 99 oould
be rivcn by n man of oywwnthy not knowlofre would be n
v —. . 17
tinCol hiotory of a tow anolonfl fooily Fol? a oontvry ago. J
Tho family in the have, for it it the nonooiotiono,
affectionr, and influencco of cook oooboo of tto r9311
that woken a home. Fortunately the rFittior town was rn
ionol one: evoryone vorkod toyottn? tyranniourly on” loving-
ly for tho botte?fient of all. ?ho hoot hon loft no bett r
oortrnit of the fihitticr fatily thou the one tfiot in founfl
in “Snowuflound“, n bonutiful iflyl t*orouvtly rooli”tio of
the form hone in the grotn of winter. Tho fofiily ciroln
prouood in homely ooofort about the roorinr firewloco in
that of the poet'o own frugal hnfio, but it in tyoioql of
tte rural life in New Enrlnnd Surin: tte nineteenth century;
and t“e oortroito ore rowrooontotivo of tVo oturfiy olooe to

11*.

wtioh the ooot'e fnoily belonrnfi.

1 .
3 F. H. Underwood, go, o;§., p. L5.

12“ to» f} 0". Q
5. u. ;.).z."‘.’f‘a.'lc.f‘=, 0". alto.

‘ 3‘ q I- - -§ D! I 3-2
“coking at tie gran) arouni tfo fitooifo yo one tie

Dofit's ootfior WHO wwul5 o?ton roluto rtorion frow tho 353%?

D
or finfiuel 503511, tho ‘urfior Hictoridn. “‘30 35515 o1ot
out $30 slinficrin: rnfloction of tfio firoli “t in €33 33311
Rink pone“ of Tiflfiow C1588 vn5 ““ul 3 t535~ Jtittlnt t“5
015 rfiyfio snout tfio o totofi onhinr tno t*5r5, or woul5 toll
Pin of n fioint in tFQ Cfiuntry 3rook wfiore t“cre 339 a trnfii-
tion of a witch meeting oonsiotiofi of 91? little olfl 33305
in f‘£7 blue clerks: or of n boifife ”Faro n tofitctor hnfl

lC

onoo ooen a short >o;715" for oolo. 3

Aocorfling to 39¢. F1815” 3Mo Fan writ‘on ro~e reminis-
conccfi of thitticr, firs. fititticr hti a £133 belief in
Witchcraft in her youn"or 53y3 n55 ioino3 3it3 “or riot or
in fixkinr a 32x 15550 of n flinintcr tkoy 513 not like: mad
than t3oy moltoi it 331:? fire, bolioviné, 33 tfiey 515, ttrt

16
the {3153-1 13:06! Plan wvulfi {716.

Thonno Sontwortfi Eirfiinton, 5n? 1.: tin p33tornto in
flowburywort, freruefiq 71y vioitn5 no. fiFittior: on5 ho hon
503031355 firs. fitittior 5? twin: 3 “flort tyfiiool iu3tor
woven.' T55 mother, nlooid, ecunblc, cloVUSin: almott into
rcliriouv rite? t*e wfiitnneco of bar brad3 353 t“o rarity of

- 1
For toolo linen, 353 of o natuflo rivfilo. n3olo, oo3 fir eat. 7

'fifiittior'g mother, 333. Abigail Sfiittior, 555 n wovnn

4'

- v v. ‘ a I a o .' ' ‘
of nfiturol refine on. oi vnnnoro, snyv .r. C. a. 33339,

n neifitbor of tte ffittiers. 'fining 5 friend of fly not59r,

 

15 'r.

16 I"??? O J O 5'3 F1f1(1 P ’ ‘b‘itt3.n“. I) ‘0 3,L-3{;.

‘. a

17 Samuel P103333, L139 on5 Lott3“o o? Jonq,a. “”1ttfoh, p 33,

 

PO
k‘l

" a1 \ .x . m. ' 1 'l a
r39 nov¢r féllvfi, 3153 s’@ ¢~w .5, 151135}; to inculre for

' ‘ -t ‘.‘ can. t. ‘-
Bar. *0? lanunro ~35 5153y' t'e r¢;n. ';05 5o twee an,
~ ~ J» V - ‘9
Cknr103? - nn3 haw 1- tfiy motnnr?‘ 33? £550 "35 fU1l 9nd
0 !T .-. fl , a 1‘1 “‘4. ‘1‘ . 1
vnrr -Plr. war he ring W39 11351115. r29 3? ,.¢n 11v¢1y.

?hn wor3 'benlfin' be3t 3535r550n33 t”0 9*:rocvion of 50?

‘r- ~O \ 'V “- " Q- a $ ‘7 r- | ‘ '9. .‘ 4-
fertufinr. anina “3 n 500:1; n<nu1~azl £1. 5:11511u3 nwuunn

_ _ 1. . - . _‘
ware, cfirvtnnel rad sweet, lOVx:1C, rnfi 111m‘05r303 t. 3
1:3
‘ H u -. -' g ,1 , fl ‘ o ‘ '0‘ " '~«. \ "a.“
faugt, «he VG? lsvefl 9n” %finnreu o: 911 v~n nan: 10?.

with thn fviily on tht 5515 315th? n1r”t war uhittlor'a
bacholcr uncln, 50399 Skitticr, tfic yfiunrent brother of the
fifint'fi fntfinr. Uncle annn swont fiin 35510 life at tho
Lafinatorfi, in 53155 Re omna5 3? ecvml pFnrn witfi P1: brotFor
Jo5n. 552% n situe‘lnn W5? n93 unQOfflnn in nineteenth century
30w £5r15n5, for tfie £55113 tie? were very 01059.

30995 fi”1ttlnr hfid never T955 ”new or travelled ffir:
but 31 wrn 319a in $39 trfi51tiann of 339 £1311y and nfiiébber-
hqo5. HQ man on 053515 t5 he canfiultéfl abaut the wentfinr.
Ho 591153333 in Ptory tolllnfi, f1¢h1n3, finfl huntinr: aid his
nebfiewa founi h13 tn be a cflnrv1nr edfinnnifin 1n 3‘31? rambles.
In Grennlnfif e3fien1w11y Unnln Taron finfi a cy~wnt¥ntim lirton-
9?. A3 thny marked 3533335? in t“n £10155 9? 53C by tFe
ovcninfi firflvide, Greenlcnf 9:33y35 $33 N'FV3inus rtovics
of $39 fieniyonm of 2&5 fornrt rn5 rtron3, trr51315nn of

15

witchcraft, 955 tales of atrarge h~wweninfis 1n Hid awn tinep. ’

m M . . 1 1. m1. I. - -
we can 119 inc txe moavs in «:15: t 0:6 Faerin? were

13 L

F. H. Un55r5oo3, 03, 51;., ad. r7-Vi.

1n 1 .
/ unfiuel Vioh3r3, 33. 51t., 3. 33.

received, and hdw tVQy waulfl be W9?3P5 pnfl

k1n‘11n3 fFfiCY OT tWH YfiutF. Snflfit‘“0? n5
st 510 unaie'v know, ho r~u15 fall 1325 r0

331?. 11:13:10 V'mfir‘. r.r"11‘0 ”1‘1

‘5 v 1.! . ‘ 3‘ ’
',,¥OJ7' {'_r't (”at 0: t at rt09fl2'

[331318 410"“.3, 1‘77".) waft 1103‘?! in

(31“

1
0‘ "r z
A ‘ . ..

U"-

fn injuvy P5031705 from n fvllfnfl

“n5 nut finwa nnfi which, tfikin; an ungy.ggt;
@
yinnei hifi to 2%“ grounfl. 31? {hitVfU‘
at two h ure, n35 Io-en wag comm fann5 rm”
I. 'I ‘ a 0‘
19 615 nnt Ion; survive t.a noniundt.
‘.' .4 ’1 f1 . ... \ - 3‘ 1
fir. v. u. uhnfe, a noihhaor of L-e 11
0
fietfillefi r035unt of Unfile 30395' 65335:
all
“He wan a 33m f5? tfic little f01k3

‘0 . n‘ol

tn IQVG.

I
20

finlore5 1n the
3?nrnlnvf rt005

ver103 tron fi3icfi

1. LR A

b..." "‘.~1Lfi!1' fl ’I‘T,0

Q
P I -, A . q 7“ V 5" 7‘“
x. d [.Tl‘l’ ?.O’ \.J ' 1 w :v'
.‘s'. ‘v‘ ‘ ~ ..

DI .‘ ‘15.” ’ 3 (3
A. ‘9 ’Q . 5.: ..

6‘ {'J..:${‘Oal 4.

. . 6 1 .‘I-
C: L191?" ’ (1.: Jim
J- ‘n . ,\ 0.. C
U whirl"? . 3 4.er n

I well

r 1

refinwbvr .29 950”“ $3103 the neixhhorbonfi .51t vFen
tfie nnwa v}rvni that Uncle “0905 Red bonn *illel.

This wag in 1323. fig hnfl £31195 n tPFO in tfie 50:5?
whiflW hnfl 105331 Pfi3in"t ““htLfl“ trefl. Tfi brink tVe
first tn tfio rrfiunfi, he £01103 $23 nencnfl tron. T30
two drowned at the $539 3155, rnfi, taking uncrfientrfi
aircntinnr, he 303 cav138 rm} E11105 “3 one of 2395.
Cn a bittvr 5013 53? $39 {055 513 5'n 33" nnr“1nfi ta

‘ V . .
tints of k1. vtIVO

of a n f1811 n fmw r35: in tfie rnrfi 0?
H3 .- , HQ“.
0035" *3 my dinv n» n t 11. 11.15.

‘
‘." {3 3i)? ""1": T".

n 1-
oi‘ )

{a
t“n R5U'c. 15

fr.” 1 nan,
' .. .fi. .\ $'

.271

 

stout nnd {tirrin3 *;nn P13 b“fi'her thn,
83 L g
lLEmn P. JJ‘
'1'?
1-4. 7 r U a ”.1, ,3: (3n ":4. ,3 1.1
1 , s, -JV1P.-afi.t‘, »>' .».;«o, g o ‘rlo

 

2?

4.x) 9‘

ch w‘~*wrn of t“e unn7fi 1n ”*nfiw~finund" 19 ware flifi*inot
t*an tht of nfifikfifi fi“fi frfi”0? n“ t“n "at“éfi, bbcéu”c the
fine: tnliv n¢ fiiroctly thn unnle'a curlitinn hnrldne tell-

inc u" hf t“n life ho 10a.

In tuvnfin" to tfin nor: firfihnr of t“n fnfiily by t“n fire-

Inf-i
.' .1 .

rife re wee fifiittior'a nun? “1? “Prev

4, ‘Vurrny, who “as
the yfivnénv ninth? of she poet's “ht“nr nnfi who lived in 333
family tram AFlttlsr'n enrllcrt naflory tn tfin hive of hbr
fiedth 1n lflkfi. filth 1959 of #17313? and urncencc than the

virtnr fi“n find a sinful"? nwcntnnnfi hf filrwnaitlfin, r64

'1’}
" Ln
10V133, hnlfifUI WFYR.“ Ear gentle ministrrtlfin? at 3&9

bedfiide of the nick nnfl gufferinr téva a peculiar elrnifl-
finnac tn tfin mafia he? jrrentn bnvtnwcfi on t%1n funknr ”sister
of mercy".

Canccrninfi the fil"n1ty of Aunt Vbrfiy, 5?. Share Rays:

“Hap algfifiw' Aunt hvr,v Hunnoy, W59 far mp"? yQFPQ an

q

‘Q

Ffinornd wanker of the fnfiily. his, re I remeflbnr her,
thanTF n fierrn1 of less 61:"1ty of honrlnr, ”ad n face
w“1nfi rmvomlefi a rinrulnr mwentnnrc n? tewfior. She
I P"
we? a fickut manger of tie Soviet? of Frienfl¢.'g3
He nl"o any":
'?fie drovw of the two Indies I veil rnfievbnr. 1&0
hlnln quknr char, P0 namely nnfi r0 nwotle 9, find the
nn'tnern nnfl fitnnc" rnfl 94W0“P“nfie of 2501? ”Hale

. . '\ “ ... ‘- m . -
fittire "t3?”fitufl wy yfiut‘fuL fnnn . .xnv rep ca to

#3!)
LC. v
8'2""1101 z’i-‘ITZIWI‘Q, O“ ’3 t p T’- 33-
”3
‘- . . ’d
F. H. underwoofi, ¢».

 

he tn combine all that $32 sweet, lovrhln, nnfl 9"cnllent

q
in womrn.'“

Even the etnry of Aunt Hercr'n ruiflt life ”"7 n6:

.‘ ‘ \ fi ' ,J-- a . g ."r\ . ,q I .‘
.1tvnuu 9 tin 9 n* rfifinnco. In her yang P0“fir3131 t“ t‘e

trrfiltinn of tVG fn*iiy, the Tfifl Hatrfitfioi tn n wort”y
younn can. Late nne evedinr rs che sat h" the fire in 339

old kltnhon, 0*tnr tVQ rn"t of t“n f""11y hhfl ”ntfivflfi, r%9

felt imwellefl to $0 to tfip window: fn‘, lonfignr nufi' fiun

racorniznd her lover on h?r¢cbnck nw*rn¢n“1n" t“e bfiu¢¢.

n? n“e had reason tn bollnva tFtt %0 mm" in fiAw YorF, rkc

war cur rlscd pt his uneanctné rnturn an? his afill at so

23" ,.
latn nn hour. fincninf the “arch winfifir r" r*n Enrtnncfl
ta Owen tfie dear, aha saw her lover r130 by it, n13 turn rs

if to aififlfiunt nt the ntcp. The nvrt lnctnnt For find? #63
afion, but no trace of nfin or horse w“n to he roan. 30-
vilficrcfl and terrified, nhe callnfl h?” nirt¢r, W“n llnfinncfi
to Ear story pnfl triefi to 900250 ha? rnfl offtco tko nn1,-
ful ififirenclen. “Thee hvd hotter r0 to hnfl ”n?ny, :50? hnfi

I

boon 031069 and anhflinc h? t*c five," rhn cal”. fins 7ercy

wrfi cuitn sure rh, had nat bvon rnlcew, rnd whrt ch» had
or
1.. )

roan wan pg real 5a rny wakinr o”worionce of “0? 1150.
In vecrlllnr the cirnnwctmnaon hf h”? virinn, can by
one, she nt length noticefl t“nt she hnfl heard nn Fauna er

hears. It may on 1fl~fiinei WLnt CLO eféent a” fill hf tFi" was

uqon Aunt Envoy: nnfl she wvn nfit URfiPC“F“Oa, fifth“ r worry

F. H. Undervonfi, o“, “23., p. kfi.
27". “I r' " 1 '7 ‘f ‘0
unwuel zinanva, ow: cit., pp. ;3-3+.

I.

‘ ’1‘ . a .', ‘ 1" I, “
J uq.ue‘ .inunr-, 01. a 3., p. 27.

. " ‘ .\ ~ Q .4“! q ‘h 4’ :
nitlnw of men? Cfg‘, “a 10~vn L‘Vfiu % 6 Jetber -”Ofi new

York, Writtnn by n "trwnhn “dwflg t““t FD? lawn? died

vowy fir? end a: the ban? of her vinidn. In her {P10

4- -

‘fisfrvc‘rqfi’ («“0 I.”

11‘91 n lifn n” n nnrfv‘ cfifiritv. V50 :13 nfit fnrvat

fi“ht 1“"“, wad rmve nfi eficnurnr“ P“t to htPnP sultn“fi.
9‘ r ' _ . , .
Anotfinr fiCTb“? of the ’hittinfi fa 11y wnn John 'hittifir

‘=.;“n W‘Dt'r f.*-'..'.‘ r“? a tall, ’tt'*()fl§‘.§.y built WM, ““30 1""?

I

ch}. 0'! t‘th :rfl"! fJnflbfii ‘9an or fr”? gt" xn 35nd ‘unon fi-Mfi‘lr}

519 yfvtfi far tFo v twnnflth nnfi rvfifi”wo~« he 510‘1fiyefl

a nfit F“ut bo""e?_f ombw ffin“ t‘e warl”:

‘10:"

t 1-

in

in

L‘ e ”I. .....
~53
.O‘» ~‘ 'v- v- ‘r 'V a . 5‘ Q o
"a ‘19311f3 7?” “9': 3471:, 07’0‘501809. in’? “57‘: 9‘} '2“!!! (he: fr}?! V’C‘IT‘QS

but ‘Pfifi“t rnfl decisive in ”5% uttar'nfinc

Ii,:,v.

.9 men raverfil

tinhe electfifl n relcctfinn of anorVill wfifl ”3? often afillnd

~ ‘- » M - -— .. a .- n. .. s -.
vyén to new 9” seditrrtfir in rot“‘fif net-Vadrfindw c
0.10 '1. f? -.

v w . ‘. - - I- 4‘ , “’.-. u 5 ‘ .‘ '. ‘- .4',
In F~Cw~inf 0; hi? fau~fir'r cnflnratifin fit} nova

‘_

iffnr-

ha»?!
(«45 a.

3.0 nr!‘ 4. a . ‘ ., «$1 , _. ~ ‘ I5 ‘1‘“ P ‘_
WP. “110U13“ annc tufitfifi uJifi ~njin_ 0‘ hi”, izgii tr 3
V I '2 - ,I . ' ‘ 1‘.“ '.~ ,“ ‘
*ln Ovinifin in rc dru 90 fibglln c .riuics:
{‘- ' ' .' r‘ 0. 1. .n‘ '5 Q" .
'fhfire rvP t*e bar a’ pnnr, rm: t'e uev 12' Awe?

‘ J

i“. ..q r .s', ‘ “a. ‘ ‘, ’. ‘-.. - A' "q
$~¢re 0v ‘t tn bw n Elfitlnction ‘ruo u«t Gen tfiC1 by

“7
V r.» v “ - .9. h;
tke eturseara of 9:9 390?.”

P7 “ 1 ’- 5- - a1 3. V a". ‘1‘ “ ‘ 99‘ x ”- n -. -
before kn rnnwiel, u» «.1tyiur ran rcxornl trida

'J 1.1-‘1.

C".n‘:g'n' t‘~r‘f\!1§.fi“ ‘-,s(’ '3'." -‘_f’$ of E'sv~' '

bartnr trnfla in v ?1.U7 mafifioiitlbfi ?*¢ E5VF” u”or

J

‘ ‘*“\ - ' + a c t ~33 n. o“.
O"7‘.Zy" 11f“, ' (”'1 1’5”» 40'5”!" ‘3‘” F' 1‘“ *" r frat Efflzd‘TPI‘f“

Q
.1.

. 9.. - .. *
5:3}? ire c'vr4nf on n

f!

to

 

26* P'! n4
11.33.40, F‘fl‘o :L‘ - Q .

1"“

9

L

new Hafinshire to Cannfin, were many. It ”a? vn?y 00%“fin
for N15 to skirt 3%0 nortBevn lake, cuwfi ”13% nfii"n" find

\

trfifidnr". and nnjoy a hunter's thre. $9 *Q" n rnu"h but

fld
'- u- . ' .‘ n V. . ‘. .. C “I." a 3 q‘ .3? Lug)
hood, hinJ-hexrteu "an soinfi a; 259 n .a of u car MycHDr".

In 'anw-inund" we Pena nbnut hie eating fiance Pnfl
cafiw in tfin trnwgnr‘n hut nnfi tfie Infiihn 03%? on Keiwfirnqr303'n
woo$efi “10¢ rnd how he danced hnnoqtfi it. Frannnifi‘ hemlock
trmea nnfi ate chowder find lake—broil at the Icle of “howlg.
Infieqd John Bfiittlor, 11km non: Haw unflnnflern levad to he
out-doors, lovwfl to travel, nnfl lovefl to hunt.

The poet hnd from hla {ntfifir tfiip anccfiotn of his v1”1t
t0 tfie Cnnafilfin frantlnr:

. - - » 41 ‘ ‘- z‘ ‘1 rat
3» fifiinefi a party of hnrhefinn flnfi t‘”? ’“V9 tarnu H

-J

0"“

t‘xc vrildn m to t‘to Lax, Lin-wfi~r~nv~~m~tn;i~. L'inro vany "wt
a tribe of fricnaly Infilfinfi. ?¥e chuntry was wilfi.

an
fl_ sottlflmont hnfl been ~vde t“nrn by t“9 “*1tOfi.”fi Cn
the flhy of my father'g nrv1Vn1 tVnre there Inéifihe
had pane on n finrefi, and every mnn in tFQ on?“ wan
tifisy, with but one creefition: nnfi ha w~g kfivt nury
looking after his nnwwuninnfi to prnvant t3ofi {raw
rolling intc the lake and gettin: into mirchlef. Ky
father naked t50 sobwr Indlvn~if he never rot flrunk.

He reviled, 'Oh, yap. me rot prunk vowetifie; not now;

2"
).
< e ’5‘; 51:.) Egtitl‘l") J?‘ 1" t1: o’.‘r: H‘s-rt V t:- :‘ mam. {-~,. '0 (all lgll‘fi. “ J

 

 

31

Althourn Whittior'e father W3? n trnfieenen end liked
to so on tribe, he hurt have become tiren of 60in: so, for
a monuroriot note has been found written by John Whittier
on tne back of one of tne drprers in t“e old finittier home,

31
rfin’inj thur: ”Lnet tine Crnrfln, I believe, 1799“.

Vuch trifle, however, were very fiqnicrnue. Inninne would
often rttnnk t3e trovelers. Wild nninnlr often node their
Pfipenrnnce. The route twat we? need two not been settled
nnfi anything could be crnected to hnznen.

Looking ngnin at the fnrily fathered arounfl the fire
on that cold night we see Elizabeth Hu"eey Whittier, the
younrcr rieter 9nd intinnte literpry connnnion of the noot.
Ste ens a nerron of rare and saintly nntnre, roeneseing many
of the Qualitieq of her mother.

Pernnoe the most pffectionnte touch in ”Snow—Bound“
is found in the lines referrinv to Elizabeth, who enent her
whole life with the poet, phnring tne enttusinen and the
dangers of his labors in behnlf of unliftinn nenkinfi, and
the carer and nleneuree of hie hone life.

Eight yenre younrer than mm ttior, gne was from child-
hood hie special pet and fnvorite, nnfi no she grew older,
one reeoonded to hie love with all the weoltn of her nnrn
rffeotionn rnd keen onprecintinn of his gifts. SH“ beoone
his most intimate nnn confidentinl literary friend, nnfi with

the Brno poetic tenoeren,nt and tnetee she nosseeoed some

 

'2
’1 Ibid., pp. 29-30.

\N
R)

'1")
‘-
Qunlifioqtionn in “Finn he tn" ”Cflfiifinto’

Being very livclr, at omen With anyone, witty, nnfl

H

“4‘-

otnrninr, ?‘irnbctn onulfi overmnnfiow Vittirr'n n“ynonn.
Ear conver~ntion nlwnvn enboflicfl howvy fifirenen t“ht coulfi
not be rvnflily forgotte.. Tnonen ”ir”1nnon, lurin~ ti"
nontnrntc in finwhnryyort, vinitofl ?r. Thiitlnr unite often.
Concerninn tho yonnfie"t victor to core: “J“nre ”or t“c

In»...

riftnn nioter Lizzie t“e not end nPi’n of t“e houeonolfl,

4

I

‘\

one or the rare"t of wonen, her brot‘or'v noniinnnnt
nonno cine all t“e renninone of ewoecn uni fnuillty of
intercournc which he mnntefi: t“KlfiT no ily in “in firnvpnce

*5“ lav? in convwrenzion, wtioh tto hoot ro ylcfily nhnn‘onnd

'/

to “or, While he ant rubbinf hi? hVH3T nnfi lnurWinQ “t he?
on“lin: erllic . 330 nor an unlike tin in finrnon n0 in
minfi: for nit nignifiefi crnctncco, one unfi cnnleon moticn
and vivacity: for hi? rerulnr nnfi trnincwe fonture , rho
“ad n lonn Jewinh nore, so full of erfirnrnion t“nt it
reenen to onfinnce, inntorfl of injuryiir, :5, effect of t“o
lrrge liPUld eyed ttnt filowcfi with norrinnnt nnfi rynwntfiy
33
bovine 1:, ?he wrink tFonLtr cune like Jnvelinfi: n
cy triunnn rlcnwnd in nor Fret: rye“: t*n herd Movnn n
19 fren side to rifle With the quiver of n wenwnn nnfl
0! you were trrn fired.

reinf r finlir‘tful nnrron'lity rnfi hoving n

t ‘ . k a ~ 1"“ ‘ ‘4 ,x “~,t ‘ ~ ~. ;‘ . \-
nnrnotic rttricuion lor ever;onn, clinnnnu" v- o ltd lactic

J" .. -
annual vioknrfl, OW. o1t., n. 23.

93 1219.. p. 33.

33

ability. A? 19 1n71nnted 5y %er corrfiamfinqpnqe Ffifi ‘U3o

linked wonwc, which are unually inclufiefl in t*n 00137039

Pfiltifin" of "%1ttlnv'a fineqv, Pug Wm“ n ”Vite“ of no rmrll
1

mwvit. I“ w“? Th

‘1

ttier'e ofilnifin t3fit "Era he? health

venne of fiuty, rnfi Flflfift marbifl flrn*fl of Cfiiritual " a

intellnetunl efiqti”w permittefl, rFe #1“fit ¥"vw tfikfin a “ifih

31L
ulnnc among lyrichl fi1n3ern.'

'Vnzel BlonGOfia' hén n tfisVefl tn t rnfia n? filizfiwet¥’n
300%” ”high wave Wubllshed 5:39? he? ficbth nnfl wfiioh cert fy
tyat hp? wnatry we" 0? q ffilrly hirfi order. In the fivvfntory
mate *0 ”T"! ‘ 31013033“, 3?. Thittlnr nfiyr:

q

“I hrvo v ntuvea, 1n the fififiWII‘nfiQ 'r'it‘w tfia Ee"1re of

no“? ffliéwgn a? r" belovofi victor.

”liscbctfi U. “Fittifir,
tn ndfl tn thifi littlfi VOIU%O 350 f“? fidbfilCnl fiiflnen WFICH
"“0 lfift bakini her. A“ fhn ?”9 vvry @1“tru?tf*’ of flow
Own reward, an} rltogezydv Wizfinut ¢”%1tifin fa? litfirwrv
fil'tinctihn, Eh? rkunfiwfi everythiN“ 11%n fiuhlicity nni fawn”
fr? arbrtbr hnfifiiné¢9 1n finnvvfiun rfi~vnhldtion of t“n rifts
of hor friend? t52n 1n t“e cultiVfitldn a? h“? Own. T5fi e

.- m0 9 ‘ ~ .' “.4 ‘ a \
annza, altfi arrhnnr o”0 or ufirne Pvnefitlnné, rf¢nrd bdt

allffit infiantifin" of 3‘s inwrra liffi of t“n writer, whn hqa

W

..

an n1noet morbifi rrndfi of rfilritvrl kn? intellectual erg-
Linn, or of her tbn‘crnecr of cymwrt“y, ah “toned wirthfui-
nbafi, nnfl W190"rnt *1"? of tkfluf%t rnfi f"nny, 9%0n he? r“y,

U

‘ ' b r > ‘ ' v'v «7 *1- . vb. '
hervtlful Paul fififln'i 11th a f1fi=05 1n ‘ n ”a? tfi of FCfiifil

,connunion. In tfie 11n9¢ on Dr. Kfinh, he? frienfln will nee

towntHlnf 0? ha? €100 1n31v1”un11ty, - the rhre minrlinfi

.

3 fififiual Pléknrd, on, egg., 9. 39.

of ”311121? 33% 13:.n31ty 0" fan ‘n* 33115 3+”a her 533?

'Lsaqt. ‘u. n-..‘ 0'

‘1 ' A
to 1:319. “1.37 1143.10 31633! “(333? m": J19)“: "“3110 3‘79 {1.33313

'5 1 ., L ‘ . a (s § 3. i n ,. . o_ 1 a .11 4- ‘1...
F v“ . ‘ r: ‘ nV‘,.‘. -~\ " .
023-330.3013 ... 3‘ (>71 ..L. 2123' aria-JG ' 1, C) F . ~.‘ w J.» L “» u .-."‘.'

‘ '-* I, -.s "‘.--_ , . .9” fi ‘ $ 9‘. 'a"§ ‘ a ‘ l 9 o ’1 “A... -1 + ‘ 1" 1" ‘-V._-’
1&4. U‘YIO 1. ‘4 4. . v”. 4P.."J.L qE‘TT..- n ~ . 3.1.?“ .L o tn ,. ‘. u“ ;. ‘ '3 “J

I. ,,.v Q. ___1 §. '3 4... ,.,.. - - '4- ,1 . «i.
I r3 3‘? 0, an RU; 333?, but I vnxuc 5" u“ 0‘ ~.3

nyo of be? w39, 3‘119 31:? ue, chrnnt Tit” w1"”v1 59330-

' . v a u. “ ' - . " 1 ~‘ t Pfi- I A ‘~ p 0—, ' 1 9'. '~ . ‘\ |
cnzina 331 ‘3 33.1 e 33 mrntifln a; yvvknrfi-naer ,31c;

«

l 4" ’- ,h. ‘ v r1 ‘ a on
punmoa 30 fr? brhor her 1193; C- 0‘

t

. t" +‘ p\ -s -v‘,~
wilencn. 10 .3 19 M13

hfiit knew hnv. L33 h 1039* «13013 a? fin“ intimate f“13n83:
”.
I fififilnttfi 2513 311”fit m3103131.'1“

‘1t31 “'7? clieft 313303, “333. ?”5 ““VY 0" 3'0 t? it”

of he» f'tBnr. $30 wra n3t a“ 13vclv 33‘ 33 33033 33 *3?
" ‘3 A .. .
313%“? 3311315913” [gt P7 (.2 EM?!
'¥ 'L ~ L .5 .
A fulL, T121 nrturn f.ee an Brzrt,

l'! 4-! J. “ .. r , I .- “‘ '" r 1 ..
0P11u ‘. ’11. ”t" 71,77.” u {1" «03115;, ”I 1:.

K39 inf 313% finny 3 117“? 3133u130

h

~U

x

“53 regret of 3r;

>¢n

q -' '. V C ,V
m: 1': ~33 “CCT‘I’ 33:11:13,310” in " nfi'.'!-.u"3jm";." 1” 3"»

“1:4,“... 3 ~1.. 41; 4...: o.- t. I! .3. .—
r.uvs3 a. t¢n .13.3Lc. scunol nan t3:

' r '3 -", ,3 r: . . r. "J‘ ‘4‘ _ > I: .' _
:1Vfij Hflkfl P ”'VAPOT filhen at Q ”I” “ififi 1r,. [9331

g a «3 a ~t 4n 331 .0 33.3, . ..13 ~ . .11
"fin" ""5 r‘ “‘9 '3 .. ‘0 " 1. J4 0‘- (‘L «Li- "' 3!“ f." 21...”. rlrh‘u ?.€"3~"J.
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5;:- . 524le ‘p “a I: {5‘ 9‘1, ’ w. ’ r)? . E“.-“—'-L‘\) .

Jo n G“r 3‘1 03” 53132133, 33, n1:., 9. no

3. ‘ . . . ,_ .. ‘ n n 5“. '9‘. .44

r 939703, hut he 1" (vrn 3c 0 '9 f?fi* “+nfi. nu ‘ongul

"0 rr=""¢*t‘:mrfl“ ‘P't t‘ie n'i‘w ””7?" T.’~s"'.ot'k‘s.g "'t‘s-T 1“."‘f'1 t“=1’r cine
V’ V, f! 9

it ?f¢ew 133‘?“ o.f~cfi:atp.finna‘ “"-'t 11!; W‘rsl‘ Cqu$'n‘g-? - t‘f-c: (.7.1.‘, an"! tqnt

.‘o

\ r- ” ’.-" ‘ ”1- ‘5 ”a.
in 0‘...“ $P¢fi ~' ,‘T‘p Y“ ’ ~ 4.71".

nm ,, ,,.~- a "nap... 'l ,9! 1.. .. ,QA,.'...J-'1 f... 9+.“
r; r(n.{WV‘ n; dd.v-r.aunx- a ~39 3.4‘:u~r . n- ,.2

wnnPnfio” v”n the b -vtl?2‘ rfifi v?*trvffin“ "‘NQ“ wag.”
“ n ‘ ,. H

4
\

1

‘

‘ ‘2 ‘ " ‘r- ‘ “' 2. ' ': ‘ . I" . " -‘ . * ‘ v .a». . n “‘n ~
2.? 1" «1090.0: in FICT r vivid rnrufi'Lur‘-. ; n ndu un-
ffi _~ rag ‘.‘! "0 ‘I “fliers‘lhfiv—l lg, to?! OI‘ + " '.' ’1 'a I”! (W . fl .' V. a q “‘. r~ ~ '9 g ‘."“‘r\'..c .

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1*n n canvnr. 6 . n n¢¢.rin¢- c. u a E‘ifitr‘ u1.;1 r c

U . U -

nunrrnlln: Pit“ Bur lava“ on o hinn“ “flint of fifiétWInfi rm!

!. ‘- . . ,1 .,. t“, q. * 4‘ ., «A! ‘Y, a - 0- .
annexrfi 11w new} w1-1 a vtict o. #6. . r r1".fivuunr

' . -‘ a- - 'q . ‘J‘ “ ‘.“ '\ c
Frnw birt“ ”7' tme vifiinnt 20‘3”? W'ifi“ P-fi ifi ¢ritn. fn-w

a-“ ark}- ’1. . '1 k c- +,.* . f0 «I a 6-? .*
-:r - - 0r. -‘n *6 a ,avuvtn 9."1 uifin c‘ wLnu i!»

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bnrfierpfi on in"~nlt?, c1? #30 rv"”rfi.1=3 Wit“ nn<r1¥ eve??-

‘I‘- ‘. -- ‘ I. o.‘n n “ q -. . +‘~r 9". “1.3.91 ~I- 51
“an Wig} Who) vtv U end“ SQUD”. ,V‘fi J r ~~_Lu Cd 0 c

r - a,.. .. a A . \-.. 4-...1 ‘
'O“T11J rxfinil of 30?, ‘3“ LTD fine vofiy s nrw vantrtr t‘OT

,._ ’ P ’ ’v '\ ‘ * n. . '1 ‘.
one? olwnr “”“Pfin '“ r.e '-. nae

I
55

incline'to.

rm 0 7‘, 3 ‘.~'\ ’ “ 5 o “ a ‘ t \, a (w *‘ s ‘ ’ . ‘ .
Ldo ”O“t 92?. L a n.g¢3 ‘1"1un» ”u .16 1 u 96 c nfi~n

5.]...

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‘nnfl hni n3 0%? t1~0 “q 1601 a” bnnrwtn H 2% an“ n? "-u

J

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infiicuy o.- rz‘1~zrz .4, am. rn v.1“: ..,~' want?“ 57‘, 33027:, W? III-u-

lnf 1n n 51”“. "t “ ?“1vn”'“ *fiu"0 1w A“°‘”W“y. ”1? mm:

, .. + ~ . “ I,“ 1.. - 0 by .,..\,. ...., , ,1 ‘1

rnnfiunrr; uc .0 Foo: {fir hcub v 1‘. J n r a '9», "f9
.‘\ .0. I V’ \.-fl " .fli"+ ,_ ‘. 5 ,‘v-D."- a. (fl ~ \. \" .~"‘ ‘

Mr. ¢.;'t :-:-e2 {Gd :« aficurinc, 4m ~1, u'; rurQfiUdu.-J

 

7

" t3“ ‘ ' 1! , ‘
H . #4105113”? than-’2’: ‘jfr’ .- 3 .r‘-'~U. , _ 0 (2'1.

\.~1

mnlntninni that eke w2¢ incnnnble of rinnlné; but n few
minutes afterwnrufl rkc burnt out into n vifilfint flfinfll°n

Q

nhfiut snfictfiing or ot“er. For OWfifinfint cfinifl many say to

7‘ 3*
J u

r' L. n
her, 'vhrlfitifin, t:hu hna last t.y r911.’
T33 portfin t of cunh n W0"fln, n9 walg no 256 dnriyfiifl

.. ‘5- ’ no *‘ " ”- . p 1
of h»? fiuyvlln: c;nrncter, ié zann 11:1 0x300 E1: c.*0.

It lq mast likely b “ea uwnn obfiorvnflnn fin” not A cvn~t1nn

Q

o” tho fhnCY: nhi now dflefi van t”@ 1“*“1fl1 ””a“ ”7““ the
boy Hfiittlor in erewnliflefl b? 250 Wnnflnrfui rn‘rofiuctlfin
1n
= ‘ , . f, fl '0‘ 0V . I.
of all its fhrce and 91L itfi dolinnnj -ft * "0 Hwflf ¥P"’9-”
In a finagnfio of "Snow—Bannfi' la ffivnfi “ rofornnon 3”
.f- ‘ . _ . -. F f F
Jfilttlnr.n brotHcr’ fictt%ew :r'ntiin.

flu\

m1, brother! oniy I and t“ou
.‘ L’)
Arv left of tfivt circle now.“

antthew, who vac narrly five yenrf younrer t“nn Thittinr,
Wnfi Whittier'n guwnrior 1n rt.nngth, find lofi nff in “brnnk-
1mg“ the nteers and malts, rnfl 1n ctbnr nntnfigrircn revulr-
inn bofilly virfir.

On warn rUflfiov nftnfinn¢nn V%on no werk van fircwnin:,
the ton of Job's 3111 wna the favorite rngort of the hnyn,
nnfi of thn cnStle 95 well. The sunM1t in n hintnhu of

revnrvl navea, whinfi wd" fnrfiorly 503203 "1th 1“?”0 o~kcn

h}

C?

ffi “1R Pnfiuure mafia the Cattle to 110 in tfin rkofle 0f t”e

vifln—ffirfinfiin? tree". All t“n Vina“ f"unfi tFoir "h? to tV1n

I
~“

breezy height, nnfi in t%n FUltPiOTfi fin? {V9 6%? w“? novnr

 

74

I.) ’-
I‘ lbidi' p. 6&1.
7 .

o’n" a”.

'1.‘ t , " ,3! ,. a
J. uionde menaciy, 0:. 014., p. 62.

Wowkn

, p. finl.

   

 

37

st‘fwont. The vnriefi c“nrfi~ of t“o fine outlonk ”090 not

9 ¢n - w + A - 1n . ~ n‘ fl +fi
ln'u u on u e ydun: gfinu rnw 11¢ ~;ve1r b?5u?°?. dirdcugy

0‘!

‘ .‘ i ‘ .v- — .4 u '1' ‘ ’v. I. ‘1' ‘ ~ u‘ ‘
,oqaqt; :191 w', L10 twain“: Hfififl-t””‘ -17 u by n-ulfl

D
‘. ‘ D‘ '0 «a- ‘ v I
’1 tut? ‘2‘ up." 5‘? 1, 0 ("‘4'3 f? ‘.1"‘.1"0j

7“ ~ - -- .‘ “t ‘W R. '. Ow,‘
-29 hbyw Rollifité? 1fi fiett1ng tzo n»01 .

' 1 0‘
4"5, 1”“ 1:'C?":} inf-I“ o

q
i

' .1 v- “ ‘ ~ “ ‘X “" - “. ‘ ’x
on”? "n5 r¢v104 :0 ~1="~nid*o "11 * O zifinflova tiht "as

.h *0W1r1" t"rfité nu‘riarn’rn~ 3‘9

r“fiwn Lhfifi. A: t*n GYfin 1”? c

trvo t”c béyfi ”GuTJ oftan 918 on t“o€r ffirfihn"6¢ "n? Torn
(m fj‘t‘gh' hawn" m“ on r'n nr*~n1‘n1r. .-1‘_§"="!=_“"‘- {'1‘Ifif’fi‘rr? (‘1"‘1"",!"d

tn tense hi: 103V, tfiittlnv recurof the lava of evmvy Iivinr

,x‘ . .. A. .~ .. .. .
3,15, Lwtt c-nn u43er hi“ c~re.

In niflflla life, durinf b1? ve"1€nnoa in $nvtlrnfl, J'ttHew

Ifiittler to~k a £001 inturctt in t“e nnt1-¢1¢VP“? ¢”U"9 ”W1

..A- " -. 3 ‘1 1 ‘. ... " ~ ‘. ,_
wrfifn n anrlfi‘ n” .uaornu~ letter over L-n r1.n¢ture ¢‘

‘u' U

‘TtV N 31129 L? Novab”.' P"31”1?inv in n mart afiu“tin " finer

_ . . , . _ . a _ , . x w .. w.‘
t“a féiblv of t‘n pro-filnvnry Anilticifin~ a“ t n v~,. 7‘0

ll

..3 , ,. ~ .. ~. . 2 .- d-
lnfit tilrtcan yefiv n? his life nave P‘Hflt in n w5.u“n
PM

‘ LL
vo we 4. M,
Ounififi-hfiuwfi. TFrre kn 519’ d-HUhry 7y 1» J.

1 . 4m V - «a .n 1... ~- . . «M
Yhu »0 y‘Ptfibiu. ”a ’ I""1'?~an?? arduni L n A”Q

\’ u \, ..

K...

‘I I. 3 , ,1 x... 1 3. . ¢- +t ., .. ,4- _
P4“0 ’30”r10u92;: '31. 1 $051,»- 31.1,". f‘ 9‘0": “7' 71.1’0716'3'95.

.' A ,1 ‘ .1: r " r4 . .~ ‘ HI.
9 in n t? ifirl rufivg ”1w ufi Inn‘ 5 10--
. ‘ . “ p . J" :‘ 1 a Q ‘~ I. ‘ L1. ,3 y-.( ‘ 1.". f (‘
n :uiet, MnCVC»§-U1 1;;9, unu.;gg a; nun: -br‘ .91" q» ht

W? W¢*?1 Ll“f*"v“"“i*1 }T?W 1VN“‘8.

. . ,. ,9 4. 58 q .- ‘
’hnvino fl?1uu1. at n'vrla'fi

f

i. o

'~ ‘ ..1"_‘ -¢ 1" v- \- a I'“ ' II :- c 0 ~. “ ~: ~' I ' o». - ‘.»’~. . 8
s0 L. -‘e iJTQPU'JQ of Mn T~JWLH! ffida n nauifin-l qkn

of Vlvw as“ hwrfily ha avor-nfitifiv*w” ““0 poet Fives u“

 

2‘11 y' ‘ . ‘- n ‘ a ._ (.30! 1‘.
“W‘HIQL '16'3'1-211", 01., - :0, ‘ 3. 5’1- ‘ b.

FIG

1."?

Th1! ‘ nf

38

u ‘ . ‘ * . r1 - -13
pm nut antic ninture of Law L” Lnnfl life, ~n§ the sfintlu

finnt 1* "ineere. he 6% mafia himrol? 6 whatnrfiv “or n? tHe

‘ . A, “-| ‘ Iv‘ ‘ 71- ‘. '9. ‘9" o .s‘ . ‘1. ‘.
"innle hfl- n+9 An 9-3, 91“ow Ln; a&v0n. ; 31 who p'vringlnn

.l
“' $50 500“19. N1" 6519f Earl: 15 f3 unfilrtfiknble

ifiwrnrc of truth an” nonurnéy of fintwil. fFon the?” 19
t30 V1"0”°na liffi of the Wortrnltr, W510” ifi 1*rrnlv Pun

t4 THXttinr'n skillful U?" cf notifln t" rnr~~rt c fiffictfir,

phi airs L10 dogcrlmticn of t“n Pnnm-rt~“fi “Vinh {afifié

t;‘--.r~ getting? a“. {if} “new, '7“? PVQD‘J..OGC Pix-".113": "7'12". ‘E‘I’tfii‘iv
owl Vrlue in r5~rvnrfitlnr fifinsev n? 11*n tfihfi *“vv “‘PTOd
rwry ifi 0V fimfint lfiwortanne.

“infiw-qund' if indeed fyfiincl 0f 3*e mvny thnupnnfie
of hhwe"tcrdc tFSE fiwttcfi t¥e 30w Rhfildnfi cfluntfiy pifiq,
r0 "in? in thh rid fiufiltnn rnfi Tartar tqwdlglnn n rSUflfly
wifinfievinr crruw thrt 95‘ to blosnom into tfie flower of

“01121021 rnfi 93*10“1 p95”1fin, of ntvafirvvn#51fl 6nd nrfitnry,

pnfl of lattnre.

CHAPTER :1
SCHOOLS AND sonooL LIFE

During Whittier'e boyhood and early manhood the two
chief typen of educational institutions in new England
were the district school end the academy, both of which
were very important in the half century from 1790 to 15 ,
which is referred to as the picturesque neriod of Kassa-
chueette educntionnl history. In the prelude to Dr.
Holmee'e oohidien story, Elsie Venner, there is a descrip-
tion of a "deeetrick skule' in Pigwncket Center, from
wrich the young medical etueent moved onwnrd and upward
to more congenial work in the Anollinenn Female Institute
in a distnnt town.

Exerting a profound influence upon the generation
Which was trnined in then, the district school end the
acnéemy have effectefl scarcely lees strongly tne inefiina-
tion of the generation which has followed then. The tradi-
tions which antherefi about then nnfl the enbellirhment: of
literary art to which they renflily lent theneelvce have
idealized.tnen unto tre source of most thnt is greet end
good in New England character.2

In the latter part of the eighteenth century scattered

familiee and the isolated families naked for school privi—

 

1 .
G. H. Martin, Ere Evolution o: the Yneenchueette ?uhlic

School §§eten, p. 90.

2.1b1d-. pp. 90-91.

1650?, PS5 t“c N~~tnr was sent unon his rou. is to know the
'movin: schools.“ Later, in nfiny to no, lines were 5rarn
ann5rcnin7 out t“e territory: rnfi to t“e ficonlc within
there lines o there of school "one; We" rivon to be ure5 cs
tVoy fin? fits}

In 1739 339 division of éirtricts To“ rnnctionofi b?

“I

“Q,“ .0.?-iu

low: nnfl rsoidly e.

, ter t“in, 5‘5’r‘5‘ 51vi‘ions more fired.

The new law, however, rave no never to the cirtrict. If
n so t“clwouco r's nec5e5, it he: to be nuilt by tfle voluntfiry
contributions of the neocle. Trio F353“ ,3 thinks iii not
continue loo", an in 133) the c”icf element of eovercijnt* -
th. cover to trx - res ccnfcrrefi uwon tie reoyle of We

cccol dirtrictfl. They were authorirci to boll meetings
to choose s clerk, to 500150 noon 5 rite for n schoolhou"e,
555 to reice nanny by tnrvtion for buyinc lcnfi an? for build-

u

in? renal? n: eni furnishing the house.'
cool c;i'trict no“, from being n here socirl
convonie .nc :, hsfi become n col tic l institution. The year
1527 is n ncuorshle one. It nrrkn the culfiinnticn of n
brocens which had henn going on stoofily for were then c
century: it cork? t“e utnost 11 it to t‘.c ru)eiv '- ion of
Ancricnn sovereifinty - the high-rater work of modern deuce-

‘ ‘ ‘4. ~
racy, nnfl $50 low-wstcr warn of the.~~nnchUt.ttc sc”ool

G. a. :‘tf‘rtln, 0" fl fl, :3. (5-1.

I

wilfl\ " ' I a
5 a .
G. St. i"I‘tln, 5": Fate, 3. n2.

Ml

each school district now hecnne e center of reel—polit-
ioel activity. "here were questions involving the location
of n fifteen—by-tventy flietrict rchoolhoure. Such questions
often celled for ten flirtrict meotinfc, scctterce over two
yeorr, brinrin: Corn from ncuntnin frrfi? three miles awry
men vro had no ctilflrcn to be schooled nnfl rho “no not token
the trouble to vote in n fireeifientiol election 5urinr the
oeriofi.

Again, when n tencher gave fiisrotirfnction to 9 port
of the 5istrict, noscibly to n rinfle fonily, a content
erose over the choice of e nrufientinl connitteennn. Into
the fliscuesion were often brought 9 revivol of fonily

snlousies

L.-

feufls end e crsntion of new ones; rnfl ell trc pcttv

t

V

and rivalries, masculine one fenininc, were brought to toe
rurfece until toe whole fiietrict use di°turb05. The noor
little teocncr who roe the innocent orucc of all the dis-
turbances was forvotten, one a Pocivl ror rc:cd.7
In the choice of n site for the schoolhouse, uwon one

noint there roe unnnicity: the lcnfi must no vnluelecs, or
on nearly so es possible, for frufirlity was ever a New
England virtue. A barren leflye by the roadsifle, e gravelly
knoll, the steeoly sloping eifie of o booty ravine, the apex
of the ankle of intersectinc roses - such as these were

choice ewotr, nrovi5e5 one coul5 be founi ncnr enoufn to t“e

41b (3'! PD. 93’924'0
7 Ibid., p. Ch.

I

6

ceofrnjnicnl center of the fiirtriot. Abcolete equnlity
of nrivilefie we" t5c rtenflerfl elm. T“ic war the ri fit
for @5105 tFo canttled hocto vcre nercnclefi in the dirtrict
"cotince. TFe flintriet wen surveyed nnfi ncecurefig often
t“e erect ointnnce of every houee tron t“e nrnnooefi leen-
tion wen detorrinefl - each two-wile fewily on one eifie
heving n t o-milc family on the oo=osite rice to bclnnec
it. If ttis iieal ccnflition wen not rcecfiefl - if, we come-
tiree hoppencfl, the rights of infiivifiunlc were overhorne
for the convenience of the mojority - e rvnkinr penno of
injustice rcrninel - an old neore veitin: to be onifl off,
coy be in t%e tovn veetinfi, portcne in t“c election to the
Generel Court, nocoibly in n enureh quernel.5

The 9179 ena orc‘itccturel feature6 of t“c builfiing

voriei Vito tne oopuloucncce, wealth noT liberality of the

I
iectrict. It We? not on uncommon t“io” to fine more teen

n Funfirefl cfiil‘ren cronfei into n room t“1rty feet revere.
'rc intervnl nrrcnfefont vcfle crowFEnf on y. In can Tfi“fi1
fiirtriete tFe fircfilnne and ttc floor often ceeuoied one

one of tkc room. In t“e nifialc of one rifle rec toe teeoher's
fleck. Agninnt tfie wall, on three 913cc, we” n alightlv
cloninc shelf, Jitn a horircntel one below, gnfi in front
won a bench vitvout e bnofi. 0n tn? bench tfio olflcr runilo
set: on tfic clodin‘ SNHlf t“ey wrote; on t“e one below they

‘ .- "fla . .‘ . ‘ ‘-
3“?3 2*01? hooce. Anne, t‘ilc Writin“, toe? faced t~e wall.

A 4— I

5
a. H. ‘:-“rtifl' 0": "it” :17). 9'395,

‘

1*3

Another lower bench in front served for a cent for the
younger nunile who did not write. The ocbool on all three
eidee wee nrre red like n hollow square. How many nunile
the room could hold fienenfied on how closely tbe cbilcren
coulo be peeked uwon the benches. In the center of tbe
ecunre tne cleeeee stood for recitation.9

In enother tyne of schoolrcon the cente_were errenged
in long rows ncroeo the room, in terraces, tbe beck eeete
only having desks in front; the older scholars tbue over-
looked the youncer ones, the tencber having on elevnted
nlntforn conceitc. Tbe descent of the nunile from their
high sent to the floor, coming in contact, perhaps, with
cone unconociously extenced foot, can often sudden and cre-
cipitete. The eeotc one decke were of notive wood, pine
or oak, worked out by bond, unneinted, never elegant, often
rune in the extreme. When the carpenter's work enoed, the
boys' work began: one in the nroceee of time the furniture
was carved elaborately.

The amount of schooling in any dietrict dcnenoed, firet,
upon the liberolity of the town in ite annual ndoroorietion;
end, second, noon the method of distribution which the
towns ndOpted. It is e curioue foot that the Stete never
prescribed the mode in which tbe school money should be

epoorticned nnong the dietricte. fore than t“irty different

 

9 ,G. H. Martin, on. cit., op. 95-96.
1° Ibid., pp. 96-97.

noden of encorticnnent ere rcnortefi: in one town, the .un-
no? on rctfibifl polle We“ the benie of @iviflion; nnfi in one,

the nquer of nble-hofiicfl ncrnone over tweet"-one not

reuncrn. In "on? to'n‘ the money v~c civifie.‘ e uqlly; in
others, tTIe bwnie wee the number of c.11’ren of echool one:
and in en many more the dintric tn recciv . brck “hrt 359w

had paid in thee. Theta lent two nethcde bore heavily

uwon the noorer an! the more ennreely nowulntod fli stricte.

A majority of the towns endeevorefl to eeunlire the rchool
nrivilego" by connininc two or more of there nethoefi,

di . ributin" n port educlly, nnJ n pert nocnrfiinfi to the
Valuqtion or the number of children, or both. Frequently

a num can eat arifle to be ueefl et the flircrctioe of the
relectnen or the echool committee to hid the noorer dietricte;
but, in enite of thie, there were dintri ct c r“cno echool
money wee the “erect nittnnce. Ac late no lean nevernl
fiifitriote were renortefl ne rcceivine love than ten Rollers,
enfl one receivci only five fiollnre .cn ed sixty cents, to
provide its children with echooling for n year. finch die-
trict nincfl to get the most for its honey: cu'litv end
quantity were likely to be in inverre nronortion. A cheaper
teacher none: more meche of eohnol: ro thet the phrnee by
Which tie lew deer rihcfl t“e work of the flrudentirl oomnit

11
tee, “to contract with the teccher', was most erfiroeeive.

’5

In the largest townn the school? "kept" t‘s most of
the yenr. In the grant majority thnro v3“ n winter tern
of ten or twelve weeks, nttcn.ed by :59 alacr 081 from,
nnfl keht by n nfintfifi: nnd a EUfiWCP tnvw of equal lenjth,
knfit by n wannn, for the bnneflt chiefly of t*n little
omen. In the FOOPCP towna a clnfile tnrfi of two or tPreo
rnnt“n wan n11 tfint Wan furnished, and game of tfia rebront
flintrlctn had but a few weeks.12
Durin‘ the eighteenth century *“0 curriculum War en1.n“393.

Uj to 1793 the clement.cry snhooln hnfl boon require” to

tench only renfiln: sud writinr: most of than had tnuxht the
boys some arith”etic: the new law mafia nrlt%%atic cowjulgory,
nnfl aéaed the £n31lrh lanfuvrn, ortiogrnfihy, and fie cent
behavior. In 132 geocrnfihy was requirafi for the firs

tire. finrly 1n the olrhtennth century the cytenFicw, tfie
Prnltor, an! tFe Bihln were nlfinct un 1vnrnflll.y (1"'1.ced

by the Erellinfi Book and tHe Rnnficr. This nfinnxe hnfi been
going on {Tm‘unlly for rmnff ymrr. 3'30 canard "flit-1! Of
rallyinun doctrine which hnfl char ,te. ~nd Ewe wen 19 fiuring
the first century hnd given 31300 to p filvorrity. Unfier

the influonne of those chnnfioc t‘e Calvinifitie 30v finflnnd
Prlfier gave way alm at everywhere ts tfie fifielling 309k -
o”1ofly Porwy'u or Dllworth'r, both of inglivh orlfiin -3
thong in tfielr turn yieliin; $1909 ta tht moat fhvfiun

Afierlafin clfisric, the u‘un-b¢,krfl Swoliinj fifihn of Iowh

12

4

“1516-0: IT’- 9:“930

#6

at
h

ebster. Not without strenuous onnoeition in some towns
the Pralter and the Bible were rejlncefi by some of the many
renfiing books which befen to be published soon after the
Revolution and which have been pouring forth in overnincrene-
13

ing numbers to the present tine.

Of the teachers of these schools there were three classes.
A majority of the winter schools were kent by men who might
be called Bani—professional tencherr; that is they reckon-
ed on the wages of a winter's teaching as o rorulor part
of their annual income. In a certain irrefiulor ray nnny
of then were itinerante. In the course of a long life they
taught in all the districts of a number of contiruoue towns -
sometimes keeping the some school for two or three successive
winters, making a new controct each time. There were many
roving chqrnctors, who Journoyefl more niaely, in search of
novelty or becaure of the honor thin woulfi receive among
etrongere. Such a one woe Ichabod Crone, a Connecticut
schoolmnnter, but domesticnted in Sleepy Hollow. During
the larger part of the year these men were enfnfed in farming
or in some mechanical infiuotry.

Another close was compoeed of etuoentn who, by dint of
labor in the district schools in the winter and in the
he ~field in the runner, contrived to work their way through

the academy and the college. Thus, the students of law,

 

l
3 G. H. Eartin, on. cit., pp. 99-100.

1t
G. n. Eortin, on, cit., p. 106.

h?

. 1“
nedicine, nnfl civinity helped to pay their ray. J

The gunner schools rare clnost glory: kept by women.
A majority of there were young, nobitioue girls, eager for
a term at the seafloor, which they hurt corn or so without.

.30 of there grow old one ram cfi into t‘m close of "school-

mf‘.T'"=8. .16

The recon of the teechere vnricfl riooly. Ten or twelve
dollars a month we? connon:'thoufh, in rare canon, in
rec tnv dirtrict", e non of experience onfi were then urunl
culture earned twenty. Women recoivefl from four to ten
Roller”. Recife: thie honey garment the r7.irtricte hohrdeé
t“e tenchcrr. By this arrnngonont t“o district rnfiglornntcfl
the c cnnty town oolrowriotinn and roonrcr n longer school.
Ucun ly the tenchcr “bonrded rounfl” nnonm t“o pnrente of
bio nunilr, proyortionin: his time to the nueher of chilflren
who attended hie cchaol.17

A3 to the r"Wlifiicuticr’w rez‘ittxiror7 to tench there dictr ct
echoolo, the low nnfie roofi morrfl ohnrncter on« connotence
to tench the brunchoo infiicpononble; but oucton one ncccrrity
prescribee two othere, which obnourefl the legal éoron‘ For
women, the rurent pqcrport to cnnloynont Woe to be related
by lood_or merricfc to the nrufentinl connittce of th

district. Ho little friction conetifioc oocouynnici there

M.*3

n:

*fi

$311? FFangowcntn. For men, to keen t“.c "into" rckonln,

(1
u

tWe highest qualificatifin wag filunk.
In the corly part of the eiffitennth century thern began
fllfirfitifin fPOW the tOWnQ to Horton, "‘nn ”GU25?" bays

who had 10~Fned influntry and fFuFr it? on t

. , U

in fFFfiF, in
swltq of the 1111 ten oanortunitlce for eflucwtion, laid the
foundhtlonfi for princely fortune". Frofi 1W 0 to 133 Boston
gained nenrly one hundred per cent in ynwvlntiFn. Ewerdon
EFF eu.3, “TFinrn are in the Frdfile and rul c Fankind.'
Alrnnfiy thingn were mounting, Fnfi mntnrinL nuc.enF.gn1n01
by Fen F1 th ncvnt M19 ruin; mafia lltcrnry culture snow a

an
lurury rntfior than n necessity.*’

The ministers Fore lens actentinl tfinn in the early
Gwyn, an1 could an 1380 $3 ntefi the curraqt. Afifiefi tn $313
r39 tfie “ova t? which follnwofl :50 RFv01utifln Fnfl frnfi ”“1nh
in 350 £1? at quarter of tfin century 33¢ pCOWEG at lcrén
Faro only JuFt rccavnrinf. Public Fyirit T35 not broad
nnfl hifh omen"h to induce pFO‘le to t'” tHQFFelveF for what

2)
all coulfl nfit enjny anfi What many deeded unneccnnFFy. ‘

‘"h11e :30 free Fmblic echcoln were in this state of
decline, n new 1nFt1tution c536 into b91n3 - the incorfioratcd

academy, which has an honorable pl~co 1n t‘e history of

Vacanchnrettn. In itn lace tlnn it refiindn one of the

A. .- 4. L

G. l. Emptin, ow, c;§., pp. 1):.-109.

19 b 6., n. 117.

GO

fig

early firnfifinr school” in Tnglnnd. In 1751 T111111 Du ma“,

Tho flicfi in Barton, 10? t My Will ?i" "nnriqn “1uvm nnfl f

‘~—.

in prhan f0” SVT rrtufiiinhwn1t 0T n frna rokonl ta he

fi1lntn1nofi fGTQV"? an t“c efit1tc. 11 "n11“3' 1M “*TH t50

I! "-I.V't

tcrwn GT t“o Til? t“o BUTTE? Fran Tnhncl W1¢ nnonnfi in

d

z ,. ,. . _
17D}, nnfl wnfiuol .onfiy wnfi callefl Tram finT anE To ho itn

firm: hector. In 1TT2 the Du1her Tc“ool wnv incoryornted
2
un5"“ 339 now name “umber Anfiflcfif.

Other "0’30“iefi Tfire f1un6ei until it bonnfin necerréry

TOP The state t1 flotnrfiina the rnlfltlon bOtTOTH $3963 finfinnlg

.1

HGT

. “5

n13 tfie fivblic r0 tEnt n uniTo rm ““119" with be ertfihll-

by t%n Tammanwonltfi 11 139 TenTin¢ W123 t“o*. ?He ruhgent

was rnfdrrofi tn fl a~121tt on “‘1“ t“?nn*5 Tntfivn nfinn of

!

Bevarly, rave tfio follominr refinrt favorinr t“e continuance
of givxnr it tn n13 to the ennunt o? a F21? tnwnvhl1 to
nchefilc“ T091TQT unfiar cartfin nan‘itinncg 1, T“nre Hun t

w ‘- . g ‘7 .p ‘. a. - ~ 4 ' . ‘ ‘8 ‘- ‘ -
be p nvi hJor;dn” of tkirty or forty t.OUTTflu inflnnith1tn,

i” I" r . ¢' . ‘w c ,1 g- f'. ‘- 0‘. I
uOt nocnw‘1‘nvafl ”y nvintinw rn HG ion. 2. ~oan CT‘Ttfl

rhflu7." anYJ bn in rifl 0T schooln wfiinfi uni a TPTTTflTfit fund

I. -'l'--

mnm- Butt.“ ‘1‘; tawny“, or inr‘.ix?1r_"..z_mlsfi. ‘1 A}? “OTC-'3 0" t“c

3;!JA

q
I

Ta ‘TTTT ! liTe in tW Fiw‘73_ n-t5»n of fitato 94%.“

St a. '1. 21 mm:

T'e 11¢: of r.1r‘ie" inn ludofi 1n tFo ante 0T Tnunflntfln1

were E1”113n, Lctfitz 1, G? 9L2, French, Trltlnfi, ““**““ntL-,

$903r1¥%y, 2T9 rrt 0T rwenkLnr, hrfintiohl cnfimotry, 10:10,

:1
11,113., pp. 1137 M119.

El

“.0
i. C.

G. H. L~rt1n, 01: ., pp. 133.12}.

90

and philaUOfifiy. T50 noenib111t" of futufie rnowth wan firOg

viflcfi far by t‘m nérarnl 01" we: "Finn-’1 03503“ libfirfll arts»
fa.

and na1on9¢~ at tfie t?vctnnn r5211 6*“nc* “M“

u 1.1-“ a.

I. It i. x ‘ 8- '- “ ‘4 ~ ‘0 ‘
khan '9 ‘err at 1‘9 scant 3r cawnrtvfiity tact tie LiTuT at

nfiHnola nnfi ne¢59v1oa biforflefl t“c n“11&ran in :19 firbt
hnlfi of tVe ninct ao.t\ contn“y - $10 to” tht* in t“n
11tt1n r03 snhn11~nu"n tznfior thn 1*nnr nt nnfi innnfifictont
invtructor find a tar? or two at $59 neaflefly - we “art hoe?
in mind t”vt in every town FQWG a: 1‘0 n‘113“on, nn tfiny
rannFOd yen?“ of fidturlty, were racclvtn: 350 o1nmontn of
culture. A rinfila terfl at the 30fi00"y “1:“: nerve - often
a pnrve - to give n nnw turn to llfn; to oven th w'nflan
of tfie mind, nftnn n? the maul, to new vnfl refininf inf‘
omens: to make t%c young man or Wfimnn more vu"ce“t1ble to

¢ 4‘. \C

1 a “ '- ..\ V a v
tha fifiirih of firofiroag, fi'lcfi wan t5e r11”’* of tfifi {#0.

.-

. v. .3. V. ' . .1 . .... a .- ~,
If we n3“ rant tna cistrict schools an. pcnfe lea 41., t.e

nn~wer is: They trainofi t“e leader? of two gnnflrstinhc.
One of tfiefie leanrn wnn .?o~n "finnfilfir’ ”713‘10“ ““0:
fflnn enfi1yafiilflhnnfl, w»? vwry aniéuc to receive 93 efiuonu
tifino VG 7"“;le 1.11” Pf’PQ."1r"'nfi-O in $710- r’ifttt‘fi fit (10‘1001 9.:
pnvnn - before he War of “scfifiol Fifi". Va neonflmnnlnfl 513

a . ‘ .' . ‘W > . . ‘D- a Q‘-
01/0? 95916? “cry; but as $29 tfi? Jenn? 90 be in. 11 any

otVnr c1n*" n"fiofit t”at 1n “fiinh t“o rlhhnbnt Wfi” tvvfi“t

flfiittier hon? on :“c nfirth rnrfi of flirt HfiverHill nnfl at

129 31mm of W“1ttinr' a nntrnndo van 1afit in $56 011 of a

.__ L- .. M ‘1. 1 .1. A A _

23
Ibi“ “‘0. p0 wjb

Cl

“Pivntn fiwellinr ”0U"0 hOCfiurc $50 chnclhnude wnn being

.- "‘\ "n‘ . r -' q “ ' .
re*~1rcd. «.11116r atten’ef snhéo- ifiverflittnntly, being
h."
s-‘ 1'

1nrt.un301 13 n new rofinnl-"rrtvr no"*1y ever: wthtnr.

ortr1»%w

no ‘- ‘1... 4"! a... “s4.” ‘ (v-
-, Ufi- - '1vvlg.“ 1: v1 '«WJ'EU Ft

.
.L

.
A.1 $210 1301 ext

“'3

5%. filrtrlat rc“¢nl HP” be rcfnrrcf ta Unfnrfi ‘Lurninf f?fin
t”1s nfirrc of hi? cincstinn. a r 9?: kn" bnhn fiufi11rfied
tn t5” effect tfint ynnn: $11ttier PPS fivnifiVnfi rt rc‘dol
f“? requbl t0 10dr. t1n ?ortw111rtwr c'400‘ “m. It hfis
on.Q' r11".t fouantinn 1n £583. Tho tércEarr rnvuirofi tfie

rcfifilan tfi 19:“

s 1 1

.I I ‘ ‘ ‘° .. 1 .. -‘.
t.n caafliulrfic on w".unfl'y~ frfiw 1‘0

-.

4 \"“*

n -‘. . 4
flow .n_1"nh 'riwvr. (}.. mr "*6 f End n4 {9159? on? V2? tcld

by the tfi“3Fcr to fid+ one. Mir -rthar thla ?.1n he n90?

nfit ctufiy tfic evtnnhinm, 95 it c~ntfiinofl orvorc. Va refiort—
ed this ta :3» torchvr, nn? tfin stufig of the Brine? in his
cvfie vs“ at enforcnfi.“J

At the are of ninzteen Hfiitticr'r caucéticn at the

‘2 t. " 1. 0- :. “ G- 1 C» 0.. Q

nirtrifl rs 0&1 nnaofl, uUu “titular corirpd no can.1nuo
1 :4 . “a 3 yr . ._ n r” ‘5 ‘ Q .

L1? trrinln,. .11: a wire was inornntcw rfgnr Larr1rc.

- "‘- ‘ L t ‘t ‘ " + a... *1; 1 '. - ‘1 'V . .5
nrdo 3 v1.1. no ah“..14r‘" 119-9? can **70 L13 90 send

ct:
c;
c‘f
I' h
')
:J
5
J
’1
1
'1
3

his 1'- n ta P’FT‘XO firt‘. 1‘15 111;;

‘ ‘1
1 1 u?v‘n-a3 7"

‘11" talents“ t‘effizyflcd. 371." “fiat" rm“ *“f'fi‘N'Mfit "mmrel

-b-U-,~.‘...'.._A.Q an}. ..A"‘ u
' i" . “‘.-", 0". .m ' # “‘-. .V P ~
redo a deep 1fi,re°r1“n, 319,0u,1 flu fir‘u u a aflfgdclec

£60305 inruwnrmbln. 150 frtfihr Frfl fiat 850 Manny far fi“n

flu” -o~,' the frrm all n33 rroiune ”are t‘.~n nn:u*1 for 853

L4

‘ ‘_ I 1' \ ‘ I“ b ' 0 '-‘~ ‘I‘ 2‘ ‘.'1 ‘ .7 ’1
nonén¢ r' or nnrv‘ 0. tin -~ 113. L~ “ ?“W gfin P“Pu a???

\

‘ o - I. .0 0‘ - O .
“:4" “"31“"? ff: !T~‘..’r‘**t'.s.nr¥:".. tf‘. 2’1". f“.l'""" (”TVS-“.1. t": hmmr-o
. k .

(3.3
‘-n. r .. ‘
r ‘* I, .'
-nfiuel iflufirY , 9w. cgt., 9. r1.
'7‘
L1

- -

r
J...“ _ - - !
-n.u91 ’1cinrd, c , ~23 ., p. #3.

K31
F0

a hijher and more comélete education. A way was opened
for him that very year, - not by charity or loan, but by
the labor of his own hands. A young men who worked for the
elder Whittier on the fern in summer used to make lefliee'
elifioere and ehoeo fiurinfi the winter. Seeing the desire
of young Whittier to earn money for his ectoolinn, he offer—
ed to instruct him in the trade. The youth eagerly oooeotod
the offer, and fiurinc the fOIIOWinr eeeron he enrncd enoufh
to pay for e suit of clothes end for his beard and tuition
for six months.26

W. Sloane Kennedy in his Life Of Whittier (liftern with
most biographer? on the point thqt Whittier worked in the
ehoe ehon solely becouee he rented to go to school. He
enye: 'Let us correct an erroneOue etntenent tent hoe been
made about him. It hes been said tnnt he worked at the
trade of shoemaiinn when a boy. The truth is that almost
every forner in those days roe accuxtoned to do a little
cobbling of his own, and what ehoemeker’e work Whittier
oerfornefl one done by him as an amateur in his father's
house}27

However he may have got the money, thittier at the ego
of nineteen began nttenfiing the Neverhill Academy or Latin
School, way 1, 1827. The event in a way eignnlized a

speedy reputation for Whittier. It was the first term of

26 F. H. Underwood, on, git., p. 3.

2
7 W. Sloane Kennefly, go, cit., pp. 85-87.

a new academy; nnfl an tfic 9r03ra~ was an ode, to be rung,

V

onwpoacfi by John Creon10nf Shittlnr, a youn: citizen of tie
town nnfl ntufient at the acndcry. Tho fuct that a townnnan
find written an ofle for a hufilio ceremnny, an well an verses
which hqn rttvlncd thv hnnar of wrint, was known in the
little villnre: and he wag naturally 9 youth of dirtinction.
It in fifiid tfint wken he handed in his first convenition in
prove, an orercine recuired of all mature fiufiiln, the mn.ter
asked, “Do you wean to any tfimt thin 19 your GOfipGSltiDfl?”
'Yes', was tfie anrw9;, “Do you may you wrote it witfiout
cofigin: either lfifi?flfifie or thav:fita?' "Yen," “Infl ynu no
assistance or prafivting from any one?“ "20.“ ?hc mcctcr'
urn nan-vlunned: but when, week after week, tfierc cvfio

other thefiefi equally orlfiinal nnfl ntrlklnf, incrcfiulity

EfiVP ray tn nflwirntion, snfl from that tivo he nfive kin

..‘.

counsel as a friend.pfl well an a tone

I”)

0?", ‘fi \'
r .‘euggnn gnrsuofi

. n. L... .,., ..

-. f‘

.. a w , .1 1‘ ’ a Q h
3V0 crfllnnry EtUmJ of ung;ish nni teal Lernnnu in :rench.

He ranginefi six months at the nanfiewy, Cu?‘fifi vfilo? tific

u“:

.4

it won his custom to return each F“1&¢y evening rnd grand
no!

._ s'. U
k
uunflny at hfifie.

fihile attonfiin? the academy fihitticr honrécfl in tfie

family of 5?. Abijnh flyfinn TEnycr, than t“n flufillfihor

‘- ‘1 1' (w. u ‘ ‘ “ ‘ m“! - -
and ofliunr at t o 1 verqi$l Carat,n. rs. ;Hfiyqr tovk

crest hlcanurn 1n recdllinr her 1~firnnnionn of tFe root

in $33.53 youth. {the rn"29'=1‘;)pz~n:" ‘11:“? PfinI‘I‘vnt‘fio {~00 NY? fiffful‘e

w W . w v w i

T

L
"I
I

’-. {ananvmam “a 63%.. p. 72.

u-

U1

and tfie nfificnrnnee a! c.mt emo nefltnnr: w’1~h he rlwrws
bore: but ate 9311 more of his live2-1no¢n of tnfl*er, tin
rcnfly wit, his “effect J0u1tbsy and infallible can "0 0!
tr 1t1 and Ju“tiqe. On nevount of hi? nkil1ticc and tie

eKQWanry cnn<ufit, no lawn thnn on an aunt of hi? rowutq.

tion an 3N1 inr

1

rant, hie anoint? was much soufiht at or.
The Fatherin"" of yfiunc ?0011 9, ate raid, were nave" t‘wnu"ht

comvlnte Without "tittier nnfi the young lqriea of tfic 503001
and villére were never quite :0 ha? y as when they were
invitcfl from tifin to tine to tvq at her hnuro.“'
Tfie following is said concerning fihittior in a let or
to fir. F. H. Unflcrwood tron fi?9. Harriet fl. Fittnn of Some?-
ville, Ennnnchucnttq, who tag a native of finvnrfiill and
dnufhter of Judge fiinot:
I.

50 ("“‘ttier) wont to schoal awhile at V~v0“”“ &“ ~

*-0.9 ch.

§~.II

de~y. Thnre were quile of all area, frnfi ton to twentv-
five. fly brothnr, George ulnét, than n.)nut ten year" Cid,
urc1 to any that ifiittier ran the best of all the hifi falters,
and ha van in the habit of smiling hifi 'Uhcle Tnhy'. 39
“nd a gram 1 dn~l of ”it. The rtufly of human nature wnn
interacting to hiw, ani hia inqififit wag keen. Ye had a
retantive momary and a wnrvnlouw rtore o- infovfihtinn on
finny subjects. The f?Ofit quantians of Calvininw were cub»

jccts of wtich he nfton talked in tfinte finyn. V0 wnn very

'1'

cranafl1ngly onnrcientifiun.’

fit the clone of t“in t0“”. w‘ich ”at in t“e av tn n 0f

8“

2.1L... 1‘?- 73"k
0

\A

F. yio ltnior"0'fifl., O“ F‘, b T13“. 75.?"

k“!
\31

152?, Thittler had his firvt rm? 31y ordnrinnco rm n toncFor

at $30 Eire? To: 0% Fistrict FGVOOI 1“ Te"t Avo~hury, new
c?“fi1*“::0. 3'0 Went to he era'fiinntT r” $3 $235 (3‘11'111f1’3qti'331'1

far terdVinf; “u? :50 onwflitteo oniy r9393 for r swodlfinn

of his wen~'n~fiiy. "e Ema nw rnfiron to be anrfin” cf H19

hfin3Writlnf, f0“ it ”fin fifififi ‘t31 v fin 35¢ 92379 fi“nv~111n:

uzrlnfi tin firovlfiun contury. V‘s princlfirl trcubln n” a

“ob Ag.

“0! q~oruc WV” With t‘n fifitVCfivfii "I fiu"7.1 an tfin lrrfie 5033
Wfiuld bring hifi for {:dlutlfin. A ffiilure tn rfilva tVOhe
was n Girgfinco to a teacher in $3090 anyn. A0 a fia~ccnflnnt

~. "‘ . . . 1‘ a- n y. r. a , .~
of tAo «recalcnfn he 14 origed rfiflo f fiiTluJ Wit» fngVC-z

but 2&9 arablo.s F~nt ed him by $59 minarIOVbuq yawn: men

1

In tfic Pyring of lfiBfl Thlttinr “h" nh‘e to return to
$30 ncnfiefly, and ”Ste? :1? nontfis 0f 933’y hi” rafinol days
rare onied. Tfiur we see cht ‘V1t*‘6“ “n” on y one year
of hifiVe" cflucntinn in 63312103 tn 3V0 trozntnf he rocoivofl
in €50 dirtrict school, finfi that tVQ h1*finr nfiunatlnn ha

.«a'

5‘5 receive Vfié due £0 forcc outriéc tfie fdfily.

silt? ~30“ ~34 2’11... T‘r‘.\fifpr nl' tun ‘vn‘vnfi‘a: 11 nnafi*‘q tnlcfl to
furtkor flfiitticr'v 0”""“*1ufl bv nfivnrt1°1n“ nn ctition to
be entitled '3“e ?oefiz of An”“9.an', tVQ fit*cfiyt 521108
bocfiuro t”crc were rat enfiuffi subscrlncr~. Torn aw” refio,

it snowed tkét n f9”flfil cflua"‘1°n “find"e 'fir fulttér 0n

I U ‘1‘. N»! a.

lflfififiClbilit‘. Finallv he fi°V2 L“ the i’efi of receiving

31 ‘ " m.

Eoflunl flicfinra, ow c1 fl.

U1
CW

a “0“0 0 cdup artinn, nnfl in his twenty-flrrt year he wrntc
tVe followinr to Tr. ?finyer:

"I have rennunnofi nnllc:u for the geefl rnrwon that I
V.Vfi no Fi?rocition to VufiVlfi "”~e‘” + Veinncrfi *V“ rn

-’ 5§~ L4 Us ‘.§

1 v '0. ~79” I r5. " ‘V “ ,...’.. ,- ‘ ‘. “ ‘ .
emu: tinn - era gin; ny'alf t rev“; 00110 a U=.“ n. n cwnr;tieg

. ~ 2 D nu “\ " .‘ “ a 1 \ “q
”0171 born 1? F 1?lu 1-30 an incunur, nfiu jhrwhyze every

. a-c M .‘ ~ , .. n -. ..,.~ . . -
crer.;fin. ¢Vn grazesviann are Lira .; nro».oi full to Over-

‘M' ."' f- a "' ‘ rm .- -~ p
’10 int; unfi I, forzao.h, becnurc I have a a1." or .310 ‘nnch

£D

Of 3"}:"fiinf' ”Dirt f"_.-'(_?11 t” ”in :11 rig-3773:; C'Ir‘wfilyw nirvj‘xp'fi +‘.\a,t

9”.“

I’ ‘I ‘ ~ 1 O I. I . 5 ‘Ao w
ntruflgle t1 h (”not LnL M1 513;.«31, “nu tVun, ~0firy of life,

go fiown to my nrirlnul insixnificnncc, where 3V9 tinsci o

‘2’)
Ja.

clnrrio -n1 h? nor: “111.5ut aggrvvrte my miafortvne.'
Some of Shittinr'n pnvnd refer ta inclfents of his

€

nchfiol life. Cne VS? a written by TVit‘icr shows V‘g duulrc

..‘ “1‘
far an caucatia-. ‘20 verse reflfié tVu.

-D

And "vat I $.1W2yn nwinx tVe flail,

And V619 to fill tVo milkin~ pail?

I rich to go awry to "P‘fin-

 

‘71
. .1}
I do not wish to be a fnnl .
$V13$10rwould often cc $1810 verse: for 3V0 Vlchfiuro cf
17?:
Hr
Fifi nfififi“n10.' Vt 399 fiifitPifit FQVV31o/
‘1‘) V w W T *w
-"" 0 .. a ' ‘
Jaime; Picknra, ow: cit., pp. 73~71.
"*3
“I 5'“ Q i ' a ~7- a. ‘ /
ammul .Mirzfgzrfi, rm. {3 3., _-., .34“
3!:

Francis: 3411‘}; I‘m:.**, on, 03.3., p. 7.

m . ' “I ‘ ' n I-
‘19 300% “In inVnol Déyfi” give? f vivifi fi0"0?1ftififi of

u‘ ... 1 ”A 4- ‘ "0 ad 4- +9-
t a old brn'n (inuricu 903G31-hnun0 ”An. V0 ngv.1

“a. .‘u;! 1,).

b

A rngficfl begV~r slenjing;

Around it still tVe unfinnks crow,

Ana blackberry-vines are o?90fiinn

7" . 1 o ”I. m
.Ve Kennel-Vance w.' V21! a '1.

\ 4.1. a . 4. , .. . . 4‘ ‘.
to given - n 1031.19n :24 ouqurl v ‘Qfi?'QCC .» t1

VOVQ on

u. u .3: 74- .7 + w ”:9... 4- .. .o- 1 . .

919 nnruz ro'.. Au 'ufi 1: a v3~9?C:~. ru'qc n; f”0‘°?Vfit10n
." ’. " “ . h 'r‘ "x T ‘ + “ “

“““11 fl 0” 30”?“ 9L3 W«Gn 19 VW: _?“§3”Cn go fi‘VQ 1” in”

.h I.

*Vc "ontro cf ”hVQVV‘Wl: Hut after it ““5 bhnn tr~hrfia“toi

. .. ‘9 $, ' b ._ ‘ ,. 3! ‘,~ 0-0,. . ....‘, In?
59? TfihC n19. nae an $60 rot? lo v31 unfinng JV . “cw“ ”on

\1‘1
1.:

'7.
“raw-- an" (“‘an ‘1 fa“?! Fran-uni
-..)'. 1"; .. - .- I'. .\J— U . -‘ "..,4 un \;‘-.I _lo‘(.i

t"
O
I

I

«I 1 , 1 . ,. . on“:-
H , cgcany an; r'ts u~.u

“‘J ‘9" a 41

~~
L.

"n. 3- in- " 0 ' '5 fi‘ 7 .~ ' ,
.10 next txo strand: 0. 9.8 300! t0;

.4. 'Ju O‘J ‘~’uu‘.

of th nofinclurann.

13:11:)“ in, $110 {fin—th-‘tQ' n {ant-.1. 1 f‘ roe“
D " ya“, I! but . n F a 1! .
00.) Ear“ ,s 0‘.) Lf r:2.:1:.' Of" 10"1'4.’

m“ 0‘. co ." ‘ r I"
;pn warding 3L02r, tVe bfluuo“03 .p.t

The jacV-kw‘?e'a cérvcfi inltlfil

. v" ..

sc;ncl "a" 1' “007

‘o. 9- w- v
3WD... Ute

U‘KJ-

. l"~‘ “‘ 1“ - ‘. ‘
130, A r.; c. hfi?_fi? clccw-

.. .... 0 fl. ¢Jw -‘. . " ". 'l, J-
vh} 4n“ on u n 60 for ordc" "n3 coférihO? tta ingerinr

The cfinfioonl froscoca on its w2:11:

4L 'q . , . g'fl ‘. ,-,Qa. w .
I”: Macy’s Earn 5L~1, a grvginv

‘vl

"H...

t
b
H)
(I)
3
('0
c?
4‘
:3
I: 1'
.
{3
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{‘3
Q
g 3.
.3
3
'3‘}
{.4
O
3
c?
’J
{‘3
:2.
H
O
i .1
\n

Aha rennininr Etfinfiflfl of uhe “oe: rfiruly r04”? to a girl

W“0 nfifllrod fihltticr and hated to ”turn kin down” after

ct

she aficlle? n Word he coulu nn rfieil.

En at? he? lift he

'1

awo-
eynr; he .0;u

”1. . a ‘x I? . "-‘1' L - - ‘
. .9 rod: harp. r: 11;, v crrmnim;

“J

v.9 ¢ 4* o- ..t" F 1. c
HHn Emmax; “we u?9.d~° n- 3°?'VGLCG,

A? if h Fruit 031306211"

.‘ ,, L9” 0- . 5- ‘.1- . .*
I'm tarry 92;. I 5301. 93, voru:

I "‘--..‘r\ 4‘" PM"! h‘yfifirh 19”“
1.4205: “x: ;- .;“..L.i._, J"“’"
" . -. 1’ ’. 1 . . ‘1 -... nusfi
uecéu c , u 3.0 nrfirfl eggs $6.0? ,wLL, u
3/
1)
“.3 ...- «p - ”as. Q i! ‘
_ .tht’t;'1.“(3' 5:511 my», I .L...~.f~'} rim!
'_"1 4.0- - 0- A . ‘. ‘v 4- ’-
«31u.19r namMCfisrfi.ee pge first “01“” 1nr v“ JCC‘UQ

Coffin, in 3‘9 fiollfifitful “00%, “To Ty Fla Sefioalnmstc?"

" fin .... . .1 9 ~ 3 4- 4‘. "w. on» ,n
an-.in ‘aw a rt'unn‘ ‘rinn. g“ u e -....1or¢, :3 he

,.. Q 9” ,. ’r’. ‘- 4- ' .. a to. an. a. «a.
c »acin;1y r“ lrofl urccn-n~,. in use} 3 VLF+9 9’» ‘wiuuior

v.1;
" 00““1ct.

“v.3: m,

‘3
'3
)
3

(‘7‘

1"”

.3

,4

J

‘3

no

.s
3

“J
J

o

l

home and rnnfl ploud on winter even1CjC. In a leaflet Crittcn
.y Whitt1nr refereCoe 19C.C<10 to Coffiaz

"flhqn I van fnurtnnn yearn CIR Cy firnt CcfionlmnntCr,
Jorhuq CCffln....brouCht with 2.1m to Cu? hCuCC a VOZCCC of
Burn'e poeCC, from Cfiich he rCCfi, firCCtly tn my de11fiLt
I hnfirnfl hi" to leave t“.c CCCk Wit“ no, Cnfi.sot Cynle at
once to tfio tCCk of nnCtnrinfi tho rinanry Cf the finottlrh

7 .

dialect at 1tC clorc.')7
In an nrtlclc that appoérod 1n the fitzrntle “CCthlg, February,
lfi7h, Whittier C n1n referC to L offin CCC CCC Ct an Anti-
Clavery convention:

“In frfint of me, nannning CM CCCnt CCCCICtinqn of the

old hCCectCnd 1n tCe Earrimno Valley, “at my f1rst CCCOC 1-

tCCcHCr, Joshua Coffin, the ICCrnCd Cnfi wortfiy antiquarian
at .

J

J
I

and historian of ficwbury. '
fihittior reform tn the€ 611lrx‘1cfin.tcfl con 1t13n Cf tho
school hCuCC in “:0 fly Old fiofionlnnrt .1” r" iuCt .CC 2Ct“: flees

in 'In CCCol DCyC‘.

J a. . ‘9- .‘3 . 1t .. r.
In I, “rm, {7102.01 0an (21:13} @071,
‘ \ 1“er '3 L ‘ ‘u‘! ‘
”were “CC Cirorict yCve .nce Cr1e
\ - .‘

O'CC 13C CCCCCi CintC? rcmCCl,

Thfifiu.“"; t“@ “P"Q"C’3 F9315! 0'"qu {wall

1.... g

(‘1'

CCWG We chfile-rock CC? 733211,
ACC th CCCCCCC'C VCioC, Ct Ctrifa
With hi" t5r111 Cnfl tifiCy "ifc, .

A. Ah.‘ A. A ‘

37 4?. H. unfi0“""2"u, 0": pita, p9 61x. 0

”9“ CH°3¢G réfor tn t“e tifiéy wnfl

60

H
"‘1 “‘3
\g""-,-¢- ‘ (‘t -

"- 077C

k .. a . ,.. .
DOPtifin Of 7.231) C...“ "7.131;“: 3391;, {3 13

”Rich ‘53 01 "on were he: n“ hel‘ whiln t39 naBUHl-hfiv~
"'f"
we 1;: fivrffni’w W1 " ‘30.”

In ‘53“. rm“- 4.“-_ 1. {7120 r: 1922': titfit affin ”rm the
firct Cfihfi§1”“"tfi” who tvu~fit kin tfic $1 ‘"30.”. Fran tfie
"9' 7M,“ of ‘70 31'}??? fir: :23. )7 what :“zw't TW-vo Ewen fifi'icuit
for JVittivv to laqwn.

?“1u a g teach the myrtfifiioc
Cf thnre weary A R 3'3 -
‘ore, to fill the over? Hnnrc
0? t3? wira find learnefi rrwr,
In a njte at 3‘0 baA aria: tfi “men {Hittier rtntcn:
one 11 no: were nfi?~ep¢c4 t0 my ’¢"*Hy f:1¢nfi.JQsBun
"733“?” New 11 4,4. 1... a H mun. ".273 A a
$45.1, thi-s-IO-, 3-;3903‘7- 33' ”A .31.“. w ..L<..n . {in} ‘n
tfin follnvln: 11:33 a? th. ”fiéfl Twittier chow” t3 tfle f;11-
n,rt ext. ant Jfifit he nUWrecintca Coffin an r fricnl, t ~chnw
Fl ta? fin 93% any i Ufi“i.n, ffi“ “e P“"”'
I, tfio van a? Uififilfi yehr",
In w%fise unble innfin fififinnrs
;2.3 a w: ..in7 finch of rvnr, -

 

 

 

”,0 ’a .’ ' 7.
Looking“ bass. to L, wt for (7”...-
33F ('7 (33‘1“, 3:51:93 nflp“.fln‘ 7“"nn‘-a p. {‘5'}.
' ‘ 7 ‘11.... .'
r3
2'1 ‘ .- -
““”“7' "t“ ““th¢61_““fi?¢ P. lifl.

 

 

61

And tFy Urinal lencnns, feel
Grateful fifties m? llhs unceal,

As, reficfiborlnf then, I blend
C3¢an tnncher, ??O"@nt frinnfl,

Else with antiquarian nenrch,

In the scrolls of Strtn nnfi Churnh:
anad on history'n title $939,

ce anfia;

L..-

k.

Pariuh-clerk and Just
For the forule'm wholccmme awe

Tinlfiinr nnw the aworfl of law.

fihittiar in the following linen rho r zhnt Caffin 19 a

scholar of tfiw péet rni prerent.

Threrhin: flme’s nerleotgfl fhagvcc,

Gathering u? the scnttércd lenvns
Tvofold citizen art tfiou

Freeman of the ant and now.

Of to-dny the prevent ray

Flinfiln: 0V0? yefitnréhy:

Altfinuffi fihittifir knew the Vfilue of flnflinn out secrets
by aenrnfiing wast regards that had been neglected, anfl
nfipvccintcd t*e wnrk of Coffin an an antivuwrian, there

were many wfio difi nat. T513319? Rhya:

Let the bury omen flcrifle

'7‘") .‘ . r. \ s " 'I‘" ‘
”Jay I d00fi of r1“?t thy grime:

Lot :39 $0010 tFeir trcofi"

q .
a» 1.8 ' “I
Leak nnt forwvrfi or hnkind,

v) ‘p! H a.
3*U3339 in and wrif- n on“,

Van? with eve“? breeze avflut.

s» 5
.n
'3
:3
p
23
pa
y..-
.55
. 1
<3
:3
a
:‘
.J
.13
..3
f Q
in:
,4
12'!
.1
5.5
H

.

. .
C? 0 d0: 3N”t rcetn hin thil:

Let 350m ldugh to £03 t“e f?fit
?flbn?nnelci 1n the Past,
working out with eye nn3 113
Riflfllcn 9? 01d fienfianfhlfi.
Prtipnt FR 3012031 there
Sortin: out, rith lovinf care,
Ruflfiion of 5025 QUOFtifinfl Rtrifi

" 7 ' h ‘ .. cm "8
:rnw t“eir revenfelfl umnucnrigt!

w m1: 1

2350;;33, 1n tnelr mole; way,

In tfia punalen of touary,

‘ ‘ ‘l‘fi ,f W ‘ ‘ a '1 t. ‘

bLtu-0 Lao» tJe' c; than Vpgb
u

l

‘q. '94
5nLewn Gflefifl of tfie rflfit.

?h9n 3%1ttlcr Sew? fart“nr to 8L0” t“:t Cnffin W76

‘ . 4~ a. V. 4-. .. ,9 .. I 3 'H... ... M. a... ‘.
'qunSU10n3n; t.o nurunflou ye re, “wrgmlnfl xitfi Cue Coma”,

“wakinfi cflllew nnfl tw¢Ts n? he called uh chafieg tVe

‘

c“
Vrfl long o’cvlfiin - fairnnirnfi wfifinn, benraefl *Pfi, vnanicx

Pfld ?U?1tnn': nnfi he war dainf this “in on nfio fi¥o~n ehénr

View weeks but rrenent tfiincc, nnfl new." fievcrtficlonr,

U1
9°“?lntd Poetic“; fnrkv, pp. 190-191,

63

hc 777 t07n“1n7 rbvnrence far tun 51L-.

.. ‘ 49. t.._ . , t. _ ..
T307 p.17? Fxfifiin? £77 Vivien" t‘inrn t773 Cfiffin 777

q .1. 3'1 4. 9.. I. ‘ v. .
(717~ u 1.. z? 7957 the f3110+1n7 qurst17n7:

Aha 57:11 tfinn wltfi 717m" 2071,

at our rorr-rrc"n t‘ 7o:hula7 kneel,
Fr77 a 7tainod n77 rtony 7770
"n!ain7 to n enrolcrn n

71:7 a pntier 3 eye like E1nc,
?r77177 tale 7nd_11771n7 1177,
H7707 rnfi words :77 hanry r179

C! :77 net hrm 7777 cublire?

19.3

EH7 r"711 77?k f7? U7 77 7011
gne nnt iguqufin'fi miracle?
Lho to reenlnq life 770711
$777h7r grave 775 finfi11 r7711?
who 77711 3177, to than r74 70

Freeholda in futur1ty?

In the last line of the 757ve 3:7.27 Lhit tier 7078077 ”70
7111 or 730 077 fielvn intfi 230 future and finfi but whnt

it h7ldr. 397117177 thft tfin c1: stion 077773 30 answered,
kc 773?!

572-1, WmntOV”? lot b7 7177,

Lon7 {Rd “737? d777 be t‘1nc.

V7 71‘“77 “17 77“77‘7~rtor 7 ‘77" 777 J“?7ur 11: 7 777 in

n'; J.‘\ I“ ‘,’ ' .‘xfi

follomin? 11777 Tfiltt1or 7727 717 to r~t7h over 717 770

_ . . 4- .‘V
17 ‘1 fircrn-ns s.u ant.
r" . t“ t.
thirc for F77tcr .77 7 f3“ pnfigo

' " U1 av

71r91y 107177t, live 77* 7717:

five? frown—ufi‘ :7 ve pad 77777

V) " -, p 3-. O P.
117y .Vc 77305111 7617.7”v0.

l,- . - a '-
Lh1ttinr refer7 to smasher one o; h1~ 7777717773777,

600739 799711, in “Snow—finund“, 3E7 0977177 linen of which

“7.77.7!‘6 7?": .79 fOIIO'VTT-t
. .._

1P0“ 771 rule,
The manta? of fife d1ctrict schnol
In a at thn fire hi7 f7varofi 1 ca,
137 warm 3107 11 t a 7u7“17“ f7£

7502‘s? 5277“" 7"‘87” 7

~¢ ’8’ *6 '.\l

Froflh-hucd 731 571?,

370 uncertain firofihccy of bcfirfl‘

L, 712011, like %ff1n, 777 a frequent vicitnr at tfio ifiitticr
fircfiifie 07% 777 always welcome, ?hn lnPt t7o linen qua 7d
above 75077 that Haskell 777 a verv gaunfi mnn. Infieed he
777. for whnn be tnUQFt 7t ancfifilll HQ 777 n Btu? on? Of
1}

Dart77uth 3711778, ' 0777177 his 77y t“rnurh rnfinol Jurt 77
:fiittier ‘17 when he 1 tar 93:77377 “77775111 Acnflnwy.

T7110 vititinf t“7 Whitt17r7 3772711 fcunfl much t7 do.
go wnuja $9777 230 firoway 773 b; t“0 h07?t*; he W7uifl 717;;

4 ‘ . ‘ -" ~ ’ ‘ V \"§ “’- ‘ 0~ .-'~ i' ‘»
he WOU13 $011 01 ”‘7 c.01LP 0 11?”; 33“P3-“Ut~3 fig "‘V a ‘~QY

J ‘oq‘

w— ‘v— Ww T

Cnm7le37V?"Ӥiflfil wnfigg. p. 121

. W n "F 7‘” .
57=u01 1“ 'Ta-u 22¢_2$£-. 9?. 23'2”.

crock-"inc on

HfiRJV 11 ”'3’“ 501““ Of £911.\L:' furl-”5:19..“

RC

0’ vanw‘ti. n ’0 ‘w.’ r wu- :7 t - n3“ ‘3

‘

fl~wnlct¢

rnfl frcfi

f)qn"§ nn‘
\ u-,__~.‘ rs

Unfile torn"' “

.nu.

.' .,.. ,. 1.. 10.0- ‘1! ."
Le t" r01 3 o *1uto.-h_.gnteu a,

Played nrccn~fiins an 7? V5?19'9 1”“!

N. . m , fin .m,& ,9,
..r 21:“ If"?! :' art-‘1. tn...- uc .. Influx

n ' :- rt “ ‘ my I ‘
In fllrfls;3 Dart‘ U ’" 0“? € fi F 1-5.

’!.. . J! "' .. .n , 9
1n 2: I‘V'.,I‘.,., an rem-

the“ Fe necfir to %“?Q 1n“nvlfin£ 3‘0 ”IUék

nOl‘.n:-:n.

1" 0‘... 51“
uO?.gC?n ‘ “'5 ””““"

Darn thn vita. w,

‘1”'.
‘51....

whnnon bin venfinn f'tNA" "
4. u! I ,2 e I. a .G .g u.

my patinnt 3011 ruhvlrtcnfie nownt,

*

Kat cnnnntnnce and yet not

want,

Ne early g*1nod tfie 30”er to

my

"in cEcorful, celf-rclivnt wfiy:

Cfiuld 60?? fit orne

fit?

yaFfildr'e L.~n

peéfile worna frnn tevn ‘gn town;

\ - . ‘ I
t‘rfivgh $10 léh; chfit1fin'5 roach

lfinoly lowlhnfi ’1?‘~‘~tr

U- .u

tflnfl“,

. '1
t? 0 (1??~l *Aaao fi"

0”“fl”*“”03

('1: r'"~‘ve~fi"C‘7"" “."'“t‘ n

' x A an.“ ‘ 4 .3 9
k) Jun 5-) 1' . ‘ an:' ¢ Palm" .

"‘9 moon? 1: r.”wtn“?' knnn (2011“*t

‘1 5a '

u.)

The rlclrh—Zrivn tfirnuéfi tfin fro ty n1.

1,..sml’

m a ". r-a
1H0 Puntio - party, Wit: 12c you H

ACGOm eminent of h? ”n.-flrn 'n-buff

3.
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r...
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’3

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'v—v

66

Inniflc t¥e rnnwalcc;oi “Wfios ?n3“oll tuned his merry v1011n,
W1“?W@ t“e 93‘10te in tVn barn, bnlfi 35¢ Good effifif' vina-
vqrn or gala n1?“ -wpgvgx1n~ vcrrians of rare, 013 classic
lernnflv of Greece rnfl Ro~e 1n Pun“ n rrzwnr :firt tflera
pchwcd tn 1‘we been little difference bntWonn anficn pcdlern
pad :11 Greek rods. For instance, Pinduc-born Arnchthum
taéi t“c ru1vo of n rrlrt-nill brth, 9n” flvcéfl Clyfifiun
Manama n Funklfih7?PY 3111.

Khan Kctkell Tr? at tfie fichti of hi" Wuwils, he
lonkefi 1120 p chrnlnrr, care—free bfiy; but whan he Vnn at

ILLHUJ 'J

5’? 503? he 10“ 0’ 11”e W 0 "é““3, filfiflifled and aflfinlfir-

A anelevs boy t“~t n1f1t he scefiod

1»

Cf
’3"
H
”‘4
3
.3
”‘3'
{D
«J
1
‘4
‘3
5
r4
J
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5 x

r.W‘ *1? of fine 1*0 rive?" r®LQW0d
A w‘? ~ .44 A . 2. 4- .1
n3. incvryn frfin t.n fuuurc teéa

n . . '~,~‘ O‘. Q ,"'~ I 4"
In ‘.‘:1nod t ~U.Ht fin}

In thfi ?““”inifi” linec 0? tVQ €3WHZW concerninfi Unrfiella
Wklttinr Way“ MWW~WQ to E1W rwfi 0 n2" tn hifi as n finfcl

f0? yWuth t3 YWlIW” fin unvag

.4 ‘~.r . A, .111‘; .

Lvrxe—brrinez, clcnrucyefl, cf gunk as be
fibull TrfiDJOfi'a y In.“ anrtlefi he,

"“*11 evnry 11nWW“'nW Wrong .3?“611:

All 0% in" fron lifib nnfi r11W1t rtritn,
8711?: :30 blnék nnfi ?%120 filikc
hart

3?? before 2501? Pwift Wflvrnce

.\2

fan Fur :ncnn rnfl tfie 1~nor nan,

6?

'I“"*n 93‘1”}, t’ o 111%, 1W! NWMUI‘. 91.01:“;

0 O I O O O O O O O O O O O '0 O O C O

T39 cruel lie of errte rotate

a
“'
1’35

A 'c%onl-héufie Winnt fin OVWry kill.

' w? , ‘ '\ \Q I» -'r ”I ‘ I“
Phun in 3-rn01nr over $30 0 .'ptcr one roan ;*10111nh

of 3&0 Firtrint 905001 Wni the rn~<WWW ‘3 Ya? finrlrn7n

A I,.,f‘d‘| ‘ ‘
9‘9 refinnl 1130 o' i :111fir

U Q 5

R16 r" “WOch to an OW” 71?“

l- -a 4.. m-

in hie WWWWW. 330 w¢3¢ find refine of rrtflinfi an cfiunntina

H n r1 .3" ,1 . ,. 4. Q r! or . Q
in nor an ;.n— “F 0:02M119d b" h1111WW, «01.1n, ram

Hmnva? an? fihitticr'n brir“t outlaok uwcn 3‘9 future

___ 4A .L.‘

hm
COfiWletG “0031111 wWWEP. w. 3 H.
V‘— _ .7

CWA‘TEW III

3'1 -.3.LI CE! 2133 '"".'I"’I'I'I"7

fibittlcr wan revved in a devoutly rclléiouc hofle, a
Gnoker home of the moat earnest nnfi rlneere tyfie. fo
rinncre were his parentg in their nflkcronce to fluntorism
that Whlttier beane attached to the fioctrlner and prqo~
ticea 9120. He bee Came one of the Mont t">1“nl finnkern
thfit Lew En n~land ever Wrokucefi. He wan tbe very cuinten-
pence of finnkerirm: he lived n? n CUWker: he wrote n9 a
Curknr. To understand Quhkerlnfl 19 to underctnnfl i513t10r.

In View of thene facts nOWetW1n~ rHWule be said nnncern-
inc AWnrlnnn ‘uwkoriér, vhifih 1n clOWQIy bounfi Ufi 1n orlgin
and hintory with the wifler rellrioun vovement Whizh Fwd
its rife 1n tho anlirh CGfifion?ea1t%, un "er t“e 16W”? r"“lfl
of George For.1 from whoa t“e bofiy nnfi fovfi of finnkofilcw
an9. ?he soul of the mavemant Wn" not evolved {ran the
thought of any one man. The PPIITIDU" nortion of tfie neOWle
of Englnnfi, ercludin: the "nhnron c of Charles II, n9 well
us the nTVPch VFinh was basal? nubflorvlent to such fin
iflWloun head, hna long been in a $3619 of ferfient 1n rernrfl
to doctrines and Ob“9?VQfiCQP: rnfl many, like For, hnfi been
P99klnfi for n Wuvely nWiritunl mnrvhiW.”

The Quaker religion toWk root in the AWcrio can colonie

R. E. Joneg, TWe Quékave:13 tWQ_AWWW1an Chlpngep, p I111.

2 D
F. H. Unnerwoofl, John Grennlenf ”Fittinr, p. 13.

69

in 1657 and grew to be a far-reaching and significant
influence in at lenot ten colonies. For ten years it hpd
been powerfully stirring the middle classes and hnd ranidly
gathered numbers in the English counties.3
The Qunkern were a mystical peonle, holding as a primary
article of their faith that the Divine Spirit or Eternal
Chrint is an actual Presence in the human soul, at first
anwenring an n Judging or condemning Principle, and later,
through the conformity nnd obedience of the individual, as
an illuninnting, inoniring, and ruiding inward Spirit.“ The
Inner Light in which the Qunkers believed was identical
with the doctrine of idealism or innate idenr hold by Dee-
Cnrteo, Fichte, Schellinn, and Cousin. It manna individ-
ualism, a return to the primal sanitien of the soul. “I
think, therefore I pm.‘ The thinkinr noul is the ultimate
nource of idenn rnd truth.5
There was a tendency to make conduct conform to rather
stiff nnd rigid gtnndnrdc, for the Friends to a lnrne degree
shnred the Puritan ideals in regard to “Christian manners
in the world.“ Then, too, in oddition to their scrunuloun
Uunrdirnnhin over morale, they were rlwnyo zealous to omin-

tain certain “testimonies" which were the badges of their

3 R. M. Jones, on, cit., p. xiii.

h

' R. 5. Jones, on. cit., p. 136.

r

J W. Slenne Kennedy, John Greenlenf vhittior, p. 132.

 

7O

”peculiarity' an n weeple of the Lord. rhoy were a0 keen
N1:a watchful for éevintionn from thege "tertimonies' mg
the Puritan elflora more over fievlntinnq frow nomad tleolory,
far that lnrfier liberty which leave“ tfin inflivldunl entirely
wltfi hlfi own conficience - with hi? verrnncl Hence-End not
yet come.

The Purltfins hnd rejected the stately gervice of the
anrllnh Church, its grndntionr of prlenthood, 1tn orqfinn
nnfl reswnnrea. They had bnninhefi t“e fentlviticv of Christ-
mas, thn penitence of Lent, the reJfiicingv of bbrtnr, nnd
had nut the whole zodiac of saintv' finys in loetin: eclihae:
but still they hnfl forma. Tfieir “thbntfi“ - quite differ-
ant from Sunday - wan celebrntnfl nanording to unnlternble
rulea. Torfihifinerg were asaifinofi “laces noaordina to noélal
rank. A «0%olnr or nentlomvn won "yr.“: the fnr~er or
lpborer wag merely “Goodman.“ This, rfter tka fisglstrntne
and other difinitqriea were hrovifiefl for, was the wrin criter-

y‘

Inn in “Renting the Weeting' .Vnfitfir” were elevntfifi 1n pul-
nitn: and thou¢h nt rivet tha handle were fiU"fi0nefi to worrhiy
by blnnt of born or beating of flrun, yet, an scan an Wetlth
incvnnrafi, tfia w“1fl1t1ve 10g hCUFG sfivm way to n mare 1%—
nnsinm edifice, firovlfiefi vlth a nteewlo pnfl boll. T“e one
strikinf feature, hgmevnr, wag thrt thn Vinifiter, or seernt,
Ufiheld by thfl 10691 finflfitrctfi, W"? P6 vbfialute 20 the “afie

7

hifinelf throufih the limita of tVa town.

6

R. u. Janey, on, cit., pp. l*€—1M7.

7 F. H. Unaerwnoa, o>, ngt., 9?. 27-?3-

71

Arninfit all this tfie fluwkern nrntestefi nnfl fiealnifiei
”a ?nu1 mifht hive fiene. 339v invei¢Lefl nn~inct all fettcrs
of the fraa Haul. Iva kinginn of hnnvwn 19 ”1*F1n‘ggg. Tke
nfiirit of 39% dwells ig.v“ur hatrtc, rnfi not in toMWles
fiwfle with Ennis. rho life of tfie 3"P1?tlfifl 19 ir*tgi.
Hothififi phould onwe between t“e “out onfi the Eivinn Vinitfint.
To pray, tnfiafi, or prejheay ona nanfiw only 3%9 “rflfifitlnf
frafi vitFin. :here is no clrsn of Lovltvc to bn fni by the
bwet“ernn, for vinaviflufl firnyer rnfl “finifie. fitfiea nnfl
first—fruits were abaliahad, with b10093 arcrificcr. Give
ywur oficek to tun smitvr, and when reviled rcvllc not anvin.
Cannon one ans an“e {ran tln hattowzsrfi “it. tfiefl n0 bledfl
oven in aefenne of your life. Conrorw not to the cEnnxing
farhinnn of the vain nnfl ungoaly. uuff19a, chaing, banfis,
rnl rinyn fire bfiqgfin of gprvitufin to the drinnn of tflin
world. Haiti»? nhnll you swear, whetfior in nnrer, or at
the can and of n juflfio. Hath not the Jufife of all said,
1,

“Swear not Pt n11"? kill n9 mun mn¢tvr, or itfi wutilrtnfl

dininutive, “-r.'g
One of the mattcrn ~“ich wort profoundly concernei t“e
Frinnfin wan t%n rusrflinnfi“iw of tlm "fir”ivre of tHcir
fiewbnrs. fkfiy réfucpfi to P1101 hwy of their fie‘bhr“ tn he
finrvinfi by n firiest, for 3*i* tew~o€ to t“nv tn he tke vary

evreqno nf sneebfintwliGM. ?%ny afinfitnfl n vimwle cePCfifiny

by whinh tfin brifie nflfl éraaf filv‘*nf t“n“"91vov in *fi?”l“f0

72

“before the Lord nnd in the nrerence of Friends': and nfter
endurinn many hardstinn they won from the onurtn tnnt thin
form of mnrringe wnfi legal. An the iflen fievnloned tnnt
friendn were “a neculinr neonle of the Lord“, there nnturnl-
1y went with it n ninnpfirovrl of the nnrringe of 9 Friend
with “a nercon of the world“. This noon bncnne a firefi ide ,
nnd the monthly meeting renornn contain n host of minutes
which renort “dealings“ with members who have devinted in
thin nll-innortnnt matter of mnrringe.9
In regnrfi to the nrevniling 'vioes' of the time? Frienda
nnpenr generally to have taken nn nfiVnnced nonition. then
lotteriev were lonked uhon by nlnont all Christian neoule
as at lenst tolerable inntitutinns, 9nd were being UFBd by
churche? and educational institutions as a beneficial nro-
vision for raising funds for the work of the Lord, New
England Friends, 'in the light of Truth“, enw that they were
uernicious, and rpfused to allow their members to nrofit
by them.10
At a time when the use of sniritunus liquors was an
almost universnl curton, Frienas were nevnrtneleae vnry
sensitéte on the subject. Thny begun, from the first of their
existence en a neonle, to insist on a clean, tennernte life

for their members.

Fifielity to one's word of prnnice was held to be a

 

9 R. M. Jones, on. cit., p. 1&7.

1° Ibid., p;. 1h7-1hs.

11
R. M. Jones, 02. cit., p. 1M8.

73

most nocred obligotion, and every Frienfi roe erpectoe to
wake rimrteoueneee in trnde 'né flevlinn ”rn affair of honor“.
Every book of Monthly Eoetina Records bee nnny minutes

ririlor in Pnirit to the fOIIOWingz

“The overseere informed thot there in a bed
revort concerning two members ealting uo beef, nnd
exnoeing it for sole, which woe not merchantnble;
and they hove node some inouiry, nna no not find
thinfn clenr, therefore this meeting n‘nointe n

12
connittee to mnke incuiry.“

Friend" felt that it we“ very inwortnnt to keen the
Society absolutely clear of everything that belonged to
WnanPe, or which encournpefl firhting with whet were known
93 “carnal we'none“, but Cookers hrd no objection to any
wnrfore which they could oronorly coll “onirituol”! This
“concern“ ron uo nflnlnfit e deep-eentefl natural inntinct,
one it entoiled nnny fiifficultiee, horticulorly in the
errly days of the werfcre. Durinm the French rod Indion
Wnr of Queen Anne's reign, Friende were subjected to very
severe sufferingt, end etrinrent menrurer were trkcn to
force then at thin time to do militory service}3

One of the meet stubborn fights in the rnirituhl wor-

fare of New Enylnnd Quaker” eve for freefion to eorrhiw God

 

12
R. H. Jones, on. cit., p. lu9.

13 Ibid., p. 150.

7n

n9 thnir own hafirt” filotntefi, and also {racism frnfl nuwwort—
inn any “yfitefi fif Wfirvhl‘ W“lcfi their canaclenoea fllfi not
nhfirnvc. ?hn firivilafie to worHVIn 1n tkeir own way rnd in
their own gutFerlnfim wan won ht terrlffic Ofiet. It mnn
discaverefi by nn ovorwkolfiin; fiéficn*trnalon that tfia daniwl
of t3e privilege coulfl ha m lntninni only by the ertnr~1na~
tion of the sect, 0nd thus thre W3? an rational altnrnn-
tlve but tn yield. 359 ot”¢r brivilege, t“c wrivilccc of
exe~qtion frofi titVeu for the fiqunrt of t%c ertahllfihnl
winifltry, Wf? won by a long, hard fISVt, but wfien it ”a?
won it vws won for cvrrybody.1n

The fiyfitinml prinnlfloe of the infkcrv pounicd like 9
dangeroufi lenvcn of wild dianrder to tVolr on onont9, n
neeé of finntevlpm, which, when grown, woulé ton“le down the
pillar? 0f CFurch snfl Staté. It nepflefi to merzn tfint

infilviaU¢1 osprioe and subjective whim were to be crowned

1r
and mitred, and thrt moral chaos wan tn cote again. J

Since the Yunkern were objwctlonnble, thc Puritan“ berfin

to tarture than. Clerical nhnncellorv were inwnfienrlhle
nnfl pitilenc 1n t501r trnntwnnt to tPe Quakers. In no
ether rny cnn we nonmunt for the inhumane nctlfin that Crave
Ann R tohinnon into the wilflerncnn t0 file. 4011 or 111
founfied, the aeoinlonp of tfie cierry were hot“ lrw and fate
for aurkfivr. Lorie mlxkt be nt fault but the virible Jufige
11: £235.! p90 192'1530

15 R u Jq n 1 a
o 5*‘0 inefl. 0‘3: Citj' 0. 3‘4.

75

war a rock. Cnnrtrbies were 'not to nnke refily', but lay
on the lust when bid. A nroteet, or evnn n muttered canolaint,
mirht, on in the core of Lieutpnnnt Rnbprt Pikl, be rnrwrfied
by a fine or t“e stocks.16

It is not envy to overestinntn t"? influence uwon the
sufferer? of nrnsnrintion for Ofiininn'n sake - for Christ's
soke, we snnuld any - when it hnn extended over the lives
of generations. Each firm rnd faithful Friend cane unfier
the more hrrfi confiitinnp. Con, brotherhood, and duty were
big Joya: but the world swept by with something of nity
and were of disdain. At the beginnin", the nubile preach-
ing of r known Cunker ran a sure cource to mnrtyrfion.
It sonetinen conen up to us an a novel and strrtiiné fact
that for breaching ecccrding to conscience men and woven
were flogrefi with knotted wring, chainefi in loathnone
dunneonc, half ntnrved, and brnishcd under pain of éeath, -
nny nore, thnt men of blrnelecs liven and of the vnry
cWirit of Lord Jerun were actually hnngnfl as nnlefnctopg
on Boston Comnbn.17

Thrnugh nroclamntion from the Kinn of England the
Quakers were given liberty. The renal statutes aghinct
heresy were hernitted to slunber; but r"an:-r=;?-~.i.'i.t-, tfie fiery
real of the fiunkerp rad cnolefl. Still, the olfl prejuflice

nywinnt then linxorod. Tine, however, 90ftenefi the hearts

 

6
1 F. H. Unflcrwoad,.ofi. cit., p. 31,

17 F. H. Underwood, on. cit., p. 31-32.

76

of bigotq nnd were off the shard edger of Baffinr: but this

wns not until Church nnfi State hr? Egan fiivoraefi nnfi net

until the fiu’kcr's nerory of tFo dry? of b-ttnrnesa had
13

beenfie n? unnergi”; re bi" snfi-anloro’ r”? ents.

fihittiar wqh born find brnurfit uw in t‘n inflict? a!
Frienfip, of w%ic¥ he alw'ye refininafi a frithul we bar.

In tryinr tn solve tFQ problpfi of Raw f"? he felt h1“r91f
bound by the rule“ and cuctoam of hia inniety, tha tailoring
nnenfinte 16 often referrefi to:

”On t“e night bfifnre tPe burming of “eflwnylVfiniq Hall
in 1935 in Flilrfielhhiq there oafiurrc” t“e finr?in¢n of
Angelina flriwhé to zheqflcra 9. 3:13, botl bring afterrwrfla
wrowinent flntirlfivnry rofnrwnrc. “i?! flfiifiké ww a finuzh
Cvrolinw inahoreflr, 2*a h6d libérxted her own pl vn:, Pfld

wre thfinceformrrfi knfiwn far n51 wife r* fin fi”“‘¢lfi

r '5 "
\.‘.¢cb . s. 3‘ f" r1},

v -' ..‘ o l .A ,1 ‘3... . » .'- ‘ .‘ .‘. .
lecturer, but wer pra¢oaeu puannfi ?w~ nfiL n ,uqmnr. At

. , - .. a”. “~O v" " 3‘ ‘ ‘sw - .. A v ' ‘.
t‘n tiwa of $0? gel inf, 1%13u1PT, v.¢ : on Buiufid “ e

V

br‘ 95 99% win mnrrying

Frechnn, W9“ 1.:2*.r1.‘..'.€'~'at ts fittenfi:
"out of rociaty', h? aid not tuink it fitting that ha rhfiuld
be «resent Pt tfie cafiefinny. Se nevorhhfilfinq rnennéilefl it

with E1? canvcienca to efioort n yfiun: lnfiy tn t“a ”oar,

pnc to call on the waifiofl whir nert fin; with n Gfifi:?@tuln-
tnry anew." Twig inhiflent fairly inflicqtnn t“e hfill thrt
His early relifinu" trfiininf hfifi u«on Fifi When i“? can'tion

I

was ona of outW“rd obnanQnées alone.

 

”3 $111.; w. 32-33.

191... .

“- “ilenqonp 35”” G“fifinl@v? ““lttinrp D. 115.

77

we bnpt iwnrnnnian of fiTittier'rlrelfitiow With the
fihcinty of Frinnfifl will be fauna in tfo 19:29?" nfl’ren“wd

by 51v, in later life, to tFe eéitcr of CPR Ffilfin“*' V°V1Pfi
in “MilnfinlpVifi, in raf€rence to tfio cfinn fin tlen bofiinning,
and maturing lrter, and destined to trhnrforn no greatly

t%n whole society. those whi vcre pccurintofl t"1th. thwt

bofiy in it? enrlivr rtnte nnfi snw t“e rtnw: by which it ”as,
in the Juflgflfint cf itn reformerr, mnfierniyed and invifor-
rtefl, 0mm roll understpnd tVe voint of via? of Thittinr, Who
certainly rewrenentefl itn moat elevntna, firmnticnl, finu

vrocrennive ride. fircerpa rrhw the latte”? nre as follows:

“Aflcrbury, Bnfl 50;, li73.

“lo the fifiitnr of t“e Wavinm.

“fintnpmed Friend, . . . . . .Tbe firnvent are in
one of nenpnticn and exeiterant, of crtrean fianruren
"n6 owinionc, of iéficticnne 0f #11 claw resultv. . .
The title ”095” of our odiniona, :39 renonw of nur
firnctinea are fienrnflefl. Our vary r135: to crifit mp a
distinct nocinty in quartioncfi. Cur ol’ lit?rnture -
the svnciouq Journala and bioyrwabiev of nvrly an” later
Frienfin . is enaWfirPtivcly narlaotod for ennnntinnnl
and fiagmntic fiublicntinnfl. Wé ken? cafiwlqinte 0! a
want of educated ninictflrs: t“? utility of silnnt weat-
in? is deniefi, nnfl firryinfi tnfl nrnficling rprnfifiefi ne
”attorn of will nnfi OWtinn. Thnra in a growing flevire
for efficri*nntin: nann EEO €ny~r* raw e?rvfilfintn “n5

nrqctinon of OC”PP acctn. . . . . .

“But for mycelf I prefer t“n olfl wnyn. 7y life
has been nnnnly spent in lnbnurin* with 3V6”e of Ctfiar
seats in behalf of the sufferin: n14 ennlnvcd. . . .
But nftnr n kinflly and nnnflifl nuvvny of slew all, I

turn to my own Snoiety, thankful tn the Divine Provifionce

Which nlnccvf'f! me where I nn; an” with an unshnken faith
in the one distinctive fisctrine of “uwkoninn, - tho Light

within - the innnnencn of the Fivinn Rnirit in Shrin-
tinnity.

“I 9“ not insensible to tnn noel of npiritvnl ren-
ovation in our Society. . . .But the nllnnrfi evil 1109
not in gain; bank to the 'bngrevly clnfients' frnfi nhich
our worthy nncentorn culled the neowle of their venera-
tion: . . . but in heefling more closely the Inwnnfi
Guifie and Teacher: in faith in Chrint, . . . in Rio
living nrnnenne in the herrtn Owen to receive Him: in
love for Hin mnnifentcd in denial of self, in anrity
and love to our neirhbor.'20
In the aennnd letter Whittiar acknowledges men? 31.

presnionn of Syflfiathy, anfl Adan:

“I believe t5nt the wonlfl noefin t“e Society of

tifionv mud n ntnnflnrd. I knnw tfint

‘ .

Friendn n* n to

’1)

this in tfia nfitinn of Home of t“0 bnrt and meet tbnuvfit—
ful menbern of other Christinn nnctn. I know that nny

neriéun dewurture from :59 Oriflnnl faunflntinn 0? our

20
T. W. Higfinaon, on, nit., pp. 122—133.

79

Society wauld rive pain tn nvny w%o, outnific of our
oomnuninn, deQle rnnliyc the i nortnnce of our ten-
tinonien.'21
By tle testinnny of nll, lhittinr'n intnvwrntntinn of
“T“e Inward Liglt“ incluflefi no v~xun rncnylitinn of hifh
innulne, but something Cefinito, fivn, .rn~'l firtnn*in? into
the fietnilu of conlunt. It rulnfi Pin nfltion: and WVnn he
find, far inntnnce, fienifiefl to take n cnrtwin railway tnnin,

22

an rtonm onuld knew hid buck.
In order to yet a clear insight into tin roll inun rifle
or inittinr it in nnrhnnn hart to leak at £369 of bin

“neitqtivn nnd aniritunl noonv. Aftnr reaTing tho 0 finefin

“e enjiyni by tFone brnu-ht

I
J!
t.

can fnnln file i nen=e r%V"ntn
an in t*e Eociety of Frienia, we to n sin lcr 9n! tlerefore
nnre snared u~e of tne Hebrew nnfl Cfirirtinn flarintune~ tnnn
wan wonnible to tnnre traineé in tFa none rigoroun nnfi revore
methodn which nrevniled no lnrfiely in kin ynuth nnnnr the
ovnnwelicnl sects. 51R citatinnn of ponnrren ave nunbrb

in their flirnr€”inntinn: the word? 0? brakicl Fnfi Eydrrn

Keen granter nnfl urofnunfler UVan thnrfi of hifi VVP?G¢ thnt
follow: uni yet *Hin i" no truer of t“nn tan of tin “ref-
ntory nrnlufie t-Lnn fnnn St. fiUTU?*ln“, or Coorre Fox,

or the “Nyfins of the Brnhno-Somnj”. Ynin in n" it nbnvld

be: tknt the “ont'r wift ?3*U74 ’35“ itnnlf nvnn in t“e

23

texte of his sermons.
In etufiyiné the Noeme of thittier one discovers that

there were two enoone in his relifiiou~ or "hilO°onFionl

develonront. Che first ewooh - that of eirfile niety un-

oloufled by doubt, the epoch of unheeitrtin: ecoeotqnoe of

the ponulnr nytholoyy - seenfi to have lected until about

lfiSO, or the period of errly Darwinien one Spencerinniem,

the most momentour year? of religious Hietory, not only of

a .
New England, but of the world.£u Ihe noen “All'e Well“
in so eyennlnry of nhittier'e conscience during the first

neriod of hie develoynent that no other noon need to be

cited.

The cloude, which rise with thunfier, Blake
Our thirsty souls with rain;

The blow most dreeflful rolls to breek
From off our limbs a chein:

And wrongs of men to ”on but make

1";£'
n t.
The love of uod more nlain. J
The pivotal point of the second ewoon is very well
workefi by tee oubliontione of "See Ihrpel of the Here ts“

anfl the “Questions of Life“, in 1:53. It wee at this time

'thnt harrowing doubt began, end also a restless striving

 

33
2h

'T. W. Higgineon, on. cit., no. 115-116.

?. Sloane Kennedy, on, cit., DD. 193-19M.

25J

onn Greenlfigf Lhittier, Comeletn fieetiorl Work”, p. M31.

to retain t“e faith nnid new conditions end a V”?t1y widenefi
mental horizon. Trnneoondentnlinm, too, hnfi juet pnnorn the
noon meridian of its aplenfior. Enor"on had written many

of bio exquifiite nhiloeonhioel “none, and Parker had blown
his clear bugle call to a higher religioue life. It in

evident that Whittier was - ne, inoeeo, he ooulfi not hole

It
pf

being - profoundly moved by the new soirit of the tinor-z.”Q
It ie in “Toe Ctnnel of the Hermite“ that Whittier

firnt pave free and full utteronoe to the doubt nnd etrurfile

of the soul. He we? not the only one who wne rffeotnd by

the new movenent for many neovle in flow Enylnnfl hon tte

some erhcvienoe, but he was one of the few that telo to the

faith of his rclifiion nnfi to tvuetful tHCien. There in not

any ovifionoe that he ever ennetionefi tne urinoinlee of the

develonnent - eoionce, - the evolution of non, the develop-

ment of tfio univeree throngn itn own flivine notenoy, one the

norrelntion of forces: or, in fine, nny of tte unteleologicel,

unnnthrow0103ionl exwlnnetione of thinnn whioh nrn neoeeoi—

tnted by noience, nnn ennitted by aannoed thinterr, both

in ~nd out of the ohuronoe.” To ehow thittier'e trurt-

ful attitude, the following etqnznn hnve been relented from

"The Chapel of the Hermit."

"Yet, eonetinon glinpeen on ny eight,

Through nroront ernnn, the eternnl rinkt;

 

26 w
27

. SIOnne Kennedy, on, cit., po. 193-19%.

Ihi‘., o 197.

In 'Uueetione

"
‘-

I’J‘ld . - n-

And, stew my step, oinoo tine began,

I use tee atonflv gain of nnn.

That all of good the unfit hath hnd
Renninn to note our own tine plan, -
Our oomnon daily life fiivine

And every lend n Pnleetinn.

O O O I O O O I O O O O 0

Through the harsh voices of our any.
A low, sweet prelude finfin ite Wny:

Throutn oloufle of noubte, nné oreefln of fear,

he!
L10

A light in brenking onln and clear.”

of Life“!

'1 en: how little move I know!
thenoe came I? Whither do I so?

A centered self, which £9013 and 1?:
A cry between the silences:

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ttin eonnnioun life, - in it ttn none
Wrion thrills the univnrenl frrno?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Do bird nnfl bloneon feel, like we,
L1fe'e nnny-foldofl nyetery, -

the roofer which it in to be?

Cr etnnfi I oevnrofl nnfl dietinnt,

On
t-
Fron neturc'e chain or life unlinked?" ’

9$ .
fi John Greenlenf Whittier, on, cit., on. RD-Al.
410-

33

thittier confeosen himself unable to gnawer. He shrinks
bnak tarrificfl from the tack. He will net dare to trifle
with their bitter lngic. He will take refuge in fn1th:
he mill trust the Unseen. Let un cease failish question-
ing and live witcly and Wfill our prnfient liven. He carefi
out of the ntrurrle burified nnfi chantened, still holfiing
by faith in 035 and virtue.

Hhittier's faith is also triuwnhnnt over hi9 eVfireneion
of religioun éoubt in the seem entitlefi “fig Soul and I',
which is rcnqunble for its rearchin¢ objective pnfilynia.
Owin: tn the rinilnr nation? of Transfiefiflentnlinfl find
flunkePiSfi, ffiittier tunt have had n Front aflnunt of 9y“finthy
for tHe former. Severthelegs, as hfin been fiointnl out, he
vnn déefily mfiitntpfl by tba revelatiflnfi of finifinfieo

A pneh nimilnr to 'Jy Soul and I“ is “Pollen”, which
shfiuld be mentianed in connection with Ehittier's View of
rvlirian nni its effect in New finmlnnfi. The $00% 1% in
rnwbry of Cknrloa Fallen, an efiinnnt theolatiqn, End for
a time firnfeseor at Harvard Collare. The wrnfiominnnt inter-
art of the fioem in were in the subtle nnfl firm View of his
own imfiortwl exiatence than in the ”artrnit of bin frianfl.
The linen bring ua {nae to face with the lent nnd deadent

hrnhlcm of life, 00 that wn went tn leak into

'?he sfihere thnt knefis

ma dicembnx’iied mmv of we dead."

The wordn are efirnert and nolemn, wonrefi out frnm a full

heart, and wit“ the rinnlioity ttrt bofitn t“n t“0“c.
Juetlv, tVio must ho rornrdefi no anon: ‘tittiov'v nobleét
wnnnfl, - an ovidnnoo of hin spiritUfil conviction” nnfl l“in
rnnnroU9 Fyfloot5v, an“ of him not of nwkinr ron’ch ttink
23

/\

tncmnelvcw cnnrcr" of his creative “over.
For a general oonfoomion of Whittior'o 1321??1 the Noon
“4y finwogwkc“, i: tygioal. The noot hairesnoo t“n line?
to his noncsnko, Francis Greenlonf Allinron of Burlinrton,
new Jersey. The poem in a curious, truthful, ounint eroresrion
of inwronnions, feelings, and fancian, an? mfly be token no a
piece of fait"ful soiritunl self-delineation. Boo of tHB
vrrven that nkow his nttitude towards tfie religion of his

noonotorn are on follows:

'He worshinwnd no his fathorn did,
And kept the foith of childish nnys,
Ann, howsoe'er he strayed or slid,

He loved too good old ways.

The sifisle tnnton, the kindly trnits

Toe trnncuil sir, nnfi rootlo “Wench,

““9 nilonoe of tte Foul thnt wnitn
, 31
For more than own to trncn.'

whittior lovofi t‘e good in r lifion of kin onronto. He

felt that no novintionn fron tnoir onrtioulnr ountomo

 

3 .
3 F. (3:. Underwocfl' 0’3. Cit-, p! 172'
7

J "l " ‘ "I
John unconlenf “Bittier, on, cit., p. figh.

CA
\II

should be observed.

Firmly believin? in infifierinn Whittier gave ufi a defence
of hie religion: habit? in “Fhe acetinfi'. He said tfifit he
was uacuntnwefl to meet with the Frionfiv twice 2 week in the
little fivetin; nt Ahnnbury, chiefly for two renconn: firpt,
hponuso in $50 silent, unwaornefi fiance, with “fine-inid
floor", hig caflmuwinntinna were not Jiqtrfintod by the out~
side world ne tfiey probably would be if ha worshifiwed
fllwnyfi n"ii the solitudea of nature: and seconaly, he found

in the Vootinv

{-7

n heart-palace in rnmo~brvncn of kin dear

anew who once out by hifi 8156, but have now Fan” on to
2

k»!

“I nnk no crgqn'a POUIIFSR bvnnth

Yo drnne tEe t“efiea of life nnd daath,
No gltnr ennfllo - lit by flay,

Ho ornate wnrflnfian'é PVQtorin-filny,

No cool ޴ilovowhy to teach

I O O O O O O I '0 O O I O I

No fluiflit hmnn,-cd by the fist
33
Of loud-unsortin: dogfictirt.'
AltMQUfifi the qukern did ndt have fifl’lfl in their oiurches
nnfl were bitterly Op 030% t0 muric in nny for“, inttinr

\

kg“ F1V9n D“ flame of twe byfinn tkvt fire Tonnfi in nearly

v. ,—_—

fi. filonne LennefiY. 22;_2£§~u P- §3'

3 JOFn Groewleéf YVitLiar, o“. nit. ?

\.V.~.-l
1‘0

K4

 

56

every hynnal. He contributcfl in the colieztion ”Cur Faster"

I

such well-knnwn poem? as those beginning '36 fifiy Hot Climb
the anvnnly Stcows' and “Our Lord nn‘ fiarter of U9 All“.
ifieqe 90919 era free from dnrflntinfi of n “firticnifir {with
Qnfl hnvo the fiqsvion of true devotinn. Thry nrn bUfihle,
trufitful, nnfl sincere. Fuck qualitiea hnvc purely nnt been
ovovionkn”, for t“e Fymn-bonk nq%érc hnvn incluand “bay of
fifiittier'n rvnvofi lyrics in tfieiv “?mnnic. Dr. 'rrtinenu'a
Hyfinn O{V?P¢1°E (lfi7h) contfiinn woven n! ”hitti9r'fi rrlifiious
range: the Unitarign Ryan qnfi Tune 3‘1: (115?) n1"o haw
woven: t“e “Lyfiduth Sn lectgnn (1255} hqn eleven, cnfl Lon:-
feliow nfid Johnwén's 31:39 of it: “wirit (135%) “pa twenty-
!
two.34
T“? fiuwkfira fiid not believn in urinx n hyfin bank, but
Lhny did baiieve in t“? aible. In every Kfiw Swilnnfi hnme
t*e bible towerefl above ail ctficr berks. ”Kittie? r023 :39
Bible very nongcientiouuly nnfl V“? Well-vnrfnfl in it. Fe
wan therefore able to hut his knnwindfifi of the Bible into
flaw? of his W06w9, an has been so tVorOUfhly riown in '“hggtg-
er'e Uvqfipf t”? fiihle by Jhwrn itfihy TtPVCnP, vho ”a" linted
a total of 615 8?n“WIen frow Varicuv bo*kf of th C14 mnfl
flew fertn~ents.
Another grouv of relirioufi $09“? t‘rt rhorlfl be mnationed
are tfionn in WVinh ”Hitfiier cnfi"rfi~rrtcs an? fivnnuncca the

fiercecutinn of F1? ffirefwtiorr b? t”e “uritfine. Cne of his

A ‘
3 3. “loans Kennedy, 22;.2L§t: D- 93?-

5?

lonrest an? acct effective fine"n that has as itz tkefie :39
fiennncintion 0f nuch pnrnecutinng in "39??Hn3rfi Yonilwink',
wfiinh in u 930?? of n youn? “maker yivl rowtnnnefi in Boston
in 165% for hnr rolirian. fihe war to he trwnfifinrtei t1

Virfinin rad snlfi Lknrn pa a slave. defore n“e wnn vinocd

on the nhin sailing for Virginia the shifi-mnn wnnted tn
7r

.
"'

kn“? wfio would take "Hrryo Of her.

"But prey hcpfin shank nnfi ycun? brown knit the
while the sheriff rfind
36
That low t“e wickefi rulfirn nrninrt tFn floor have wade."

Then the girl felt a hard hcnfl urea: fie? own nnfl heard

kind wordv in be? awry:

“God binge t“ee nnfi firerwrva thna, wy fientla rirl

36

and Gen?!”

The gufifie, or rather the wheriff nfikefi to be r?led?nd frfim
farther wcrk, and tie Elrl Wnfi net free.

Other noefin yhnwin: the attituic of otficr sects tAWflrd
LFG Quakere in Sew Lnfilnnfl are “THE C11 fouth", “The Exiles",
find ‘The King's misgives‘. In one 0? tkece 300%9 ihittinr
End given n? WEQS wreac%erc fligfit enll “n realiyin? scare“
of what wan mount by n Quaker WOfinn'g ”hfinring he? teati-

mnny'. Thoma wfia h~ve r"mfi tic mafiount~ .f t“e fivnvfi“ifif

A__. 4..

1r
1) T. g. Eiggin?nn, 2n, cit., p. 157.

36

‘1‘".
.,

JnVn Greenlenf “witticr, ow. fiit., n. 23.

t

by t“e firrt diecivlc* of Far, and especiqlly the lettnre
and diarln“ of tfince e rnost and wlnfile-fiinflnfl “Guile, Will
has n90} to be twlfi that SEQ? were no lfiWPOWPIGtiBS in
thfiir «revs av behavior, and tWat thnir fiwcooh, tFfiUKH Bhld
end uncfiqrinj, vac nn mare no tFHn tfia GGWWUH uttPPPHCGG

of Pnritnna in regard to apiGOOWalinnn find others {row when
tfiey fliffored. She few rewains of tHe intellectual nwfl
yfiiviLunl life of those relf~devatpé mieninnvriec aha? thefl
to have boa“ possessed of the very fi‘l?lt of Shrict. It
“a“ fifter thpy hné been forbiaflen to hold meetingn or exhnrt, -
*ftur tin] had been nonurgnfi {rum tovn to town, and flung
in Jail $ than: so much care mg wsuld have been bestowed
u*nn n wounded dog, or banished into the wilfiernens, or
fliafifiurofl by laws of cars, - after moflevt wnmen had been
ctrifiwed to be erafiined for witch markr, and after the fiennce
of the ynilnwn wan forever “resent in t*e nnnsoifiunnese of
tkefi n11, - it Wan than that the minds of ynfin were shnken
nnd q relirinue dalueinn but little reroved frofl innfinity
tOfik finaaearlon of £39m: nnfi than enfiuwf CVO gynetnnlen
which have as VfiP1®UFlY nffeated flankinfi. The eritnnn
nnrwflefl these isolated canea of nénvrent modefity c3 an
ercure f3? ficraecntlnn. OLHOPQ hfive reflentefi uwon t%e¢0
Ftrvnge cvsas wit? nn ovarwknlning wit; far the sufferings

Q

ncd manta} strain W110” led tfie victims to such unfilorcble

V

nnnfiuct. The pnnn rofvrred to is entitled "In tne

A

‘1

.30

South, 1677“, which pivea a vivid fiioture of tho enthusinct

whé wan owllnd u‘nn, an aha believefl, tn flanrunce the
unnhrictifln cndflunt of t”e OWfirenPore of the Frivndc.

Var worflfi of warninfi PPR 5015mm; nna tEe T9958? con rewfie

C)

tVfl vnot'v natural evultrtinn in Viv" n? tto frat t3": 8“
. a 1’7
Wrinciwle of relirifiufl frncanm was finaliy acknowloagwd.‘

Turning to “The King's Viseive“ nna finflv n fiden h'rcd

on the waprhva “an: {raw the kin: of anylcnfi in 1(61 t3

$nil. 3&e nuhiinvfiifin or

roier'vfi t’V-i 'iuiritm‘fi timt were in
tfin Woo“ renewed the fliccufisicn betwenn EFG frinnflf of t“e
IL'U“13‘TI" ~15! there of the TI.u~‘:r:nr°rs. The fiuv. Dr. 2111?
rttafivted to sham that EEQ poem had no hivtorinnl {Gunfivtion,
rnfl %r. fihittifiv refilled in an enrncct defence of the Wori-
ticn he hna taken.' ”he main point made h" Dr. £1110 1”

thnt nn record exivtg in tfie books rFQWinr t%nt pn order

cf telenee wan unnse‘ by tfie council. In veniy it wirht he
urged $59: if the enuncil hvd derived Lo rctira silentl~

frow nn untenable hocitinn, it woulfi have boon an nary nnd
nfiturul way to rmlefifia the firinnnnrn by verbnl nrfiav.

Thug munh ig qertnin: the rnynl Winniva c~“n, an! the
imar1coned Quhkevn wave eat rt liberty. Txct“or, rndfirfing

tn the 01% marifl, it man “art Fnfi or “rfiwtflr “45 ie nfit

 

70'
very iwwnrtwnt - in tVQ once cf 6 woer.’"

The hngvnnhucctzn Historicnl fifiniety Of ”*10% R9V. gills

C

”n9 t“e “re"ident Pft@?W*P£ fiut, in ¢ vdnrnr, it” FPfll a!

x»;
N!

"3"!

. 7;. swarmed. ___:.__0“* 1.31 u m. 33”“5‘33'

a

pa

N,

u. Ufi50?“005' 0“. 015., p. 33k.

90

nnnentnnne on the historical bvnig of the wonm, whan it
shone Whittier pa 9 member: nnfl it whv rennrnllv cdflitted
fiflflnf itfi mefibnrv that Dr. Ellis went tan far in his nttsvvt
to vinfliCnte the obnrootcr 0f t“e ?nrit"n8 for justice or
waderntion. Whittier hifisolf, in rewrintinr the “new in

his nollontnd workn, mafia trancuilly:

“The fiuhlicqtian of Ska bwllvfl led to 9019 div-
nunfiion PR to tie hiFtDTIOfiI trut“fvlnn9¢ of t“e ninture,
but I have seen no renron to rub nut any of the fixures,

J

or alter the lines and colours.“

ihlttler ageg “at hmlong to the ertrewa “b“?3G 0f
anubt“. Like finny other relicioun finetn he rocnrnizni tfie
fiivino wrenpnoe a3 erirtvnt and nwprntive in all thinvn.
Ei“ varre" are full of hOpfl mnfi nour~ a. In “?He Rnfnrflor'
he efiy*:

MD
‘But life nbtll on 9nd uDWfirfi to.“
It wnn this faith thnt sustained Fin in tFe @1553 of

detractinn, violence, nnfi loss. In "Barclay of Fry" he

ernlnima:

'Hfififiv he wfiove inmrrd nvr
Annel comfortinxs can bnwr,

O‘er tkn rabble'n 1nu7¥t°r.

A.—

0 _
3’ John Greenlenf flhittier, O“, fiit., 3. 2M.

43

Ihia., p. 36;.

91

And wfiile fiatred'n ffirotn burn,
Cliwncnn thnuéh t“e rfinke filncorn
R1
0! t*0 read hereafter.“

?Hnne who in Into? yn“rv rat” the fine d?“”fitifi doline'tiona
in “BurcTny nf Pry“ do not ouitq nW~rnc1ntn t“n scfinol 1n
whififi Tmlttlnr lenrwnfl vfint life fiennt tfi Nfiwolny. The
firrt tlwn EFnt netvfil vinlcnne onwo nnrr, thnurH 1t minced

}-—-

J, Wfin rftor t“nre End been e"tqb11rhefl on “Wril 3. 33k,

nn nntlvlrvery society of rhinfi ha 7%? genretW“7. A ynfir
hr 90 lfit“? 1n Av“u"t, 1135, thn an. fn~n91 J. “0y of
Syrnqure. 39w York firnnc“cfl in t5n Unitwrién “ulfilt at

annrhlll nni nnvnuncofl that he s“nu1fl give cn rntlrlwvory
ha

n”‘rnc" in t%e evenlnr.

gun pnpnlt wan 3%qt the mentfin” wvc entirely airworflnd
by n W05. A? t“e mob was tFrnW1ng stfinefi vnfi b“9hk1n” nut
Fin’nwn, n loddad afinnnn wag beln: drawn ta the nfiot tn
mflfl tn the bfirrnv tfifit t“e dirvrhceful tumult wa" n"0”1nfi
on a quiet fifia Gnoceful Snb%nth evoninr.

Yet, name of tfiepe Nrw Enhlnnfierfi, who were bittorly
owwoced tn Tuvfifirisfl nnfi its dfiotrinev, Vere Hamburg of

other donowlnationa nnfi nrofcn"96 to bollevn and nhlfln by

O

'3" ‘5“9 f-Fbtmt‘i (“151' holy,

tke Bible: but tkoy cauld net k

It 19 ptrvnpc cht t%eocrat13 SW? KHfilhnfi revfirded with

 

211 Ihifiwv 3". 3M0

 

ho

L.
r, w. Hirvinron, ow. cit., n. 55-

xo
to

hostility tan ideals of findkerfi n" in filrnnt on“o"1t1°n to
3*n mock-day nné Vrbfinth any sprvlce". I: mefi“fi thfit they
afinld hnvn T0”“”Otn3 ruch 91n09“9 «n4 unnlnuflod fwitfi, rush
r won’erful guide at tVe Inner Light, rna runh n "“ufinne"
life r¢ that of the Yuakern.

fihittler'fi Varan, however, nontinunfl in t*0 fifiirit 0f
trunt 1n t“e beneflcent prder of tkinyr Pnd th loving
suwerintenfinnce of the unlvnreo me it ?bfiwv itrelf. Y9
vac cv¢r Pfifioful, ever cheerful, onfl ernyn Ichklng forW*rd
to n hnfifiifir, briRFter era vben the Kinrflofi of Heaven should
bn crtnbllnhed. He rnnched the haartfi of hi? robe? and beat
t%1nkln¢ cauntry“en, enweclnlly tVOre Hnw an1“nflOPP whn had
been finrtinlly vrrnlyzefi bv the t9nc“ingn of JfiW~ch.

Aflqin hnfi ngfiin fihlttier nv¢ert9 t“e huw"nfity 0f C“vist
nnd the coecuql divinity of 911 wvn. Ho, like 611 Hnw
Enrlnnficrfi of hi? Refit, nfvecrtnfl t“c "rlnn1Wle? t“n: PP”b?TS
of tke CFrlvtlnn fellowshifi n“a ednql" 1n the nirht n? God
and in @fifi“ ot“er'w c?e¢, that on north t“nre is neither
filth nnr low but a common brctherhn“d in Christ. 'I rerflvfi
Chrlntiqnlty 98 life rather Lfinn r aflond,' ; wrnte Whittier.
Thin rlnwle {not 19 efifihn01rcfl tfirouffinut his poems, but 1ta
grertort exwressi“n is in "y H1v2”323" (1n lf?7) find ‘fhe
”ternnl Cooanena'.

'fiy Birthflny' given the reqfler vary intinnze cantnct

with fihittier'n roul. fivery verve 1a doewly moiltrtive.

 

”3

JOh“ 390?».&222;0fln Tritvre 0n_A*er1n~n Literntnrel p. 131.

whittipp hnp Daintfid his own erreer witfi nbnclute

hens and Beliefitelv waiv‘ed “swcclf 1n n bml~nca.

of tHe etfin7n3 are 90 follors:

“fetVlnku the rmirit’c tnfiher firnma
Ton soft in t“1fi afilll nlfi;
Sn1ntht the rthful Ebrrt fnvnraba
Cf nesfiefi rrtc” bad firwynr.
O O O O 0 I O O
R?rt far thn weary hcnfln in finfifl,
An” love far hearts thnt "inn,
Jut let tfie manly hébitufio

Cf uwrifkt EQUIP b“ Nine.

And if the eye must fall of lifiht
T30 8%? forget to hen?
:nkn cleaver rtill the cfilrit‘> P1?“

i !
LEA;
worn fine the inwnrfi 8W?!”

trutfiful-

T.
fFPBE

t

Annther fioen of the rnwe ccllbre in “fhe Eternal Good-

nepg" whinh 1" wartfi n collection Of P0““Gfi° 9nd
was awoken from the nulfiita of Varinu" caste nnd

1n flew Enrlnnd. guck n finafl $36 3 from: Klft 33

Enrlnndnr who neeflvd F0 vary “VG“ 359 ?”3”“1“19”

Juatioe, find froedmw.

1"“ 1 a 7QO

Er

, caw‘n: in an ##9 of flfiufit nnfi int?

kn
~ . .. I
Jahn Gveanlenf fhittlnr, a“, cit., \. $33.

1.3"} 2 1 C"!
ChurChBfl
t“e flow

"f horny,

llectufil

\Q
‘0-

cf

“ride on one hvnd, nnfl formality and bifn ry on the other,

ream d to no~o re n new hope, a nnw nnnfccrlon of SUblifi,
3312*, and a new n“W1rntinn for tVG union of all created
Paul? in tle Divine. The tfivuxlt and fewllnf of tFE aweet

rnfl holy uttnrnncon of thin noefi sea? to be one. Follow

t“n CFOUNNt 1n eve” of t“e follovlnf rtnnrnas

’I know not vfiwt :30 futuro Fwth

\‘

of fihrvcl or Purwrice,

I

- ,Q -?.~ to. ,1 . . ‘t
unturpfi L-one L.n. lifo nww 30*33

F1" flarfi? unfio?119Vo

I quw nnt *ane 91¢ 1"1"n?“ llft
3heir fronfinfi nrlmc 1n flir:
I Only know I ennnet d“1ft
hr
Boynnfl Fin love 9%” cove.“”J
Anathnr “new 9%ow1nfi 90“? of t%e fihfirefi 0f PVl1¢1on
in New Enclnnd 1" “”lrlnw', which phwnnred in I??? and was
flnflicatvfl to Freflerlck A. P. Srrnnrfl, Preniflent of Solu~hin
Collefn, n gwnBIEfisn wha wan fllptlnruirled 1n the equco of
,flucntlfin, and Who in hi“ ybutfi Wrotn for the Yrv Snfl“jf
“Evie? of ”firtforfi, Connecticut, nt tle time W“cn Thittlnr
Wu? eflitor.
airlnw aha the nrfie of a Christian vlnve, a favorite

Wife Of fin C?19ntfi1 manure“, t1? :hfih Akhnr' n33 onn “V0

 

.7 v

A:
J John Greenlpwr fihittlgp’ ow. filt., fl. hkg.

‘0
\73

Rent alive, as bant a“0 could, COflet“inr of the aura faith
in whinh are had been roarefi. At the nnwfinnd of her lord
F59 told bin rvnt rhn knew of Chrigt. afta"wnrdr, hifi wrath
wvn turnnd tn fiprcy by t“e fiercunvinn of Virinfi.

The finnfi 19 full of wpishty than?“tr mannerning tfie
acqlinxfi of Co} witfi men born outriée the cahnvn of Chris-
tianity rn” of ttfite who tHfiu:ht they were in $"e Pp“nre~-
cni many flew tnjlrnflerr Gifi. T%q fin~ruron of tte Fpititunl
faith rnd trutt attained by the ccerc 6nd firowteto of older
rqcen in nlvo br¢uzht out.

Durinj thittier'n timn, Jurt as t are pre nfiw, there
were many nnr?onn in new finrlnnfi w“n h~fi 6 ffor9nt Opinionfl
about hell. In the noen “The Tinivtefic Dvuther’, is ew-
bodied thittier's notion about hell. ?he just and G0fi0fl9-
sifinnte nfiture of thittior had been fiovni by the can~iderntion
of the theory of nrnfiertinntion: but ifi"tn~3 of rn~nrting to
rrgUfinnt, he tnuchan t“n vinfi throw h nnturnl fehlinre.

The deaf, little innnccnt flqurttor of the grave inlvinirt
did nat know nnytfiing nhfiut hrocf-teytc vnd 10:10: but aha
found the way to her father's heart. 3y t“c won9erful force
of love the fwthnr'n theory 3 predectinntion rivae nWfly

to n fuller an! truer vigien of life.

Therehftar his hefirnrr noted
In his firnycrs a tfinfler rtrrin,
And neV9r the nonflel of hatred

Burned on hie lifia nchin.

And thfi ncof’in: thnfuc FWF firfiyEPfUI.
fin“ the blinfiofi nyee rfivnf Pifkt,

. _ ~ 1 an a. ..
Tl"! ‘(G'rtt’ F-f" 1‘1.an nfm‘ruihQ,

hG

\

Crew «oft in hie warmth nnfi 11ftt.

Canaerninz tfiin F06“ Oliver XEfifiell Walnen wrote to

3

'If yfiu hfifififln to have rnen an article in the
anrch - or way it February? u'fiarth'éfiarlcnn’, you will
have nfiticed, it may be, my reference to "?he tininter'a
Daughter,“ nni to yfifirself an hreanhinr tfie Gonwel of
Love to n larger congregation tfinn any ”inlrter ad-
dressee. I never r199 fron any of yflur nouns without
feeling tfie refrenfiment of their free nnfi awnet ntfioefihere.
Again that sweatefit "Einleter'n Laughter" brou:“t tHe

m

tears into my eyes - and out of them.

Thug 1n lonk1.3 at fihittler nnn pane of hia rolléiaua
writinrn we see his place in flaw Enflwnfi rclirion nnfl that
of the root to wfiiofi he belongefi. we alvo see t“e rawctlnns

of the otficr retirinus firnufin in Srw hnrlhnn to thn finntrlnes
and ideals of Efilttier'a religion.
Then in accountlnz for sunh high lfienln rnfl mmrnl cofien

as were EXCfifillflefl by an ficriafi, nnfi Purltnnisn to nnflc

ertnnt, ms night confildcr tha fact t“ht lFlttinr, like finny

v— "— -———— * WT _

2L5w .
John Greenlea! Shittier, ¢fi, cit., n. hGJ.

23-? sawuo1 Piaknrfi, Life Ana Lettora of John Greenlfitt Ftittie’o
v61} 11, p. bbfi.

otfinr How Buslnndero, way a non of nenerntinns of Goa-
fearing nncentare, ?he 33%"chy of a nfihle houechcld bad
Puatninnfl nnfi énirthd him. Every 9:? of his being was
endared with the Conire to filnce hiwnelf in tfie servinc of
God in tFe nffrirn of bin day. rhin davotion and oneness
of “urwone characterized fihittier 9% a tyWinnl non of New
anglnnfl thrOUfihout his long and fruitful life.

Phen, taking other thingg into onneiaeration in account-
ing for Uhitticr'r influence on flew Lnflnnfl rélifiinn it
mu?t be rewefibered that he made the beat of the nonnty
ohwortunitien offered him b? bin own Faction of the country.
fie knew how to deal with his fellnmncn who onuld be fierlt
with. His relinioun training hfifl lea to mare than n cnnfcrn-
ity to moral rulefl: it had devolonefl in him t“e sublime
rcnfie of duty an nnncthin: to be followed at any cost.
Ideas, institutions, nnfl lars, as well an social unnren,
were tn be tried by tha stwnflnrfl of rifiht. Literature was
useful nn it clevntnfi rnnkinfi or an it tnnflnfl to lernen
human fluffcrinr, nnd fihittior'a writinrn were curaly

devotnfl tn tfie¢e Furfinnes.

CIhXPTbifl IV

POLITICT AT? THE AfTI-SLAVfiVY VCYCVTQT

I?! ?'r1m’9 v‘fiuqu J‘f‘r")
.1 .

d" (Ju‘L‘

flew Enflnnd during fhittier'n dry W?" infinod n bfittle-
ground of V¢rifiuP valitinni lexdevn nnfl fifiTtlefl. ?“nrn were

fihirn, Free Poilcrn, new ,iifinnfi, Donacrntn, Libernln, and

nevnrnl othnr n rties. All had oertvin nintforns which
thny tinuhht would be best for the United itntofi.
whittinn nnw much nnfi henrd nunfi of ficliticn during
kin boyhnni, a? thnre were tke anyn when small rurvl
communitinn which todny nuflber ncvrce two-hundvcd finrcnns
bad a powulntion of tvnlve to fifteen huntr 0d nnfi rent often
two refirerentntives each to the General flaunt cf tFe State.
During Zaittinr’n enrJy life a “torn-meeting" am; ran
the bis: event of the year. Tae w‘ 019 town wan thre -
hoary-handed old :rnnflniren of the sccnni generation, Who,

boat my! feeble. n‘nntt {find of tine f7. ;:I“¢‘En ft“: (11' t“01!" you.» t“!

'3

nnd told tnlefl of their chilfihoofl in ‘He fw Ar 9; tne
t5ird.generntion in it? rrine t~11122 of cattle rnfi corn
rnfi the ending rwning'c wark; nnfl antly, flockinr by $39”-

selvew tfle cma: of it all, vonnm men under twenty one.

I!

L ~J‘

one hunirei of tfiefi Witfi mansiv” nficulfinrc nnfi wififity 11553,
clan in ancrne rnfi strong gn“finntn, énfi heavy now-%ific hootn

. ‘r ‘ g G. .3 ._ a, . . fl, ‘ ' l.‘ ' r. piv- fin.
witn to?“ t»mt race 01 slao<u in .roir gnean. nint n_;nnnzine

’ "‘1'“ ‘ f r! 9‘ 1‘ ." f‘ r, .‘ “PI"'-’ ' O! I-
“Afif 53,1"? 3117).: Lu L1 5". .':'.)“'C:nu , 't.‘..L1\,)

or “tare {3-1.371 ennrf:3r: . -.t x.’

."flt‘. “222'?"31??? 9"“): n‘wnr' bfi'mr-t 1'3" fi{°"‘~.:in;'_“.. °'-'."firrt'3_inf‘.'o

lnunninn beintnrounly nt rnurn Janos, gunninf, liftin: anew
otnov by tn" tenln with their ntrnnrtn, manninn torntner
tn crqrh dawn the inner finntitifin of t“e town hall: a
'rnurh lot', 0 bwnfi of youn: Titnn" rith onnrgy anOUSF find
volt-confidence ennufin to nhnke the vnry fnun4ntinnn of
t*n rnnublin.1
Whittier, nnrnnnr, won never scan in cunn crnwfln, for
when he ran n boy he did nnt cnre tn no noon in nrnnan;'
he wan snnwrhpt p%y, But nn Fe gnnw nlflnr, rennivnd n
nintrint nanonlinf nnd one yan of nfi“351y educatinn, and
bnnnne affiliated with Varinuc nnwannnnrn rnd nnrnzinen,
he bcgnn to We: rttcntinn tn nnlitinn.

‘

In 1%33, hnmever, he find tn rntnvn to tnn fnnn to nnze

n livinn for hie nunt, nether, nnfi rintnrs' but he difi nnt

‘

7.1
.-

lore ann\intc ain‘t of the nnlitic'l rntivitin in flaw

an-L".'3lnnr.';..t He aifi have n hnrd tine finiffi r6. howevnr, h"“"unc
the best infornntinn nevnr rcrohefl tfn Tarn ?CTU1“?13. In

lfil? ho wwnto tn I? anrinrn n”ltn“ n? ”“0 Envnnhill Iviax
,.."._..‘ .4 . . . - ~4\ 4’ -— . v .4. u

. U .1

”I an starvinfi for nemnpnnorn: I now and then got
one from anaton find finnhingtnn, but not until they
are groy-henfien nith nae. Coulfi you snnfl we 3 lot of
panern of any kind?

ana you Fr. Chaote'e ennecn on the tariff, nude

Inst session? I hnvn nnver seen it. You nnntinn n

f .,_. ___

1

W

i. L. Patten, £iflalififitn on Annrinhn_bit0?Q§U:P: P. 1H7-

rumor abnut Slay nnfl Eehstar. I

’89.: ”I“ 0

Armin be w“itesz

b? ave how he lenfln Hingelf tn

Clny will hald alnéf frsn

t?nnt thnt WP.

t: ‘01 .o ‘9- Q
nu; 4.1.. lfir v1.33.

130

Webster

a , m r.
Jwaannnini, an:

YD

“I hnte Jrchnon, or rather Jncksnn's nonnurcn,

moat cartinlly.

I native Clay, nnl

7.

to Urownto tin succenn."

annll an all I can

In 193? WFitticr vauld hnvn had tta nknnne of being

nlnctpd tn Cnnyronp, but he wan too yfiunr.
Feventncn Confirnnninnnl electinnn

tniot betvficn 1331 nnfl lfljj: nnfl t“fi

this district ennuid

Ed in Tnnrnnhgrettp,

not 3“ now by a rave

hnvn filled was

C°nfirfififilfin11 electinnn had at gu.t

by q nwjn"ity over

fi1urn11ty. In tFD

um 31 t‘i? Dana-15’9“:

+n U
1!". u ‘31:

nnfit 11

Thane more

Cnnrrnvn which

Vfififint.

ti"e tn be determin-
nll fitfin? ennfiifintes,
diatrifit where he

nnfl finitticr flufiWOPt-

on him; but anvnntnnn nttenntn nt Piectinn hnfl bmnn tunnon-

slvely nndo, nithdut

hinself wnt “rnbchly Willinfi tfint wnitti

finfiulnr onnfiidntn,

twenty-five nnfl naulfi

in 133%,

necurin: n nnjnrit,

an“uld be trip”. ”g

nnt take

A

eucneedei in belnr electefl.

.1.\ ;.
tnn 99*».

+1 H in
no u“fit uu'» n3

fir, n far were
ttinr Mn“ nnt

 

nickhrfi

. qu-s

3 I
1H13,, fl 7W5.

6

9" Qi . ,, ‘
Edi??? :11gT.1?‘xf‘O.\,

’ ”7): 0112., I".

hw

1m.

11

'm.

01%., w.

J

101

Cunning we? nrnoticnliy'eiectnfl tnrnurh fitittier t“rne
tinnn in ruoncnninn: but the lnttnr fivnfiunily iort all
fnith in hin, find when Cinhinn at 1~¢t triefi tn sunpnenn
His own antinlnvery renord, ttnt to “irtt rot nn office
when the lhigfi onnn into none? in lffil, thittier wan ton
rtrong for kin. fin rennintnd t3: letter which under his
arm nannrnment hnd carrinfl Cunning thrnnfi" tin lnnt ninetinn
tn Congress and nrefnned it with swan nkill rn nhnolntoiy

f:

. J
to defeat tunhinz'n nnbitinn.

Whittier, definite his illncwn and work on the fnrn,

t?

ion to nnlition. Even his frinnfln

rnvn worn nnd nova atten
man in him the qunlitieg of a grant politician nnfi were
nnrnr tn give him all the nnnnurngnnent thny aduld, Tith
n11 tFnse factors pressing uwnn him Whittier nan nnw tfie
future nn being full of dn*%t: but Fe ann"n to hnvg neg

hi” ninfl on “filitiafi far he wrote tn Jrn. flignunnny in 1fl32:

”Pherc in annettinn innnncintnnt in tnn chnrnntnr
of n nnnt and n maaern nniiticinn. I love poetry, with
n love nq warm, nc fervent, «n tinncrv, an rny of tte
mare giftnfi wnrvhifiwnrn at the tannin of tFn Tune”. I
cannifier it? gift nn nonetting hnly nn” nfinvn tnn fnflhion
of the worlfi . . . . . ?oliticv in the only finié nnw

J
open to me.“

Again in 133}, he writes:

c
J Ibid., p. H}.

F" 1" 35""3‘5‘30- 7"“ F3?“ Century a? r‘-'"!P“i.n;"L1»1fitmmne. 9 Sr

“I Have been nonnellefi annin to plunge into the
politicnl whirlnool, for I Fave fnund that ny finiiuinnl
refiutntinn in none infinnntinl t“"n “y finetinnl: no
I try to nrkn nynelf n nan of t‘e vnrlfl nnfi t“e nvfilio
in fiecnivefi, but I nn nnt. It“? an not can t“nt I have
thrown the rnuffi annnr of rune "n4 turtvinnt enntro-
vorny ovnr the kennly nennitivn boron, - n honrt of

.7

rafter nnr gentler enntionn t5nn I flan» n"ynvn.

0‘

It qu aurinfi thin ante yen? tFnt varninon wrote tn

:Hittier cayini:

’5? br°t*0“. tHQPe a"? unwnrfis or two million of
our nnuntryncn vto are Gannon tn tnn mart hnrribin
nervitufle vtich over curved our rnce nnfl blnnkenefi

L}
113:“: 53;"?! Of h‘L?‘tOI“f 0 ' ‘.

There wan nothing nilfl or uncnrtnin nb“ut $illinn Lloyd
G~rrinon. After writinn finittier, he went tn annrhill nnfi
nnrurnd hinrclf of TFittier'c dennert nni sinnnrort nusrnrt.
Thin eunnnrt war first nut intn rnniity wtcn Ttittinr, n
ntort tine rftnnmnnfin, hnnnrtt fnrtb t“n nnbie “Jnmtinc

nnfi Srnnfiinnny: on. Wlnvnry “nnnifiernfi with n View to

0&3... “J.

"‘ v" “J ‘ H ‘ - ‘ 7,” -- - , 7. rt .1
13% hi}“t'"7 nni Effectini {n‘n”y, fiifilitififl." :rnn i'in

tine on re “v“ n ntnunnH nn’ unferring Abolitifinitt.

Ibiq., p.

7

0“
U
I¥i€., p. 537.

*4
\N

Before writinf the trentinn ifiittinr went in rccinnien
pt his hnnc rnfi r398itnt‘xr1 quite n wfiile nwrn slavery. He
nnn”ifievrfl ttn rvlntinn of rinvnry tn social lifn, nnlitinnl
vffnirn, neiirinn, n"?nln, and life in finnnrnl. tnnn En
brnnnnt {firth n twentt-tnree nage ectnvo pnnwtlnt printnd
9t annrnill in 1333. The nnnnluflinf nnvnrrnhn in nn

.f

follnwn:

“Ann wten tte ntnin on our own ennntnhcnn stall be
seen no nore; When ttn Senlnrntion of Infinnnnflnnne nnd
t“e practice of our noonie F“nll nrnne, wtnn Tnutn snail
be ernltnd nnona us: when Love snail take t¥9 filnne of
irnnn: when n11 tnn bnncful nri‘n nnfi nrniuflinc of
nvrtn nnfi color unfit fnll fornvnn; When unfin? nnn nnn
of finiiticnl Liberty the elnvnhnlfiinn nnrtinnn of nnr
Republinr nhnll no lnnner sit like Eryntinne of nlfl,
thnnnnlvn“ nnntled in thick dnrknenn while n11 nrnvnd
than in ginning With the blunted I_rfit of frneflon nnd
équnlity, ~ than, nnfl nnt till tte, shall it go well

9

for Anericn.“

By the ting 'Jurtice nnfi Erncdiency“ had been publintcfl,
flew Enrlnnfl, after n grnflunl nronenn, hnd hpcnnn nlnnniy
fiivifled into wmiitinnl factions for or firminnt tne abnlinh-

ment of nldvnry. The bent New 3.:innfi Writnrn of the time

not their Donn fnrtt to ttn tank of nlininntinr nunh n

 

’ F. W. Undnnwonfi, an cit., p. 111.

103:»

finnrdful nitu-ztinn in a nntinn that ””0 Puwnnnn” to be
civ_lircfi nn’ tHnt tnd nn"e itnnl! to t”in Inna in? n“
nthnr rnn an than t“vt of frondon. “any of t“n tnvlv in-
tnIIi"ent nnfi culturnfi rent 0! tan anlnn” nrnvcfl t“eir
Christianity "n4 vniun of ianqln by ncnkinf tn nrnnn nvnh

n blot fron Annrinn. Sucfi finuren n“ Long?nllnw, Rainer,
Lowell, Sunn r, Garninnn, “hillinn, Lovpjny, CHiIAn, ‘tone,
pan Taittipr nigfit ho mantinnnd. Cf tfione fhittinr, in
«nrflrfi tn nnti-nlnvvry writing in flow Enfilnnfi, Wan tho mart
nrolifin.

?“in reriofl in new finrlrnfi Mn“ q ctnrnctnnirtin one
infinod. The litnnnrv ruwrenqnv hwfl nnnv,d tron Vow Inrk
tn Rn? Enriwni or mnrn cnnnifinnliy to finntnn nnfi itn environn.
TF9 pnnind wan nnn n? vignrnun nnntnl nativity nni nnrnl
cunntinnin“, cnfl it ran fittinf t“~t 3‘9 dnrcnnfinntn of tte
nnnt viriln n? turitvnn nhnuld tnkn ttn 192%. The litnrnry
CPGPnflnncy of 7“"""n”nnnttt no" nnt finnfrnnhicnl but Pncinl.
T39 lender" onuifl ninost niinnut eronwtinn trnne ttoir
nnnnwtry'bwck to th cnirrnntn of tnn early nevnntcnnth
anntury,

The two great nnvonnntn tnnt stirrefi Sow Rn Inna tuning
the ann n? inittinr were Prnnnnonénntnlirn nnd Ahnlition-
inn. 0! tfienn Htittinr nnn niocnly connected nitfi Aboli-
tinninn, wtinn in turn tn” nlnncly nnnnnoted with nnlitinn.

Hotnithttnnfiing hlfi unnnnuinr nnti-tlnvnry VIPWf,

(‘1'

Utittinn “at nlnntnfl to the thfin Lngirlntuno in I E and in

t:
’I

105

1336 by the citizenn of finvnrhill: but ha declined a re-
electinn in l?37. The poet told, 'I cnrly nnw t“n necgpgity
of sennrntn Woliticnl notinn can «an one o“ tfin founflnre
of the ii wvnt" wnrty - tte 3nrn of ttn wrencnt innufilicnn
.19
vnrty. Lfiittifir ”an an nflvonnta of nnfinn ruffrnfln: he
Piston tn enforce nnrnl runninn with tbn bniint: be din net
bnlicvn in CLO fiivin e ri ‘t n? rny clnnn t0 "lord it“ aver
ttnir follow-nan; he bvlicvnl in equal rifttn tn cvwrynnn;
he bitt-rlv on nred r‘ovrnf.

Kin leerl co~“1:nity pnfi ntnte nwgrccintnfi his ntnrncter
nnfi utility. Ttic fact in rtn"n bv their reelentiné hing
but itittier rcfunei an account of ill health.

Feelinfir 0f t*n twn frotinnn nfincerning tfin nbolitinn
of nlfivnry crew intnnrn. Ant i-c’nvvn' vv~ting~ were helfi:
nnbn brake ufi the mentinrn. Atolitinnint vane?» wflro nub-
Iicfinfi: ndvonntnt of rlnvnry bu"nni t”n in~‘i"“in' hournr;
noenn 9nd nn 3.3hletn npne writtfin nwhinrt clnvnvy: tnnntinnn
p‘fl articlnn more writtnn f3? 1‘ in Eng EHVIFnfi nn W011 99
in 250 tenth: thittinr nnd ether nfinlitinnintn wnnt from
town to tnvn Inntur n? on t‘e cunntin n of zlnt"-?Y: f1“’Y:
knit—crazefi nnbs threatenefi t“civ liven. ?%0 rear of 1335
Wnn a ynn" of “one but the Abel tinnifitn nnntinnnfi tfinir
roan work. Ive followi‘f incident in rriqtnfl, cnnnnnning
'“ \Eittie? 6nd 3n Wnfirfie Thnnnn Wkn find 9t0fi 9% F: nn
inn in n nmnll Now finylnni villnrn rite? they hnd ennnfind

I

n nob nnnr Cnnnnrd. Afton tfiny were nontod at a table the

.4_ W.

f. ,Y T_ '—._ V—w fi

it

8. K. Dalton, Efnnnn AnnrlfinnAAvtknrn, p. hfif.

Iznfilord 091% to t“ew:

“They've b903 havin: a h--1 of n tivo finwn rt stn“¥111.'

“Now 1? that?“

“Ch, one of $591 d--d Abolitionictn wnfi lhéturin' thfiffi:
he HWY berm invitnv‘l to t‘we town by n ymmrf 9:21? A” nvvwnd

' . fi 3‘ o '1 ‘ #-
‘1“nt.:/ 3‘13». 3:1? hi} “3’; I {1,039

_ .
d

ihitticr; but tVey nwae it
neltfinr he n0“ “Kittie? will be in a Hurry to F9?C‘t the
thing.‘

‘tht kind 0? A follow 19 t”1n Vfiittlb??'

“OM hn'w nn irnnrwnt anrt of fellow: fie dan't know much.“

“And wfio 1n 3‘18 Thowp¢on they're tvlklnf nfifiufi?*

“:hy' hn'p n Gan gnnt over here by 3&0 Uritlnh to make
‘1
VI v“ “'5
trOuble for on; acvcrn ant.
Arr 2:330 to mimic were run wins into t‘v‘n tmrmy, “.2". ”tuner,

I. 1' .‘ § 3‘ y ‘ Q J - -‘u .‘ 'q “ \ - 'fi r-
vith one foov an t c r399 tu‘net :33 r 1% go tVQ h°" vfio

!

wan standing by Vifih several tvvwrn 100;??32

“You've bean twlkin: nhnnt Thfiwfinnn ”n4 Wfilttivr. T“1a
1n fir. Thnfifirnn, 9n? I a: flfiittivr. Casi mfirnlnfi.‘
“An"! sz'winft in?) 3‘19 bllffflh' mils? t‘xn 33001:, wit“ a
twinkle: in 1‘1“ 9330. "We '351‘1'1303 u 3' “71:77 9300.?! not; 0’1 13“!“ 09,307.
of our point." Ad far the has: he $2006 with ep~n finuth,
being nhcalutcly LOHTUP-tlfid viz“ n¢tnn1nhmnnt. "Ana for

911 I knOW,' 9v1fi :“o nflr“rtnv, “fin'r nt~nfilnr t“nro r2111

with his mfiutfl Ofifin."

W —v v

T. Slovnp Kenwafiy, o“, n$t., pp. IPh-lfifl.

107

7"“

‘ s 00" NV ‘1 V‘ .. 0'.
,. ?‘¢ 5’03 ta" noc”etefl at ”‘0 -¥14t10“ f“? “have in

Havarfilll for tvn wovfifi fifte? tFifi Pfffi‘r.

~- - fl 6 ‘c‘ ‘ 0-. ...... + ‘ 1 q c”
In c,i.e n; a o rirlculo, Rupp3-tc U3 rurxor, fifiu tee
. a ..‘ 0. A. 01 A 1.1 9.9, , , .‘
o'trvfiLsfi u «u t 9 agnlltléniate racexv~-, V39; 3?@9Pfi» on

hncnuno t"0y knew CECv tore wnrkinr far a vatfi C”HTC: rnd

t“91* nuvhnrr inn“n"cefi firy by 06?. In LL), NVittip“ “rote:

'Jurt l?“k st 013 Yrvvacfiurctfr! ?*n lnéirlfitVfin

1? nhvlitifinlfnfi, L“n wfiwle Shane 1c cnwifir. ?d“ CFG

1r*t four 700?? I have been in Hnrtfin, filfilnf an? nbct~

tinf in 3“? “l"n of turblinf on“ 91? “unanfi rrvflornnta-

tIVfi" off 11 :5“ ffincc R*Oh t“n shnlitifin rifie. Fe
finve neunurefi in refivan find out 0? rovrwn tfirrrtennfl find

‘t.

~ .3 ’ '5 - 0 m, 4,- 4H,.
nonvefi, filecd 9nd 9001-0” un.11 *0 v0 Lfiu 3.? flag . . .

c Ffifill nut

.3

bill t%rnur*, mn?¢fivnr, yrrntlnf a jury
trinl for fugit‘vc nlnver.'12
Ev. TVIttiov continuod tfi set fart“ nvnry efffirt t“rfiugh
wolltic“, hactrv, lefituree, 5nd ncturl fiercun¢1cn for tFe
cau¢e o” “Holition. T59 pnefir vrittow by Fifi fiuring tke
flrct yen": of fin anti—clover: work frnfi 1i33-1737 were

nnrtly hortninin: tn the 01*fi1nntidn cf rlnvnry. “art at

c+

the 300“" flfiV'ifif‘r'W"; f3 f1?" 1?! 330'" 2:3'7‘_'1'1n’1 n0"".":‘.f‘j:‘102“f‘..
Jhittier was niwnyv c3nlnifiinf rm” rFfiutint t“r0n'3 fii" vcrs.
far :39 freefinn of $59 slave.

In rofan1nfi t5 ~Fitfiinr'a roofs t”vt r0?100t 2A0 co-
velowmnnt hf 3*0 nnti-nlqvery Pfifitlfiflfit in new an lsna,

172

_., ’1 ‘-‘ s ‘ ”.“
wrvnm'lu .-1r‘..:.~.r-:~z or» " ’ n. '3”

103:

three woewv annaorfiiqg porvnnnl cvcen 1n *qrhnc“urettn will
be fliscurrofl. T“n flrrt one of tfinre 1a 'fiolnch 1n fitnte

‘I 1 \ I
:trnot', ““104 ahnccrns t”? rrrert ~1fi rvtvrn to bsfivan of

('4'.

1“." o q.

t“n fnfltive nlnva 3“0finn 3n n f0“t-nfite hf t“e

I ‘

mennrt of t*n Senoto of Vrscncfiufietfis t“n {n110W1n3 19 said

“It r?u1& have been 1330931510 fnr t*e U.3. fiérrfial

tfiun nunfleflnfullv ta hnvn roclstofi t.9 13w of 3‘0 Utvfie,

witfiout thn vunicifirl nutfioritior a? Savtfin, nni :“e
countenance and suW-ort of a nUfi~rfiur, ra*1t¥;, rni

$0~¢rf11 b0”? 0? nitlzcnfl. It Wfi” 1n evifiofine t“at

1633 of t“c man: wealthy and rosueetwfiln citizenc -

-a
t

P"

’3

fierchnnts, bfinkcrn, and otFere - volunteerow
services tn rid t*e 1vrrhn11 on t‘iu ocannlan. . . . .
33 watch The kCfit uvcn tfie rnrnfivl nnfi w 119 t“e 5tntc
officern PICfit, nftrr t*c moon Fad Vane é1~n, 1n tVe

dnrkert bfiur before fay-brenk, 1‘0 manure” wrn thknn out

of our Jufiindlction b" 330 arfied $91100 cf the cit? of

*cn '13

30"“

THB firnt stanzw of t“a moan describe? t“9 tiwc ”hen the
mnvfhnl nae city )01106 t;nk t“n nfiflvvefi frem aha
‘f%e moon hnn net: 93119 yet t“e darn

aPPflVfi Cflld nnfl firey

».

j. '7' ‘—

13 gpfijgpto Photinnl‘”ovfij, 9. 31h.

 

109

Betwoon the midnight and the morn
Bear of! your proytlh

rho state or Hoaoaohunetto did not favor the return
of fugitive alavoo. for in 1760 she embodied into her state
constitution the words, 'All men are born free and oqudl,‘
and the oourta ruled that those words in the stats constitu-
tion find the affect of liberating the slaves and of giving
15

to than the name rights as other citizens. During the
great diaouaaion of the Fugitive Slave Aot, Easanohusetta
was the only state that had a senator brave enough to speak
nnninnt the Act. (The senator referred to in Charles
Sumner.) There worn citizens in fiassaohuaotta who wore
euowortora of tho Fugitive slave Act. thittior in the
following atanza shows that the State was free from auoh

acnndnlt

“Thank.God! our mothor state can yet
Her famo retrieve:
To you and to your Ohildron lot

The scandal cleave.

Ho know that the for oitizeno who were aiding in returning
human beings to bondage would roan rhat they were sowing.

 

15
Joan many, a o anti-Sigma Omando, p. 6.
16

zbido. p. 1710

110

Re snye in a later stanza:

. 'fihnt! know ye not the gnine of Crime
Are duet and drone:
Ite ventures on the waves of tine

Foredooned to loee!‘

Heeeechueetts would continue to edvooete'freedon Just as

her fethere had done in seeking liberty from England.

'Thnt breve old blood, quick-flowing yet,
th11 know no check,
Till n free peeple's foot is net

On Slavery'e neck.‘

Perhaps the most widely read poem concerning the
anti-slavery sentiment in Nee England in the one which
refers to the Letiner ones. George Latiner, an alleged
fugitive elnve, wen eeized in Benton without enrrnnt at
the request of James B. Grey of Norfolk, Virginia, who
claimed to be hie neeter. The onee was brought before the
fineeaohueette court and canned much excitement throughout
the South and North, especially in Heeenohueette. Here
than fifty thousand citizens of Heneeohueette eivned e
petition and preeented it to Congress. The petition called
for such love and prepoeed enendnente to the Conetitution

an ehould relieve the Comncnweelth free n11 further partici-

h:

1 l. e
7 Comnlete ?ce§;onlsflorkn, pp. 315-315.

111'

pation in the crime of oprreecion. All the friende of
liberty arranged to have meetings in ench county on Jnnunry 2,
15h}. The one in Eeeex County wee held at Ipswich, end the
occasion was node menornble by the reading of Whittier’e
poem, “finennohueetts to Virginie,‘ which won printed in the
Liberator of January 27, 15h}. Lntiner himself was finally
given free papere for the sum of four hundred dollars.18
Whittier at the beginning of the poem frankly lets
Virginie knee thnt Mneenchueette does not intend to engnge
in any combat with her in spite of the threats the Bay Btete
had received from Virginie. In epite of Virginie'e nenphunte
in beeeechueette, the greeting ehoee that gnsvechueette is
courteoue and humane enough to try to rennin on friendly

termn. The noon begins ee follows:

“The blnet fron Freedom's Northern hills,
unon its Southern may,

Beers greeting to Virginia from finnenohu-
sctte Bny:

No word of haughty challenging, nor battle
bugle’e peel,

Nor eteedy trend of marching files, nor

olnng of horeenen'n steel.

ho train of deep-mouthed cannon along

our‘hifihenye co:

8 .v i
1 Samples: P°Q§125$ Worth, p. 265.

112

O I I O O O O O 0

And to the land-breeze of our portn, upon
their errands far,
A thousand eoile of commerce swell, but

none are spread for war.

In the next etenze Whittier ehovs that the thrento and
hnreh words from Virginia had not frightened hneneohueetts

at ell.

we hear thy threats, Virginie! thy etormy
words and high

swell harshly on the Southern winds which
melt along our sky;

let, not one brown, hard hnnd foregoee ite
honeet labor‘here,

Ho hover of our mountain coke nuepende

hie are in fear.

Even the vinde end woven, sun and rain, and hneenohueette

in ite entirety laughed in ridicule nt Virginia's threntn.

The cold north light and wintry eun glare
on their icy forms,
Bent grimly o'er their straining lines or

wrestling with the etorme:

Free no the winde they drive before, rough

on the woven they room,

11}

'They laugh to acorn the elaver'e threat

ngninat their rocky hone.

Whittier reninds Virginia that it ran ”aeeaohueette that
event the Britone' overdo orny, thnt it we" the none of
Haeoaehueette, along with thone of Virginia, that encountered
Tarleton'e charge of fire end the etrenrth of Corneellie,

and that it nae naeeachuectte that answered from Feneuil

”all the call of the Hourc of Burgecnee.

”Forgets ehe how the Boy Stnte, in answer
to the call

Of her cld Houee of Burgeeeee, enoke out
from Paneuil flail?

When echoing back her flenry'e cry,
cane pulsing on each breath

Of northern winds the thrilling sounds of
'Liberty or Death!‘

If other etatee of New England had forgotten how their
father! cherished liberty and fought it, Mneeechueette

does not have to turn from the pathe of freedom eleo.
haeeachueette did not have to hunt the non from the hateful
hell of filavery because other etntee did co. fihittier is
thankful that hie state had not ntrayod from the teachings

of ite anoeetore.

Thank Codi not yet no vilely can-Wenon-

chueette bee:

113

The spirit of her enrly time in with her even
now:

Dream not because her Pilgrim blood moves
310' and calm and cool,

She true onn etooouher'oheinleee nook, e ain-

ter'e slave and tool.

Whittier hae‘Virginin to understand that, even though Kassa-
ehueette in her sister state, it will not unhold her in euoh

a horrible crime.

All that e sister State should do, all that a
free State may,

Heart, hand, and puree we proffer, no in our
early day:

But that one dark loathsome burden ye must
stagger with alone,

And reap the bitter hnrvcnt which ye your-

selves have noun!

By holding struggling slaves, whose ahrieke with wild despair
were heard beneath the lash, Virginie roe only writing a
ouree of ohnme upon its plains, invoking the Almighty'e
wrath, shaming her Virginia's ancestry, and blotting her

own character.

Lower than plummet eonndeth, rink tre

Virginie name:

115

Plant, if ye will, your tnther'e graveo with
renkert weeds of nhnmo:

Be, if ye will, the ecnndnl of God's fair uni-
vcrne: I

we each our hnnde forever of your sin nnd

nhnne and ourne.

In the following lines Whittier deecribeo the excitement
that began 'ehen the prowling men-thief came hunting for his
prey beneath the very shadow or Bunker'e ehnft of grny‘
where the none of fienenohuoette, Virginia, and all the other
colonies had advocated, and fought for peace not more than
three-quarters of e century ego.
'A hundred thouennd right arms were lifted
up on high,
A hundred thouonnd voioee sent back their
loud reply,
Through the thronged toenn of finger the
etertling someone rnng,
And no from bench end loom and wheel her

young mechanico enrnngi
Every county, town, and village woe alarmed over the outrage.

The voice of free, broad hiddlenex, of thou-
ennde no of one,

The chart of Bunker ceiling to that of Lexington:

116

From Norfolk'e ancient villanee, from Ply-
nouth'e rocky bound
To where Kentucket feole the arms of oeean

clone her round:

From rich and rural ficrcecter, where
through the onlm rope".

or cultures volee and fringing woods the
gentle Nnohun flown,

To where Wnchuceto wintry blnote the
mountain lnrohoo ntir,

Swolled up to Heaven the thrilling cry of

“God nave Lntimeri“
The etrenon and rivere throunhout low England took up the cry.

And Bondy nnrnntnble roan no, net with the
salt eon nnrny:

And firintol sent her nnoworing ohout down
Harrngennett Roy!

Along the broad Connecticut old annden
felt the thrill,

And the cheer of Hnnrehire'e woodnen

event down from Holyoke Hill.

The voices of Eaecnohueett'e none and daughters culled from
deep unto deep, reninding Virginie that they had etcod her

innulto long enough.

117

Look to it well, Virginians! In calmness
we have borne,

In answer to our faith and trust, your insult
and your scorn: '

You've spurned our kindest counsels:
you‘ve hunted for our lives:

And shaken round our hearths and homes

your mannolee and nyveei

In the closing of the poem, as at the outset, Virginia is

reminded that Massachusetts intends to wage no war or speak

rudely but it does intend to keen freedom and do away with

slave-hunts in its borders.

For us and for our children, the vow
which we have given
For freedom and humanity is registered in heaven:
No slave-hunt in our borders, - no pirate
on our strand!
No fettere in the Bay State, - no slave

upon our lend319

Another poem that concerns a specific case in Massachu-

eette is 'The Rendition“. On the second of June, issu,

Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave from Virginia, after being

under arrest for ten days in the Boston Court House, was

remanded to slavery under the fugitixb Slave Act and taken

Po t works pp. 286-288.

118

down State Street to a steamer chartered by the United
Stntes Government under guard of United fitetee trooys and
artillery, finsrnchusetts militia, and Boston 901100. Public
excitement ran high, a futile attcfifit to rescue Horns having
been made during his confinement, and the streets were crowd-
ed with tens of thousnnde of pecyle, of when many come from
other towns and cities of the state to witness the huniliat-
ing spectacle.

In the noon fihittier describcr the feeling that crept

over him when he saw the wretched right. He says:

“The solid earth beneath my feet
Heeled fluid as the non.

I felt a senae of bitter lone, -
Shame, tearleee grief, and stifling wrath,
And loathing fear, on if my path

A serjent stretched ncrose.

All lone of home, and pride of place
All renerous confidence and trust,
Bank smothering in that deep disgust

And anguish of diegrnce.'

In the following lines he describes the cowardice of the
lav of the nation, state, and town on this particular ecce-

eicn. Ennsschueette, his own state, the failing to oheriih

M L 4‘.

20 COfiWnggipgggzcfll wann' p0 3150

119
freedom, its professed goal.

“And Law, an unloosed maniac, strong,
blood-drunken, through the blackness trod,
Honrse-ehouting in the ear of God

Seeing all of these things Thittier culls noon the old

snirit of freedom to return.

’0 mother, from try ecuoriee proud,
Thy old renown, dear Commonwealth,
Lend this dead air a breeze of health,

And oritc with store this cloud.

'flothsr of Freedom, rise and brave,

Rise suful in thy strength,“ I said:

Whittier celled unon Freedom, but he realized that hie call
was in vain. It eeeoed no if Freedom had gone forever.

He says in the last lines:

Ah met I shake but to the dead:

I stood upon her grave!‘21

Neverthelecc, thittisr continued to shout for freedom.
All of his poems of this period, the period inuedistely
preaading the Civil fiar,unually dealt with the elnvcry

T v—- at VT—v ‘— .—v

 

120

question. Whittier especially reproached his own state for
the port oho nlnyed in conforming to the requests of the
nouth. fic hnd alwnye thought of mneenchueette on being the
lending ctotc in tho oourc of freedom and ho wontod her to
be true to his ideals.

Eopeciolly did Whittier reoind the clergy of finnonchuectte
about their atrocious activities in returning clavco to
bondage and preaching the gospel of freedom. Hot only in
noonaohueetto was there a ninietcro' orueodc against liberty
but throughout the north on well no the South. The churches
proved more pliable than the states. The authority of
nonrly all the lending denominations woo directed against
the Abolitioniete. The Ocucrnl Conference of the fietbodiot
EpiocOpnl Church pnooed in 1630 n revolution censoring two
of their newborn who had lectured in favor of modern aboli-
tioniom.22 Perhaps the moot brilliant and moot nggrcneivc
of the poems addressed to the clergy in the one entitled
'The Paatornl Letter,‘ firot printed in the Liberator,
October, 1637, after the General Association of Congrega-
tionel ministers in uncenchuoette not at Brookficld, June 27,
1837, and issued a Pnctornl Letter to the churches under
its core, discouraging the agitation of the question of
slavery, and censoring especially the employment of female
Anti-niavery spookern, . quoting Paul, after the old fashion.
The letter «on dircctcd mainly ogninct the accomplished

'2410ooc Macy, The Anti-filnvory»0rggggg, p. 7h,

‘0

 

121

eietere, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, two noble women of
South Carolina, who were former elaquownere but who became
advocates of freedom, addressing the public in Massachusetts
and producing profound sensation.23 Mob violence which
involved the post-office began when printed copies of Mice
Grimke's A2233; to the Christian Women of the 803th were
seized and burned in Charleston.2n

The letter sent out by the ministers at the meeting in
Brookfield demanded that “the perplexed and agitating sub.
jecte which are now common among us . . . should not be
forced upon any church as matters for debate, at the hazard
of alienation and division,‘ and called attention to the
dangers non seeming “to threaten the female character with
widespread and permanent injury.'25

Whittier'e reply, 'The Pastoral Letter“, is filled with
grin sarcasm and indignant invective. The blood of his
Quaker anceetors was in a ferment. The lines bit like
rapier thrusts. The memory of clerical oppression and of
the wrongs inflicted upon his people in Puritanic times

would not be restrained:

'How shame upon ye, parish Popes!

Was it thus with those, your predecessors,

23 Ocmnlete Poetical Works, p.276.
2“ Jeese lacy, 92, 915., p. 75.

25 Complete Poetics; Worse, p. 276.
26 F. R. Underwood, gohn Greenleaf Whittier, p. 152.

122

the sealed with racks, and fire, and ropee
Their loving kindnese to trenegreeeore.
. . . . . . . . . . .
?hen, eholeaome lane relieved the Church
Cf heretico and mischief-maker,
And prieet and bailiff Joined in search,
By turne,'cf ?a?iet, witch, and Quaker!
The stocks were at each church's door,
?he gelloee stood on aontcn Common,
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Your fathers dealt not as ye deal
tith ‘non-nrofoseing” frantic teachers:
?hey bored the tonnuc with redohot steel,
And flayed the bnohn of 'fcnnle preacherc’
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Of feinting women drn:*ed along,

Gnnhed by the whip, noourned and glory!

The following stanza clearly shows that the ministere could

not bear the truth that 'Garolina's high-souled daughtere',

the uieees Grinxes, wan teaching. The clergy knew that

they, who were nucwoeed to be the disciples of Christ who

died that all might have life and freedom, should have

been doing Juet what the Grinke eietere were doing. Whittier

enye to then!

“But ye, who scorn the thrilling tale

0! Cnrolifln'n high-nouled daughters,

123

which echoes here the mournful wail

Of sorrow from Edisto'e waters,
Close while ye may the public car,

With malice vex, with slander wound them,
The pure good shall throng to hear,

And tried end manly hearts surround them.‘

In reading the poem one sees that as it progresses the
strains grow tender, as after a time sorrow takes up the
burden of wrath: but throughout the Poem there is the same
resistless movement, in which argument and expostulation
are blended, whilethe apt rhymes give a series of epi-
grammatic as well as eoncrcus blows.2 \
Another poem in which Whittier rails the clergy is
'Glerioal Oppressore', which was written after the report
of the pro-slavery meeting in Charleston, South Carolina,
September h, 1835, was published in the Courier of that
city. The report stated that the clergy of all denomina-
tions attended in a body, lending their sanction to the pro-
oeedings, and adding by their presence to the impressive

29 Nhittier does not halt one

character of the scene!'
time telling the ministers Just how ridiculous they have

made themselves by trying to repress freedom.

r— w —v fl WV

27 conglete Poetical works, Pp. 276-277.
23 r. H. Uhdersood, on, cit., pp. 152-153.

29 Oomnlgtg Poetical Verge, p. 272.

12h

What preach and hidnsp men?
Give thanks and rob thy own offliotcd poor?
Talk of thy glorious liberty, and then

Bolt hord the captive's door?
Their very acts show Just what hypocrites they are.

Paid hypocrites, who turn
Judgment aside, and rob the holy Rook
Of those high words of truth which scorch nnd burn

In warning and rebuke.

Whittier earns them of their sins and the bitter fruits

that they shall reap.

toe to the priesthood: use
To those whose hire is with the price of blood.
. . . . . .
too, then, to ell who grind
Their brethren of a common Father down:
. . . . . .
Their glory and their might
thall perish: and their very name shall be
Vile before all the people in the light

Of a world's liberty}O

To his poem, “A Sabbath Scene“, whittier has prefixed

the following note:

V j. r7

3° Ib;e.,

125

“This poem finde its Jurtificetion in the readiness
with which, even in the North, clergynen urged the
prompt execution of the Fugitive Slave Law n9 3 Chris-
tian duty, and defended the ryotnn of elevery no e

1
Bible inetitution.“1

The following lines from the poem chew the miniatere' uee
of the Bible in defending elnveryi

“I’ve law and gospel on ny aide,
And who nhnll dare refuno no?

. . . . . . .

Ae Peul sent back Oneeimue,

my Chrietien frience, we fiend her%'

After seeing the young eleve girl dragged elong the aisle

in ehecklee tied by the person and after hearing the hereon'e
voice, over all, devoutly thnnhing the Lord, hhittier'e
brein took fire!

“In thie,' I cried, 'The end of prsyer
and teaching?

Then down with pulpit, down with priest,
7‘)
And give us Nature's tccohingt')“

Whittier conntently reminded fineenchunette to wake un

 

32 Ibid.. pa. 312—313.

126

to her eenee of duty and rally to the canoe of freedom which

ehe profeeeed to cherish. In “To haeenohueette', he notes

“What though around the blnzee
no fiery rallying sign?
. . o . . . o . .
What though unthrilled, unnoving,
The etnteenen etnnd apart,
And comes no were approving

From hanmon'e crowned mart?

He urges uneeoohunette to arouse the entire country to the

onus. of freedom by advocating it herself.

Still let the lend be shaken

fly e aunnone of thine own:

then this ie done othere that are already Joining the linee

of freedom will respond more reafiily.

And noroee the Weetern mountains
Rolls beck thy rallying word:
Shell thy line of‘bettle falter

With ite elliee Juet in view?‘33

Tome of his poene of anneal to the poodle of Eeeeeohu-
eetts were written innodietoly otter meetings concerning

slavery were held in feneuil Nell. Three of these poems

v- w- vvv—v—TWF—vv—er vw—wr-v-r—v-

0 P?- 293'393-

33 Gornleto Poetione

   

127

are “To Faneuil Hell', “Stanza for the Times‘, and “The
Pine tree“.

The anneal, 'To aneuil Hall', like '10 Massachusette',
was written upon the near spnrcsch of the war with Mexico,
which was waged solely to extend the area of slavery, and
thereby perpetuate its ascendancy in the government. To
Whittier, an Opponent of both war and slavery, this was
an unspeakable outrage, a crime against a nation which had
only too much reason for its Jealousy of the United States, -
a crime against all humanity.3h The note prefixed to the
poem is as follows:

“Written in lShh, on reading a call by '3 Mason-
ohusetts Freeman' for a meeting in Faneuil Hall of the
citizens of Massachusetts, without distinction of party
opposed to the annexation of Texas and the aggressions
of South Carolina, and in favor of decisive action

against slevery.'35

Again Whittier calls upon the Bay State to hold up the

standard of freedom. The poem begins thus:

'Meni if manhood still ye claim,
If the northern pulse can thrill,
housed by wrong and stung by shame,

Freely, strongly still.

L‘A- ' A g A _._

3“ Complete Poetical Works, p. 292.

35 complete Poetigq; Works, p. 292.

 

128

He asks everyone to lay snide their work and go to aneuil
Hall because similar dangers that confronted their fathers

are arising ngnin.

Let the sound of traffic die:

Shut the mill-nets, leave the stall,
Fling the nxc nnd hammer by:

Thron: to anouil Hall!

e o e e e 0

Ho, to aneuil Hull:
0 I O I I 0
Once nfinin, for freedon'n sake,
Roch your frther'e hall!

0 O O O O 0

Let the banks, trriffs, trade, and the stock market rise
or fall: everyone should stop work end we to the meeting
because
Freedom nuke your common aid, -
Up, to Peneuil Hell:3
Up, and let each voice that speaks
Ring from thence to Southern plains,
3hnr§ly no the blow which brooks

pr1aon.bolte and chains!

Fe late the pefi?lo of vhrrrrlvrotte knew that an 1038 ”5

anyone anywhere in the country roe in slavery the noble

M 4 A _..4 .44.. .—

36 Ihid., p. 292. .

129

work which their fothern hnfifin woe incomplete on! ehould

be finiobed.

I'Liberty for all!‘
Finish what your sires began!
37
Up, to Foneuil Hell!

Another yoen, 'The Pine tree", woe written on hearing
that the Anti-Slovery'fieeolvee or Etefihen C. Phillipe had
been rejected by the thig Convention in Peneuil Hall, in
1836.38 Ac in the poem, “To Feneuil Hell‘, no it is in
'The Pineurree': Hhittier epoenle to the Boy atate to
hold firmly to their ideal-freefioo. He coke hie fellowb

men to!

Lift again the ntately emblem on the Bay
State'e rusted shield,
Give to Northern wince the Pinertree on

our banner'e tattered field.

The poem in many reenacte in the none or “To Foneuil Hell“.
He again mentione the spirit of their fothore, the free
spirit of old, and the Value of liberty no oononred to

tariffe;

Riee ogoin for hora and freenom! act the

battle in array:

va—WW v V. V—

’5
) abla- ' pi 293’

 

130

That the fathers Ci: of 01: tire we tteir rone
nuet do to-dny.
O my Goal for thnt free ewirit, whidh of
old in Boston town
Snote the Province Nouoe with terror,
struck the creot of nnfiroe down!
I O 0 0 O Q I O O
Telle ur not of bunkc one toriffn, eenne your
onltry pedler crieo:’
fitnll the good State rink her honor that
your gambling ntookr nay rite?
tould ye barter ran for cotton? That

your amine may nun up higher.

Then Whittier, in the loot lines of the poem, states that
he would feel somewhet better if he could get Juet one

man of monenohurette to etond no brevely for freedom.

0 my God! for one right worthy to lift up
her rusted shield,
And to plrnt again the ?ino-Tree in her

bnnner'o tattered :1o1o1'39

'Stnnzne for the Timee' ie enother poem written after
a meeting concerning elnvery wee held in aneuil Hell.
The 'Tinee' referred to were those evil times of the

pro-slavery meetings in aneuil Hell, August Bl, 1&35, in

39 Complete Poetical worke, no. 293-29“.

131

which a demand one made for the euprreeeion of free speech,
lest 1t ehould endanger the foundation of oomnerolol eoclety.

Whittier erkct

Cfihall tongue be mute, when deeds are
wrought

thich well might shone extrement hell?

fihnll freeman look the indiffnfl—nc thOUVht7

Shall Pity'e bonon econe to swell?

The anower.1n 3

no: guided by our country's love,
For truth, and right, end Buffering nan,
Be ours to strive 1n Freedon'e cause,

As Christiana may, as freeman can!

In the loot stanza fihlttier lets the South know that the
land of the Yankee to free and that its inhabitante were
not barred from advocating the nb011ehment of slavery or

any other wrong that exleted anywhere.

Rail on, then, brethren of the South,
Xe ehell not hour the truth the lean:
Ro real in on the Yankee'o mouth,
No fetter on the Yankee's press!
From our Green Hountnine to the sea,

One voice nhnll thunder, We are free!’

A

w v

m" p. 271. _
Co o e ?oe 0 nor 3, pp. 271-272.

to
hi

132

Ccnaidering other scene that reflect the effect that
niavcry had on new England, one cnuld hardly refrain from
mentioning 'Exncetulnticn', 'A Sunncnc', 'Texne', “Hanna,
chunette', and “New Unnpnhire'.

The poem, “Erneetuleticn', was written after nn addreee
to the pecple of Rev England mac delivered by Dr. Charles
Pollen, e German patriot, who had come to America for the
freedom which 'fifi denied him in his native land. He nlliec
himself with the abolitionieta: and at e convention of
delegntcn from all the Anti-Slavery organizaticne in New
Enrlnnd, held at Boston in Mny, 163%, was chairman of a
committee to prepare an nddreec to the peeple of New England.h2

fihittier at the beginning and throughout the poem ac-
cuninte the render vith some of the horrible conditions 01b
ieting in a country that ie supposed to be intelligent and
abounding in liberty. The Opening of tfie poem is very
ntriking.

Our fellcebcountrymen in chains!
Slevee in a land of light and law:
filnvee, crouching on the very plains

Where rolled the storm of Freedcm'c war!

Farther on in the poem Whittier depicts some of the horror:
that were actually existing in 'the land of the free and

the home of the breve.'

h2

Cannlgse Poetical Works, 9. 267.

133

What ho: our countrymen in chains:
The whip on women's nhrinkinn flesh:
Cur coil yet reddening with tbe etninc
Cnught from her ecourging, warn and fresh:
Thnt! cothern from their children riven!
What: God'e own image bought and ecldi
Americnnn to market driven,

And battered no the brute for gold:

Every country on the globe was laughing at the United
ttntee, the country that in euopoecd to be endowed with
Chrietinnity and foremoet in shedding light to other nations.

In view of trene things, Whittier ache:

Just God! and nhnll we calmly rent,

The Christiano scorn, tbe heathen'n nirtfi,
Content to live the lingering Jest

And by-wcrd of a mocking Earth?
Shall our own clorioun land retain

That curse which Eurcpe acorns to bear;
Shell our own brethren drag the chain

h}

Which not even Rucein'c meninln wear?
Whittier in “A Sunnonc' ankn again!

Shall our Hen England ctnnd erect no longer

But atoc? in ora1ne noon her downward may,

_ * A

a};

can Po on Worvn, pp. 267-268.

nu

Thicker to gather on her limbs and stronger

Day after any?

The answer in “Ho‘, for fihitticr thinhe that n 'Pcorle'n
voice' tron every place in flow England rhnll be borne by
the Northern wince over the totcnnc'n to 9t. Mery'e wave
and on to the cane-brakes cf EHenitsezirmi, and shell ercuec
a feeling of hope in the boson of the sighing bondnen.
Another call for the citizens or Enecnchueette is nnde
in the pcen, “Texan“, which one written during the time of
intense feeling of the friendn cf freecon in view of the
annexation of Texas, with its vast territory sufficient,
as was boasted, {or six new rlave etvtea.h5 the noon opens

in a manner ninilnr to a bugle cell.

“Up the hille, down the glen,
Route the cleaning citizen:

fiunoon cut the night of men!

The South nae only nnking the Union week by depriving e
pert cf the revelation of ite freedom, 3 {not that Whittier

etnten in the following ntnnanI

'mnke our'Unicn-bcnd e.chnin,
Wonk en tcv in Freedom'n rtrnin

Link by link ehnll cnnp in twain.

M ii w _fii Y w fi.‘ i.“ .fi i
me. p. 273.
’15

Ibig., p. 291.

135

'Soldly, or with trencheroun nrt,
. fitrike the bloodoerought chnin nonrt:
Break the Union'e mighty honrt:

. . . . . . . o . . .
Which nhnll grow and deenen etill.'h6

When Whittier—heard that the Resolutiono of the Legis-
lature of Eneeeohueette on the ntheot of Slavery, preeented
by Honorable Caleb Cuehing to the House of Renrenenta-
tivee of the United States in 1537 had been laid on the table
unread and unreferred under the infnnoue rule of “Patton's
Resolution‘,h7 he wrote the poem entitledn'mnnrnchueette',
in which the tiret etnnze clearly shone that fihittier con»
eidered much an not by Congreen an an inoult to Haeeeohu-

nette.

And have they spurned thy word,
Thou of the old Thirteen!

Whose soil, where Freedom's blood firet noured,
flnth yet e darker green?

To outworn patience suffering long

In ineult added to the wrong.

aneuil Hall in eleo mentioned in one of the etnnzne. In

speaking of it fihittier says:

in. V‘w ' ‘v' v

hS annlete Faction; Wgrkg, p. 292.
117 1239.” p. 505.

90 let thy rnnauil Knll
3y treennn'e feet be trod,
And give the eohoea of ite well

Once more to Freedom's God!

Whittier realizes that nnennohueettn will have to cnrry on

the canoniyn for freedom in its own bordern, for he says:

“Not on Potomnc'e eide,
With treason in thy rear,
Cnn freedon'e holy cause he tried:
Hot there my State, but here.
Here nuet thy needed work be done,

' he
?he bettle at thy hearth-atone won.“

The campaign for freedom did go on. her HnnpehifO seems
to have been one of the firet etatee to take a wholeohenrt-
ed etnnd with Meeenohueette. Whittier preieee flew Henrehirt
in the poem entitled “New Hnnnehire“, the Opening lines of

which are as follows:

“God bleee New Hampshire! from her
granite nonka

Once more the voice of Stark and Lengdon
eneeke.

The loncbhound Vnfifial of the exultin: South
For very ehnne her self-forged chain

hne broken.

4

 

137

fihittier «eke the other state» to take nournge and do what

New Hnnpehire has done.

“Courage, then, Northern hearts! Be firm,
be true!
that one brave etete hnth done, can ye

not also dot'ha

fihittier‘e vereee were the buglen of ear. Every word
he vrote had force and clearly ehowed thet he was indeed
on Opennent of every inege of oopreeeicn, e believer in a
true democracy, and an advocate of the innate worth and
natural rights of man. The more Whittier wrote, the more
the feeling of the conflict wee felt. The ranks of the
Abolitioniete in law England swelled. fhe Earth in general
eeened to have turned against elavery. Letters, poems, and
commente appeared in pnpere and magazinee. Day by day the
south wrote: and day by day Nov England, led by thittier,
replied.

The life of New England wee indeed interwoven to a
great extent with the anti-slavery eentiment and to some
extent with the pro-slavery sentiment. hnny New Englandere
oould relate, step by step, euoh events on: Thomas W.
Higgineon'e pertieiyntion in the ettnek upon the Boston
Courthouse to reeoue a fugitive eleve, Anthony Burna,

the part played by fiendell Philliho in demanding force to

AA A; LA A‘ “A n.. ‘ ._ ___.4 .A.__ Ab.‘ ‘4 A

V. ~ fl 7—.—

135

free America from elevory: Theodore Parker's challenge to
all Americans to rice and save their fellow man: the part
oleyed by New England writers, such an fihittier, Lowell,
Longfellor, and Thoreau, who declared thet if there wee any
ulnce more unprineioled than our country he would like to
eee it: Garrieon'e vigorous attack noon the 'eo-ealled'
Christian ohurohee for aiding the canoe of elevery: end the
eurpriee and disgust of Rev Englandere after Daniel Webster
delivered‘hie Seventh of ”arch Speech, which prompted
fihittier to write 'Ichebod‘, a poem denouncing fiebeter no

n diehcnent actor noon the etnge of orntcry.

In the note to the poem Whittier neyel

‘Thie poem was the outcome of the surprise and
grief and forecnet of evil coneequencee which I felt
on rending the eeventh of fierch Breech of Daniel Webeter
in eunoort of the 'conproniee', end the Fugitive Slave
Lav. Ho partieen or pereonel enmity dictated it. On
the contrary my admirntion of the aplendid perennnlity
and intellectual power of the great Senator was never
etrcnger than when I laid down hie speech, and, in one
of theenddeet eonente of my life, penned my proteet.
I one, an I wrote, vith painful oleerneee its euro
reeulte, ~ the Fleve Power arrogant and defiant, strength-
ened and encouraged to carry out its echene for the
exteneion of its beleful eyeten, or the dissolution or
the Union, the guarantiee of personal liberty in the

free Stntee broken down, end the whole country nnde the

139

CO
hunting ground of slave-ontohoro."

To the Connervetivee fieboter‘e oneeoh won greatly oonoilin—
tory: to the Abolitioniote it was a sign of spouteny.
Whittier expreeeed the elmoet unutternble regret of Northern
men in etnnzee of painful significance. They are burned
into the memory of the admirers of lobster on he otnod in

hie early dnyet51

'0, dumb be onenion'e stormy rage,
than he who might
nave lighted ufi and led his 233,
Polls book in night.'
. . . . e .
All elee is gone: from thoee great eyes
The ooul hne fled!
When faith in loot, ehon honor dice,
The mnn in dend.'52

The noon oonteine more etorego of eleotrio energy than
anything we renenher in our time. Although whittier'e
Judgment of the eenetor one irrevocable, yet hie feelinno
afterwnrde softened towards the man, e feet which is eeen in

one of his later p0eme,‘ The boot 0omeion.‘53

5° Conoleteupoetion; Works, p. 156.
51 r. H. Underwood, Mn 2:». 199.
'52 Conozgtg Poetigal Worgn, pp. 1566187.
53 F. H. Underwood, on. oit., p. 200.

 

1&0

Finally the war came. fihittier, because at his Quakar
belief, was not in favor of war; but when It did coma, he
£15 not try tn n91?» it away. Ha rathnv «manuragad it
by writing :80 pocrn incluflcd unflcr tfie title, 'In War
Tinefl', which aeefl to have a and yet trufitful spirit.

At the end of the war whittisr was filenaed to know that
the cause for which he worked had been won. What a proud
soul ho was when the belis rang out the freedom or the
slaves. Then Cane tho poem “Laua 9992', a gratitude and
exultation nt the pnaaage of the amenéncnt abolishing
slavery. Fhittler nrya tfnt the suggertinnonme to him as
he eat in the Friands‘ meetingbhbure in fixesbury; where he
rag present at the rggulnr Fifth-day mneting. A11 fist in
ailanoo, but 6n his return to his home, ha vaulted a portion
of the poem, not than committed to paper, to his houeomntcn
1n the garden room. In writing to Luny Lnorcm the past
said, “It wrote itself, or rather sang itself, while the
bells rang.‘5n '

It is done:
Clans of ball and rear at gun
Send the tidingn up and flown.
o . . .
Ring, 0 belle:
Every atroko erulting tells
Of the burial hcur or crime.

n C '0 o

g M, w: WV ‘1‘. f v
’3 Comwloga Poetzggg Fozga, p. 3&5.

1&1

Lot no kneel
God's own voice in in that pool,
And this “pot in holy ground.
. . . . a
Ring and owing,
Balls of Joy! On morning's ving
Send the song of oraino abroad!
E th n sound of hroken chains
Tell the notionn thnt Ho reigns
Who alone is Lord and 6062'55
Whittier oould now root peacefully, boonuno he had fought
bravely and had at loot won.

In looking at Whittier and Hew.Eng1nnd life one can see
how clonal: connected the Antiufilnvory movement won with
Now England. Thuo in referring to thittior one refers to
one or the grontcot exponents of the Anti-Slavery movement:
nnd in referring to the Anti-Slavery movement, one, without
0 doubt, refers to How England, because it in the section
of our country in which tto movement originated and blossom-

ed forth.

(“I
\L"

Q

Conwlgtg 90251931 forgo, pp. 3&5-3h6.

CHAPTER‘V
THE SOCIAL SIDE
or non EnGLAHD LIFE

One of the moat important phones of new finglnnd lifo,
the social phone, will be touohod upon in thin ohnptor.
this part of New finglnno life has received much attention
by various vritera on American literature and especially
in this fact true in regard to fihittier,

In looking at the aooinl side of How England life as
soon through the life and writinga of Whittier, one goto
a glimpse of the racial life of Row England in general,
the working class and tho Brahnin alone, for Whittier was
nooooiatod with both. He was of the working olnao by birth
and boonoo affiliated with the Brnhoin olaoo through his
distinction and achievements.

From his earliest boyhood thittior found himself in a
family that was continually receiving guooto, strangers,
and travelloro, no wall an intimate friends, and giving
them a place to sloop and food to cot. They listened to
their otorioo of adventure, chatted with than, and always
lot than know that strangoro were woloooo. Of course
hospitality was one ohnrootoriotio of all the Friends.
They knew‘how to entertain anyone, no mnttor to what olnas
he belonged. Boornrn, travellers, and nearby Indiana know

the Whittier home to ho a place of cordial entertainment.

m3

Although the Indiana made incursions noon the small
New England tonne, they never bothered John Fhittier and
hie family: they conoidered the Whittiere on their friende.
The Whittiere did not look their doors at night, despite
the fact that fir. Whittier was appointed by the town
committee to provide fortified.hounce for places of refuge
in once of danger. It was a tradition handed down by the
fihittiere' ancestors not to lock acorn.

The Whittiere were Quakers, but they enjoyed the reopect
and recognition of all their neighbore. Usually the Quakers
were ostracized aooinlly bhcnuee of their religious beliefe.
They were willing to entertain and be courteous to anyone,
but other New Englnndern were not willing to be courteous
to then. The Quakere were nlnnye given the role of the
“outcnet' in New England life. 0! course there were ex-
ceptione no in the cone of the Thitticre, rho always knew
how to carry out social nioetien.

Whenever enyone visited the Whittier family each eenber
won ready to greet him. Thomas W. Uiggineon, who who heater
for n while in Newburyport, Massachusette, visited hr.
Whittier quite often and referred to Mrs. Whittier, Aunt
Percy, and Elizabeth on being the most ”typical Quaker
woncn‘. He eeyn that fire. Whittier one one of the moot
placid and equeble women he had ever not, elevating nlnoet
into religion the nhiteneen of her table linen: thnt Aunt

horny, her sister, ran

inn

“The sweetest woman ever Fate

Perveree denied a honeehold note.“

And above all there wan the gifted eieter Lizzie, the pet
and pride of the whole hcueehold, one of the rarest of
women, who poeneeeed all the radiance of speech and ease
of conversation, while Whittier eat rubbing hie hands and
laughing at her.1

’Bncebound' bringe out the hospitality of the rhittiere
in picturing the village school mentor who was a conetnnt
gucet at their hone, spending many enjoyable eveningn by
reading and telling etcriee around the fireside. New
Englandere enjoyed ouch thingo then Juet an we enjoy our
bridge games new. Yhe ehhoolmaetere eeened to have taken
a liking for the Whittier hone end to have become intimate
friende with Greenleuf. It ene Jonhun Coffin, one of
fihlttier'e echoolmnetere, who won portly reopeneihle for
Whittier'e becoming interacted in flurne and verse-neking.
Let it be remembered, however, that the echoolneeter referred
to in 'Bnoebound' wee not Coffin but George Haskell, who
also 'thd at the fire hie favored nlace‘. Coffin'e prniee
is sung in 'To fly Schooluuneter'. Coffin, too, noent many
of hie eveninge at the Whittier’homentead nod won a neat
welcome gueet.

Although the Friends enjoyed conneny to a certain extent,

they would sometimee go for Gaye without having the coder-

‘2‘ 4 “ A“

1 h. f __ A—V ff ‘ 7 v v~—
Samuel Picture, Life and Lgttegg g: Whittieg, pp. 30-31, 36.

m5

tunity to meet and converse with persons other than those
of their own circle. On the first and fourth days there
was a Joyous time when they held service at their meeting.
house. The Whittiers attended these services at the Friends'
meetingahouse in Amesbury about eight miles east of flavor.
hill. The father, mother, and sometimes, one of the
children, were accustomed to ride in the chaise.2 It is
said thlt Mr. Whittier was the only person in the neighbor-
hood who owned a chaise. A receipt for an internal revenue
tor of one dollar on this chaise for the year 1817 has been
found.

Concerning the social standing of the Whittier family,
particularly, Pickard says: N

'The Whittier family had from the first held a
leading social position in the East Parish. Their
religious views were respected, although none of their
immediate neighbors were of the same faith, and the
pastor of the Oongfikationsl church in the same vicinity,
never passed them by; when making his pastoral calls . . .

While the home life was thus pure and elevating
in its influence, the social privileges of the family
were among the best in their vicinity. The father,
holding offices of trust in the town, was associated
with many of its notable citizens, and the proverbial
hospitality and refinement of the mother and aunt drew

A #i. 4+ A.‘

2 Samuel Picksrd, on, cit., pp. 36-38.

1%

around then s circle of more than ueunl cultivation.
Before the days of stone and electricity, the
Eastern members of the Society, attending their Yearly
”eeting at Newport, R. 1., generally perforood the
Journey in their own carriages, depending largely upon
their friends for entertoinnent by the way, in rhich
pleasant service the Whittiers had their full shore,
sometimes receiving under their roof fron ten to fifteen

gueste,‘3

Er. Whittier, unlike his sister, was very shy from
childhood: but as he grew older, some of his shyness vanish-
ed. He probably become less conscious of hisself as he
come in contest with more people end began to enter Journal-
ion and politice,-which enrichened his social life. fihittier,
however, never did overcome fully his shyness: but it scene
that he use quite at ease with the loiterere about the
stores, for he would often sit down and talk with them,
much to their delight.

Although fihittier did not visit the coffee-houses - it
was against the Quokere' rule to do so - , he was loved and
honored by the people who frequented such places. One of
the proprietors of e Coder atreet coffee-house placed on
the wall of his coffee-house on Atlantic monthly portrait

of Whittier, which proved to he a boost to his business.

A ‘_ -A- M ‘—

v—V' .7 v w. wv fl vv *

3 22.13.. 3333* 33'39-

m

the proprietor sent on open letter to Whittier through the
W. mob roads in part:

ttrcn seventy-five to a hundred boys and young non
are now resorting to these rooms every evening in the
week, end the coffee counter does pouring business at

two cents n cup. I wish you could see the crowd.‘
concerning the unveiling of the portrait, he says:

“silence being secured, I gave in three ninntes,
on well so I could, Just an outline of the 'ankor
Poct'e' life and work. (Choor.) then n helping hand
at ny left tearing away the veiling newspapers, his
portrait stood forth.to view. (Orened necks and core
cheers.) then fron n copy of J. R. Osgood end 0o.ie
edition of Whittier's pocne (1878) I road two oxtrecte
free the 'Berefcot Boy' (sensation), and the whole of
Barbara lrietchie,‘ (cheers enthusiastic and prolonged,
notwithstanding the infelicitiee of n first appearance
no public reader!) And then, to top off the ceremonial
with e relieving outburst of superebundent vitality, I
celled for three 'cheere for Mr. Whittier“, which were
given with right good will."5

ur. Ihittier replies to the proprietcr'e letter very sour;

 

" W. m. 72.
5 W. m. 12.

1&8
teouslyc

'1 heartily thank thee for thy kind letter, and
for disposing of sy portrait so entirely to my satis-
faction. ln the Discipline of the Society of Friends
we are cautioned against “frequenting taverns and places
of public resort,‘ but I am willing to overlook by
proxy your Cambridge Coffee-House, whose anesenents
are Justified and seasoned by the practical righteous-
ness of temperance. I prefer it to St. Pierre's Coffee-
Rouse of anrat,‘I where warring theologians held their
syjposiun and discoursed like hilton's fallen angels
on foreknowledge, will, and fate,6with no possible

benefit to themselves or others.‘

During lhittier‘s day in Ice England there were given
eany social fctes, such as parties, receptions, unveiling
of statues, and the like. .0! course such affairs did not
cccur usually along the. class of new Englanders in which
Whittier was born,.but through.his fans as a poet, editor,
and politician, he received the recognition of the 'sc-
called! upper classes of society. It suet be rensmbsred
that mucus:- was not reared among the Brahnin group as
Longfelloe; Lowell, and most of the other new'England
writers were.

Even when he went to Boston for his first brief
6
MN 9° 53'

no

editorial experience, it was not to the charmed Boston
circle. It was not until he had won independent fans that
he became their'honored friend. By birth he represented
an old and stalwart elolent in low England life - the
comparatively unlettered pioneers who made up the silent
majority of the population.7

One of the greatest social affairs in low England dur—
ing Whittier's time was the birthday dinner in honor of
Ihittier's seventieth birthday given by the‘gtlgntig_gggtglz,
with which Whittier was closely associated and to which
he had contributed many poses. Of course the Atlantic
ggnthlzm whose leading writers were social, was accustomed
to giving a monthly affair at which all the writers would
dine: but fihittier ssldon attended because necessity and
habit of being absent.‘ he had accustomed himself to deli.
oats fare on account of ill health, and he never tasted
wine or used tobacco; so that the meetings, so attractive
to others, had few charms fcr'hin beyond social converse.

Whittier attended the dinner in honor of his seventieth
birthday, however. this affair was at the Hotel Brunswick,
in Boston, December 17, 1877, and was attended by fifty
or sixty leading Anerioan writers and other proainsnt
figures of new England. this occasion brought forth many
glowing tributes in prose and verse to {hittier. Longfellow

7 P. H. Benton. WW. pp. 252-253.
8 Francis Underwood» gong gzeenlga; Whittigg, pp. 217—218.

150

'headed the list with his charming sonnet, 'fhe three
Silences': Btednan gave his 'Ad Vatem', and Bayard faylor
sent “A friends Greeting“. The occasion was a gala one.

the same anniversary was observed at Uhittier's hone in
Anesbury, at Denvers, and in other places. The ladies of
Amesbury sent his a portfolio of water-color sketches of
places immortalized in his verse. The newspapers of every
part of the country made the occasion the theme of extended
consent, giving the record of his useful life, extolling
his unselfish patriotism, his devotion of the cause of the
oppressed, and the character and purity of his verse. the
pulpit discoursed upon his songs of charity and piety.9

for such occasions Whittier canifested his genius of
writing, not in the more passing phrases of compliment or
a display of graceful rhetoric, but in works that possess
a durable value of sentiment and language and rennin signi-
ficant memorials. notable among such writings are the
affectionate letters to his old schoolmates of Haverhill
and the beautiful tributes to Longfellow and.Holnes.

the tribute to Holmes, 'Oliver Wendell Holmes, on His
Bightieth Birthday“, appeared.in the Literary World for
September it, 1889. Sons If the lines are as follows:

'Clinbing the path that leads back nevernore,
We heard behind his footsteps and his cheer;

0 O D O O O O

7... a V— —. r fry-— ‘v— w v—v w- vvvw vv

9 Samuel Piokard, M" p. 636.

151

Longbe it ere the table shall be set
For the last breakfast of the Autoorat.

O O O O . O 0

Waiting with.him the call to come up higher,

Life is not less, the heavens are only higher.1°

6th to. 26, 1889
John G. Whittier

Often receptions and similar affairs were given, but
Ihittier could not or would not go. Mr. and Mrs. D. Lothrop
gave a reception to fire. John A. Logan,the General's widow,
at Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts. Whittier could not be
present but sent a letter with a poem, 'Our Country.'11

Kr. Whittier was also unavoidably absent-from the
reception given to are Lowell by his classmates and a few
others in Boston, Saturday, June 20, 1885; but the follow.
ing letter from him was read to the company!

'John G. Whittier presents his thanks for the
invitation to Join the friends of James Russell Lowell
to welcome him on his return. He loves and honors his
old friend so heartily that nothing but illness prevents
him from being one of the first to welcome him. As
it is, he can only express the Joy that he comes back
to us‘hearing from the Old World snoh.honors as were

1° W :1. 30h.
n W. ml. 99.

152

never bestowed upon a representative of our country.

Hail and welcome.‘

New England during thittier‘s time had celebrations
in honor of English poets also, such as the celebration
of Burns, by the Caledonian Club in Boston, to which whittier
wrote a letter expressing his thought of and admiration for
Burns: and the unveiling of the replica of the Westsiniiter
bust of Longfellow at Portland, haine. Both of these
events took place in 1665, and to both Whittier lent his
13

In social life Mr. Whittier had a kindly humor that

We

rarely found a place in his earnest verse. Bis genius was
not self~centered. He chose a life of steady struggling
rather than one of noble ease - a sentiment to which he
gave expression in the beautiful autographio poem, 'uy
Birthday't

'Bstter than self-indulgent years
The outflung heart of youth,
Than pleasant songs in idle ears

The tumult of the truth.‘1h

After the marriage of Whittier‘s niece, Elizabeth, in
1876, he continued his residence at Amesbury; but hs-spent
most of his time in long visits to various friends and

.A ‘ _. A4 .4

F. fi 'vj—v—v

‘2 man n, 311.
1’ ma. '1. 59. 133.

153

relatives in New Hampshire, Kaine, and eastern Massachusetts.
Whittier made many visits to the Olaffin home. or
these visits the W of September, 23, 1693,

lfl’.’

'At the house of the Olaffine Mr. Whittier was a
frequent and honored guest; he felt hinself at home
there and threw off the reserve with which he clothed
himself in unfamiliar society. There his rich and quaint
vein of humor came out sparkling; there he was heartily
interested in matters, or recalled the tremendous tines
of the anti~slavery movement.

There were several homes in which hr. Whittier was
seen in this way, not only as a faithful prophet and
heavenly-ninded post, but also as a genial and not
seldom nirthful friend and practical and tender counsel~
or. At‘his Aneshury house where the chief part of his
literary work was done, eith‘his cousin, hr. and Hrs.
Joseph Oartland of lewburyport, or at the Portland home
of his niece, wife of fir. 3. T. Pickard, hr. Ihittier'e
social gifts were delightfully displayed.‘15

During his life-tine, fihittier, like cost low Englandere
of his standing, had Iany friends of note,some of when were
Garrison, Sumner, LoveJoy, Phillips, Thayer, Barnard, Clay,
Webster, Law, Ratout, Yhompson, flushing, sturge, Hale,

‘5 kiterar; s'oggg, XXIV, 310.

153

Mr. and hrs. Fields, Hrs. Child, Hrs. Stowe, Henry Ward
Beecher, Holmes, Longfellow, Miss sigourney, Lucy Hooper,
Elizabeth Stuart Phelp Ward, Harriet flinet, Anne E. Wendell,
Emerson, and Grace Greenwood.

Colonel Bigginson says: 'Whittier during his whole
life rarely lost a friend. The character of him who loved
Beauty and followed the behest of Goodness attracted all
who came in contact with it in the flesh, and has a perfect
charm for those who can know it only in the written record.
Ihile recognising that the language of his anti-slavery
poems'at tines seems severe and harsh’, he was proud to
say that he was one of the first to recognise the merit of
Henry Tiered, and was an intimate friend of Paul H. Kayne,
though both wrote fiery lyrics against the North.‘16

Whittier often paid tribute to his closest friends by
writing a poem. One such poem is 'The Tent on the Beach',
which appeared in thepgtlagtig_gggghlllduring the year 1867.
The pace shows Ihittier and two of his friends, Bayard
Taylor and.Janes 2. Fields, enjoying themselves as they are
encanped on salisbury beach in sight of the wide hay, with
the herrinac on one side and the Isles of shoals and Boar‘s
Head on the other. While on the beach they tell tales of
olden times, all of the the-es being strictly New England
except two, as they watch the sails and the faint horizon

giving way to the rocky isles.

 

1‘ no: 3. Paco. W. pp. aha-2&3.

155

'fihittier skillfully draws the portraits of his two
friends. We see Fields “with his beard scarce silvered

'a lettered magnate'

'In when brain-currents, near and far,
Converged as in n Leyden Jar:
- Pleasant it was to roam about

The lettered world as he had done.‘
faylor is pictured as one

“Whose Arab face was tanned

By tropic sun and horeal froet.‘

Iet loved the while, that free coenopolite,

Old friends, old ways, and kept his boyhood's
dreams in sight.'

Then thittier gives a glimpse of himself:

“And one there was a dreamer born,
Who, with a mission to fulfil,

Had left the uuses' haunts to turn
The crank of an opinion - nill,

flaking his rustic reed of song

A weapon in the war with wrong.‘17

lhittier had so easy friends that space cannot be given

to even a few of then. nest of then, however, especially

 

17 angletg Poetical Verge, pp. 2&3-2h5.

1.56

the Abolitioniets and writers of lew England, are fairly
well known.

Looking farther at Whittier's relation to his friends
one notes that Whittier wrote many letters, a large number
of which have been published. It seems as if letter writ-
ing, especially among the literary group, was very, very
important during Whittier's tine. This was perhaps due to
the absence of present day travelling facilities. Among
his letters, some of which have been quoted, we find one
concerning his helping a young actress, or rather, authoress,
who had planned to go to her father in England. The letter
addressed to Mr. Higginson reads in part:

'I quite agree with thee as regards our friend -
and wd. be glad to help her. I have reserved.the sum of’
$50 for her. . . . ‘ I shall be happy to forward
it at once, either to her or to thee, in which case thee
can say that thee has rec'd that sum of me for her benefit,
which will leave her but 350 to repay. . . . '18

Another letter concerning the marriage of a young lady

reads:

'My Dear Higginson, - Thanks for thy letter. I
have mislaid«h—————-’e address. . . Will thee drop
ne a postal to tell as? I will send.her 850 as a wedding

gift, as thee suggest. I am glad she is soon to escape

_..._. ‘ ,— v ‘— r

13“ fi “#74"- ‘
r. 1!. Risen-on. WW. pp. 96-97.

7* ‘— vv— .vw—v ——‘—v— r'ww

157

frcl her desk drudgery.‘19

The above letters show that in New England society
John Greenleaf Whittier was somewhat of a philanthrcpiet.
he was always willing to help those in need, and he was
especially able to do so in later life when the sales from
his poems and other writings grow larger; Then, too,
fihittier's personal expenses were not very large, because
he was not extravagant. All of his friends, especially
those of New England, knew that he was very generous in
hie giving.

Thus after considering Whittier's active life in society,
his contact with many of the outstanding figures of the day,
and his broad and useful career which is reflected in his
poems, one can get some understanding of New England society
in general, whether it be the middle class entertaining
friends by the fireside or the Brahnin class dining at

Hotel Brunswick in Boston.

CHAPTER 71
LABOR II '3' ENGLAID

In looking at New England life we have seen something
of the home, the school, the church, the trends in politics,
and social affairs: but very little has been said about the
various kinds of labor.

Labor in lew England life during the nineteenth century
held a very important place, for most of the people belonged
to the laboring class. In referring to labor, especially
as it is depicted by Ihittier, one can speak of it as hav-
ing the highest of dignity in flew England, a dignity that '
is sung in liveliest strains by our great reformer, Whittier,
in harmony with his broad view of democracy.

lhittier, who was well anquainted with the various
occupations of Essex county, Massachusetts, early saw the
happiness expressed by aany workers as they performed their
daily tasks: and in the year ldfio he brought forth his
collection of poses known as ggggg_gz_ygggg, six of which
will be referred to, namely: “The Bhoenakers', “The Fisher-
. men', "the Luabernen', “The Ship-Builders', 'i'he Drovers‘,
and “The huskers'.

Turning attention first to 'The Shoemakere', one may
recall that Ehittier hinself was once an apprentice to a
shoemaker. The occupation of shoemaking, it is said, was
experienced by every New England man at some tine or another

during‘his life. Usually such an experience occurred during

159

boyhood or early manhood, as Whittier says in the first

stanza of the pose:

Young brothers of the ancient guild,

Stand forth once more tagether!1

The tapping of the cobbler on the well-worn stone was
a familiar sound in nineteenth-century new England, as the
sole of the shoe was shaped by the strokes of the hammer.
Such tapping not only signified that a shoe was being made,
but that a burgher of New England was laboring under his
own free will and not the will of a stern master. Whittier
emphasises the fact that the shoes being made in new England
would go on free feet, and that from making the brcgan,
which was worn in Whittier'e day, and other shoes wealth
could be procured. It seems as if some peeple during the
nineteenth century aust.have looked upon ehoenaking with

scorn, for Whittier says:

Let foplings sneer, let fools deride,
re heed no idle scorner:

Free hands and hearts are still your pride,
And duty none your honor

1e dare to trust, fcr'honest face,
The Jury fine empanels,

And leave to truth each noble name

which glorifies your annala.2

fi aw- r. w r—

1 0 Po on We ks, p. 357.
2 Mn :56-

160

In IIThe Shoemaksrs' whittier emphasises the dignity of
labor and the freedom of the laborer, two qualities which
most New Englandere valued.

Another important occupation in flew England was fishp
ing.. One could go along the Atlantic coast, especially
about the region of Cape Cod, and see small fleets of
sailboats with fishermen plowing the waters for food. The
sea-food industry was a thriving one and New England became
known for its fisheries.

Ihittier often enjoyed watching the fishermen go about
their task: and after becoming observant of the ways of
the “sea-food gatherers', he composed a poem, one of his
'Songs of Labor“, known as 'The fishermen', in which he
stresses the bravery cf the fishermen in taking chances
on their lives by sailing during inclement weather. Just
as the earth is the field of harvest for the farmer, so
is the sea the field of harvest for the fishermen, and
the fish, the grain.

The sea’s our field of harvest,
Its scaly tribes our grain:
we'll reap the teeming waters ’
As at home they reach the “plain!3
Although the wind blows hard, the snow falls, and the fog
often blinds, the fishermen continue to whistle and laugh.
Thishehowe that the average low England fisherman to... Joy

4

3 W. p. 359.

Wr— i Y W ~—w

161

in his labor from the feet that he was free and asking a
living without the dictation of an overseer.

Whittier encourages the fishermen by telling thee thet

'God‘e eye is looking on us,
I
And beneath us is His hnndi“

He slsc brings to our notice the courage of the fishermen

and his superiority over the land leborer by saying,

'Leeve the coward lendsnnn clinging
- To the dull earth, like e weed.‘5

Lunbering held an important place in the work’s-day
world of New England despite the feet that some of the
inhabitants of the rural villages would go to the woods
and cut down trees in order to have fuel. It any be reeelled
that fibittier's Uncle Bose! set his death by s felling tree.

lhittier, knowing something of the lunbering industry
wrote s pose entitled.'fhe Luebernen', in which he describes
the sounds of the falling lumber and the song of the snub
Iill wheel. Snell eewenille in Ice England during Vhittier'e
day were very cocoon. “any of the smell flew England towns
owed their existence to luebering.

During Whittier'e day there were regular lumber seeps

r: which the lumbermen would sleep, do their on cooking.

‘ W p. 359-
5 zblfi.

162

and eat. They seemed to be happy on the whole, but there
was lacking something that could have lightened their
duty:
“Woman's soils and girlhocd's'hesuty,
Childhood’s lisping tone.'6

But the toil of the lumbernen was making life brighter
for the women and children at home.

thittier shows that the lumber the laborers were
shaping in the cold would be used for making ships that
would go to the warmer regions and bring'baok delicious
fruits and sweets for New Englandere to enjoy.

As the lunbereen worked they enjoyed freedom in their
labor. No nan was a slave in Essex County, Hassachusetts.

After the lusbernen finished hewing the material into
different eises, such of it was sent near the seashore
where another industry throve e ship-building. New England
was noted for the ships it produced. Ship-building was
considered as one of the cost noble and highest skilled
of crafts.

Often, as the ships were being built, various persons
would come to the seashore and watch the ribs and beans as
they were made into a strong and stately vessel. ship.
building was indeed quite interesting to watch and it was
certainly watched. the completion of the vessel was a grand

event, but the launching was grander. The launching was

6 W. p. 360.

153

usually accompanied by a ceremony which ens witnessed by s
large gathering that law the bars and blocks struck stay
and the ship move slang the grooves in grsoeful beauty
until it glided into the sen.

Ihittier exoressee his hepe that the ship will beer

_ no merchandise of sin.
no groaning cargo of despair,

. . . . .

Ho Lethesn drug for Eastern lends,
Not poison draught for ours:

But honest fruits of toiling hands
And nature's sun and showers.7

In Fhittier'e day cattle were not shipped by rail or
hauled by trucks to the market but were driven along the
road by herdsnen who were called drowers. In referring to
this olsse of laborers. thittier hos written a poem entitled
“The Drowere'.

Ihittier pictures the drowers performing their work in
rain or snow. He mentions the rocky hillsides and spongy
mosses, the lakes and streams, and the formers' field that
often had to be crossed in driving the settle to market.
Ihittier was proud that new Englsnd hsd sleek, fair. fat
cattle that were s contrast to some .

hank oxen, rough as Indian dogs,

And cows too less for shadows,

A—n—AM A

7 Comolesg Poetics; forge, p. 361.

161$

Disputing feobly with tho frogs
d

The crops of an-grheo hondowe.

that he had seen.

Inthe last part of the pose Whittier inpliee that the
drawers of the nineteenth century were rapidly disappearing
and that the drowsrs' occupation would soon be only a seen
cry of the past because flew England wee beginning to employ
new methods in labor as it was in other phases of life.
thittier does show, however, that the drowers had spent a
worth-while life in that they did their duty and that they
could be able to rest after striving.

The importance of strivin¢*was'highly recognised by
new Englanders of Fhittier's day. In striving they knew
that they could obtain.eonething that would make life fuller,
richer, and sweeter. '

Another important task that must be included among the
labors of new England is that of the hunters. Perhaps with
this fore of labor lhittier was most familiar; because he
was reared on a farm and worked on it during boyhood and
part of manhood.

fo‘hin it was a familiar sight to see the boys and girls
bushing corn in the barnyard, or rather, the barn, and
watch the pile of hunks grew higher and higher. Budh work

was often accompanied by such SEIEty as singing and throw»

 

T

5 mg” 3). 362.

165‘

ing n grain or two at the head of some huskcr who was off
guard. _
to show the importence of the huskers thittier ends

the poem with 'The Cornoscng', the lost verse of which is
as follows:

“But let the good old crop adorn

The hills our fathers trod:
Still let'us. for‘hic golden corn,

Send up our thanks to God.'9

In looking at those poems, which are bright and cheer-
ful, one sees the energetic and hopeful character of the
laboring classea in s free section of the country. There
was very seldom any need for depressing sympathy and pity
in reference to the labor of the skillful and intelligent
artisans of new England during thittier's time. they
eonmnnded living wages st least, and for every man the
future had's bright prospect. fleenwhile they had their
own house, sufficient food and clothing, fairly good schools,
newspapers, sogasines, and librariee that could‘be used by
all.

thittier wrote the poems of lnbcr with particular
reference to his hone county, Essex County, hassschusetts,
where labor was not exploited by e few oligarchs. The

ploughmen and movers were as cheery as the thrushee and

 

.._,_ vav—r‘.’

9 We 9- 35hr

166

bobolinks in the meadows: the 'ishernen could troll with
stout hearts of the ‘rot nhoct and flowirr can“ end all the
glories of the blue enter: and the hearts and voices of
smiths end ship-builders kept ties to the rhythmic hammers
and mallete.10
thittier's poems of labor show much about the New
England laborer. the most important being his respect for
the dignity of free labor. These poems are considered as
the best proletarian poems ever produced in America. They
ere sociologicslly important and are eulogies of the working
class end its activities in new England during the nine.

teenth century.

 

1" r. 8. macs-ma. W p. 186.

CHAPTER.VII
NATURE IN RE! ENGLAND

In Whittier, an in several other American vritere, the
love of the Rev England country vac very greet. Although
lhittier visited many urban centere of Rev England and
etayed there for long stretches at n time, he never lost
sight and memory of beautiful Eeeex county, vhere he vas
born. He could alveye find something of interest about
nature in the Merrinao vith its familiar neadove near the
sea.

In early boyhood Whittier had a chance to get to nature:
he had the Opportunity to get feniliar and friendly vith
the brooks, voode, rocky hills, and ell other details of
Rev Inglend landscape. These facts are brought out in
'The Barefoot Boy' in ehieh he eeye:

'I was once a barefoot boy!

I van rich in flowere.nnd treee,
Humming-birds and.honey been:
For my sport the equirrel played,
Plied the enouted nooe his spade:
For my taste the blackberry cone
Purpled over hedge and stone:
Laughed the brook for my delight

gins the sand-rimmed pickerel pond,

Mine the walnut slapee beyond,

168

line, on bending orchard trees,

0 O I O O 9

Still as ny horizon green

All the world I new or knew."1

Spending his boyhood and youth on a far: and in the
woods, Whittier cane to nature very early in his life and
later described the scene of hie rural locality acre faithp
fully than any other writer up to his tine. To prove this
let us look at some of Whittier'e poems.

first, the poems, or rather, some of the poems dealing
with. nature during the winter tine in 1... England my be
noted. It is a known fact that new England had none very
cold wintere as has been brought out by Whittier in 'Bncwb
Bound“ when he says: ‘ '

'fhe white drift piled the window-franc.
so all night long the stern roered on:
And, when the second morning shone,

we looked upon a world unknown.“

Bnow storms occurred quite frequently in New England and

Ihittier was very observant of their “geometric signs'.
lew England also had its terrific winds, some of the

worst in the country. such winds often accompanied the

 

: complgtg Poetic“; works, pp. 396-397.
mes P. 3990

169

the falling snow. Concerning this Whittier says:
“All day long the gusty north-wind bore
the loosening drift its breath before.'3

Though cold and barely unrecognizable New England was
beautiful. The sun shone through the dazzling snow.niet:
the icicles received the rays and returned a sparkle within
itself: the bridle poet resembled human beings arrayed in
garments.

After the cold and wintry blasts had gone, signs of
spring were seen. One of these signs was the appearance of

flowers:

These tassels in their tawny bloom,
And willowy studs of down silver,

Have prophesied of Spring to cone.h

Whittier was well acquainted with flowers Just as he was
with birds and animals. About forty flowers blossom in
his poetry, and certain of then so often that they had
plainly won his esteem. Thus the ‘trembling harebells'
recur, five tines as often as the hardhack and the thistle,
both characteristic of the fihittier country: the fragrance
of the clever and the luxuriant yetlcw of goldenrcd are

found frequently: the laurel and asters of the Herrinac

 

3,;219., p. too.

170

banks and the lilies of the quiet ponds are singled out for
particular praise: the violet is mentioned four times as
often no the daisy, the wild rose eight times as often: and
the nayflower, partly on account of its historic ascocia»
tion, is the subject of two poems, which will be referred
to later in this chapter.5 .
Of course all of the flowers mentioned in Whittier's
poem did not necessarily blocs during the spring in New
England, but one flower that did was the trailing arbutuc,
which appears among the dry leaves and nosses during April
before the chill breezes have gone. Concerning this flower
Whittier has written ‘The Trailing Arbutus.‘ In this pool
whittier compares the lives of the lowly to the trailing
arbutus by saying in the last stanza:
I thought of lives thus lowly, clogged and pent,
which yet find room,
Through care and cunber, coldness and decay,
to lend a sweetness to the ungenial day,
And make the and earth happier for their
6

bloom.

Besides the advent of flowers as a prophecy of spring,
Whittier also refers to the robin and the bluebird as being
5 Iowa Fur-tar. WW. 9. 25-

‘ W. p. 161..

171

two of the birds to sake the earliest appearance in New
England after winter'has passed. It sight be noted that
Hhittier mentions nearly thirty birds in his works, and many
of then occur several tines - the wild goose floating on
Kenozn Lake, the blue Jay with his foolish screen, the
blithe song sparrow by the river's edge. But he apparently
had no favorite among the birds, nothing nnalagous to Lowell's
bobolinks and orioles or Gilbert White's swallows, and, we
may sdd, did not observe the ways of birds more attentively
than do most country sen. ‘Gsneral names, such as thrush
end woodpecker, usually sufficed when he wished to vsry‘bis
customary bird! beach-bird, sea-fowl, wood-pecker: and
the like. rm possibility that be m unronsntic is, 1
think, renewed by the evident accuracy in reference to
flowers and trees.7
Another sign of the seeing of spring mentioned by
Whittier in 'fhe First flowers“ is the budding of trees.
Trees, however, are still commoner in Whittieris poetry -
in all well-nigh thirty species, a nunber of which recur
again and again. Although he was not given to mentioning
the precise species - poplar, willow, and the like usually
sufficed - he did so occasionally: witness his scarlet-oak
end etsghorn. Whittier was apparently very fond of certsmn
tress - the sln, the naple, the birch, and the pins. as
referred frequently to the sins of the village, wet with

 

7 Hornan foerster, Ra c , pp. 25-26.

172

rain or gleaming with snow and ice - “a Jewelled elm-tree
avenue“ - end to the fringe of else along the Merrinao.

The sapls attracted his in all seasons, but especially in
spring, when the little flower tassels guiver with life in
the soft rain. still oftener did Whittier paint the flowers
white of stem, dainty of foliage, a token Of the purity of
nsture: in one of his sea-coast pictures not a birch-spray
is “trembling in the still moonshine“.

In speaking of Whittier's favorite trees in New England
the pine held first place. One of his poems is entitled
“The Pine Tree.“ Compared with the pine, the birch, maple,
and eln occur almost rarely. In something like sixty-five
poems the pine is mentioned or described, while the birch,
the nearest rival, occurs only fifteen times, the maple s
dosen times, the willow three or four times. flow the ancient
pine laments with his the death of a friend with wordless
scan, now he stops to admire“the stern-torn pluses of old
forest tings,“ or the subtle fire of the sunshine among the
delicate sprays, or the eeacoast headland bristling with
dark green, or the last sun of supper shining “through yon
columnar pines“: the mountains stretch army with their sassy
covering of “eternal pines“.8 The characteristics of the
pine that Whittier returned to again and again are its
tenuous music when the rind touches its strings: its sturdy,

steady growth, rarely tainted by decay: and its evergreen

W

8 Kornan Foerster, fiatgrg in fingriong kitgggturg, pp. 26-27.

173

quality. The first of these brought an infinity of somberly
romantic suggestions, the last two the sense of eternity.
The pins retains its foliage and melancholy music when other
trees are bnred by autumn blasts, and it naturally became
for his a symbol of sadness, and he, too, mourned when,

year after year, friends left him for the land of fronded
palms. There is something evanescent and light~henrted,

_ even trivial, in the airy willows and aspene: and there is
something “hoary wise“ and permanent in the dark and free
grant pine.

Turning from the majestic pine to another one of the
new England trees about which Shittier wrote one night note
“The Sycamore“, a poem in honor of hugh Tallnnt who was the
first Irish settler of‘flaverhill, iaeaaohuoctta, and vho
planted the buttonwcod (sycamore) trees on the bank of the
river below the village in the early part of the seven-
teenth century: but unfortunately this noble avenue of trees
is now nearly destroyed.9 Whittier, however, says cf the
few that do stand:

But, still green, and tell and stately,
0n the river's winding shores,
Stand the Occidental plane-trees.
Stand Hugh fallant'e sycamores.10
Another pose about, not a particular tree, but several

 

 

17:.

trees is “the Wood Giant“, which hhittier wrote at Sturten-
vant’s Fara, about a mile from Centre Harbor, new Hampshire.
Among the trees mentioned-the pine, the oak, and the birch -
moot attention is given to the pine.

Looking at the characteristics of nature during the
springtime in New England we see from the poem, “April“

that epring in flew England comes slowly:

“'Tie the noon of epring-tine yet never a bird

In the wind-shaken elm or the maple is heard.“12

Indeed, spring in New fingland approaches slowly, but when
it dose arrive it is like Lazarus rising of old. It stays
its time and soon turns into the summer that thittier has
pictures in “A Dream of Summer“. The southwest breezes
begin to play: the mossy earth looks forth: the streams
gush clear: the for forsaken hie hillside nook; the muskrat
leaves his cell: the bluebird sings with the brook.

At last summer arrives, and the villagers bathe in the
river: the summer burns: peeple long for the hills; the vale
of the Earrimac is warm: the lake lies golden in the sun:
the skies are crinson: the distance softnvoiced friends
are heard: the girls' light laugh harmonises with the low

song of the pine-tree. Bush are some of the occurrences

 

11 Roman Footater, C0-2I‘__£1£e. 9e 26.

12 WW. 9. 12:5-

175

during the summer in New England an pictured in the peel,
'A Bummer Pilgrimage'.

‘ Such activities or occurrences, however, do not last
long in New England, for the ears summer days soon give

way to the frosty earns of autumn and the characteristics
of autumn - the falling lesves, the dying grace, the dinin-
ishing number of birds, the ever-increasing chill, the
gathering of the.hnrvest, the chilly rains, and the harvest-
songe snd shouts. Indeed the autumn in hes Englsnd use s
season of such Joy and Thanksgiving. The farmers and other
peeple of use inglend.hed not forgotten thst behind nature
there is God. As Whittier says:

'Thsnk Heaven instead, that freedon'e nrn
Gan change e rocky soil to gold, -
That brave and generous lives csn_ssra f
A northern oiine with northern ics's cold."13

while sutumn is being referred to it eight be interest-
ing to note that one of use England's most cherished flceers
blooms in autumn after the summer suns have left the sky
and the summer songs hsvs died sway. rhis flower is the
witch-hssel, which is renowned not only for its medicinsl
uses, but nice for its aegis poser (as use Englanders be-
lievsd) in pointing out water in underground springs. I

The two uses of the eitoh-hasel may be referred to,

L.

f7?

13 W. p. 161.

176

the first being the use of a lotion for the cure of certain
diseases. The other is the notion of superstitious New
Englandere in employing the twiga, which are shaped like a
fork, for finding wells and rprings for the nuprly of
nqucduots.

The flowers of the witch-hazel, developed from buds
formed in summer, open in October or hovenber Just an all
the forest leaves are falling. They are bright yellow, -
'twieted gold“ - and are therefore conspicucua among the bare
shrubbery. Brilliant as they are, they are not Joyous

emblems:1h

smell beauty hath my unsung flower,
For spring to oen or sunmsr'hsil:

But, in the season's saddest hour,
To skies that weep and winds that sell
Its glad surpriesle never fall.15

They remind us that the eesaion of flowers has passed .
that the hectic bloom of the doomed forest leaves has been
succeeded by eager fronts and brick north vinde, and that
in the woodland paths and openingo we must trample the
faded glories of summer. Hevsrtheless, the hazel blossoms
belong to Her England's most beautiful and exhilarating

season -eutunn.

 

T.— ‘—

1“ I. H. Underwood, 92, 033., p. 296.

15 0232;.;, p09532§3 #2359, p. 161.

177

In noting some of the chnrpcterietice of's New England
autumn one may refer to the opening of “The Unquiet Sleeper‘,

which is es follower

The hunter vent forth with his dog and gun,
In the earliest glow of the golden sun: -
the trees of the forest bent cver‘hie way,
In the changeful oclore of Autumn gay:

For e frcet had fallen the night before,
16

On the quiet greenneee that nature wore.

fhie kind of detail continues in the next etenee, end the
whole poem givee e netive background of the eesscn that
New Englandere prized most.

One particular line that may receive comment in 'The
Unquiet sleeper“ ie the firet one, becsuee hunting wee e
favorite sport - elec a scene of getting food . with New
Englandere, especially during the autumn. It may be recalled
that lbittier'e father and uncle were great hunters: and
Whittier hineelf liked equirrele and birde. After succeeeo
ful hunting tripe lee Englandere would often give big feeete
at which they would‘heve the beet producte of their harveet.

Such ii cceeeion ie referred to in 'rcr An Autumn festival's

“And we, tc-dsy, unidet cur flowere
And fruite, have come to own gjnin

to see our rather'e hand once more

16 F. “e 9’”. 22. Gate. pe 78e

17s

Reverse for us the plenteoue horn
Cf autumn, filled and running o'er
llth fruit, cnd flower, and golden corn!

17

Once more the liberal year laughn out.“

Then after the pleasuree of autumn have been engaged
in and the daye of such a wonderful eeseon draw to a close,
one tsking a walk in the woods could say no Whittier enye
in I"f'he Last Walk in Autumn“ and 'Autumn Thoughte'! ‘

“I eee, beyond the valley lands,
The ncn'c long level dim with rain.
Around me all things ntnoh and dumb,

18
Seem praying for the snows to core.

“And autumn, in his leafless borers,
19

In writing for the Tlntor'o Sher.

After looking at the portrayal of nature during the
eeeecne in New England as pictured by thittier, one may
also note that nature in New England no portrayed by Whittier
manifested itself loot beautifully in certain places such
as the nee shore, the uountsinc, or the hillsides.

Although thittier ie not an American poet of the son,

he wrote about lnkce, rivers, benchca, and the like,

1? Cgflqlet! Pgefilgal WOPEQ, pe 2200
18 me. x» 150-
19 Ib;de. Po lune

179

ee ie evidenced by the poems: “Hampton Beech“,“The Herri-
nec“, “The Red River“, “The Lakeside“, “Summer by the
Lakeside“, “The River Path“, “Storm on Lake Aequen“,“June
on the Merrinao“, “The Tent on the Bench“, “R. 8. 8., at
Deer Inland on the Merrinec“.

from looking at the above list of poems dealing with
nature as manifested in the con, lake, river, and the like,
one eeec the Merrinec three tines, and eight infer that the
Merrinac vne ednired hr Whittier and other flew Englandere.
Such an inference ie very correct. Ihittier hineelf nude
it e north: eubJeot for hie poene: “The Merrinec“, “June
‘on the Kerri-ac“, and “R. 8. 8., Deer Ielend in the Herri-
nee“.

the uerrinec ie one of New England'e chief rivere.
Connecting ecunteine end eee, the Herrineo River flowe
through the middle dietrict of ecuthern New Hempehire,
receiving the flow of springs and the melting of mountain
enowe, including the overflow fro- ite chief lake, Winne-
peeeukee, end tron the etreane of the Penigewaeeet valley.
It croeeee the deep grneey neadowe near concord, etudded
with native else that etand like elender, flaring Etruecen
veeea: it ie perplexed for e tine in the rapids of Sun-
cook and.Hookeet, until it conee in view of the rounded
lovelineee of the twin Unecanoonuce, - “eonan‘e breeete“,

in the Indian tongue, - and then deehee down the vita

 

2° lornen roereter,‘gp‘_21§., p. 21.

rocky cascades of Anoskeag, where now are the enornoue
factory piles of “anchester. From this point its course
is through scenes of tranquil beauty, always in greenf
meadows and under green trees, until it successively falls
at Nashua, Lowell, and Lawrence, turning laborious wheels,
and thence flows without hindrance, except for an occasional
island, past Ravsrhill and Amesbury with all their tranquil-
ity and pines, separates Newburyport and Salisbury as it
reaches Ipswich Bay, and glides into the open ocean.
Geologists term the Herrinao as a mountain trough: and
at the outset, before the current becomes polluted by the
dyes and refuse of mills, the water is pure crystal. Above
'Lowell the water-bed is comparatively narrow, and the inne-
diate banks are but little raised: although elevations (often
of sand and gravel) on either side testify to the force
of the waters in renoteperiods.22
About the Kerri-ac Ihittier knew such. He waded in it,
_ swam in it, went boat-riding on it, watched its singing
waves from the banks,'fished in it, and plucked the flowers
along its grassy sides. thus he was able to write about it.
Other posse concerning rivers are “The Red.River Voyager“
and “The River Path“ both of which show Whittier's ability
of observing closely and recording‘hie observations very
minutely and picturesquelyl

21 P. R. Underwood, Op, gi§., pp. 169-180.

22 Ibis” p. 170. ‘ ‘

181

Leaving lew England's rivers let us turn to its lakes
and beaches, places to which Whittier liked to go, as he
brings this fact out in “The rent on the Beach“, “dunner
by the Lakeside“, “The Lakeside“, and “Hampton Beach“.

“The test on the leash“ will be taken up first. This
poem, which appeared in 1367, pictures fihittier with two
of his friends, Bayard Taylor and James 1. Fields, encanped
on Salisbury beach of the broad bay, the herrinac, and the
Isles of shoals. “As they watch the sail boats and the
faint horizon, each tells tales of old New England. In
this pose Whittier vividly portrays the beauty of nature as
seen from the beach.23 ”

“The Tent on the Beach“ is illustrative of one of lew
England's resorts abounding in nature. from the beach.
Ihittier and his friends can see the sea-gulls flying
‘cver the waters: they can hear the waves of water lashing
against the rocks and pebbles on the shore: they can slell
the salt sea water as the breezes blow: and above all,
they can forget about the cares and troubles of life.

Turning to “Summer by the Lakeside“ we find, perhaps,
the soot beautiful and nest widely read pool by Whittier
picturing lake scenery in New England. The lake referred
to is winnipissogse, or, as it is now more cosmonly spelled,
tinnepesaukee, situated in Central New hampshire, where it

receives the brooks and melted snows of the White nountains.

 

23 re no Und.r'00d. We. ’0 2116s

'182

tourists well know it, as it lies in the usual route of
summer travel to the lountain region. It is irregular in
fore, and, as it has nunbrcus islands as well as projecting
headlands, there is seldom any distant prospect on the water
level; but at every turn new vistas are disclosed with new
groupings of form and color, and behind every northward
view the pale blue masses of hills form a background.25

The poem has many beautiful details of nature as seen
fros the lakeside at noon and in the evening.. Bose scenes
observed at noon are the white clouds, the sunshine, the
still sea, the green land, the lotus-flowers of the lake,
and the blue beyond. The noon-day scenes give way to the
mountain side black with night, the gleaming moon, the
shadows of the rocky piles on the island, the reflection
of the tree-tops on the waves, and the silence save for the
cricket's wail. '

Looking at other poems we see a similar picture in “the
Lakeside“. In fact whittier is describing the scenery

during the susmer in “The Lakeside“ Just as he is in “Seller

by the Lakeside“, for in “The Lakeside“ he says:

“He saw these nountains in the light
Which now across them shines:
This lake in summer sunset bright,
26

Walled round with sombsring pines.“

 

v flownwv v: w w a f

25 P. H. Underwood, M” p. 209.
2‘ W. p. m.

1d}

Another favorite resort in New England was, and is,
Hampton beach, which Whittier has so beautifully pictured
in his poem, “Hampton Beach“,'two verses of which are

as follows:

“In listless quietude of nind,
I yield to all
The change of cloud and wave and wind;
And passive on the flood reclined,
l wander with the waves, and with then
Rise and fall.
. . . . .
So then, beach, bluff, and wave, farewell!
I bear with me
lo token stone nor glittering shell,
But long and oft shall Memory tell
Of this brief thoughtful hour of

musing by the 8ea.'27

Leaving the sea shore and beaches and facing the north-
west direction fron Lake Winnepesaukee, one sees the Red‘
Hills of New England, and the Oasipee lountains towards
the east, or rather, northeast. the hillsides and mountains
of new England have their gifts from Nature as well as the
lakes and sea shores. It is near Job's Hill, where Whittier
lived, that the quiet, pastoral section of the south-lying

 

27 mg” p. in).

18‘

section is so picturesquely portrayed in “Among the Hills“.
Whittier preferred.the R.‘.Hills to the white Mountains

of New Hampshire. The Red Hills he knew more about! they
were the haunts of his boyhood days: they were his places
of retreat from the scorching sun of the short New England
summer. Then, being acquainted with them, he could write
about then.

'Anong the Hills“, which was published in 1668, has a
romantic and pictorial setting of rural life. As the hills
look upward, so should.human beings aspire for a higher and
nobler life, . for “hole loves and the beatitudes“, “all
the old virtues“, and for a perception of the beauty in

nature, as an outward type:

“Of the eternal beauty which fulfils
The one great purpose of creation, Love,

,The sole necessity of Earth and Heavenisza

The specific scene of the poem is near neareamp River,
close under the shadow of Mount Ossippee, but after a magni~
ficent view of the Ghoccrua range. The region is rich in
nature; the river fringed with sins and caples: the broad,
quiet, reflecting sky: the pleasant breezes from the sea,
and the occasional overflow of the panda“?9

Among other poems dealing with mountain or hillside
scenery is “Mountain Pictures“, in which fihittier gives

 

W—v—vv *7

29 l.-H. Underwood, gp‘_glt., p. 265.

135

two views, one from the Penigewasset looking at Pranconia
and the other from Waohuset looking at monadnock. Both
views are very clearly given by thittieri.3°
‘ thittier is indeed to be considered an artist of New
England landscape above all other phases of nature. The
ferns and colors of nature lads a vivid and lastingimpreseion
upon Whittier's mind: and the scenery, or backgroung, of
his compositions is always faithful, strong, and impressive.
There could be a select gallery of his pictures of mountains,
lakes, rivers, and the sea that would be remarkable among
the best ever drawn. The linits are coequal with his
personal eXperienoe, and they embrace all the phases to be
met with in the White Icentain region, the merrinac valley,
the northern lakes, and the sea-coast from lewburyportto
casce Bay.
Whittier has dealt not only with the grander features:
the smaller valleys and streams, the rcunded.hills, the
various wild flowers, the green masses of euemer foliage,
and the gay colors of autumn have likewise employed his ,
pencil so that the reader who is familiar with the subjects

has a perpetual pleasure in his delineations.’1

g. A—

mes PP! 355‘3590
I'. ll. Underwood, my", p. 359.

'— V— V V. . __ 7

30
31

CONCLUSION

By looking over what has been written in the foregoing
chapters one finds that one of the most important institu.
tions in New England during the nineteenth century was the
hose. This great factor of development in Whittier's life
was not overlooked, because it was a highly organized,
respectful, and peaceful abode where each member of the
family worked for the good and betterment of all. Such are
the facts that are brought out in “8nowa80und', which should
be read by all who wish to get a view of lew'England.hone
life.

Leaving the home and looking at the school of Whittier's
day the reader readily finds out that school-life cf the
early nineteenth century was not very important, or was not
uppermost in the minds of the working class - the class to
which Whittier belonged. Whittier himself received only a
district school education supplemented by one year of
academy work, the idea of the latter being introduced by
a friend, tillian Lloyd Garrison. It has been seen that
the schools of Whittier's boyhood days were not given the
attention by the state, county, and city that they are now.
fiducatien was left to the discretion of the child‘s parents:
and in this case, many parents were like Whittier“s father,.
who thought children could not be spared from the fare
because they could help with the work that furnished a
leans of livelihocdt levertheless, lhittier, by taking

167

yedvantage of all the Opportunities of education outside the
school, become educated and left his name upon the pages
of American literature.

One of these means of becoming educated was his parti-
cipation in politics, which later gave way to his partici-
pation in the anti-slavery movement. Politics during thitti-
er'e time was of great import in Massachusetts and other
New England states Just as it is now. nearly everything
was related to politics. Even thittier's career as a
Journalist was linked with politics, because each paper or
eagasine for which he wrote favored some particular party
and advocated its principles. Of course it is known that
the anti-slavery sentiment in flew England was first apposed
almost wholly in New England Just as in other sections
of the country; but this opposition did not stop thittier
and the other Aboliticniste fros going about their work.
They wrote, they preached, and they used all means possible
to blot out the evil of our country, despite the fact that
at times they almost net death at the hands of blood-
thirsty flew England mobs, which were similar to the southern
mobs of to—day.

Perhaps the religious impulse of the day was closely
related to other stimulating conditions. Indeed it was,
and it had behind it the momentum or generations and the
stir of the nineteenth century - e.lingering dislike for
Quakers, the fading doctrine of calvinisu, the nagnetio
influence of Unitarianisu, and the growing consideration of

188

freedon of thought in religion as in everything else. The
religious side of New England life was old like the country
and new like the period. It was dedicated to a high purpose
but its purpose was more than the personal salvation of the
communicant: it was the salvation of the church and the state,
the bringing of God's kingdoe on earth as it is in heaven.
Whittier was a firs but liberal Quaker. He would

confers wholly to the original standards, but regarded as
useless the dispute between Orthodox and Hicksits Friends.
Every faculty of his being was pervaded by the desire to
put himself at the service of God in the affairs of his

1

day. This devotion and singleness of sin were to character-
ise his and his works throughout his long and fruitful life.2
turning to the occupational side one say recall that
the working class of people in low England as a whole seen
to have been rather happy because they were free in their
labor and could thus appreciate the dignity of it as Whittio
er brings out in the six best poems picturing labor in
New England - ‘fhe Huskers“, 'The Shoemakere', “the Drovers',
“The ShipnBuilders', 'fhe fisheraen', and 'The Lumber-
Ien'.
lith labor goes the social side of life, which was not
overlooked in lew England during Whittier's tine. Looking

at the social life as delineated by lhittier, one sees the

 

1 r. I. Mean-on. WW. 9. 116.
2 V. B. Una-mod. MW. 9. 83.

189

the situation from both the middle class and the Brahmin
points of view because Whittier was of the middle class
and later became affiliated with the Brahnin class through
his literary achievements. It may be noted that social
life among the middle class then was very simple and that
among the Brahnin class various kinds of activities were
enjoyed, such as dinners, bancuets, clubs, visits to out-
standing resorts, and personal friendships with the out-
standing leaders of the day.

Whittier was thoroughly acquainted with nature in New
England. He became an embodiment of local tradition,
especially in Essex Gounty. no felt a strong attachment
to his small part of the world that deve10ped in a group
whose memories and interests are almost wholly local. As
a consequence he described homely beauties that surrounded
him. He glorified the scenes of common life, and hallowed
the landscapes of his flew England. He admired nature as
he saw it in the landscapes, trees, flowers, and streams:
and with his pen he stamped upon them immortality. The
truth is, no other poet has had so intimate knowledge of

the subtle lines and softer shades of nature.

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lllllllflllll)llllllllllfllNIHlfllllllllllllllllllllllll"Ill

 

8413371