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LIBRARY
Michigan state
Univmljzggj

PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.
TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
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DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6/01 cJCIRC/DaleDuesz-sz

 

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
TEXTILES, CLCTI‘IJTJL M53 RCLRTED ARTS
COLLEGE OF HOME ECONOMICS

%

STUDY OF A LIMITED NUMBER OF FAMILIES IN RORTHRRN
MICHIGAN To DETDRRIDR THEIR PROBLEMS IN
USING AND CARING FOR CORDUROY GARRDrTj/'

By

Mary W. Adams

A!

A PROBLEM

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS
Department of Textiles, Clothing and Related Arts

1961

THESIS
I3?
528
THS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer wishes to express her sincere
appreciation to Dr. Mary Gephart, Professor and Head
of Textiles, Clothing and Related Arts, for her guidance
in planning and directing this problem and to
Mrs. Barbara Stowe and Mrs. Stephanie Winkler for
guidance in related studies on corduroy. The writer also
wishes to express her gratitude to the homemaking
students in the Crystal Falls and Calumet High Schools
whose participation and c00peration were essential for

the completion of this problem.

Chapter
I.
II.
111.

V.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTROWCTION....,....
REVIEW as LITERATURE . . q .
METHODS AND PROCEDURE . . .

Description of repulatian
ANALYSIS OF DATA . . . o o .
SUHMKRY’AND CONCLUSIONS . .
BIBLIWRAPHY . . . . . .
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . .

11

2h
25

 

‘7

Table

l.

2.

3.

4.

LIST OF TfiBLBS

Total flasher of Corduroy Garments
Stored and Used in Family Wardrobes

Procedures Used by the hespondents in
hashing Corduroy Garments with
Itemized List of Kinds of Garments
Washed by Different methods . . .

Percentage of Responses to Methods of
Drying Corduroy Garments . . . .

Percentage of Responses to Where
Clothes Are Hung to Dry During
Winter Eontha l o o o o o a o o o

Percentage of Responses to methods of
Ironing Corduroy Garments . . . . .

Percentage of Responses to Likes and
Dislikes of Respondents to Corduroy
Garments in Family Wardrobe . . .

Page

11

14

15

16

17

19

INTRODUCTION

Corduroy has been on the market for many years.
The name corduroy is derivedfrom the French term,
"Cords-de-Roi," cloth of kings. This indicates that cordu-
roy was once a uniform for royal service. Corduroy‘ys utility
was demonstrated in World War I when Allied labor battalions,
forestry groups and cavalry men were clothed in this work-a-
day fabric. I

I Corduroy became a pipular fabric about 1928 when it
was used on the Pacific coast for boy's slacks and girl's
lmockabouts. Through the depression years, corduroy orders
from manufacturers of slacks increased steadily and the
popularity for corduroy spread across the muted States.

The first corduroys were drab and, dark, but gradu-

ally brighter tones were introduced. The beginning of
patterned corduroys in 1935 marked an important turning

point with designs growing even more varied and attractive.
Although the first corduroys were all the same size rib, wide
and narrow wales were soon deveIOped. By 1942, pinwale cordu-
roy was used in everything from bathing suits to bridal wear.

World War II contributed to the popularity of cordu- I

roy. With the disappearance of competitive materials on the
war time mrket, corduroy came into a preferred position.
During World war II. the heavier corduroy was used for war
plant Workers' uniforms: lighter weights were used in
military hospitals for patients gowns. It was found

#____—
w

J‘J‘essie Caplin, "Quality in Corduroy," Lractical
Home Economics, xx (June, 1942) p. 222.

2

that the richness of corduroy was better for the morale
of the wounded men than the standard materiela.1

Recently manufacturers have varied the standard
corduroy constructions and have given corduroy special
finishes. Typical examples are Icrmsccrd, an eight-ounce
corduroy that is completely crush-resistant tad water and
spot-recitahtz Cablecord, which is made with a cotton back
and acetate pile filling, has a surface design which resembles
a cable stitch; and Ea herd, eezch has a permanently embossed
surface that resembles the bark of a tree.

finch of‘corduroy's pepulerity can be attributed to
its strength. durability and washebility. It arjears in
all markets - men's, women's, children's and home furnish-
ings. Corduroy may be worn from head to foot in a variety
of garments rang cg from children's play clothes to surpris-
ingly elegant dresses.3

Even though corduroy is a popular fabric. it does
have some disadvantages. Unless treated, corduroy has a
tendency to net down in areas subjected to pressure or
abrasion; crushing or matting of the pile causes a differ-
ence in light reflection, making the crushed or matted area
look like a spot or stain. bomctincs the dyes used in
corduroy bleed excessively in setcleening; some of the dyes
are alkaline sensitive.4 Also, dark colored ccrdurcys tend
to pick up lint.

l"hising Fashions for Cotton lilac,“ fiextile Ffirldl
Lflgaflll (QCtOer. 1942). 78.

 

 

QBordhy 3. Lyle, Focus on Febrice, (bilver hpring,
aarylandx Rational Institute 01 uryclesning, lfibfi). 267.

"Corduroy - ihe Family fabric and All Through the
House," Prepared by the borduroy Council of America (15 Best
53 street. How lork).

3

shile touching fiomemsking in northern Kichigsn,
the writer observed that many of the students were corduroy
garments. As a part of their clothix; construction work.
many students wanted to make corduroy garments. The average
family income in most areas of northern Eichigan is low to
average. Therefore,many people cannot afford to buy the
wool garments usually recommended for winter wear. Corduroy.
due to its warmth, is used as an alternate choice.

The purposes of this study were to determine what
kinds of garments people in northern fiichiren purchase or
construct of corduroy; to find out how these people care for
corduroy; to discover what they like and dislike about
corduroy: and to try to ascertain their values in relation
to the appearance of corduroy garments.

The investigator felt test the information obtained
from this study on the use and core of corduroy would be
helpful to honesaking teachers and Extension agents working
in northern hichigan.

'1‘ w (:13 71:9 ; m .4 manta
* ..J J i. ..J 1;- .a; ..‘5."\ ; ._‘.‘.¢_.

A review of literature woe mode to determine
eu55estod methode of caring for coréuroy and to ascertain
the extent of research studies that h5vs been 553 as on
corduroy.

Garments mode or cotton pile f5bricc 5re washable
but require special hr 151155. Dry cleaning is recommended
for 5eroents with complicated tailoring construction.

5ccord155 to Hollen and Laodler. wri axles will be
harder to remove if coréuroy 55rmente are pet t} roug ;h a
wrin5er or spun dry. The boot results are obtained by
squeezing the moisture out of the garment and then hcn5ing
it on a line to ory. When almost cry, the 55rmeot should
be brushed li5htly with a soft brush.l

Good :oueekecri.5 makes t? e follooi' 155 so 5oetione
for lsunoorin5 corduroy garments.

“Clot as mode 01 W55 able core urcy(vo.t~dyed
and o5. i’orized) are easy and rimple to 5555. xocauoe
colors are iaet, corduroy of thie ki. 3 C55 5_o into
to e wash water with 55 its cottons, out avoid linting
oi dork colors - greens, browns, and maroone - by
washing with other dark colors.

Vat-dyed corfiuroys can be wochod with water as
hot as you woulo use with othor cottone. for machine
w5ohing. use your ueu51 laundry soap or othor clean-
ser, and try a 5-minute wash pcrioo. avoid crushing
or wrinklizlg oy looceoin‘ vwrin tr rolls. If you use
a epinfler, or n t let it run lon5er t35ln neceee5ry.
After co.curoy has been woohod 5nzi ri IlSGd 555 is
re5oy to h555 uo, (:1ve it a good 2555455 yiet 5s you
would bath towels or botlmats. Ohope it by smoothing

and strai hteninr , then nan“ to dry. Chiloren's
playtlrin<s need little ette tion, 3ut t5ilorod Ef orts
clothes will dry best on h:n gore."

lflorma Kellen 5nd Jone C5551 r. Textiles (flew York:
The Eocmill5n Coop5ny,1;oo). p. 140.

 

ZCOG-i L4mc“~e tin-2'8 331:" to to Mum‘s}: 5:511 ‘35; :15; 3;;“;
(3483‘? York“ “#000. “(Juneau‘s ill . 1;.46T. U. (2*).

*‘ir‘.

5

The (oréuroy Council of America states that th
smart homem oak er mill follow the waezin3 instructions
attached to t? a particular cor uroy items to be laundered.
If care instructions are not attached to the garment, than

he followin3 rules should be followed:

ash by hand, usin3 a rild soap and warm water.

Iever t': 'ist or use a urin3er.

then you have token the garmgnt out of the water,
atraiahten it out 38 though you were going to put
it 030

fian3 clothes on a hanger to dry.

If a dryer is used, remove cordurosr garments be: re

03:31:31.9 .615! an O

Preco corduroy on the wron3 eide over a terry towel
or use e steam iron holflin3 it above the fabric on
the eronr side.

Aft; r pressing: , brush the ri3ht ciao to raise the zile.

A few poyular articles h vs appeared in recent plb-
licatione on coréuroy. but very little reeearch has been done.

The Bureau of Home Lconomice conducted a study in
1341, which wae designed to doveloy a set of apecificotione
for cotton corduroy used in boy's clot;H ing. Following this
study. the American uocicty for Testing Baterial did adapt
a set of specifications for cotton corduroy ueed in boy's
ClOthiflEcz ' ‘

From 1948 to 19b3, a acriee of studies were done at
the Univereity of Alabama. These incluocd “Certain
rrOpertica Jelated to the herviceability of Lightweight
Cotton Corduroy“;3 "A Comparison of Lffects of La adoring
and Dry Cloanin3 on Corduroy";4 Launfiering Frocedurea for

 

1Corduroy Council of America

erzzyoical IrOpertios of Cotton Corcuroy for Boy' 8
(10thin5”flze”16“ Avc"*u*’ 0'"“*"c 1AA, number 12
(June 9. %1 41 3 £3,-

     

3Floror ice b. Pctzel, “Certain Prcycrtioe Related
to the ocrviceao ility “Ii htweight Cottmn Coriurcy,"
(University of Alabz. .a. 1953)

T30“ o ndfioria buxom, lauli:xe E -onoy. and Henrietta
a“ JP 9 0 A Comparieon of ffecta of Luund3rin: end Lry
Lleaning on Corduroy,” (Univerrity of “lubrr 1&50)

6

Pinmale Corduroy and Their Lifecte on Three Types of
Seame";1 and ”On the Cost and Quality of Iinwele Corduroy."2

Standards for lightweight cotton corfiuroy were
adepted in 1§b4 by the American Kome Economice Association
after these standards were developed by the Aesocietion':
consumer interests committee and appraved by the executive
board as American Home Economics Aeeocietion Consumer
Standards.3

A etuéy was carried out at the University of
Tenneeeeo in 1956 which compared three different grades of
corduroyo4 ‘v

 

1Henrietta Thompson, Kelen tellington, and Florence
Petzel, "Laundering Procedures for lineale Corduroy and
Their Lifecte on Three Types of beams," (Univereity of
Alabama. 1952)

zfiolen Wellifigton, and fienrietta Thompson, "0n th
Cost and Quality of Pinwale Lorduroy," (University of
Alabama, 1948)

3am

rextile fiendbcok,” .repered by chairmen and members
of the textiles and clothing section of the American fiome
Economics neeociition (1600 Twentieth btreet, H.%..
haehington. D.C.), 92.

‘Joeephine Williams, "A Comparison of Three Grades
of Corduroy" (unpublished Meeter‘e theeie, Dept. of
Clothing and Textiles, University of Tenneeeee, 1956)

METHODS AND PROCEDURE‘

 

Methods and procedures for this study on the use
and care of corduroy included the selection or the popula-
tion, formulation of an instrument, administration or the
instrument and an.snalysis of data.

The two high schools chosen to participate in the
study were Crystal Falls High School and Calumet High School.

A questionnaire was formulated to obtain the renewing
information: the background characteristics of the sample:
corduroy garments which are purchased or constructed; care
methods used for corduroy garments; likes and dislikes about
corduroy: and values held in relation to the appearance of
corduroy clothing. The questionnaire was distributed through
the homemaking classes in the schools. The girls were asked
to take the questionnaires home, fill them out with the societ-
ance of their mothers and return the completed questionnaires'
to the homemaking teachers.

Before the questionnaire was sent to the participating
schools, a pre~test was done with I sample of twenty at the
Vemontville High School, Vermontville. Michigan. This
school was chosen because of its similarity to the northern
Michigan schools. ‘

Techniques which were used to insure greater coopera-
tion by the sample were: the questionnaire was distributed
through the nonsmoking classes in the schools; the participants

were asked to return the completed questionnaire to the

7

8

nonsmoking teachers; envelopes were provided inwwhich to place
the completed questionnaires; the participants were asked not
to sign the questionnaire; and the questionnaire was printed

on colored paper.1

1 .

Green paper was used for the questionnaires sent
to the Crystal Falls High School: red for the Calumet High
School. Two different colors were used for the personal
interests of the writer.

33$CEIPTICV 0? FOFUIJTIGH

The questionnaire was distributed through two high
schools in northern hichigon. Calumet high School, which
has on enrollment of approximately 600. draws its students
from the villages of Calumet and Leurium and several smaller
communities. The 225 students attending the Crystal Fells
High School live in the city of Crystal Fells end the
surrounding rural eras. Both schools treniport a large
percentage of their students.

Ceppcr and iron mining are the major industries in
this area of northern Richigsn. About one-third of the
participants indicated their fathers ere employed by mining
companies. Although the iron miners earn a higher hourly
wage. they are euiject to more seasonal layoffs and strikes
than the copper miners.

Over seventy—five per cent of the fathers are
engaged in manual labor. or own smell forms, or work at
service type Jobs. Fourteen fathers of the ninety-one
respondents are professional men, business men, or white
collar workers.

The majority of the mothers do not work outside
the home. Twenty-five women indicated they worked as
teachers. prncticnl nurses, secretaries, waitresses, or
clerks.

One hundred of the 109 participants listed the
number of ch ldren in the family living at home. s total
of 285 children were recorded, giving an average of 2.35
children living at home per family.

9

lO

Slightly over two-thirds of the respondents stated
that they live in town while the remaining one-third live
in a rural area. Since many of the students are transported
by bus, the percentage appears high for those living in town.
It is possible that the phrase "in a rural area" used in the
questionnaire was interpreted by some to mean living on a
farm. Also, those that live in the residential locations
that surround the individual mines consider this as living
in town. ‘ .

_In answer to a question about approximate family
income for the year 1960, the replies ranged from less
than $2,000 to $10,000 and over. In some cases the income
did not seem to coincide with the father’s or mother's
occupation. However, the large amount of unemployment
during the year of 1960 must be taken into consideration.
Also, it is possible that some of the students did not take
the questionnaires home and merely guessed the family income.
The figures from the data received show that fiftyathree of
the seventy-one respondents had a familg income of less
than $6,000 during the year of 1960. ' '

b!!’1.’"t.‘?f; (‘73 Ta: (”'fi
:1. .25).» '- Jon! -' L r:

‘A.“‘

In the participating ochoolo, 145 quootionnairea
were fiiatributod oné 109 returned. In many canoe, the
reepondcnto did not answer all of tho queotionc; consequently.
the percentages cited in the following pages are booed on
the total n*obcr of reoponoeo to the indivifiual question.

The otuaento and their motzoro were oekod to list
tho number of corduroy garments in the present family word-
robe and also thooe that were in storage (see Table 1).

For itemizing these garments, two columns were proviéefi,

no for oaulto and one for children.1 according to the
figureo received, the three moot gapular garments for afiults
(men oné women) are olocko for women, skirts, and shirts;
those least pepulor are blouses. long coota and suite. In
chiléren's clothing. slacks ranked highest while blouses,
bathrobes. and slippers ranked the lowest. on seen in

Table 1 over twice &3 many adult garments were listed as
were chiléren'e garments.2

In reply to the question, “Loos anyone in your family
aew?', ninety-one per cent responded "yes." The question
proved to be ambiguous. Eome of the respondents incluéod
the sewing done by the girls in Homemaking claoooo and
others dio not. To be more meaningful the quastion should
have been stated. ”boas anyone in your family sew at home?

( nit sew n; done in school)"

 

lTh age range for adulta was given on thirteen
years old and over; for children, infanta to1welvo yeoro old.

2oince the proportion of adults to chilfiren was not
known in this analysis, this figure is of minor oignificanoo.

ll

12

 

TAELfi l

nec. .3 up“)??? '_.\ my, .rx~.‘,',1‘{r‘_.:.Y - . {Haw-1;“: ... PM: ‘-.-~ L “f TI“; ‘1‘ Is" '\ ...tITY
no lT.bIl 4%Ui-i...l...cll U} (-an'v;su (1)1.-u:..-9:.$~.l u:.i'..)£..~-aJJ 1"..:.) Uh.).} .6} It“. 3.»
‘3: .g .I - .‘~‘1‘-"}:"o"
44 11,.u’.'...’11.g-rs

Adult C10thing’ gtildren'o Clothing

 

 

lgggduroz Gorzogts Funbor Harbor
skirts 173 jackets 30
shirts ' 117 shirts 58
trousers 76 blouses 1
women's olacko 202 skirts ’ 48
dresses 17 slaoka ‘ 139
ouits 15 pants with bib 8
houoecomte 47 dresses 11
car coats or jackets 75 veota 12
long coats l4 jumpers 33
vests 51 bathrobes 8
Jumpers B2 slippero 3
blouses 7 tennis shoes 2
Elirpers 43 coats 2
tennis shoes 17 Totol 391
shorts 2

Total ' 933

 

* The age range for adults was thirtoon years old on& over;
for children, infants to twelve years old.

13

The questionnaire then asked the participants to
check the number of garments which had been made from all
kinds of fabrics during the yesr of 1760 and to indicate
how many had been mode of ccrfiuroy. An analysis of the data
revealed that {our to six garments had been made by thirty-one
per cent of the group. one to three garments were nose by
eighteen per cent, and sixteen or more had been made by eight-
een per cent. Less than half (43) of the perticipsnts sees
a total of 122 corcuroy garments.

To gain further eviecnce of the use of corduroy,
the participants were directed to check the number of ger-
ments they had purchases curing the year of 1960 which were
partly or completely node of corduroy. lighteen per cent
recorded that none had been purchased. bixty—sevon per cent
purchased one to five garments, while the remaining fifteen
per cent purchased six or more corduroy garments.

Another question was éesigned to discover that
seeing or pressing techniques has been used during the con-
struction of corduroy garments. Fifty per cent replied that
they lay pattern pieces on the material according to the
sirections on the pattern guide sheet: seventy-one per cent
lay pattern pieces on the material so they are all in one
direction; forty-two per cent steam press on the wrong side
with the right side against s needle heard or a piece of
mohair upholstery inbriclz nine per cent press on the right
sifis of the material; an {arty-one per cent brush the right
nice of the material after pressing.

Five questions éealt with the care of corduroy.
since p60p16 use more then one method of washing, drying,
or ironing tneir clothes, the participants were asked to

 

—--v

143$; question was éouble—hended and should have
been separated into two parts: 1) stone press on the wrong
sine and 2) press with the right against a needle board on
a piece of mohair unholstery.

14
check the method or methoée they have need. Eherefore, tn
percentages cited for queetione on care of corauroy repre»
sent the number of peoyle that use a method at least part
or the time.
Cne question presented five yroceduree that may be
use& to wash corfluroy germente. In addition to checking

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fiethois they nee, the pertieipents were asked to liet
1w kinda of garments washed by the different methods they
had checked. She largest group, forty-two per centl, eteted
they waeh corduray garments in a washing machine but do not

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put the corduroy clothee through the wringer. Forty per
cent also inéieeteé that they wash corduroy garments by
head. Thirty per cent wedlin an automatic washer and let
the corduroy clothes go through the complete cycle while
teenty-seven per cent waa11n a washing machine and put the
corauroy clothes through the wringer. A smell percenta;
week in an automatic wuehar but take the cordurey clothee
out befOre the last spin. Slacks, gumpere, ekirte, shirts,
houeecoate, and jackets were listed es being washed by each
methoa of leunflering. See Table 2). A few mothers and
daughters stated that th age of the garment determined how
it would be washed.

 

lrercentegee total over 100 per cent because the
particiyente could check more then one methoe of wmehingo

15

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When clothes are new. they are washed by hand or removed
from the washer before spinning or without wringing.
Several of the participants indicated they use more than
one method or laundering corduroy garments.

Another question listed several methoda that could
he need to dry corduroy garments. As seen in Table 3, over
half hang them on the clothes line dripping wet: forty—two
per cent wring then out by hand and hang them on the clothes
line: thirty-othree per cent dry them in In outmtic dryer:
and twenty per cent wring them through the uringer and hang
them on the clothes line.

 

 

TABLE 3.
PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSES To METHODS OF DRYING CORDUROY GARMENTS

method of 531% Per centage*
Hang them on the clothes line dripping 51

we
wring them out by hand and hang them

on the clothes line #2
Automatic dryer 33
"ring them through the Iringer and hang

them on the clothes line 20

buy them flit 5

Spin in automatic washer and line dry 3

3'" Te'rcenfig'es 'Eofir'bver 100 per cent because the partial-

pants could check more than one mthod of drying.

17

In reepcnee to the queotion, "If you line dry your
clothes, where do you hang them during the winter mthc?“‘.
two-thirds of the participants replied that they hang their
clothes in the Moment to dry (eee Table 4)} forty~eeven
per cent sometimes Imng them outooore while Wenty~Wo per
cent ueually hens there outdoors. A well percentage checked
that they hang clothee to dry in other part3 of the house
such as the attic, a epa're room, or on the porch.

TABLE 1}

m «some: or never: no 11111" ems-:1. ARE mm ro m
ommo 11 noon poems

   

 

 

Place or Dwi; 1." Per Cent“
in the basement . b?
Somtim outooore #7
Ueually outdoors ‘22
In the attic 11
Other parts of the house 10

9 Percentagee wtotal. over 100 percent because the participants
could check more than one ano‘er.

Another question dealt with methods used to iron
corouroy gamete. The figures shown in Table 5 reveal that
over throeei‘ourthe of the people iron on the wrong side of
the garment. The coder-it? use a steam iron and half or the
reepondente bmeh the surface to improve the appearance after
ironing. Twenty-inc per cent stated that they cprinlfle

corduroy clothes before ironing them.

l8

 

TABLE 5.
PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSES TO METHODS OF IRONING CORDMROY GARMENTS

 

 

Method of Ironing_ Percentage.
Iron on the wrong side 86
Iron with a steam iron 72
Brush the surface to improve the appearance

after ironing 50
Sprinkle before ironing 22
Iron with a dry iron ' 9
Iron on the right side 7

 

* Percentages total over 100 percent because the participants
could check more than one method of ironing.

In another question the participants were asked to
check if they have ever sent corduroy clothes to the dry
cleaners and if they have, what kind of garments did they
send and why. A little less than two-thirds responded that
they never send corduroy clothes to the dry cleaners. Car
coats and Jackets were listed most often as the kind of gar»
ments people sent to the dry cleaners. Other garments such
as dresses, trousers, slacks, and skirts were mentioned by a
few respondents. The reasons most frequently given for send-
ing corduroy clothes to the dry cleaners are that the garments
looked much better if they were dry cleaned instead of washed
and also that linings in coats and Jackets would not wash well.
Other reasons that were given, but not as frequently, were
that some garments are too bulky to wash, there wouldn't be
as much shrinkage, and spots come out better when clothes

are dry cleaned.

19

Two quaetinna were designed to find out what people
like and diciilm about corduroy (sac: Tabla ‘61). Tim bee-st
111ch chameteristic of comiumy 13 timt 1% can be laundered
at home. Over half of the responfianta aha-{23:53:} that they like
corfiumy becausa it is mm, 11: is durable, it 13 available
in a wida muse of Galore. it 3.3 not tog expensive. it is
comfortable to war, and it 15‘: may to cam for.

Two chamotaristicn of ccrfiumy that over three-
rcurtlw or time mrticmanta {312311243 an": that worn spat-:23
appear where rubbing takes; placer long; harem the rest or
the garment 1:: worn cut and comuroy picks up lint. Over

half dielflw trim fart that the color my £3.63.

20

TABLE 6

PERCLITAGES OF BESPOHSES TO LIKES AHD DIELIKES OF

Ii‘
To CCRDUfiOY censuses Is our remILY trousers

Likes
Corduroy can usually be laundered at home.
Corduroy is warm.
Corduroy has a rich velvety appearance.
Corduroy is durable
Corduroy is soft to the touch.
Corduroy is available in a wide range of colors.
Corduroy is not too exyensivo
Corduroy is comfortable to wear.
Corduroy is easy to care for.
Corduroy is dry cleaneble.

Dislikes

The color may fade.

Wrinkles are hard to iron out.

It shrinks when it is washed.

Corduroy picks up lint.

Corduroy loses its luster or "new" look after
it is washed a few times.

Worn spots appear where rubbing takes place long
before the rest of the garment is worn out.

Corduroy loses its softness and becomes coarse
feeling after several washings.

LSPONDEHTS

58
44
11
71
49
76

34

 

*I

Percentages total over 100 per cent because the
participants could check more than one answer.

21

vvr-w . in !‘Y"‘\ (‘7'.‘7f1 ”TITS?!"
L: »..‘g«b[ ..‘L.’... ". :‘-I.: ‘k.‘ "...‘!l:)

- #3:.

The purpose of this study woe to discover the kind
of garments the poo ls in northern Richigan purchase or con-
struct of corduroy fabric, to find out how they care for
corduroy garments and whet they like and dislike about corduroy.

A questionnaire was formulated and then distributed
to the Homemaking classes in two northern fiichigen high
schools. Cue hundred and nine completed questirnnsires
were returned.

analysis of the data indicated that the most rcpuler
kinds of corduroy garments were women's elscke end skirts
and children's slacks. Although over hslf of the partici-
pants had not constructed germonts of corduroy during the
year 1960. they had made four to six garments of other feb-
rics. The majority of the group had purchased one to five
corduroy garments.

host of the respondents used more than one met od
of laundering corduroy garments. §he most frequently used
method one washing in a washing machine end not putting the
corduroy clothes through the wringor. Ehe psrticiysnto
usually washed, instead of having dry cleaned, skirts, slscks,
shirts. houscconts and jackets.

then choosing a method to dry corduroy garments,

3

I

cot of the respondents chose to hang then on the line
dripping wet or to wring the clothes out by hand and then
line dry them. During the winter months, s large percent-
;ae hung their clothes in the basement to dry while many
run; then outdoors Lt least port of the tine.

3.)

O-

22

fine majority of th group iron corduroy garments
on the wrong cioe with a steam iror. eevornl indicated
that they brush the surface after ironing to improve he
appearance of the garment.

A little loco than teonttirde never eon corduroy
clothes to the cry cleaners; the remaining one-third dry
clean ouch items on coeto end jackete. $he reneone given
for sending corduroy clothes to the dry cleaners are that
the garments look nicer if they are dry cleaned and that
linings in coats and jacketo are not washable.

There one a tendency for the respondents to like
more than to dislike corduroy garments. The beet liked
characteristic of corduroy in that it can be laundered at
hone. The respondents also 1 he corduroy becouee it is
worn, durable, not too envenoive, easy to core for. and
comfortable to wear. The two characteristics of corduroy
that the participante dislike are that worn epote appear
chore rubbing tones plnco long before the root of the nor-
nent is worn out and corduroy picks up lint.

The following conclusions Been valid in View of th
findings of his otucy:

l. Garments of concuroy are frequently chosen by
poorle living in the corner one iron mining
arena of Elohigan.

2. Suggested netnooe of enoninx, crying and ire;-

4 ing corduroy gornente ere uoeo by most of the

portic yontS.

3. then caring for corduroy garments many of the
participant uoe techniques which produce a neat
and attractive garment.

4. The pnrticipente like corduroy becuuee it can
be laundered at home and it is worn and durable.

 

23

Although the responses indicctcd that suggested
core methods were used by mony of the porticiponto, the
writer, while teaching in northern Michigxn. observed that
many people did not take care of corduroy properly. Due to
the way the questions were worded. tho participanto may have
checked the care methods that they knew wore correct, but
which they do not use regularly.

Further studies may be carried out by homomoking
teachers or Extension ogonto to find out it the results
would be similar in other ports of the country. Considering
tho popularity of corduroy, a study could be done to dis-
covcr why many people who now and like corduroy do not con-
struct garments of corduroy fabric.

Recommendations based on the results of this study
on the use and care of corduroy are that homemaking teachers
might place more emphasis on how to use corduroy in the
construction of a garment or on patterns which are suitable
to use to construct a corduroy garment. An Extension
bulletin on the construction and corn or corduroy garments
would be helpful to persons living in northern Michigan.
Retail stores in northern Michigan might feature and promote
corduroy and give consumer information on the use and care

of corduroy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books

Good Housekeeping}s Guide to Successful Homemaking, New York:
‘Good'Housekeeping, 1956.

Hollen, Norms and Saddler. Jane. Textiles. New York:
Macmillan Company, 1958.

Lyle, Dorothy 8. Focus on Fabrics. Silver Spring, Maryland:
National Institute of firycIeaning, 1958.

Periodicals and Pamphlets

Caplin. Jessie. "Quality in Corduroy," Practical Home
Economics, xx (June. 1942).

”Corduroy - The Family Fabric and All Through the House,"
Prepared by the Corduroy Council of America,
15 East 53 Street, New York.

“Physical Properties of Cotton Corduroy for Boy's Clothing "
American Dyestuff Reporter, XXX. No. 12 (June 9, 19M .

"Rising Fashions for Cotton Piles," Textile World, LXXXXII
(Goteber, 1942)

"Textile Handbook,“ Prepared by Chairmen and members of the
textiles and clothing section of the American Home
Economics Association, 1600 Twentieth Street, N.W.,

We shington, D. C.

Other Sources

Petzel. P. L. ”Certain Properties Related to the Serviceability
if Lightweight Cotton Corduroy,“ University of Alabama,
953.

Saxon. D., Keeney P.. and Thompson, H. ”A Comparison of
Effects of Laundering and Dry Cleaning on Corduroy,“
University of Alabama, 1952.

Thompson, 3., Wellington, 3., and Petzel. F. "Laundering
Procedures for Pinwale Corduroy and Their Effects on
Three Types of Seams," University of.Alabama, 1953.

Wellington, H. and Thompson, K. "On the Cost and Quality of
Pinwale Corduroy,” University of Alabama, 19h8.

Williams, Josephine, "A Comparison of Three Grades of

Corduroy," Unpublished master‘s thesis, Department of
Clothing and Textiles, University of Tennessee, 1956.

2Q

1?

5“

1'9;
D I
I

"5’13 Grove Street
Feet lensing, ruiichizan

Mr. K. w. Schulze, Superintendent
Crystal Falls High School
Crystal Falls, Kiel-11,3321

Dear Mr. Schulze:

The questionnaire I spoke to you about in December is
finally ready for distribution. It is heirs; sent to you
under separate mailim. Would you please give the
questionzmiros to Miss Beagles and fire. Sci‘zulze to hand

out to the girls? Enclosed in this letter, you will find

a set of directions which will help to clarify any questions
the teachers may have in regard to distributing the
questionnaire. You will note that none of the questionnaires
are to be signed.

Included with the questionnaires is a stamyed, sclfwddresse
envelope to use for retuming the completed questionnaires
to me. If at all possible. I would like to have those
retumed by march 27.

I thank you for your assistance with this study.

Sincerely,

Mary Adams

26

The iollowing directions are a suggested procedure for
distributing the questionnaires.

l.

2.

3.

4.

5.

In distributing these questionnaires will you give

one questionnaire and an envelope to each girl enrolled
in junior and senior high school nonsmoking classes
(except where there is more than one girl enrolled
from a family)?

I suggest that you take a few minutes to read over the
cover letter with the girls. This will help to clarify
any questions they may have. bill you ask the girls

to take the questionnaire home and have their mothers
help then fill it out? You will note that the mothers
and girls are not asked to sign the questionnaire.

The completed questionnaires are to be placed in the
attached enveloPe and returned to you.

If at all possible, I would like the completed
questionnaires and any that were not used returned to
me by march 27. Please feel free to keep a copy for

yourself.

In order for no to know definitely how may questionnaires
were distributed and how many were returned, will you
fill in the form at the bottom of this page, detach it.
and return it to me with the completed questionnaires?

 

dumber of questionnaires distributed

dumber of questionnaires returned

 

 

J:.‘\

March IO, I961

Dear Mothers and Daughters,

fill. you please give me a few minutes of your time?
In connection with my studies in textiles and clothing at
Michigan State University, I would like to ask you some
questions dealing with the use and care of corduroy. I
became interested in corduroy when I taught in the Upper
Peninsula, where I found many of my students wearing corduroy
or wishing to make corduroy garments in clothing classes.

I am enclosing a questionnaire which I would like you
to complete; it is important that you answer fully all of
the questions. hill you place the completed questionnaire
in the enve10pe provided and return it to the homemaking
teacher in your school? For the purposes of this study
it is not necessary that your identity be known; therefore,
I am not asking you to sign the questionnaire.

inthout your assistance I will be unable to complete

this study. I thank you for your cOOperation.
Sincerely,

(Miss) Mary Adams

1’5

I.

2.

\a.)

f

5.

‘Ihe following list of garments found in most family wardrobes may be made
of corduroy. Will you place in the space provided the number of each of
these garments which are made of corduroy that the family is now wearing
or those that may be stored away? Pbcample: 2 skirts

Adult cloth_i_ng' (I3 years and over) Children's clotggg (infant to 12 years

skirts Jackets

shirts shirts

trousers .blouses

women's slacks skirts

dresses girl's or boy's slacks
suits pants with bib (fer 6 months to 2 year
housecoats dresses

car coat or jacket vests

long coats Jumpers

vests bathrobes

jumpers slippers

blouses others (specify):
slippers

 

others (specify):

 

Does anyone in your fmily sew? yes During the past year,
January I, I960 to December BI, I960, how many garments (all kinds of
fabrics) have been made in your family? (It may be helpful to check

your closet in answering this question.)

none h-6 10-12 16 or more

 

1-3 7-9 13-15

 

How many of these garments were made of corduroy?

If you have ever sewed on corduroy material, please answer the following.
These sewing and pressing techniques may or may not be used when making
a corduroy garment. V5.11 you check those which you have used.

Lay pattern pieces on the material according to the directions on the
pattern guide sheet

Lay pattern pieces on the material so they are all in one direction

Steam press on the wrong side with the right side against a needle
board or a piece of mohair upholstery fabric

Press on the right side of the material
Brush the right side of the material after pressing

During the past year, how many garments have you purchased that were
partly or canpletely made of corduroy?

 

 

 

 

none four eight
one five nine
two six ten

 

three seven ten or more

 

f‘

 

 

 

 

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The next four questions refer to the methods you use to wash, dry, and iron
corduroy garments. It may be helpful if you read comPletely all of questions

6, 7, 8, and 9 before checking any of them. In order to explain fully the
methods you use, you may need to check one or more of the blanks in each question.

6. Any or all of the following ways might be used to wash corduroy garments.
Check the method or methods that m use. You may check more than one answer.

Wash in a washing machine with a wringer and put the corduroy
clothes through the wringer

Names of garments washed in this way

Wash in a washing machine with a wringer but do not put the
corduroy clothes through the wringer

Names of garments washed in this way

Wash in an automatic washer and let the corduroy clothes go through
the complete cycle

Names of garments washed in this way

Wash in an automatic washer but take the corduroy clothes out
before the last spin

Names of garments washed in this way
__ Wash corduroy clothes by hand

Names of garments washed in this way

Other (Specify):

7. After washing corduroy garments, how do you dry them? You may check Dre
than one answer.

In an automatic dryer

Hang them on the clothes line dripping wet

Wring them out by hand and hang them on the clothes line

Wring them through the wringer and hang them on the clothes line
Lay them flat
Other (specify):

8. If you line dry your clothes, where do you hang them during the winter
months? You may check more than one answer.

In the attic Usually outdoors

”‘\ In the basement Other (specify):
__ Sometimes outdoors

p' -..

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9. khan you iron Corduroy clothes, how do you do it? You may check more
then one answer.

Sprinkle before ironing

Iron with a dry iron

Iron with a steam iron

Iron on'the wrong side of the garment

Iron on the right side of the garment

Brush the surface to improve the appearance after ironing
Other (specify):

IO. 00 you ever send corduroy clothes do the dry cleaners? Yes No
If yes, what kind of garments?

If yes, why do you send corduroy garments to the dry cleaners?

II. From the following list check the characteristics of corduroy that you
like best.-

Oorduroy can usually be laundered at home._
Corduroy is warm.

Corduroy has a rich velvety appearance.
Corduroy is durable.

Corduroy is soft to the touch.

Corduroy is available in a wide range of colors.
Corduroy is not too expensive.
Corduroy is comfortable to wear.

Corduroy is easy to care for.

IH

Corduroy is dry cleanable.

Other (specify):

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12. Check the characteristics of corduroy that you don't like.
The color may fade.

Wrinkles are hard to iron out of it.

It shrinks when it is washed.

Corduroy picks up lint.

Corduroy loses its luster or "new" look after it is washed a
few times.

Worn spots appear where rubbing takes place long before the rest
of the garment is worn out.

Corduroy loses its softness and becomes coarse feeling after
several washings.

Other (specify):
Personal information
Father's occupation when employed
Mother's occupation

Number of children in the family living at home

 

Approximate family income for the year 1960 (check one of the following)

_____$2,ooo-2,999 ____$5,ooo-5,999 ______$8,000-8,999

______$3,000-3,999 “Numb—6,999 _____89,000-9,999

_____$4,000-4,999 ____37,000-7,999 ____$I0,000 and over
Do you live in town? In a rural area?

 

 

hbuld you take a few more minutes to see if you have answered all of the
questions? 'Ihank you for taking your time to help me with this studyt

MaryAdams

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