A.“

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES '
OF PREGNANT NEGRO ADOLESCENTS—
IN THE CONTINUING EDUCATION

FOR GI RLS PRCXSRAM

Patricia Tanner Nelson

 

LIBRARY
Michigan State
University

Nelson, Patricia Tanner

l Sexual Behavior '
‘M.A-

Nelgon, Patricia Tanner

Sexual Behavior and Attitudes of P
M.AO 1968 FOE

MICHIGAN STATE UNNERSITY
COLLEGE OF HUMAN ECOLOGY
REFERENCE UBRARY

 

 

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF HOME ECONOMICS
EAST LANSING, MICHIGAN

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6/01 c:/CIRC/DateDue.p65—p. 15

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{ILL'OLTIK 1" FL, it Gluing) .13qu u’II

by Iatricia Tanner fielean

35 gay increases in Ike an:ual number of illegit-
ima's birt e niece 193? h¢Ne CflhéCd 5335131 gangsra awnng
those involved in the study of the famzly in tie quit”
States.

Tfic cifEerence in illegit.xnry rates wet een the
white and nonwhite population has always been uLx23. .Al—
though trends suggest that the differential in illegitimaay

:gtes is decreasing, the inciafienc e of \errv ille it nae}

merits Speci.' .1 atten tier.

pregnant :leco'nF3 enrxa Ied in Calvary Center of the

or Girls fr .-au (:13) id fietroit,

. ‘ ‘ - n‘. _-q. .w. ’.< . “~u ,- ..
Irtllunlgilffi 4.1.33.1 (L ) t0 \I‘CIL-.Z....;_. <3 Inna Sue-LII”. 3.1!, E}; thhglGjiCES
. , ......-. , ‘ "t . . a . 0n . I . 4. A,
an ELactzces of the Lalva: aolcszeuts. T32 SLNL;

.tgd of twenty-five pregnant adalescents

. “T ‘. ”a.-. -»a -. .0 -' ,,".
n: Luucatzon fur $1118 own}

I ‘ ‘ ' ‘ u

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ole Vth-

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in Latroit, Lichigan. all of the girls were Lew

{.3

Fatricia Tanner Nelson

overt12nnrarc rcsukts revealed m; failun.ug

.. _ - " _..' - ‘ ,r': ._*‘ . ,\ .---.-w .:
ttCilb Ln :13 ecruul mac. fvh.u or IE: v : gLrlsz

;- "‘ “" r ' " . 2. .' 7- ‘ «.3 . - um .- - - ‘3’ :1! ,--
YA? Lana: gere 321’. Cit-1"... 9.3? u‘atL‘I 1;! Hf .;..I.J y 1.3,:

Q E ‘1 . . a. .
pr.or to tie ar inietratian o{ the quesinnnaare.
The JLL girls hrd exuerleficrg Lara! 1n1iLa sexual

ch : .- 9. :1 -: w... - 0“ .‘ v '- "h 3: ’ o n 'F’ . I» . . ‘ .

rclLf.o-an,r an Evo.nde m; 2 ycazs (rib: to tle?
' f" a “
rrehnancy.

- ., - : ~ .ov :- ew . ”‘7 .
The mean number 0; £u>.ual partners tne uh, rtrls
v_ . . fl . L s {a '
I.~t {.k‘ .5;- i...¢.. I:‘.S..3 ¢LQULQ

" ' , j , w ,.,' -1 I] . ,. v. ', .-. l

L.L€{T‘-‘AIHS an. IS“?! 1.3.4.3 1114: had 4 .I 2..” 2;}. '3 '03

”I

~aa 6 months to a year

&

g.“
‘

I
- as o y> . n- ‘-_
w”... .Wr.»

Aide's: fou~afi£cha (19) of the Ca; gizLa i:.;catel
that they were in love n: th too all: ed father.

_r- IE;LiLy LiG no: flipuwf Lo me a :rincipal faciif
in .c ICIiLLWLLM19 that lead to the prc;nar y

12
tine AJ-AJJ 3.511 1.

'1"“vt three-fifths (1%) of the 31:13 :33 '*:d
a contraceptive at some time in their line.

v-

“ {enera1, the ne"s of h CA. girl'e
was , thtin3 to LLQL o z.ch c1 sely £520
(£3531. CIA; girl, the alley €13 father, and! ti.
0: tze CL; 3131).

I l n “«Vt 1 Hr'o. ’a f I I t c »
naJDI paitcrrs are; Jna iIUm tae HththuLJlrc results
9* att'tv tvfi ve’vc* iv ' {:~
"J ~ r- A\-‘ \.$ lu- lu“ MBA-0‘ q Iva-“#2..
-. y 3' ‘ . _ Q. "~ ,. J. 3 v I ~; ‘5‘ I. "- P n. '2‘... " a I Ed '
l ab £3 £1 vhf." tone 4...}; 19.1.‘Ld tug-‘t'LSA- ‘5‘») u'RV". .Im 61
wide urge 01 feclznga to rrd fijrrerevt aefec*
"A. u¢b¢fl5 ‘5‘}:- lazuli! L14 fl.
'1- V - v - '--w 4'.- i2
..3.£.n C0111; Jarit; t:¢c ‘d‘aa-a-Iwhca 1~‘.§' l \- d$1o$~u1§ Jul-

arrangements for marriage, slzvhtly over two- fifths
(11) eaid tnat marria;c mag gnvu and living touc.ncr
.33 vwr mg. chr oncufifth (7) of the girls said
tfgt hurliabé was cotter, .;t livzz; to ether was
also seed. LCSS than ore-iiftb ( :11 that
libit; togetnc: we nut tLat nexria;

also 50

1"
a:

(3% ‘3. *
S uCtLV-b.’ Ni:

‘
|
U“.

Tatricia Tanner Nelsen

ffiur-fiftr of the ng giria infiiuateé hat
chLLdren ingida aarriage were praicraLie. hcwever,
<31; 3833.le if it mu; lam-1'1; “t"; ham 3 agild catfafifie

ova: one-half of tnufie reayouL4n3 (ll)

. 9 J. L. . _, L.
at 3.. a. Run"; n);

When Cfifiperififi legitimate and illegitimate children,
r '5
1

’5

.71" “u ‘1
‘FR- h‘4e ..

v"

r "' ~ . v ,6 ' ‘wo ' _ . -. -; .‘ -
. {.3 -~ 5- ,7! ‘f’ v- ‘v. & 3‘ or .' 1-,. o» .u n 7 \ y a} i - .1 ‘3. 4: L ~rv v . . f" V. '_ .. ,2 m 1 .n
‘3' 0-1 \. ; 4 it an ' .30: .0 a} §l a ’L. --‘ ‘30 L. c‘. Eb \. 'm 4-:- ‘.i .3 4 ‘r" '-.~ I! u "‘ ‘9 ‘ .F . VJ E} ”g. ‘1 :- .3

to Center {armada illégfii'ii’é‘iifiifar“

"Wl *q‘aflo .. q ., 1:.N mp. . . -rulu‘
' J. A van... -4 s." & .Lsa‘JA‘HI-ts

'P-V ‘ r
.7'- -~ BL“. '.\IU.\ 41“ J ..

\‘- --.‘ ‘ .-~ Q r . '~ ‘. . " 2r" '- ' I! “.5. ‘3‘. .9 'Qv ‘1 0a ..‘¢V

in» ..."-J'u.\..‘ {‘1‘ rhiLu. :3;th «i ‘3‘ it* Siaé ‘v' "k‘ ‘Aattlax.t -J

in "‘U ‘r‘t-Tl’br‘ ‘; 121,-” -\ {.01 pi»; ; \W—x i-L c‘i

fWu Mitt to

. c 5.33:1.ELatedUnimcrzzity

in partial fulfillment of the requirements
in r the degree of

Uepartzncrt of Hume hematcncnl ani Child fevelupment

1968

m:amouumzumms

The writer wishes to thank Mrs. The1m3.Dunn Hansen
for her assistance in the formulation and presentation-of
this problem; Dr. Beatrice Paolucci, department chairman,
for he: criticism of the manuscript; and Mrs. L. Edna
Rogers and Dr. Constantina Safilios-Rothschild for their
advice and encouragement in the initial stages of the study.

Appreciation is also eXpressed to Dr. Hyman Rodman,
Er. Denny Stavrose. and hrs. Nancy M. Boykin of Detroit
for suggestions and assistance in the formulation of the
questionnaire.

Finally. the writer is grateful for the encourage-
ment eXpressed by faculty, friends, and family throughout

the preparation of this study.

ii

[XXI-42?

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1'...i£'2';-~1:_=k—LV‘\JY o I o o O O I O O 0 0 0

Selection and Lescription of the
:CJclc;ncnt wf the Z.hstrurcnt. .
.ominiztraticn of the Instrument

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L1 {3" UL; £4113..-“ Jr

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théum ti}. .‘a‘g'4‘g V1‘ in d‘ Lil.‘ C}: ~..&-{‘-'~5 ‘d‘\¢'u~$-I5v

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kccvpaticnal E tatus of B.eam.1nn1r .arett

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.agu.cd .corcs on the . an. Mtur .h.¢x
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f“ t ‘
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Lug ulflS' numaer v Year or .atlug :r14r
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an) A a... ..H- ...). .‘xnuko¢.v-.-3 o o . o o o o o o o
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‘4'!» M K; *Aoa'l. I

3' 71 «»~p"\-’ o_

51.: 45.5- .~. vv-.L\ At

It is estimated that serum million of the United

States rL£1 dLnt s todav hare t10rn alln.it3L t€:1}.Thc
illvgitixacy Late (numbcr of illegitimp te bizth: per 1,800

unm1rried wvxcn aged 15~$3 years) has incre-sci with

h

I

regularity frnm 7.1 in 2930 to 59.3 :n 1353. Tie tetal
number of iile¢itimatw births has increase: fram a;
estimated £9,5UU in 1940 to ;91,EUU in lfififi.

O

Illagitimacv 15 clearly related to ma: last. franc

Dr inton su.uh:i~ed 1% e marriage-illegitimaCy relatijnghip

IF

My stating:

In anoth r ac.r1fi yen n3" inaccfi scparate the two insti»
tutions and ailMLuahb one as thew, itizer by having

n“.11aha so perfect that no or“ u; 11 c“or ccm*11it ferri-
cati¢n or adui tex}, u: L, “avian 4uz: Agation 50 puriect

that no one will awn; COHT£t mar:

'0'

’30 §

3"? '

1- s‘

7
‘4'.
If}
"3
.3
r)

111~aitix:cy is a

3'

:5 f :- ;3. 13! 11.? :1 :2": mt: * j 1
It is ?1ewed within thig framework for two I€R€“$33 (1) the

.13 C3 *1t

‘3»

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tr
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{.1
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“1““1i91 "fa+“rr ~bu"“:*4“ failz i-

V‘ 5.).15

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d 53-. .1 new 23-? 3.. (3C 1&2 ty; c1741 .-.'.. ,': ILL. 911 535 (1-1 ‘11“? 5.7.1 2. I. i. i“ :3 (if *1}
m

 

 

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11.11.13 Jo $551.11: (1; and. “tug—14:3,; 14.... CJ. {31121351. 437-37" 3

o , ,‘ .1 ‘. __ l‘ “wanton-Ono

a-r . ." .. , '11" “‘12.; 4 'A ,;fi .-" 2:! ’ o
1 1 ILA-C .1 #:mt 45“..» "-’ O 'J-Tfii‘u-“U -'&R“1‘~’Ol "-"'-'g" ‘y' C a»). 1 13L 9-. 64ts.¢ 3
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\ . <_ "'I ‘ "_ .‘Y‘ ‘I "i V I " ' .
CIA ‘1'1o2Lt-u’ a uuhabiuu «.....u z-x»l;u14’: ‘., yum. 4.11.1731‘1 . 5.3. (90".

I...

‘21 0 q . '- . . ‘ n - 3 3‘
rrznt1n; «filce,19;3 , p. u.

“1illiam J. floude, "Familv CiSUrunniaativn,“ Cnnfiflm-

Q ’ " _ Hair-I‘m“

hr*a-" ‘”€Tal *c“1*”¢, -d. Achert L. Lefton and «whert n.
5,. ...- ..9. Q“ ~. In -“? "num- u m J (1-,, “1‘3
nxsmet sew lurk: Harcourt, 1 cl} ,, p. ;,4.

:1

L

'.

Lathe: and father fail in their role related to social con-
trol.3
The urwed notizer reptwsants a violation of the Lenny»
iaral narms cascntial for the maintenanca of a basic social
institution-rthe family. This violation is defined legally
with reference to tha child. he tha law varie3 by state and
calcare, so does the interpretation cf the unwed nathcr's
behavior. A: the position of the unwed mother change: in
relation to the sccial structura, concomitant c? .angea would
be ex; ect¢d in the nature of tha unwed nathcr' a prcblcma,
her attitufiea, and her expcxicnces.‘
Ille:- Ltimacy, than. in a :06: al praLlc LL As with
other social problems, it is claaely telatcd to mokal values
tad nocial institutions. Value: may be delineé as general-
ized statements of preference. Clyde filucLhohn has stztad
that:
A value it a canception, er;licit or ism licit, disv
tinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group,
of the desirable which influences Lhe talc-c ion from
available modes, means. asxd ends of action.5
Values indicate which of several lines cf actisn
would bc preferablc, all things being equal. Ia reality,

all things are seldom equal. Furthermore, values are

‘__L . _- M - .... .

31bid.‘ p. 3‘31.

4Jnne Collier Lronick. ".13 .1sae5m at cf Rcsearch
Lnflwladge Cunccrning the Unmarried Lather,“ Tj? tnnnL *~*“»v,
ed. Lobcrt L. Roberts (Lcw'YorL: harpcr and Low, lvué}, p.255.

SCIyde Lluckhahn, "Values and Val uE-Crientations in
the Thecry of Action: Ln Explo.ration in Le: initiun and Classi~
ficatififi," ijord a Pr"*"1_Thwflgy pf 1C§Snn' 8d. Talcgtt
Earaona asdjéwaz‘d rt. 4:13.418 fiva 1:“ xiii“: 115.112)sz and Eli)“ 112“}.iEh-I'
er" 1951). 9. 3Q5.

3
characteristically so ambiguous sud general that it is pas-
aible-uin fact, quite probafilethh&t individual: may held
ccgflicting values without realizing it.

To nag: with reality. peapie éeveiep apccific rules
to guifie them in makifig deciaiona in syecific areaa. All
known sacial graupa characteristically mafia rules and attempt
to eniarcs than unéer certain circumstanzes.6 East, if fiat
all, culturas have sage informal Ifilfii or ggreaaanta invelving
marriage and illegitimacy. 1a mast cultures marriage is
raccgnized an the dcairaale fx&mewmrk for chilébaaring, and
the canceptian of children eutsiéa cf this framework is re-
garded as less desirable behavior.

mules which heip sustain family system: assist in:
(l) muving elgible yvung men and wamcn tvward marriage;

(2) placing the child within the kinghip and.aflcial structure;
and (3) fixing responsibility far the maintenfince and social-
fixation of the child on that ageclfic family unit.7

The clase ralatienahip betwcan illegitimacy and
narriaga suggeat: why tha "psablem“ Gf illegitimacy ha: not
been solved. Aburtiona and contraceptives could solve the
greater part of the problem. Howevcr, as Kingsley bavis

has pointed nut, such toiutiana afield place the cnjayment

...-... .__.4‘_._ ‘ . - - __- A t A A A
w. - , W A v—v— w—r. V". ‘W' . —— ,w—g rw— W _

 

éfiuward 3. Beckar, flutflifiex5: itadi:3¢jn_$he flaci.
r

9193? of figvaanaa (Lon&anz Er¢a v €33, 15633;"§. l.

7600(16' ‘39. £51to {’0 3%4.

4
of sex outsifie the coatcxt of marriage 1&4 decxeage the motiv-
1:101 for m: rrizga.3 finca a aclutiwn woulfi naive the probigm
f illegitiaacy, but have the paasible side effect 0! elim-

inating the family syztam.

rt-
fa

... A “A

..‘h
“Lu

As thc illegitimacy rates in the Lane: city 5Czr,
aany E130: cities are initiating grograma in an att mp2 :0
break the cycle of illegitimacy. A mgj;1rity 0f the new pro«
gr111 ificcrpcratc wudical 1nd 50:111 services in a ECLOUlu
cent-19d projr11.

The purpose of this study 13 to determint the sexual
attituées and experiencen of the grcgnamt adalesccxt: attend»
ing Salvary Sextet in the Cuntinuing Lducaticn for Gixls
Fragram in fietroit, fiichigan. T11 Calvary enrollmant at the
time of tna atuéy was cutircly hcgru.

This study is based an 111 1011111nfi asaumptiena:
(1) sexual attitudua and cxyericncca can be 1:139:16; and
(2) thn questiuuuairé technique is an effective means of
Cellecting data.

1‘s main objectives of ti 13 study were: (1} to
determine the acxuai attitudes and values of the adoiescentu
entailed in Salvary Center; and (2} tn dete1mine the sexual

axperie.r can and practices of th1 C11vary aflolescenta.

a I 1-. . a » H v . _ ._ . , g . 1..

”1zngsley 11V1s. "Illeg1timacy and tau 1oci11 1truc-
tare," :jrri 1n 111*n-‘ ciugaciagggy, 11V (aflytcmbcr’ 193m).
{3"}. ££1¢uv~ O

refititiAn flfMTQEEA

This study is conceraed with tArAe rather eAcAAAass~
ing térms~~attitude, value. A.nd illefiAtiA y.

1. Att itufie - ?he Aoatur: or AAAAtiAA Af A AarsAA AhAw- ,
ing or AAAnt tn ahAu a mentAI atate, Amatiun, Ar momdfi’

Value n A canceptiun, exAi'cit Ar implicit. diatinctive
Af an indiviAual or c? :Aracteristic cf A g 0AA, Af ttm
deairAAle which infiuancea the AAIAAtAAn frAA available
mfaf 2&3. Etarm. 3.3113; fir 11.“: Of actifiz‘ua‘“

h}
o

3. 111egitiAAcy - A characteristic of A cAild bara nut Af
legal vaulucA, as determined by the laws of each
AAuztry and state. Births in whAcA legal illegitimacy
is recoraad on the LirtA rec Atd.

,. L , A; . .— __‘_. A .AMAA
V r —v—— w vv—z ‘-—— w.— _ “.7.

fiJtafl L. é'cflcchnie (ed.), CAAAAAA‘A Ema AAAAt*€ A

Century fictinuarzln’ thA :n~15AA {Angqa Cbl€VfiimhL3 Aha
"brig cutllukfiilfilifi $43., lumvi. i}. guy-AA.

laaluclhuhn, AA. cit.

Ch”. 1T; 51 I I
it'i’lbi LL23 11:...L1'r4;".1c x...

In this chapter tr :3 writer has orgwr‘xgd a dis "ssion
0f the basic concepts rel t'.3 to £116; itimacy arqund thraa
majsr t? .corctisal v1exwuints. These fire: (1) theuries of
absolutisu, (I) theorics cf cuiturai relativism. and (3) a

theury of cultural rclationism.

1' ~~ ,,‘: 111-.
Tbggragfi of fipitpfa; Kw¢u1ut113

 

nillian J. Gasée 35039533 that fiiffercntial intensity

of norm 60””1t wt is a maior factar in the cxylsnatiun sf
illegitim1cy. chde cantends tma t alt‘uu h a uxiun based
an matriage arjuss mare resyect than do other tyyefi a? unions,

ize comuit em: to t3: 3 narA of la; 1*imrcy wil ha grc1ter
among social strfita at kin linfis which cnjoy a higher prea-
tigc. a: in which cantata with *he kin relation is hia.. It
1: the :1 expected that the éagrac of cmm«itacnt t9 norms cf
legitlmwcy will vary fram ans ss;mci at of the pufifilfitififi to
ano her, with the lowcr s>cial strata ueir ; lczm ca: arzaittad
than the midéle and upper 5trata to legitimacy and a variety
of ether family nvrma. Guada generalize; that if a given
satiety aunt 1ina a high prcgorticn 0! lower strata families
who are little concexaed with linca g8, that nociety will

6

O
‘ O

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Mum-Wm WWW with“
{bib m m III M “m: nun “4,. ”sham:
. M‘mw?kdhmflmm "run no
”u“. MW”! w to “1.133 .. :- ..
3 {8 «M n ”sum C“ m “a an: anus '31:?" ~ .
”W‘WWHuu-mcv: .' . ...
fimwb3wanecru '

 

 

 

7

exhibit a higher total rate of illegitimacy than it would
if tn: progotticn of neabars in the lswer strata wfire less.1

Usiag the thfiory of differential intensity cf narm
commitment. une wanid cxgect to find high rates of illegitimacy
in cultures th&t axe predafiiaately lower class with a weak
or diaarganized family system. The Caribbean countries and
lowerwclasn hegrc culture: within tnc United Ltatca are ex-

.ales of this situatiun. Furthermarc, one might expect to

encounter low rates of illegitimacy in cultures in'which a
prwduwinate luw¢z Class is characterized.hy fitrong family
arganization. Exam§les of this inclaae the traditionai Creek
and flpaniah familias. what: prestige is gained thraugh family
lineage. In the United 5tat¢3 prestige is mare :trongly
attached to material succesa than to fagily limeage.

Judith Blake conducted a iielé study cf lawar ciass
family structure and tfipraductive bcnfivior on the island at

Jamaica.2

& semi-structured interview, a xeiatively small
sample (99 wfimen and 53 9f their wateai. and lung interview
sessions (13-20 hours} were chfira$ter£$tics of thin exylcr~
atcry study. The data presantad by Blake suggest that the
lower Class peepla in Jamaica regard marriage as the ifieal
sexual arrangement. although the average age cf marriage in
the Caribbean countries is one of the highest in the world.

must a! the pecple dc eveutually marry at aoma time in their

“A A . L ‘ ‘ k

v i

lfiilliam J. Gfiude, ”Illcg‘timucy in fihe Caribfiean
genial gtructure." gfcgifififi_gficiuifj$§fll Wavirfil RAV (Febru-
ary. 1Q6aig PP. ¥1*;Uc

'ZJuéith Biaaa, Family gtructure in Jamaica (flew Yark:
The Prea tress, 19%;}.

2
life. 31222 supports Goode‘s theaia that mgrriage and legit-
imacv are normative patterns in Caribbean family lifa.
Gouda £2212 that high illegitimacy rates can be par-

tially exnlainad by the cultural nssimi12tion 2112226 thc

farmer slaves settling an the Caribbean and the Enited fit2tca:‘
Goodc cmyhaaizes that migrant; to Africa And the flew 22:11
south of :22 22222 55222 lino eatared as inéiviauala, and
no: as families; thus, the aocial 2yszam was undcr2incd froa
the very beginning. wt? er in-migtating grougs typicaily
cntczcd £22 aystem at the bottum vi 222 social 12622:, but
they graduaily were afiaimilated inta tbs 6221222: culture.
Baring the transiticn2l stats 0f assimilation far these
groups, there were characteristically high rates of deviatiunnn
such 23 52222212 dclinquancy. illegitiaacy. etc.

Gouda prepounfiu the th2ory that the community.nutthe
individual at the family, is the unit prim wily concerned
with the aaintenance of can atmity to or d2v 2t£on 1:22 the
norm of legitimacy. The dcflnitian :1d reco3r iticn of leg ita
imacy in a cowmufiity function. The inu2vzuu~1 s 0.42 22252302
(his role 22.x:3 aim) determines whether $11233: im2cy will he
ri22ed. ‘There is 1312 a: no 222222 if rue cokzuh2ty itself
given almaat as much reggae: fur tenformity as for nancun-

formity.

A 4_ .....A. —- M4— 4..

3£111i2m J. 62062, ”1112‘,1timzry, nusmie, and Cul-
tural i‘*‘2atration, "’ *2 .nr 31;”, 22:1. 15121232 RAVE

r. F“ T w- v-V fi

(2 cuewbc ' 1301!. pp. J&V'£Wo

 

9

In general, where the formerly slnva poyulatiuns
have beta fully in cgratcd intu the nationai culture aad
scciai systam, the nativnml illegitimacy ratas are lower.
kccerding ta 6006c, there are relatively low ratta of
illegitimacy in Specific canmunitias which have achieved an
internal social and cuituzal cohexcnce-uan accggtanca of
the indivifiual and the family as the sauxce of firestige.4
Individuaia in these cemmunities are participants in thair
nucial syatem and yresummbiy arc cwwuitted to their cultural
ncrms. If pgeatigc i3 warned within the systam, than a family
line a: the cammnnity an a whale will insist an confuraity
with the narm cf legitimacy. Gen¢rally. the communities
which form a seii-validating system have luw rates of
illegitimacy.

It is fiifficult to socialize an indivifiual unlesfl
he is assured full accept&nce as a member-0f the sccial
ayatam. This coadition has as: been fully we: in the
Suited étates and in the Caribbean.ccuntries. in general,
the illegitimacy rafts 0f farmer slave area; are higher than
the nun-slave areas. fine to the clased caste system in which
xegroes and whitas do nat interaarry, Gaode believes that
the whitea are unconcerned with ill¢gitimacy in hegrc families
tecause it can hat affect thg white family humoruuwhile it

éaea undermine the atatua of tha hagra Inmiiy.

v—w- —v v ' v—v— W‘— W —v —r

v.

i'h 3.1 ‘7: .3
é\—o;‘.‘ p‘ Jcl‘p.

whyuamn ‘J: “numb -\'3'o541"$‘£:‘323.' J... 24:12: 3'33 33.
20 mum m mm; '.v-.).*a\;°€. gunman .mu .« we"; cg..-
Yamtqm.
swim: Inuvt. 2in an 3:11am» at than“: a). u
Sch“ m ‘6 m: :- Quintana” um #33an :.
«Mt-mites um and m w sou-1mg u
ole-Wat .fiix‘ém maem 9:39 :12
M M14, .3: an: wan m3 1»
“Humanism-owned: :13 9+
Wm W!“ m «am
“a” Mai mum-n; -

 

 

10

Thguries of flultural fielatlvism

 

Geode and Blake hold the position that non-legal
marriage and illegitimacy are deviant patterns. ana that
narrlagc and legitimacy are normative. A different cxvla-
nation is offered by Hyman Reagan, who contends that the
value stretch is the dominant reaponse of those in the
lower class.

But I an equally certain that the daminant reaponse of
the lower—class person is the lower-class value stretch.
It is because the lower-class person, to a degree, typ-
ically shares the middle-class values and also holds
values unique to the lower class that he is able to adapt
to his circumstances without certain more specific phe-
nomena, such as deviance or revolution, being more evi-
dent a actual or attempted responses within the lawer
Class.
Rodman believe: that marriage is a valuc not in accord with
lower class circumstances because it is a legally binéing
relaticnship. A lower class male is frequently unemployed,
underemployed, and poorly paid; thus, he finds it difficult
to fulfill his economic obligations within a legally binding
relationship.6

7

Rainwater divides the lower or working class into

two divisions: (l) the upper-lower c1353, which 13 charac-

4 V m ‘

 

 

sfiyman Rodman, "The Lawcr~81ass Value Stretch," Social
Fggcc§£ Alli (December. 1963), pg. 205-15.

efiyman Rodman, "Illegitimacy in the Caribbean Social
structure: A Reconsideration," American 30 ioloaica. Review,
All! (watcher, 1966), pp. 673583.

7Lea Rainwater, And the ?0ctflflet Children (Chicago:
Quadrangle Becks, 1960}, pp. 4-5.

     

ll
mind by patu mum” and prosperity-mating
requiring mule: and India-thin“ um, m u
pelican. firm. and has driven; and (2) t3. lmrv
1m clan. “mung abut mqfourth of the working
elm sad about 1.5 pct «at of as total mutim in tha
Unit.“ Stun. Wtim in tin low-tram am nu
madly Milka John. m In on?!“ “:0de by
htmit'tc‘nt a: chronic mlmt.
mowing to Manta, 1m clans m 1m it
difficult to think of mun in my role min: as
tannin can. mu lim mm: W m maxim. of
pram and chime mt «Initial minus in
their uvu. mm In W ml: at 91mm:
objcatn they In W for m «3M m of null-
bcing thug warm.
lmdmmmuq‘mnatnmly u
tint when they output the Itttus of naught“ . In).
mu mat and lack forms: to thc clear-wt autu-
of wife and nether u a. any of um'cly establishing
thwart“: a an“. Mr W tom cu-
tral to their vu to thc min mm at malty, both
national and social. “in; mud. but - a mam.
nature: the man that an: an n rupee“ in plan in
society Mia; a good vii. to Mr M “can a
me being U. mthuhilc yum an nu ' ,
Wu, and at being a nu ma...
Minute: “at” m: 1m: nu. m ”we. diam m.
tally planning, or contravention More atrium. and

min an of ml tubular rains clot-dad with

 

3mg... 9. 72.

ambivalence and guilt.

Differences in general sexual behavior in relation
to social claaa have been studied by kinscy, Pomcroy, and
Martin. In the upper classes there is nothing quite as
important as th preservaticn of the virginity of the female
anfi, to a samawhat lesser degree, the similar preservation
of the virginity of the male until the time sf marriage.
These researChers as3ert that the lower clasaea have no
strong taboo against pre-marital intercourse. and accept it
as natural, inevitable. and desirable. Lower class taboos
are often turned against avoidance of intercourse (through
such measures as petting and masturbation}, and against any
substitution for simplc and direct coitus. ainscy believes
that if members of the lower class were questioned as to the
morality 9f premarital sexual relations, most of the group
would insist that therc is no question of tivht or wrong
involved.9

Christensen feels that the results of his study on
cultural relativism and premarital sexual normslo lend sapport
to the hypothesis that cultures high in sexual permissivenesa
will have high rates of ill gitinacy. Christensen uses ptc~

marital pregnancy and birth ulthin 6 months or less 0f marriage

ghlfted C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E.
Martin, "Sccial Level ar fiexual Cutlct," The Caves fiathqg,
Ed. RODEIt W. Roberts (New Yfl‘vtk: Harper and ERUW,W1963},
Pp. 121-132.

1 o .. . a. ¢ m 1 9
Harold T. Christensen, “vultural hclatLVLSm and
Premarital Sex Earns,"‘5§gfican flociclmgjcal Revjew, 33v
(February, 1960), pp. Eiugy.

13
data as an index of sexual permissivenéss within a society.
fie has flonc extensive work in analyzing three cultures by
means of governmental record data and university question-
naires. It is interegting to note that he reported lean
pressure felt by Couples in Denmark to rush into marriage
upon learning of a premarital pregnancy than was evident in
his two samples from the United states (an Indiana and Utah
Mormon university). Christensen asserted that Lennark (judged
the most liberal culture in his study) had the greatest
incidence of pramarital pregnancy, but the leagt negative
effect resulting from such a situation. In spite of the
permissive tendency of the Denmark sample, it was pointed out
that pregnancy usually takes place within the framework of

marriage, and that premarital pregnancy was founfi to be

‘J(

aaaaciatefl n each sample with: (1) young age, (2) civil
weddings, and (3) a laboring occupation.11

chro illegitimacy has received increasing attention
in the family lifc and sociological literature recently. Both
white and Eegro illegitimacy rates in the United states have
been incxeasing, although from different bases. The white
rate waa 2 per cent in 1940; it was 3.07 per cent in 1953.

7uring that periofi, the Kegro rate increased from 16.8 per

cent in 1943 to 33.6 per cent in 1963. The nonwhite illegitimacy

llnnrold T. Christensen, "Value Variables in Fregnancy
Timing: Some Intercultural Comparisons," Studies jn theAanilg,
V01. I (Gettingen: Vandenhocck and xuprccfit, 1%33).

l4

ratio is nearly 8 times that of the white ratio.13
In her discussion of Negro family life. Jessie

Bernard probes for explanations at the high illegitimacy

rates. aha postulates that since marriage was not encouraged

by slave owners, vestiges of this pattern have served to

deter the establishment of marriage as a normative pattern

among Regroea.13 Bernard uses the preportion of infants

born in wcfilock as a crude acasure of the institutionalization

of Negro marriage in thc United States. She preposes that

as marriage has become more accevtable and attainable for

the Negro, illegitimacy has had a tendency to decrease.
Bernard distinguishen.between the acculturated and

the externally adapted Negro cultures. The acculturated are

described as the gtrand that have internalized to a greater

degree the moral norms of Western society. In contrast,

the externally adapted culture contains members who have

adapted than in a superficial manner. Bernard argues that

both the acculturated and the cxternally adapted are fauna

in all socioeconomic levels in the Negro culture. Even though

Bernard recognizes the relationship between famdly disorgano

ination and availability of material tesources. she points

out that evidence of family disorganization can be observed

in the middle And upper Regro classes.

fir VT. ‘ V w-

“: .

“Baniel Patrick fioynihan, "The Negro Family: The
Case for National Action," A Report Prepared by the Office of
Policy Planning and Research (United fitntes Department of
Labor, 1965). p. 9.

1 , .
1“Jessze Bernard, Earring, and_Pamily Amnng*hcgroe3
(inglenood Cliffs: Franticeanall, 1nc.. laéé), p. 1.

15
The role of the mother in the Negro family is widely
discussed. Bernard views the mattifocality of the Negro
family as a function of the slavery history. 3kg asserts
that slavery had two effects axon Negro men: (1) it forced
them into perpetual childhood by preventing them to come to
emotional maturity; and (2) it teaulted in their identification
with their mastez,and had the master's ideology imgosed upon
them.14
The study by Elood and wolf: of 116 husbanoamife
Negro families in: ”at oit reported that the wife W8 3 the
dominant figure-~as measured by the criterion of decision-
making--in 44 per cent of the families. The husband was
determined dominant in 19 per cent of the families: equal
power was attributed to the partners in .8 per cent of the
families.15
Underemployment of Negro men, and the greater employ-
ment ogportunitiel available to Ne 'ro women undermin» the male
role in the Negro family. E. Franklin Frazier states:
since the widesoread fa4iiy disorg1nization among
Ne groan has resulted from the failure of the father to
play the role in family life required by .4merican society,
the mitigation of this problem must await those changes

in the Negro and American tociety which will enable tne
Negro father to play the role reguired.

 

141¥i€lo . 9. 70¢

1“’Ewbez’t 0. Blood, Jr. and Lonald.b. Rolfe, gushnnfi3
and Hvea: TN: “Yr*v*cs of *“rr1-d ""*"' (New York: tree
£16338. {5442.)} Czteu by béil’mfu, A. £113., ‘5). 91..

16E. Franklin Frazier, "Problems ano Needs of Negro
Children and Youth Resulting from Family Eisorganization,"
Journal of Negro Isucation (Summer, 1939), pp. 276.77, quoted

W

135 lfitlleLSAulll" C". o {‘1‘}. y. :43.

16

In regard to the matriarchal family pattern, James
3. Coleuan suggests that the rigidity of premarital sexual
coées varies inversely with female dominance in the determi-
nation of family atatus.17 In cultures where the female”:
ultimate status depends upon the status of her husband, her
primary good-in-exchnnge is sexual, and if this “Dad is to
remain valuable. it will need to be guarfled and pretected.

In contrast. Coleman explains that women in matriirchal
societies can enjoy sexual promiscuity because sexual activity
is not so much a commodity by which she will establish her
ultimate social position. In this sense, the woman in a
matricrchal society becomes more like the male in that there
is less reason for he: to retain he: ecxual activity as a
scarce good on the marriage market, and more reason to consume
it for direct enjoyment.

Andrew and Amy Tate Billingsley draw attention to
the relationship between social class and negro lllegitimacy.

The most common indices of secial class position are

income, education, occupation, and residence. It in
striking that as legrues have rigen on a combination 0f
hese indices the incidence of family disorganization
has decreased. This changing social status revresenta
not only material well-beigg, but a change in bath
Opportunities and values.
The Billingsleys prepcse that the experience of the middle

class Negro is very different from that of the lower class

Negro. Middle class characteristics include tendeacies

17James 5. Coleman, "Female Status and firemarital Sex
Codes," American Journal of Seciolqu, LAAII (September, 1960),
p. 217.

18Andrew Blllingsley and Amy Tate Billingsley. "Illegit-
imacy and iattcrna of legro Family Life," The Urwed Father.

’r-firw-Y

ed. Robert w. Rubcrts (law York: Harper and Eva, lauui. p. 135.

17
toward monogamy, stable residence. the loco of economic dom-
inance by the father, rigid discipline and sex mores, not»
erogeneous occupations. thrift. caution, inhibition of aggres-
sion and sex. ambition, initiative. and manners. The lower
class is characterized by the Billingsleys as impulsive and
lax. with a premium placed on physioal aggression. Children
in the lower class may often no punished for £2! fighting
back. Sex mores in this class are lenient, and children are
often ¢Xpoaed to the sexual activity of their parents.

Ira Reign has done an exploration of Negro-white
differences in sexual attitudes.19 He administered a question-
naire containing Gotmann-scale questions to measure attitudes
toward ptomarltal sexual permissivenesn. Rois: used two
samples: (1) an aéult sample of 1515 inoivlduals aged 21 and
older drawn randomly from across the nation; and (2) a high
school and college student probability sample of 903 students
aged 16-22, drawn from two high schools and two colleges in
Virginia and from one college in New York state. Roisa con-
cluded that the differences between men and women within
both racial groups were similar to the differences betwoen
attitudes of Negroes and whites generally. He found that
the Negroes in his sample were generally more inclined to
accept premarital sexual permissiveness, but that permissive~

men: had different sources and implications in the Kegro

A __‘:A_. _.l A A _.

9 y ’ . . V-

1 Ira L. Raise, "lromarital sexual Formisslveness Among
Negroes and thites,“ amoricen ¥ociolcgical Revigw, XkIK
(october. 1964). pp. $56-$5}

www w‘r,w 7-.7 w rvvy— fir

3°1bid.. pp. 696-697.

13
group than it did in the white group. Relss found a positive
association between romantic love and permissivenean among
Negro women. and suggests that they may have a more emotional
and sexual interpretation of romantic love than white women

do.
A Theory of Cultural Relationirm

A different explanation of illegitimacy is eXpressed
by Clark Vincerxtf’1 He prepares that illegitimacy is cul-
turally relational. Vincent has pointed out some of the
inconsistencies within our culture and value system. He
regards an awareness of the contradictions in the attitufies,
rules, and social practices by which illicit sexual behavior
is regulated and judged as basic to an understanding of
illegitimacy.

Although the unmarried father in biologically one-
half of the cause of illegitimacy, the ratio of studies on
the unmarried fatha: as compared to studies on the unmarried
mother in approximately one to twenty-five. Several mores
within our culture tend to make him lea: a social problem
than the unmarried mother. (1) The traditional double
standard brings more severe judgment on the female than on
the male for sexual misbehavior. There is no concept for
Dale: comparable to that of thc “fallen woman". (2) The
custom of assuming innocent: until guilt is proven allows

unmarried fathers to «scan: censure much more anally than

Y— ——

zlclark E. Vincent, Unmarried Mothgrqfl_(fieu‘¥orkz
Free firesa, 1961). p. 9. ‘ *

 

'9 I»
J. ‘1'

unmarried mothers-wine unwed mother has a big stomach to
r?o?e that one is guilty. (3) The amount of public and
research interest in social problems is quite closely related
to how great a financial burden the problem represents

to the taxpayers. Unwed fathers represent no burden, while
unwed mothers need aatcrnity homes, medical care, etc.

Many social practices encourage the cause (illicit
sex relations} and condemn the result (illegitimate preg-
nancy). Vincent believas that the philosophy of fun morality
as evidenced in child-rearing, education, and personnel
idcology should be considered. The permissive education
movsment c ntributcd to the idea that what a child needs is
synonomous with what a child wants-~if it is fun, it must
be good. The contemporary notion of sex is that it is fun-
that is diffused throughout our culture through novels,
Movies, ad ortising, and acme marriage education textbooks
‘for high schools and colleges. Vincent asoerts that when
viewed individually, these social practices cannot be desig-
nated as causes of illegitimacy; however, when viewed
collectively, one can observe such social practices as
sources for learning permisaive attitudes toward pre- and
extra-marital sexual relationships.

Vincent believeo that our culture displays different
attitudes toward various groups of unwed mothers. White,
unwed mothers provide the means by which childless couples

an have families, and thus are not considered such a social

problem as negro unwed mothers, whose children are not in

:0
demand and may need public financial support. According
to Vincent. censure is strong for unwed mothers whose babies
do not serve a social function.

Vincent attempted to otudy £i$_unmorricd mothers
within one California county; He utilized three sources:
(1) questionnaires to all physicians who would oo deliver-
ing illegitimate babies privately; (2) the mothers in a
maternity shelter, and (3) the unmarried mothers at the
local county hospital. From his data, Vincent derived nine
profiles combining social. cultural. and psychological
factors. no then analyzed the studies once of both wed and
unwed mothers in each profile, and extracted factors that
were found only in the backgrounds and personalitiea of
the unwed mothers.

Vincent concluded that the following basic value
premises were missing in the value systems of the unwed
mothers in his study:

1. A belief in the primacy of values and convictions
strongly held.

2. The teaching and practicing of intellectual, emotional,
and behavioral integrity—~which is to think, feel,
and act in accordance filth.what one understands,
believes, and professes.

(.J

. The caperiencing of dignity derived from self-dis.
cipline and from assuming responsibility for one‘s
own ideas, feelings, and behavior.

4. The evaluating of one's own behavior as a part of
a totality of ongoing relationships and social
contexts, rather than as an isolated act to be judgcd
as good or bad in and of itself.

21
S. A belief in each individuLl's capacity to reason,

to feel, and to deczde wisely, on the pgsis of

values that are undersfiocd and shared.*~

Thrcu; ;hout his writings, Vincent questions tLe
incidence cf illcgi timacy Ls rcpcztcd for the midgle classes.
813 data zfldi cates that oléer. Loxe euucatcd unwed mothers
tend to sack meéical care through private practice. He

suggests that a high percentage of white, middle-class,

:3
o;-

elder unwefi mother: migrate to states not recording 1 git»
mac? status on the birth registration.23

ahilc about 63 per CLnt of the illegitimate births
are to nonwhite mothers, the preportiun of nonwhite mothers
armo g clientele in maternity homes (Florence Crittenton
homes, Salvation Army homes. etc.) is quite low--about 12
per cent. It is estimated that about 25 per cent of the
unmarried anthers raceivin3 aid from public child welfare
agencies are nonuhite.“ These figures provone serious
thom3ht as to how r-auch emphasis can be placed uyon most of
the raaea ch studies done on unwed mcinc's. .an can doubt
whc.her any researcher has ever usLu a true cross-chtion
of unwed mothers-~it just might be too difficult to round
up enough of the ”loose" unwed mothers who have not sought

some tnye ef Lssisthce.

221b£d., p. 182.

23L . .
Llark E. Vincent, "The Unwed.Lother and Sampling
Bias? T32 ELMLd Pothqg. ed. Robert L. Luberts (KeW'Yorkx
Harper and how, 195%) pp. 252-263.

a.

.r
U.-

Hannah M. Leann and Ursula N. Gallagher, "some
Facts a: d {uservatiuns acout Illegitimacy,” Children,xx
Guarch«Apr11, 1963), pp. 43-43.

23
Statistics on fiegro illegitimacy are alarming. The
illegitim nae) ratio for \egrocs, as stated previauaiy, is
nearly eight times that of the “Lite ratio. Illegitimacy

statistics, benever, lack awr'firgnt. lac ttrus used in

describing the 1ncidcnce may lead to confusion. bifferent
terms include

1. The RATE of £119 gitinacy is tile estimated number of
illicit births per 1,000 unmarried females of child-
bC-flflni a; Co

2. fhe illegitimacy fiflTla is an eatimatiun of the number
of illicit births per 1,000 live births.

3. The 5221;: ‘11: Iii-'ZIC‘aL CL’L‘UI'T is an estimation of the
"“126: of illc*itinate births.

cf a total cf 166,464 live b1rths in ulchigan in

1955, 10,33 here claaaified as iliegitimata. The 1965

illc.-it imate. birth rate in.niclzigan was 65.4.*5

Unless one is concerned with the increaae in raw
numerical count, it is important to be aware of the illegiti-
macy statistics as they relate t0 the fatal live births.

63 the number of all births increases, so does the number

of illegitimate births. 6 It is i6yartant to mute that the

over-all rate is higher IQ: nonwhita births than for white

bi tbs when this is considered.‘7 Pactors which influenza

25”ichigan chartncnt of Public M! alth, 1964-65

0’ “...-.-"-
g

Li_ i_ n 3:- 1'1 ;.2.t13.ics (Lansingz. ichQ an Legartuent
v. i M ’1 .3
uf’i nub ixcfihealth,’lvba,, pp.1«~.

“6 Jane Collier Kranicx, "An Assessment of Research
Elnevlelge Cane ernir g the Unmarried.Mother," The Unwed rather. ed.
Robert 3. Roberts (H mv Yoriiz haxpet ané Row, 1C6>,, p. ;;3.

27Elizabeth Herzog, "Unmarried iiothers: Some Questions
to Be Answered and flame Answers to Be Ruestioned." Child
welfare, VIII (uctaber. 196:}, p. 346.

’31?
lord

the increase in the general live birth rate include: (1) the
number’ of women of childbearing age; (2} their diatribution
according to age; (3) the average number of children they
bear; and (4) economic conditions-~marriagcs and births
dccline flaring periods of economic dapresslon.

Although tcencgcra constitute a majority of the
unmarried women of childbearing age, they do not compose
the majority group of unmarried mothers. Since 1938, the
illegitimacy rate has increased most for women aged 25~29.38
Herzog points out that, although rates of illegitimate births
have incrcaacd since 1933 for all women cf childbearing age,
they have increased Agg§£ for the teenager.:9

Illegitimacy is defined by state law, therefore
illegitimacy statistics reported by the National uffice
of Vital Statistics are subject to discrepancies in
illegitimate status as reported by individual states.
Furthermore. some states may serve as a haven for mobile
unwed nether; because they do not record legitimacy statua.

An additional factor that tends to confuse any
attempt t0 trace geographical illegitimacy trends histor~
ically is.thc papulatien redistribution that has taken place
within the United States in the twentieth century. The most
obvious example of this is the flight to the suburbs by the(

middle c135: white peeplc in almost every major city. The

ZEVincent’ 23. Citcfi p. 2'.

A A A; ._ AA ._.‘ _.

:4
central city, as defined by the city limits, is usually
left with a large pooulation of lower class, nonwhite
residents. Jane Collier kronick relates this situation
to the incidence of illegitioacy.

Since the incidence of illegitimacy consistently
appears to be higher among those who have least to lose,
least accccs to knowledge, and least power to control
their own destinies, this redistribution of the popu-
lation within the metr0polltan area would automatically
increase the rate of illegitimacy for the center city
but not necessarily for the total metropolitan area.¢

In some cities (including Detroit) births out of wedlock are

at least twice as frequent as in the state an a whole.31

soxronick,‘gzt cit., p. 240.

J¥Moynihan,'gg. cit.. p. 11.

elm-“rm I I I
511:1? it: LGLUGY

The methodology of the present study is presented
as follows: (1) selection and description of the sample,
(3) develooment of the instrument, (3) administration of
the instrument, (4) collection of the data. and (5) analysis

of the data.

Selection and Fetcriotion of the fiamole

 

The papulation from which the sample was derived
was the entire enrollment at the Calvary Center in the
Continuing Education for Girls Program (6&3) in Detroit,
Michigan.

Continuing Education for Girls is a Federally funded
project under the administration of the Detroit Public school

System. The program.coordinates educational, psychological,
health and social work services for pregnant school girls.
Approximately 120 girls may be enrolled in the program at
any one time.

?rcgnant adolescents in the netroit Fublic Schools
are required to discontinue attendance at a regular public
school as soon as the pregnancy come: to the attention of
the school adminlattatlon. Each girl that is dropped from

23

 

button um um mm mm: mil minimum at:
ad: 31 mm WW.“ m t: tmum with“ m an
“latte! at («or amount» sot Maw m

 

'. ~ "5 1:0 '
O'J';*...’*W 5 ts 33:1; w ' A all». ..m‘ or. ;- 5” on!
53“,”‘18 0112' 0‘? tan-fl}, {,é 1m p‘u 1' g, ..-- :..::«.a c-t- iKaJa

 

 

p6

‘ the regular school rolls doc to pregnancy is notified by
letter of the CEO program. The letter explains that the
girls may continue their education in this special program,
if they desire. The interested pregnant adolescents notify
the director of ‘ta and are placed on the waiting list.

Students participating in the CEG program are en-
rolled in one of the project’s three centers. finch girl
continues in the books she used in her regular school.

The girls. who range in placement from the sixth to the
twelfth grade, are individually programmed following the
some curriculum prescribed by the netrolt rublic Schools

no that they can keep up with their classmates in regular
school. The classrooms are organized on a multiegrade
system. and there in an emphasis an individualized instruc-
tion.

In addition to the regular school studies, each
girl participates in a general homemaklng course. which
emphasizes units in child develOpmcnt, prenatal nutrition
and care, family living, and sex education. Unite on
grooming and clothing selection are also included. Many
of the girls also receive special job training instruction
in secretarial and clerical skills.

The CLO girls are encouraged to work independently.
outing the pre- and post-delivery periods, girls usually
continue their studies at home, working primarily on their
own. A homebound teacher visits them, discucses their work,

and racists them with specific assignments.

27

Medical consultants conduct group session: with
the 6:3 girls. lrenatel deveIOpnent and infant care are
among the major toricn of concern. Liscussion of super-
stitione surrounding pregnancy and childbirth appears to
be pnrtiCulnrly helpful to the CLG girls.

social workern work closely with the girls and
their families in group ecsaionn and individual conferences.
Counseling for the alleged father in also available.
Psychiatric evaluation may be arranged on an individual
basis.

For this study, the C36 girls enrolled in Calvary
Center were used as subjects. Although only about 75 per
cent of the girls at a center are actually attending classes
at any one time, a study using all the girls enrolled in
Calvary Center was deemed impractical for several reasons.
(1) The “non-attender5“ were homebound preparing for or
recuperating from their delivery. (2) Funds cud time were
not available for administration of the questionnaire to
each girl on homebound status.

Tuentyufive 028 girls from the Calvary Center Coma
pleted the questionnaire. These girls represented all
students attending Calvary Center during the week June 1:-
16. 1967. These girls are not representative of all
unmarried mothers, or of all Negro unmarried mothers.

They represent adolescent Negro girl: who volunteered

to regularly attend the 656 school throughout their

AC

sq t‘x' mm’x YIN) 399x313)!“ ..u.‘m";;c;.u e3 how... am 191‘:sz
wanna gunman 1:55:33!“ am. mus-a»; :74 “dug as: in 1m
«1 'bsuam2: am; out 1.1:: and mm 2. mt: am 13.. h;
m: Imam: at 38353014” Msa “a ma Man
:9 30% 3:11.:me mm am PnWW 9d”?
am uflfl gm W (S) anew)!» 1m am.“ “xvi".
at W m in Wanner. ....,-.

 

«Mm» .4>.-..-'
WNWWM m an: am;
.l...:'-““ ”“333 9896’! .5". . ~ , , -. at, ”3
933%” m aim:- 333129;; . ,,-‘ .._._ wm

- £31.49 illtuuruntp? " r'......;‘.‘ ' ,4;

 

 

28
pregnancy until their return to a regular school. riscussion
of the CLG girls' age and social class in the following
paragraphs will delineate further reascns for net consiécring
this sample representative of all unwed mothers.

une of the pregnant adolescents was married prior
to becoming pregnant. As of the date of the questionnaire
administration, seven of the CEG girls in this study had
been married after the date of conception. Thus, a total
of eight (32 per cent) of the girls reaponding to the
questionnaire were married.

This was the first pregxancy for all of the CT3
girls, except one, whose initial pregnancy was naturally
aborted.

Twenty-four per cent of the CLG girls were living
in homes where the father was not present. Sixteen of the
EEG girls had older sisters. when combined, they had a
total of 35 older sisters, 13 (37 per cent ef the total
number of older sisters) of whom became pregnant before
they were married.

Table 1 shows the age distribution of the C;u students
in this study. These pregnant adolescents ranged in age
from 14 to 18 years. Approximately three-fourths of the

girls are in the group from 16-13 years of age.

5.9

TABLb 1

AGE L? CEG GIRLS AT Tfifii CF QUEDTIQKEAIRE £pfilfiléTR£TICN

k A_. ...A ... A... .—

 

 

Age tumber cf Cases Percentage
14 3 12.5
15 3 12.5
1% 7 29.1
17 7 29.1
13 4 16.6
Total 24* 99.8

Mean: 16.25 years
Nedian: 16 years

 

*tne girl failed to list her age

F:Vt1§3mrnt of #55 Inrtrumc"t

~r‘I-r v r—rwvr

 

The choice of the instrument was éetermincd largely
by the type of information desired. In their research,
handgun, Pepe, and Irish1 concluded that responses to questions
by unwed mothers regarding their premarital sexual norms were
more permissive in questionnaires as compared to interview-
typc data collection. They postulated that these women
were unwilling to reveal standards that are more permissive
than those they perceive the puolic (represented by the
interviewer} to hold.

The research instrument is a questionnaire camposcd

1‘

lfiean u. Knudsen, Hallowcll Page, Eunald ?. Irish,
"Reaponse Lifferences to Questions on Sexual Standards: An
Interview—Questionnaire Comparison," Public tgjaian Qparterly,
Ahxl (cummer, 1967), pp. 290-97. w“

3.0
of 84 multiple choice and 2‘ Open-ended quartions. Tfle
questions are designed to elucidate responses concerning:

(1) the sexual «rpcricncrs and practicra of reagorfients,

and (2) the sexual attiiudes and vclucg of the respondents.

Tie staff and cousultarts of the CLG pragram eeaired
a wide range of information cuncernicg the sexual behavior
and attitudes of the CLG girls. Questionnaires and surveys
used in previous studies were coneulted prior to the con-
struction of the questionnaire dBVEIOPQd for this stufly.

The 026 director and medical consultant submitted
questions cancerning specific sexual cagcriencra and brhavicr.
Er. Hyman Rodmen contributed a portion cf the questions used
in the interviews for his studies on illegitimacy in Tr nidad
and Eetroit.

Special consideration was given in the wording and
general construction of the questionnaire in order that the
questions would be easily understood and answered by the
CLG girls. Teachers and staff mefibera directly involved
with the 613 girls assisted in clarifying queetious and

directions in the research inatrumcnt.

gdnipietrefian of the Infitrnment

war—r—

h

The questionnaire was administerefi to all cLG girls
attending Calvary Center during the week June 12~15, IQfiT.
Each student completed the questicriaire in the 8:6

classroom, where the chairs were widely spaced to encourage

the feeling of privacy. Tue rM archer stated the {cllowxl
instra ctians to grau;s or individuals yrrgaring to complete

‘8 ."5 I I. . I" A '-
u Hucstxodn.1rc:

1 . ' . . 1., . _ .. ,.. 1. . A. 1......
l. .caze writa crab the true 3L$b&:3-~fl5u finale

tb at you wo ould like to be true.

5. Feel free to write notes in the margin concerning
specilic anrwcrs you would like to explain mare
fully.

3. The curationn ires are anonymcus. e are car earned
aaout the general charactcristics of thcgrou;1-o
not thc characteristics of any one 1rc1vzvv11

4. e are r3t trying to snoop. he want to learn
about ham you got in your present pmsition as
that we may hcly other people.

The students were allowed to take as much time as
they needed to complete the questionnaire. All students
completeé at least a pertion of the quertiannaire. Twenty
students completed at least 75 per cent of the questionnaire

35 questions}. Two of the students answered fewer than

25 questions.

In addition to the rcspcnses obtained from the
questionnaire. infcrmation was collected relating to the
socioeconcraic statua of the CLO girls.

The cccupation and educaticnal level attained by
the 53- girls' parents or parent substitutes were Obtained
by asking the girls and/or their parents 0: parent s'c bstiu

tutea. Information for 02:1? the persuns act wily liV'

a
{m

in the home of the Cfifi girls was obtained. If the CLG girl
had been aarried and was living with he: anaband, irfurmation
was collected for the perscns with whom she wauld be living
if she were not married.

Tables 2 and 3 give tha occupational and educational
data concerning the breadwinning parent or guardian of the
pregnant adolescent. The papulation is ccmposed of working
class to lowetulower class girls. Nane of the fathers or
male guardians had received a college degree; however, one
of the mothers had received an undergraduate fiegree in nursing.
None of the fathers worked in a professional or administrative

capacity.

TEBLE 2

CCV’PJTIQKAL STATUS OP Binarwzfifilfis FKRENT'CR Guanxxau 0P
yaxuhaar amuLfldgghrg

 

Occuy&tional Status Number of Casas Ecrcentage
Clerical or sales workers 1 4
axilled manual ewplcyees 2 8
Machine Operators and semi-

Skilled emplayees 10 4O
Unshllled employees 12 48

w w...— ‘v v W ‘—

Tfltal 25 150

T “-‘. EL.“ 3

I. LC’CATT Ci}; :1. LEIEVLFSLT LP Em...» LEN-$111336 E«’.-‘-..Z*J.3.T 05*; C".H;{£L‘1;l3‘2
LI: A‘L'ILLJI. ”NI. ----- ”‘31 f; n.1,}.

 

Educational Achievement Number of Cases Percentage

 

l
1

College gzaduotc

Partial college training

High school graduate

yartial high school (IO-ll grade)
Junior hi5h fichufll (7-9 graoe}
Less than 7 year: of school

(5

1" U

,-
6.

to; A8

\IO‘L‘IURI-‘r‘
M
Q

Total 25 lfiJ

_‘._ ‘

Fri ‘— T w..—

hugust B. Holllngshead's Two Factor Infiex for fiocial
Position was used to dctermine the social class of the CEG

students. Table 4 presents the cooguted social class scores.

‘7‘. t‘l" v:-
‘0' GJJJJJ 4

{Lilli-"13""3113' #3011135 U‘i $11.3 1';‘i}-1‘;L‘=1. " LL: 12“"; 1.); U!" 51.13211. 31.373102! F931
T533. RES"... 2‘1N'NG HERZF‘T CR (313 1.11.3}: N (31" (3.1.3 GIL-LL55

M-Q- ~-~9¢ «’- Woofi-‘hwofifioh M0.«m«W—»w - «c- "OV.-7‘OW¢ m-mw..-~uh onw~o~~ruw1umt.mm o... nu—a-v-afimwm Han-y mmv~..«;mo—-a~ ”.mqamulc- u'.

 

Social Class Number of Cases Eercuntage
II
III
IV

to

Total 25 100

34

Analysis of the loci

The answer: to each multiple choice question were
tabulated and totaled. The answers to the Open-ended questions
were recorded, and then grouped by content in order to
differentiate the major attitudes exoressed by the C23
girls.

The respOnses were organ‘zed into larger and more
meaningful categorico. The sexual experiences of the CLG
girls were placed in the following grOUps: (1) general
dating exocricnccs; 2} the relationship involving initial
coitus; (3) the relationship with the alleged father: (4)
experience with contraception; and (5) Opinions of the girls
concerning their general carnal behavior and experience.

The attitude: and values of the CEG girls were
Categorized into two main groups: (1) the initial reaction
of the C23 girls, their parents, and the allcged father to
the pregnancy; and (2) attitudes toward different aspects
of dating and family life—~with special emphasis on atti~
tudes toward non-legal marriage, premarital sexual intercourse,

and illegitimacy.

CI l". l-"ILLL I V

”--.?” ”2" «Rf-r _-'--:v---v;r
JL-ILL...) in? Juli; 4.1.9.: 1

Tic corccrn of this study was to or: .m’ne the
sexual attitudcs and cxycrierces of the progrcnt Eogrc
adolescents in the Catrina :5 Education for Cirls (83$)
Prograo in fictroit, Pichigan. Quortiounnirr reopOuScs by

"'~

the Own

girls provided thg

information that was tabulatef,

categorized, and analyzed by raw numerical count.
The FoYuFI ngrrieoce of Sic Girls

 

The sexual experiences of the EEG girls will

be di 3: nosed under the followin;3 categories:

dating experiences'

coitus,

experience with contraception;

girls concerning

flgflcrfil»

"213*.‘9‘1 .r~mr:I-1i

(1) general

(2) the relationship involving initial

(3) the relationship with the alleged father; (4)

and (5) opinions of the 033

their general sexual behavior and experience.

anno-
- “as:

Information presentcd in Tablca 5-9 chews the
diatrilution of reagoxscs co.ce r;':in3 the general oat; n3
e"ooriencc of the GIG girls in relation to their gregnancy.
CBS gir ls had an average of ycsrs of am tin; exocricnce
prior to the :ucsticnr uire a.ministratioo. Their out ing

'2
a

5

36

 

 

 

 

131.13 5
C133 GIRLS' Lt ‘ (In; C? 1331138 1:". i111; ~13 I‘sCl‘. k .11 L TU
Ulth .hl'fi‘ '\ I-E' 1: :- :Z 31. -..“:"l 4 :3 .1. 1.31“ 9 ‘-Ti 31;“;
" av. C $‘q’a cu, L3.qu’,pi 93*. :7 on} . F ’l‘qp.
oCH-AS C... .-hab*z-u 1....-‘..CL elLe 3‘11. 3C? 0-. Ukacs
1335 t? an 1 year 5
1 2
L 9
3 3
4 5
5 1
Total 25

TABLE 6
AGE UF RUST DATING PARTNXRS FUR CEO GIRLfi

==zz==mzza=zxzczzzana...m;xmaaamaaa==zzzzxzzzzzzzazazz=====

 

 

AL 6 of atingg Ea artncr Lumber of Cases
Younger than CLG girl

 

About the same as 033 girl 8

1-4 years older than CLG girl 15

5 or more years older than CLG girl

No response 2
TfltAl 25

13:19 usually a: that

four ye m3 3 018 .er than the".
dating men either younger 23
they.

The CLO girls had

the same age or no more than
me cf the 3irls reported

5 or more years older than

expcrfiezced their initial

863 ual relati enship an avcr3g: cf 2 years prior to their

an,“ 3‘ --~. - 4 3w: .a- LV: 1 '3 1.2. "T ' T" ‘. v" ..—‘ H '3 .' ~ . A:
V‘J" L’I :II‘IOO; ' :‘1;_v‘ v 1? qu'-.~ ‘Ir 3. L 1'5“;- £1 - x i £ I J urtov‘u'c-ul {ski-.3}!- M-I‘I \v-d ~' J

 

9'“
$3
U‘JO'wTJP-‘tfl

\2 .
Lo r0330353

Tatal 2.5

T. LIL: 8

C3213 U I 31.1.43 ' Riff-18R CF YET‘LRZ‘J (3F :3. 11‘} ENG LR}: GA TU
F T ‘ um .31. r" - v 'p; ‘_v- ‘. '“flj 3““ b
$ "i‘ L «'4'. “ £\~- LI: - “ .w-"a

' of-

—__ —v #— 7 W

1— ... 117.- Trrwr“-. .‘ . .wr—t—m r—fit.‘ r7. 1 72w- 1 . Yr» . ———.v— “*7. ——w r ... -"-v w

Lumber of Years of Lating prerience Number of Cases

 

l

L‘ch‘
E0 reaponse

435-92:th
{hr-4:930!»

 

Tutzzl ETS

_._A ‘

pregnancy. The male partner with whom the CLG girl first

had intercourse was 1-2 years older than the CLG girl in

12 of the cases. The male partner was the same age or within
5 years her senior in 21 of the cases. Enly 3 of the girls

reported having their initial sexual relationship with a

“(‘5

32

£3126 c: more years cldcr than they were. Thi‘ may be

inter“: 2t t2d t3 mc3n that expluitation by an elder, more

cape.3*u;ed L21: was nut a fictn: in the ivitial gcxual
3 5 C a

A .v .r. .‘ 2 , ... ., x 2' .5 -
relatiw”az-p c; tht c; .32 q 3i.ls.

Lot 15 of the ”iris, the initial sexual intercourse

G

was inc one u. the gartncr's bonus or in a hog: of a friend.
n33.uxi»wn..y one hal: (14) of the girls regurtcd tuat
their r2¢a en for having 52x relatians the first tine was
because they liked *he male very much and wantefi to be

310 33 to him. The male forced the 3i -1 to have s-cx
relations against her will in 5 of the cases. Five of the
8:3 girla reported that curiosity absut intercourse was the

33in xeaaon thcy cansented to tr cit initial 533; 31 relation-

ship.
The male involv d in the initial 52: <u.1 ixztcrcourse
did not use a can racegtiva in 15 of the cases. L£3Lteen

of the girls reported that th 2y had not used a cantzaccztive
at thifi tine

Adfi CLG girls had intercour ae wita their first
sexual p;rtner an average of 5.41 times. Li “teen of
the girls had had se:“‘1 relatior s 3 secs: d time within
one month after the initial relationghip.

In responae to a Mac atifin gear» ed to cluci’a te
reapaLscs about male aasertiveness, 23 of the girls reported
that they had resia ted male 322* 1th a for imt tare curse from
one to six or were times. $33132 3f th girla said that

they had never been forced to have intercourse against

thei: will.

39

The mean number of sexual partners th2t the 059

girls 23 ever had was 2.62. T2n of the girls reported

. ' . r . 3 . . ‘ ' '. Q . -. e,' '._ ’. .fi . n , ... '

havxng had 223 :312t12L3 33th frvs 3-2 uL12 . 222 glrl
,a 3 v ' . -n 9 3 ° : A 0‘ " ’9

r2;;-rtcz Lazzng 3Lt23233323 - h 19 53:-2233.

l391qfinr2lhj nitfi the 3151115333131 Fathfi—vf

w _. .w ___~

 

 

In an attempt to determine whether or not the
dating rclation2hip re2ulting in pregnancy 323 32223221
char22t2ri3tics, the C33 girls were asked to rcsgond to
questions describing tiueir relation Ml with ttm 2112323
father.

lleven 0f the L G girls had dated or "3222 with”
the 2112523 father over a year before they learned of hcr
pregnancy; 4 22d dated 6-12 months;1d 5 had data 3 1-6
~22t23. C2231321221y shorter relaticna higs were reported
by 2 girls who dated the male for a pcrlud of from 1-4
weeks. cue of the girls had been raped and had not actually
dated the alleged father. Another CLG girl reported that
she did net date the alleged father, but saw him daily
far a period of 3 weeks.

‘baut one-half (13) 0‘ the girls rcported that
they flared or 332 the alleged fafl tar about emery day after
they began dating. The question Upon which this response
is based :32y have been Open to misinterpretation, hcwever.
The 626 g1 irls were naked, "In general, how often did you
322 cr date the father of your baby after you began dating?"

A better wording of the question would have excluéed

40
"less significant" encourtcrs. such as passing each other
in the hall at school, or looking at each other across

‘-. Ire-it: “
908‘: C ‘i‘ U:

2 relationship with the alleged father '33 rated

by 14 3f the C73 33:13 33 ”Vtry c1033-.we are in love”.

f‘.q.- .. ’ .‘~ V . ...; “ V _ . a” 3 .- v .‘ .I ’.?Y s '
31,3 5313 gdut 1t "33 tre clazezt r31-.t1033313 .35? had

b.

‘1 333333. unly 2 of the 31:13 s1Ld tha .3 they

31: :33 1:03 tre allcgcd‘ -3 he: var 311.

1 3 C 3 girls 3130 reps th +“3 nu of times
they “ad I“; sax rel.fi» 3 with tE3 father of trzeir b3)?
3313: ta L33».133 prsjn3nt. Twelve r333: 33 having had

sex r3133 1» 33 1333 than 6 t13¢33 10 stated that they ”ad

0
n
.’.
J

21

had 3:3 relations £333 3-10 timc3. anly 1 .33 girls
reyorted having 331 333 relatians with the allened father
over 10 times.

‘hen asked, "Jhcse id 3 was it to have sex relations

the time you became pregnant?", 3‘ of tYe CE 731:13 r eported

‘

that it was the 133.13' 3 $333. $30 said tha :33 decision
was mu‘ual. 3033 of tha girls tc;ortcd that it was their
idea to have 333 relations the time thcy became pregnant.
Tie 33: :331 rulations tYat rcsultsd 13 the p333: 33cy
UC$urtufi in one of the ;3333 33’ s no;n 3 or in a fri3nd’3
3333 in 18 of he cases. 333 cf t.3 girls 33303333 having
used Hrugg at this ti33: howgver, 4 331d tYat thgy or their
partrrr 3333 93333 a: "high" at 333 tiv3 of surreption.

v.

a. (v _ ‘ J " l - j" n . I .. " u. ‘,- (1 u - .. 1 . ‘. .~
fihccrh1ng to t3: 333 31113, tue 311€¢3d miner

fa.
:5

333331 to 3-rry he: of the cases. ?33 31:13

41
rc;ort£d that they wait. E;ed to marryt ‘e allegaj fatfiet in
orly 11 of the sagas. The C2: girls citsd (1) yeufihful
age, (2) dislike for:;a1e a5 3: beccming prchant, and
(3) h~gitai;cn to fare: agrria32 05 the axle as reasana
for not mrzrying the allfiqfid father.
In general, the reaponsea of the :13 girls caucarn~

ing thcir emotional relationship with he all: mg 53:33:

indicata that the reiatio whip was characte

H
’d\
N
n
L-
tut
‘4
in)

fairly 51; 3stantia1 cmctional anvolvefl~*t. :rwniscuitv

does not agpear to have team a priucifial factgr in the

relatlfinship that 1335 to the pregnanc 7 of the 3:3 girl.
fine diaadvantage 0f tux 3 study 15 that cpdearlale

informatiun on the relationahxy was not obtained frsm the

allegsd fa ch~r3. fine must recognize t: 2 gas: bility that

an unwed female m3? h33e a tam ency t3 Lutu.wify time de3ree
of emn*1»"wl cfi‘thmrfit t9 the alle”" fazim in an attcmat

t9 mar“ naarly "justifY" he pregnancy to herself and to

society.

(far. fi‘shn An lift 9"»; m n:

“A __ _.d A
v——— ~— ‘vv

”hen asked if they had ever aged a contraceptive,
14 of the girls indicated that they had. an inserted
type (e.g.. ficrforms) was most frequently uged. A douche,
which is regarded as largely or totally ineffe ctixa as a
contracenti-ve, was used for so wraccptiva purpoaes by 3

of the rizla. flair grease was mentim mg by one of the

:13 as haw v1n3 been use N1 for contraceptive purposes.

5G
”a

43

The source of infarmation concerning contraccp tivea
fer the girls was nest often the girl‘s mot er. A total
of 14 of tkc ;*3ir13 reccived must of the information they
had Cflffi£lli33 ccntrucc iion {ram LL‘pLZu Cf their own
family Ct Izcm the 21123 xiii L202: they had had sex relations.
Three rCCL‘. vau‘ tfcir infcrazticn on 22tr2-zrt~3r from
c1222 {2192(2, 220 3 222302293 h2t they :2522d 22:3 infa>r~
maticn from teachers in cla2ees at school.

Twelve of the girls indicated thzt thc:y were not
present 3 22* ing a contraceptive. however, a total of

. P. ‘.-.. ‘fi—‘A .0. 1' ' .‘A er ." ‘y t . . -
14 24 2M; 22” 32212 2232;22d tA-t tscy have contxnuzng

Otner men (4 girls). bf tue giris act2m» if engaria? in
sexual relaticnships with the fatzcr uf their 322” u: with
man 0122: than the 3113323 father. 3 C2385 were yrcacaily
unmarried, 228 pregnant, and 20: using a contraCcptive.
The contraCEgtive most frequcntly chosen by 2
girls after the 6-1 ivary of th it 222” 223 ”the pill".

222: choice was prvbahly inf1u2ncc£ by the advice given

2y their private p135 cians and by th mciical conggltgytg
in the CLJ :I3JJQ9.

€v{nicrq_nf t§3_flirls QancnrnA2~ Their €22 xpvrwfi ces
In responding to the qua 2tisn, "In your cp1n2an,

the sex experience of most of the girls in the regular

rckccl which you came from was: A. Less than yours;

8. A2cut tfic 52.: as yours; C. A little bit mare than

yours: or D. Quite a bit more than yours,” the following

a"

‘1» .2-

fir".

pattarn em2r§ed. home of the 222 girls felt 122: the 22:18

they. P322 r2tcd t2c 2232212222 of t :2 rc1212: 222201 girls
12.: 1.31;; 25.22:: 2.3 1.22.1: 0mm. 3.22.3223 02' Km: 53252 21:15
[2124 the 222221 2238212222 of the {23213: 222201 22:13 23

a 11tt1e kit to quite a bit 2.:3 txan their own 2222222222.
222 girls were 22124 to 22213212 haw rany 02 £221:

. p a . z ' 2. ,. ‘. . .... . .3 .- . 2
21:1 12222-2 that were nu: 22 £22 and 22:2 222 22:222J or

92232222 224 had sex relations. 212tecn 0f ha 823 birls
1221:2“EJ 2221 111 at nearly 211 of their girl fr an3
thug {22221223 were having sex raiatiuns uni £222 Only
about one-ialf had evsr uaud a cantraaeptive.

2031 of tkzt 1.18 (13) indicated that tae factcrs

-.-'- .- 5; t. l ‘n. 451-» as t: 2“... -'.‘..‘-~ Na -‘-40 3 Q
.15... 2.21.3; ..L2r 5C- $1» $.13. uu51c«\;b2 1222‘» knead.»

*1.

1.. " .... .

H.051: fit-1111.3; 1.” 1.4-5
V r . 0. n.‘ r- -' I: l d’ "‘-- .‘l ‘ I

022 22232221 v21222 222 222222222. 222 221: 122t 222 wants
I” ‘3. - ‘3 0' I‘- P i .0. -D .- J-“.~ . .

a-Uévibdu.'~‘ “'Lhwk'ic'Qo' Lutfkr

be:

In an altflmpt t0 dctcrwine t.

-.

A

i

’5:

r.
n

. c!‘ ‘f .f,.‘-.-33,_. ‘- 2.
' ‘ aLuLug t2“; 2:513:19“ &L'dhlt 3'33.’ tug“;

:"r
’1‘
P‘
.4
I“
h

:1

Pt)
5:

1.7 1.123%}

E

(3
1;:
w
M
{N
=3
(‘1
t

C,
s 4
...-l
h.

irls 2212 a:“9d 2:22 txey t1 iought $22 ea:
Begin. 1.22~221:L2(12) of tr 2 girls reéponded that 52x

'3 _.,..‘....w.. 3. .' h. W .. f...‘ ‘ 1 " .31..”
cut.” 13. :4. wk: 1' 22.31..de L16... C:.V"‘:§ .3 33.3931 any IEJ‘S bi}; i“ 51:)» S quell? Li‘J‘zs

a

23222 322. L22 1211 it aMHJIJ be introduced in "he first
5:225; 4 said that it 220~1d tc g5}: at th 322102 high 222201

level: ' Md 3 beiiev; d tna t 222 ccuc2‘aon 2‘n11 r.ut bc'in

until after graduatiun from high school.

22vcutecn cf he 326 girls relieved that parents
51:21:11 112 res-2mg 3.11:: for sex ewjuzation. :,~.-e:r*n2~.2 of the: girls
imxica'ngi that the school 1:02:41 L-e 2231302511212, and. cm:
said.that 211 (5312:132, school, 226 chureh) should be 22-
9-4-9 ..‘«~/-. 1

...1. V} .. .- 3‘. .7 L“- gulp _. ..o " . .3 .,.. -- n.3- I.
was 5.42.». Cbfipuop'fiuo 2.1.443 v.» we 32.13.53 (LI-Laugh tfiE

$111 212c1225 211 resparzzs) lair 112% the charch should

2123 2122 whc“e they learxcd 202: of what they knew
ab>at sex, 17 of t2c girls indiC2t2d tLut their 2331: aourcc
‘was snmcouc autgide the 2022 (close frienda, teachergc 323

J- In

,-...a.._.._..‘ 2* “3": ‘f‘. f' a ' ‘2- '~ —‘ .v~-‘-- -" ‘-'---',~
p21,; yuan». (H's-o o AAl-yuk Lt}. out. 5.51315: buluhfl ammta‘. U; Llé‘éxa.

infatuation about sex from their pagan? s or 51L1;nu2.

?enr;infip tn Pvmarr2ed figrwnfhnnd

“ac-‘2: m v a. .— “‘*‘ ‘2“.- nc; i'. M... Jun-nun

 

The material discussed in £112 aection deals with

U

91: parents,

fat

the reactions of the C‘LG girls, these of+
and the 2112324 fatfier upon learning of the prefinancy.

The 2012622 of the C18 girls were £2..rnwd cf the
pram zancy byt the girl herseif in 15 of the cases. In 3 of
the c2222 the mother was informed by a sibling of the 016
girl. Thrae of the mothers were tald by a doctor, and 1
was tcld bv the pastor of her church.

The fathers of the 813 girls were talc f the
pregn2ncy by tha girl herself in anly 3 of the $2525. The
mothar of the £13 girl informed the father in 12 of the cases.

Tha patcr.21 2 221203222 infgrfied the fatt.2r in one 222-, and
the alleged father was the informant in anotr er. (Six of the

girls did not have their fa1hcrlivin3 in the have.)

43

re:5fin that tfic CLG girl infermcd of her

N-

T: :3 f

‘P
a

8‘
v?

‘prvflr**rv we: r st fo?fi the allaécé father. ;.£rtecn of

. . P ‘ 2*: . - ' -‘
tic :zrlz 131d t: allcgcd ;;L c: fzrst. :Ive C? the 3Lr13

C}

at :21: (:3 cf t“fi€r {Y3"*§$. (L17 9 of tag 35,1,
told ilglr ;oifi€r cf tfle “”C'V‘3"" hrfcre t£113;“f awjvne

fiirls first told her sister, 3rd one first

tcld tse best friend of t2 5 alleged fatfze

t.)

intern cf tie :73 girls felt that citer none or

OAiy a fax (are or two) cf tflcir C1058 fricnfis chw of
pregnant when tficy were 4~nonths pregnant. Last of their

close fr' 1 s an‘x of the pro “"°c" at 4 rLLL.L 2n 6 of the

‘7.

cases. Lrly I of the CLG a rig in ‘ cated tfiat “just abcut

,. v ~f 3..». ,r .o -n I. A 5 ‘ g '.l “ M. '- ‘5 ..' "' fl ‘ ’-‘ ‘ I
e‘chy’w'J'B 1 ILL-JV}: was: #341316 0.4L the {... Lyman}! at the 4~f3bhth5

The Cm: Girl's Leaction to the s rcgnmtcy
ghen th-y first leuxned of their pregnancy, 13 cf
the girls indicated that they were ucht and frightened.
Five recalled that they acted the same as usual upon learning
of their pretnancy. Open-ended responses to the question,
hen yen firet learned you were pregnaat, haw did ysu act‘"
included the following: (I) scared; (2 ) I acted liLc it was
he end of my life; (3) I couldn't bciieve it; (4) I acted
about the samco-only at times I was nervous; aid (5) I acted
ve cry funnv. 1 ate a lot and got mad at my family for no
rcaaen."
.Lena shed/wfiat they initially thought aLout LLcu

they learned that they were pregnant, 5 of the girls indicated

46
Lat th cy xerc cancerned azout th re ;c:io;s or Ls: wauid

have tougzL the prc ": RC". Fun: were mainly concerned with

. ‘7‘ .. u. :2. c". .3 .3 -, ’ .l ..1 s. ..-- “Y..Y .
tn ”u 325 fiJCUt tag Luaure 0; t”? CJLIL anL 2LWLLL4LL. JMLtial

’3';

...§- , c , - f ‘ '1 _ A. . .- .._- -.._..- .. 2 - .. ...g ,.. 0,. . z : V
t; -k, "!~I.DO‘I:: 1.52.2.1: '11:; ta; 6.:wai-2 bf %:t‘~ inf“:— .!i¢“1--u~}' Mr tel“ d‘i'r’y here

‘ * J . v ‘- ... I, c «x " 4 ‘u 4... 5 ‘ u v A .- ”é
wcr'” .-~ ~ _.~. « C“ t p .. v: o .-n 0 -. ~er "41".9.‘ 1“.“ C'
. “fifth" ..u 3.. j' ~I “.5 4A- 0 ¢lfitéo fih‘ . .‘ dr-u v ‘- ’. ‘ c\. U“ g. on“ ‘3‘ .46. ‘tfi)~ '1

:2

zat

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on"

‘ . .‘n L. 5 ,. o~ .« ' L . . ‘ .’ ~ .. -- ’ a. ' I‘.-' v , 4" ’ ... .4 1 0 v‘ 7-. 3 ... .
s‘ t::{:r :- £3:‘., 1"...“ v.3 -:l£ £‘\}.b‘nr§“ JZJ.‘~‘3 J\‘\l ‘1‘11 ‘2: .t“:’-‘lt '3 .‘A- t Jr *L’.‘~l-“-—L‘ :;
.f4 .‘l.’_l‘ 3f.“ 1 I ‘. .m-v' .. ' .y‘.’ ‘ "‘.’..§. 5“ a ‘7 ‘V‘, t . 9 ' . "_v.
c; fifiLr 1.2.‘Lb')‘|~&{a¢b’ AisfiiLhwU 5&1‘. QU~L‘J~-Aom-'.
I v
1. I an 0L;ng t0 ict if.
f . h . c Q I.
L. I gaved LL39LL.
f, .. ‘ i. ‘ .1 '3 ‘l- l
.J o apdi; $301.4 u 13.? at”; ‘ £104.; 53? am; 3"]? I 13...;L 3: z
4 . . .. -' ..~. .. L. . 6- 51;
‘3'. “a: Itc‘ l a;‘-IC‘\J Qua-T! Se; - ab \.~~§3 ... \l’.‘
‘ ‘- ., f ," 4.. , ' ‘ .. s. 3 \
‘1. “Dita“ :33 “vi. 4;- ‘I‘:“c ‘.‘-‘ uv’ f ‘0 L‘L.
T.‘ ‘1- ‘ 1 ‘1‘..." L ‘3 .41." r- .q- » ; ‘5'"; ” u't .; .U!‘ .9. ~ ‘1. .1. -r-.yv\ : 1,9. n {-5 fq'». '. v"
518 “In“ &:-L 1"". -\) ‘ “£243 '5. he}. od‘L-[r-L 3“ '0‘ ; ...-a & ‘90 L- L's-wk ~th- 5“. Fr-u-_ Ania“.
In x 1. . .1 . r ., ,1 7..“ .1 ' ‘ _ .3 n
statei, I LAL a pfip ILr a athuLLthL.

4. . . ‘ . ' .4, ... 1... . . \ ' . . . ... . "' ., ", -‘ 1.. .Q.

... ‘ ‘0‘ '._.- _ A .a o .4 .- -\ , :‘_.' a .. ~ - .4 ..." -. ‘. a‘ V
hmz‘l 3.3. Le; $.Ct'xr¢‘4.LflaJ m. but. L; C;4.L‘\l-L" mus, t1) {2'11 52;}..cmge Ltout

4- ~ L." .: 2:. g: .‘.°4.. ".3 ‘ ' ‘ ..22
lt-av U1 :2: gLrls LLd ”43. L L c; tLe gLriS :nu-catcd

F.

a -
H‘ I v -" ' 1 "f. ‘F’
45.4-th 0. 1.241,.

"‘ f -‘ fl ,: . I Y b. 1.. 02.! 5- -v-I..- " N, \
kn»?! £11 t; C {JV-1.1.5.5 sLtswa£Cs3 Sal» 42.45;), 9'5""; ULL‘ LILJLA that (aim?

D

trifid to {LQIXLLLL {AC}: i}:€:l1l.é;}:{;"o

‘1

'3 Lea cticn to the L: “,Lr

:3
4.

ft
01.0
in
\‘J
r f
t

§

('3
*1

Lhen th.e mot32cr Lf tLe Ci: girl first learned of

... .‘ ' -
if“. *' 7:153: t .fSJ‘E'TL-ai'I'ZJ'LC'? L223 (2572 Cf (515--

0;

fan fif the CLG girls indie atfid that tag

#2“
I».

2'

a»:
A
L
b
o
P’.

9-: .

had first Jfiifi uLset, unhapw", or disarpoint 2d unwn learring

, . o .4 p. . - (“”7” o! A . 2AA 7‘.
(zf the pxednchy. P1V& cf tLe C_J girls 3515 tuat t.
In A , ‘ . ' z‘ .' ..." ‘ . v 0. ...: ' ‘
tzctl-rr cztzd acrn21 amen 11 0" CL: prefgdncy. in;
...... . ~ . a. ., ’ ‘, . . ,, o y. ‘ Vs . ’ 'v
1.?! 3?.[1‘3 t; 114.: t “it t 13.11. l.\4uz‘~3!3 2.918 .7UI':$.L.'3-.‘;, QT 23
("~n.r «’r‘r -rr¢ n 2%.]?! '~.".
«.u, 15.. wk. J\ a, *J.hh ~‘O.
f‘.-. o v ...-a- ' ‘0 At AM i 0" 9: - '-
1. 525 5;-“ a :5 2?. CL: :05: I Lash't t”:
3151 wna had becox pre;uxnt.
A1 - 2. , .
L. ”he acts: c' 1 .
‘ . ... ' '., q .. .c
3. ~.maw was ha: ier tE an I (Lac reswouue c2
,- 3 1 tV I . 1 ... ' . t 11.2,, y. -.-.-
wr‘. in. 2.5.8 3713.52.1(5 L'TICI O L’s, :7‘ 94,1.
I‘\ . " .‘Q ‘ - z .. .....- ! ’
2:5 Lia glrls reC511 tLat ti: 2-r3t LLALs 01
’u ‘-'o t v ‘1‘“ o'r 0‘ 1' ' h mu». " M II a. \ “
.gCher SLCLI ~38 ICL:L:J cf t5 prcuugucy “2‘2 53:. o
... o (3. “0.. . w r- . - -. -.~ 3
C'“‘°'€. 5*r Z Ls“ 23?;53 0f ;1..: for tEn xugxrc CL

‘1'

31‘

thaw n r

n- . ..fo

5hr-c Cf 1-2

tERt tZVfl’zv“
O

... ... 4.0.. ..Q

“(-23% uni 1.13;;

.‘ ‘1'“.‘5.
LaAuvvhu-l-r cu

~25: av tEc girls rc;ortcfi that tE~5
TEICC

q‘Rr’-"Ffl-§I1

1. :- ~ '
193'. 38‘}?le 0-3:“:1'13 H3337?

y

5355. tea is

initially taiacd

of 1:34? tltcifl ;

3'r15 55.3 that

.L. for the hehnvinr 1.03'iir3 t3 the “re:
giz'ls 531$ tEat tLCir mathcrs csu 22C:
'5 352;“xnt. Xeapzficfis t3 the finnatinm C
-: iaitially said uyun learning 55 the p
722:: 5:23.). if no. die-33‘ 52:"; married I iii
to a home.

2 .9

H60?

4,.
In

She said don' t worry about it, just

‘ _q_ k V ' ." " v - ., . ~ ..
1 -.'.~l¢‘ rad-v L;;:’: ‘1‘“! \iI-IJ. I.w.l'3 5 (13.2.:- in ..1 {fl-J
0116.

M4

Sfie said "I had a feelinr that on were
' L.
LE said that she undex5tnod.

she diin't care, and she calls

('9
p.

(1
:3

‘0 b 01 ‘
‘1‘r’L‘I'I t

the one
51]";L37Q )

tic plans fur the

s Laid
ave

‘2"vvnxng

regnancy

m: names 1.

’F
L‘

The first action taLcn by we tL¢rrs c! tLu CLJ tirls

C‘?

a‘ ..., ,- a- .a- I‘m...- ' '
o be 1n mghlng a: 5*;1r.nt3 Lu: ta: uLu girl.

(-9

was most of en

.

' O n. - - -§. . 14 r12 3 (A. . . .v .0 a
’c 31:13 aazu t r-t t? cir ntide: Leann nhhzn; a‘xangcn

ff

mi of

{17:

" 7 I "u t ‘. - v\‘ v 2 - v ‘ . . . 7 §‘ . ‘ .
manta 10: the Care 01 ugh; LL; LLLG ;Iat tI';¢it mwruer cad

5",» r . I? a .' -.. «:9 m9” ..r. .A .u u +4 .. . 5. ..
310434.11}: . 30".? £54. tut? £12.”sz 8d...'.u Lb»: pus-b it u an]. sunlsuk‘JL Lalfifld
M ,.._ 4.9 .. 4. . -- .. . r -..5 ,. 41 ... .3 ,'L r -- 1 _- g. 3 , ,.

t3 “2....” L LCC": f{ 5‘ C153 S 1",?“ a; “4.1;“, «an; 1.13... cum: 4. awkwuhb "LI-f

. . ' c. - ' ~1—. . 4‘s. 5:. a -I W 1'". w P : m ‘~-\ 3.11. ’
the nether a5tcr learrlhg cf tLL grauautcg LhaxufiaL:
1. EC I: 53511. tC-J 15:3 Li;l§35o

‘9. ;&e wentcknmtovn.

4! ‘15 a ,1 I! .
J. ”Le fuss L 314 crLCC.

The Father's Reaction to th Prcgnancy

Nine 0f the girls reyorted that their fatfigr was
in some may upset, unhagtpy, or dj-annusnt«d anon 16M Mag
that his daughter was pregnant. Six of the girls remarted
that their father acted as he norma 11y did. (Six 0f the

girls did not have their father living in the hang.)

The fathers evidently were n3t aa i,,‘rnwental in
the afijustment to he pragmancy as the mothars of the CLG
girls. Twelve of the SL3 girls inciicated that their father
either did nothing at continued with what he was dcing prior
to being told about the prexnancy. fne of the fathers

attempt d to force the 518 g. 5:1 to Lava an aborti Ca.

. . ,. ... . .3 .\ l 4. .~' . i ' . 7 ..‘A O” “I, ._$. . ‘. . .' ._. ,- __. 5‘ ..1
Lue.&11e:cu fatLez's Aeact5uu to twe arfsuauhy

9 _~.~.- 1...“ q 1 1 ‘- --.-4.~ w; a! ‘ an 1" 5“ ‘ “9 ’- ~ ‘ 1’: ‘~;-.- 4‘ -- ~ - -o J— . . .
1.1.1 :41 t .4. ca. ~.' Jug-3.15 3.313.153 .. w a. 5 am. 5.4.2. .J- .. La 4. t- um i «Lu‘vu‘,

~ ‘1 -." ‘t I ' IRJ' , ‘4 N .i: ‘ a r - ~ I "' .-. ’ o «u sh $1 I 5‘ "V t 5
the L'I‘C. {EELS}, 1.5152 Elfin?) Lil-3 labia? 4.331.; ~-;‘d 1545*} Uyflflt -1Lg t0 113.33.

4‘)

* A L 1.. 3‘1!” A ,. .3 -1.. -..... . . -,,. ‘
s‘,‘.r?r§.??, ’ :- .._G‘:"x~c‘.fi . r in? fig‘ 3 ' a4‘*u(.f .- ' 1...; §l.JI‘ ‘ ’ Li; D} 1).,5‘ V -’i-‘$‘1t€d

' 1 .
Unhu 1h ir~-~-.-v 9‘" 4" n 7"" ‘3‘ "l ' ""' r17 *3 C"~ 3‘30- "- 3'3“.» .* “urn: ""91”!
¢ l.- I a . - y ‘w‘ .a b .a - 1 ‘ a h' .. Lg I . I q, ' * b) ‘ I ‘ ~, J‘s ‘- a, 0‘ ”L. 'I "4 k «.4 ‘-
L '.l ‘- o- \a u-
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a. «- »oe tbngov..-‘ .. .l -n“~l' ‘ r ‘ Ln.) fi‘so ’é] (. . ‘ a...» ‘1 b... Sui. ...“..va to. ti}. (.3.
5-: wen-as ”ma ~~--- "1":"6 -. .. i“ .~. . .‘. ...: . .' ,. 'z .‘ a. .1 4. x. .. a +_..1 .. 1" 1' .— C1
t--e ‘53 -- _. ........ J . .‘I‘O‘m L v ‘1- -.- I. ’3‘, L) I"- ..." J-Fx-‘¢¢‘.~‘J “CL“ bani“ a v-1“ “7“ L‘;:C
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a. 5‘qu o ,A 9. v» he . .. I c \ M Q ‘ ‘
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‘- ’Vtkfl . up ‘ .q p‘? ' ~-' c ~ ‘ . ~ ~ ’ ' c ., , 1 ~- .- f 1.7, 1 ' -’ .', ,
of tuef gm... ' ind] hut an; m .1 f. ,.:r: :3. .1‘ . c: f a. er (a. 1M;
re:r. 1 fivyr
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information is received from peers and sexual partners,
it would appear that there would be a need for frank,
factual discussion of information about sex in the CBS
family life course. Present research stuéies have not
yet documented whether unmarried mothers have more or
less factual sexual information than adolescents that
do not become pregnant.

(4) As with most studies of this nature, the
possibility exists that the attitudes of the 828 girls
have not actually been reported. The tendency to emulate
the standards and values eXpressed by or attributed to

the CEG staff members must be recognized.

This study of pregnant adolescents in the Detroit
Continuing Education for Girls Frogram was done on a
very small scale. A newly develOped questionnaire was
used in collecting the data. fiuggestions for further
research in this area are discussed in the closing
paragraphs.

(1) A study with a larger sample, including a
wider spread of social class should be useful in the
investigation of the value stretch. A sample including
middle and upper class subjects might provide insight
into value cimilaritiea and differences, and more nearly
place the social eXpectations of the lower class in

perspective.

63

(2) In addition, the lower class itself should
be closely examined. A sample with proportionate upper-
1owcr and lower-lower class composition might retool
layers to tho lower class value syotom.

(3) Aoaotioos and experienceo of the flilt5£d
father: would awgear to be important factors to incor«
porote in future studies dealing witn tne unocrriod

mother's relationship with the allegco father.

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.Tuu

 

 

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in wxa anJ I-ariica iLu2z.“ . ‘13’ "“32., .JW;I;
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. 3““... ..

DO NOT SIGN YOUR NAME

We trait to help you and other firls as much as we can. We need to know
more about your feelings and behavior.

Fflxxlse couplete this questionnaire as carefully and as honestly as you
cxui. Do not sign your name. Your answers will remain conpletely anonymous.
The questionnaire is strictly confidential.

age

Birth date of child

 

PART _I_

 

Iftice the letter of the best answer in the blank beside each question“

_fil- ‘Who told your mother that you were pregnant?
A. You

B. Your father

One of your brothers or sisters

Your child's father
One of your friends
Other (please exPlain)

 

~¢ C)
5 FPP.

told your fa her that you were pregnant?
You

Your rather

One of your brothers or sisters

Your child's father
One of your friends
Other (please exPlain)
Father does not live in your home

 

first person that you told about your pregnancy was:
Your mother

Your father

One of your brothers or sisters

Ybur child's father '
One of your friends
Other (please explain)

5’
0

5.

~atat3<3cn=>ta farscst3C3033>

 

h. When you were 4-months-pregnant, how many of your friends knew of
your pregnancy?
A. ane
B. One or two close friends
0. Most of my close friends
D. JUst about everyone I know

 

-... ..

 

 

 

7}

”9--

quacjciugaaa>
O

UOF>H

low
A
G

How

B
D
E
F
B

A
C
D

-
O

B

How

Page 2

what age did you first begin~dating or "going with" boys?

11 or under
12
15
14
15
16 or older

n general, what age were most of the boys you dated?

younger than you

about the same age as you

leh years older than you

5 years (or more) older than you

old were you the first time you had sex relations?
11 or under

12

13

14

15

16 or older

old was the person with whom you first had sex relations?
younger than you were

about the same age as you

1-2 years older than you

5-5 years older than you

6 years (or more) older than you

many times did you have sex relations with your first sex partner?

(write the number of times in the blank to the left.)

where did you have sex relations the first time?

A
B
C
D
E.

Why

in a car
in a motel, hotel, or tourist home
in your own home

in the home of the male

other (please explain)

 

did you have sex relations the first time? QFully eXplain your

answer in the Space below. You may use the back of this page if

you

need more Space.)

Page 5

2. Did the male with whom you first had sex relations use a contraceptive?
Yes

A.
B.
C.

No

You don't know

. Did YOU use a contraceptive he first time you had sex relations?

A.
B.

_}§9.

Yes

No

If yes, what kind of contraceptive?

eJFJEJCDu13>

An inserted one (such as a jelly, cream or suppository)
a douche

"the pill"

a diaphragm

the rhythm method
other (please eXplain)

 

4. About how long after first having sex relations did you have sex
relations the second time?

1-2 days

5-7 days

a month

6 months

a year

2 years or more

WWUOW>
o

5. With how many persons have you had sex relations? (Write the answer
in the blank to the left.)

6. Have you ever used a contraceptive?

A.
B.

.19a.

...1_9b.

Yes
No

Ff

mmmpOwb

H

Q'QMPOWP

yes, what kind(s) of contraceptive(s) have you used?

an inserted one (such as a jelly, cream or suppository)
a douche

"the pill"

condoms (used by the male)

a diaphragm

the rhythm method
other (please explain)

 

f yes, which type of contraceptive have you used most often?

an inserted one (such as a jelly, cream or suppository)
a douche

"the pill"

condoms (used by the male)

a diaphragm

the rhythm method
other (please explain)

 

9c. If yes, why did you use this type of contraceptive? (Explain your

answer

in the space below.)

IV

Page 4‘

low many times have you had sex relations in your life? (Write the
answer in the blank to the left.)

How many times has a vale tried to have sex relations but you wouldn't
let him?

A. Never

B. Once

C. 2—5 times

D. 6 or more times

How many times have you had sex relations when you didn't want to,
but the male made you do it?

A. Never

B. Once

C. 2—5 times

D. 6'or more times

Did your child's father ever use a contraceptive when you were
having sex relations?

A. Yes

B. No

C. You don't know.

Did either you or your child'h father use a contraceptive the time
you became pregnant?

A. Yes

B. No

If yes, what kind of contraceptive was used? (Write the answer in
the Space below.)

About how long did you date or "go with" the father of your baby
before you became pregnant?

A. one time
B. 1—2 weeks
C. 5—4 weeks
D. 1-6 months
E. 6-12 months
F. over 1 year

In general, how often did you see or date the father of your baby
after you began dating?

A. one time

B. 1-2 times a month

C. 1—2 times a week

D. about every day.

Which best describes your relationship with the father of your baby?
. the closest relationship I have ever had with anyone.

. very close-—we are in love.

close-—we are good friends.

unfriendly--we don't like each other.

we do not know each other very well.

anther- {n1 99. e9. emlnin)

u1FJtJCDUI>’
O

Page 5

About how many times did you have sex relations with the father of
your baby before becoming pregnant?

A. once

B. 2—5 times

G. 6-10 times

D. over 10 times

When you became pregnant, did you want the child's father to
marry you?

A. Yes

B. No

_29a. If yes, why?

_29bo If 13,, \‘Ihy‘?

)c.

When you became pregnant, did the child's father want you to marry

you?
A. Yes
B. No

Whose idea was it to have sex relations the time you became pregnant?
A. Yours
B. His

Where did you have sex relations the time you got pregnant?
. In a car

. In a motel, hotel, or tourist home.

. In your home.

. In the hone of your child's father.

. Other (please explain)

mUOwtb

 

Were either you or the father of your baby drunk or "high" the time
you became pregnant?

A. Yes

Bo No

Did either you or the father of your baby use any drugs the time
you became pregnant?

A. Yes

B. No

Are you now continuing to have sex relations with the father of your
baby?

A. Yes

B. No

Are you now having sex relations with men other than the father
of your baby?

A. Yes

B. No

Page 6

__}7. Are you now using a contraceptive?
A. Yes
Bo Fa

H

57a.

f yes, which type(s) of contraceptive(s) are you now using?
. an inserted one (such as a jelly, cream, or suppository)
a douche

"the pill"

. a diaphragm

. the rhythm method

. other (please explain)
57b. Why are you now using this (these)7contraceptive(s)? (Explain below.)

"-‘JL'IJUOCIJ3>

 

570. If you are not using a contraceptive, why?

58., Most of what you know about contraceptives has been learned from:
. Your mother

Your father

Your sisters and brothers

Your close friends

Your teachers in classes at school

. The males with which you have had sex relations

. Other (please eXplain)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

 

59. In your opinion, the sex experiences of :ost of the girls in the
regular school which you came from was:
A. Less than yours.
B. About the sare as yours.
C. A little bit more than yours.
D. Quite a bit nore than yours.

#0.. Of your girl friends that are not in CBS and are not married or
pregnant, how many do you think have had sex relations?
A. None of them.
B. A few of them.
0. About half of them.
D. All or nearly all of them.

#1. Of your girl friends that are not in CEG and are not married or pregnant,
how many do you think use a contraceptive?
A. None of them.
B. A few of them.
C. About half of them.
D. All or nearly all of them.

‘42. Do you have any sisters older than you?
I A. Yes
B. No
___;h2a. If yes, how m;ny? (Write number in blank to the left.)

42b. If yes. how many of them became pregnant before they got married?

Page 7]

Do you have younger sisters th.t are 12 years old or older?
A. Yes

B . No
45a. If yes, are these younger sisters havinf sex relations?
A. Yes
B. No

C. I don't know.

45b. If yes, do you think your younger sisters have used contraceptives?

A. Yes
B. No
C. I don't know.

_h5c. If yes, have you ever talked to your younger sister about having

4“
O

'70

sex relations?
A. Yes
B. No

45d. If yes, whit effect do you think your pregnancy will have on your

youngers sister's sex behavior before she gets married?

A. She will probably try to be more careful so she won't get pregnant.

B. She will probably want to get pregnant and have a baby.

C. Your pregnancy will have little effect because she doesn't
pay much attention to you.

Which of the following do you think most stronfly affects your sexual
behavior?

A. The wants and desires of your boy friend.

B. The attitudes and behavior of your friends.

C. Your own personal values and standards.

D. Other (please explain)

 

When do you think sex education should begin?

. As soon as the child asks questions about sex.
. In the first grade.

. In junior high school.

. After graduation from senior high school.

c1C>uI>'

Who do you think should be responsible for sex education?
A. Parents.

B. The school.

C. The church.

D.. Other (please explain)

 

Most of what you know about sex has been learned from:
A. Your parents.

B. Your brothcrs and sisters.

C. Your close friends.

D. Your teachers in classes at school.

E Your sex partners.

F. Other (please explain)

 

 

..-..I ll] n l I“! K

[luv

vvvvv

Page 8

Why did you have sex relations the first time?

A. ‘You were curious and wanted to know whit it was like.

B. liany of your friends had tried it, and you wanted to be like them.
C. ‘The pale forced you to have sex relations, but you didn't want to.
D.

It was a good way to get even with your mother for the way she
treated you.

 

 

IE. You liked the tale very much and wanted to be close and haie
sex relati ns with him.
F. Other (please explain)
_l_f-_f_ you _d_o not use contraceptives, why not?
A. ‘You don't think it is rirht to use contraceptives.
B. 'You cannot get your parents"peraission to get contraceptives.
C. You are afraid to ask your parents"permissien to get contraceptives.
D. You do not know where to get them.
E. You don‘t need them.
F. 'You do not enjoy sex relations when you use a contraceptive.
G. The male does not enjoy sex relations when you use contraceptives.
H. YOu forget to use them until it‘s too late.
I. Other (please explain)

 

 

II

[is section we are interested in your feelings about certain events. Try
to remember exactly what happened and how you felt at each of the following
3. Write the answer in the blank spaces after each question.

When you first learned you were pregnant:

How did you act?

What did you think?

What did you do?

When your mother first found out that you were pregnant:

How did she act?

What did she say?

What did she do?

When your father found out that you were pregnant

How did he act?

What did he say?

YMat did he do?

Page 9

'flheni your child's father found out that you were pregnant:
How did he act?
Eflkrt did he say?

Yflrrt did he do?

hflurt are some suggestions that you would have for helping teenage girls
to not become pregnant?

E III

flue following questions please tell what you think and not what anybody
simight say or think. The important thing to reeerber is that there are
right or wrong answers to these questions. What we want to know is your
personal opinion.

es the letter of the best answer in the blank beside each question.

55. Is it all right for a man and woman to live together in order to
get to know each other's ways before they decide to marry?
A. Yes
B. No

56. Is it better for a man and woman who are very poor to get married,
. or is it better for them to live together as husband and wife
without getting married?
A. Get married.
B. Live together without getting married.
36a. Why would you say that? (Write your answer in the space below.)

57. Do you think that living together as husband and wife but not being
married is better than marriage, (2) that marriage is better than
living together, or (5) that they both come out about the same?

A. Living together is better.

B. marriage is better.

0. They both come out about the same.

LU

Page 10

A man and woman are thinking of getting married: (1) one person
says they should marry right away without having sexual intercourse
before getting married; (2) another says they should live together
and have sexual intereturse before mirrilge in order to get to know
each other's ways. Which do you think is better?

A. They should harry before having sex relationsc

B. They should live togeth r before Ilrriage.

Some people are talking about marriage and living together. Which

do you agree with?

A. One person says that only living together is good and that
marriage is vrong;

B. Another says that only rarriage is good and that living together
is wrong;

C. Another says that narriage is better but that living together is
also good;

Do Another says that living together is better but that marriage is
also good.

Is it all right for a nan and woma to have a child before they
decide to get married?

A. Yes.

B. No.

Is it better for a man and woman to have a child inside marriage,
or is it better for them to have a child outside rarriage?

A. It is better to have child inside marriage.

B. It is better to have child outside marriage.

{3

{'3

Why would you say that? (Write answer in space below.)

Some people say (A) it“s better to have a child inside rarriage;
Some people say (B) it's better to have a child outside marriage;
some people say (C) it makes no difference.

Which do you think?

A. It's better to have a child inside marriage.

B. It‘s better to have a child outside rarriage.

C. It.makes no difference.

Soee people say it‘s wrong to have a child outside of narriage;
some people say it's not wrong. Which do you think?

A. It's wrong.

B. It’s not wrong.

‘A man and woman love each other and want to have children. Which

zipproach do you think is best?

‘A. They should first get married and then have children.

B. They should first have a child and then get married, so they
can be sure that they can have children together.

Page 11

_§5. Some people are talking about children inside marriage and children

outside marriage. Which do you agree with most closely?

A. One person says th;t having a child outside marriage is good
and that havinf a child inside rarriafe is wrong.

B. Another says that having a child inside narriafe is good and that
having a child outside marriage is wrong.

C. Another says th t having a child inside marriage is better but
that having a child outside earriage is also good.

D. Another says th't having a child outside marriage is better but
that having a child inside Harriage is also good. ' ”

T IV
want to know your feelings about the situations in this section. In_your

nion how close are they to being "right" or "wrong"? we went to know what
think, and not what sorebody else might think.

 

1 each of the situations and then decide which number (1 through 7) most
irly describes your feeling about the Latter. Use this scale:

 

1 - Very strongly right
2 - Right
5 - A little bit right
4 — Neither right nor wrong
5 — A little bit wrong
6 - Wrong
7 — Very strongly wrong
36. Kissing a person on your first date.
Y7. Having sex relations vhen you are single if you are in love.
fi3. Getting married and living together as husband and wife.
:9., IBecoming pregnant after you are married.
50. fhming sex relations with a person on your first date.
1. IHaving sex relations with the person you plan to marry.
. Having sex relations with a person after you have had several dates
5., Kissing the person you plan to marry.
h. Ebihg in love with a person.
55. Having sex relations when you are in love with a person.

6. Having sex relations with a person with whom you are going steady.

'7}; Getting married before you finish high SChOOl-

85.
81+.
85.
86.
87.
88.

Page 14
Getting married and living with your parents.
Raising a child without a father.
Using a contraceptive to avoid getting pregnant when you are single.
Using a contraceptive to avoid getting fregnant when you are married.
Ihving a baby when you are single if you love it and take care of it.
Getting married at 17.
Getting a diVOrce.
Living together as husband and wife without getting married.
lbrrying a person because he has plenty of money.
Getting married just to give your child a father.

Marrying a person because you love him.

in 4

T?“ u... *‘j'i E‘ i

 

 

Nelson. Patricia Tanner

Sexual Behavior and Attitudes 0!
Pregnant Negro Adolescents In the
Continuting Education for Girls
Program

 

 

MICHIGAN STATE

‘ III

TY Ll IRB RARIES

II I IIIII IIIIIII IIIIIIIII III!

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