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does not seem to contain any systematic york on the s;u y
of the various lectors effecting the electrolytic co-
rrosion of nickel enodes. Hogsboon's work was conf’ned
lcrfcly to the study of Vurious kinds of electrodes,
especially as regards their crystal structure and otter
factors effected by the Lethod of formation.

it is the purpose of thi intest'“etion to
study the effects of the various factors, such as urrszt

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sodium chloride; sodium ci

nickel chloride.

ccn tl‘ut ions em;

used in this v*rk.

The experimental

boric acid,

five different curre

tcmerature and con nitration.

sodium fluoride;

1. 0 ""1 ,‘4‘ ; _. fi" ‘1“:
tiete, Lngpecnlnn sulfate and

Two different temperatures, txro con-

gt densities were

procc.ure

as follows: -Le «noie yes pluccd get our tto cutrodes in
the nickel solution. ;;e current :1sscd ‘ss rrssurcd

with en snnetcr and a tincyicce. Tron this, tLL thorgt—
icul loss in vei“ht of Le erode mus celculetcd. _.is res

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fluorine in the solution if too LUCh iluorine is not used.

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not 2:2 tly follow the resista: 2 rule, but th2t it 52212 40

it mas neocssary to obt2in 2 method by thich the nlute could

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be stuCi“C. 222 only satistCtory no th 1 r Ilia toFCKove
the CDLOSit Ol hicgel 23 2 ancet iron 122 pl2te ugon :Lich it

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was i rmcd. OL;ld€;r&ulO Ciiiiculty nus oncouxtor2’

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metal which to then 2120 trout: .o ited with nickel. “23 coigcr
W23 lien Cissolved. Shege metioCs ware not Ceiir2bl3 b2‘2use
of the ime 2122Cnt, 22C the f2ct tL2t the :olt22ts sli"itl”
21;t2cfl;eél t1_e 11icfl:e].. ll Lx,tl12C (31‘ tin 2iJiLx; nix; :xui'
pl2ting with sclmious 2c‘C W25: :10 t 132;". It is tell 1:242:31
tiat nick2l will not 2Chcro tell to 22 oil C :urf2co, or to

a prctious Cofosit oi UltCt“OlLLiC Lichcl.

Que to tLo 2.2V f2cts ii U23 ‘wcii
use 22 oilFC p2;2l to 2232€i* tho $12201 ort
22211 HouLt of 2ouium 0122te nus CiSLOlVDC i
22. finel V28 Lnen “ubbcC 012r 21th 2 clcesc
dampened Lith Lhis soluti'2 and tlon 2lloxeC
1L2 Chgosits ptelcd L211 CLou 2 but 1222 £11
Lin “0122, so Lhut this 22tLoC W28 uiscurdod.

There was 2*uilable in the 22b rate
panels of ghee steel, ,ight iLCL“S b" tw;lvc

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nickel plated 22

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more iirst 02-?LCW :or 2 :22
2lcctrolytic clfiuiyvv, 1hen Cl
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tlirty L232ios ;o? one hour.

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taLin; 2 li ht h2222r uLC_t2:
it ‘."I:_;S i‘ruuc; ‘3}.21'3 the Colosit
{taxi JLC‘ETCViOUS :jxfxll 2« o
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202:1Ccrable cere must he t2;

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eas1er than the electrolytic ricnel. seioro ChlS VuS
W". . a ‘1 hp” n - V, v... 1! “Jr"‘l” - L .. 3,; ,~~, l 14 f» .. a, - 1
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spcrxt 11+ ILHJJVJJkJ tlae CCQUgLI‘ iron; the thtki o; arrrlilk, it
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intermittently and leuVilg the 0&BLOQCS in pl ce. Jopper

would deposit the nickel cathodes by electrometive series

displacement. lhen another layer of nickel was deposited

C)

over the copper by electrolysis and the process re «ated.

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The anodes were removed at nixht and the bars mere hung
full of nickel foil vhich had been Jade by peeling plate
from the panels used in the experiment. The second ni ht
no cepper was deposited onto the foils.

because copper screen was not found sathsfactory

it was decided that steel screen should be used. Only

I

Mr

steel screen protected with Line was available. ife zinc

was rexwved by hydrochloric acid which at the same tim
cleaned the steel tires. Che screen was then rinsed in

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cold water and hung on the catLode bar where it was plated

1.
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an; was used for the remainder of the experiment. an;
that found its way into solution would be of little hlrm
because it would mostly h;erol;ze and setth; to th, bottom
of the tank in the mud.

The conditions most libel? to cffioct the cd raet r
1e deposit Vt“o believed to he the electrode diet Leo,
the anodes, and moving and still catdwles.
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These values cannot be directly compared by obser-
vation with ease. But when plotted the curves can
easily be compared as to slape, which means metal
distribution and thus current distribution.

There are two methods of plotting available. The
thickness of the deposit as measured with the micrometers
can be plotted against the sections, or the weights of
the sections can be plotted against the sections. The
thicknesses show better the variations close to the
edges, but are less exact than the weights, because of
the difficulty of making measurements at the edge due

to small irregularities in the surface at the edge.

31.

TABLE X

Seven Inch Electrode Distance

Rolled anodes - eight inch direction of panel
Slope of line between 1 - 2 a 5.5
Slope of line between 7 - 8 z 5.85
Average slope _ = 5.67
twelve inch direction of panel
Slope of line between 1 ~ 2 a 4.85
Slope of line between 11-12 = 4.7
Average slope s 4.77
Screen anodes - eight inch direction of panel
SlOpe of line between 1 - 2 s 4.05
Slope of line between 7 - 8 = 3.9
Average slope a 5.97
twelve inch direction of panel
Slepe of line between 1 - 2 a 3.25
Slope of line between 11-12 g 5.95

Average slope = 5.6

 

‘Birection Screen Anodes Rolled Anodes Diff.
8 inch sIOpe ofrgraph = 5.97 Slepe of:graph a 5167 1.7

12 inCh II I! t! '3 306 II I! I! i 4077 1017
These figures show that there is a slightly less
tendency for the deposit to go to the edge of the panel

when screen anodes are used.

 

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52.

Table II

Four Inch Electrode Direction
Rolled anodes - eight inch direction
Slope in line from 1 - 2 z 6.1
Slope in line from 7 - 8 = 5.05

Average slope 5.57

twelve inch direction
Slope in line from 11-12 g 4.85
Screen anodes - eight inch direction
Slope in line from 1 - 2 s 4.8
Slope in line from 7 - 8 = 4.55
Average slope = 4.67
twelve inch direction

Slope in line from 11-12 = 4.25

 

Direction Screen Anode Rolled Anode Diff.

 

8flinch slope of graph a 4.67 slope of graph 2 5.57 .90
12 N n n N I 4.25 I! N N s: 4.85 060

 

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53.

TABLE XII

One Inch Electrode Distance
Rolled anodes - eight inch direction
Slope of graph from 1 - 2 a 3.05
Slope of graph from 7 - 8 s 2.7
Average slope = 2.87
twelve inch direction
Slepe of graph from 11-12 . 3.7
Screen anodes - eight inch direction
Slope of graph from 1 - 2 = 4.0
SIOpe of graph from 7 - 8 s 4.0
Average slope s 4.0
twelve inch direction

SlOpe of graph from 11-12 = 4.5

 

Direction Screen Anodes Rolled Anodes Diff.

 

8 inch slope of graph = 4 slope of graph g 2.87 -1.13
12 I! I! I! I! =3 4.5 I! I! I! = 307 " 08

 

These indicate that the screen anodes increase the

effect of the deposit at the edge.

 

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34.

 

Electrode
Direction Distance Screen Anodes Rolled Anodes Diff.

 

8 inch 7 inches slope 3.97 slope 5.67 1.7

12 " 7 " " 5.6 " 4.77 1.17
e " 4 " " 4.67 " 5.57 .9

12 " 4 " " 4.25 " 4.85 .6
e " 1 inch " 4 " 2.87 -1.13
12 " 1 " " 4.5 " 3.7 - .e

 

It is obvious that the rolled anodes give steeper
lepes than the screen anodes do in the first two cases.
This would indicate that screen anodes decreaed the
tendency for the deposit to become heavy on the edges.
However, when the electrodes are brought closer together
this effect is reversed. .

Rather different results are found when the thickness
of the deposit as measured by the micrometer is examined.
This shows that instead of going to the very edge of the
panel the deposit is thickened further back from the
edge; thus giving a more symetrical curve. With rolled
anodes the edge is thick but drOps rapidly to or nearly
to the thickness of the center of the deposit. With
screen anodes the edge is not so thick, but it does not

drop so rapidly as shown in the following table.

35.

TABLE XIV

 

“I" electrode distance 1" electrode‘distance

 

 

Sec- Rolled Anodes Screen Anodes
tion Weight Thickness weight ThiCkness
h1 .204 .004-.0012 .212 .004-.001
ha .145 .0012 .152 .001

113 .141 .0012 .125 .001'

h4 .157 .001* .118 .0008

55 .141 .0012 .118 .0008

he .145 .0012 .122 .001-

h7 .151 .0015 .155 .001

ha .205 .0015-.004 .215 .001-.004
v3 .140 .0012 .125 .001-

V4 .158 .0011 .120 .001‘

v5 .159 .0012 .116 .0008

V8’ .157 .001+ .118 .0008

v7 .158 .0011 .118 .0008

v8 .157 .001+ .118 .0008

v9 .140 .0012 .120 .001-

vlo .158 .0011 .150 .001

v11 .146 .0015 .140 .001*

v .220 .0015-.004 .221 .0012-.004

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36.

These curves show that in the case of screen anodes
the effect of increasing thickness at the edge is
noticeable for a distance of from three to four inches
from the edge while in the case of the rolled anodes the
effect of the edge is shown only about half as far from
the edge. This makes the edge much more noticeable on
the panels plotted with rolled anodes.

These phenomena are more noticeable when the

electrode distance is closed in.

Conclusions

1. The shape of the anode materially effects the
distribution of metallic nickel on a sheet metal cathode.

2. The distance between the anodes and the cathode
effect the distribution of metallic nickel on a sheet
metal cathode.

3. With high purity hot rolled nickel anodes the
tendency to thicken the deposit at the edge is lessened
as the anodes are brought closer toward the cathode.

4. With electrolytic nickel screen anodes the
tendency to have a thickened edge is lower than with
rolled anodes. .

5. At small distances between electrodes, screen
anodes broaden out the thickened band near the edges to
at least twice as wide as with rolled anodes. This makes
the edges appear not to be as much thicker than the
center as they actually are. That is, the edge effect

covers more of the panel.

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40.

TABLE XVIII

Rolled anodes moving - eight inch direction
Slope from 1 - 2 = 5.25

Slope from 7 - 8 5.6

ll

Average slope 5.42
twelve inch direction
Slope from 11-12 = 5.55
Rolled anodes still - eight inch direction
Slope from 1 - 2 = 2.95 '
Slope from 7 - 8 = 4.
Average slope = 5.47

twelve inch direction

Slope from 11-12 = 4.7

 

Direction ' Moving Still Diff.

 

8 inch slepe of graph 8 5.42 slope of gfaph = 3.47 1.95
12 " " " " = 5.35 " " " = 4.7 .65

This indicates that the tendency to deposit et the

edge is aided by moving the cathode.

41.

TABLE XIX

Screen anodes moving - eight inch direction
Slepe of line from 1 - 2 = 5.2
Slope of line from 7 - 8 = 4.25
Average slope ' ‘= 4.72
twelve inch direction
Slope of line from ll-l2 = 5.5
Screen anodes still - eight inch direction
Slope of line from 1 - 2 = 4.8
Slope of line from 7 - 8 = 4.05
Average slope = 4.42
twelve inch direction

SlOpe of line from llr12 = 4.4

 

Direction Moving Still Diff.

 

8 inch slope of graph 2 4.72 slope of graph = 4.42 .5
12 " " " " = 5.5 “ " " = 4.4 .9

TABLE XX

Combination of Tables of SlOpes

 

Moving Moving Still Still
Direction Screen anodes Rolled Anodes LScreen Rolled

8 inch 4.72 5.42 4.42 5.47
12 " 5.3 5.55 4.4 4.7

 

42.

In the light of these results, one must conclude
that moving the cathode tends to cause heavy deposit on
the edge. It was also noted that a higher voltage was
necessary to force thirty amperes through the solution
when the cathode was moving than when it was still.
These combined facts indicate that by moving the cathode
and thus agitating the solution, the polarization is
disturbed. This disturbing of the polarization causes
the current to come closer to the theoretical distribu-
tion. That is, the current coming from places on the
anode where the cathode is not directly at right angles
to it will cause metal to be deposited on the edge. Jhen
the cathode is still the polarization is greatest where
the current density tends to be greatest and thus causes

a more even distribution of current.

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