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V054 ant O... “t -4- - an '1“ bu.lu :4 1 ,’I _ ’1 ~ f3”“".'r .A wk “.1 TOJOI' -- ‘ L‘..“"'l ; duvu -‘ +13; ‘F‘. ~ .HJV kg}; *1 -b f‘, “KL ' “Cl 1 -w- 5- t; .0 A Per Day A. ounting of the Shamb "3- t rice "1 131' Flu ‘4 “L J K .‘J ~-‘ .L.L.L }4 O I: —. L1. Distribution Sonpurison Cf AdVgrtures of \4 “'1" ,-... 1. pluilOQrupAJ M ‘ .. .4 of Chamber rluht Cobt N C Fix-{ed Coat of Climate]? and TO‘IJBI‘ Plgnts '“°°'° the Tow-r Plant Over the Chgxber Tant ....... H (O ()1 PART OISE A. IIITRC-DITCTION. Sulphuric acid is one of the well known heavy chemicals which is pro- duced in heavy chemical industrial plants. It is by far the most widely used compound in various sorts of chenical industries. Its use in the chemical field is comparatively the same as steel is in the automotive industries. The daily output capacity of sulphuric measures up to steel based on hundreds of tons per day. In the past few years a great deal of study and effort have been spent toward bettering the Operative conditions of sulphuric acid plants, notably, the reduction of chamber space. European countries have made more progress in this direction than the United States, consequently, more of such newer plants are found in Europe for‘the daily production of sulphuric acid. England is the ranking country in latest designs and more especially her filills-Packard Process." It is desirous to make sulphuric acid by a tower method, yet employ- ing the chamber process reactions. Also, not only to reduce chwnber capacity in converting sulphur to sulphuric acid, but to eliminate them completely. To accomplish this point in mind it would reduce the cost of construction enormously since the lead chambers are expensive and bulky to build. Not only that, but ground space would be cut down con- siderably which is of vital importance. A more rapid cycle would save time in comparison with the chamber process when the sulphur enters the plant and leaves as sulphuric acid. Thus, a study of sulphuric acid by the tower method was thought to answer the point in mind. B. HISTORY OF KAKIKG SULPHURIC ACID. small quantities of free dilute sulphuric acid were found in some lakes and streams, notably, Rio Vinagre River in South Aperica, and Lakelfiount Indian in Java. It has bee; said that sulphuric acid was either formed by spontaneous oxidation of natural sulphides, or by the action of water con- taining cholrides on certain silicates and sulphates together under the in- fluence of internal terrestrial heat. If the drainage water from copper mines should run over pyrites beds in the presence of moist air a sufficient amount of acid will be produced which would have a highly corrosive action on equipment and machinery. Sulphuric acid has been known for centuries as an artificial chemical compound obtained by distillation of sulphates, especially alum and ferrous sulphate. In this way a strong and powerful corrosive acid distillate was produced. Some have shown when saltpeter and brimestone were burned conjointly in small amounts in moist air, or in vessels containing water to absorb the produced fumes, sulphur trioxide, an acid liquid was formed which upon evap- oration of water left the concentrated sulphuric acid. Few understood the identity of sulphuric acid and its importance. Not until about 1740 when Hard set up at Richmond, England a small plant for the production of milpnuric acid. He called it "per campanon" made by the bell, the so called shape of the glass vessel. In this vessel eight parts of sulphur and one part of saltpeter were burned together. The lower part containing water was kept warm by the use of a heated sand bath. Charges were fired inside of the bell at regular intervals so that the fumes pro- duced by one charge could be condensed before another one was made, ulti- mately, the watery acid obtained became strong enough for ordinary uses. After evaporation in glass retorts, the process grew commercially to a full extent, and compa,atively profitable in cost production with that of distilling sulphates. Thus, the manufacture of non-fuming sulphuric acid from Silphur developed into one of the largest chemical industries at that time. After certain developments of the coal tar color industries, they had created a considerable demand for fuming acid nhich obseleted Lord's process. 1. Production of Fuming Sulphuric Acid. A large number of various processes in the manufacture of fuming sul- phuric acid had been pate;ted from time to time did consequently put into actual operation for commercial purposes. fihese maybe convenientlv group~ ed into three divisions. (1) Those demanding upon the action of heat on one metallic sulchate whereby decomposition took place to evolve sulphur - U) trioxide. .Further decomposition of sulphur trioxide resulted into sulphur dioxide and oxygen which was not desirable, so temperatures had to be under Careful control. (2) Those in which the essential action was the surface action offerred by solid materials in bringing the two gases, sulphur di- oxide, and oxygen, in contact to form sulphur trioxide. (3) And those ecretly and reserved. The U] based on other reactions which have been held first two principles can be combined inassmch as the sulphur dioxide and oxygen could be united again after original decomposition in the distilla- tion of metallic sulphates. Such a plan of combination was processed and pat- 4. ented by Neal in 1876. a. Distillation Kethod oflgetallic Sulphates. The substance largely employs at any rate was milphate of iron, formerly in form of "copperas" or "green vitroil‘ (Ferrus Sulphate). It was carefully dried to deprive most of its water of crystalliza- tion and partially peroxidize it during the process. Secondly, the ferric sulphate as a crude mass was prepared by long continued weath- ering of certain salty minerals containing iron sulphide disseminated throughout. Lixivation of the mess dissolved out the mixed ferrous, ferric, and aluminic sulpLates which were later evaporated to remove the water. Finally the evaporated sulphates were gently roasted to dehydrate the mass and ocmpletely peroxide the iron present. 0n heating such materials, a series of clay retorts were mount- ed together in a large gallory furnace. Sulphur trioxide was ex- pelled at sufficiently high temperatures. It was condensed in suita- ble receivers previously charged with small amounts of water or weaker solutions of sulphuric acid from a primary run. In the same manner several batches were worked off into the same set of receivers. The remaining residue of impure ferric oxide, more or less brightly tinted, settled in the retort was so far from being valueless that it consti- tuted quite an important by-product for the use of various shades of pigment. Heretofore few people had only seen a few pounds of acid made. The described process produced 98 per cent sulphuric acid and two per cent of water per ton of commercial acid. Other numerous methods turned out few tons of fuming sulphuric acid per day. One of these processes was patented by H. Schubert who worked with diminished pressures thus effecting the distillation method whereby the sulphates were decomposed at lower temperatures. He also passed the evolved vapors through heated platinized asbestos to cause the reunion of sulphur dioxide and ox‘gen formed by break- ing up the evolved sulphur trioxide under the influence of heat. Sanstadt in 1875 battered Schubert's method in substituting magnes- ium sulphate in place of ferric sulphate, because it gave off sulphur trioxide at lower temperatures. Scheurer-Kestner found that by heating a mixture of two parts of calcium sulphate and one part of ferric oxide to a bright red heat, a great deal of sulphuric anhydride was evolved and compara- tively very little was lost as sulphur dioxide and oxygen. It was said other sulphates of diabasic retals could have been substituted for calcium sulphate. S. Pitt had patented a process whereby sulphuric anhydride was obtained from acid residues of petroleum refining. This consisted of converting the residue into ferric sulphate by addition of red ocher and heating in air to 300° - 350° centrigrade. In this manner one-third of sulphur went to sulphuric acid while the remainder went to ferric sulphate. J. D. Stark completed the same method in which the residue, ferric milphate, was fed into a retort by means of an endless screw. Heat was applied to drive off sulphur trioxide and all the sulphur dioxide formed was again reunited in passing it through platinized asbestos tubes. The residual ferric oxide was utilized over again with the acid residue of petroleum refineries. In all, this process was a continuous one. b. Surface Action Process. It has long been known, as a laboratory experiment, when a mix- ture of sulphur dioxide and oxygen was passed through a tube contain- ing heated asbestos, that immediately sulphur trioxide was formed. For many years such a plan had been used in vitroil—making. Phillips patented a similar process in 1831. he burned brimstone in excess of air so that the gaseous mixture of sulphur dioxide and excess air could be passed and brought in contact with platinized asbestos. But, such a method involving expensive platinum could not compete commercially with the nitre process. From this conclusion the nitre process became a popular one. Subsequently, the same reasons were applied to other cases where attemps were made in producing vitroil by catalytic agents due to high costs. Yet, in 1875 winkler pointed out similar reactions could compare with the distillation methods. In the same year Squire and Kessel patented a process in Britain based upon a principle where platinized pumice stone acted as a catalytic agent as well as affording mxrface action. Their idea met difficulty in applying the plan industrially, due to a rapid corrosive action turning out upon the plant where sulphuric acid was decomposed by heat. Numerous improvements from time to time have been made. Uinkler patented the use of a variety of catalytic agents of high activity, such substances as asbestos, slag wool, infusorial earth, and even organic bodies like cellulose, cotton-wood impregnated with plati- num black by soaking in platinum chloride solution and reducing uith sodium formats. Surface acting haterials of this kind were suffi- ciently active to enable sulphuric acid to be easily made from burn- er gases containing as little as four per cent of sulphur dioxide. Rath in 1882 took out a patent for the use of ordinary burner- gases (Sulphur or Pyrites burnt in air). By passing these gases through purifiers, the dust and aqueous vapors were retained behind. Finally the clean and dried gases were forced through vertical iron tubes containing surface acting materials between a temperature of a low and full red heat. c. hiscellaneous Processes. Reactions other than the ones described have been capable of giv- ing rise to fuming acid, and have accordingly been patented. These have not been use to any full extent. Among those was Gruber's nitro- syl sulphuric acid method. This plan depended upon the formation of nitrosyl sulphuric acid (Chamber Crystals) which were prepared by the well known reaction of ordinary burner gases and oxides of nitrOgen in the presence of steam. The action of these in another vessel with hot sulphur dioxide mixed with air or oxygen eliminated the oxides of nitrogen. Shown as follows: 1. 2502(0}1)(1‘£02) + 302 + Air - 2170 + H2804 + 2:503 2. Kanufacture of Non-Fumingxkcid. Since nard's time, changes in the nature of sulphuric acid plants were in the increase of dimensions rather than involving material varia- 8. tion in most general processes. About 1745 Roebuck substituted lead vessels or chambers in place of the glass bells. Later steam was used and generated in a separate boiler. A regulated continuous air supply was maintained instead of intermittent amounts which had been control- led by valves. A separate sulphur burner was also introduced as a source of sulphur dioxide rather than from pyrites or other metallic sulphides. The addition of the Gay-Lussac and Glover towers was pro- 1 posed and used. These towers introduced an economical move whereby nitrous funes were recovered instead of passing away with the spent air. The heat given off from the sulphur burners was employed for the purpose of concentrating dilute acids obtained from the chambers, also for vaporizing water and a saving in additional fuel to generate steam for the chambers. hinor variations and adjustments in the mode of supplying nitrous fumes had been made. The routine of processes were carried out scientifically under more precision and skilled sup- ervision. Thus larger yields came into reality and a saving in cost of production resulted in larger profits. a. The Lead Chamber Process. The essential characteristic of the chamber process is the action of the oxides of nitrogen in the presence of air, namely, for convey- ing oxygen to the sulphur dioxide. The spent oxides of nitrogen are recovered in the Gay-Lussac tower (to be fully explained later) to be used over and over again to react with.more sulphur dioxide until oxidation is practically completed. Either suplhur or pyrites can be burned for source of sulphur 9. dioxide. When using brimstone, about 95 per cent of it is sulphur along with about five per cent of ash which contains sand, calcium sulphate, pyrites, and a little bituminous matter along with silica, arsenic, zinc, lead, antimony, selenium, mercury, thallium and other elements. The start of the operation begins with the burning of either brimstone or pyrites in their suitable burners. At any rate, sul- phur dioxide is generated and represented by the following equations: 1. From Brimstone. l S 1- 02—4» 302 + heat '2. From Pyrites. 4 Fe82 + 11 02 -—~ 8 802 + 2 Fegos 4 heat The sulphur dioxide leaves its respective burner and passes through a flue attached to the burner and the other end is connected to the bot- tom of the Glover tower. Nitre pots filled with saltpeter and little sulphuric acid lie inside on the bottom of the flue line. ‘The e are F {’a heated from.the under side of the flue line by the heat of the sulphur or pyrites burners. Thus the sulphur dioxide passes over these nitre pots and air as well which carry along the nitrogen dioxide generated as shown by the following equations: 3. Nath + H2504 + heat-—*-Nai-ISO4 + HN03 4. NaHSO4 + NaN'3 + heat -——»Na2804 + H303 5. 2 IH‘IOS 4- heat _. 2 NOZ + 1120 + 2; 02 The gases, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and air after passing over the pots and entering the Glover tower through the flue line, enter Wlflt is known as the oxidization zone of the Glover tower. 10. In this zone the suplhur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide by the action of the nitrogen dioxide and the airface action of the packing of the Glover tower as follows: 6. $02 + N02-—*-803 + N0 + heat i Next in line the gases sulphur trioxide, nitric oxide, and air pass up the remaining packed area (to be explained later) and consequently, enter the top of the first lead chamber, there being 3 to 12 cham- bers which lie between the Glover and Gui-nussac towers. In the first lead chamber the gases are showered with steam from above by use of a sprayer affair or an atomizer. In this manner the 530 Be' acid is formed: 30 + heat 7. so3 + H20 —~n 4 2 The same takes place in the succeeding chambers and more sulphuric acid is formed from sulphur trioxide which escaped from being com- pletely showered in the first chamber. These chambers are so arrang- ed and baffled in order that it will take a longer time for sulphur triooxide to pass through the entire lead chambers to insure all of the absorption of sulphur trioxide as sulphuric acid. ‘Phe chambers play another role from he one just detailed. Theoretically, all of sulphur dioxide was supposed to be oxidized in the Glover tower, but actually this does not take place. Thus some of the sulphur dioxide does pass into the chambers, and since there is also more nitrogen dioxide due to rapid oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide with excess air present, more sulphur trioxide is fonned in the chambers and accordingly showered to form sulphuric acid or ll. commonly called "Chamber acid" In conclusion the chambers finish the work the Glover tower fails to complete. This "chamber ncid" is drawn off at the bottom of the chambers as 53 Be' acid. Insofar as the nitrogen dioxide has contributed its function and being the key to the entire set up, it mould leave as waste gas with the spent air which contributed the oxygen in oxidizing ‘ ne Gay- ('9' the nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. For this reason Lussac tower aids in the recovery of the oxides of nitrogen which are costly to lose. The Gay-Lussac tower of earlier days-Jae constructed of sheet- lead metal supported by wooden scaffolding in the same fashion as were the lead chambers. Both square and circular types were built; although, the latter ones had double advantage of offering more cubic space for a given area of sheet-lead, and an equal distribution of absorbing acid in all parts of the tower. Hard-burnt coke was somewhat employed for packing of these towers, and various other materials such as fragments of glass and porcelain. Other substances capable of resisting acid reactions were utilized. Coke seems to fulfill the call when it comes to regular contour of packing and surfacing, only others answered better against acid re- sistance. Coke also had a tendency to reduce the higher oxides of nitrogen to the nitric oxide fonnxxhich was not desirable from he stand point of complete recovery of nitrogen oxides. In doing so the coke soon wore down to a crumbled state which ,acked the bottom tightly, consequently, a blockage of entering gases resulted. Such a case would interfere with the operation of the tower. Yet cole vas satisfactorily employed providing the tower temperatures were kent' low enough to prevent reduction of higher oxides of nitrogen. In the end the use of coke did not over balance the cost of cooling facilities. To remedy this situation perforated stoneware plates were used extensively in columns and they answered well in washing the gases, abosrbing, and surfacing too. Now, as the nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen and spent air enter at the bottom of the packed tower from the bottom of the last chamber, 0 ‘ BOOEe' sulphuric a01 is Sprayed over the entire packing. Since the L ca ases can only pass upward through the uniform packing, the trickling down GOOBe' acid absorbs the nitrogen dioxide while the nitrogen and air escape out at the top of the Gay-Lussac tower. Sixty degree Be' sulphuric acid is used because at this strength the nitrogen dioxide gas is best dissolved or absorbed as nitrosyl sulphuric acid: 8. 2 i302 4- 112304 —- 805ml 4- 113503 This equation representing the manner in which the oxides of nitrogen are recovered is basic from the standpoint of the Gay-Lussac tower operation. To return the nitros;fl.sulphuric acid and nitric acid to the Glover tower it follows the route new to be discussed. First, the acid will be called Gay- ussac acid owing its name to the tower name. The Gay-Lussac acid is drawn off at the batten of the said tower where it gathers after trickling down the pacxing. After being drawn off into r a suitable reservoir, it is pumped from here to a tank which lies on he top of the Glover tower. Owing to the higher temperatures of the gases of the Glover tower, it was far more strongly built than the Gay-Lusaac tower. The Glover towers were also sheet-lead lined as well as the Gay- Lussac towers, but thicker plates were used to a stoutness of 20 to 25 pounds per square foot in the upper part and double this amount in the bottom portion. ‘fhese towers were packed with fire brick in order to withstand heat, and acid reactions as well. Such towers were also circularly constructed for the same reasons supple- menting the Gay-Lussac type. The function of the Glover tower toward the chamber process will now be explained. The Gay-Lussac acid which had been pumped into the tank resting on tOp of the Glover tower drains down through a pipe and finally comes out in a spray over the entire packing. some sort of a sprayer resistive to acid is employed to distribute the Gay- ussac acid. There are three zones in this tower, named in order from the tOp to bottom; the top zone,or oxidation zone,for sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide at the expense of nitrogen dioxide, the middle zone or denitration zone where the oxides of nitrogen of nitrosly sulphuric acid are released, the bottom zone, or concentra- tion area. As the Gay-Lussac acid trickles down through the top zone, it eventually works down into the middle zone or denitration zone. Since the trickling acid is of 6OOBe', it is diluted by the u; coming steam from.the concentration zone. The final dilution becanes 58°Ee’ at which concentration the oxides of nitrogen are released as follows: 14. 9. SOSNH + HN03<——- 2302 + H2804 lO. ZSOSNH + H20 -—o-2E2504 + IO + N03 Both of these reactions will take place. The ninth happens in the manner illustrated since nitrosyl sulphuric is unstable in concen- trations at or below SBOBe'. The tenth will break up if steam hits the molecule of nitrosyl sulphuric acid. Only, it is believed that the first predominates. As soon as the oxides of nitrogen are re- leased they are immediately carried up into the above oxidation zone by the up coming air from the sulphur burners. At the same instant 3 sulphur dioxide is likewise being carried along with the air. Thu- the nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide come in contact in the oxidation zone producing more sulphur trioxide (Equation 30.6) and passing into first chamber on through out the whole cycle. In the same journey the oxides of nitrogen go along with the sulphur trioxide as previously explained. Now, the SBOBe’ acid keeps on trickling through until it reaches the concentration zone, the one situated at the very bottom of the Glover tower. is the hot gases from the sulphur burner come into the Glover tower, they make their first passage through the bottim zone, or the concentration zone. The hot gases drive off the water as steam acid from the 5803e3,by the time it trickles and gathers into a lead pan receiver. From this lead pan the acid is drained into some suitable reservoir and from it pumped into a tank resting upon the top of the Gay—Lussac tower. The acid drained off from the Glover tower is call- ed Glover acid, owing its name to the tower name. 15. Note that in describing and explaining the three zones each one was named after its type of operation. Thus concludes the operation of the chamber process except that a little discussion on construction and comparison of each unit till now be explained. The lead chambers are built of sheet-lead about 5 to 7 pounds per square foot. Some sort of scaffolding is necessary to support the chambers. These chanhers,qenerally eight in all, are named after the material made of. Rich was 20 to 30 feet wide, 16 to 25 feet high, and 250 to 300 feet long with a total capacity of 100,000 to 150,000 cubic feet. About 14 cubic feet of chamber space is required to burn efficient- ly one pound of sulphur per 24 hour day. Ten to 15 pounds o“ pressure is used to force in the steam into the chanbers to insure cons ant spraving. Generally automatic regulators take care of this work. The comparison of towers employed are as follows: The Gay-Lussac tower is from 8 to l0 feet on the inside diameter and 50 to 50 feet high with a capacity of l to 2 per cent of the chamber space. The Glover tower is 8 to 14 feet in diameter and 20 to 30 feet high_with a total capacity of 550 to 600 cubic feet. The Glover tower as pre- viously mentioned is somewhat stronger hiilt. Both are sheet-lead lined and properly scaffolded to support the lining. The picture of the chamber process is with the Glover tamer at one end of the cham- bers and the Gay-Lassac tower at the other end. In such manner that the chambers lie between the two upright standing towers. ”he Glover tower contains three zones where as the Gay—Lussac contains only one. 16. The concentration zone is loosely and coarsely packed with materials larger in cross-section than the packings of the upper zones. The denitration zone is packed a little tighter'with finer packings. The oxidation zone is packed more closely with finest packing in cross-section than either lower zones. 'The Gay-Lassac tower is packed of uniform size throughout the entire height. In conclusion the "chamber process" is theoretically a perfect cycle, but due to some loss which is based on oxides of nitrogen escaping out of the Gay-Lussac tower, the plant is 92 per cent efficient. Very little amounts of sulphuric acid are lost. Recent years have led to the development of sulphuric acid plants to obtain more suitable methods that the widely employed chamber process, but most searchers could only revise or make addi- tional chaiges to the chamber method. Thus hills-Packard method was successful in reducing the chamber space. They stumbled on their idea one day while the acid plant was in operation when a heavy rain fell and the plant seemed to operate more efficiently than ever before. hills and Packard observed keenly that the chamber temperature dropped as compared to normal days. They realized that it could only be due to the cooling of chambers at the expense of heavy rain. Lead is used to dissipate all the heat from the inside gases, but not as desired by Lille-Packard from that time on. The above discove y gave them a lead to alter and nuke additional changes in their chambers. Consequently, the design of water-cooled 17. chambers followed and were used extensively in Great Britain and some other COuntries, but not as yet in the United states. cooling was accomplished by running water in lead troughs which encircled the outside of chambers. Chamber design is essentially truncated cones with lead curtains supported by steel frames. As mentioned above, the water-cooling-troughs encircle the truncated cone. A great number of these lead troughs increased with the height of chambers in order to accommodate sufficient cooling in removal of heat evolved from reaction of gases within the chambers. The advantages claimed for such chambers are as follows: 1. The chamber space required per unit weight of sulphur burned is reduced from one-third to one-half of the usual space per 24 hours. 2. Haterial saving in cost of construction per unit capacity is reduced from 30 per cent to 40 per cent. 3. A substantial saving in ground space per unit of production capacity. 4. Longer life of lead chambers. 5. Usually no buildings are necessary for housing the chambers. 6. Niter consumption per unit of sulphur nade into acid is no higher than that of ordinary types of chambers. 7. Feasibility of combing the chambers with rectangular chambers of existing plants. Actual operating results show for these chambers only 3.5 to 4.5 cubic feet of chamber space as compared with the best ordinary type which is 8 to 10 cubic feet with non-cooling facilities. From 5 to 4 per cent of niter consumption is all that is necessary to com- plete operation based on sulphur burned. Great care must be exercised in building the hills-Packard cham- ber. If they are too high, chance of wind storms will overthrow them unless supported extra heavily. The following temperatures were recorded for the hills-Packard chambers, 47 feet high} 0 Chamber Number ‘ Temperature C 1 77-84 2 62 - 72 3 60 - 70 4 5O - 60 5 30 - 4O 6 ' 20 - 30 Eldon L. Larison of Anaconda, Kontana, who was their consulting engineer in 1920, worked on acid-proof masonary for making sulphuric acid. Anaconda Copper Company was confronted with the principle waste gas, sulphur dioxide, from copper sulphide smelters. This waste was detrimental to nearby civilization as well as to green growth. Such a problem had to be dealt in the face of the cannon law which pro- tected the neighborhood from any disagreeable or irritable gas. Thus Mr. Larison was asked how such a handicap could be properly harnessed. 1. From Chemical and hetallurgical Engineering, Volume 24, NO. 18; Page 786, 1921 by Andrew K. Fairlie. 19. His only answer was to utilize it in the manufacture of sulphuric acid since sulp ur dioxide could be gotten for nothing inasmuch as the company was only interested in copper refining. The reactions, in making sulphuric acid, generate considerable amount of heat which ordinarily is dissipated by the lead walls of the plant. The radiation capacity of lead chambers is a fixed re- lation, and a rather definite limit of production is set beyond which the chambers fail to function properly. It has long been known and reCOgnized that the reaction velocity in the chamber process could be increased by vigorous mixing of gases, causing than to impinge upon the surface wetted with acid. Thus Larison constructed an acid- proof masonry plant. The heat of reaction was removed by a contin— uous flow or circulation of sulphuric acid over the acid—resisting tower packing. Yet the concentration was so regulated to avoid the absorbtion of nitrogen dioxide. The first all masonry acid-proof tower was erected in 1911 at Nitrolee, South Carolina. It was built ofsnnne and acid-proof cement imported from Germany. Later the nitric acid producers took up the construction of all masonry towers along with the phospheric acid plants. By 1914 American made chemical bricks and acid—proof cement were used. In the year of 1914, the first all masonry acid-proof plant for sulphuric acid was set up in Recon, Georgia. Since hat time all nasonry equipment became popular for Glover and Cay-Lussac towers and acid con- centrators, in all parts of United States. Ordinary packing for towers became obselete because of cracking upon intense heat, thus, came in the demand for checker—work chemical brick. Graded sizes of lump quartz or combination of brick and quartz were made. hater atomizers displaced hot steam for the sake of cooling con- veniences and facilities. In 1914 brimestone was resumed in place of pyrites which had sup- erseded the origins use of brimstone. Due to the world war restrictions on irportation for'Spanish pyrites was the initial move toward brim- stone. Eany plants were constructed for the purpose of sugplying sul- phuric acid for higi explosives. Such being the situation brimstone industries once more began to flourish in the South. The demand for sulphuric acid kept the chamber plants more active than in the previous years. Opl of Kruscha , nustria, patented a nitration method in the United States to produce sulphuric acid by the least use of lead chambers. Kaltenbach developed two other nitration methods which had been put to commerical use. One was called the "Pipe Process" and the other was called the fiPacked Cell Process.“ b. The Pipe Process. After considerable study of thermal balances between heat entering and leaving — (l) The Glover Tower; (2) The first two chambers out of a total of four; (3) And the last two chambers - Kaltenbach came to the conclusion that the chamber temperatures were an influencing factor. He also concluded that unsatisfactory contact between the reacting gases and liquids, the inefficiency of lead surfaces for dissipation of reaction 21. heat, and bulky expensive construction were the defects in the chamber process. To overcome these observed faults, the pipe process was devised and patented by Kaltenbach. Its main characteristics are according to the designer as follows: I. The immediate dissipation of heat involved in the nearby vicin- ity of its seneration; 2. The possibility of controlling simultaneously both reaction temperatures and acid concentration to obtain favorable con- ditions; 3. Intimate contact between the reacting gases and liquids. The Operation of this systemxvill not be explained since it is about the same as the "cell Packed Process" which will soon follow. The advantages of the pipe process may be listed in order: 1. Great ease of controlling reaction temperatures by means of circulating water in the jackets and of cooled acids in the tubes; 2. Effective utilization of the tubes surface for the interchange of heat; 3. Reduction of lead and other construction materials; 4. Ease of isolating one or more tubes for cleaninc or repairing without stopping the operation of the plant; 5. Possibility of limiting number of tubes used in the production; 6. Complete independence of atmospheric conditions; 7. Employm nt of heat of reaction for concentrating the weaker acids to commercial standards; 8. Finally, elimination of water atomizers. C. The Packed Cell Process. This method was fully developed by Larison. his research consisted fi"4‘ as follows: First,{to construct an apparatus in such a manner that the gas mixture from the Glover tower would impinge vigorously on the packing surfaces which are wetted by sulphuric acid of a low specific gravity. The concentration of sulphuric acid waild have to be just low enough so that it could not absorb oxides of nitrogen. Second, to control the temperature of the reacting gases by a direct circulation contact with quantities of coole' weak acid. Third, having provided for the removal of reaction heat by means othe than radiation flirough th metallic walls, to dispense completely with the lead chaubers, and finally adopt acid- proof masonry towers internally packed to new design. Details of the Packed Cell plant: A column of acid resisting brick was intro need for two reasons. One that it was most effective in causing vigorous mixing of gases. The other provided a large anount of wet surface for cooling, impingement, and condensation of acid. This unit is incased in a masonry structure, and the reacting gases are driven through the brick column by use of fans. Particular care must be employed in laying the bricks as packing so that the cross sectional area will not offer unreasonable resistance to the passage of a predetermined gas volume. Due to structural considerations these packed columns are built in series of cells or small towers. It has been possible to design and construct an acid plant without the aid of the lead chambers. Such a plant consisted of the Glover towen a set of packed cells, and a Gay-Lussac tower. This type of se up will make acid at a rate corresponding to one cubic foot of gross pack- ed cell volume per pound of sulphur burned per 24 hours. when operating with a seven to 8 per cent of sulphur dioxide mixture, about 10 minutes were required for converting sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. Such a plant was built at Anaconda, hontana producing 25 tons of 50° to 600 Be' acid per day. The Anaconda plant utilizes sulphur dioxide gas from roasting cepper concentrates in a wedge furnace. Sulphur dioxide is drawn, cooled, and blown in by a blower WliCh forces it into the Glover tower of standard size and dimensions. Two 4 x 4 x 40 foot coolers receive and cool the out flowing acid. This division of the plant is just as would be pro— vided for any chamber plant of equal capacity. From the tOp of the Glover tower the gases pass through a pair of flues to enter the packed cells. There are five cell packs in one block. These cells are packed with acid resisting bricks of standard shape. The results show no difference in efficiency whether the gases travelled down or up. Each cell is provided with its own acid distribution system. The newly made acid is drawn at the bottom of each cell and passed into a series of coolers. The cooled acid is pumped around by centrifugal pumps. The gravity of the acid must be 48° - 500 Be' because at this concentration, it will not take up sulphur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen. This is accomplished by running water into the distributor tanks as re- quired. A very precise control of the gas temperatures can be maintained by varying the flow of acids in he cells. The average daily niter consumption during the sane run of period :as 670 pounds of sodium nitrate or 6 - 7 per cent based on the sulphur in made acid. As the operation became more accustomed to plant practice, the niter consumption decreased to 4 - 5 per cent. FRET T270 UsE OF A urn-'33 fit-2:13:11 {tn L121) rarer}? Rags-mos A o MBORA’T‘CR‘L’ EXPEYIIE’TAL STUDY “1TB RESEARCH. 1. Discussion. About three weeks during the summer was spent in the library search- ing and studying any available literature that pertained to the manufac- ture of sulphuric acid. Eight or 10 most widely comnercialized processes used in the early seventeenth century to tie present day were carefully studied in details as to the theory involved in each method. East of the sulphuric acid plants seem to have originated as develOpements or modifi- cations of the chamber process which still holds the lead in output of commercial sulphuric acid. Having read considerable literature, most men had devoted their time in studying and investigating the function of the chambers. hany improve- ments have been centered around the chambers where very little work was done on the towers and other vital attachments. In this problem it is desirous to depense with the chambers completely and give thought to de- velopment of the towers and their minor supplementary units. heverthe— less, the same chemical reactions will be confined to this tower method as those used in the chamber process. In order to accomplish this move- ment it will be necessary to work with the gas-liquid phase mor; so than k in the ordinary methods. The charmers consist of nothing but large empty space since they are based primarily on the gas phase. The towers consist of packing which is practically hinged on the gas-liquid phase. This being true, it seems possible to do away with the spacious chanbers. Since the lead chambers not only provided excess volume for gases to react, they also removed the heat of chaiioal reaction by radiation hr- Ough the lead walls. This point must be dealt with in the tower method, because it is necessary to renove the heat of reaction. It can be solved by working with materials which will radiate heat to the outside and be able to resist acid reaction. Sane means of cooling facilities will have to be designed. A water-jacketed tower appears to aid the problem for laboratory work. 2. Construction Of The Glass Tower. The first part of Fall term was spent in building a glass water-jack- eted tower. Glass answered well to acid-resistance and a chance to ob- serve what will take place within the tower. It is also a good conductor of heat so that water could carry the heat away after it once passed to the outside of the tower walls. The entire set up in reality contains two towers in one. ‘fhe top half (2) (Refer to Blue Print No.1) known as the Gay-Lussac while the lower half is called the Glover tower (3). Both of these towers are connected with a suitable rubbe stopper through which small necessary glass tubes (D)&(E) pass so that the air and oxides of nitrosen can enter into the Gay-Lussao tower (2) from tower (3), and th Gay-Lussac acid can drain into the lower half, or Glover tower (3). (For better understanding refer to accompany- ing Blue Print No.1. All blue prints are enclosed in the pocket of the back cover of this thesis. It is advised to take out blue print ho.l and refer to it as the construction of he glass tower is explained.) acid-proof cement was used to cover the rubber stOppers. Rubber will not resist cor- rosion to oxides of nitrogen nor sulphuric acid to any appreciable extent. 28. Inasmuch as the connection had to be air tight, final assurance could be depended upon the acid-proof cement. The acid-proof cement was mix- ed with sodium silicate to a plastic state and applied around the rub- ber stopper and ends of the 7 ass tower. Over night the cement dried and became as hard as rock. Both the Gay-Lussac (2) and Clover (3) towers as one rest upon a wide mouth bottle (K which is joined to the bottom of the glass tower (3) with a rubber stopper and acid-proof cement as described above. Four-quarter inch glass tubes are inserted through this rubber stopp- er (10) so that gases can nter into the wide mouth bottle which will be called the reaction chamber (7). One glass tube admits nitrogen dioxide from the generator (L). One glass tube lets in the sulphur dioxide from its source (T). Another serves the means of passing air into the reaction chamber. The last tube has its one end reach to the bottom of the wide mouth bottle in order to draw out the newly nade acid with a vacuum. This reaction chamber has a capacity of seven and one- half liters. (One must not confuse himself when chamber is mentioned here because its purpose is entirely different from the tenninology in the lead chamber process.) Its use in this set up serves as a support for the glass tower, catches and collects the acids that trickle down from the above tower, and aids as an entrance for the gases in passing into the Glover tower. a. Glover Tower (3). This Glover tower is 48 inches high and two inches on the inside diameter. The walls of the tower are one-eighth of an inch thick. 29. It is packed with fine gla ss wool which is cut into two inc ch stri 1ps . Particular care was exercised in cachin: the toxer so that it offer- {.. J ed least resistance to passage of gases and liivcewi1se to the counter- flow of trickling acids. A 250 cc. so are ory fuzrel (I) rests on ... top of the Glover tower with its stem passing through the rubber stopper. This container holds dilute sulphuric acid which is employ- ed during operation for the absorb ion of new sulphur rioxide which is made in the Glover tower. A shall perforated lead pan (F) lies on top of the wool packing. It serves the purpose of equally distrib- uting the dilute sulphuric a id which drips into it from the 250 cc. separatory funnel (I). Th Glover tower is des iIned with two zones. The oxidation zone (B) taxes up the bottom half of the tower. liere the su111‘nur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide by nitroren di— oxide. The unp er half kno.;n as the absorption zone (HS) takes on the sulphur trioxide made in the lower part (I). A centigrade ther- mometer was placed in the packing and protrudes into the oxidation zone (H). The idea in hind was, mainly, to study oxidation reaction texfera- tures as a means of controlling chemical reactions. If the readinks were low they indicated lack of oxidation since it is kriown tlirt such a reaction gives off enonnous quantities of heat. For this reason the lower half was we ter-jacl feted (A) to remove the internal he at. The tow- er itself is asztened wifii a condenser clamp (ll) to a ring stand well suopo orted onto a table to prevent the set up from tip ing over because air passing through it is more than apt to turn over the whole tower. b. Gay-Lussac Tower (2). ‘ a being Sinilar in constriction to the Glover tower (3) This tower rests upon the latter. a piece of «less tubing two inches in diameter (K2 and 42 inches long constitutes the entire make u) (2). The bottom end is enclosed by a lead cup (3) sealed with acid-proof ceuent. Two half glass tubes (D)&(E) pa sing up from the Glover extend up through the bottom of the Gay-Lussac tower, or the men ioned lead cup. (Refer to blue print Ho. 1 again). The short tube (D) pernits the oxides of nitrogen and air to enter the Gay—Lussac tower from the Glover tower. The other longer one (E) carries the GayéLussac down two-thirds of Glover at the point (H) and is released. The lead cup (G) mentioned serves as a collecting pan for the trickling acid in its tower. The bottom part of this tower is packed with beads (12) so that the acid could freely drip into the bottom tower; otheruise if glass wool (C) were packed all the way down, it would hold the acid from draining be- cause of the fine close packing. Fr m here up, glass wool filled the remainder of the tower. A thermometer was placed in about the center of tower (2) so that temperatures could be observed. Another perforat- ed lead cup (3) rests upon the packing (C) of tlds tower to act as a distributor for the GOOBe' acid which is in the above 250 cc. separa- tory funnel (A). The tOp of the tower is capped with a rubber stopper throuqn which passes the stem of the 250 cc. ssparatory unnel (A), the half—inch flue lin (w), and a thermometer. The thermometer was insert~ ed to obtain the temperature of the scent air for final calculations. .. 31. This stopper is not covered with acid—proof cement us other joints re since nothing but air attaches it. It merely aids as a closed ['3 top to the set up and holds the sbwve desciibe d attachments in their respective positions. This tower like the C over tower is fastened with a condenser clamp (13) to the same ring stand. 0. Supplementary Attachments. These are numerOus and it is necessary to mention euch one's functian and purpose. A six liter erlenneyer flask constitutes tile entire body of the generator (L). It has its top closed milk rubber stogper and acid- proof cement. Three one-eighth inch 31-33 tube lines pass into it throu5h the rubber stopper. One is the stem of glass funnel (h) Which was used to pour through nitric and sulphuric acid. Since d1 dlb this generator he s its top peimanently closed and air tight se ed, a vacuum line (14) was necessary to draw off the spent acids. The hird lm e(Q is the flue line for th :‘sssge of nitroten dioxide gas from the ,eneretor L into the reaction chamber K reviouslr describ- 3 (fl\ ed. Some of the air is 2 sed ir to the generator throu5h the vacuum line so it can bubile thzou h the mixed acid and carry along with it the nitro5en dioxide {as into the reaction (K). The whole producer is heated with a buns=n burner (h) to release the oxide of nitrogen. (Refer to how each was run on page 34). The newly made acid contained some oxides of nitrOQen which had to be removed. Tlius a six liter erlenncyer fl .35“ (8) provided as a m ans of this removal. It is cscped with a rubber st peer tM1r3u5h Jthh three one-eigh‘h inch 5legs tzbes pus 2. One has used to drew off the new- ly made ecid with a vacuum from the reaction oiutter (h). “The other served as a flue line for the oxides of nitre en which were driven off by heat (AA) and carried by air into the eac tion chamber (h). throuih tb e t‘nird glass tube. A ten liter battery jer (6) was used to cool the reaction cham- ber (K) which contained the newly mad) end ::;ert acids. Of course, this particular cooling chamber in a commerciel plant of this design would not be necessary. In this case it L.as desirous so that s cone plete heat- balance could be cs lculeted to account for all the heat of eection. The inlet cooling water (X) came in at the bottom through a glass tube which extended vertically beneath the surfs cc and almost touching the bottom of thi battery je (6). The outlet cooling water was drawn of? with a vacuum into a five gallon bottle (7). In order to measure the consunxed volumes of sulchur dioxide and air, one twenty-li5ht dry gas meter (V) and one tlirtjz-li5ht dry 5as meter Here obtained irotn Consumers Power Company in Lsnsin5. The smaller one was used for sulchur dioxide while the laryer one we used for the air. Two manometers (T)&(P) had to be me de; one for each meter. Particular care was necessary not to exert more then tno pounds pressure per square inch upon th-se meters. Any amount over two pounds w uld 5ive inec curate readings rnd probably ruin the meters. For this reason the air passed th reu h the menometers first and then into the dry yes meters. Note that the temperature of sulphur dioxide (V) and air (R) were accounted for by respectively passing each into its smell bottle and out again. Each bottle we (.0 er. Inlet and outlet glass tubes serted through the rubber stopper. r; 1 u‘io 13- PROCEDURE FER 3.13;: 1113?. First, 6003e' sulphuric acid mas poured into the separatory funnel (A) which rests on tOp of the Gay-Lussa tower (2). (For better understanding V' refer to the accompanyin* blue print Lo. 1. All blue prints are enclosed in the pocket of the back cover of this thesis. It is advised to tske out the corresponding blue print and refer to it as each detail is described and explained). 2y opening the stopcock (A), the acid runs into the per- forated lead cup (B) situated on too of the necking (C) of tower (2). The cup distributes the acid in a spray fiiich trickles down over (C). Thus the saturation of the surface material of the tower was mainta'ned while the test was made. The purpose of this is to muke it possible for the oxides of nitroge. passing from (n) through (D) to be recovered by the BOOBe' acid. These oxides of nitrogen reset with the said acid to form nitrosyl sulphuric acid as follows: 1. 2302 + HESO4«——~ 805KB + EXCg -‘ The nitresyl sulphuric acid mixed with the 6OOBe’ acid,und both are collect- ed in (G) as they pass into (E) which carries them 'nto (H) where dilution took place with the dilute acid. It then runs from (I) thrOU5h another perforated lesd cup (F) distributing it over the inching; (5'). When the dilute acid and the GOOBe' acid conteinin: the nitrcsyl sulphuric acid meet the following reaction takes place: 2. 2305HH + E20 -—0 2&2304 + N02 + N0 Kitrosyl sulphuric is stable in GOOBe' sulphuric aci and as soon as water gets to it, dilution takes place and nitrosyl Sulphuric acid breaks up as shown by reaction 2. Consequently, the oxides of nitrogen are released in .. fl 1 1 q . . i)“ ~. o ‘ _” - ., (a), and toe diluted EOLQe' sold passes coun into (n). The original source of oxides of nitrogen were introduced from (L) called the nitrogen dioxide generator. Five hundred cc. of EL“3 (l.39 1 Sp.3r.)'were poured into (L) through the funne (L), also, 530 cc. of concentrated silphuric acid (dGOBe') more added to the sane contafrer through (L). Having both acids in (L) as mixed acids, these are hee'ed bv the bunsen burner (f). Upon heating, the oxides of nitrogen are lib- erated from the solution and pegs thr31fh the flue line (L) into the reac- tion chamber (K). Particular care was exercised in heating (L). If too nuch heat is apilied to the mixed acids, the nitric scid till distill ever, end this is ‘ - I r 1 “ u . ._. . fl r\-.~vr -’ ”V‘ 7' «e l ‘n ' , . ‘. “"7 . ‘,.‘, . not deSirable; so by usin; d is er fls.e (n) a greater portion m.ll rennin . ’ n V! y ' .1 1". . I’ " ' - ' c‘ \ ‘ : " ‘4)‘(‘ . ‘ ‘ r‘ W!‘ a u‘ "I" I ‘ . Y in (Id. ~Jonceninxrted SUlHJVlTlC .niid was {dual bees s., it has Lille aiiVUiitf for water than do the oxides of nitrogen. Thus the sulphuric acid could E3121- 5.14 ,‘3 l—J c+ *1 'L-i. O [3 O F1 Do 1'4 b I take on its maximum water of hydration. Concentrate ployed because it contained little mater, thereby, lessening the possibility of having too much water present to for: nitric acid as the oxides of nitro- gen were once evolved. The air was introduced through the ranoneter (P), then over inti the air meter (g) from where it passed into the temperature recording unit (n). From (R) it was transmitted into (S) and finally|into the reaction chamber (K). As the oxides of nitrogen were generated in (L) and evolved over 0) into (K), the air carried them up in the Glover tower (3). This was continued until the reaction chamber (K) and the Glover tower were filled. Since the oxides 1 w (302) are of reddish brown color, it was easily observed when the )3 Ho u+ *1 O ‘1 (D :3 of reaction chamber and Glover tower were filled with them. '7‘“ «)0. At this point the 802 was admitted into the set-up. From the 502 cylinder it was passed through the manometer (T), then over into the 302 meter (U), next into the temperature recording unit (V) and finally into the reaction chamber (K). The same air that carries the N02 from (K) into the tower (3) simultaneously carries the 302. The 802 and N02 both react in the tower (3) at (H) called the oxida- tion zone with the following reaction taking place ----- 3. 502 + N02 -—'-303 + NO_+ Heat. SO is oxidized to so by NO at the same time evolving heat. This heat 2 3 2 ..- is known as positive heat of reaction. From and between the points (5) and (F) of the Glover tower (3) the 803 is carried up by the air and absorbed by counter flow of dilute sulphuric acid from (F). -hus the concentration of this weak acid is built up corresponding to the amount of 803 formed. Now, the built-up acid trickles below (H) and into (K). From (K) the newly made acid and 60° Be' acid which came down from.(A) .were drawn out by means of a vacuum. This was done to draw out the product where it could be heated in (S) to drive off the oxides of nitrogen which happen to be absorbed in solution. AS soon as all the product is drawn into (S) the vacuum is released and air comes in through the same line (vacuum line) carrying back the N02 gases into (K) while (8) is being heated. Going back to reaction (3) the NO gases were carried into the Gay- Lussac,tower (2) by the air through (D). The NO is oxidized to K02 on its way up; by the oxygen present in the air in the following manner —-- 4. NO + 9,0 —- :40 - heat. This reaction differs from 3 insofar as evolution of heat is concerned. Instead of giving off positive heat it takes on heat from the immediate vicinity. Such a reaction is known as endothermic while reaction 3 is exothermic. As the N02 enters the Gay-Lusaac tower (2) through the flue line (D) with the air carrying it along, it is absorbed by the 600 Be' Acid coming down from (A). Reaction Ho. 1 takes place within this area (C). The air keeps on passing and leaves the tower (2) through the vent line (W). It is known as spent air consisting mostly of nitrogen since its oxygen was taken up by reaction 4. Thus the cycle of this process is completed. It will go on as explained during time the run is con- tinued. It is necessary to explain the different points of the setuup while the test was being made. The manometers (T) and (P) were made up to in- sure proper pressures on the meters (U) and (G). If the pressure exerted upon these meters was greater than two pounds per square inch, they would not register properly the respective volumes of 802 and air. The meters were employed for four reasons. First, to be able to account for the amount of 302 and air introduced so that calculations can be made for the material balance. Second, the amount of acid made from the 302 and third, the heat balance, and finally as a means for controlling the process. The air should theoretically be passed in at a ratio of 5.6 to l by volume. At this degree enough oxygen is available to indirectly convert 802 to 303; although,it is best to exceed the ratio to insure a sufficient amount of oxygen. The temperature recording units (R) for air and (V) for 302 were employed so that data could be obtained for heat balance calculations of the process. Since this problem involves making sulphuric acid by a tower method as pointed out in the introduction, it is known that heat of reaction will have to be removed in order that the process will carry on efficiently; also that the heat of reaction will be given off in the oxidation zone (H) of tower (3). For this reason it was water-jacketed, indicated in the blue print as (4). As the heat is liberated from the oxidation zone, it is conducted to the outside of the tower where it is picked up by the cooling water circulating in (4). The reaction chamber is kept cool in the battery jar (6). Water passes in from (x) and is divided so that .half of it goes into (4) and the other half into (6). From (6) the spent water is drawn off by a vacuum into (7) where the amount can be accounted for. Likewise, from (4) it was drawn into a suitable container and also recorded. In order to study reaction temperatures of the Glover and Gay-Lussac towers while the run was in progress, thermometers were inserted in tower (3) and (2). In (3) the thermometer was placed in the oxidation zone while in (2) in the center of it. Thus if there was a rise in temperature of tower (3), it indicated that oxidation of 502 to SO3 was taking place. The other in tower (2) was used to study Gay-Lussac tower temperatures from the standpoint of controlling the heat of that area. In practice such towers should be cold in order to have good recovery of oxides of nitrogen. (Q U’) 0 While the run was in operation, data was recorded every fifteen minutes. Such an interval was chosen because it took that long to record the temperatures of inlet air (R), 802 at (V), and water at (X)’, and of outlet air at (W), outlet water f the reaction chamber at (U), and of the water—jacket at (2). Other data was also taken such as volume of air at (Q) and of $02 at (V); pressure of air at (P), of 302 at (V); pressure of air at (P), of 302 at (T), and the weight of outlet cooling. water from reaction chamber at (7) was received in a pail and weighed as such. Of course another bucket was replaced while the one containing the water of the previous interval was being weighed. The containers (A) and (I) had to be refilled when they became emptied. This was done during each interval, and amounts of each filling were measured out in cc's. Temperatures of these input acids were also tabulated. Such procedure was followed out for each run. Some of these runs were from 2 to 3 hours long while others were shorter due to some difficulties arising at which points the tests had to be concluded. 4C. 1. Laboratory Runs. The following symbols were used to denote various recorded data. 'T. - Inlet temperature of 302 degrees C. 9 :Al- Inlet temperature of air ” ". IA - Outlet ” " spent air degrees C. TO - Inlet " " cooling water degrees C. Tl - Outlet. " N " " of the Glover tower degrees C. T2 _ Outlet n " fl " " " reaction chamber degrees C. T5 - Temperature of Glover tower. T4 - h " ' Gay-Lussac tower. P2 - Pressure of inlet air in pounds per square inch. Pl - ” " ” ' $02 in pounds per square inch. V2 - Volume of inlet air in cubic feet. Vi - ” " " 802 in " " . 'Wl - Weight of cooling water in pounds from the Glover tower. W2 - ” ” ” " ” " “ " reaction chamber. The following pages include laboratory runs and discussion of each. 41. Run No. 1 Time . “1:. Ts T4, T4 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 I’2 1"‘1 v1 V2 '1 '2 0 27.° 27.00 27.0 19.°0 19.0 19.0 27.0 27.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 21.° 21.0 25.0 19 25.0 28.5 32.0 31.0 1.06 1.06 1.0 2.0 7.58 5.16 30 22. 22.0 25.5 19 25.5 28.5 32.0 45.0 1.96 1.96 4.0 6.5 7.60 4.84 45 22. 22.0 25.0 19 25.0 29.0 32.0 45.0 1.62 1.56 7.5 12.0 7.12 5.60 60 22. 22.0 24.5 19 24.5 28.5 33.5 45.0 2.16 2.00 9.0 14.0 7.13 5.40 75 22. 22.0 24.0 19 24.0 27.5 35.0 45.0 2.16 2.00 10.0 16.0 5.10 4.00 90 22. 22.0 24.0 19 24.5 27.5 34.0 46.0 2.66 2.37 11.5 21.0 4.80 4.80 105 22. 22.0 23.5 19 23.0 26.5 32.0 45.0 2.50 2.12 13.0 26.0 4.10 2.57 :22r'22. 22.0 24.5 19. 24.5 28.0 32.9 42.8 2.06 1.89 13.0 26.0 43.61 32.57 Temp. 23.°C Input 325% EN°3 32. Gr. 1.69 1.08 1.39 Grams. 1268.0 1028.0 146.0 V51. cc. 750.0 950.0 105.0 Temp. 27.°c Output 32394 Specific Gravity 1.38 Grams. 2528.0 V01. cc. 1831.0 DISCUSSION OF LABORATORY RUNS Run IEO. 1 Observation of the results on this run showed that it did not turn out very satisfactorily. The ratio of air to 502 theoretically should have been 3.6 to 1. Data showed a 2 to 1 ratio. By this indica- tion most of the NO was lost due to lack of oxidation to N02. All the average temperatures show that there couldn't have been much oxidation between 802 with N03, because the thermometer readings were low. If this reaction had gone to the full extent and with the 13 cubic feet of SOB, the thermometer readings would have been higher. The temperatures of the Gay-Lussac tower were higher than at any other point. For a satisfactory run the Gay-Lussac tower temperatures should be low. Something must have taken place in the Gay-Lussac tower to raise the temperature. Run No. 2 Timel M1: 78 T11 T1 T0 71 1'2 13 T4 P1 P2 71 72 '1 712 0 22.0 22.0 22.0 18.0° 18.0 18.0 23.0 23.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 23.0 23.0 25.5 18 23.0 24.0 28.0 28.0 0.16 0.25 2.0 4.5 7.23 6.2 30 21.5 22.5 25.0 18 20.0 24.0 29.0 28.5 0.56 0.81 2.7 6.3 7.46 5.6 45 22.0 22.0 24.0 18 20.0 22.0 29.0 30.0 1.31 1.62 3.0 8.3 6.58 5.65 60 23.5 22.0 24.5 18 20.5 21.5 26.5 34.0 1.75 2.00 3.5 10.0 6.35 5.10 75 24.0 23.5 26.0 18 21.0 21.5 27.0‘35.0 1.87 2.16 3.7 11.8 6.30 5.00 90 25.0 23.7 26.5 18 21.5 22.0 30.0 38.0 1.87 2.12 3.9 13.5 6.12 4.47 105 26.0 24.8 27.3 18 21.5 21.5 30.0 37.5 1.62 1.87 4.1 15.0 6.00 4.24 120 26.0 25.8 28.3 18 21.5 22.0 29.0 37.0 1.86 2.00 4.3 17.4 5.82 4.16 135 26.0 26.0 28.5 18 23.0 23.0 30.3 35.0 1.86 2.00 4.5 20.0 5.02 4.28 150 25.0 26.0 28.5 18 24.0 23.0 31.5 36.0 1.86 2.00 4.7 23.5 4.50 3.92 165 24.0 25.0 27.5 18 25.0 23.0 31.0 37.0 1.86 2.00 4.8 27.0 4.00 3.56 180 24.0 24.5 27.0 18 24.5 23.0 31.5 37.0 1.86 2.00 4.9 29.0 3.82 2.16 195 24.0 24.5 27.0 18 24.0 23.0 31.5 39.0 1.86 2.00 5.0 31.0 2.00 2.00 210 24.0 24.5 26.0 18 24.5 23.5 31.5 38.0 1.86 2.00 5.1 33.5 2.00 1 75 1'22; 24.0 24.0 26.6 18.0 22.4° 22.7 29.7 32.0 1.54 1.77 5.1 33.5 73.2 57.84 I’1311ution of 60° acid with 10.8° acid. Input Output H2304 HMO3 112304 Sp. Gr. 1.70 1.08 1.39 1.39 wt. Grams 850.0 1080 152 2250 761. cc. 500.0 1000.0 108.2 1620 Temp.°0 23 23 23 26 44. Run No. 2 This run ran for three and one-half hours whereas Run No. l was one and three—quarters hours long. The object was to cut down on the flow of 302 and lengthen the time to cut down on the velocity of $02 in passing through the Glover tower. According to the temperature, again the readings were about the same as those of the previous run. The efficiency of converting 802 to H2504 increased from 15.85% of the first run to 61.8% for this one. The increase may be due to the excess amount of air used in comparison with theoretical amounts. Another reason for such increase in efficiency arises from the fact that Gay-Lussac tower temperatures were lower. This run showed a decrease of 10° C. over the first one in the Gay-Lussac tower. Still these temperatures were higher than those of Glover tower. At the end of 75 minutes the Gay-Lussac temperature began to in— crease which may be due to the water content of the air or dilution with 12% acid. Run No. 3 Time “111;. T3 T‘l TA P1 P2 v1 V2 0 22.0 22.0 22 0 0 0 0 30 19.0 19 36 1.00 1.12 0.3 3.0 60 18.0 19 38 0.62 0.75 0.6 6.0 90 18.0 18 40 1.28 1.38 1.4 10.0 120 18.0 18 46 1.87 2.00 1.9 14.0 150 18.0 19 46 1.87 2.00 2.4 15.0 180 18.0 19 46 2.00 2.12 3.2 17.0 Aver- age I 18 18.7 42 1.44 1.56 3.2 17.0 Input Output 212.504 111703 112504 Sp. Gr. 1.71 1.08 1.39 1.29 It. crane 762.0 1080 160.0 1892.0 751. cc. 445.0 1000 115.0 1468.0 Tbmp.°0 22.0 22.0 22.0 27.0 46. Run No. 4 :33? cg ?41 ?1 T0 T1 r2 T3 T4 P1 P2 vi 7: Ii “2 0 23.0 .22.0 23 22 22 22 .23 23 0 0 o 0 0 0 10 21.0 20.0 22 22 22.5 22 ’24 22 1.25 1.5 0.25 2.0 3.10 2.71 20 19.0 19 22 21.5 23 22 25 22 0.75 0.87 0.50 3.0 3.12 2.79 30 18.0 ,18 21 21 23 22 24 21 1.25 1.5 0.70 4.33 3.71 2.80 40 18 18 20 20 22 22 723 20 1.75 1.87 0.90 6.00 3.41 2.79 50 19 19.5 21 20 22 21%‘26.5 21 1.75 1.87 1.2 7.30 2.90 2.91 60 19 20 21 20.5 21 21 25 21 1.87 2.00 1.3 8.30 2.50 2.71 70 18.5 19 _ 21 20 21 21 21 21 1.87 2.00 1.7 9.70 6.00 4.0 80 18.5 18 20 20 21 21 21 20 1.56 1.81 1.8 10.2 6.72 4.1 90 18.5 18 21 20.75 21 21 22 21 1.75 1.87 1.9 12.0 5.98 4.14 100 18.5 19 30 20.25 22 22 .23 30 1.00 1.12 2.4 14.0 5.62 4.70 110 19 19 30 20.25 22 22 23 30 1.00 1.12 2.7 16.7 5.70 3.92 120 19 19.5 30 19 22 22 23 30 1.00 1.12 2.9 16.7 4.60 3.47 .Lvor- ago l18.8 18.9 23.2 20.7 21.6 21.8 23.3 23.2 1.4 1.56 2.9 16.7 53.33 42.04 Input Output H2304 EN03 32304 Sp. Gr. 1.71 1.08 1.39 1.30 It. Gran. 710.0 1080.0 148.0 1900.0 751. cc. 415.0 1000.0 106.2 1460.0 Tbmp.°0 22 22 22 25 Ran No. 3 The use of cooling water was omitted in this run to see how important a function it really served. Hote, that all the temperatures increased considerably; not due to more oxidation in the Glover tower because the efficiency was lowered. he water does remove considerable heat which needs to be taken out. A drop of efficiency of 60% to 15; proved it. Run No. 4 All the temperatures did not rise more than a degree or two through out over the initial temperatures before the start of run. still there was a 40% efficient conversion of 802 to HcSQ4acid. This information brings to light that other factors influence conversion of $02 to H2804 besides the showing of oxidation which in turn is indicated by the thermometers. Hun. T Time s 11 .1 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 L 0'20.° 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 18 18 20 20 20.5 21.0 19 23 0.25 0.5 0.2 2.0 2.16 1.92 20 18 18 21 20 20.5 21 19 23 0.75 0.93 0.3 3.3 2.18 1.87 30 17 18 20 20 20.5 21 20 24 0.50 0.68 0.5 4.0 2.17 1.96 40 17 18 20 20.5 21.5 21 20.15 26 0.56 0.75 0.9 5.1 2.18 1.82 50 17 18 20 21.0 22.0 21 20.0 29 0.87 1.00 1.2 6.2 2.16 1.70 60 16.5 19 21 21.0 23.0 21 21 29 1.87 1.00 1.5 7.5 2.19 1.82 70 17 19 21 21.0 22.5 21 21 30 0.25 0.56 1.8 9.5 2.18 1.9 80 17 19 21 21.0 22.0 22 22 31 0.45 0.62 2.2 10.8 2.20 1.96 90 18 19 21 21.0 23.0 22 22 30 0.62 0.83 3.0 13.0 2.10 2.0 100 18 18.5 21 21.0 24.0 22.5 23 32 1.25 1.50 3.8 15.4 2.16 1.86 110 17 18.5 22 21.0 24.0 22.5 23.5 31 1.06 1.18 4.6 17.6 2.17 1.72 120 17 19 21 21.0 24.0 23.5 23.0 32 1.12 1.25 5.2 19.5 2.19 1.9 Aweru ~ .3. 17.3 18.5 20.9 20.9 22.2 21.5 21.1 28.3 0.81 0.90 5.2 19.5 26.04 22.43 Input Output 112804 8N03 H2504 Sp. Gr. 1.71 1.08 1. 9 1.40 It. Grams 707.0 540.0 161 .1316.0 V01. cc. 413.0 500.0 115.8 940.0 Temp. C 20 20 20 23 .49 Run No. 6 33:? TS 2‘1 :1 T6 T1 Té T5 T4 P1 72 V1 92 '1 22 0 19 20 19 22.5 22.5 22.5 23 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 18.7 19 21.5 22. 22.0 22 23 21 0.81 1.3 o 1.06 4.88 2.71 20 19.0 19.7 22.0 21.3 22.5 22 23 21 0.87 3.5 0.27 1.06 4.15 2.56 30 19.0 19.7 21.7 21 22.2 21.7 23 21 0.87 4.8 0.5 1.06 5.15 3.43 40 18.8 19. 21.5 20.5 21.5 20.5 23 21 0.2 6.0 0.6 0.37 4.69 3.11 50 19.0 19.5 21. 20.5 21.0 21. 22 21 0.2 7.3 0.8 0.37 4.04 2.39 60 19.0 18 21. 20.5 21.0 20.5 20 21 0.2 9.0 1.0 0.40 4.13 2.60 70 18.5 18.2 22 21 21.0 21 21 21 0.2 10.9 1.2 0.35 3.93 2.07 80 18.0 19 21.5 21.7 22.0 21.7 24 21 0.2 12.3 1.5 0.37 4.44 1.93 90 18.0 18.7 22 22 22 22 25 21 0.4 13.5 2.0 0.7 3.88 1.48 100 18.5 19.2 22 22.5 22.5 22.5 24 22 0.4 15.4 2.5 0.7 4.03 1.48 110 18.5 19 22 22.5 22.5 22.5 23 21.L 0.2 16.9 3.0 0.4 3.53 1.31 120 18.5 19 21.5 23 23 23 24 22 0.2 18.5 3.3 0.4 3.53 3.31 130 18.5 19 21 23 23 23 24 22 0.2 20. 4.0 0.4 3.15 3.12 140 18.5 19 21 23.5 23.5 23.5 25 21 0.2 21.5 4.2 0.4 3.15 2.21 150 18.5 19.3 21 24 24 24 24 21 0.25 23.2 4.3 0.5 3.26 1.91 160 18.5 19.5 21 24 24 24 25 21 0.31 24.8 4.5 0.62 3.26 2.10 170 18.5 19 21 23.5 24 23.5 25 21 0.31 27.0 4.6 0.62 2.22 1.66 180 18.5 19 21 24 24 24 25 21 0.31 28.3 4.8 0.62 3.46 3.46 "222 18.5 19 21.6 22.2 22.4 22.3 23.4 21. 0.365 28.3 4.8 0.58 67.88 42.83 Input Output 82304 2303 22304 Sp. cr.A¥ 1.69 1.08 1.39 1.45 It. Grams 1690 1080 170. 3300 vci. cc. 1000 1000 122. 2090 l Temp.°0 I 23.0 I 22.5 i 22.5 I 24 I Bun N00 7 UV. :32: TS 2‘ 1‘ T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 P1 P2 Vi Vé W1 W2 0 19.5 20 20 18.5 18.5 20 19.5 20 0 O 0 0 0 0 15 19.5 19.5 20.5 19.0 21 20 21. 21 0.61 0.75 0.2 2.0 5.36 3.6 30 19.5 19.5 20 19.0 21 20 21 21 0.9 1.1 0.45 3.0 3.96 2.45 45 19.5 20.0 20.5 20 21.5 20 22 21 0.9 1.1 0.6 5.5 3.87 2.96 60 19.5 21 21 20 21.5 20.5 24 21 1.3 1.45 1.4 6.0 3.03 4.48 75 21.5 21 20 20 21 21 25 21 1.75 1.87 2.0 8.4 3.09 4.53 90 21.0 20 20.5 21 21 21 24.5 22 1.87 2.00 2.3 10.0 2.42 3.03 105 22.0 20.5 21.5 21 21.5 21.5 27 33 1.87 2.00 2.5 11.0 3.09 2.96 120 21.5 21.5 24.0 22 23 22.5 27 24 1.87 2.00 3.0 13.0 3.78 2.27 135 20 19.5 23. 20.5 22 22.5 25 22 1.87 2.00 3.5 15.3 2.81 3.39 150 20 19.0 22. 19.5 22 21.0 23 22 1.87 2.00 4.0 17.0 3.12 5.45 Awer- 5 age 20.4 20.2 21.3 20.2 21.55 21.0 23.95 21.8 1.48 1.62 4.0 17.0 29.02 35.12 Input Output 82504 mos H2304 Sp. Gr. 1.69 1.08 1.39 1.42 It. Grams 1540 1080 156 2840 V01. cc 920 1000 112 1990 Tamp.°0 20 20 29 24 11:11:" ’8 ’11 T1 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 P1 P2 v1 V2 "1 w2 0 19.5 19. 21 19 19 19 20 21 o 0 0 0 0 0 15 17.5 17.5 20.5 19 20 19.5 23 21 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.7 5.78 5.63 30 17 17 19 20 21.5 20 23 20 0.15 0.27 0.8 4.0 3.84 2.75 45 16 16 18 19.5 23 19.5 23 19 0.2 0.3 1.2 6.0 3.33 2.42 60 17 17.0 17 20 23 20 23 19 0.2 0.3 1.8 8.8 6.24 2.75 75 19.5 19.5 18 20 23.5 20 23 19.5 0.2 0.3 2.0 11.2 6.06 2.84 90 21 21 20‘ 20.5 23.5 20.5 23 20.5 0.2 0.3 2.2 13.6 5.96 2.66 105 21 21 21 21 23.5 21 23 20.5 0.2 0.3 2.5 16.0 6.06 3.87 120 19 19 21 20.5 24. 21 23 20.5 0.2 0.3 2.8 18.3 5.12 3.19 135 20 20 21.. 20.5 23. 21 22.5 21.0 0.2 0.3 2.9 20.5 5.54 3.19 150 20 20 21 20.5 21.5 21 22.5 21.0 0.2 0.3 2.9 22.7 4.78 2.6 Aver- qge 18.8 18.8 19.65 20.15 2.65 20.35 23. 20.2 0.2 0.3 2.9 22.7 52.71 31.9 Input Output E2304 EN°3 H2304 Sp. Gr. 1.71 1.08 1.39 1.44 It. Grams 1805. 1080 165 3150 751. cc. 1055‘ 1000 118.7 2095 Tbmp. °c 20 20 20 21 Runs No. 5 to 8. These four runs did not give any new information than had the previous runs. Only one thing left to consider and that is the oxides of nitrOgen. finch of SO was not converted to H2304 and this reaction 2 being dependent upon the influence of oxides of nitrogen left the prOblem open to the key of the process. These eight runs were made by generating the K02 gas and ad- mitting it as such. It was thought to try and mix the 3:03 with the 60° acid in the Gay-Lussac tower. This was done. 3103 and 32804 were mixed and used in the Gay-Lassac tower in the usual manner as the 600 H2304 was heretofore. Runs 6, 7 and 8 were made under additional height of Gay- Lussac tower which showed constant efficiency but not a satisfactory one. Up to this point glass beads were used as packing material. These were removed and replaced with glass wool. Run No. 9 1311: TS TA1 T1 T0 T1 T2 '1‘:5 '1‘4 P1 P2 V1 V2 W1 W2 0 21.5 21.5 21.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 21.5 21.5 0 O 0 O 0 O 15 22.0 21. 22. 19.5 23. 21.7 22 21.5 0.2 0.25 0.3 2.0 5.18 7.18 30 22.5 20 22 19.5 22 22 24 21.5 0.35 0.4 0.7 4.6 4.86 14.83 45 21.0 19.5 22 19.5 26 23 31 25 0.2 0.3 1.5 7.2 2.83 6.5 60 20.0 19.5 32 16.5 34 24 37 26 0.3 0.4 3.25 14.2 1.7 12.0 75 19.5 20 29 16.5 31 23 38 18 0.4 0.45 4.9 17.4 1.35 6.96 90 19.5 20 25 15.5 19 21 35 19 - - 6.8 21.6 2.52, 7.46 Amor- age 20.7 20. 25.3 17.8 25.9 22.3 31.2 21.8 0.29 0.36 6.8 21.6 18.44 54.93 Input Output H2804 ENG:5 112304 Sp. Gr. 1.63 1.08 1.39 1.40 It. Grams 1392 1175 378 3440 701. cc. 854 1087 272 2460 Temp.°C 21.5 21.5 21.5 23 Run No. 10 54 Time Ts TA 2‘ T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 P1 P2 71 72 Hi W2 Nun. 1 0 23 23 24 20.5 20.5 20.5 24 24 0 0 O 0 0 O 15 22 21 25 21 22.5 22 30 28 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.5 2.90 6.16 30 22 21 25 19 29.0 22 37 27 0.25 0.35 1.0 2.5 1.7 2.78 45 211 20 26 19 30 22.5 75 36 0.4 0.50 2.0 3.0 6.66 9.21 60 21.5 20 36 19.5 25 22. 47 27 0.25 0.40 3.0 4.2 12.9 10.45 75 21.5 19.5 28 19.5 28 23 43 33 0.4 0.62 4.0 6.25 8.5 9.66 90 20. 18 24 19 31 23 46 39 0.4 0.62 5.1 9.3 6.5 9.82 105 19.5 17.5 24 18.5 37 25 50 38 0.7 1.00 6.2 11.2 4.22 13.3 120 18.5 16.5 28 18.5 37 25 58 51 0.7 1.00 7.0 14.1 3.75 13.6 135 19. 17. 27 18.5 30 23 48 51 0.4 0.75 8.1 17.5 7.42 19.9 150 18.5 18. 26 18.5 30 21 37 32 0.2 0.35 9.27 19.2 1.09 17.78 . Aver- age 20.35 18.85 27.9 19.1 29.0 22.85 47.1 36.2 0.39 0.589 9.27 19.2 55.64 112.66 Input Output 112304 mos H2804 3p. Gr. 1.63 1.08 1.39 1.42 It. Grams 2300 2100 304 5315 701. cc. 1410 1944 219 3740 Tomp.°c 24° 24° 24° 26° Run No. 11 :::c TS TAl 1"L T0 T1 72 T3 T4 P1 P2 71 72 31 we 0 24 24 24 19 19 19 20 24 0 o 0 0 0 o 15 23 23 33 19 20 20 22 85 0.25 0.37 0.6 1.7 11.34 5.18 30 21 21 25 19 24 20 46 56 0.35 0.50 1.2 4.1 5.50 7.31 45 20 19 22 19 24 20 47 48 0.35 0.50 1.8 6.5 6.43 6.87 60 19.5 17 31.5 18 24 20 47 77 0.38 0.60 2.2 9.0 6.97 7.25 75 19. 17 25. 16 24 20 55 86 0.38 0.60 2.9 11.2 6.81 9.69 90 18 16.5 22 15 23 19 53 83 0.38 0.60 4.0 13.8 7.81 12.56 105 17 16.5 35 16 24 18 55 80 0.35 0.50 5.0 15.5 7.62 12.78 120 16 15. 57 16 20 18 30 89 0.38 0.60 6.0 17.6 7.19 11.37 135 16 15. 42 17 19 18 31 70 0.38 0.60 6.5 19.9 7.25 11.13 150 16 15 23 18 20 18 55 56 0.38 0.60 7.0 21.5 6.50 10. 165 16 15 21 18 21 18 55 60 0.38 0.60 7.2 22.0 6.25 9.75 Aver- age 18.3 17.2 30.5 17.3 22.1 19.0 45. 71.7 0.348 0.55 7.2 22.0 79.67 103.89 Input Output H2504 BN03 H2304 Sp. Gr. 1.8 1.08 1.39 1.55 It. Grams 1888. 1055 254 3466 l 761. cc. 1021 968 183 2230 Tbmp.°0 22 22 22 24 Run N0. 12 3:22 TS TAI T‘ T0 T1 T2 T3 T; P1 P2 Vi 72 W1 22 0 20 20 23 23 23 23 21 23 0 0 0 O 0 0 15 20 19 23 23 24 23 37 32 0.17 0.37 0.6 2.5 9.22 8.62 30 20 18 23 20 25 23 52 37 0.25 0.37 1.15 4.4 8. 63 10.38 45 20 18 23 18.5 23 22.5 57 54 0.27 0.37 1.70 6.0 9.06 12.83 60' 20 19 24.5 18.5 22 21 51 68 0.30 0.40 2.50 7.9 9.75 8.63 75 20 19 I"55 18.5 21 21 43 70 0.30 0.4 3.10 9.5 9.83 9.72 90 20 19 35 18 21 20 40 70 0.25 0.37 3.70 10.6 9.10 7.75 105 20 19 29 17 21 20 45 68 0.22 0.37 4.50 12.1 8.22 7.75 120 20 19 31 15 19.5 19.5 40 68 0.30 0.4 4.90 13.8 7.37 8.34 135 20 18 31 15 18.0 19. 35 70 0.30 0.4 6.0 16.0 8.43 10.31 150 20 18 38 15 18.0 19 40 85 0.30 0.4 7.0 18.0 8.10 5.31 Ayer- age 20 18.3 31.25 17.85 21.25 20.8 44.0 63.2 0.266 0.385 7.0 18.0 87.71 89.64 Input Output H2804 HNO3 H2804 Sp. Gr. 1.8 1.08 1.39 1.60 It. Grams 1129 800 148 2670 761. cc. 627.5 740 106.6 1669 Temp.°C 22 22 22 22 ’ Gay-Luaeac acid turned violet color. Run No. 13 33:? T6 311 11 To :1 T2 T4 T4 P1 P2 v1 v2 W1 '2 0 24 21 21.0 19 19 19 21 21 0 0 o 0 0 0 15 24 21 24 19 20 21 30 23 0.3 0.65 0.5 3.0 8.09‘ 6.63 30 24 19 24 19 21.5 21 32 23 0.3 0.6 1.0 6.0 5.50 7.00 45 23 17 26 19 21.0 21 36 24.5 0.3 0.6 1.65 9.2 5.67 7.25 60 22 17 27 18 24.5 21 42 25 0.3 0.6 2.5 12.5 5.80 7.00 75 21 17 25 17 25 23.5 42 27 0.25 0.5 3.6 14.7 4.00 5.87 90 20 16 23 16 23 22 52 35 0.35 0.4 4.6 16.9 5.28 5.50 105 20 15 24 15 26.5 25 60 63 0.40 0.5 5.8 19.1 3.00 8.66 120 19 14.5 28 14 22 22 58 69 0.35 0.6 6.7 21.4 10.00*80.28 135 19 15. 37 16 21. 21 63 67 0.35 0.5 7.9 23.7 5.25 6.75 150 19 14.5 28 16 22 21. 45 40 0.35 0.5 9.0 25.9 6.75 8.9 Aver- age 21.1 16.5 25.5 16.9 22.65 21.8 46 39.6 0.325 0.535 9.0 25.9 59.34 73.8 Input Output 82304 1211703 82804 Sp. Gr. 1.83 1.08 1.39 1.65 It. Grams 1360 1100 156 3300 761. cc. 742.5 1020 112 2000 Temp.°C 21 21 21 25 (.71 (I) 0 One prominent factor stood out and that was oxidation between 802 and N02. The difference in temperature between outlet and inlet cooling water was more marked than in the previous runs. The con- version of 802 to H2304 was 88.93. This was either due to the wool packing or else the oxides of nitrogen were ample enough by mixing H307 with H250 .Although in the end this is not desirous, since 4.) 4. the HH03 acid must be removed from the final product. Runs No. 10, ll, 12 and 13. These were all about the same as 9. Since there is good con- version, it is now desirous to build up the concentrations of future runs. This can only be accomplished by increasing the flow of air and 302, or decreasing the downward flow of used acids to absorb the newly made SC3 gas. Having received enough information on tower methods, it was thought to reproduce the same results on a larger scale or called pilot plant research. 2. Data and Calculated Results. Page (59) contains averaged data for each separate run made in the laboratory. Page (60) contains averaged input and output data and computed results. 59. £333 noboao no Swag Amado on .333 cummsquhao no 333?. - m .9033 on» mango gonads owns an; a?” 35. .. H «n.mn om.ne oo.o 0.0» omn.o nan.o u.mn o.ov m.~m no.mm a.oa m.na n.oa a.a« on.« ma He.em «m.mm oo.s o.mH eo«.o nmn.o «.no o.¢w m.o« nu.Hm om.sa n«.Hu o.wa o.o« on.« «a so.oe am.noa o«.s o.mm omn.o nnn.o o.on o.o« m.a« om.~« «.ma n.nm 0.0a H.am as." «a «$.00 om.««a am.a «.aa on.o mmo.o m.on H.s¢ nm.mm o.om H.mH oo.p« om.ma n.om oo.« ca ¢¢.ma am.¢o om.» o.am o~.o on.o m.am m.an n.mm «.0» m.sa n.n« 0.0m s.o~ on.a no om.an Hp.«n oa.« p.- on.o on.o «.ou e.ou on.om no.mm oa.o« s.ma w.oa m.ma on.» m mo.mm «a.nn oo.« o.sH Hm¢.H emo.a m.~m om.nm oo.am no.am a.oa n.au a.oa «.om on.» s mm.so nm.m¢ om.¢ n.ma non.o wn.o o.am m.a« on.mm «.«m «.mw o.mm o.ma n.ma co.» mo «o.mm n¢.~m o«.o n.oa am.o oo.o n.mm H.Ha oo.am w.m« om.om a.om n.ma n.5a co.» m an.nn «o.~« om.” p.oa o«.a on.a a.nm . H.o« oo.am m.am os.om a.nm o.ma m.ma co.» « u . ca.» o.pa v¢.H on.H n - s - . o.m¢ p.ma o.ma co.» .n o«.ns «m.sn ca.» n.nn «m.a as.a o.«n p.mm e.mm «.mm o.ma m.om o.¢m o.«m 00.9 a Hm.n¢ pm.«n oo.na o.om sm.a so.“ m.m¢ «.mo o.mm n.¢m o.ma n.¢a o.m~ o.«w as.H H A259 909.96 2333 938.qu Acton. .2253 nogooom «on a: mom 5 undo 2:53 530an 995.8 nova! .34 .34 «on .anm gm nouns "deco madaooo pod pod pea a“ .npa a” posh cacao noun .a. unease poapso «menu naso .nH can gum «0 novdh 2.308 non .03” onmnmfipcmo 32on 09323809 . no . aoaago «o answer :4 nasapp onsuuoam . cage 02 $329393 3 a; 5m noun no.“ and: owunobd .u 60. 0.00 0.0004 0.0404 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 00.4 00.4 _00.4 0.0044 0.0004 00.4 0.0004 0.000 00.0 04 0.00 .000 0.000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0004 0.00 00.4 40.4 00.4 0.000 0.000 00.4 0.0044 0.000 00.0 04 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.40 00.4 00.4 00.4 0.0004 0.000 00.4 0.0004 0.4004 00.0 44 0.00 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 00.4 40.4 00.4 0.0040 0.0004 00.4 0.0000 0.0404 00.0 04 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 «.40 00.4 00.4 00.4 0.0044 0.0004 00.4 0.0004 0.000 00.4 0 00.00 0.000 04.04 0.0004 0.0040 0.0000 0.3. «0.4 40.4 00.4 0.0004 0.0004 404 0.0004 0.0004 00.0 0 0040 0.000 0.000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0004 0.00 004 00.4 00.4 0.0004 0.0004 00.4 0.0004 0.000 00.0 0 00.00 0.000 0.000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 00.4 00.4 00.4 0.0004 0.0004 00.4 0.0004 0.0004 00.0 0 00 .00 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.0404 0.000 0.40 34 00.4 00.4 0.000 0.000 40.4 0.000 0.040 00.0 0 00.00 0.000 0.004 0.400 0.0004 0.0004 0.00 00.4 00.4 00.4 0.0004 0.0004 40.4 0.040 0.040 00.0 0 00.04 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.0004 0.0004 0.00 00.4 00.4 00.4 0.0004 0.0004 404 0.000 0.000 00.0 0 00.40 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0004 0.40 00.4 00.4 00.4 0.0004 0.0004 00.4 0.000 0.000 00.0 0 00.04 0.0004 0.000 0.0404 0.0000 0.4004 0.00 00.4 00.4 00.4 0.0004 0.000 00.4 0.0004 00.000 00.4 .4 “.6000 3783.4. 4033 38.40 .3 .00 0043 .00 83.5 .3 ..40 080.40 .3 .940 dam «on no penuso 950:4 p000»: nas4o> .om .00 penaH .00 pandas aaa4o> .00 «000.: asa4o> a“ u :4 no 000 ton you 0009342 no 00030 50 «o .000 00000 0260.0." 03.5 340.0 230 3409.834 00 0.33000 5 go .3303 $004 no 35.40 own :4 02404030 00004080 «0.000 8.4.4. .02 -no»4 Aopa4fiav «0000 ..a4snom an. 00000 you noun penpso and annnH .p Input and Output Data Continued from.Previoua Page- No. Ratio of Input Ratio of Newly Cu. Ft. of B.T.U. - Air in Cu. Made 100% 82804 Tower Space - in of It. to $03 to 100%'U8ed per lb of 3 Cooling in Cu. It. in Grams per 24 hrs. Water Run Theoretical lctual Theoretical Actual 1 3.68 2.00 1.51 0.37 0.07 2260 2 3.68 6.50 0.81 0.50 0.09 5440 3 3.68 5.30 0.56 0.10 0.45 - 4 3.68 5.75 0£54 0.22 0.15 3035 5 3.68 3.75 1.04 0.26 0.13 1325 6 3.68 6.00 0.42 0.24 0.09 671 7 3.68 4.25 0.38 0.20 0.10 2640 8 3.68 7.83 0.23 0.12 0.13 1508 9 3.68 3.18 0.42 0.38 0.02 3041 10 3.68 2.07 0.57 0.53 0.02 7030 11 3.68 3.05 0.47 0.27 0.05 7520 12 3.68 2.57 0.75 0.69 0.30 6660 13 3.68 2.88 0.73 0.735 0.023 5570 Heat Balance - (Based at 0°C and 760 mm. Press.L results. 2 {I Uh; . The heat balance was calculated for the run showing best This happened to be run No. 13. Summary Heat Balance of Glover Tower. Input Not due to any chem. reactions. Beat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Beat Beat content of saturated airooooooooooooooocooo. content of sulphur dioxide.................. content of nitric acid...................... content of sulphuric acid 60° Be'........... content of sulphuric acid 10.8° Be'......... Total......................... due to reactions. of formation of sulphuric acid.............. of dilution 60° acid to 41° Be'............. Sum Total...................o. Output content carried by air to Gay-Lussac tower.. content carried by final product............ of centrating acid 10.8o B8' to 41° Be...... of centrating acid 41° Be' to 57.29 39...... taken out by cooling water.................. lost by radiation. e........OOOOCOOOOOOOOO... Sum Total.....u.......oo 624,563 Calories % 1,032 0.2 51 - 1,900 0.3 12, 580 2.0 20,800 3.3 36,363 540,000 86.5 48,200 7.7 624,563 100.0 50,100 8.0 4,125 .7 5,100 .8 82,000 13.0 552,000 56.5 131,338 21.0 100.0 Summary Heat Balance of Gay-Lussac Tower. Input Calories Beat content carried by air from.Glover to Gay-Lussac tower.............................. 50,000 Heat content of 60° E2304.......................... 9,330 Beat content of HN03 acid.......................... 1,050 Tbtal........................ 60,380 Output Heat content carried into Glover tower by 60° acid. 11,130 Heat content carried by HN03 acid into Glover tower 1,682 Negative heat of reaction by oxides of nitrogen.... 9,650 Best content of air in leaving Gay-Lusaac tower.... 6,360 Beat lost by radiation............................. 31,558 Total........................ 60,380 Summary Heat Balance of Whole Tower. Input Glover tower............................... 624,563 cal. Gay-Lnssac tower........................... 60,380 cal. TotalOOOOOOOIOOIOOOOO0.00.00.00.00......... 684,943 0810 .‘1 OH. 82.8 15.5 1.7 100.0 18.4 2.9 16.0 10.5 52.2 100.0 91.4% 8.6% 100 % Output Glover tower......................... 624,563 0&1. 91.4% Gay-Lueeac tower..................... 60,380 08].. 806% Total................................ 684,945 cal. 100.0% d. .material Balance. The material-balance was calculated for the same run as for heat-balance. Summary material Balance- Input Saturated air........................ 931.0 grams. 22.0% Sulphur dioxide...................... 680.0 ' 16.1% Nitric acid.......................... 156.0 ' 3.7% 60° Be' 32804........................ 1360.0 - 32.2% 10.80 Be' 52804...................... 1100.0 " 26.0% Total................................ 4,227.0 " 100.0% Output Spent.Lir............................ 635.2 grams. 15.0% Iater in Gay-Lussac.................. 136.7 ' 3.2% 60° 36' spec......................... 1360.0 8 32.2% 10.80 88' 82804...................... 1100.0 . 26.0% Grams. of 303........................ 832.0 ' 19.7% HNO3.lcid............................ 148.9 0 3.5% Loss or Oxides of N2................. 14.2 " 0.4% TotalOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC 4,227.0 grams. 106.0% 03. 3. sample Calculations for Run No. 13. a. Results of laboratory data. (1) Average Sp. Gr. of input acids. 742.5 cc.(Sp. Gr. l.83)== 1365 grams. 1020 cc.(Sp. Gr. l.0€)== 1100 irons. 1762.5" 2465 grams. Dividing, 2465+ 1762.5: ..............OOOOOOOOOOO.....lOQL‘Si). Gr. 1.83 Sp. Gr. = 94,3 H2504 H to , 4 _ “,0 11,50 1.08 Sp. Gr. = 2 4 Then, 1363 x 0.94: 1272 grams 100,3 £12804. 1100 x 0.123 = 132 grim 100,13 £1,304. —— L. TOta1-000000......0.0.0.0....0......OOOOOOOOOOOOCléo/i grwflS. (3) Gross output, 100; H2804in grams. 1.65 3;). Gr. = 73.475110304. Weight of output == 3300 grams. multiplying, - (.0 {5300 x 0.734:- oeeeoeoeoeo9.000000000000000000.2482 3176111 (4) Net output, 100% H 30 in grams. 2 4 Subtracting (2) from (3) or, 2422 - 1404': 00000000eoeeoooeeeeeeeoeeeeeeooe0101.8 gI'de. Tower efficiency in fl of converting 502 to 82304. 9 cu. ft. of 502 consumed. 1 cu. ft. of 502 weighs 0.169 lbs. at 29" Hg. 1 1b. == 454 grams. Therefore, 9 x 0.169 x 454== 680 grams of 302- 302+ £502 +1120 —> 212304. E01. Wt. Of H2304:= 98. L101. Wt. of 302 = 64. Then, 680 x 98 -:- 64 = 1022 grams of 112304 (theoretical). Actual conversion from (4) :: 1018 grams. Thus, 1018 + 1022 X 1.003%: ooeeeeeeoocooccoo-ecooceoeeoooeegaes‘; Tower spaced used/ens pound sulphur/burned 24 hours. Capacity of toner calculated as follows. Height of Glover tower 48 inches and 2” in diam. Height of Gay-Lussac tower 42" and 2" in diam. 2 3.1416 ==151 cu. in. capacity of Glover tuner. 48 x 1 42 x l2 3.14161==l32 cu. in. capacity of Gay-Lussac tower. Total capacity, 151-+ 132 == 287 cu. in. 287-? 1728 == 0.166 cu. ft. 680 grams of 302 contains (680-+ 454)(32 e— 64) = 0.75 lbs. of sulphur. C14. 67. 0.75 lbs of sulphur used in 2.5 hours. Dividing, 0.166-% 0.75 ==0.22l cu. ft. per 2.5 hours. Then, 0.221 x 2.3-+ 24 =5 0.023 cu. ft. or tower space required per pound of sulphur burned per 24 hours..............................0.023 cu. ft. to. Heat-Balance, based 00 C. and 29" fig. GL VER TONER INPUT Eefore start of chemical reactions. 1. Heat content of saturated air. Inlet temperature 16.50 C. == 61.80 F. From accompanying chart. Lotent heat (B.T.U7(lb. HBO) for 61.8 F. .....1057 B.T.U. Humid heat (B.T.U./'OF7/lb. dry air) for 61.8° F. ....0.243 Humidity (lbs. Hgg/lb. dry air) for ‘ 61.80 F. ....0.012 Then, 1057 X 0.012 = ...........l2.70 B. T. U. 0.243 (61.8 - 32):= ...... 7.25 B. T. U. Total B. T. Uv/lb. dry air at 16.80 C........ 9.95 B. T. U. 1 8. T.'U.== 252 cal. 1.cu. ft. Sat. air weighs at 29" Mg. 0.079 lbs. 25.9 cu. ft. of air used. 1:011]; ’ O a CD 0 252 x 0.079 X 25.9 x 19.95: ......OOOOOOlOOSB Cal-O (2) Heat content of sulphur dioxide. Inlet temperature 21.1O C.== 700 F. From accompanying chart. B. T. U. / lb. moi. 502 / 0F for 700 F :: Density of 302 , 29" fig. lbs. per cu. ft. 9 cu. ft. of 302 utilized. Then, 9.0 X O.169:= 1.421 lbs. of 302. Peund mol. of 802:: 64 lbs. 0r, 9.1 x 1.421 +— 64:: .....O.202 3. T. U. 252 X 0.202== ......................... (3) Heat content of nxog (78.18;). Inlet temperature 210 C. From accompanying table. Heat capacity in cal. / gram of solu. per 00. for 78.18,; 13:03 = 0.58 '.“.’ei,_:_jht of IE~303=156 grams. Then, 9.1 00.0.0000169 51.0 081. O.58(21-O)156= ......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1,900 Cal. (4) Heat content of 22304 (12%), Input temperature 210 3. Heat capacity, cal. / gram / CC for 125 acid== 0.9 weight of H SO acid ==llOO grams 4 Then, 0.9 (23.-O) 1100: eee‘eeoeeeeoceceoe00.0002O,8OO cal. \ \ doom» 2 \ a W \\ \ o III} 000% \ e. \ a \\\ m 000 3 \fi.: ma \ M \\ QQQW\ m \ \\\.\\\\ .1 _ eon $4 P _ a . m\ a a NE $3 \l\\ w Sui \s Eek \V Sc. \6 been} 8&6..ng Q§x elm ...ij hem on em R on oh 5V on 8 2 U. NWQx gm hNWN\ .MMVMWIVNC NR \Vexnfixb Keane. V‘NQK u .u 06 ). A/b’a’g 33d 5.57/30 73’) ”#39 c heat capacity in calories per gram of solution per °centigrade. Percentage BN03 0 0 1.00 1.0 .985 2.5 .965 5.0 .935 10.0 .888 15.0 .848 20.0 .807 25.0 .770 30.0 .737 40.0 .669 45.0 .662 50.0 .655 60.0 .634 70.0 .610 80.0 .581 90.0 .553 98.0 .475 100.0 .460 . ‘2‘. 70. (5) Heat content of H2304 (60°). Input temperature 210 C. Heat capacity, cal. / gram / CC. for 600 acid== 0.44 Height of 600 acid =- 1360 grams. Then, 0.44 (21-0) 1360== ........................l2,580 cal._ Total heat entered before start of run== 36,363 cal. Heat due to Chemical Reaction. (6) Heat of formation of 52304,. [7.8304 is formed from $02 gas, liquid water and oxygen. Actually the conversion takes place in two steps with intermediate fornations. However, the net effect is the same as though the following reaction proceeded -- 602 (s)+ 21.02 (2) + H20 (l)—>li"304+Q Where Q=- Total heat of formation in calories. 80,3 (8) = 81—02 - 69,400 cal. 02 (8) == 0 (zero), 1120 = 3.2 -|—§,02 - 68,310 cal. 11230421124 3 + 2 02 - 189,750 cal. Then, 302 .. 69,400+ 0 +1120 - 68,310 = 112504 - 189,750+Q Q,==52040 cal. / gram.mol. of H2804. 1018 grams of H2504 were made. 1.201. of 112304: 98 grams. Q X wt. of acid (lOOfi) 4— 98 52040 X 1018 + 98::00000000000000.0000eeeeooeb‘lo,000 Call. ('7) heat of dilution of 600 acid. Heat of dilution accompanyin a cha n e in concentration may be calculated by subtracting the heat of solution at the initial concentration from the final concentration. hole. of H20 / mol. of ngso in 600 acid. .p. 60° acid = 78,313,304 3 22:3. 1: 22 -:— 18 = 1.23 mols. of 1320. 78 -;°- 98: 0.796 mole. ofh 11,,304. 1.23 €- 0.796 == 1.53 mole. fHB O / mol. of H3304. From accompanying chart. Heat of solution for 1.53 mole. of Water / mol. of 8180 :: 8,560 cal. per 3ram.mol. 2 4 Jeigh t of 600 acid :: 1360 grams. Then, 13 60 x 8, 500— 98 = 91,800 Cal. heat of initial concentration. '1 e O 1.4 Sp. Gr. of final concentration == 1 Hgsqiand K 49;; 1120. 49 €- 18 := 2.22 mole. of H20. 51-4- 98 z: 0.52 mole. of H.804. 2.22 €- 0.52 == 4.28 mole. of H20 per mol. H2804. From accompan yin3 chart. Heat of solution for 4.28 mole. of 320 per mol. 82304:: 13,000 calories per “r '1 nol A Final heat of solution: 1060.8 x 18,000 €-98==......l40,000 cal. Subtracting, or total heat solution, 140,000 - 91,800==..........48,200 cal. Sum total of input heat in Glover tower 524,565.031. OUTPUT (8) Heat content carried out by spent air to Guy-Lussac tower at 460 C. or 114.80 F. Latent heet (3.30. / 1‘0. 320) for 114.80 F. =102 ES.T.U. Humidity (135. H 0 / 1t. dry air) for 114.80 F. = 0.005. Then, 1028 X 0.065== .................61.8 B.T.U. humid heat (3.11.3. / F. / 1b. dry air), 0.35 for 114.230 F. Cr, 0.35 (114.8 - 32):: ............29.0 B.T.U. Total B.T.U. / 1b. air ............90.s B.T.U. Weight of outlet sir, 2.05 lbs. 96.8 X 2.05 == 198.8 BoTaU. 198.8 x 252==. ..................50,100 cal. (9) Heat content carried down by final product. Weight of final product == 5300 grams. 1.65 Sp. Gr. of final product. Temperature 250 C. of final product. Heat cupdcity C31. / grdm / 0c. for 1.05 50. Gr. acid ........O.5 Then, 0.5 (:15 - O) 3:300: ......OOOOOO4,125 cal. (10) Heat of centratin; acid (125 or 10.80 38' to 410 38'). Initial concentration == 10.80 28'. 10.80 80' acid = 12:3 212304 8 88,3 330. 88 —I- 18 =4.88 mole. of 1320. 12-é-98 ==0.l22 mole. of H2304, 4.88'4'0.122 ='40 mole. of H20. / mol K3304 / mol. gram 82504 From accomganyin; chart. Heat of solution for 123 acid == 16,800 Cal. per gram mol. Then, 0.12 x 1100 x 16,800 4-98 ==22,600 cal. Final concentration = 41° 88' From.(page 71) 41° 86' acid contains 4.28 mole. of water per mol. H2504 and heat of solution ==15,000 cal. / gram mol. 1100 grams of 12% were used. Then, 1100 x 0.12 x 13,000 +-98 =..............17,500 cal. Subtracting, 22,600 - 17,500=='....................... 5,100 cal. (11) Heat of concentration 1.4 33. Gr. acid which is average Sp. Gr. for input acid and was built up to 1.65 Sp. Gr. by the newly made 100$IHZSO4. Height of input acid ==2460 grams. Height of output acid ==0300 grams. Initial heat of solution for 1.4 Sp. Gr. acid=- 13,000 cal. / gram mol. Then, 13,000 x 24. (I) 0 >4 0 (fl 1.; + '0 C3 0 o o o O o o o o H ( a L J \- (.71 C) (D 0 Ed I Final heat of solution for 1.65 Sp. Gr. acid. 1.65 Sp. Gr. = 73.531180 at 26.531110. 26.5 + 18== 1.47 mole. 1120. 73.5+ 98- 0.75 53015. 23,304. 1.47-+ 0.75 = 1.96 mole. of 390. per mol. of acid. ’ to Heat of solution from chart for 1.96 mole. of H20 / mol. of H030 - lO,C00 Cal. / gram rrzol. 4 Then, 3300 x 0.735 x 10,000 4—98:= 248,500 cal. Subtracting, 248,500 - 166,560 cal.== ................ 2,000 cal. ) Heat em ved by cooling HatBT. fit. of cooling water from oxidation done == 59.34 lbs., temperature 73° F. Weight of cooling water from reaction chamber =-73.8 lbs., tanperature 71.20 F. Inlet temperature of water'==61.80 F. Then, B.T.". from Glover tower. (73.0 - 61.8) 59.34== .............. 644 B.T.U. from reaction chamber. (71.2 - 61.8) 73.8 =' .............. 694 TOtal BOTOU...0.0000000000000000... 1:33 TOtal calories: 1,338 X 252: 04.00000000000352,OOO 0&1. (13) Heat lost by radiation .................131,338 cal. Total heat output fron Glover tower ......624,563 cal. GAX‘LUSdAC TONER INPUT (14) Heat content in air from Glover tower, same as output to Gay-Lassac (pa3e 73). ................... 51,000 cal. (15) Heat content of 600 acid. IIeat capacity, cal. / gram 03. for 78,3 acid: 0.44 Temperature of acid a 210 C. Y.‘Jeigght of acid: 1360 grams. Then, 0.44 (21 - 0) 13661:: .................. 9,330 cal. (16) Heat content of H103 acid. Heat capacity in cal. / gram of solution / CC. for 78.18}: 0.58 Temperature of EH 3 == 210 C. Height of H303 == 156 grans. Then, 0.58 (2]- - O) 156: ......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1,050 Cal. Total input of heat for Gay-Lussac tower .. 60,380 cal. OUTPUT (17) Heat content carried down by 600 acid into Glover tower. Weight of acid :1 1360 grams. Input temperature 210 C. Temperature leaving, tower 39.60 C. = 00009000000oooooooooooll,lzo Cdlo (18) Heat content carried by Erich, (78.13:,S) acid into Glover tower. Heat capacity : 0.58 Height of acid = 156 grams. Temperature out = 39.60 C. Temperature out: r>1.00 " Then, 0.58 (39.6 — 21)156$........................ 1,682 cal. (19) Heat absorbed by NO 42302 N02+ 803* 803 +130 - heat SOS-H1120 #152804 1018 grams of 112.304 were made. 80 x 1018:— 98 = 830 grams of 303. To make 830 grams of 803 it required x grams of N02 Or, * = 830 x 46 -:- 80 :47? grains of 1302. A Heat of formation of 1702:: -930 Now ,' 930 X 477-:- 4F= oooooooooooooooooooooeocoo... 9,650 cal. (20) Heat taken out by Spent air. 205 lbs. dry air used. Temperature 25.50 C. 2 77.90 F. Humid heat (B.T.U. / OF. / 1b. dry air): 0.268 Then, 0.268 (77.9 - 32) 2.05 =l“25.25 B.T.U. 25.25 x Efi3== ...............................6,360 cal. (21) Lost heat due to radiation- ..................31,558 cal. Total output heat from Gay-Lussac tower........60,380 cal. c. hiaterial - Balance. IKYUT (1) Saturated air. One cu. fut. at 29" Kg weighs 0.079 lbs. 25.9 cu. ft. of air consumed. Then, 25.9 x 0.079 =2.05 lbs. of air. 2.05 x 454== ................................... 931.0 grams, (2) Sulphur dioxide. One cu. ft. of 502 at 29” H5. weighs 0.169 lbs. 9 cu. ft. of 302 consumed. 0r, 9.): 0.169: 1.521 lbs. of 502. 1.521 x 454:: ................................... 680.0 grams. (3) Weight of HN03== ................................. 156.0 grass. (4) Weight of 60° 112804=........................... 1,360.0 grams. (5) Weight Of 12% H2804=0000000000000000000000000... 11100.0 grams. TOtal iHDUtoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo. 4L22700 grams. OUTPUT (6) Spent air. Inlet air - water content. Pounds of 1:20 / 1b. saturated air for 15.-5° c. = 0.012 25.9 cu. ft. of air consumed. Then, 25.9 x 0.079 X .012 x 454 =- 136.7 grams of 820 Weight of inlet air ==931 grads. Subtracting, 931 - 136.? = 794.3 grams. Spend air - oxygen content used. 1018 grams of H2804 made. 1.101. weight of a; 02 =16 Or, 1018 x 16 +98= 166.4 grams of oxygen consumed. Oxygen 20,? by volume in ai r.. 794.0 x 0.2 §=158 grams of oxygen used in converting $02 to .303 from air. 166.4 grams were actually used. SO, 166.4 - 158= 8.4 grams of oxygen was deficient. Finally,' 794.0 "' 158= or air Spend I ooooooooooooooooooo 635.0 grdnlSo 79. (7) Water held back by Gay-Lussac acid ...........136.7 grams. (8) Weight of 600 acid leaving tower ........... 1360.0 grams. (9) Weight of 12% acid leaving tower ........... 1100.0 grams. (10) Weight of acid made minus water or remainder is 803,1018):80+98=........................ 832. grams. (11) Weigit of H305 acid recovered................ 141.8 grams. (12) Loss of H130r2 as NO 0000.00.000000000000000... 14.81'31‘113: a 2 5 Total output.......OOOOOOOCCOOI......O...’....4’227.0 arms. C. COHCLUSIOES. From observation of data and results many factors are Open for .discussion. Nith little experimental work on sulphuric acid thus far it appears that there is a lot to consider about sulphuric acid. Re- actions taking place in the tower method are affected by outside factors such as temperature, pressure, and velocities of reaction which are influenced mainly by type of packing and finally tower space. Possible reactions taking place may be divided into three groups as follows -- those which take place in a homogeneous gas phase. 1. 2 130-1- 02 —- 2 1302 - heat 2. 2 N0+ 31; 02—. 21203 - heat a, i1205+% 02 _. 19204 - heat It is said reaction No. 2 takes place with great speed while No. 3 completes No. 2 and comparatively slowly. High temperature will affect N0. 2 in breaking up N to NO and N02 . There is a second series taking place in a heterogeneous gas-liquid interface phase and repre— 80. sented by the follaving equations -- . r: 1. 502+ :120 —. 1.2803 2. H980 -+- Noe -—- (H2304) N0, known as violet acid. H H 3. 2(nwso4) 130+ :3; 0.4302) —-. 2 305::::: + 1120mm / ‘4 u 4. 2 8021:34- 5024 231120 —. 2(1122504) 150 + 112304 Reaction Ko. 1 takes place very readily, but is unstaole, yet with ample supply of 202 it will produce as shoxn under Ho. 2. This re- action can be detected by its violet color and was observed in both towers. Violet acid Can be produced with concentrated HESO4 and (R0) under pressure. The latter may have taken place in the tower, because with a sufficient supply of air the violet color disappears. In either case, heat is evolved. Insofar as it does take place in the Glover tower, it is desirous since in the end H2304 will be made; but, not in the Gay-Lussac tower where the temperatures should be low. In the Gay-Lussac tower the N0 and N02 finally are recovered by the H2804 to form nitrosyl sulphuric acid which is the customary way of bringing back the oxides of nitrogen into the Glover t war. As mentioned before, high temperatures somewhat affect this reaction. Other reactions which occur in the liquid phase may be listed as follows -- 1. (H2804) no _. E12804+ 2:0 2. H20 + 2 80 1‘11 —0- 2119304 + 1‘30 + 1102 5 3. 305m:+ mqog —- 112“04 + 21:02 These reactions were evidenced in the Clever tower and the reaction chamber. By closely observing the liquid trickling down the packing it seemed clear and colorless when all at once in the oxidation none N02 gas was noticed by its reddish—broth color. at this instant re— action No. 2 took place due to the EEO contained in the dilute acid which met the down coming nitrosyl sulphuric acid from the Gay-Lussac tower. The same took place in the reaction chamber where there must have been some ENDS and reaction Ko. 3 resulted. The HK‘3 came from two sources, from intermediate reactions from above and from the nitrogen dioxide generator which distilled some of it over. Thus, by harnessing the work with the gas-liquid and liquid phase, it may be possible to eliminate the chambers the points to develops in this problem. In conclusion, some runs were promising while others were not. Better results were obtained with the glass wool packing rather than with the glass beads. In study with a similar construction of tower in pilot plant, the glass wool packing will be employed. an": THREE STUDY .‘JITli All ACID-TRCOF TILE TCJL'IR FCR PILOT FLAIIT RfileRfil 82. 0‘, O] PILOT PLANT CPERATICKS. l. Discussion: .After considerable information had been obtained on preparation fiand study of sulphuric acid on an experimental scale in laboratory, it was desirous to duplicate the same in the pilot plant. (Pilot plant research is nothing more than reproducing the same as of experimental, only on a considerable larger scale.) A new complete tower had been rebuilt out of the one in pilot plant where others had devoted time and study in search of similar results. The rebuilt tower, and from now on, will be referred to as the "tile tower" mainly to its construction of glazed acid— resisting tile. The tile tower was designed to differ from the old toner in some respects because of information gotten from experimental study in laboratory. Still, this tile tower is quite analogous in principle to both the old tower and the glass tower. when the glass tower was built and set up, the top half which heretofore had been referred to as the Gay—Lussac tower, was not provided with cooling facilities. The object was that the chemical reactions taking place in that region were of negative heat of reaction and cooling was not necessary. (By negative heat of re- action it is meant - heat is taken On due to chemical reaction. Heat will be absorbed from close-by surroundings.) The lower half or the Glover tower had to be water cooled due to the chemical ‘the bottom of the lead cup (N). (D U] o C. C 7 O (J) C.) cf tower will be water cooled from source of inlet 0 bottom to the outlet waste air at the top. ‘If the Gay-Lussac tower were also cooled, the heat that would ordinarily remain in it would break up the nitrosyl sulphuric acid into oxides of nitrogen and sulphuric acid, or Due to such merely reverse the reaction which.is not desirous. decomposition, a loss of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide would result and consequently a drop in efficiency. Since the oxides of nitr0gen are the key to the entire process, they need to be considered and delt with. In conclusion, the proposed plan can only be tested out for further comments to be made, if any. CONSTRUCTION CF ACID-PROOF TILE TCdE”. The old tower was torn down to the cement base (FF). (Refer to Blue Print No. 2). A lead cup (N) six inches in diameter and eight inches deep was directly inserted, or imbedded in the center of the concrete base (FF). This foundation is thirty inches square and thirty—six inches high from the ground floor. A half—inch drain in the bottom of the lead cup was made of lead pipe to allow the newly made and spent acids to drain through it. An acid- resistive sprigot (C) was attached with acid-proof cement at the outer end of the lead drain pipe which has its inner and burned to Thus a permanent connection was sound against gas or acid leaks. A lead grate was burned upon the open end of the lead cup (K) reactions being of positive heat of reaction giving off heat. In drawing up the conclusions from experimental results, it was clearly seen that the Gay-LuSSac tower was much more hotter than the Glover tower. The only source of heat that could have p ssibly entered into the Gay—Lassac tower was primarily due to 'the air carrying the heat up from the lower half of the glas tower. It is believed with such a tower method in th' manufacture of sulphuric aci‘ that the entire tower should be equiped with means of cooling. From the study of the chamber process, the most widely one used in coamercial work, the gasses leaving the Glover tower are very hot and by passing through the lead chambers practically all of the heat is removed before entering the Gay- Lussac tower. (Refer to history of Chamber Process on manufacture of H2504). The heat is removed from the hot gases by being dissipated in the lead walls of the chamber. Since in the tower method, the chambers are completely left out. Then it stands to reason that time involved for the hot gases to leave the Glover tower and enter the Gay-Lussac tower is much more shorter than the hot gases leaving the Glover tower enroute through the chambers and into the Gay- Lussac tower of the "Chamber Process." [At first upon the construc— tion of the glass toner, it was thought the leat of reaction would he completely removed by cooling the Glover tower. Theoretically it should have, but actual it did not. For this reason the entire 86. whose walls are one-inch thick, namely, to support the glass wool packing and finally to permit acids to trickle dosn from the above taver (3) into the lead cup (K). From here they were drawn off as described above. a. Glover tower (3). After the lead grate had been sealed tightly upon the lead cup so that gases couldn't eSCape througn its burned joint, a six inch glazed acid-proof tile (HR) was set up right upon the lead grate (LL). These acid-proof tiles which will constitute the tower are two feet in length. The bottom of the first tile was Q cemented to the lead cup (I) with acid-proof cement which took J about two days to dry out thoroughly. Thus an air tight joint was made. This sealed connection made up the bottom of the Glover tower (3). Care in setting the tiles was necessary, in which they were vertically lined with a plumb line, so that the concurrent flow of acids could wet the inside circular wall of the tower an the packing. The second glazed acid—proof tile (KL) (numbering from the bottom up) was placed upon the top of the first, and sealed securely to insure leakage of gases and acids. A problem resulted in trying to use suitable materials with which to seal the joints between the tile. At first the whole bell of the tile was packed with acid-proof cement. Sodium silicate mixed with powder acid-proof cement to a plastic state was applied into the bell joints. The 87. sodium silicate being in nature of a viscous liquid hardens when exposed to the atmosphere. Thus, trouble had been en- countered whereby the plastic cement only dried on the outside surface or the one exposed to the air. This being the situation, the cement beneath the dried crust was as soft as when it was packed into the bell joints. In conclusion, such a connection with an unstable center was not desirable since it did not offer positive assurance rcainst leaks and finally a very poor binder for the safety of keeping the tiles from tipping over. The tiles must be permanently set and vertically lined. After a little time had been spent on study of applicable materials for joint purposes, it was thought that a small layer of acid-proof cement would do, just small enough to dry completely through its thickness. Still this idea left some doubt. Next plaster of paris had been mentioned by Fr. Reed, namely it being a salt (3&504) of sulphuric acid would not be attached by the acid itself. Plaster of pari was mixed with a little water to U] the form of a mud and introduced as such.into the balls of the tiles. So with a small layer of acid-proof Cement and a con- siderably larger layer of plaster of paris, the uncertainty had been relieved. If the first layer should permit the sulphuric acid or gases to escape, then the second would prevent further leakage. Plaster of paris fulfilled om phase as an acid resistant and also as an air—tight connection since it expands upon solidifica- tion due to water of hydration. Up to this point the joints were sound in respect from the inside to the outside of the inner tower. Since this tower was to be water-jacketed (4) for cooling purposes, the water would slightly dissolve the outer layer which is exeosed to it. To remedy this cause a very small coat of asphalt was pain ed over the plaster of paris to ward off the water. Insofar as the bell joint was considered now, it was quite air-tight in regard to water entering in, or gases and acids escaping out. With this point in view it is not strong enough to hold the tiles from tilting over, because the compressibility of larger layer is too high. .v -acking in a layer of concrete above, or on top ~~J 'J of the asphalt coat and again painting another coat of asphalt on it, the joint was sound in every respect and fulfilled all requirements. Three tiles were worked up in this manner and constituted what has heretofore been referred to as the Glover tower (Z). The inside of this tower was packed with fine glass wool (F) in such a mode that the least anount of resistance would be offered when the acids trickled down, or gases traveled upward, and lastly, producted sufficient surfacing area. Havin: prosressed to this degree, the set-up contained he base (E)tnd the Glover tower'(3). Before adding the top half known as the Gay—Lussac tower (2), two sections of sewer 89. tile (kn) taelve inc in diaim ter, -nd tuo feet long were set around the Glover tower and made up the bottom of the waterbjacket(4). The first sewer tile was set in the has se (N). Both it and the first tile of the Glover tower were imbelded four inches deep into the concrete base (Refer to Blue Print he. 2). In this position they were securely held and both columns being firmly fortified by the base, thus insuring the dainer of tipp n5 over. The second sewer pipe Has placed in its location on the first tile (Again nu “.bering from the bottom up). The sealing of these bell joints was an easy task in comparison with those of the inner toner. Rope oakum, aspv halt, and a considerably larger layer of concrete, respectively affirrsed the connection from water seepage or tilting of sewer tiles as the “atler-jacket Ias carried up..ard in its construction. 13"" ~40! ‘ .-.,nl ... 3 _. 1- 1050f the ‘..-atsl"-Jan::t, tne :Jo haying set up the tn 0 (n (D r top of the Glover tower was completed. A perforated leaa can (3) six inches in diaheter lies on top of the glass wool pa ch ing (F). It serves the object of despensing equally the dilute acid over the packing. The dilue acid (I) makes its way into the perforated distributor (E) through the dilute acid line (K). Two to three inches above the rim of the perforated nan a one-inch lead plate (D) and nine inches in diameterznsts in the shoulder of the bell of the third tile of the Glover tower (3). Both the plate and distributor Were connected by the Gay-Lusaac acid line (K) which extended flush from the tOp of sad plate (D) down four feet into (G) of th e Glover tower (3), with the packing (F) centered around it. The entire unit was su,ported by the bell shoulder. This same lead disc was air-tight sealed with acid—proof cement. Its purpose served as; first, he bottom of the Gay-Lussac tower (2); secondly, the top of the Glover taver (3); and lastly, collected the Gay-Lussac acid (A) which in turn drained into the mentioned small pipe line (h) and in the end emptied into the oxidation zone (G) of the Glover tower (3). In conclusion a vent line (I), half an inch in diameter and three inches above the surface of the lead plate (D) was burned in so that only the spent air could pass through it from the Glover tower (3) to enter into the GayéLussae tower (2) without any acid draining in over it, because it is desirous to have the acid collect on the lead plate (D) and drain down its proper line (I). Thus the two towers were securely connected. b. Gay-Lussac tower (2). Next in order the dilute acid line (K) made of half-inch lead pipe was installed. It extended downward from the tOp of Gay-Lussac tower (2) to about two inches below the plate (D) in the bottom of the Gay-Lussac tower. Note, that it is a U-tube affair (F) whose design was necessary against upward pressures in order to allow the dilute acid (J) to fill the perforated pan (E) (F) of the Glover tower (3). (Refer to Blue on top of the packinr . . 3 Print NO. 2). Consequently a free flowing stream of dilute acid was constantly ma'ntained. Continuine in further construction, the fourth acid—proof ..J tile (00) vas placed in its designated position on top of the cad (1) plate (D) and it was -ealed in the bell shoulder of the third tile up. Sinilarily, fifth and sixth tiles were set in their respective places, and correSpondingly the joints were filled or packed with various layers heretofore described in the construction of the Glover tower (3). here glass wool (C) was used to pack these three ‘dles which formed the fay—Lus tone (2). Same cure was (.0 £2 0 exercised for uniform packing as in the lower half (5) of the set- up for similar reasons. Another lead perforated pan (3) serving the purpose as a distributor rested on top of the latter packing (C) and was also held by the shoulder of bell of the sixth tile. 99° acid (A) runs into this pan (B) which evenly sprayed it over the packing (0). Consequently, the acid trickled down through the packing (C) of the Gay-Lussac tower (2). The tip of the dilute acid line (K) and air vent (EE) passed through this cup (3) and both_were held in place by being burned in place with an acetylene torch. The air vent permitted the air to leave the set-up. This completed all the work on the inner toner. The remaining three sections of the water—jacket (4) were inserted and cemented tOgether. An entry (BB) for inlet water was put in the botbm while a similar one (CC) at the very tOp carried out the spent cooling water. This concluded all work in construction of the entire tower. C. minor Attachments. (1) “ilute acid reservoir (J) A fifteen liter soft glass bottle fulfilled the need as a container for dilute acid to flow into the dilute acid line (K) at a uniform rate while the pilot plant run was in Operation. It was graduated into liters whereby the difference of levels of acid before and after gave the amount used in each test. a siphon made of quarter-inch glass tubing conveyed the dilute acid into its respective line (K). It is held firmly in the mouth of the bottle (J) with a suitable rubber stopper. .nlso, a four centimeter funnel was inserted through the stopper for adding.more weak acid into the reservior (J) when it became emptV. A small size peep glass tube was forced through the same stopper to allow the air to escape when more acid was poured into the container. (2) Reservoir for 60° Be' acid (A) This container is identically the same as the one (J), only, its 60° acid flows into the perforated lead pan (B) lying on the top of the Gay—Lussac tower (2). The acid is thus showered over the packing (C). In the end it was received in the bottom.(D) of the Gay-Lussac tower from where it emptied into a half-inch lead- pipe (K) which is four feet long. In this manner the Gay-Lussac acid containing the absorbed oxides of nitrogen returned them back into the oxidation zone (G) which.nude up the bottom half of the Glover tower (3). The top half was called the absorption zone which was showered with dilute acid. Both siphons are equiped with valves for regulation of flow of respective acid. (3) Sulphur dioxide meter (X) An ordinary house gas meter was loaned to the chemical engineering was horroned. {—+- department by the Consumers' Power Company of Lansing. I for measuring the volume of S 2 in order to be able to obtain accurate data for calculation of results. $02 Was emitted from.its cylinder in which it was contained in the liquid state and expanded upon entrance into the atmOSphere as a gas. Ry passing it through a manometer (R), then into the gas meter (K) and finally into the tower (3) through the entrance (7) at the bottom; this metho supplied the constant low of 802 during working conditions. The manometer (N) acts as a safety device over which a limited pressure on the gas meter (X) will cause inaccurate registering of cu. ft. of gas. It also ful— filled the task of indicating packing resistance to inflow of gases. was meter (X) and tower (3) L A thermometer (Y) was inserted between the to obtain the inlet temperature for computing the heat balance. (4) Air meter (T) Another larger common gas meter was borrowed from the Consumers' Power Company of Lansing for recording the volume of air passed per unit interval. It too was equiped with a manometer (S) for safety and a thermometer (V) to obtain inlet temperature of air. In this case a meter was necessary to control the ratio of air to 302 which should actually be 4 - l by volume at atmOSpheric conditions of pressure. The recorded volume of air offered information in regard to calculating the heat and material balances. Quarter-inch rubber and air into the tower from tubing was used for bringing the SC 9 A.) n ‘Ji-o their respective sources. (5) Nitrogen dioxide generator (5) Some convenient means of introducing the nitrogen dioiide had to be made in such a way that a constant introduction could be maintained. A six liter erlenmeyer flask (5) was employed and properly installed (refer to Blue Print No. 2). An air line passed into this flask through its Open top. In like manner the funnel (Q) was inserted for adnitting nitric and sulphuric acids into the generator (5). Lastly, a fume line (V) connected the mouth of the flask (5) with the entrance (7) of the tower (3). Acid-proof cement was packed into the opening mouth of the generator (5) to form a sealed cap to prevent escape of nitrous ; burner (R) supplied the heat p-j fumes except into the tower(3). A bunse to the mixed acid to drive off the oxides of nitrOgen. After the exhaustion of oxides of nitrogen, the spent acid consisting practically n H of sulphuric aci and water was drawn out by a vacuum through the same line which admitted the air into the set-up while in Operation. Then by refilling with a new mixture of acids, the generator was ready for use again. Another identical erlenmeyer flash (5) fulfilled the requirement in driving off the oxides of nitrogen which otme down with the newly made acid. 80 by draining the gross acid and pouring tiem into the container through the funnel (z), the oxides of nitrogen were expelled by heat of a bunsen burner. This unit is located to the right of the tower entrance (7). The tower entrance (7) is of importance to consider. a way of introducing 309, air, and nitrous fumes was necessary insofar as the operation was concerned. An air-tiyht entrance and to be made to admit the gases named and yet prevent passuee of then other than \ J o T (D L (D ’1 A g V into the tower (5). For this point in mind a 600 ca was used. The flue lines (V) and (AA) of the 6 liter flasks pass I (D F- I b O ',. T‘ C (I? H C over the tip of the beaker (7) and protrude about 0' the acid-proof cement cap which closes the top of the BOC cc. beaker (7). Through each of these flue lines the air comes in and brings along the oxides of nitrogen from the generator (5) and the newly made acid. Then one end of a larger glass tube also pro- trudes one inch below the surface of cap on the beaker (7) and the other end leads into the tower. The latter end is sealed into the lead cup (N) in center at the concrete base (FF). Thus there is a passage from the beaker (7) into the tower (3). A quarter—inch glass tube was inserted throuih the same cement cap for admittance of sulphur dioxide. A similar size glass tube was placed through the cap so that it reached the bottom of beaker (7) where any condensate could be drawn off by a vacuum. In conclusion of constructing the tower and its minor units, such a set-up was used in the study of preparation of sulphuric acid by a tower method in pilot plant. 3.110% EACH Rb}: ans Is'JiDE. The pilot plant sulphuric acid tower is about 15 feet high. (Refer to Blue Print No. 2 which is enclosed in the pocket of the back cover of this thesis. It is advised to take out the said plan and refer to it in how each run was made.) _p° acid was held in a graduate reservoir (A) from where it was siphoned over into the perforated lead pan (3). This lead pan dis- tributes the 600 acid over the packing (C) contained in the Gay-Lussac tower (2). Finally the acid trickling down the packing absorbs the (K02 ) passing up from (G) through (E) and (I). The following reaction results as absorption of K02 by the 60° acid takes place ~- 1. 2N02+ Ezg<‘c4—- 50511:: + meg Nitrosyl sulphuric acid (SOSXH), nitric acid (ZKCZ) and the BGDaCid (33304) are collected in (D). From (D) the mixed acids drained into the Gap-Lussac acid line (L) of the Glover tower (3) down to (G). At (G) the mixed acid Was diluted by the down-coming dilute acid fr m its reservoir (J) siphoned over into the dilute acid (K) which carried it over the trap (L). From here it Was brought into the perforated lead pan (E), distributing it over the packing (F) of the tower (3) until both the dilute acid and 600 acid from (I) met at (3). At (G) the following reaction took place ~- 2. 2805131'1' 1120 —'- HOB + NO + 2112804 Nitrogen dioxide (302) and nitric oxid (NO) remained at (3) while the diluted sulphuric acid (H2304) trickled into lead cup (N). From (N) it is drawn out through acid-proof Sprigot (0) into a large bottle (P). (‘ The original source of £02 vas generated in the six liter erlenneyer flask (5). 1500 cc. of nitric acid (1.39 Sp. Gr.) were poured through the funnel (Q) into (5). The same was folloxed by 1000 cc. of con- centrated sulphuric acid (1.84 3p. Gr.). Then the stop-cock of (O \) funnel (Q) was closed. By heating (5)'with the bunsen burner (R) N02 was liberated from the solution of the mixed acids. The air was passed into the manometer (5), the air meter (T), the temperature recording unit (U) and into the generator (5). The air passing up through the heated mixed acids thus carried along he liberated I02 over the flue line (V) into the tower entrance (7) from where both passed up into the tower (3) through the packing. Heating of the con- tainer (5) and flow of air were continued until sufficient amount of nitrogen dioxides were generated. flhen the above was completed, 802 was introduced from its source through the manometer (W), :50?3 meter (X), the temperature recording unit (Y), and the tower entrance (7) frmn where it passed into the tower (3). At (6) the 302 and L02 reacted to form 303 as follows —- 3. 302+ i302 _. 303 + no Sulphur trioxide (803) is absorbed above the point (3) by the down trickling dilute acid from (E) and the following caction resulted ~- 4. SOZ'+ HBO -—-HZSO4-+ heat In this nmnner the dilute acid was concentrated by taking on 503. How, he built up acid trickled down into the receiving lead cup (3) from where it was drawn off through the sprigot (0) into (P). Some oxides of nitrogen were carried along into (P). Thus the gross out- put was emptied into (5) through the funnel (Z). App ying heat to (5) with a bunsen burner the oxides were liberated. The air passed into (5) and bubbled up through the gross acid in such a manner that it CU. carried along the oxides of nitrogen over the flue line (AA) into the tower entrance (7) and finally in the tower (3) at (G) where more 502 met it to form 303. New going back to reaction 3, the E0 is carried up into toner (2) by the air through (E) and (I). Ch its way up the air oxidized the NO to 202 _- 5. I70 + {302 —- 1:02 - heat. Again the reg is absorbed by the trickling acid in (C) of (2) and reaction No. l was reproduced. The air deprived of its oxygen, to NO, passed up through (BE) and Made its escape into the atmosphere. Thus the cycle of process of gases, air and counter-flow of acids is outlined and explained. Points of interes were watched and observed toward the function of the tower method for making sulphuric acid. Data was recovered every fifteen minutes for 2 to 3 hours. Since the tower was fifteen feet high and in order to record the outlet temperature of air and water, a ladder Was used to climb up. The following data was taken on tabulated data paper —- the temperatures of inlet air at (U), of inlet 8 2 at (Y), of inlet water at (BB); and outlet of air at (E3) and outlet water at (Us). The difference of levels of reservoirs (A) and (J) gave the amount of input acids in liters. Volumes of air at (T) an“ of 302 at (X) were written down along with corresponding pressures a (S) and (N). Some means of accounting for th weight of water hui to be solved. 1.). I " vy' ‘ r“ v V w . re 1» 1 ‘- 1 ~s «u-v' r ' ‘J‘ ‘\ I . a‘. - ‘ n' This dag done of uSLlHi the eiJiet iat>r of Later—Jacket (4) at 'U the top at (CC). From (CC) it uas led into a tank 48 'nches in diameter and 3 feet high. So by measuring the difference of level of the Water for each interval gaVe the volume of water passed. From its volume the weight was calculated. With the use of meters the ratio of air to 502 was controlled. The ’1 ratio being actually 4 — 1. Difference of inlet and outlet t mperatures were watched. An increase of such showed reactions of 509 to H0304 A: La were taking place. ‘ Sucn care and procedure was exercised in making all runs. Resul 4- .—. U0 were calculated which pertained to the possibility of developing a t wer method for commercial purposes. 1. Laboratorv runs of Pilot Plant. The following_pages contain data taken on each run. Curves were also plotted to study each run. after this, discussion of each trial is made. UK). 1 $000003 000 hp Moon 0000 @0009 o» 006 .30 000000 000000.00 00000020 0 0.00000 00.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.00 0.0 00.0 00.00 0.00 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0000 0.00000 00.0 00 - - u - - - 00.00 0.00 00 - - 0.00 00mn0 0.0000 00.m 00 - u a n u - 00.00 0.00 00 a - 0.00 000 0.0000 00.0 00 - u - - - - 00.00 0.00 00 s - 0.00 000 0.0000 00.0 00 - u u - - - 00.00 0.00 00 - a 0.00 000 0.0000 00.0 00 0.0 00.0 0.000 0.00 0.0 00.0 00.00 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 000 0.0000 00.0 00 0.0 00.0 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 00.00 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 000 0.000 00.0 00 0.0 00.0 0.000 0.00 0.0 0.0 00.00 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 000 0.000 00.0 00 0.0 00.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 00.00 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 000 0.000 00.0 00 0.0 00.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 00.00 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 000 0.000 00.0 00 0.0 00.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 00.00 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 000 0.000 00.0 00 0.0 00.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 00.00 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 00.0 00 0.0 00.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 00.00 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 00 - - - - u - a 0.0 0.0 0.00 00 00 00 00 0.00 00 - a u - - - u 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 00 - u - 00 u a a - a n - 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 00 - u - 00 - .. .. .. .. .. - 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 00 u u - 00 c - -- n a u - 0 0 .0.0 00 00 u - u 0 .00 00.000..00.00 00.0000 004 000 004. 000 00 000 000000 0000- .00 000 00000 004. 004 000 .00: .00 .00 000 00004 0000000 0 0000000 000000 00000 00000 00 0000000 000000 00000 .000 .00000 .00 .00 00 .00» 00000 00 000000 00 .0000 00000000000 00000000000 0000 00:00 0000 00 000000000 000000 00000 0000 00000 00000 H .02 50m Run No. 1 Calculated 100% 32304 for 15 Min. Intervals Time Grams 100% 32504 for Each 15 Min. Interval Héi. Gross Output Input Actually Made Theoretical 15 807 326 481 820 50 545 415 130 526 45 302 481 - 585 60 177 140 37 574 75 188 617.9 - 480 90 199 593 - 58.5 105 1510 345 964.1 468.0 120 985 237 748 585.0 135 950 365 584.5 150 1150 345.9 804.1 165 1470 494 976 180 ‘2790 415 ‘2575 Total 11,073 4,981.2 6,091.7 4,096.5 ‘ This indicates amounts remaining in tower and drawn off The wool packing retained these amounts due Thus the residual acid could not be drawn off at the 15 minute interval. next day. to the large surface offered. r4 0 if) a Dkxmssion of Run Ho. 1 wade in pilot plant ' 0 r- ’ s v - w First of all, calculations for lqu sulnnuric asid were corputea Ho ’ J H (D f O r ...: O] p. :3 {1 Cf (D H d- erval for gross output, #4 ,3 (J >1 (A. U ,2 p... Cf' a) O H (L' (J- H O C: r. .a annunts. The dilute and COOEe' acids ” wr co hined as one representiny total input. Then the difference between gross output and input gave tne ammunt of newly made sulphur’c acid. The theoretical was detenzi the volume of su] -phur dioxide co ons m'ned. These results. Je'e comput ed for 15 minute intervals so they could be plotted and studdied from the stand— point of curves. So by plotting the time as the abscissa and grams of loogjfigsc4 as the ordin e(refer to previous page), three curves were lrawn 0"t one rep esentinslthe input acid, another the output ”h le the last the theoretical. Interesting information can be seen by closely observing the plotted lesults. Theoretical and actual wuounts of acid follow the same path only separated uniformly apart. ?ince the curves follox the same path it 51 lOuS that as much acid was made as the SO,, ass admitted. $2.: Ilese curves also bring out the point that the sulpb ur dio: was not passed in at a uniform rate. If this were carried out, the curves would have been horizontal with the abscissa. It apocars that tne in— put acids have some affect too, only its best not to rely on it as yet. The difference of ter we erature of inlet and outlet air indicated good signs. The same was true of inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water. In conclussion the run turned out satisfactory and thus far, ti same Can be reproduced as was of laboratory tests in la ::oratory research. o—uv. Jam": hobo c0593 85d; 35. _.u owunobd o.omnm an.a H.oa n«.~m no.« o.n sm.o mo.H and H.¢m ma ma «.na o.HH o.sa so adage o.oooa. oo.a am as.nm . - - - ma ma - - - oma o.n~m on.a mm on.¢« . - - - ma ma - - - no” 0.0sad on.a am oo.mm - u - - o.ma ma - u . onH o.ooma «H.a mu oo.~m - u - - ma as o - u and o.ooo oa.a on oo.ma o¢.aa m.s 00.5 oe.a and H.¢a ad ad on Ha pa Qua. o.oms on.” an oo.aa oo.aa a.s ne.o ca.” om o.oa ma ca on Ha ea no” o.onm oe.a an on.va o«.oH ¢.o 05.0 co.” on no.0 ma 0H on a” pa om, o.onoa mn.a an oo.«a as.o o.n o.s on.o «a on.o ma ma a“ «a s” as - - . oo.m o«.o H.¢ - u u - ma ea on ma ma ow - - . mm.s oo.m s.» u - u - pa ea nu ma ma “av - - - oo.n oo.m a.» - - - - 5H as on ma ma on c - - us.a o«.a a.» - - - - «a ma nu ma we as - t u - n.o as.o ¢.a - - u a ma 0H nu ad ad 0 8 In?» 36.2.. .38. cam 9.308% agree nod. a «cm. .54 «on :38 23 a .5. .34 mom .5: poapao noon oped“: “can. umsaooo «gases noHaH aoann so no Swim ”:5 .fi .3 pa 85. nonconm panpso noose .ma unga.aa«n_ «0 agenda ..na .auoum .ph .50 .pr cannuaaaooo oaapanogaya _ 1'1 [IIIIIIIIIR annoy case no nodpunogo mqsaaa.agxaa saga paaam poaam N .0255 Run NO. 2 Calculated 100% 32304 for 15 Min. Intervals Time Grams 100% 32804 During Each 15 Minutes Ifliz. Gross Output Input Actually Mede Theoretical 15 1120 565.4 554.6 525 30 614 518.5 95.5 500 45 377 518.5 - 813 50 313 518.5 - 877 75 288 557.8 - - 90 765 579.2 85.8 - 105 837 549.7 287.3 - 120 I'2.‘?.1'7.4 ' 391.6 ‘1510.0 - Totals' 5532.4 5999.2 2533.2 *8 2816 " Indicates amount remaining in tower and drawn off the The glass wool packing retained these following day. amounts due to the large surface offered. residual acid could not be drawn off at the last 15 minute interval. Thus the 105. Discussion of Run NC. 2 made in pilot plant. Right off hand this run was to snort. It had to be stopped due to a leak breaking; out in the benerator of etides of nitrogen. Still the data was saved to dcterflne more results and study then with use Of curves. Again the sazrze analogous esults are reproduced in that the theoretical curve ans (2 ctual followed similar paths. Particular care had been used to control regular input volume of sulphur dioxide, but :r'th least success. Yet favorable conditions were represented by temperature readin;_.gs. The efficiency of the to.;er was 90.5”; which is very good. Another run was necessary to procure additional facts. U0. .hdo than "5393 and .333 a“ nogugom * ooam o.ooHoH oo.a o.ao oo.nmL ooon oa.¢ ma.o oo.o o.oam o.om oo.oH oH o.oo «a pa .uopd ooo. oo.m‘ om oo.mm . u u - u - am oH oon own oo.H om oo.om - - u u - - Hm oH moo ooo oo.a om oowmo - - - u - - Hm oH ooo ooo oo.a Ho oo.am . u u - - - do oH man one mo.H oo oo.om a u - - - - Hm oa ooo one mo.a on oo.ma, - u - u - a an oH mom ooHH oo.a Ho oo.oH a a u a a . Hm oa ope oom o«.H on oo.oa - g oo.» oo. o.mam - Hm od on ma ma non owe m«.H on oo.oH - . oo.o no. o.ooa om.om Hm od on ma ma oom ooo o¢.H oo oo.oH - oo.oH oo.o on. o.ooH oo.¢m om o” om ma ma nomiu moo oo.a on oo.oa . «o om.HH oo.« oo. o.ooH om.mm om oa on ma oa onnu ooo «¢.H oo oo.oa . mom oo.HH oo.o oo. o.ooa oo.oH om oH mm «a ma noon” owe oo.H on oo.oH . oam no.Ha oo.o on. o.oHH oo.oa ma om om oH ma ooHii ooo oo.a do oo.ma . oom oo.HH oo.m on. o.ooH oo.oa ma oH an «a ma nod moo oo.a om oo.HH . oom oo.oa oo.m oo. o.oo oo.ma om.oa oH on «a oa ooa mom oo.H om oo.oa . oom oo.od oo.o on. o.ao oo.oa ou.ma oH do «a ma mmwul new oo.a om oo.o . oom oo.o om.o no. o.oo oo.o ou.ma oH em «a ma oma ooo do.” om oo.m ..oo ooo oo.o mo.m on. o.o¢ oo.o o.oa oa so «a no ooa ooo mo.H Ho oo.o oo.oa o«.o oo.m oo. o.oo oo.+ o.oa o” no «a oa oo moo oo.H on o«.o ¢H.oa oH.o no.m o~.o o.oa so.” 5H oa no «a ea no a u - oo.o ««.oa «.o u u - . ea oa - - - oo . - - no.o «o.¢a o.o - - u - pa oa . u - no - - u so.» oo.«fl o.o . c u - oa oa a - a on - u . mo.m oo.oa o.o - n u - oH om a a . nH . - . o.o «oimfl o.o - a n - oa oa u - o o .oo o” .Hop .uo.om .oaoa noon. oo.H-mo.H oo.a «so. Now you «on poaaso aoHaH goo noq mom .ndz mooaooo in ofioq.»:mnH .qH .om a How». ooaooo seasoo oaaoa aoauH no 3395 333 396 Ho mafia go 233‘ .2: 62$ .fi .8 49¢ ouoawzoao teenage \ 3E gouge oafia no acooouooo oofinoo_ooaoa u»un.»ooam.oo~sm n .023 Calculated 10056 H2304! for 15 minute Intervals Time Grams of 100% 32304 for Each 15 Min. Interval 1n _ Min. Gross Output Input Actually made Theoretical 15 775 809 - - 50 471 565 - - 45 309 565 - - 60 275 605 - - 75 292 383 ~ - 90 375 266 25.8 313 105 518 178 197.2 251 120 568 681 204 235 135 430 364 203 235 150 408 560 65 175 165 201 364 37 213 180 580 286 269 251 195 236 310 - 338 210 770 336 439 310 225 336 331 302 272 240 ‘98 - 40‘ 262 255 558 - 302 200 270 615 - 384 - 885 556 - 255 " Totals 11,“: 7,486 2,057 2,960.0 Discussion of Run 30. 3 mode in pilot plant. This run wasn't as good es the previous one. Cbserving the representative curves on the proceeding pegs show no uniformity as desired and intended for. Other points in comparison were about the same. he input materials were controlled to 5e regular at each interval, but the results show it to be different. The efficiency was lower than either of the first two runs. It is believed that too much heed was taken in passing to smell of quantities of input materials. It may be true of input acids which were insufficient to produce thorough wetting of the packing. This being true the cases 0 ming in contact could only have reacted with the wetted portions and those contacting with the dry ports escaped unreacted. 109. .a« mofloaon mouuoon on one moo anon on» vac dunno oedaob m .n« common hopes wqflaooo coo .mouxoono op coo saw» noon“ go «so oxoup ”dog a o¢.m nv.H Hum l «.mw H.n mm.n 00.nm w.mH w.¢a w.¢n «.ma m.bH .Hohd ..mooom HN.H om - n u u u u . ma «a - u . oomii [limped oH.H em - - u - - u n ma ed - - - new riioooa oH.H oo . n o u - . oo.om ma ea - u - oamli it oooo oH.H on - - n - u . oo.mm ma «a u - . ooHIIL rliommm na.H mm om.m v.H HNN N.N¢ mmm no.m oo.mH om vH on oa pH omH nlmnwom mH.H no om.m $.H now oo.mn o.¢ o¢.m 0N.5H Hm ¢H no ¢H 5H nod vi oawa wN.H on oo.m n.a Ned oo.¢n o.¢ 0H.m 00.0H Hm ma on 0H 5H 00H nHuomoH mm.H on mm.m nod mod oa.mn $.n om.b Gnome ma 0H on ma 6H and allmbwa n«.H How mm.m v.H OHH owoom m.m on.> mm.oa ma ma an 0H rd ONH ml mad N¢.H on on.m ¢.H we om.wa N.“ om.b nm.m 0.0N 0H on ma ma. 00H H 05H v.H mm ne.b 0.H an om.HH m.a no.0 on.n o.mH ed on ma ma om ii oom o.H an m>.m n.H mm mm.m o.H om.m m>.N pH ma on ma ON or it I a I o o o o 0.0 mn.o oo.H pH ma mm AN om om it u - - - n - - H.o oo.o u - - - - - no iii. - - - a - - - o.o - u u u u - on Fix- - u - u - - - o.o . - - - - - oH _ I I I I I I I I ‘00 I I I I I I O .oo.ao> .ne.nm po.nsoa and. mom had mom mp.a .uw.nm «H.H .no.nm noun. uoapso poaqH Had had mom .oaz .nH .Un caged. wnuaooo A0963 ndaooo voavno uoHdH voHaH a“ voooonm unease cache .una .ouonm .0h .50 a“ .Hob. poan no ouoqu no oonqu cookwauoooo onaaonoqapa mafia nozoa mafia no doafiouomo wa«nsn.noxoa upon anodm poaum # .02 dam 110. Discussion of Run Ho. 4 mode in pilot plant. While the tower was in Operation, the Glover tower broke out into a leak due to the crackinc of the tOp tile (Refer to Blue Print No. 2). The only reason that Can be given for its cracking O was due t the heat of dilution plus the reaction heat. This happened since it was desirous to increase the efficiency by increasing the toner capacity by passing in more 802 and input acids. As a result, immediate quantities of heat were given off at the expense of chemical heat of reaction and heat of dilution. Thus the tile served its purpose to resistance of acids but not to excessive heat wear. By referring to the data taken on run No. 4 made in pilot plant on the tile toner, one can tell by the comparison of input average Specific gravity (1.35) with the output specific gravity (1.21) that dilution took place. Two reasons can be given for this lowering; one, that the average input specific gravity was higher than the out- put which even with small efficiency of the tower should have been somewhat increased, secondly, the output volum exceeded the input more than could have been accounted for. Jhile the tower was under operation these two points were considered; and, after being convinced that the water was making its way into the inner tower from the outer jacket, the run was shut down. This test was of value for it showed that tile constructed towers can not meet upttith heat difficulties. Yet, such type of material will withstand resistance to acid. Since the given problem involves consideration of acid-resistance and heat, other more suitable material ‘will have to be used. This means in order to proceed another tower —~.A-- I needs to be constructed in place of the tile tower. 2. Data and Calculated results. Average data for each run in pilot plant is contained page 112. Input and output mnterials and computed results for each separate run are on page 113. Heat balance of Run No. 3 is on page 115. Nateria balance of Fun Ho. 3 is on page 116. 11:3. 83 85“ 88H an; 93 36 $4 Sn ”:3 0.2 mg: 93 mg: mg; 8.» w 83 3.3 «33 84 9.3 3.» 36 «an «.3 8.3 3 93 o.3 S on.» n 83 and» 88 and ion 3.0 no; and 1.». ma 3 «.8 0.2 2 84 a 38 8.3 8:: 84 «.3 8.» 85 «2 an 3 3 o4» .....S S o.m H 358m non 05.. 3 90.33 «03 .95 gm 5 e233! .3 ..6 .8 a a8 a «8 .54 a: mom 3:938 Ema-m 33o» .3 .959 no»...- 3308 2:25 and: «can 3 no con-um 93a- AoaH .8 «on 8:9 .oz 338 no p584 page :93 .2: Pan-ohm of— ..no adob 393.“ £300 Panama—non. “Edam pad...” 5 cal. 55 39338 noun no.“ 33 03.35% .a 115. 8.804 8634 .8686 8.3 88.2 «.8 34 B4 «44 8o.» 8«.« 2.4 «2.6 846 8.« 4. 908.... 04.84 8.85. 03.3 84.04 «.8 84 «4.4 84 8»; 84.4. 2.4. 3....» o4.« ...«4 .... ««.4 m 03.» 08.» o.o4«.« «.nnm.« «.«mm.» con.n4 omo.« «.4. «9.4 4n.4 no.4 n««.o can.» ««.4 o44.« «on.» oo.4 « «68... «48.0 «484 8....3 «3.2 «.3 $4 84 «44 8nd 88.4. «54 35. 8M}. 8.« 4 484 «.58 «25 33¢ .8 5 43 .8 ..6 ..6 ..6 ...u .8 48 .mu ..6 ...- .8 48 3.4m 5x «toga. 5 4. .540» .8. .9... .nm r . m «85 - 3mg :33 lemma 4am o8 5 .8 «Ram 84 .8 326 338 396 .9. ¢ :85 33 8«m «85 :5 6: as «34.4 843 nos— .43 84338 348cm 28 «@233. page 23 3.5 ..p «5.1.1:. 9 08.3 «88 «...... o.» 8.0 0.8 03.... .846 «6 a.» «.«6 «.8 03 .... «88. «..n o .a 8 .o «.8 83. 508 m... a.» ««4 «.34 6.94 3 .23 3. «on _ «A 4353 doggone“ .33 «34 * nova. 9:88 a no . 3 3 B E 44 «on 33m «8 3 .3. «325 4H 82.48 «can «38 «o 4.— .8 Siam-m... .488. 5m 33.725 song 883:8 338m 8: 43.83. «Eng Ea «23 114. C. Heat Balance - calculated at 0° and 29" fig. summary Heat Balance of Tile Tone . IETCT Before start of cheuicel reactions. (1) Heat content of Saturated air ........ 311.00 E.T.L. 3,53 (2) Heat content of 302 .................. 0.59 3.T.*. 0.1g (3) Heat content of 510 (78.18;).......... 33.50 BoToU. 3.4; (4) Heat content of V “0 (l.05 3;. Gr.)... 341.00 3.T.U. . 3.85 .. .. w - ~ F ,— - .—_. .4 (5) neat content of Gay—L'ssac ecii....... 327.00 3.3.0. 0.6” Total heat before reactio-............lOlZ.19 3.‘.U. - Heat after chemical recction. (6) Heat of formation of 30304.......... 4,3l5.00 E.T.t, 47.7fi 7 Ileat 0f dillltion .0.0-00000000000000 3 680000 BOTOU. 40.9% , . TOtdlooooooooooooooooooooooooooo0000 9,008.19 gOTOUo lCOoOE OUTPUT (1) Heat content carried away by air.... 875.00 3.T.U. 9.73 (2) Heat content Carried away by acid... 970.00 B.T.U. 10.85 (3) Heat of concentretion............... 1,130.00 E.T.U. 12.53 (4) F:at removed by cooling water....... 5,250.00 B.T.U. 58.5fi (5) Heat absorbed by Ito-ito2......... 77.4.0 5.11.12 0.9;; (6) Ileat lost by radiationooooo-oooooooo 705.79 3.T.Iv. 8.8,; Totalooooooooooo0000000000000000000. 9,008.19 EOTOUO 10000}: r1 ‘rr '. W a. neteriml we unee. IgFCT 1 " ~ 1" ‘r . . (L) Ddtl-ét01 dlroooooooooooooooooooooo (2) Sulphur dioxideoooooooooooooooooooo (5) 3303 acid (1.39 Sp. Gr.)........... (4) [FCtul Li‘so..‘C.................... + " , Tevcil 1.7.-p14toooooooooooooo000000000. UTEC (l) Scent air.......................... (2) Weight of output product........... (3) Weight of water helF Luck from air. (4) weight of £303 acid recovered...... (5) Acid left in the necking........... a ‘i q . I - ‘ 7‘ . ‘ . 1 (u) Loon of 041488 of nitrohen......... Tctfll outputooooooooo00000000000000 C -") q r“ , ,' . . ‘ 'n - u. Sumple CulColdthRJ (nun Lo. 5). a. Results of filot pleat data on the tile toner. 'i . . O 0 '1 (1) Average Sp. 3?. of input acius. Input acids--——_ H-SO4(SD. Cr. 1.C5), 4,100 CC. Khltlplyinfi 3,050 x 1.72 fl 01 U H L2} 0 (n 1 E 5 2,140 x 1.70 =- 5,540 grams. 4,100 X 1.05 = 4,500 grass. Dividing, 7 o ;_ can _. - A lu,QOO - 9,0UU -' oooooooo.oooo000001043 D:- are Ifi-A (2) IHPUt 0f 10up, Base in graze. a; 4 1.72 3p. Gr., co; H9304 1.70 Sp. Gr., 78.553Hqso a. 4 1.05 Sp. Gr., 7.7filnnso a 4 thtiplying, 5,260 X 0.8 = 4,500 grains H.330 3,040 x 0.775 == 2,855 «rams HQSC 4,500 x 0.077 == 331 grams HDSOA 27 W” mm Tetal 00000000010ooooooooooo‘oooooooooooo 7,486 graAnoo 117. (3) Gross Cutput of 100} 50304. La . r\ v: 5"?" _' - Q 3- . , 50,.) 11.3041 La 4 1.5 (H Weight of gro;s output, 15,185 grams. Iultiplying, 15,185X0063= ...OOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO (4) hot output of 100; HQSO - a 4 Subtracting (2) from (5) 9,539 " 7,486 = 00000000000009.0000. 2,057 QI'tJTLS- (5) fi efficiency of tower in converting sulphur dioxide into eu phuric ecid. cu. ft. Of 30 cc1sumed. 2 l.cu. ft. of 302 weighs 0.169 lbs. Cne pound is equivalent to 454 grams. Therefore, 25.2 x 0.169 I 454 == 1,954 grams of 30 - ‘I 502 + to + H90 —-n A; ,_ 80 + heat 4 4 2 £01. weight of SO0 =3 64 grams. A; Then, 1,934 x 98 -Z- 64 = 2,930 {gr-unis of EEC-304 or theoretical amount. 2,057 + 2,960 x 100 - 69.473 film «9. kEerkwox 8x 00 cm R ob oh 8.. cm 8.. 2 o o O .99 [VJ/3’9 33d SJ/a’a 76/) ”[7939 U0 MK fimfi nunmex .Mwwg Nut NR \\..u\n\%\h K§W\\ kafik u M & o \\\ \ 000. I \\ \ Vw \\ \ w 1....) ...1 \ ....» \ .... d \ a \ J \\ ooowx W k... \ ix W \\ Jr‘\\.\\\1\ OQQW\ m _llkllllegi\§$ VI. .9 k ...x ANVK m\\§ >\\ WQSR \m. \§\K \\. new“, \s kaxuix u§nvntukx§ —--u. (8) Tower space used / lb. of 3. burned / 24 hours to acid. Capacity of whole tower. aefore Volume of Gay-ruesuc toner, l. 5 cu. ft. Volume of Glover tower, 0. TOtE‘Llo-Loooooo0000000000000 2.006 cu. ft. weight of S in 1,934 grams of 50m. A. 1,934 x 32 + 64 = 9557.0 grows of“ 8. 967.0 {- 4.34 a 2.15 lbs. of 3. in 3.25 hours / 2.06 cu. ft. m C H C») H O” C’] O t ‘3 U) 2 (3 C U) ( L volume of toner. Dividing, 2.05-e 2.13 == 0.957 cu. ft. / 3.25 hours. Then, 0.967X5025 + 24: ......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0.131011. ft. glance, bused et 0 c and 29" H5. start of chemical reactions. (1). Heat content of set. air. Inlet temperature, 57.20 F. From acconpenyin; humidity chart. Latent heat (B.T.U. / 1b. 100) for Cu 57.20F. ........................1.059 B.T.U. Humid heat (a.r.0. / OF. / lb. dry air) for 57.20 F. .........OOOOOOOOCOOOCO.O.247 ( ( 1 ) Humidity (lbs. H30 / 15. dry air) for 57.20 r ...................... 0.011 Kultiplyiig, 1,059 x 0.011-- .................... 11.6 BJT.U. 0.24:7 (57.2‘32) = 00.00.00.000... 50:3 SIT-U. Total heat / lb. dry sir............... 17.8 E.T.U. 1 cu. ft. of air weighs 0.079 lbs. Cu. ft. of air consumed, 22 . 130w , 221 x 0.079 X 17.8 == ............... 311.0 B.T.U. Heat content of 302. Inlet temperature 170 C.:= 62.60 F. From accompanying chart, Y 011 B.T.L. / lb. mol. / 1. for 52.60 r., 8.9 (7) (0 Density of 50 at 29 Kg. ,lbs. / cu. ft., 0.1 2 25.2 cu. ft. of 502 used. Pound kol. of 802 , 64 lbs. Then, 25.2 x 0.169 x 8.9 é— 64 == ........... 0.59 B.T.U. Heat content of H503 (78.185). Input temperature 210 C. From accompanying chart, Heat capacity in eel. / gram of solu. / 0C. for 78918131£103 ......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O... 0.58 120. ,_.I o (P 'olume of KEOZ, '9 35. Gr., 500 cc. Kultiplying, 500 X 1.39 - 695.00 51211.13 of 111.03. 0.58 (21 - C) 595 = 8,470 cal. 1 B.T.U., 252 cal. Dividing, 8,470-5 252 =3 ......................sz.e 5.T.". (4) Heat content of 112504 (1.05 Sp. Gr.). Input temperature, 210 C. From accompanying Chart. Heut capacity, cal. / gram / 0C for 1.05 30. Gr. = 7.7132130 Weight of 30304 ,4,500 gram". 9 _ 0.95 (21 - 0) 4,500 = 85,900 cal. 85,900 é-252 = ............................541. S:I.U. (5) Heat content of GayéLussac acid. Input temperature 219 0. Ga. 0 for Heat capacity, cal. / gram / 1.72 Sp. Gr., 80$ 53304, 0.442 1.70 53. Gr., 75.5 t 50804, 0.440 L. Weight of 803 5.80 5,260 grams. w 4, Weight of 78.55 E2304, 5,640 grams. Then, 0.442 (21 - 0) 5,250.= 48,800 cal. uI—o-Jfi. M] 0.44 (21 - 0) 5,540- :5— , v TOta-‘h ...OOOOOOOO......OOOOOOOOOIO0.0. 82,400 Cdl. 823,400+252:00000000000000000000 327:?03'110110 Total heat taken in before start of 1,013.19 L.T.U. reactiOnSOOOOOOO00.0.0.0...OI...... (6) Heat of formation of H 504. Sulphuric acid is made from 509 gas, oxyren gas, and liquid water. actually the conversion takes place in two steps with intermediate formations. Honever, the net eifeet is the same as though the following reaction proceeded in this ianner ~— 1 502 (g) + 202 (5) + 1120 (1)—-2~::;304 (1) +2; where Q == total heat of fornation in cal. 30 (r) = 3+0,‘- 59,400 951. 5:0 (1) = n. + 3,502 - 68,310 021- Adding algebraically, 302 .-. 59,400 + £02 + 220 - 68,310-.112304 - 189,750 - \J ,040 cal. / =:5 I‘ Q eram mol. of H9304. 2,057 grams were made. H01. of H93C4, 98 grams. multiplying and dividing, Q x weight of acid-é 98:. total heat of foundtion. 52,040 2.: 2,057 + 98 = 1,088,000 051. l’OES’OOO+252 = 0.0.0...0......00...4’315B'T'U. (7) Haat of dilution of 1.72 30. Gr. acid. Heat of dilution of 1.70 30. Gr. acid. v..‘— n ‘1 .1 . ' x . " a . A, a I . -y-r I . 1 '- —-~+ - '\ beet 01 dilution QCCviyghylnq a eidrpe in concentrlJ1en may be Calculated by suttraetin. the Heat of solution at ”1' \J the centraticn fire? that of the final concentra- 0 F.) O :3 nitia H. tion. No. of mole. of :30 / mol. 3 304in, N “4 v \N ' 1.70 Q: o “11.. 9.31.4, ELF) ....r.) ‘4, EU 3 1.10. H ’ N 1.70 3:. or. coin, 78.3; n :c , “1.53 q o '3 [L U N ... 20 ‘9‘ 18 = 1.1101313. of ”300. .2. q) C) 1 to C) H C) I f I c (3 n.) 0 Of Ilka-‘80 78.5 + 98 = 0.801 mole. of 11,304. 11013. of 3:20 / mol. of 22304, 1.110 + 0.816, or 1.35 1.195" 0.801, or 1.49 From accompanying chart, heat cf solution for 1.36 mols. of water / mol. H2304, 8,000 cal. and For 1.49, ,500 cal. Height of 1.72 33. Gr. acid, 5,26 grams. Height of l.70 Sp. Gr. acid, 3,640 grams. Kultiplying, 5,250 x 2000 + 92 - 450,000 cal. Q’s/1:0 x 8300 + 98 1: 308,000 cal. }_J [Q Total initial heat of solution ...........735,000 cal. No. of 1015. of 300 / mol. 112804 in 1. 42 5;. Gr. acid; 2.5fl 11:304 ,17.ofi.n10, or 11m 1 concentration. Z17.5-5 153-: 2.5110 0.15. of 21,30. Ca 52.5 + 98 = 0.535 ..013 of .3304 2.51-L 0.:55-— 4.05 “013. :20 / mol. of 52804. Heat of solution for 1.05 moio. of n20 / mol. of 52504, 13,500 cal. Weight of 1.12 3‘. Gr. acid, 15,000 grins. Then, 5,000 x 15,300-é 98:: 1,755 eal., or final heat of solution. Subt15etin“ initial heat of sciution from final heat of solaticn, 1,765,000 - 738,000 ==9:7,LOO cal. Total qe-t of dilution is 27,000 252 == ........................5,680 B. I. U. Total input heat of ti1e tower ............... 9,008.19 E.T.U. neat content ca (8) 212 cu. ft. Outlet te q Ehuuidit3r ( 1t5. OUTPUT ‘ r11 d out by air into atmosplere. of air consumed. rature 29. 50 C. or 85.10 120 / 15. dry air) for 85.1Q p. 0.035 (10) TI')" lLu-A 7w AL .4“ h TOE. // l T, U. Humid hes (3.T. ., 0. 1045 X 1.036 = a... Total 1.2.5. / 15. e 1 lb. air weighs at / OF. / 1h. . l J-HA. t. nae) A: 275 '1' "l ‘. ”‘77 Coo-cocooooogoooooooopV0V “CLOUO l‘f' "‘ ,rrj‘,‘ .....OOOOOOOOOOOOOO. A.~J_,.-o.,o‘.o Thr,ir (if: 1., J... a .oooooooooo~.—~o~ 212 :( 0.079 X E3202 = .....OOOOOOOOOOOO 87L: BOTOUO t content carried out by :ross product. volume of gross product Sp. Gr. of gross produc \ , 10,105 cc.. 1.53 Sp. Gr. acid, 63p H2304. Temperature of product, 5 .500. Heat capacity, cai. / 5.51. 00. for 65} acid, 0.5 Weight of acid - 10,105 x 1.55 or 15,550 grams. 0.5 (51.5 - 0) 15,550-+ 252 == ............... 970 BJT.U. t of concentration of 1 final product. ”‘7‘ O G K: ‘4 ‘f 1.04:2 '31“). SI". , 5!... Up? an {a 7'1 «‘1' n 0 \rzl V’ 'F‘ 1.05 0;). are , Eva/o 11.2.50 (1 57.0 7 18 - 2.05 mole. 52.5 + 98 - 0.535 171013. 98 = 0. 643 21013. 63.0 e- 30 F‘ J .42 80. r. to 1.55:59. Gr. of 4, 47.55 5,0. A 37") 11:30 O ‘u 4:, of H00. ‘4 of H90. Lu of T? :‘In A; ‘QU 2 4' of HHSO LL: 4. Dividin* 1;», 2.04.- :— C.535 - 4.911 1.2.015. Of 1300 ,/ 1:201. 2005 + 0.543 = 3.19 lTLOlSo 0f 1:00 / 11131.. :i‘gjsciéo H N From chart, heat of solution for 5.19 mols. of E20_/ mol. H2304, 11,500 cal. Heat taken by con entraticn ...... Jeight of final product, 1:,530 5r=s Then, -7 1550 L2 }. 1,800 cal. (15,550:— 92) (1800 +252)- ..........1,150 3.1.1:. (11) 1:63:13 I‘Ci'flOVBd by COOling Water. Neight of cooling water, 1060 lbs. Outlet temperature, 18.950 3., or 65.750 F. Inlet temperature, 5.000 0., or 60.800 Kultiplying, (65.75 "' 5008)1060 = ooooooooooooooooou5,250 (12) Heat absorbed by 110 +1102. 1102+ 502 —u- 503 +130 0 Grams of acid made, 2,057- 1101. weight of 505, 80 grains. Now , (80 + 95) 2057 = 1572 grams of so N02 required by 30 in grams. 2 LI: K01. Weight of NCq, 46 (rams, 0r, (46-2- 80) X 1672 - 960 grails of II . Heat of fornstion of H02, (~950 Cal.) Multiplying and dividing, 930 X 9504.46 = oooooooooooooolg,500 Gill. 19,500 + 52: 000.000.000000000000000000. 7704 BoToUo (1.3) 1:881: 1081? due to thidtionoooooooo000000000000... 705.79 :.T.U. TOt'dl heat output..oo...................oo.o.oo 9,008.19 BOTOU. 0. Material Balance. IEPUT (1) Saturated air. 1 cu. ft. of air at 29" fig. weighs 0.079 lbs. 212 cu. ft. consumed. Kultiplying, 212 x 0.079:= ......................16.00 lbs. (2) Sulphur dioxide. 1 cu. ft. 302 at 29” fig. waists 0.169 lbs. 25.2 cu. ft. consumed. Zultiplying, - 25.2 x 0.169 ==..................... 4.25 lbs. (:5) 11.1303 acid (1.39 3p. Gr.) 500 cc. used. Multiplying and dividing, 500 I 1.39 3“ 4:54 - gong-000.990... 1.03 lbs. ° I I b ( ....QQVDQ‘C'QU» . ‘ . . '-.~.-&Cnvlus.r4l¢- l'vII-Oi. t ) t D lav-ol-I‘~-o~- . .n‘-.ai ) 1 I v t Q-I0I4v3'~.900\. a .- 5;.)9... O . .‘ g - ..uIOQQOOII-IvuOolbIOO‘ Q U I I . .IOIYOOOd out into the atmos phe e. How, as soon as the I O “ “ 7 “i ‘ ‘0. ‘ 1: ’~ ~~ . . ~ . “\v- F'.‘ .)‘ ‘1, - 0x1 es of nitrouen are not ceriied to tne oiiuation none, th .“ ‘., .~ A vr. . 44» -. ,, " bucn a case has ubaHully OULOTVGM. ”Men the sup; ..-. .— ‘ n - , .. .31..— ' -', , . 3 1 n. .i-.. was turned 011 n Leunhflny tie t Lycratures de-roas e0 1. s; that time more nit qu sul p:11_ric acid has for21ed, and recovery of O rNJ H I Q: 9w Cf H I C) :3 N C‘ p (C . *‘3 (0 (fl 1.: to admit here 302 into the svsten in order to continue the run. In conclusion the tile was a very poor conductor of heat. Too many joints xere eated with the two- foot len: th tiles and oh m1" £8 for leavis were possible. This defect as far as he process is concerned nad no inf uence on it, yet it left an uneasy feeling about the stability of the tone-s. lEl. tower, the tile cracked upon in ease heat. cornercially such material could not be utilises. of course, for the purpose of ht off hand, but I I“. \ lqnt E: 1‘11 {1 <4 }.J cf '3. D) (D [1' i _J *1 H u L' .' L“ c+ c1" 0 C (fl *‘5 Fl pilot 'd difficulty arose in the cod. This bois; the case the data d upon for desi"sinl a commercial .- 2.1 h) obtained could not be reli (D plant. Itrwould be best to work with tower material that could also be used in construction of an industrial plant. The use of glass wool Lack ng was excellent for the abundan surfacing in promotion of the gas—liquid phase. It also weathered the heat and acid wear in the most desirable fashion. C1 . 1 ‘L Ill—1'3 . - J. 1:11 ' T1 0:4" '33 1V ' J. 1 C17 15 To obt‘11 firt r ineorv tio a n to tr 1‘l b Je to L: construcued of some type of acid esistive alloy. PMiT FOU STJDY HITli A LEAD TCn‘ER F OR PILOT PLALTT lbw-'20.. 1"};7. .LUN. lJZ. A. PILCT PLANT CPERATIOISo 1. Discussion. In reference to that has been set out to do as explained in the discussion of part III, continuance will be carried on from that point. Since the tile tower could not stand under the in- fluence of heat, a tower of more suitable naterial was made. Lead, right of hand, answered well insofar as to seid-re31staice and conduction of heat for pilot plant research. Yet, for industrial use a more resistive alloy would be better be ause originally it ’as desirous to dis— pense with lead co pletely rs well as the lead chambers. The highest point in progress toward develOpment at that is TIER-1.". t excessive heat. better a3 wear. Still, to increas In the end the lead it should weather through C) c output per unit capacity. By that when the tile tower cracked due to toner should stand up ainst teat, but not nearly so well a3ainst acid to obtain the con- cluding information as to prespects of develOpement of such a method for coumereial use. Again it is briefly stated that maximum output per unit time will be tried for by making more runs. A faster rate of 302 , air, and N02 will be supplied per same unit volume per unit time to obtain the ultiMate daily output with a satisfactory efficiency. 17(4 ...UL. 2. construction of Lead toner. e in this set-up in comparison with the tile tower described in part III (sage 85). 'he only 1r lead still con- Ct (D b.) D :3 (D '1 d O (L‘ ”‘5 , .1 ( ’1 1 3 fl 1).. 0 C difference is that taining two se-tions, the top half (3) or the Gay—Lussac tower, and lower as the Glover (15), front VlOU, (Refer to blue Print No. 3). First, the previous pilot plant tower‘aas torn down to the concrete base (3). The lead cup (DD) was removed to be re— ed back in its place. A short half—inch c+ constructed and i:scr D :V1ew, is burned to outer side of (DD), and C‘ lead pipe (4), sid it extends into the cup (DD) at the bottom in such a manner that the acids can drain out of (DD) through (4) and over the sprigot (H), sideview, and into the receiver (I), fiont View. Next, the entrance line (K) from tower entrance (9), side View, was joined to the top of the cup (DD) so that the gases could enter tower (7) and (8), side view. The lead grate (L) was burned upon (LD) to form the bottom of tower (7). It also supported the inside packinc and permitted gases to pass through the packing. (a) construction of Glover tower (7), (side View). Two sheets of lead 3/16 inches thick were rolled l -. cylindrically to form a six inch diameter tower and six feet long (7). The bottom of (7) was burned around the lead grate (L) and on top of the lead cup (DD). Thus an air tight joint (Z) pre— vented the escape of cases to the outside or leakage of water 'nto L34 (7) from mater-jsc hat (2). half of this tower (7) was sacked with less wool (Q). Then the Gay-Lussac acid line (I) had to L“? V be suspended into (7) and the gldss wool peeied around (n). Four lead lugs (0) an inch s~uare and inch and half long were hurned:iua1te:ly apart inside of the circular tOJBr (7) down four inches fror1 the top of (7‘. A perforated lead pan (P) six inches in diaiete er and t."o inches deep rests upon the lugs (C). Then on top of the lead pan (P) a solid lead plate (Q) one inch thick and 6 inches in dietetcr was burned to the inside wall H H ..3 CD A V C“ L" *‘5 '5 L C4 O 6* ) CL d“ p} C 3 r4 0 I (J) 0 £0 :3 :1 O (+ H (D f. if; I" I. .J 9 U” H p D O H.) v C <+ c+ i (D ‘ R ) £1310.» (11)). QLLOI‘t VB." t lilLJS points “here (3) passes th ouch (% half an inch in Giana er and inch and half high pass through (P) and (Q) so that tn” OleBS of nitrogen an” air can enter into to'er (8 ) from (7). Th's discussion constitutes tie tOp of Glover toner (7) and the hotton of toner (‘3 ), or the Gay-Lessee. '? r (8), (side view in 3lue Piint Jo. o). (C (b) Gay—Lussac to; The txo loser sewer tiles (lfi) and (l7) were inserted with the lower one (15) i bedded four in ches heloa the tOp of the concrete base (3). flow, the re? ainde of the inne lead toner (C) was fihi shed. ’flxDLnore lead sheets Z,’l6 inches thick were rolled and make up tower (E), 6 inches in diameter and 50 inches hi. :3» ’— H. c lowered into the ton of toner (7), and outside of (7) .-uq. ( a H- C) '1 4. 1 ’. _. Ct.z;;.]‘l:f $9.3M] ud- was burned a;-i:st the ou;side C? (C). (Thi= - ' 4. -v,‘ v Prinb aux}. U.) (I) studyin“ the cutout sectio; (V) of tgu side viox in Qlu Tte botto; of (E) gas fichd nitb coarse packing (R) about six inches deep, so that the Gay-Lissac acid could drain into (N) and at the same time permit air to pass through the Ven s of (Q) and (P). (R) up, 31a as gool gas sacked arouri the dilute acid (S). Ah the top of (E) and re tinr on tbe slag: JCOl pacgin: (A), axotbor lead oazam, asphalt, and portlagi cc ant ”igea .1tb a llttl3 Labs. This completed all the work on the toner. (c) Liner Units (Front View of Blue Print Lo. 3). Acid as rvoirs (l) gore made of 15 liter bottles and graduated f‘ r. 1 ‘V m... : ‘ ‘ .. . - , -4 ov, ,. ,. ‘ as sucn. Luo SLPHOLQ (L ) gr“ (LL "-1; Jane 01 tubin" equipod with glass stop-cocks. Rubfer :tcppers close the O J mouths of bott es (1), and through then pass the shorter legs of tne sipbom: (L M) u(£ 1). Thus the sirhons are lirmly held in the shout-'11 positi~n. Two funnels (22) and (2”) also ros>ectivcly face tirough tLe same rubber stijcrs of bottles (1). Required irput acids more entered through tfhse funnels. Lili‘ ise, txo poop tubes ucro igscrtcd throngs ‘ .. - , . a 1. - .3 - ‘. tne rubber sto,pers ulOfl; tge 31 1e 0- .i r . a P‘ J 'g' A -, +1.1,“ w. 1- . 1 wk) 3 1 1' ‘. .< '. T {‘1 - ‘.I I +‘,fi so that air could esCape “hen t,e reserI01rs acre main; ill cu “its _ ' .n , .. . . uL '2‘ ‘I 1- more a01d oi required suren9tl. ‘v‘K " -- > tr ‘ ’- n 1 ‘- y '-1 \ r .. p . ‘~~ v1 v v Virgr 1 ’ - , a. r-! -' T“ n h generator (L) and “Ch eLCVed iron neuly Made aci- in (V ) 6 Ca . , her. 7 o P )0 1 ' +- -y\ 3v fif‘ bn‘. ) x wwr 1c, .- f7 r. wire "flex: ca 471'; hmwxm Yn‘L Q 1 dI‘G “QC“, Ca. 4.4.4 . lJCI‘ .LL‘..LA.~4L ‘Klla 9LLA 331 v}- .Lul-‘.\U. .Lu-av h-..’ uu:;-OL uuu by the tripods (H) and (Y), and the C lumps (An) and (3;). The mouths re filled in xith a mixture of asbestos and portland cemen (9 Of each (CC). Asbestos, portlsnd cenent ard water were mined to a plastic state and applied as such. These caps (CC) not only fOT$ a cap, but also hold in place the flue lines (E3) and (FF), funnels (GG) and (HE), and the air lines (II) and (LL). Bunsen burners (TT) and (“3) were used to heat (U) and (V) respectively. The nanometers (HE) and (LL) were made to obtain the pressures of the inlet air and 302. Gas meters (KL) and (60) registered respectively the volume of 802 and air passed into tne system. Also the control of ratio of air to 509 was maintained with (£3) and (co). Theoretically the ratio should be 3.6 of air to 1.0 of 502 by volume. Actually this degree was exceeded so that a sufficient amount of air entered to provide ample supply of oxygen to the process. Temperature recordir" units (PP) and (RR)‘Jere de'ised for obtaining tee inlet ‘LQ temperatures of SO and air. This concluded the work on building 2 the lead tower and its minor units. "(fl . VIV . ECN EACH RUE JAB lflba. The runs were made on the lead toner identicallv tn; same as those on the tile toner. Similar data was also taken. 1. Pilot plant runs on the Lead Toxer. The felleding pages contain the tabulated data for each separate run. Grams of 100$ input, output and theoretical amounts of acid were plotted as three curves. Theo; amounts were calculated for each interval and plotted akainst he time intervals. The exeleined in discussion of each run. 0 CI ’1 4 ('D U) G *‘i (I) U) Q + C Q. H C) (2.. 9 Q; .00 ea .gaga nozm .na .am an.a .00 con no sauna onsaa m«.a n.an n«.a o.n and .oe on.¢ m.« o.¢a n.sa «H.9H n.nn s.ma a.ma .99»: omoa oo.H on os.m o.n and o« on.o oo.s n.«a ad o.na as ea Hm nna ooaa oo.a on oo.oa o.» mm on ow.» oo.m o.aa pa o.na ob ma ma cad osm oo.a on am.o 0.» mo om om.s oo.o a.» ma o.na ow ma nu nod cam aw.a melee.» 0.» on ad o«.s oo.¢ o.¢ ma n.na on on an om coed no.~ on o o o o 00.5 co.» a.o Ha o.«a an em «a as oooa on.H on - - s - om.o a.» - - - - - - om nmam ne.a on - - - - n¢.o p.» - - u - - - me mama «.H on u - - . mm.» m.« u - u - a - on one” n.a no u a u . on.n «.m a u u u a a ma 0 o o - - - - oo.n m.m . - u - - u o .00 as Lao.nm oo.ga use mom nan non os.a mo.a can «cacao paaaH nan. nan mom qua: lulqaum» .aH.aa non» .ac.nm ne.nm masaooo nopuuunmaooo_aoauuo page“ anaua as nonconm unnaso cacao .nna ononm .ph .50 ea .priouaod panda no nononH ouuuuaanooo nonuouu pa oaan Apnea econ no H .0: nun “3.309090 05.3 00.3“" a.“ .3308 600.” on» do nexus dean Run No. 1 on Lead Tower 100 5. H2804 Calculated for 15 Minute Intervals lame 100% H.504 in Grams in Gross Net Nun. Output Input Output Theoretical 15 1360 686. 674 1170 30 1068 460. 608 1170 45 1842 803. 1039 1170 60 1000 486. 514 1170 75 1100 276 824 - 90 910 650 260 - 105 1080 650 430 - 120 1220 920 500 - 135 1192 1310 - - Totals 10,770 6,461 4,309 4,680 1‘10 . }-J r?» I. J O iscussion of Run Lo. l for the lead tower. First of all the fficiency was very good which was 92 N. when the test Was made, it lacked sufficient amount of nitrogen dioxide because the odor of 802 leaving out of the air vent on tOp of Gay— Lussac toner indicated the loss. Cbserving the curves on the previous page show that the input acids have some influence on the Operation of the tower. This indication presents that wetting of U) the surface is essential. 02 was carefully regulated to admit it at a constant rate and it did not ixifluen nce the operation. Tet previous runs of the tile tOJeP showed that it did. Without any doubt it should have in this run. This leads to discussion as to some authority that the 802 passes into solution with water to fonn sulphurous acid which reacts with the N02 as follows -- l. 50 + H20 -—>}I250 2 3 ‘7 2T‘" M ‘.T b02112304+ 1502 —'Z(112004)1.O The (H2804 )L0 is Called the violet acid. It in turn reacts with more K02 and oxygen as follows ~- 3. 2(ns 0130+ $02 +1102 —- 230 131+ noon-:0) 23 O4 5 s - °”‘ 13 " ZFL. 2 El ‘ 1 0 4. .1305 1+ s02 + I go —. ( 2804)LO + 112.204 50 11qu4)1.'0 —’- 112304 +1 (I These reactions are greatly influenced by pressure. The pressures were considerable higher than in the previous runs. The internal resistance of the packing may have increased tlie pressure because greater quantities of gises were pa sed per unit tine. Also some of these reactions are of heterogeneous type on use gs s-liquid phase. 50 it seems logical that this could have happened along the packinc *‘U I)", i th .1"; C t to produce a homogeneous liquid-phase. 111:? ~.J c+ of input ac'ds upon Insofar as the process is concerned there isn't any hang if the reactions pursue this course. Temperature conditions are favorable except the Guy-Lussac temperature. t o.-. e r ‘ «L'LU. .huu maduoaaou on» «no azuaa_ H enema «n.a m.~¢ «.na sa.n and o.«« oa.e oo.¢ o.«a o.aH ad «.H¢ «H.na s.ma .noud Hanan mm.a on o.«~ 0.0 and o.¢¢ ow.m oo.m n.«a om ma ca 9H pa and coma mn.a on m.na «.s «HH 0.09 oo.s on.a o.aa an a” an ”H pH oaa mama oo.a on «.na 5.0 as o.n~ om.» oa.o n.e amt ma «a ma ma no” new” o¢.H on H.na o.n o¢ o.«a o».« ow.“ o.« as ”a on «a ma om coma om.H oe o o o o om.» om.« o.o ”a ma on «a «a nu owed «¢.H on «n.n oo.« oo coma s«.H on mm.« n«.« , my ope ««.H on m¢.m oa.« on on» o«.a on so.” as.» ma o o o on.a «.n o .oo.aa .uo oo «#4. non ufi4 mom os.a mo.a .oam soapso poaaH ““4. V man «on gun: ..auaop .nm ..gaya HuH.am non . . . .mmnmm. .nw.gm mafiaooo you». naaooohwmmwmm aoauu poHnHM ca 698 page :96 up." 3on an .6 3 no» .33 a an no :35 333280 «85 82. aoaaauono «gnaw poaam a“ nouns uuog on» no naaga dung union. 603 no N 62.55 Bun No. 2 on Lead waer 100 % H2304 Calculated for 15 Minute Intervals Time 100% H230, 1n Grams 1n rose ‘Net Min. Output Input Output Theoretical 15 387 652 30 526 665 45 1060 652 408 1400 60 1320 626 694 1285 75 1220 633 587 1400 90 1620 738 882 1050 105 1110 1029 81 120 1280 1462 135 40201 1410 3610 Total 12,543 7,867 4,676 5,155 1. Drain off the following day. A 1‘ ’5 l . 1'... . 1v . Or 0 o - It’lTv ' .1 . Q Q . Yet this is uniform results for the two runs Ho :3 Q L‘. 'd .1 O H. ("1" \__l . satisfactory for it seems that the uetall' - ‘J' an " r'w r.‘ 'v- 4 1, ~ -.~. ' . r. ‘z.-,-- _‘IV f Shoplt “a; ~;.l_1 u ".703" LGJI‘ b.1101“. 1.: (guns. from the standno int of co.uer01al output. Lore 'uns L ‘I r ‘ ‘, v. “ -L '. '\ .‘ . \ ears the la ter mentioned po1nt. H q I" s; v -‘ V’ ‘- ‘\ 1" . 1‘ The curves are not as eipecte' 0L is 81030 the not be plotted. Free this consideration rue- cunno in run 31 ill lie tire res 3 91's \JLI I‘ULIJ ‘ — ,, — I ..... 1.: ' .. ‘ an -. _ Tne run as a nhole “as promisin; 1n “div TCQLUCth temperatures more lower ty 120 C. which is of toner employed. A bi gar difference in cooling tater ‘ i , ' .. . .— .. . u”;- ., .. . —. , uas one s Ved Since an equal atount of Later has fanned Part of the in reuse in difference mgv be due to us A" acids whose heat of dilution was correspondinely 1 _a with the first ' O I ) [’1 LL H. :5 ("‘ £- 1 O .1 (I) LD H. r?- U) D if g .1 i O) \+ O .5) ,-— a. ‘. “ r. . 1‘ .Nr-x "1— L. 1 1 . J- r" V.v . — 'fi - ~11 In final conc.us1tn the LUdellC bUnCT to study L'n , ~-- 1,- .9 .‘nu. 1, n ' duccion of on 1c vciuhc per pound sulphur burned in turning out Fetter as matched with the tile tower. run. T3y closely comparing the auount ieut removed O'L'GI‘ “if.“ 1 lde. ,. l. pIoduces P! e to- The outlet air for the size tezigierainires "'I‘ t‘ 00 £10.) 00' due to ‘1‘ (D p. -\ J n V" V i; .hmu maHBOHHOH 0:» «no aloha .H .o cam .maoa‘nozm ..5 .mm 34 «o .3 00m ... 3an mmvna Hood H.m¢ H.m o.H Hom 0.00 0.0 0.0 m.mm nomH ma .N¢ #H ea .Hohd wooed oo.H no o.om ma ma mum onaa oo.d on oofiw mH DH OHN onHH ow.H no comm ma nH nma mmoa Ho.a no m.ma ma ma oma nHHH Hm.d on a.m o.H How 0.0m b.h mom boba ma 9H on *H 5H nod mmNH oo.H on H.@ m.a mud nponfl m.b 0.0 §.ma ma ma mm #H mH 00H o¢oa ow.H m¢ N.m m.H‘ NmH. onoun bow m.¢ bhma ma ma on da bH mad omoa ow.a mw «.mr b.H‘ bNH mmwwm H.w Hwfi b.HH ma ma mm «H mH ONH onoa mo.H m¢ 0.0 m.H 00H opmmm mom 0.» [mom ma ma o¢ #H ed no omoa oo.H oe H.m o.a mp n§.ma 0.0 o.» o.p ma mm om WA ea om mmHH MI.H 0* o.m boH‘ Hm omme mww mmm n.¢ ma ma on #H 5H or 00> no.a an m.m w.H mm mm.m o.¢ cow 1m.m 0H ma om «a 0H 00 0mm mood on H.w w.H o o ¢.n n.H n.o 9H ma mm mm MN 0* o.m o.a oml.l m.H m.o . 0H N.H 0.0 o .00 mg .uu o “H4. mom; gear «on o“.a mo.a 0mm aoapso poaaH add ufl4_ mom .ngz oasapz .nm .gamm..nu.em “on .uc.mm .uc.nm maflaooouopwa enflaooo poapso poaqH poaaa a“ 335.5 #533 30.5 .nnA 398 .»h .8 5 40> 334 #598” nononH ‘ ocaumgnooo guauafioe 8:9 noflaanogo pagan poadm a“ noses coca mg» no gages “pan H0309 coon no n .ez mam Run No. 3 on Lead Tower 100 % 32304 Calculated for 15 Minute Intervals Tune 100% H230 1n Grams 1n ’Groee Net ”fin. Output Input Output Theoretical 15 30 45 532 60 850 963 75 1210 950 280 90 1200 1121 79 105 1200 855 345 730 120 1180 725 455 730 135 1150 725 425 730 150 1410 725 685 730 165 1253 863 590 730 180 1160 881 279 730 195 1275 751 - 524 730 210 1275 699 578 730 225 15581 Total 14871 9258 5613 5840 1. Drawn off the following day. -r‘- "Q I "- ’7 ”A .r , ‘ .' _ pi ' v.7: Discussion of Run 1o. o ilr tuU loud toscr. 1- fl ' .- i ‘-r ' I‘- n I ' 1! . "L” .2." C‘ ”H" "‘ Tue e1f1c1oncJ ineleuoei OVer the prior two tests. Tue cuere to represer1t some Queer facts. he relsons “used on other 4'” 4- . - 1 ‘ ‘rn 1 ‘ 7 P “‘ . ’y a l' I :1 -‘ ' - J- . ~ ' 1- 1.: 10' . - r4 reactions be81des tne flow oi s1¢ en1 lJTit uc1us wetting tle 1131113. h 1 1 1 —- , . .-. v'w P -Or- -“>~ . w -.. N ' V ~ . 5‘ “a ' w 'c v‘. "i v -\ iuve soue eliect LHIOJUh Vi crou 1m91131l3 of ,1seo ‘. 4w“ . . 1' .- n .-«-.4- .. J , M- 1. upon tre netbfld surfaces. 1Jt, esrelul control wuo uecu to T:.Jlat9 d- :1 (D P k n. ,1 H + (+- c :3 o D O p. L 0 1‘0 :2 g o. no H. *‘S 5' (D *1 to ( W ‘ 4 :5 O c+ o s H ¢<1 0 CI r1 on d W :3 C‘- (n C ’0) k- E’ O H.) I‘ " ‘1‘ . ' . : " Q 7 ‘ e1 tue e lieiencj, eno CU necking as well. Proper t3m3erutures huve ei in observing the date 1“ regerd to th 1, they are Satisfactory. The one thing left to consider and that is the packing. It may huve field the aciis in cert 11 places iue to close eurfucin; of the fine sluss wool paoleT. If this turis out to be the c136 , the tower will Ye ifile. The output capacity Les lo er in this run ofter it was nope‘u l to increase it. Another run will be nude in orfler to see if it actually can be ecconplis 101 , and to incre‘s the efficiency. One thine Lt.rt1 not icin3 in this run is thut the output specific H' '1 gravit y " us precticallr constant which in com11>rciul cohuiiior irportent. .moe mnaaoaaou on» «no azann .H .nozm .nc .mm mn.H no .00 com pgnnH named oe.a e.m¢ o.ea o.n man n.95 e.« n.p on.na e.nm ma o.nn o.oa o.¢H .ngpq Indooem oe.a on om.«a ea ma can mend om.a tee na.na ma ma mad coma om-a on oo.MH mm ma oma oend mm.a om eqea a.¢ won o.moa ne.oa nu ma nod onoa mm.a om H.ea o.n man m.moa m.m om.m mm ma ma oa ea oma oena on.a om ¢.5H m.m com o.mm o.m o.m mm.m mm ma we 0H ea and ooom on.a co oqea o.n «on o.nm H.o o.e 00.5 em ma me OH «H oma omma owdaw on m.oa o.n and o.me e.n 0.3 me.n mm ma om OH «H 00H mam an.a aw a.ea 0.0 «ca 0.00 n.m a.» on.« «a ma oe «a «H om mum n«.a no 0.0a o.n on o.e« m.¢ m.¢ mm.» mm ma on ma «a we OOHH no.a mm o o o n.mn n.« ¢.n o.m oH 9H mm on on om m.» ob.m mww aw ma me on.n mm.a on 05.» nm.a ma owdm 00.0 o .00 a“ .uo .00 had. now pad mom ob.a mo.a can ”cause pcaqH nae. Had. mom .naz oaaaop .gm .mEma .uH.am non .ue.mm .ao.gm wuflaooo “one; aflaooo aoapao poHnH pquH :3 .ooam aanpso nacho .mnn manna .ph .50 n«.ao> ovaod usqu nonoaH accumupnooo onspunomaoa mafia notoa coon no e .oz gum acapanomo andam aoaam nu noses dang on» no nouns can: Run No. 4 on Lead Tower 100 $ 32804 Calculated for 15 Minute Intervals Time 100% 32304 in Grams 1n Gross Net Min. Output Input Output Theoretical 0 15 30 45 1100 60 705 767 75 575 880 90 880 773 107 105 1810 760 1050 1340 120 1240 773 467 1520 135 1050 760 290 1410 150 1540 855 685 1285 165 1440 658 782 1050 180 1490 700 790 1227 195 34401 396 3044 876 Total 17600 7322 8298 8908 l. Drawn off the following day. R1111 :IC 0 ssion on “4- Cut 1J1 effici :33 'et it turned 03 . .. . I .' fl 3 I' , ,_ L. - 4. ~ ‘ / ! vv-wj . fi 1“ - ._. _ ‘- x (3h \ LL‘,L.,4,t CAL/.LuAs). [X ’JI‘J'A'J -7i he.) O-‘ i 331d in cogp3rison I.‘;C‘I‘9 3moun of 60 0 id uhe re in SCI Io3rison 81" ‘0 of 302 consuued vast difference in cooling JatL' r tohocr3uure* inIli eating 3 moval of he3t The heat of reection no doubt was 13 dilution basin: it on the amount of sulphuric 6 id made. lerie rger th3n heat very +1333}. \- tU 1 . . 3 £3.st ' I'O‘Jo . 1n feet (a fi OI The curv indicate facts ttet 3re reli3ble. Th- ‘09 curve in this eese influenced the newlgrrmxle 331d. In ccnsid eriri3 ah3t some authorities i3ve said about this f3et, ye,, it is belieV3d til-3 rIeet have worked with COxditions which predorineted in Run Ho. 2 on the lead toner The towe iniut aci‘s still sh 3 their aid touard the reacting condition . to r3tures ”ere slirhtly nigher wh'eh h3d some effect on the fin l ef1icienc;. This defect could only be remedied by workin3 with hi3her ton rs in which theater could h3 Y8 a better ch3 to remove 311 t1e availebl ..... .1 .. .Qol—w..- . I ...o o-.- u . . o -v-n‘b-- ’l'll‘.l’:11 2. Dat3 and C3leul3ted Results. F: , ut’v. The following pave contains the aver33e d3ta for eech run m3de k. with the le3d tower in pilot plant researcn. The next following p33e h3s the input and output deta and calcul3ted for each run. results 103. 000 00.03 000.03 00.3 0.00 0.03 0.0 000 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 03 0.3 0 0003 00 000.03 30.3 3.00 3.0 0.3 300 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 03 03 0.0 0 030 03 000.03 00.3 0.30 0.03 00.0 003 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.30 03.03 0.03 0.3 0 030 03 000.33 00.3 0.30 m0.0 0.0 003 0.00 0.03 03.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.3 3 00000.3 000003 03 .00 03 60.00 00.0303 .334 0.00 034 000 003000 00303 .334 .334 000 ....03 000 03 00.9000: 05300 .3000- 003380 0030003 00303 00303 0000300300 000300 03 00 000000 0000- .03.00 000 0000 03000 , 33.308 05.603 033036 30.36 .33 00930.3 03 83300. 000.330.3000 933.00.309.38. 8:9 .02 00030 00330 03 000: 000 00000000 0000,00“ 0000 0000004 0” lir’i. 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.00 000.03 00 00.3 00.3 00.3 003.0 000.0 00.3 000.0 000.0 00.3 0 000.0 030.0 000.0 000.30 000.03 00 30.3 00.3 00.3 030.0 000.0 00.3 000.33 000.0 00.0 0 003.0 000.0 000.0 000.00 000.03 30 00.3 00.3 00.3 000.0 000.0 00.3 003.03 003.0 00.3 0 000.0 000.0 300.0 000.03 000.33 00 00.3 00.3 00.3 003.0 000.0 00.3 000.0 000.0 00.3 3 3003 023036 0355 230.3... .oo :3 30m 3.6.33” .036 36.9» ..6.‘ 60.30» 330.9» .30.». .oo.ao> 3.3m 5m 109.3039 333 .35 85335 .9” 00003 00000 000330. 00000 300 000 03 00 00000 000 0003 00 00000 000000 00000 .0000 0300.00000 00003 0030 .02 503 0003.3 0033.3 0003 .300 0033038 0030000 000 03030000.. 000000 000 00003 ...0 iQQo 000.03 03.0 0.0. 0.0 03.3 0.00 000.03 03.0 0.0. 0.0 30.0 0.00 000.03 03.0 0.0 0.0 00.0 0.00 000.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 00.0 0.00 .0.0..0 00 30000 00 30003 3000090800 .003 00003 a 00 .330- .non m o» $03000 no .3” .323 «an a» .304 035936 dun hp 02-4 .3038. go 0030.08 0000 030 03000 003000 026.3. 0 09.3 030030.300 30.3.0 0253008 033000 000 073.3000.— 035035 000 0355” F4 (fl 0) Heat Eglance - calculated at CO C aid 99" fig. Before start of chemical reactions. (1) Heat content of sat. air ............. 401.0 B.T.U. 1.40fi (2) Eeut content of 502 .................. 1.9 B.T;U. 0.013 YT ‘ Vr ' ‘ fl ‘ .. 1' l i (3) geat content Of LL05 00000000000000... 339C biToLo 0.12” 1 - . 1" | .v4 (d) dent contoit of Gay—Lussac a01d ...... 294.0 p.T;U. 1.049 .\ v , ._ , ' ' I --. vv ‘_‘ ’7 (S) ESQ COutOflt Cf dliute UClflooooooooooo 610.0 4.?g». 2. QR Total bef0r3 Te vbion booooooooooooool,34005 ROTOU. (6) Heat of formation of 30304......... 17,4SO.C B.T.U. 92.0} (:4 . (7) Ileat Of dil‘dtion ,OOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOO 91370.0 BOTOU. 33.271; 90.5 B.T.U. 100.02; F‘H TOtal oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo. 28 UTFUT (a 9 (O Q) C) O C) (D 0 F3 (1 O 3.4 g; 0 U1 «3 3‘ (1) Heat carried out by air ........... o I...‘ V (O 0} C) O O 1 h; H r: O O) o (0 g. (2) Heut curried doan by groas acid .. (3) Heat Of COHCCILtI‘atiOn ......ooooooo 4,~30.0 .4. 0U. 16.63;o D (4) Heat removed by H20 ,,.,........... 17,00C.O Bufojo 50.205 (5) Heat absorbed by 1:0 -—-» 1309 ....... 312.0 3.? .15. 1.15;; n , ‘ n u “(a y .‘7 (0) heat lOSt Dy T&dlatlon 00.0.0000... ISCoS BoToLo OOEIfi Totdl 9.0.00.0...oooooooooooooooooo 28,19005 ROTOU. 100.003 d. Eateriel Balance. ,. ‘ ' Q r. (7.? 74’ (l) Ddturhtea alr 90000.00000000000 @804 lboo uuoup “V n ‘7'" C. i (2) DOP 00000000000000000000000000. w. lJU. lJOOfi (.1 71"— ... '2 1 I: '~r~ '4 (3) £1.10 GCI'JOOOOOQOOOQOOococo-.000 +00 lL‘Do 199,0 3 PC) Pf) o C J ck ("1) Gay~LUSShC aCid .0.0-0.00000... 17.6 l‘WSO ( I}? (:3 24 64. ) DilUte &Cid 00.000000000000000. 1708 leo 0} Total .......................... 77.6 its. 100.0; OUTIUT (l) spent air ..................... 25.4 lbs. 32.8% (2) Recovered 2103 ................ 1.1 lbs. 1.45 (3) Loss of EEO” ..1............... 0.4 lbs. 0.3% U (4) Gay-Lussac acid ............... 17.6 lbs. 22.3; (5) Dilute acid ................... 17.8 lbs. 23.3% (6) Lbs. of 307 ................... 14.9 lbs. 19.2% (7) LOSS 00000000000000.0000...coo. 0.4 Ids. O.p0 Total 0000000000000000000000000 77.6 lbs. lOOOQfi Sample Calculations (Run fio. 4 o“ the Lead Tower) Same set of calculations cp ly here as tnose on Run Io. fl made in pilot plant with the tile tower (rage 116) C. CCLCLUSILJS. In tmn stud y of preparation of sulrhuric acid nith toner methods, it is'cvi dent that a metal tower is more suitable in acid manufacturing than tile toaers are. It is very true that he latter's life would be longer under acrking conditions in- sofar as chemical reactions attack the materials enclosing them. Yet ,he heat will crack the tile toner whereas the metal one will withstand it ni e13. hetal also answers well in con- duction of heat which in tone r metiod is of a vita l im_portanc 8. During the last few years certain alloys are capable of warding off acid reaction to a consider ble enteit. Jith such metal iTpro*”men.s, it is possible to employ metal toners with a fair degree of assurance. Comparing tie resx:.lts of both towers in the ilot plant, the lead to er excelkfl.the'foruer i.r1 the most importazt points. ne was that a h'3her and more uniform efficiency gas obtained ighly H :3 C“ c: ( 3 F14 ; .J J O C K L H <4 C (+- (L C I ?‘ C+ UJ (D }_J C ( 3 d- C. D ‘ b—J C. J...) 5 H U (4+ L.‘ 8.]. H Ll : desirable from the standooint of engineeriaU research. Iot only did the efficiency prove l“otter than the tile tower, but also of the glass tower in laboratory study. It appea s that a higher one can yet be procured in industrial cone itions, of course using a metal to.er of suitable acid ecistance. bore comparisons with other factors influencing e?ficiencv apneared more promising upon the use of a metal unit. Notably, .L the temperatures which can be controlled more easily by preper ,— "\\ evaporating to concentrate wearer solutions. To procuce a nitner con: entratio“ means p 38a;e of la~ rpcr collm s of “On and air, con- .3 s guently innediate heat of Formation is given off an” a tile toner fails in this respect. Prssau‘e -ffe;ts efPiciency inso-ar as it af"ects the cheniCal reactions. “t 7d“lO pr: ssure diffc rent while otzers are not. Pressures in tern were in f) ..Jo i, J “1' H. :5 p. o -I in C1" p- H (J- 9 J r: r . -. V" 7". .1.‘ I , . --‘ . -.- w r‘ -. 4‘\'y con itiols which can Chlf Le coat rOLl-c d more rea an twee f “unwann 1~a~ u." ~n, nr~m 'v r71 now a r +% 1'% “0+ w Tue .19 O ‘u‘vbALAL/ .1040 lads uuC’ yank. lll GLJ. tagged, 10.141 JuOluoCI‘J study rnd pilot plant. It iroduc ed ample sur‘ "5 "i (,1 l—h [1 (‘T‘ t ( J (2' L: C O H) “‘9 (L‘ ’1 w ‘r’ Vl' - 1' ' 5“” '1" v‘\ 1 rq v" “I . ‘ phase to Hora fidarndULJ, ofli ;r a preat seal 0 by it toward the counts rfl ow of es. It seewi d at times that too much pressure was exerted a gainst the O cun er flow of acids too, thus relieving uniform setting throu;h ut the entire tower. This could be 1 remedi>d cy loose r packing since ”ervin; the results on": pace used H o P O L.) (. per pound of sulphur converted to sulphuric acid per tuenty-f our hours" could be increzsed slightly and yet have a lower volume in comparison n opor tion a l eve rth: world. Ho Cl- :34 [E (3 Cf C p. H U H J a (+- (D H- €? 5. . (*- U) H- L; (D C t D d H. (I there is a good possibility of puttinr such a ,rocess to comuercial use. And even more-s o to maie it a continuous process which was not possible 0 I under the conditions in pilot plant equipment. PART Fl VE DESIGN or comma CIAL PLAYT CAPACITY so TONS OF 55° 88' H2804 PER DAY ~.— v n VA. D1031, L)-.) .L A. r. l)\ P, 3!. s" ‘\ \.-‘ . 1 .1 k: '- .. i .1 ~‘A a‘vv‘ . a ,1 :- , c... 4.; .(‘A LIOIL U-.. , o- - A.V ¢V‘ I ‘ 10".) .1 CI‘ life, . .0 l 't and lecjth 1 J a) ‘J ,') J .71 1. wt. .15) SW.“ A— D 1.. 1 _.~'. ‘v'! 1)‘ :l . 3 31+ :1. CU 3 :ari '5: Oil \“"‘ r K of V“. -L :1. f'3T'T.’ ‘J ".IJ ‘1 . l S . ,L O ruction l cocci for W'VV- .". -~ L .- \_. l : r} ‘f- ALF ; l' J- buv ‘ 'hen i ’J I C‘s L 1C“; k. u d e I. or r‘. -1 L Q I“. .1 ‘. V‘C ~451,b.)+ A of oxa- 1t 54 v «,1 .1 may Lb mu .1 10 “a r“ +. h C . as .o r n” “a it P .1 a H U C 3 a .1; n) a ll», IN C I: .. .H T .l y W T t t V. io n - L a . l l; . V, \L “H . UL .JQJ ”ls v. a . G H a C b .l c O 3 . n T -r n; 1 Lb um“ ..u n4 1|.“ Au. ) .1... Di : J a U H t a a .r a 4L. . .1 C n .W A ,H n. ng “mg a. is who M.\. W... ...TU C ...u n4 ...: “.1” 1.. . O p“ rv h” 4. .. 4 T a ...; .... _ .... Al 6 k. a ...L i a... “.1 o C G u a a. r S 10 H a“ n l 7 6 .1 l h .1 CU Lo 3 1- ._ T n I\ ...a 9.. ul .1 . 3 W... T AK 9 .. LT » x ml Ar.“ .+ a UK - tho etu ..f‘ UK) h b H v . 4- IOU t JTlTOH on -;5 k vorld oer . V v» . ]v i e s.Jil coin 74.10 % CA'T: Y\ T g f‘ \J'J L‘. t n F e 1 L . 4 .grlSOU ' O (:1 C tow K4 Y] {I} 1‘er r-~ 1 l OTfiOTCl; kc. UNI cts 5.) factor a \A U 4- ~ . ‘ i 1-1 .4. .15 ’\ .J \ 1. and co th> C 1:3f3. A commerciul plzrt W111 be designed uccorflimg to reigtive cawgcit prodacing 50 tons f 55 acid per 24 hours. A“A . .. ‘fiwfi “‘a-u-I‘ wTA" 1.1.5:);au 0 Size cf Sulphur Emrnar. a. y )4 W (A). :1? A P *‘3 C+ C (3' ...1 . '.- * n ...x, . “.4. r.--a t, ,, .3 prlLt No. 4 .or w404 uni. ueglzfl-gfi21 The dimensions of the (A) will be 4 fee. . ° .1. .Y ' . , ,. . .- ...h . - .- -. - ‘ sq .- THlTbV CbOlC feet 3? ckmmbar volume gre 120:3;wrj to harm One ton of sublimcd swififiu from (fl) per twenty four hours. i : 30 X 11:: 35 cu. ft. to ca filctulv burn the sul- ‘gflmr from (A) . .1. ,- ... V. . _ , -, 1- .m? - r" «Pu», Tue len;t¢ of the endlgatlon C.” as? L1-l Lu lu ..zt. (Tr ha ‘. (.‘I' 15 o— _\~1 V l .‘.-5 1" v. -— . 44.1", 154‘ :1 0"? A.. ‘ "'V (3 -.V -\ (. .1 r111 01' T77“! .i. t VW‘)-. AA~I~A . -. .4 ., . a fish _A ~ (A; D 2 S fro: ,. F. C I . ' _-I'Q >J A r.“.' , ~ .1. t“; ..L... '1 U 3C by 0—0- A i A-(:' T? A; 1‘ ' .L ‘C r ' .p’ {a A; 1 3+1- 1.yr‘1 . .- Oahu . 017 f “*7 1n nut e L 0 cent per :2 F) (3 TL LA ('4 .g LL ’1' L D “ rt 03 1rd 3 5 w i I. 9 d r L... ...“ u] no ... u. § (3111" ‘~ n ‘ 4 a “’04 ¢ ’- h ~ ‘,. .1 . JJ' ..ULAT'. 73' .5 A. .I 2 .. . 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C n... ._ 11.. C. ....V ..1. I\ A... -, .. . .9 . . T C C,” A. m .. S r.. . .1 ( .... r +.. T x. - V s ... «U 11. :1. fit 1L C. _. . o L .. 1 ., .3 no 3.... ..d w... I +-. 0|. 1.. 5 d r 0L C .u. _.\u 1.1. m.. w. ...1 Cu .-H .V. ....» l 4 . r . 8 .mL. - c 0 .w-.. G A. ...: .44 P.) n 1.. h” D .. * «Ms “L H. t w - ... . a \-I ..., a: 4 C; T. . .1 .... V... T r.. w . S 2 r: 4 ... . 1 m-.. n u A .4 .'4 I" \ 4 J Q 5; v5 .3 2. r‘ r 9‘; I "I 1- J- ,. ,1: ‘1 V 1" a ‘7 A '1 I' . a 1. "- L: \ O V ) A Cum; 1 \H 1rk H)‘ LIV flt- A C u n. A W . «TV-J .s. .M/N “.4 J in» f ”:4 L . r. .11. -_ .. ...... n a f 2 2 O .. .. Q ... 1 5 (. .. . w 3 0 T S H . H” n u r/ 3. n ...; w- . ...H ..b h: .. U ..1 a. H ..n -.. J .... .... .T. n . S .. .-. F .. .1 V m. K ...... Q S .1. A L - .1 .1. .1-.. 1.. .1 3 1 K ,1. ..L. 1L. :u. _ 1 . . w fl 7 V r O :1 1r AL ‘1? .‘.C' in {:3 G. "\ k4 L. L: fi £3. 7" S T‘ U c f‘ V) m q- . . r“. .4 v I 1' .L t f‘ -1 -,...li*_i . ”.1. «Li- .V. L L ,|\ L ‘ ‘J. . ('b v 1 . 1 . .A .... 7" {.l ‘i ’ v 0 1." 1 an. J \ 1 do #1 J. er minutr r r' at to be removed 4 J hr .0 J- Cunt or :Y“ W I" ..- 31"-. ' . 0‘4. 3‘ D '.' '7 4.11.7, .- k; [L 4Tb w» 1. . ..C'-', 'OUL‘L H ‘. I ..-, Y . U C ‘~ '1‘ ’ LI“. .nC‘. L454 '3 0C; . 3. A 4‘ \J LL: ... .. n "5'!" _ X »4 .1 L \ P. A_y L. r 4. ...- . 1 .L 'J -‘A. \A n - ‘\ .1.\.’1L. 4.. "t I‘.“\ L ’_ .v- .4.A '4‘ \d- ft"? ' k.‘ r. ‘ '7 'r- (A .r‘ A N l 81" . - C..L \/ Cl lbs. ’f' f‘ U x, 2717C % 1.0 - 1,fu= 0. if V~ Afilf. 272% 1'- 10 a 27233 3'3. ’5‘ .3121“. “iii: ; 5372?" f ‘E"‘TCC - "11".. C *1; ‘ of" "1'1 .12 1:.trm. £1733 i- .17ij allu‘fiC 03. 51‘ ..1‘1-. :,-.,1 ”guru *‘i‘n’dh ': Silii‘i) -:- 1'71C? = l... .5'. Jr. 5: :"_'.t L43.L\1 at“: 3.1;)". 1.3 51. _'r., ““31”. ’3 “cg-fr fix”. 1.2 “’1" To, fi \41 H ' 1I-OC 9‘30 CT. , '7? It; ‘4.er‘50‘1 - 2:310 LL} 00 a V -, ‘ . 102 “:4 :3". , 28 ) JLrpDO’; - 72,0 lingo 'J L N ‘70 1 r“ 0"?" ~— ' us. * J_\_; -3 cc..:4y (Lu. \\.. ...(100 (v 0 - CO ”C? ” m g- T .'__ =CQI-J 7.1018. 01. ‘A.‘L) I L. OJ ‘- \‘l [‘3 0|! r-J I'W ,'\ o (.7 (3 if) ’) }_.J ’x o O H) T 4 .) O 0 "‘~" . "" '2': ---film ‘0 —- a,— a"; r u, = C.U.I91.u1,u. C_ “43"“. .3 4 “f3 - O.” '1 KW :1» an -' ‘ . , ~ __. 10~~O : 0'67. ‘.)=_L.g,-'U t,1\,\)_n..}o (IL .LJrO' pbr {”019 \)f 14"”(1, - ( 4CC‘O a ‘ U C) O C G V‘ '0 ll H _L..J o P- (j 3 '0 H {.2 o O t...) O J *1! 73 t. J o ’3 5 I b In] a] C'.‘ r..—.6 ., . V. ' 4.. ,.. . 1., - . .4. ' .... -' ;~ From. CLII'V'JS or: 1r-,.—A r'.-. “2,3. of 30 M1; of -moc/ ..1 i 1.53 $1012; of“ +* 7131' Tug}. of Uri-3 .., (7,5){70 Cgl. permo‘: 1;:- ”1‘ r: £71.". NI N..v'". , ,,1 _. -....,.7 .LL), E’Cb’ - t -J\.'(./ - 7,k.-‘\.(.‘ 34.1.0 :08? JULIA-O 8.7 )L 4525 e 953 X 7CCO=l, 3 3000 cgl. :91" "c.3171. (4) l giC: o "’ - J- 1. + \ -\ ' 1 - l- , ’v.‘ c A V‘ T F L,’-I~A'J [AUG JU (11*‘L' J 13*} for: k; Ji‘JJ' \J,\V'C\-r‘ ‘2. LOL. 951‘ l" ‘- r ~« ~ 4 ‘- ' Ifi N P A - + -' Fs f‘ r: 3‘: 2“ T“ " . .- ' (1 1 n; J .1 1,171.) A‘ Mt $ |:"' r ‘ ”k 2"] ’ 11(J ’ “j'JiLJ AJ. J.- . Kl . Tic: . -L 1 .— v‘ ~ 3 ‘-'~; ‘A J t *“ Lci~ ‘Kjl V“. 1:) ‘3 I. r.) + .g .1.“ r1, 1; 1"?) .1 C toner; (F) cglcwlafle' 1n (4) uhave. “a sown gs tne (i3 ' .,, 1. . ° ... ., - 1 . .., . . ._ 1 .. _ ,,_ . 1ng MJLST N111 remove 1t lro; there. ELeven LOMJI K) 3 O ' J ( :3 Cf ,7; i— +- ..J 2 foot d'gmeter; ;nd 40 feet nigh C-fgjh" . uCuQ; duction urea. r 1 ,. .7". ‘.- ~ - . .1 -1 6.;4erhy- e LU? “ce h 2; of UaCl toner biL 250 X 11 -3750 sq. ft., or total caidncfion at &. TFickne s 01 tuwér uglls will be nu_f an inch. geqt Transfer cf Towers (F). , " J- ' .‘ . . 6“ ‘ n- 7 _— 7" 1 ‘1 {'5 _\~ . , ._ A. \ r"lV-fl \ ,N‘.‘ _ CbfluUVVIUF surface, Q50 0%. ft. in? Lévu up u. (r). N] x. 4.. ' n ,. '\ r: ° 1... a Li. ' ‘ I \\. , q r‘ r. u '.‘ n n.. ,“b . 4'. , 'y r CU-_‘J!AI\1-J 1?. .4131"-.- 4", LOO lnubl'vhl Ll..1kzi\. 11 13. .. + m 5‘ ~* .a 'JAAJ_.L\A‘}\.A ’, ~.~a Lo 0 i. J ... rx“. ‘ c fifi \IJY' ‘ ' I- v LLiJu144 LI ‘4JKAJ.4- , L'; I“. Q ‘r;(t.;>-t)ut—d Q, BOTOU. K, 0.11 for Duriron, or specific ccndwctivity fgctv a ,‘ _' ,z “‘ ' _ P L ‘ i “a ‘1 C‘.'_‘ t() 1391'4‘3 te.‘:)I_1..-1ATC, 1.1-(a be i thick 258, 0.04 ft. "-CL11.(122 - 8C)250 X 60 i .04 il:(h]l.(42) 250.X BO 5 .C4 Q 6,870 3{?.U. per min. hcut transfer of each tcwe 11 X 6,873== 75,570 3»T.U. per mifiute or totel he;t ‘5) ) per mlnute. in ( . o Inlet tcucerauwre of ceollng meter 70 F. _ -_ . _ 1 _. - - ,, .0 Outlet temperature 01 cooling meter ac F. Qa (tO - t ) w‘ H 1 Q, 75570 BoToUo fIT‘T‘. (‘3). 0 t9, 9% F ‘ p. U W, weirht of water in gown 170. l" L“ ,r‘ y .- - 4,7”;0 dez. 0. .ugfiel‘ gu1‘_ul.11te. ' ' ’ \-r" r‘ fl 1 ‘ I» ’ . '15.}? {/U‘u’lr‘b (I?) 0.1. 1.111t (5‘). ' ' ’ . 7‘ ‘L‘ -\ \ - v. 1 1 \.~- ‘« — IV A j r\\- .. y“ “ . -“.' ' 7 4 L I " ’\ Che 4.0? QLQCC “1;. Le ue;ec UJ £40 JClhxu tJeu 4,7Qu 11.! - '27 “4* ”I. ll "\f W‘fl ' + I“ ' ."' w. »- ‘ N" - FF. cub. 3.? .A.ceI'..1. ccc..cy ... t m; uijIp.'$ t vAVUTfl.wnTG Dividing: thickness. r’ .- .: +1-. .. - . 3 . L ... m , 3 140 0.. ft. 49 ..e Vulhflt cccu lea by fine tOubT (w) anc (D L - +1‘ V. -- - v.4:n« h 31) L 1~](‘:.ILe-¢L}. 5(‘1-2T‘I.("J.jv‘ ”11.5—J J" I‘f! IiAU F) R“-— 143 9 3.1416 b O O ’) (R V Y r—4 to ’D O ( 3 C) r—J. 5 «1‘ U) 0 *3 c? F J C J 4 a L’: L" r—a ‘1‘ £ d- (D H (“.3 ' I "3 O H 1 Cf' [WW 171. )v ‘I‘( E 150 \[A .1 d 3. Clo-"('1 J r L ,. -,. Vi 1’}... Us. 5 .L.... n I) 51 . w .1: “A; _. 0Y1 , 2' T." -":<'"1 J 'I_/ As. 1.. 55 L ) rd of ( o (41‘ .R-r} JU] v A. D C t r‘ L) .J ’ e |.‘. LA J C s of (F). two:f@ I ¢ \/ Q b;. ‘x‘ 4. U 4. LI ‘ C . sJULA 1.13:3 ' -41-}. 3‘ 7; L1 PL (A "—7 ,r;' I'D ‘ t r‘ L ,ruy ‘lcterel tr' 1 0'2? 111, _ “I \JL.L A I u inn 8 all "I _ ‘. ‘ v 7“: I". H.. .A NE). T'! ‘. 'xll. ’) k 't c 1 .L. - q r‘ .1. A L r..; K} + I'I‘T‘1_I"L V -on t' (“4.13 ”J \1 LL“. {.1 P11 _ 1' .5 f 4.. I A C r (J) (C re 5.. 8 to (a \A. Y: " '- 0 1T” 3 N. q!\ n ‘Vl-Vlr" 5.. _\Alu. .>' i. V'.l (A ‘ "“d M» L feet 4 f‘ bl -...) Y‘r“ Tanglfli 3:.) 1‘4 1 r (f *3 x) T' “J. (L J. ILJ v f) ”I 1 .‘J l s ”-1 rw‘ ClI‘ v 1 +% r \ .f‘rjl‘ f‘r‘4rn‘ __~L,._,,._ .-....v. I' ., 7.4- _. . Us». 1 .1 ... - (1* 7‘1!“ 1 I .A -' ..4 Na ,1 “Q 1 C 3‘1." es the st. constit; J- , lA'J'sJ .A 4|" A ' :1 4‘ n. T‘ . y-A-.I-\J.A ',u ‘1‘. , .13 1 -I~I.~.LL for J. ' I p.10 flu ‘va -‘ls ' l ccifl cgn (f ‘\ 5.; \.' feet. - r :; V1 ..I . "l , a! .1 ‘ (" ‘ I In"? 1’? U I§.L-..\_/ AA I',1’\ ) (‘IA d L1" N-y‘“,.* ~ L...C z. ugh '7"! (0). s1 J J. 9712311.“. f.‘ n :1 ..ibroqen \r 4. T U ’1' ... . ’.;-\ -.»L ' L: l V .1 . J.L\.«.t.) .,-\_..‘v\ . "C - - (is) ,4 . .- r l-J H- ... A .L (Q ‘ =_ “r, 1'- vv + 9,10 30. U f1 \AL.) ' n-T'; ..I. ‘ _. x4 . ..LJ. LJ .' r ”f." " =“."'7 ‘1 J : A"- x-) z 4. ,1 u fir 1 “7"" w ’_‘ O I. - L -1; A 1') 'I’ (:0 no, : I, 0 X a (a. J 1 ~ 0 r e \a n .4 ‘7” “ o . -‘."' \ ‘ r (J "A'L‘FZ + 2an A _" b..._‘.(/-/ + “:3- L)» U l. 'h' J I“. 0-- v, + ’\ -r\ ‘ o " N ‘1’." + 1‘ ‘ ‘ +‘v‘ Lin.“ + “.‘ O + k, C -‘ 4 -- -—.; 4 I“ 01‘ I" 7 wr- ‘1") : 7nd 1 v = 1L ,' r— w p,~ . a fxnr 4" .\ 7 3:7.9‘,‘ 1; | _‘ 7 4d a .- U 1.1-8. 1 _7Lr}. v 00"” r c‘ri . r”: 7 ~r. , ".v .12: :J; h L'u 7' 0.2 = lu/l‘O 1170. Of “a“ 3. xa':ht of $9304 used ;;th fufo . H v Vfiv' Lt;OL _U'Je i:;:,: t Of Agnes , 63 Eran-.15 . (O :01. w3i~1t of $030”, Lu 1: m (,1 1‘ H ’f' hi 0 I01. weight of 38307, v.) 85:80- 2’3:X X = 520 K 63 -.- LL) == 00 lbs. of 111.0,?- a x = 98 x 50 + 1:35 - 47 lbs. of 39.304. "x q 4 H 0 0') ll 85 143. of H9304 / hour or amount required each hour into (0). Density of H2304, 1.83. Density of NaN039 2°50 144 lbs 0 a. Cu ...J. 0“ :3 c+ 4 Ueight of H 30 , 85 lt~. DJ 9 I) '2 (wow I? 1.00 1 777' ‘ .LQIJ Ch. 0 '1 "a. 4....) s+ 0- ‘ - - . J_ ._ ‘r‘ L‘roy '4‘. L..- 5,-0.1-9 LIL O W > ’5. ‘3 Cu :3 2‘“ ,‘3 O” (D {L DJ (3 ‘3 1., = 33.3.: r“? 7.3 1.7L) = Z.l£ lo I- Got) 12 7"” . ,7 A "f .. W C: l a 10(J .‘ (VOl‘lilL) K L...) r3 a 1.1.1 ft. it.) 9 H3 0 , “u. —‘,,r J- ~-. ‘.~-- .1 .V m, CJ. 1. t. tucLL; “(we will ccccm‘ . r2 V Y' r\ ‘t 2". 4' ‘r‘ r 1“ 1“ ‘Tq‘ - - o‘ f‘ 2’ or trJli e tlut not.;-xu30q aid U ...‘ , ‘15-! Will muse up r _.l.05 feet, or radius of (0). q Allauio* for air and “L; “h and of (G). Allcain* ior tLe expension of one foot ”ide, one fOct high and t pounds per’ninutc. Half of on top of tower (E). The rexainin; half is to r: r: 0 Wu dilution from 50° to 82 tons of QCO will be mode in $3 I (J U, the deninsions of (C) will ciangter. 13% pounds of 60 acid 'p-J J ft or theoretical vo '* the 500 acid from (G). a t”fik 4 (Q Jill ‘ischar e l ‘l H,‘ 1 1‘..~.. ° v ue oumnod oe3_ into (L) rcnoved for 1\' {Jr} {. ‘11 1‘ -~ 1 59‘1- -AOVLIS. 3. of Jon / minute. 175. At 700 F, 30 lbs. of 5C2 are solutlc 1* ECO 13;. or .u,er at 23's. SQO-O- 30 = 330 ire. of :2030 and deter will be disc“ erged 11130 (:1) c... eVery m inute frog to er (3). 3L é— 63.2 =r5.2 cu. t. volume discuar lPOK Li). 'I’ ‘ ‘rw ‘ P , _ ‘ I wr-V WT .--. w - 1 r‘ . ' .‘J._ It “cull cc better to Qsolgu (u) c“ dn Noir odeic Ior CQUQCle of ’7 f I— -< . y f '1 vs 1 -\ ‘P k. ; I v‘i'd r {4), tsc~uee .. A (A) 10 once fiilcc filth misog and .etcr d 9 411 a) d"e to coming in contact 1’17“."‘0 . Qt... \. )‘U liguc O U) q. eminsion of (H) will be fo r fee end ten feet long. De iju “ gt; rjtion torer fur 309 (g). i 330 lhe. of Lroc aid w tcrzvill be dieiiorged frwu tze tame (I) everr iju.,. 300 lbs. oi Jinr Will be cpr yed ov 1 ..a Q ~ 2.) ("2 l ('5 Lgr'lj ,o. -. roun“ V" \ ‘LL 30?." ‘_ ...v IT" ‘7‘ f.) vihk~ g.1 .; T p (7‘ 56 O" 1., .01 irrent 1 s C 11‘) .‘ L‘ I &‘-’ “v" I _/ t fn _ i tin; AJ “..1‘ — f‘ 1.4.. )QU O (‘1 ~77 r .1 Q J .«L‘- ‘V v. I... J I 1t 1 k. ”d o F) CLLTI'I’ ., ‘7 L" I} U.L\.. 0T1 (J n't' Meter me I11 I L GT3 “) ‘91":- I \ in (I V oumpec .5 Lu‘lsA-t {31' Va m- ' V l? .] T‘fi'IV - Ll..- :._L. '1‘ F.‘ k centrif by the ‘1') to (L. I 13'} 1' I u b :leeacd E T rw ‘ 'I‘CL‘U 15" .‘ by L r .-~/‘ uU tHe V f-T‘l‘ 0 v (‘1 1 forms J l T‘u “ l :31 l .t 2*: ‘r‘. c‘x met before T u (L). bottom ‘ . LE3 4. U t l r tower (E) toxer (E) the“r pass through a per fora distributes an equal amount of BOG and ‘1 Stall towers (F) which are enclosed in NC i generated in (O) froi YafiO 2 5 containing enough Kafios and HOBO! is h 4. t the top of the corrnsticn chamber (3). tween sulphur nd air heats the pan (0 take place in (C) 3 h a zit-1307+ H —-:Ta:-:so + c 4 3""350 —- 4 4o I‘LMO + gawC3-f 4 5. 5322: 3+ heat —~ 21702 +- I23 The Hog, we ter va dor, A ong'e" ar3 c as the 302 pass's into each small tore the pipe line from (E), both enter the Glover tower of (F), the following we. tsd pipe system (in K). fliich air into each respective (3). and E2804. 3 suitable nan eeted by being imbedde in The heat of combuificn be- ) and the following reactions HJOS 33 5 O +1302 airied ir to (E) by air. how r (F) with the 502 coming over oxidation zone (AA) of the 9 place be een 2‘02 and I02.~— 6. 30,, + ITO.) —* 30,, + 1.0 +11eat. ‘1. u L) The $0 is carried up by the air through the packing o0 (F) leaving the 503 which is absorbed. AS the 30 passes upwardly, it is oxidized in H9304 to N02 in the presence of air. After the E 0 leaves the w ‘4 clover tower (AA), it keeps passing up into the Gay—Lussac tower (33) where it is showered with 60° acid. The 600 aCid mixes it: way in from (L) which feeds some sort of a sp “Ho UJAV and in this fashion 60© acid ShCJeI rayer mechanism in each tower (F) ‘n :3 AAV ~e over t pee king of the Gay—Lussac tower (33) in (F),m d the folloJin; reaction res ults -_ Lu w \J U The spent air which contains pzac tiCa lly N0 escepes at thn top of b (E) as shoxn hy the arrow poiritirg to Ho. The SOPIH, £301 and E 23 rickle tIrWur the Gay— -Lu ssac tower O u 4 33) and pass into the Glover toxer (AA). In the oxidation zone of he Glover tower the oxides are released and the.fiqsc4 cvllects in (D) of (E) from shore it drains over the u.itacle line into (C). U) ‘ .‘ L ' j Creed b; the NQDG' “his; k1 Going back to reaction 6, the 30, is a coznes down the water line (3). T38 water is fed in each wate line (2) from (J). This reaction results when water arm 503 react - 8. S ‘q + IILO —- 33.30 + heat. u 4 nails reac is: 8 is taking place JORIK is also diluted bv u to release the 30.. The made HnSOA a cccrd r“ to reaction 8 trickles Q A. I doun int 0 D of toner (3). Since the togcr «as designed to make 600 acid, oxiries of nitrogen will be ahsorbed by it and Carry then into is desirous for the Ga"-Lussac teder since half of the made acid has to he HIRpcd hack into the Gay- Lussac tone (pg). If 530 acid were uade, the: half of it would " f‘ ‘ ’n A“ 'r‘ ' 1' ' r" c O *1 - V‘ . I h 1 ' r haVe to he conceltiated to e0 stren th. n the end it is cl>aper to dilute eelds than to concentrate then. v . 7 ~r ' r‘ r‘ . . 3‘ ~.- ... O 1 2* r -A “H" 7 x I~~ ‘ 4 ’ ‘ ~\ ‘ To rercie the chides of nitiouen "hicn nappei to Le eissclved in the 60° acid collected in (D) of toqer (E), the unit (C) was (1 \ H p. H.) l”3 9 design ”. 60° a (D) feeds (3) and the heat of the gases ‘3’: es of nitroeon becau ..z U) (D from (3) thrcueh (C) drive off the oxi they can be liberated by heat. Since the temperature of the hot gases from (B) is 900° F, all th.e oxi de of nitrou- en will be released hith- h effort. The air is introduced to Lutlle t1rou_h the 600 acid in (C) so that final assurance can 3e depended upon the bubbling of p. . ‘ ‘ A. ‘r‘ . . . if" 'V' ' ‘1"' ;"‘ - - l' A, : r‘ ."\ -‘ r r r‘\ i‘ ‘7 ‘ air through the dCl to 1 CV: the “on. Air also conveys the “02 H *UL' . IX)»; 17 U r ---i u-- \. I" (J -‘ fl 1— w a. ... I v I' (Au, ,1. v 1 . U 1111i. V“ 1| ‘r ‘.*J 8 = air (3,) ' 2'1 LI ‘0 ( CAD 1| .5 .N‘Af‘ .1. 114an "3:1 itreu 1*: A- ute c C' 1" ~ ’~ \ 6.4L A-XILIL \ o ) n U of (1 ‘ 01.1 “Hit? 1‘ in (L) fr ) rs Lo top of toner ( ‘a -‘ O . ..t ‘ ‘ '3 1‘ VQ‘VA& of 3‘3 *L V 1.. H .w..p-‘ - v-‘V 1" - to ed ugup 15 U.) a». ‘5' .. 1. )CLJ. ~. {"1 -- (w Vugg ntln CO a .1 I‘OC‘JEJS o “J. LALAUCL I211")? Sulphur. 50 tons of 530 Be' aeid «ill ..;01. weight of 5.11;.-ar, ' <2 Ltl. sleLt of 153C}, 98 graze. E"O:e' acid cootains 373 3:50 Laltiplyin; a.d d111d1nd, b. ‘v k; Lol. “£1th of S, 32 $01. weight of p ’7‘ 7"; X - 64 X ll +~32'— 22 tons Air contains 21% of 02 by volume and 79% of ll tKQS of 02 were co ll .21 52 of Input in tower (E) fo This would he half as Total. 21+52 = '5 tens or Theoretical ratio is Achial ratio of 4 to ’3‘? Q1 73 x 4‘5 3. . -7. D tozl. or . . .p tOlib OJ. . _ ‘1‘ -\-‘11Ib HA..-_,...\A I h of 500. La manned by the sulphur. dire to 30 . r converting SC 5 2 much as in a., or 5.5 tons. theoretical amount. 3.32 of air to sulplur. l is sufficient. air. 4. Hei;ht of water to produce 50 tons of 53° acid from ll tons ‘ . , :. .. a2 tons of QOQ .aie 1n stlpnar bmrner. N ‘.' - ‘. ‘ O W i.-C1o 'u (’1 ‘+ Of E) ... , no 'T‘FL 1.3. Iiol. weight of son, 34 gra .s. 22 2: 80 + 64 = 23 .5 tons of .SC made in tower (E). so tons of 530 :e' acid will be trodueed / 24 hours. 50 -- 27.5 = 22.5 tons of water. only the 6; loss / ton of 60° Le' acid. acid confine 1530 lbs. of H.504. ZION + 80 '4 —-—- 30,, + KO .1 2 SOQ+EOO —" UnSC‘ u c; a; 4 1.10.1. ‘n’eigj‘nt of 1'00, 46 f-‘I‘LHB. (4.. 17.01. I'leigl'1t of 30.7, BC arc-11.15. U Ifol. weight of I SO , 2 4 15:30 1: 80 -:- 98 - 1273 lbs. of 503. 9: grams. X=1273K 464-80 X = 725 lbs. of ICE. tying-g. heat —.- 22302 +H30 4‘ s03 5 ==63 : X ,5 CW \1 N K = 725 x 65 +46 =99?) lbs. of 131$qu U “K .1 be 3. l. "l U. 4. 0 Au. '7 U. 50 tens or du 63 : 933- 85 : X X= 993 x 85 + 63 - 1540 lbs. of Salt)“ 0 3&0 x .05 - 80 lbs. of HaIOS / ton of 50° acid. acid will be made. 43 tons of 60 43 x 80;: 3440 lbs. of KaECE. "“0 acid. I! .' v, - Air minus C9 coitert. H a. 81 tons of air were eassed. ‘g p; W h. 15.5 tons of 09 were cone“ie .y sulphur. f“ u-‘sr‘ 7' I. ' ' ‘ 'I‘ ' QhJMEFD material ;alance IIPUT ‘7cllphU.r co...ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 1.1.0 120.13. Air ......OOOOOOOOOOOO {Hater ......O............OOOOOOOOOOIOOOO 22.5 to TiaLIOS .....OOOOOOOOOOOCOl-OO0.00.00.00.00 Total 0.0.0..........OOOOOOOOOCOOO... OUTPUT 530 ac: 0.00.00.00.00...00.0.0000000... 50.0 tons Spent air 000.000000000000000000.0000... 64.0 tons LOSSOf1:al:-03 0.9.0......OOOIOOOOOOOOOOO TOtal 0.0.0.0000.........OODOOOOOOOOOOO 1130211025 000.000.00.000... 8100 ten; l.7 tons . 116.2 tons 183. F’ '0 O (a 03 (wt C) . H (n 9‘ 01 0) 0 (3 U] 0* '3 O f-A (1 Q ‘o 106.00; r" I I "‘1‘: VA. 3. -133CISTRCCIICK CCST A.3u GUITI- 3 CF TCJER PT’"T 1. 'Cost of raw :aterials / accounting year. ~’ a. Sulphur. ll tons of sul:hur are required. The price of sulphur is $10.00 per long ton. 11 1 18 2: coco + 2400 -.},'165.00 cost of sulphur/4.5:? «v-b. Amount of 34:03. From the material balance 3440 lbs. of XaSOS were erployed to make up the loss of :02. Price of 3.2-1303 , ($23.50 / ton. 23.50 x 3440 4- 2000 == $40.42 cost of KaTCSJIEy _,c. Total cost for a year's supply of raw materials. I65. + 40.42 = $205.42 / day. 205.4 x EOO:= $31,626.00 pe year. 2. Structure building costs. a. Foundation 1 ex eavatior for a building 40 feet wide and E l70 feet long. 170‘+ l"0'+ 404+ 40‘: 420 f ee ‘4‘- The foundation will be 2 feet wide and 6 feet deep. 420 x 2 x 6 ==5040 cu. ft. of excavated dirt. 5040 +-27== l8? cu. yds. of excavated dirt. A ,..J u Cost of excavating is $2. 00 / cu. yd. 187 x 2 = $374.00 (2) Wooden forms for the fourdation. Co 30¢ / sq. ft. or cost of setting forts. 420 x 6 - 25:30 8;. ft. 25.20 x 0.3 = {9755.00 (3) Concrete pourings. $10.00 / cu. yd. 187 x $l0.00 = $1,870.00 or cost of concrete f‘undeticn. Acid—eroof tile on concrete base at 70¢ / sq. ft. 170 x 40 - 6800 sq. ft. of flooring. 6800 x .70 = $4760.00 halls and roof. Dimensions of building are 40 feet wide, 170 feet long and 25 feet high except where tone (E) passes through the roof and extends 25 feet above the roof of the building. The walls will he one foot wide. (1) Sq. ft. of wall surface, 170 x 25 I 2 =-6800 sq. ft. arcs of side walls 40 x 25 K 2 = 2000 Sq, ft. ere; of end walls 1 Solid common orick null costs $0.75 / sq. ft. and one foot thick (this includes the windows). 8800 x 0.75 =2 $3,700.00 (for wells end the uindows.) 185. (2) Roof. 7500 Ski. ft. Of I‘OO f aUI‘fuCS. *3 d Tile roof costs 40 cents / so. 75CO 1'. .40 — 3130.0 CO d. Cost of li‘itin‘e eeuipment. \. Cl One ZOO‘tht lamp will light up 100 sq. ft. of floor space. (I Th -re are 6,900 a. ft. of ground floor that will need lighting equipment. 6,800 + 100 = ’58 lag'Lps. st of fittings, conduit, wire, panel boards, misc ella , not including t [—15 (+ O :4 ( L‘ C] supplies, fixtures and 33' 13:13), is ‘12.?0 / 11:1:t. Em £3.70 7. 68 . VUSSQOO e. it'liscc11arleolls coco-o0.000000000125’6750000 (Q I Equiprent cost. a. Belt conveyor for sulphur. Jidth of belt will be 18 inchs s. Belt sp need, 2 feet per minute. Capacity in tons per hour, 3 ton. Approxinate cost ................ $370.00 b. Glen Falls sulphur burner ....... $8,000.00 ca 3 centrifirwfl.pumps. 3200.00, cost of each pump. " 1: 3 " 3300.00 1180110 " Lie b O U I D I g - I1 11 x 40 x 3.1416 x 2 x 0.04 -110 Cu. ft. of Duriron weighs 440 lbs. 48,400 x .40 = 318,530.00 ‘ cu. ft. Cas'n; for tower (b) which is made of i inch steel plate. It is 10.5 x 5.1410 x 1 A U 0.5 in diameter and 43 feet high. A .A a QUE X 4‘3 = «3de One cu. ft of steel weighs 450 lbs. 28.6 x 450 = 13,750 153. at W / 15. 12,750 x .05 = 1 l c”. 0 383.00 1a0K1ng material costs about $1200.00 1; O 'u‘; (‘ TS. \L‘ Calculated weight, 1475 lbs. of nichrome pipe at 50¢ 1475 x .50 = $78 Acid proof bricl r L 7.00 will be used for its construction. ' X Its dimensions are 2.5 in diameter and 20 feet hicn. 20 X 2.5 X 5.1415 - 157.0 3.1. ft. k.) of wall surface. Cost of acid-proof brick is $1.50 / sq. ft. 157 x 1.50 -= $250.00 Concrete base. The dimensions of the base are 5 feet high. 2 [-0 l a - r? 1.5 0.1010 I 5 ? 27== 1.0 cu. ;. Pipin. 7‘) Installation cost of equipment. Based on 10 - 20$ of invoice cost of Total equipment cost. a. Belt conveyor .l............. Glen Fells sulphur burner ... Centrifugdl pumps ........... ' . '1 VI? 5010 tone :3 cf 0 e. Absorptio g. Storage tanks ............... , ,1 TKDJEAJ- ......OOCOOO 9.0.000... $30,000.00 1 Jun +54 3, valves, fittirrs, etc., cost eqli F1 02 3 O for ,acklng 0013 Size '7 ' z'vra ...- 0 feet in ciuneter and yds. nude if Duriron and C1‘ 7,7,;- ;-L. J at. the total cost $200.00. ement. A ...;370.00 . 8,000.00 . 6C0.00 . 219.3 . 689.00 10,000.00 350,000.00 5.01 cos t Eigdcll plant. (‘0 did 0.000.000...ooooooooaoooo .K-‘LC’kCEOOOO b. T‘lildillfj cocoooooocooooooooooo {33,003.00 I r‘ . \ ~ ”‘1 r“ n‘fi,'fi' n, C. E‘-Ul§..ld.it 0.000000000000000... JU,V‘VU.VO *, P~ .- t 1‘". v I" ' C- 'n ’W do IIIUtJLllQUlOJl C‘DQt a. on 0.0.0... 7,1-‘C"v‘o‘-’0 Total fixed C St 00000000....0 ngg’5()0.co Distri cution of Plant costs 5 of .linr price*. ( J (T. r_J Based on one year's operation. 5: l. Yearly produ Mt ion of 03 3 1' '3' acid is 15, 000 tors at ; 2.00 per ton, and the gross sales anon nt to $180, 000. 00. Rd! listsr e s ................ $1, 02 00 31.2; Direct Labor .................' 8,050.00 4.85 Fue1,Poner, & Aster ......... 3,600.00 2.'$ Repairs and Keintenance ...... 1,800.00 1.0fl Depreciation ................. 7,200.00 4.0% Fuctory durini tre fit on a Fixed Chsrges .............. 18,000.00 10.0% Taxes and Insurance .......... 5,400.00 3.03 Distribution 5:11 FTC fits ..... 5,724.00 _gp.06 Total ...................... $180,000.00 100.03 ‘ ‘L ”.7"! N 1* .— VI. '7 '70 ed. on 0.15.3.0 lug-3t. .3715. , U , 24.-Q.) (19U~). k4 ‘ D t b V I. T7.” is.«u. 1 AAA PV‘V\ a 0411...-.- ‘7? (V' ‘AA‘J ITIIG OF ”7 ‘filfirvr‘ hwy/H. L 1 7'" A. h fi-1qC~v'Vm~, t - ‘ AfiJ‘J ..J... T? 4 r: u. n. L.) ’de ne 81 1“ h‘ . t o I 0 3 . f“. “N 1- hrUa : ...L-.Lu).1 ’10 area Of ‘L 1 .. ICC f USP 11'rufq VAdU C + ‘-- 173 or t V .-J 00 or 'eur. u_, . .114: 0 ft. -31, 1 V 4 (~ .LL) v 1.. 1, Q . -‘£ ‘1 -‘u-J. concret "L; .J I- 10:"; 1 I n1 set 1- U ~ V; A : I' J .ILV.LO .1 Cd. {—11 wk 9-}le /" V4- 'v 0. r~n r—J'. = 311.9» ;u AL / scco .L-y W, Us; a: L .i‘ 01 i UL. ./ N CCS l ~,— .1 - "I" A\ 1"! .LD 9 esvst u, 900 CF10 BI ca» st Eh . . M W112; Q o ‘ B 30 + 1800 = 12,800 ' C2. 0,. 1 ired. 0 VI”., 11‘. .‘_ UL... .\. .5 r ‘ Y‘ Q19 -h n‘ ‘0 ,t .f‘ -‘ . ‘_ 1 ,000.00 6‘ C .1. u f )1 of JAL.’ —‘ UGO ‘ Y concre +. f‘ L n11 JLKO + u 0 n -,._~ 41-") C(st of 900 000 (S) Co I‘ Flooring. Acid—proof tile on c1ncret3 base cost \J 0;; = $08,000.00 walk and roof. n n ' L ' -. ,: V:.t o- 11.1,1~; e4 1t.0.t. -\ 1'" LL. . , ... ' '1 '1 .: ., 1. L.-.” ~00 'a-"o ' 1011' ..L-'.l- ll. ..0 Ll‘C‘ 50,030 + 30“. = 2300 lirhts. H A I ‘—~ r:- f“ 1 ‘ x ls.90 =: 91,000.00 0 u 1"“(311'. ‘,"‘“C‘ ‘..1 VvJ. unsku 0.000000000000000. ('13 "s + L) ‘1 l 4 ‘fi 1, (HIT/"yr .1.....,J\J 0.0000000009000000 (“1'1 ~- ‘fi '1 1.” ‘13: fun...) sUFJJI‘ 0000.00.00.00. n “A -‘n.. .... .. ... Vdp.t1'll‘u LAJA— 90.....9 coco-.00.... rfl/‘\ ,. n4. v’b “‘1. J. J fiftY‘ (v.11. A. ~"'\‘,L :30/1 .AVU .Lz'../].& "IL. “Raw. 1.1,"\ co... 91.x "..'n 0000. VU/ 000 00. 4K LA t ‘- 1 J 0 0.1 P734 {'J'r’ / ,i", 1 t) .w+~ . , , . .4- \3\\ -J [I (‘0 k. (‘0 A. per 1 , _L(J...t ’.‘ n '.‘ .1 :1 ’ 3'31: W ‘1‘»:l—i-m10‘ KAN) , .. v" _, L0 ,n 4.. 7,3 9‘ +‘.,_ ,1. ,, A.._.‘1 1:34.. . (l) 333 Luv uh“ o QLLBT “QLl LLLLJL. , : 0 ,- ' a " r" ..'-:;.L. ..t 0:. 1:..‘ud l}. JWw, l Mfg/C ‘ t ~ 1 r. 1 : , J- 4- .1 # (W) bJjEI... “JG: .- vl-;. +\’(J 21“ er L'j ‘ ... AL VILJ. r‘ «*n '11 r.- I 1 lgc’ \ .L A. U. 1.4.. I! I l 0 1m“ flflfi v c " AAA an ..Ll- " ’ Ev ‘~."‘ '0‘) _ (V , v v \.f . \. \J f‘fih ,y,’_.. I J v". ‘LJ'VJ—H. ‘ (3) Clover tOJCT. a. -. P ~ r,‘ ‘ _ C” T‘ )I‘ n.) Tlxu‘3tJ +LVO 8%. A. ' 0 .~ ‘ 3 1 , + ’f-r'h n ‘- 1331; ‘1"an 1'7 f" u“) "H b. w J ,'/ l 0 11.30 + 41 -= 237.5 LI. 27.5 x 70 == 31,930.00 beaffcldiné packin“ and mixer at330hmenfs..... $3,000.00 (2) Say - Lussqc tower. Togur surface, 1256 3;. ft. Acid-proof bri3k at $70. 00 /T _. lCOO bricks will cover up 41 sq. ft. 1256 + 41 = 30.815. Piping, valves, fittinc, etc., $1,500.00 Miscellaneous, 9:,CCC.00 stora age t3“+., $10,W 0.00 1.00“) a-vUO 4. I;3fi3i13510n cost of equipwant. Luvs; C: 10 - ;CJ 0' Lgvcica coat bf 0,31p10r0. T3341 inroice 303; #:C,000.00 A 1?} 13315 Kill *0 U331. 58,000 x .15 == $3,773.00 C. Tltgi oC3t of oh fiher giant. do £4.13. 00000000000000.000000 éd‘j,OC-C'O:O be :Uil;in; 00000000000000... lJG,C'CCOCA' Co 3;..11.::-.3:.t 0000000000000... r—C’C-C'Cooo d. I psallgf‘ r 30-3 ........ 8,773.00 To+al fixcl cost ......... $207,213.00 Z. Distribution of Plart cost 3 of scaling :2ioo*. 1. Y03rly jroiuotion of 55 Se' acid, 15,000 t up, at §1L.C0 per to“ Sailing :ricc, or }180,0'L.00 Ruff 241447331013 oooooooooooooooocoooooo «45:1,C78000 21:02,?) DiTBCt :chr oooooooooooooooooooooooo 9’OCOOCC 500k FkiJl, fencer {1:16. mutt-Jr 000.000.0000... 4,580.00 905,; R0j3iro and Kgintauoncc ............. 5,220.00 2.9; D'3:"I"3’JiatiOn oooooooooooooooooooooooo 12,CCOICO 700,3 Fgciory Ad inistrutio: ; Fixed cflgrgeo 18,000.00 10.0; TLiI-ZCS CL IQJJ‘X‘QIECB 0.0000000000000000. 7,3COOOC 4°C}; Distribution and Profits ............ 53,352.00 34.33 T“tal 000000..00000000000000.00000000 $180,000.00 1000C; *_ "’ 1 ‘ n“ ' " ' J- .“ (a '45-? ‘T '7 ’00.” #:4on “.1 v~ .4... ...Uuo flan-‘_‘o, Us, .4 - U (J.-Uk)o Ifi . z ' 7 1 I I 0 3 U ..1' I a v 5 ~ .4 I I , \ - no “0 r~ -.-- .' n '-- 1 1.... , ~ J" < - .L gomgurlson or f1“ 1 cost of 3-em er w 1o.er Tluuu. '1' ’1 -‘ a" \ «1"! r1' FlAOu uCoub vhflmuér Lend 0.000..........IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 930,00'3000 190,0CC. CO ’4 f’) g... 0 .,-. ma L‘VJUI‘o L.) .o,ooo.oo ...),00Co 00 Eq lphjnt 0.0000000000000000000000oooo VC‘, h '1 a - P < InutulLutlUn JOut 00000000000000.0000. 3) TO* :00. C0 ' 50,030.00 ‘3 75.00 7,500.00 '1 ‘... ‘—. 7 .I ‘ " 3 YHV “er plant over the cli.:u;b ‘I'V" n 1 v " ‘ ‘ . ‘ w a ‘ 1"! r> 1 re cuvecifl;r«ol outgut on_illus route s Q¢ ‘7“, Including 11ousis4 cost, eruiorsut and et 275.00 gcs,scc.oo er plant. osce and unit plent. . /,., c., it costs l/o us vmch to ild a tower plant yielding an crueld aily output. Depreciution costs are lower on the to er plant becsuse the most vital perts are made of Durison, end the estimated life of these under work's; conditions 1s about 350 years “he re a5 ‘ri . ~- " :' 1J- - "q 4‘ 1": 1 t.-e v1 tel p.111... 0; the cm ‘1‘" t 4“ 1 .w '- :;,~::.I‘ plane lug srmller investment to fineico d‘ m '9." w m £1 eturn on the orL iuel in vs: ment and charges involved in operati 4.1.9 JJ.‘ J o *5 chamber plant. It take; less volume to convert ne Uillt /I24 hours. The chamber plant needs 12 convert one pound of sulphur to sulphuric pleLt requires 0.13 of cu. ft. as In the end, the cubic volume for .rodici ratio of 100 to 1. CU. derived from pilot 11;; ALE 04 t about 7 - lO yee*s. p. (0 tne tower method, an is possible. ci- SJ 0 O on are less t 1s. pound of sulphur to H530 a; 4 ft. of chumoer space to acid / 24 hours. The tore plant results. (i was reduced at a r plsrt l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 195. BIBLIOGRAPHY Chemical Engineering Plant Design, by Frank C. Vilbrandt, Chapter 8, Page 249; 1934. Industrial Chemical Calculations, by 0.A. HOugen, and K. M. watson, Pages 104, 203, 241-82, 580-404, 1931. Inorganic Chemical Technology, by W. L. Badger and E. M. Baker, Page 47; 1928. Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, by Thorpe. Volume 3, Page 712, 751 and 757. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. Volume Volume Volume Volume Volume Volume Volume VOlume No. No. No. No. No. No. 25, P.1174; 1920, Eldon L. Larison. 26, P.1216; 1920, Haeseler. l4, P.662; 1920, H. V. Welsh. 17, P. 847; 1920, K. B. Quinan. 18, P.786; 1921, A. M. Fairlie, 8, P.333; 1921, C. H. Jones. 19, P.861; 1921, A. M. Fairlie. l, P.22; 1922, F. C. Zeisberg. T661 C mes " ' sulphuric acid by the Tower mn+1nnra T661 Rakes R162 Rakes 98885 5931548. \ EPBZ 3 ’43 ;\ ‘2! APR 3 o ’48 \ q._. v.‘ 22 ,! II” g 9/4 075 A700 !! I! I.I.I.I.|mlm| “llulllnnu'hul In | l! 1!!!! m: .1 !| J SECOND FL 00'? I!!!|!|"l'!!!!! lulu!!! II ! 1L !!!!! !l!! .1!!! 11111 ! ll I !ll .— 1 (a. FU/Vm '_— G :— Z ._ _. z 0 r :4; _L__60 9 l/Iiaf as: I: 2:: 34.}; - =.-_==_. :‘L—EE i322; W /-— /5'z /7‘£'€ GPHDUHTE 80771 E 2 - E'D/fi; 2'4 04/5 56mm? 774 E. 3- MIME/e 7'0 Wit, 6 Com, 5 W51 L Tfi/(K/VEsa M505 or Dal/Bl ED 5455 7' M! rm. OF L Efla 4- f L .5770 PIPE. 5’- DR)’ diff/1457585 (flPHUTY- /800 (a FZ’ .05? He. #7” 5‘0 M: 9955 s. .05.? :a. //V(# 6- l2 1. ITER, PM?» .90 BZ'FZ am: 7- a OVER foWA-‘R, Iii/6H 7'- a: ’014 8 - 647%2 afS/K 7‘0 W643 HEIé/v’ 715’} D/II- 6 , (flPIt/TX- a 99 ca FZ’ 9 - 60,0 ... any/(5R. l0 - ,4 5R5)’: 611M {fl/55.5? rose: 11- P8 we 5 m apeae/"Wflz 4. l2 - «2erer 5.955, 30 ”so. 4% - 3591 ED 3077255 FOP Ml- - WWEP-JKA’EI,’ x7 "pm, 9 75" #164 (fiPflt/rr-é'.‘ 7: ((4 Fr THERMWEfA-W — _ 15,1 1,.“ m 11 E1 H a," (flfk/TV- /.27 all-‘2' 7'0 777; (iPfiY/ 77-2! [5741/7 36 3.9/66: 4 £7- fE/VA’ or sq. A! Ame I' I! I I! I! ! '—2[‘ 07 5196/0 é/NE Mamomsrze as »————— Paw/ram? 72:; fl 4 517.0 P-I/V ,.._ :49 JAVA/£7" Fiat/f W}! W b’A/e far/27% A/o. 3 .6 £770 Slit PH R/t' ”(7.0 7'0 W53 PO @/ xvswz y M705 erg —— CEMENT 07;};3%-: f Ba/VJE/V 51/5/ka .—/-/- ‘ —- M. .& [Mi/LINE / - " $498 5A? 227‘ _M. £57140 V52 FROM Mew; y M505 xmo \@ 6190 ”#0 P; Q 0R Jr‘s 20» ii i! I I ll: 1!! I. ‘1 I l! i 1 ! 1 Jul at h! ! h ‘!' 1T! ' v , I I.“ ," '! ! 1 l!" !'i‘§!, 1!! l 1!! .‘1 ll!!! 6 Y ,1 ‘1! l m U! 3‘1; l I]! 1m 1 4|,“ .! H! 11 41 n. i ! H M! 1n! “I mm I ,. 1‘, , .n'r 4‘ ' s!!! I!!! !‘ '1 1!! h! ! “1”!!!” l w Um! I I ! 1 : — — - — .—q U 1 7‘0 WE e—w - our; E 7’ (09.4: //V6 Wfl 724:3 Q4 I755 W004 Piaf/#6 —. % PB gum/£0 MOM/7' \ ail—1 unit 2700 4 mos /‘flaapE/v TIB‘E P5 53,775 A , A A‘fi _._A M/(i/IGFMI s 7 4 7‘5 (01. 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