SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE " CYTOLOGY AND" CHEMISTRY OF OVIN‘E BLOOD IN HEALTH ‘ ‘ . AND DISEASE Thesis for the Degree. Of: MUS ‘ j I O [ LlOydB. She” ' y ,: _: 9.; ' ‘_:’ .*1937SI_‘SOO-u‘- SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CYTOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF OVINE BLOOD IN HEALTH AND DISEASE SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CYTOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF OVINE BLOOD IN HEALTH AND DISEASE THESIS Submitted to the faculty of the Michigan State College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Chemistry by Lloyd Banks Sholl 1 9 3 7 C ONT ENTS Introduction Normal Blood Cytology Hemoglobin Determinations Red Blood Cell Counts White Blood Cell Counts Differential White Blood Cell Counts Normal Blood Chemistry Glucose Values Non-protein Nitrogen Values Creatinine Values Chloride Values Uric Acid Values Abnormal Blood Cytology and Chemistry Dystokia Botulism Endometritis and Septicemia Meningitis and Hydrocephalus Parasitism Parasitism and Dental Caries Parasitism and Castro—enteritis Peritonitis Pneumonia Intoxication Pregnancy Disease Rhinitis Spinal Abscess Suflmlary WELMO SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CYTOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF OVINE BLOOD IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. Human medical literature contains an enormous number of records of cytological and chemical studies on blood in health and disease. Much apparently has been added to information needed to properly diagnose and treat disease conditions. These two fields have been much neglected in animal work. Some values have been set down in text books, but many of these apparently represent work on small numbers of animals. The purpose of the following study has been to establish normal values in blood cytology and chemistry of sheep blood and to determine what changes present themselves in various pathological processes. BLOOD CYTOLOGY In this phase of the work some difficulties were experienced in the matters of procuring blood and making satisfactory blood smears. An attempt was made to use the ear veins of the animal. Blood could be obtained in this way, but the procedure was very unsatisfactory as it was difficult to keep the animal properly restrained. Blood was also being drawn from the Jugular vein for use in chemical determinations, and the belief arose that this might be used for cytological study as well. Blood is quite readily obtained from the Jugular vein. The wool is clipped from a small area over either Jugular groove, and the area is swabbed with alcohol. Pressure over the lower part of the Jugular groove distends the vein so that it may be seen or may be located by tapping above the point of pressure. A hypodermic needle may then be inserted. A 16 gauge hypodermic needle was found suitable for this purpose. The blood was collected in test tubes containing potassium oxalate and graduated for 15 cc of blood. In order to facilitate handling of the oxalate, the following procedure was adopted. 3.0 gms. of potassium oxalate was weighed and dissolved in distilled water in a 50 cc volumetric flask. 0.5 cc of this solution (con- taining 30 mgms. of oxalate) was placed in each test tube, the total amount being sufficient for 100 tubes. The tubes were then placed in a drying oven at 60 to 70 degrees Centigrade. When dried, they were stoppered and set aside for future use. To establish the dependability of using oxalated whole blood for cytological study, a large number of determinations were made using both types of blood. The results checked very well in all cases. Soon after com- plating this comparison it was found that Osgood and Haskins (1) highly recommended the use of oxalated blood in human hematology. HEMOGLOBIN For the determination of hemoglobin the Sahli method was selected. The accuracy of this method has been well determined by Alt (2) in a comparison of iron determina- 3. tions with the Newcomer, Sahli, and Dare methods on 35 cases. The Sahli method appeared to be the most accurate. The procedure is as follows. Approximately N/lO hydro- chloric acid is placed in the Sahli tube, the amount de- pending on the appearance of the blood. For normal blood the tube may be filled to the 8 gm. mark. Less than this must be used for anemic bloods. Oxalated blood is drawn into the special pipette to the 20 cmm. mark, the end is wiped with cheese cloth, and the blood is slowly blown into the tube containing the hydrochloric acid. The pipette is rinsed by drawing the acid into it 2 or 3 times. After mixing its contents, the tube is placed in a water bath at 55 to 60 degrees C. for 7 minutes to complete formation of acid hematin. The tube is then placed in the Sahli instrument between two standard prisms, and N/10 hydrochloric acid is added, stirring after each addition, until the colors match. The hemoglobin value is then read directly in both grams per 100 cc. and percentage. To determine normal values, several animals were used. Blood samples were taken at various periods over a consider- able length of time, and the results are presented in Tables 1 and 2 and Charts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Case 58 was a female, born May 6, 1932 and raised on a bottle. On August 2, 1932 she was severely injured by a dog, but made a good recovery. Blood studies were started October 10, 1932 at 5 months of age, and continued until after the termination of pregnancy April 21, 193%. .She was sold to a farmer May 26, 193k. 65 hemoglobin readings on the animal showed values ranging from 10.2 to 15.2 gms, 4. averaging 12.5 gms per 100 cc of blood. Considering lu.5 gms per cent as 100 per cent, the values ranged from 70 to 106, averaging 86.37 per cent. Case 60 was a lamb born in March, 1932, purchased from a farmer. Blood studies were started October 10, 1932, at the age of about 6 months. 61 determinations were made up to may 26, 193%, when she was sold. She lambed March 1h, 193%. In terms of grams per cent her hemoglobin values ranged from 10.4 to 15.9 grams, averaging 12.33 grams per cent. In terms of percent the values ranged from 72 to 109, averaging 85 per cent. Case 61 was obtained from the same source as case 60. She lambed April 21, 193# and was killed for meat May 26, 1934. Blood studies were started October 11, 1932 at about 6 months of age. In terms of grams per cent, 60 hemoglobin values ranged from 10.M to 16.2, averaging 13.3 grams per cent. In terms of per cent the values ranged from 72 to 112, averaging 91.9 per cent. Case 62 was obtained from the same source as case 60. She lambed March 27, 193k, and was sold to a farmer May 26, 193M. Blood studies were started October 12, 1932, at about 6 months of age. In terms of grams per cent, 60 hemoglobin values ranged from 10.6 to 15.h, averaging 12.6 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 7% to 105 , averaging 86.2 per cent. Case 63 was obtained from the same source as case 60. She lambed on April 16, 193h with some difficulty, and had caked udder of mild degree. She was sold May 26, 193%. Blood 5. studies were started October 13, 1932 at about 6 months of age. In terms of grams per cent, 59 hemoglobin values ranged from 10.6 to 15.3, averaging 12.9 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 73 to 108, averaging 89 per cent. Case 64 was one of twin females from case 62, born March 27, 1934. She did well from the time of birth. Blood studies were started on June 1, 1934. In terms of grams per cent, 15 hemoglobin values ranged from 12.4 to 15 grams per cent, averaging 13.8 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 84 to 104, averaging 95 per cent. Case 65 was the twin of case 64, and also did well from the time of birth. Blood studies were started on May 25, 1934. In terms of grams per cent, 11+ hemoglobin values ranged from 12.4 to 14.2 grams per cent, averaging 13.25 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 86 to 98, averaging 91.7 per cent. Case 66 was a female lamb from case 60, born March 15, 1934. She had some diarrhea for 3 or 4 days, but did well from then on. Blood studies were started on May 17, 1934. In terms of grams per cent, 15 hemOglobin values ranged from 11.0 to 13.2 grams per cent, averaging 12.3 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 76 to 92, averaging 85 per cent. Case 67 was a male lamb from case 63, born April 16, 1934. He was a large lamb and did well from the time of birth. Blood studies were started June 6, 1934. In terms of grams per cent, 14 hemoglobin values ranged from 11.2 to 6. to 13.2 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 78 to 92 per cent, averaging 87 per cent. Case 68 was a male lamb from case 61, born April 4, 1934. The lamb was very small at birth, but was active and did well. Blood studies were started June 5, 1934. In terms of grams per cent, 15 hemoglobin values ranged from 11.6 to 15.8 grams per cent, averaging 12.9 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 80 to 108, averaging 88.7 per cent. Case 69 was a male lamb from case 58, born April 21, 1934. He did well from the time of birth. Blood studies were started May 25, 1934. In terms of grams per cent, 17 hemo- globin values ranged from 10.6 to 14.2 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 74 to 97 per cent, aver- aging 84.4 per cent. Case 31 was a female lamb about 5 months of age, one of four lambs which were showing evidence of sunstroke, obtained for observation October 15, 1933. Symptoms disappeared, and it was considered permissible to include her with the normal animals. Blood studies were started October 27, 1933. In terms of grams per cent, 39 hemoglobin values ranged from 10.2 to 14.3 grams per cent, averaging 12.82 grams per cent. In terms of per cent, values ranged from 70 to 99, averaging 88.48 per cent. The twelve animals above show hemoglobin values ranging from 10.2 to 16.2 grams per cent or 70 to 112 per cent, these representing a total of 434 samples taken at various ages up to two years of age. The average from these animals is esti- mated at 12.76 grams per cent and 87.97 per cent. K3K0}LOBIN———GRA.Z :23 071T Table 1. ICase No.Readings Low Readigg High Reading, Azerage Reading 58 65 10.2 15.2 12.5 r 60 61 10.4 15.9 12.55 61 60 10.4 16.2 15.5 62 60 10.6 15.4 12.6 65 59 10.6 15.5 12.9 64 15 12.4 15.0 15.8 65 14 12.4 14.2 15.25 66 15 11.0 15.2 12.5 67 14 11.2 15.2 12.6 68 15 11.6 15.8 12.9 69 17 10.6 14.2 12.27 51 59 10.2 14.5 12.82 FEEC?LOBIN---TE; 033T Table 2. Case No.Readings Low Reading High Reading Average Reading 58 65 70 106 86.57 60 61 72 109 85.0 61 6O 72 112 91.9 62 6O 74 105 86.2 65 59 75 108 89.0 64 15 84 104 95.0 65 14 86 98 91.7 66 15 76 92 85.0 67 14 78 92 87.0 68 15 80 108 A 88.7 69 17 74 97 84.4 51 59 7O 99 88.48 8. 26 24 22 2O 1‘ Peroentege 16 14 12 10 Gee-e tee Gent --- -——._- .‘__, CASS 58, MIDBIN Mt 1 Oct Iov Dec Jen reb Ier Apr lb: June low 18 ’ercentase Creme Per Cent Oct lav Dec Jan Feb ler Apr A_'__ ____._.__—-___.___’__ CASE 6o, HsnocLosIn Chart 2 Dee Jen Percentage Ore-e 2e: Cent Percentage lay June low Ore-e ,er Cent Dec Jen Peb Ier Apr ll! '0b In Apr I” In” June 140 130 120 110 100 90 70 ‘8 30 10 "0 U3 N C\ 24 23 18 16 14 12 10 [M E t) (J Oct Nov Dec l‘..___—. __A Percentage Ore-e Per Cent Percentage out 61 , newsman: Char I Oct Nov Dec Jan 'eb ler Apr ley June t 3 Percentage Ore-e Per Cent lav Dec Jen Peb ler Apr lay June CA8! 62, HIMDGLOBIN Chart 4 Crane Per Cent Jen Feb lar Apr lay June Percentage Crane Per Cent Nov Dec Jan Peb Inr Apr In: June 140 130 120 HO 130 120 110 100 90 7O 8 3O 10 lO. Perc-ntcve Crrws Per Cent Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb lar Apr lay June rfi-.-_..___.._.._r __ CASE 6}, HEL'ocLoam. Chert 5 W Creme Per Cent Percentage Nov Dec Jan Peb lnr Apr lhy June 1'00 130 120 110 100 90 7O 50 30 10 adopted. 11. RED BLOOD CELLS In making red cell counts, the following procedure was Oxalated blood was drawn up to the .5 mark on the red cell pipette and diluted to the 101 mark with Toisson's fluid made up according to the method of Osgood and Haskins (1). her. Cells were counted in 80 squares of the counting cham- The results are presented in Table 3 and Charts 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. per per per per per per per per 65 counts on case 58 ranged from 8,000,000 cmm., averaging 9,341,000 per cmm. 61 counts on case 60 ranged from 8,230,000 cmm., averaging 10,573,114 per cmm. 60 counts on case 61 ranged from 7,200,000 cmm., averaging 10,382,100 per cmm. 60 counts on case 62 ranged from 7,300,000 cmm., averaging 10,156,900 per cmm. 59 counts on case 63 ranged from 8,000,000 cmm., averaging 10,774,100 per cmm. 15 counts on case 64 ranged from 9,890,000 cmm., averaging 11,326,000 per cmm. 14 counts on case 65 ranged from 9,520,000 cmm., averaging 11,085,715 per cmm. 15 counts on case 66 ranged from 9,500,000 cmm., averaging 10,732,000 per cmm. 14 counts on case 67 ranged from 8,360,000 cmm., averaging 10,562,857 per cmm. 15 counts on case 68 ranged from 9,350,000 cmm., averaging 11,273,600 per cmm. to to to to to to to to to to 11,920,000 12,800,000 13,920,000 12,540,000 13,400,000 12,520,000 13,100,000 12,400,000 12,850,000 13,200,000 12. 17 counts on case 69 ranged from 8,380,000 to 12,900,000 per cmm., averaging 10,184,117 per cmm. 39 counts on case 31 ranged from 8,520,000 to 13,260,000 per cmm., averaging 10,797,436 per cmm. The 434 samples listed above range from 7,200,000 to 13,920,000 per cmm., the estimated average being 10,429,977 per cmm.. 13. RED BLOOD CjLLS PER 031:2. Table 5. , Case No-Readings ‘Low Reading High Reagigg Average Reading 58 64 8,000,000 11,920,000 9,541,969 60 61 8,250,000 12,800,000 10,575,114 61 60 7,200,000 15,920,000 10,582,000 62 60 7,500,000 12,840,000 10,156,900 65 59 8,000,000 15,400,000 10,774,000 64 15 9,890,000 12,520,000 11,526,000 65 14 9,520,000 15,100,000 11,085,715 66 15 9,500,000 12,400,000 10,752,000 67 14 8,560,000 12,850,000 10,562,857 68 15 9,550,000 15,200,000 11,275,600 69 17 8,580,000 12,900,000 10,184,117 51 59 0,520,000 15,260,000 10,797,456 [U 'J 'J ,4 .4 t) u) Oct Nov Oct Nov Dec De: l4. CA5; 58, RED BLOOD CELLS Chart 6 Jan Feb Mar Apr lay June lov Dec Jan CASE 60, RED BLOOD CELLS Chart 7 Feb mar Apr lay June Nov Dec Jen Jen rob ler Apr lay June Feb Ear Apr lay June 12 11 10 C'l ”:7 52? Don Jrn Ebb Inr Apr CASE 61, RED BLOOD CELLS Chart 8 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Her Apr lay June Nov Dec Jan CA3: 62, RED BLOOD CELLS Chart 10 May June Nov Dec Jan Peb Feb ler Apr lay June ler Apr lay June 10 \O 00: Rev Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr lay June 16. CASE 6}, RED BLOOD CELLS Chart 9 Nov Dec Jan lob Int Apr 17. WHITE BLOOD CELLS White blood cell counts were made by use of the special white cell pipette, drawing oxalated blood up to the .5 mark. A 1 per cent solution of acetic acid was used at first, but a 2 per cent solution of oxalic acid, recommended by Jones (3), was considered more desirable. This destroys the red cells and causes the white cells to stand out more clearly. In the counting chamber the white cells were counted in all four of the large corner squares of the ruled area. The results of white cell counts are presented in Table u and Charts 11, 12, 13, in and 15. 65 white cell counts on case 58 ranged from 5,000 to 12,200 per cmm. of blood, averaging 7,923 per cmm. 61 white cell counts on case 60 ranged from 5,900 to 13,000 per cmm. of blood, averaging 9,157 per cmm. 60 white cell counts on case 61 ranged from 5,h00 to 13,300 per cmm. of blood, averaging 9,768 per cmm. 60 white cell counts on case 62 ranged from 5,h00 to 13,800 per cmm. of blood, averaging 9,177 per cmm. 59 white cell counts on case 63 ranged from 5,650 to 1M,100 per cmm. of blood, averaging 9,393 per cmm. 15 white cell counts on case 6% ranged from 7,300 to 10,h50 per cmm. of blood, averaging 8,930 per cmm. 15 white cell counts on case 65 ranged from 5,500 to 10,500 per cmm. of blood, averaging 7,210 per cmm. 15 white cell counts on case 66 ranged from 7,000 to 16,650 per cmm. of blood, averaging 9,623 per cmm. Although 18. no evidence of sickness was noted, the first two white cell counts on this case, 16,650 and 16,500 per cmm., were much too high to be considered as normal. Discarding these two, 13 counts ranged from 7,000 to 10,250 per cmm., averaging 8,554 per cmm. 14 white cell counts on case 67 ranged from 7,350 to 10,450 per cmm. of blood, averaging 8,475 per cmm. 15 white cell counts on case 68 ranged from 6,450 to 9,400 per cmm. of blood, averaging 8,354 per cmm. 17 white cell counts on case 69 ranged from 5,900 to 9,170 per cmm. of blood, averaging 7,257 per cmm. 39 white cell counts on case 31 ranged from 6,800 to 16,700 per cmm. of blood, averaging 9,329 per cmm. In this case, as in case 66, the single reading of 16,700 is thought to be pathological. The 434 samples listed above thus range from 5,000 to 16,700 per cmm. of blood, the grand average being estimated as 8,948 per cmm. 19. "1 ’5"- CO" 1" 2"? .: 7:. v-j [q- ‘5' .4 .41.; ’ J v-4.'_uLJU .L..L'. 41.4.... Table 4. Case No.88mples Low needing High Reading Average Reading 58 65 5,000 12,000 7,923 60 61 5,900 15,000 9,157 61 60 5,400 15,500 9,768 62 60 5,400 13,800 9,177 63 59 5,650 14,100 9,393 64 15 7,500 10,450 8,950 65 15 5,500 10,500 7,210 66 15 7,000 16,650 9,625 67 14 2,350 10,450 8,475 68 15 6,450 9,400 8,354 69 17 5,900 9,170 7,257 31 39 6,500 16,700 9,329 14 CASE 58 ml?! BLOOD CELLS Chart 11 12 11 L’) 2' . Dec Jan tab In:- Apr In June U: \J Oct low Dec Jan l'ob lu- Apr In: June '0' 14 CA3! 60 IHI'I'E BLOOD CELLS cart 12 13 ;12 11 19 ‘ 9 I | Oct Nov Dec Jan l‘eb lar Apr layJune lav Dec Jan hb lu- Apr In: June I.‘ N $_‘-,.., ____ 21. ‘ I) U“ \fl Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb ,. \b‘ . '3 ,4 15: CASE 61 'HITE RLOOD SELLS Chart 15 I Apr lay June Nov Dec Jan fob Iar Apr In: June 5 3 CASE 62 WHITE BLOOD CELLS Chart 14 Aer May June Nov Dec Jan Feb Ear Aer Hny Juno 1;, can 63 mm cw chart is 13 12 11 10 ? g. 7 :‘I h \4 j . Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb En:- Apr Hay Juno Nov Dec Jan fob Iu' Apr In: June 23. DIFFERENTIAL WHITE CELL BLOOD COUNTS Much difficulty was experienced in making satisfactory smears for differential counts. The smears were being attempted with slides, but in practically all cases the smears were of no value due to the fact that most of the white cells went to the margins. The cover glass method recommended by Haden (4) was then tried. Haden recommends the use of 7/8 inch square cover glasses, held by the corners, but they are somewhat difficult to handle. Number 1 cover glasses 22 by 40 mm. were tried and were found to be much more convenient to handle. They also allow making a much larger smear. A small drop of blood is placed on a cover glass by means of a dropper, a second cover glass is placed over the drop, the blood is allowed to spread, and the two cover glasses are slipped apart. This procedure gives even, thin films with good distribution of cells, but has the objectionable feature that occasionally some of the cells are distorted or broken. The smears were stained with Wright's stain, and the differential counts were based on 100 cells counted in each smear. Cells were classified as neutrOphils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, and in a large number of counts a division of neutrophils into seg- mented and non-segmented forms was carried out. NEUTROPHILS. The results of neutrophil counts are presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7 and in Charts 16 to 25 inclusive. 63 differentials on case 58 ranged from 16 to 47 per cent, averaging 30.2 per cent. 24. 60 differentials on case 60 ranged from 19 to 54 per cent, averaging 34.7 per cent. 59 differentials on case 61 ranged from 14 to 39 per cent, averaging 26.25 per cent. 59 differentials on case 62 ranged from 9 to 58 per cent, aVeraging 30 per cent. 58 differentials on case 63 ranged from 13 to 73 per cent, averaging 31,34 per cent. 34 differentials on case 31 ranged from 13 to 55 per cent, averaging 29.73 per cent. The 334 counts represented above show a very surprisingly wide range from 9 to 73 per cent, but this range is quite consistent in all of the six animals, and the averages show a range of only 26.25 to 34.7 per cent. The general average is 30.36 per cent. Tabulation of the neutrophils into segmented and non- segmented forms was carried out on a considerable number of the smears from the above cases. Segmentation is considered to be evidence of maturation of the neutrophil, and the above tabulation gives the relation of mature to immature forms. NONBSEGMENTED NEUTROPHILS. In 53 counts on case 58, the non-segmented neutrophils ranged from 1 to 19 per cent, averaging 7.94 per cent. 49 counts on case 60 ranged from 1 to 25 per cent, averaging 9.6 per cent. 48 counts on case 61 ranged from 2 to 16 per cent, averaging 8.16 per cent. 50 counts on case 62 ranged from 2 to 28 per cent, 25. averaging 8.2 per cent. 49 counts on case 63 ranged from 1 to 18 per cent, averaging 7.9 per cent. 34 counts on case 31 ranged from 1 to 15 per cent, averaging 6 per cent. SEGMENTED NEUTROPHILS. In 53 counts on case 58, the segmented neutrophils ranged from 9 to 36 per cent, aver- aging 23 per cent. 49 counts on case 60 ranged from 14 to 37 per cent, averaging 24.8 per cent. 48 counts on case 61 ranged from 8 to 33 per cent, aver- aging 17.7 per cent. 50 counts on case 62 ranged from 7 to 36 per cent, averaging 21 per cent. 49 counts on case 63 ranged from 8 to 59 per cent, averaging 23.4 per cent., 34 counts on case 31 ranged from 12 to 50 per cent, averaging 23.7 per cent. 26. NEUTROPHILb, 11:31:211: flflleS. ‘Case #No.€amrles Low Reading, Kirk Reading Average Reading 58 65 16 47 30.2 60 60 19 54 54.7 61 57 14 59 26.25 62 59. 9 58 50.0 65 58 15 75 51.54 51 54 15 55 29.75 1CN—SZGILXTLD NEUTROPEILS, PJRCENTAGE Table 6. 'Case No.8amples Low Reading High Reading Average Reading 1 58 55 1 19 7.94 60 49 1 25 9.6 61 4s 2 16 8.16 62 50 2 28 8.2 65 49 1 18 7.9 51 54 1 15 6.0 533;;1T1J L1U316PLIL5, PERCLZTnGE Table 7. Case No.8amples Low Reading IEifih Reading Average Reading 58 55 9 56 25.0 60 49 14 57 24.8 61 48 8. 35 17.7 62 50 7 56 21.0 65 49 8 59 25.4 51 54 12 50 25.7 7O 55 . 60 55 50 115 8' 20 15 10 «S u- \H .3 .3 ‘1‘ Oct lov Dec Jan Fab CASE 5! NEUTROPHILS Chart 16 Iar Apr lay Juno case 60 ummomns Chart 18 30 25 . ea 1 lov Dec Jan lbb Iar Apr lay Juno W 1% Oct Nov Dec Jan fab Mar Apr lay Juno Iov Dec Jan Feb Iar Apr lay Juno 28. 70 CASE 61 NEUTROPHILB Chart 20 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb lar Apr lay Juno lov boo Jan Feb lar Apr lay Juno 70 CA3: 62 NEUTROPHILS Chart 22 5 \d ‘1‘ \Il ‘) [0 \n 15 19 ’ a Oct Nov Dec Jan 'eb lar Apr lay Juno Nov Dec Jan rob lar Apr lay Juno L_ _ 1.____.__. 7O 65 60 S \d \fl 2259 o 70 Gas: 63 NEUTROPHILS Chart 24 S 35 30 7 25 2O 15 IO 5 Oct Nov Doc Jan rob lar Apr lay Juno lov Doe Jan fob lar Apr lay Juno __ _.___ ___._._________J CASE 58 llDTlOPflILS Rod—-lon-aoglonted. llaok--§oglantad 1? Oct lav Doc Jan lbb lar Apr -Jhno lov boo Jan Ibo Iar app—~lay~3iao 70 65 3O 25 3o. cas: 60 IIUTROPRILB Rad--lon-Iogwontod. Chart 19 23' 35 2O 15 10 v Oot lov boo J ob lar Apr lay Juno Rod--Non-aagnontod. Oct Nov Doc Jan lob lar Apr Black--Sogaanted lov Doc Jan Ibb lar Apr lay Juno CASE 61 NEUTROPHILS Black-«Segmented. Chart 21 Nov Dec Jan fob lar tor lay Juno 70 55 so 4'3 43 .u x“ 13 w k) 15 ,1 4) ‘1. WM Oct Nov Dec Jfly Juno 31. CASE 62 NEUTROPHILS Bad--lon-aogznontod. Blacz--Soglnentod. Chart 23 \J Doc J 3"» Iar lay Juno Oct lov Doc Jan Fob lrr Apr lay Juno In 0! Ayu- .- CASE 63 IIUTBOPIILB Rodnlon-aognontod. llaot~-Sognontod rt 85 1 Nov Doc Jan rob lar am- lay Juno LYMPHOCYTES. The results of lymphocyte counts are presented in Table 8 and Charts 26 to 30 inclusive. In 63 counts on case 58 the lymphocytes ranged from 37 to 79 per cent, averaging 58.2 per cent. 60 counts on case 60 ranged from 36 to 72 per cent, averaging 53.4 per cent. 57 counts on case 61 ranged from 41 to 78 per cent, averaging 62.5 per cent. 59 counts on case 62 ranged from 41 to 76 per cent, averaging 60.4 per cent. 58 counts on case 63 ranged from 24 to 83 per cent, averaging 58.4 per cent. 34 counts on case 31 ranged from 43 to 79 per cent, averaging 61.38 per cent. MONOCYTES. The results of monocyte counts are pre- sented in Table 9 and Charts 31 to 35 inclusive. 63 counts on case 58 ranged from 0 to 21 per cent, averaging 3,95 per cent. 60 counts on case 60 ranged from 0 to 11 per cent, averaging 4.3 per cent. 57 counts on case 61 ranged from O to 16 per cent, averaging 4.8 per cent. 59 counts on case 62 ranged from 0 to 10 per cent, averaging 3.7 per cent. 58 counts on case 63 ranged from 0 to 13 par cent, averaging 3.7 per cent. 34 counts on case3l ranged from 1 to 14 per cent, averaging 4.64 per cent. LYXPHOCYTBS, PERCEUTnGE Table 8. Case No.Readings Low Reading ‘Hiih Reading Average Reading 58 63 57 79 58.2 60 6O 36 72 55.4 61 1 57 41 78 62.5 62 59 41 76 60.4 63 58 24 83 58.4 51 54 43 79 61.38 KCNOCYTES, 1113:111o3 Table 9. Case No.Readings Low Reading High Reading Average Reading 58 65 0 21 5.95 60 60 0 11 4.5 61 57 0 16 4.8 62' 59 o 10 5.7 65 58 0 15 3.7 51 54 1 14 4.64 35 17) 25 20 15 ‘1) 1 ‘L Oct Nov Doc Jan Feb lar Apr Bay June CASE 55 LYHPHCC‘YTES Chart 26 WW CASE 60 LYILPHOCYTES Chart 27 Nov Dec Jan rob lar Apr lay Juno M W Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Ear Apr lay Juno NOV Dec Jan Feb lar Aer lay June _ __.__.... _ , \JI \n Crt No" Doc Jan Fob lnr lar Azr Apr CASE 61 Lmnocxvss Chart 28 lay June C SE 62 LIEPHOCITES Chart 29 lay Juno Nov Nov Dec boo Jan rob Jan rob lar Apr lay Juno lar Apr lay Juno 35 3o 9; 20 15 53 Cass 63 Lxuruocxrss Chart 30 Oct lov Dec Jan Feb lar Apr lay Juno lov Doc Jan rob Iar Apr lay Juno 37. 70 CA3! 58 HONOCYTES Chart 51 65 CE C‘t ." Dr . ,_ i)v e. Y1n Fab lar Aor lay Juno Nov Dec Jan Feb lar Apr lav Juno 4 CASE 60 lONOCYTES Chart 52 8“ HO lov Doe Jan fab lar Apr lay Juno 0“? Nov Dec Jpn Foh lar Anr y Juno O\ 4) 3% Oct Nov Doc Jan 3% 33 25 2O 15 '25! Jh’ CASE 61 HONOCYTES Chart 55 Feb lar Ar lay Juno Nov Dec Jan Po“ lar Aor lay June CASE 62 VONOCYTES Chart 54 Hay June Nov Doc Jan lob lar Aer lay Juno 13 [J \J! \M 0'9. .1 ones 63 MONCJYTE‘S Chart 55 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb lnr Apr lay Juno Nov Doc an fob lar Apr lay Juno 39. EOSINOPHILS. The results of eosinophil counts are pre- sented in Table 10 and Charts 36 to 40 inclusive. 63 counts on case 58 ranged from 0 to 19 per cent, averaging 6.34 per cent. 60 counts on case 60 ranged from 0 to 16 per cent, averaging 7.1 per cent. 57 counts on case 61 ranged from 1 to 19 per cent, averaging 5.5 per cent. 59 counts on case 62 ranged from 0 to 23 per cent, averaging 5.3 per cent. 58 counts on case 63 ranged from 0 to 13 per cent, averaging 5.8 per cent. 34 counts on case 31 ranged from 0 to 17 per cent, averaging 4.65 per cent. BASOPHILS. The results of basophil counts are presented in Table 11 and Charts 36 to 40 inclusive. 63 counts on case 58 ranged from 0 to 3 per cent, averaging 0.79 per cent. 60 counts on case 60 ranged from 0 to 2 per cent, averaging 0.5 per cent. 57 counts on case 61 ranged from 0 to 4 per cent, averaging 0.5 per cent. 59 counts on case 62 ranged from 0 to 2 per cent, averaging 0.4 per cent. 58 counts on case 63 ranged from 0 to 3 per cent, averaging 0.48 per cent. 34 counts on case 31 ranged from O to 4 per cent, averaging 1.1 per cent. EOEIIICPIZILS , 1‘ “v.7." mm .- ow tun/141.- [ALUJ Case No.5amples Lov Feeling Hich Reading Average Headint 58 65 0 19 6.54 60 60 0 16 7.10 61 57 1 19 5.5 62 59 0 25 5.5 63 58 0 15 5.8 51 54 0 17 4.65 BASOPHILS, PERCEITAGE 1,, Table 11. Case No.8amp1es Low Reading Hirh Reading Average Reading 58 63 0 5 0.79 60 60 0 2 0.5 61 57 0 0.5 62 59 O 2 0.4 65 58 0 5 0.48 51 54 0 4 1.1 41. 7,, CA3E 56 ECSINOPHIIJ AM) BASOPHILS Eosinoohile Above. Chart 56 can 60 EOSINOPHILS AND momma Bosinophils Above. Chart 37 as ‘30 W Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Ilnr Aor lay Juno 6‘3 63 a: an 1‘: CA3! 61 EOSINOPHILB AND BASOPRILS Bosinophila Above. Chart 58 WwAW t Nov Dec Jan ob pr y Juno CA5! 62 IOOIIOPIILS AID IaSOPHILS 81aol--loaiaoph11a. lad--laaoph11a. Chart 39 55 55 5O 11. 70 CASE 6} IDSINOPHILS AID BASOPHILS. Black—-loainophila. Rod-~5aaophila. 55 Chart 40 55 35 3o 25 20 15 10 _r : :::j. T ov Doc lar pr lay Juno Oot lov me Jan Feb lar Apr lay June 0‘ 44. BLOOD CHEMISTRY . It was also desired to determine some of the normal chemical values for blood in order to study possible changes occurring under pathological conditions. With this in mind, the author made a large number of determinations including glucose, non-protein nitrogen, creatinine, chlorides and uric acid. The oxalated blood described in the discussion of blood cytology was used for chemical study also. BLOOD FILTRATE. This was made according to the method of Folin and Wu (5), the total proteins of the blood being precipitated by tungstic acid (formed by the interaction of sodium tungstate and sulphuric acid). The filtrate contains the blood constituents to be determined. 10 cc. of oxalated blood was laked with 70 cc. of distilled water. 10 cc. of 10% sodium tungstate was added, followed by 10 cc, of 2/3 N sulphuric acid. After thorough shaking, the material was allowed to stand for 10 to 20 minutes and filtered. BLOOD GLUCOSE For determination of glucose, the method of Folin and we (5) was used. 2 cc. of the protein-free blood filtrate was placed in a Folin-Wu sugar tube graduated at 25 cc. 2 cc. of glucose standard (containing 0.2 mg. of glucose) was placed in a similar tube. 2 cc. of alkaline copper solution was added to each tube. The tubes were heated for 8 minutes in a boiling water bath and then cooled in running water. 4 cc. 45. of acid molybdate solution was added to each, and the solution was then made up to 25 cc. with diluted molybdate reagent (1 part of reagent to 4 parts of water). After mixing well, the standard and unknowns were compared in the colorimeter. The results obtained are summarized below and presented in Table 12 and Charts 41 to 45 inclusive. 62 blood sugar determinations on case 58 ranged from 45.66 to 94.33 mgms. per cent, averaging 62.11 mgms. per cent. 61 determinations on case 60 ranged from 48.78 to 99.00 mgms. per cent, averaging 63.74 mgms. per cent. 60 determinations on case 61 ranged from 50.00 to 83.33 mgms. per cent, averaging 62.37 mgms. per cent. 60 determinations on case 62 ranged from 46.40 to 83.33 mgms. per cent, averaging 64.61 mgms. per cent. 59 determinations on case 63 ranged from 44.2 to 89.68 mgms. per cent, averaging 61.53 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 64 ranged from 62.89 to 84.74 mgms. per cent, averaging 72.92 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 65 ranged from 62.30 to 91.74 mgms. per cent, averaging 72.38 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 66 ranged from 66.22 to 98.52 mgms. per cent, averaging 76.73 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 67 ranged from 57.47 to 78.12 mgms. per cent, averaging 67.31 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 68 ranged from 56.65 to 87.33 mgms. per cent, averaging 72.44 mgms. per cent. 17 determinations on case 69 ranged from 59.52 to 100.00 mgms. per cent, averaging 71.09 mgms. per cent. 46. 39 determinations on case 31 ranged from 49.26 to 90.09 mgms. per cent, averaging 63.30 mgms. per cent. BLOOD GLUCOSE, KCKS. 1:30:11 T1b1e 12. Case No.8“.ples Low leading Hivh Heading Average Teading 58 62 45.66 94.55 62.11 60 61 48.78 99.00 63.74 61 60 50.00 85.55 62.57 62 60 46.40 85.55 64.61 65 59 44.27 89.68 61.55 64 15 62.89 84.74 72.92 65 14 62.50 91.74 72.58 66 15 66.22 98.52 76.75 67 14 57.47 78.12 67.51 68 15 56.65 87.55 72.44 69 17 59.52 100.00 71.09 51 59 49.26 90.09 65.50 190 130 120 110 100 no 30 ?O 10 Oct Nov Dec 1&0 130 120 110 100 90 60 70 SO 30 20 10 Jan Oct Nov Dec Jan 47. CASE 56 GLUCOSI. Chart 41 Feb Ear Apr May June Nov Dec Jan fob Iar Apr lay June , ___________1 CASE 60 GLUCOSE. Chart 42 Feb Mar Apr May June Nov Dec Jan Deb Inr Apr lay Juno .40 CASE 61 GLUCOSI. Chart 43 130 63 50 3O 20 10 Oct‘ Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr lay June Nov Dec Jan Feb lnr Apr It! Juno 130 130 120 113 '100 90 CASE 62 GLUCOSE. Chart 44 W W Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Ear Apr May June Nov Dec Jan fob Mar Apr lay Juno 9O 53 7O 30 20 10 Oct lov Dec Jan Feb In: Apr )10 '1’ use: 63 owcosz. Chart 45 Kay Juno flov Dec Jan fob Iar Apr lay Juno 50. NON—PROTEIN NITROGEN. The method used for determination of non-protein nitrogen was that of Folin and wu (5). 5 cc. of blood filtrate was put into a large pyrex tube graduated at 35 and 50 cc. and containing 2 glass beads to prevent bumping. Using a micro-burner, the mixture was boiled vigor- ously until characteristic dense fumes began to fill the tube. The mouth of the tube was then covered with a watch glass, and the mixture was boiled gently until the brown to brownish- black color was replaced by greenish-yellow. The tube was then allowed to cool for 70 to 90 seconds, after which 20 cc. of distilled water was added, very cautiously at first. After cooling further, water was added to the 35 cc. mark. The contents of the tube were then thoroughly mixed, and 15 cc. of Nessler's solution was added. The standard was made up at the same time, using 3 cc. of standard ammonium sulphate solution (containing 1 mgm. of N per 10 cc.), 2 cc. of diluted acid mixture, distilled water, and 30 cc. of Nessler's solution, making the solution up to 100 co. in a volumetric flask. The samples were then compared with the standard in the colorimeter. The results of non-protein nitrogen deter- minations are summarized below and presented in Table 13 and Charts 46 to 50 inclusive. 62 non-protein nitrogen determinations on case 58 ranged from 16.22 to 49.18 mgms. per cent, averaging 33.96 mgms. per cent. 61 determinations on case 60 ranged from 24.00 to 60.00 mgms. per cent, averaging 36.95 mgms. per cent. 51. 60 determinations on case 61 ranged from 21.27 mgms. per cent, averaging 34.62 mgms. per cent. to 60 determinations on case 62 ranged from 22.64 to mgms. per cent, averaging 36.68 mgms. per cent. 59 determinations on case 63 ranged from 21.66 mgms. per cent, averaging 34.37 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 64 ranged from 22.81 mgms. per cent, averaging 36.63 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 65 ranged from 30.00 mgms. per cent, averaging 38.59 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 66 ranged from 26.90 mgms. per cent, averaging 38.57 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 67 ranged from 27.90 mgms. per cent, averaging 33.35 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 68 ranged from 22.30 mgms. per cent, averaging 35.91 mgms. per cent. 17 determinations on case 69 ranged from 21.98 mgms. per cent, averaging 36.00 mgms. per cent. 39 determinations on case 31 ranged from 22.55 mgms. per cent, averaging 38.02 mgms. per cent. to to to to to to to to 48.78 44.44 39.21 50.8“. “'8. 78 52.16 "’73 v‘, ’17”? "*m‘,;~"-.‘xr‘. ~ — LLL—PnOLmih riinojdg, h Table I Low Readin 13. w- ., o 1 HA; u .‘w- {.1 (4...-.1 p—d Case No.8amples g; Hiéh Reading Average Reading 58 62 16.22 49.18 55.96 60 61 24.00 60.00 56.95 61 60 21.27 65.95 54.62 62 60 22.64 50.00 56.68 65 59 21.66 54.05 54.57 64 15 22.81 44.77 56.65 65 14 50.00 48.78 58.59 66 15 26.90 44.44 58.57 67 14 27.90 59.21 55.55 68 15 22.50 50.84 55.91 69 17 21.90 48.78 56.00 51 59 22.55 52.16 58.02 7O 55 55 ‘8 6' 35 25 20 15 10 7O 05 63 55 53- MB 58 Ion-mm! IITBOGII. Chart 46 Oct lov Doc Jan Feb Iar Apr In: June Nov Dec Jan Feb lsr Apr Icy Juno CA5! 60 ION-9302!!! IITROOII. Chnrt 4? 1 o Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb [or Apr lay June lov Doc Jon 'bb In»:- In: June 70 05 60 55 50 l*5 S \J‘ Oct Nov 70 65 3O 25 23 15 10 Oct Nov Dec Jan Dec Jan Feb Feb CA5! 61 NON-PROTEIN NITROG‘N. Chart 48 Mar Apr May June M W lov Dec Jan Feb lar Apr In: June CASE 62 NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN. Chart 49 Iar Apr May June Nov Dec Jan Feb [or Apr lay June ”'1‘ 7O 65 60 55 so 4'5 4O 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 55- CASE 63 NON-PROTEIN NITROGII. Chart 50 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Iar Apr lay Juno lav Dec Jan Feb lu- Apr In; June 56. PREFORfiED CREATININE. Determinations of creatinine were made by use of the method given by Hawk and_Gergeim (5). 10 cc. of blood filtrate was pipetted into a 50 cc. Florence flask. 5 cc. of standard creatinine solution was placed in a similar flask and diluted to 20 cc. 5 cc. of freshly‘ prepared alkaline picrate solution was added to the unknown and 10 cc. to the standard. The flasks were allowed to stand for 8 to 10 minutes before comparison of colors in the colorimeter. The results of creatinine determinations are. summarized below and preSented in Table 14 and Ciarts 51 to 55 inclusive- 62 creatinine determinations on case 58 ranged from 0.98 to 1.55 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.21 mgms. per cent. 61 determinations on case 60 ranged from 1.02 to 1.56 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.26 mgms. per cent. 60 determinations on case 61 ranged from.1.11 to 1.77 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.57 mgms. per cent. 60 determinations on case 62 ranged from 1.06 to 1.85 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.54 mgms. per cent. 59 deterndnations on case 65 ranged from.1.06 to 1.75 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.51 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 64 ranged from 1.02 to 1.68 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.55 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 65 ranged from 1.02 to 1.51 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.27 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 66 ranged from.1.19 to 1.57 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.55 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 67 ranged from.1.01 to 1.58 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.24 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 68 ranged from 1.05 to 1.64 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.55 mgms. per cent. 17 determinations on case 69 ranged from.1.14 to 1.55 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.5 mgms. per cent. 56 determinations on case 51 ranged from 0.91 to 2.17 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.28 mgms. per cent. PREFORMED CREATININE, MGMS. PER CENT Table Case No. Samples Low Reading High Reading Average Reading 58 62 0.98 1.55 1.21 60 61 1.02 1.56 1.26 61 60 1.11 1.77 1.57 62 60 1.06 1.85 1.54 65 59 1.06 1.75 1.51 64 15 1.02 1.68 1.55 65 14 1.02 1.51 1.27 66 15 1.19 1.57 .1. 1.55 67 14 1.01 1.58 1.24 68 15 1.05 1.64 1.55 69 17 1.14 1.55 1.50 51 56 0.91 2.17 1.28 Oct Nov Oct Nov CASE 55 CREATININE. Chart 51 Dec Jan Feb Nor Apr lay June CASE 60 CREATININI Chart 52 Dec Jan Feb Iar Apr lay June Nov Dec Jan Feb In: Apr [.3 Jun. Nov Dec Jen Feb ler Apr Icy June Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb \J'I \0 0 CASE 61 CREATININE Chart 55 Inr Apr In: June Nov Dec Jan Feb ler Apr Icy June Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb CASE 62 CREATININE. Chart 54 Ear Apr lay June Nov Dec Jen Feb Ier Apr Icy June CASE 63 CREATININI. Chart 55 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb lar Apr lay June Nov Dec Jan Feb Inr Apr lay June 61. BLOOD CHLORIDES. The method of Whitehorn (5) was used for determination of chlorides. 10 cc. of blood filtrate was pipetted into a 50 cc. Florence flask. The Florence flask was much easier to handle than the porcelain dish and more available. 5 cc. of standard silver nitrate was added, the contents mixed, and 5 cc. of concentrated nitric acid added. After standing for 5 minutes, about .3 gram of ferric ammonium sulphate was added as indicator, and the excess silver nitrate was determined by titration with stand- ard thiocyanate solution.' A white glass plate was used under the burette to facilitate the determination of the end point. Results of blood chloride determinations are summarized below and presented in Table 15 and Charts 56 to 60 inclusive. 62 determinations on case 58 ranged from 455 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 484.6 mgms. per cent. 61 determinations on case 60 ranged from 460 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 485.7 mgms. per cent. 60 determinations on case 61 ranged from 450 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 483.1 mgms. per cent. 60 determinations on case 62 ranged from 455 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 484 mgms. per cent. 59 determinations on case 63 ranged from 470 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 486.4 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 64 ranged from 455 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 480.8 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 65 ranged from 465 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 485 mgms. per cent. 62. 15 determinations on case 66 ranged from 480 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 487.8 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 67 ranged from 475 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 487.5 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 68 ranged from 475 to 497.5 mgms. per cent, averaging 485.3 mgms. per cent. 17 determinations on case 69 ranged from 460 to 497.5 mgms. per cent, averaging 485.4 mgms. per cent. 36 determinations on case 31 ranged from 470 to 495 mgms. per cent, averaging 487.7 mgms. per cent. ELI-Oh ,fiva.fi*1Ifi17r-‘ 11',"th PffiCvY-v .4 x. u villa»- '.J...D, 13-11.00 tut“. .11» Table 15 . Case No. Samples Low Reading Rich Reading Average Leading 58 62 455 495 484 .6 60 61 460 495 485.7 61 60 450 495 485.1 62 60 455 495 484 65 59 470 495 486 .4 64 15 455 495 480.8 65 14 465 495 485 66 15 480 495 487.8 67 14 475 495 487.5 68 15 475 497 .5 485 .5 69 17 460 497.5 485.4 51 56 470 495 487.7 65. After running the blood chloride determinations listed, it was found that in some of the cases where only one drop of standard thiocyanate produced an end-point the results were incorrect. When 6 cc of standard silver nitrate was added instead of the 5 cc called for in the procedure, it was found that some of the samples previously recorded as 495 name per cent or above showed values somewhat over 500 mgms per cent. The comparatively small number of high readings would not greatly alter the average values, but the upper range should be placed at somewhat more than 500 mgms per cent rather than 495 mgms per cent. 350 500 350 300 Oct Nov Dec Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Jan 64. Feb Mar Apr Iar Apr lay June CASE 56 CHMRIDES . Chart 56 CASE 6O CHLORIDES. Chart 57 Nov Dec Jan Feb lar Apr In: June May June Nov Dec Jan Feb Iar Apr lay June 550 500 450 \d U1 0 300 ass 150 50 550 500 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 65. CASE 61 CHLORIDES. Chart 58 WW Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr lay June Nov Dec Jan Feb Iar Apr luJune Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb CASE 62 CHLORIDES. Chart 59 450 W Iar Apr lay June Nov Dec Jan be Iar Apr lay June 66v 200 150 100 50 Oct Nov CASE 6} CHLCRIDES. Chart 8 Dec Jan Feb Nor Apr Nay June Nov Dec Jan Feb Nar Apr lay June 673 BLOOD URIC ACID. Considerable difficulty was encountered in attempting to determine uric acid in the blood of sheep. The Folin Direct Method (5) was the first procedure tried. All samples failed to show readable amounts of uric acid. The author then ran comparative trials of the Folin Direct Method (5), a modificatidn of the Folin Isolation Method (6), Benedict's Direct Colorimetric Method (7), the Colorimetric Method of Benedict and Behre (7), and the Method of Brown (8). The results were very much alike in all cases. Uric acid in all normal blood filtrates was apparently present in an amount too small to read. In using the 5 methods mentioned above, the Brown Method was selected as a reutine test. 10 cc. of blood filtrate was pipetted into a 50 cc. Florence flask with 5 con of distilled water. Into another similar flask 5 cc; of uric acid standard was placed, with 10 cc; of distilled water. 5 cc. of sodium cyanide solution was added to each flask, followed by .5 cc. of uric acid reagent. After mixing, the flasks were allowed to stand for 20 minutes and compared in the colorimeter. When the above procedure was followed, none of the samples could be read. The results could be recorded only as traces. It was then decided to try addition of standard to the unknown. This procedure appeared to serve the purpose for comparative work. 5 cc. of the uric acid standard was added to the unknown in place of the 5 cc. of distilled water, and the standard was then taken into consideration in calculating results. Results of blood uric acid determinations are summarized below and presented in Table 16. 68- 18 such determinations on case 58 ranged from 1.02 to 1.22 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.11 mgms. per cent. 18 determinations on case 60 ranged from 1.01 to 1.35 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.13 mgms. per cent. . 18 determinations on case 61 ranged from 1.02 to 1.41 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.13 mgms. per cent. 18 determinations on case 62 ranged from 0.9 to 1.72 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.18 mgms. per cent. 17 determinations on case 63 ranged from 0.98 to 1.22 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.11 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 6% ranged from 0.90 to 1.96 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.17 mgms. per cent. 14 determinations on case 65 ranged from 0.86 to 1.61 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.08 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 66 ranged from 0.87 to 1.h2 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.0% mgms. per cent. 1% determinations on case 67 ranged from 0.85 to 1.35 mgms. per cent, averaging 0.99 mgms. per cent. 15 determinations on case 68 ranged from 0.89 to 1.48 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.02 mgms. per cent. 17 determinations on case 69 ranged from 0.88 to 1.28 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.02 mgms. per cent. 18 determinations on case 31 ranged from 1.03 to 1.26 mgms. per cent, averaging 1.12 mgms. per cent. BLOOD L113 hole, I.-;1..;;. 12730;: 69-. T1 L Table 16. Case No.8amlles Lov: heading High T‘eading verage Reading 58 18 1.02 1.22 1.11 60 18 1.01 1.55 1.13 61 18 1.02 1.41 1.15 62 18 0.90 1.72 1.18 63 17 0.98 1.22 1.11 64 15 0.90 1.96 1.17 65 14 0.86 1.61 1.08 66 15 0.87 1.42 1.04 67 14 0.85 1.35 0.99 68 15 0.89 1.48 1.02 69 17 - 0.88 1.28 1.02 31 18 1.03 1.26 1.12 70s DISEASED CONDITIONS IN SHEEP DYSTOKIA." One ewe, about 6 years old, was brought in for examination because of dystokia. A mummified fetus was removed. The ewe was kept for observation, and two blood samples were taken from the Jugular vein, one week elapsing between samples. Hemoglobin readings were 12.0 and 11.9 gms. per cent, or 82 and 77 per cent. Red cell counts were 12,280,000 and 10,u00,000 per cmm. White cell counts were 5,500 and 7,300 per cmm. Neutrophil counts were 63 and 28 per cent, with about 25 per cent non-segmentated in the first sample and none in the second. Lymphocyte counts were 39 and 69 per cent. Monocyte counts were 0 and 1 per cent. Eosinophil counts were 3 and 2 per cent. No basophils were noted in either count. Glucose values were 90.90 and 66.66 mgms. per cent. Non- protein nitrogen values were h1.09 and 17.91 mgms. per cent. Creatinine values were 1.h7 and 1.MO mgms. per cent. Uric acid determinations run without addition of standard to the sample were not readable. In this case it will be noted that at the time of dystokia there was increase in neutrophils with rather low total white cell count. Glucose and non-protein nitrogen values were somewhat elevated at the time of dystokia. BOTULISM. One ewe suffering from botulism was studied. She was a five-year-old grade. 5 of a flock of 26 ewes died. 71. The animals showed drooping ears and vertigo, with death in 3 to 9 days. One dead animal was autOpsied and a sick one was kept for observation. The animals were kept in a shed, had access to a rather muddy barnyard, and were being fed oats, bean pods, corn silage and alfalfa hay. The ewe was in good flesh. Her temperature was 103.7 degrees F. She was drooling considerably, held her head low, and staggered when forced to walk around. There was evidence of some facial paralysis. One half pound of epsom salts and 15 grains of potassium permanganate were given in a large amount of water by stomach tube. Another 15 grains of permanganate was given later in the day. The next morning the ewe was down and in a state of coma. The temperature was 104.2 degrees F. Reflexes were entirely absent. 5 cc. of comphorated oil was injected subcutaneously. About 200 cc. of alcohol was given by stomach tube in a large amount of water. The feces were liquid in nature, but the rumen was still very firm. Contract- ions of the rumen started soon after administration of the stimulant. 6 cc. of camphorated oil was injected subcutan- eously later in the day, but no response was noted. The animal was killed. A large amount of rather firmly packed, highly fermented material, apparently largely silage, was present in the rumen. No gross lesions were noted in the internal organs. .A few parasites were noted in the stomach and intestine. . During the two days four samples of blood were taken from the Jugular vein. 72. Hemoglobin values ranged from 12.5 gms. (86%) to 13.6 gms. (94% , the higher readings being found in the first two samples. Red cell counts ranged from 9,600,000 per cmm. to 11,740,000 per cmm., showing increase with each successive sample. White cell counts ranged from 9,000 to 10,800 per cmm., the higher counts being present in the later stages. Neutra- phil counts ranged from 61 to 65 per cent, with a majority of non-segmented forms. Lymphocytes ranged from 31 to 35 per cent, monocytes 0 to 8 per cent, eosinophils 0 to 2 per cent, and baSOphils 0 to 1 per cent. Glucose values were 163.93, 185.17, 194.27 and 204.00 mgms. per cent, showing a steady increase. Non-protein nitrogen values were 49.58, 42.85, 50.00 and 79.76 mgms. per cent. Creatinine values ranged from 1.11 to 1.35 mgms. per cent. Chloride values ranged from 460 to 480 mgms. per cent. With no standard add to the unknown, uric acid values were not readable. The changes observed in the blood picture thus consisted of increase in neutrophils, marked increase in blood glucose and considerable increase in non-protein nitrogen. ENDOMETRITIS AND SEPTICEMIA. One case was studied. The animal became listless, and aborted twin lambs two days prior to autopsy. When brought in, she was in a state of coma. Most of the lymph nodes were congested and swollen. There was some pleurisy and adhesions on the right side. Numerous 73- light clay-colored areas 2 to 5 mm. in diameter were scat- tered through the myocardium. The peritoneum showed marked congestion over the reproductive organs. In the liver there was marked congestion, considerable mottling suggestive of fatty changes, and considerable involvement by light grayish foci of necrosis. Hemoglobin was 16.5 gms. per cent or 114 %. Red cells C) were 13,400,000 per cmm. White cells were 5,50 per cmm. The differential count showed 47 per cent neutrOphils (33 per cent non-segmented and 14 per cent segmented , 48 per cent lymphocytes and 5 per cent monocytes. The following were the blood chemistry values obtained. lucose 62.5 mgms. per cent. Non-protein nitrogen 113.2 mgms. per cent. Creatinine 3.83 mgms. per cent. Chlorides 492.5 mgms. per cent. Uric acid 1.18 mgms. per cent. AutOpsy findings indicated pyometra and septicemia. There was no leucocytosis, but the neutrophils were somewhat in- creased and present mainly as young forms. A very marked inorease of non-protein nitrogen and considerable increase in creatinine were found. MENINGITIS AND HYDROCEPHALUS. One such case was brought in alive for examination. This was a lamb which developed wry-neck about five weeks after birth, and was going down in condition. A blood sample was taken from the jugular vein just prior to killing. The right eye was blind and there was some purulent discharge. No gross lesions were noted in the eye. On the ventral floor of the cranial cavity there was an abscess just posterior to the optic chiasma, with firm 74. adhesions of the meninges to the cranial wall. The abscess cavity contained greenish-yellow caseous material. The right lateral ventricle was markedly distended With fluid. The left hemisphere of the cerebrum showed edema and soften- ing. The liver and kidneys showed (0 O ,3 (D evide nc s of fatty changes. The hemoglobin reading was 11.1 gms. per cent or 77 per cent. Cell counts revea.led 10,160,000 red cells per cmm. and 10,950 Whit cells per cmm. Differential count showed a per cent neutrophils (2 per cent non~segmented and 50 per cent segmented), 44 per ent lymphocym and 4 per cent mono- cytes. Blood chemistry determinations revealed 55.55 mgms. per cent glucose, 33.33 mgms. per cent non-protein nitrogen, 1.35 mgms. per cent creatinine, 495 mm e. per cent chlorides, and 1.37 mgms. per cent uric acid. It will be noted that the only abnormality is possibly a very slight increase in neutrophils. PARASITISM. A considerable number of animals was stud— ied with the idea of noting the blood pictures in various intensities of parasitism. Based on autOpsy findings or on fecal examinations, these animals were placed in four groups; negative, mild, moderate or marked. Results of determinations of hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosin— ophils and basophils are presented in charts 61 to 66 inclu- sive. Results of determinations of glucose, non—protein 75- nitrogen, creatinine and chlorides are presented in Charts 67 to 70 inclusive. Only two animals were listed as negative, and these are the first two cases in the mild group. Hemoglobin values in the marked group were definitely lower than in the other groups, as were the red cell values. White blood cell counts were definitely higher in the marked group, but differential counts showed little or no difference. Blood chemistry values showed nothing of importance. The animal having the high glucose value was a feeder lamb suffering from food intoxication and coccidiosis. The animals represented by the high non-protein nitrogen values were ewes which had recently lambed. No evidence of sickness was noted in any of these animals. The ewe with the chloride reading of 430 mgms. per cent w {‘7 0) a rently in perfect health. spa. f 4 The one with the chloride reading 0 25 mgms. per cent had 6 an extensive necrotic inflammation of the lower jaw. These studies indicate that heavy infection with parasites causes reduction of hemoglobin and red cells. l ) 16 15 1h 13 12 11 10 Illd 76. PARASITISI---HEHOGLOBIN Percentage Above. Grams Per Cent Below Chart 61 lurked o PARABITISI—--RED BLOOD CELLS Killiono Per CHI. Chart 62 fl Moderate lurked .- .A‘IF N 90 80 70 so 30 20 Mild I116 77- PLRASITISI—~-'HITE BLOOD CELLS Thousande per GI!!! mart 63 Moderate lax-ted rmznaI-ummmzu . Percent-co Out a lad erate lurked [00 9O 5O 7O 3O 20 78. PMIflw-me AID Ionocme. Percentage. Lynphoeytee Above (but 65 loderete Inked 100 90 80 7o 50 Panniers-unounomu AID momma. Percentage. loeinomule Above alert 68 I111! Ioderete let-ted ALVLW 1 -57 Ibo merzwuowcos: lgue Per Cent 130 Chart 6'7 120 110 100 lild Moderate Ierked 9o 80 > 70 4 60 50 1 1&0 30 20 10 1100 PMITISI-uNON-PROTEIN NITROGEN lane Per Cent Chert 68 130 1 120 110 100 90 60 “(C r 1 I116 Ioderete ”I'd Ito so W b 20 10 SO. PMITISI-u-CREATIIINE Ila-e Per Cent Chart 69 3 . 0 I1 1d lode rote lurked €00 meuu-ncmnzm. Inc Per Cent alert 70 ‘ "90 1 V -20 .116 .04! Ol‘lt. It?!“ . 390 I 380 } in J 81. PARASITISM AND DEN AL CARIES. Two ewes were brought in for examination because of unthriftiness. The owner believed them to be four or five years old. They were found to be aged ewes with extremely bad teeth. One was killed at once and autOpsied. There was considerable root infect~ ion and dental caries, and many parasites were present in the lungs and digestive tract, including lungworms, stomach worms, thread~neck strongyles, hookworms, and nodular worms. Slight anemia was evidenced by the hemoglobin reading of 9.5 gms. per cent (65 per cent) and the red blood cell count of 7,150,000 per cmm. The white blood cell count was 15,400 per cmm. Differential white cell count revealed 58 per cent neutrophils (20 per cent non-segmented), jumper cent lymphocytes, 3 per cent monocytes, 4 per cent eosinophils and 1 per cent basophils. Blood glucose was increased to 108.10 mgms. per cent. The other blood constituents were present in normal amounts. The second animal was kept under observation for a week before killing her. The teeth in this animal showed very similar trouble, and two abscesses were present in the tongue. Stomach worms, thread~neck strongyles, Whipworms and nodular worms were present in considerable numbers. Results of studies on two samples of blood were somewhat similar to those in the other animal. Hemoglobin values were 9.# grams per cent (76 per cent) and 8.2 grams per cent (56 per cent). Red cell counts were 9,100,000 and 8,570,000 per cmm. White cell counts were 11,100 and 10,950 per cmm. Differential cell counts revealed 37 and 35 per cent neutrophils n 82. (16 and 15 per cent non—segmented), #2 and M3 per cent 1m lymphocytes, 3 per cent monocytes, l7 and lo per cent eosin- '3 o D 3 .f 3‘ Ophils and l pe i, , -asoohils. Blood analysis wave normal values for glucose, non—protein nitrogen, creatinine, chlorides and uric acid. These two animals showed slight anemia, mild to moderate leu_ocyto some relative increase in neutrophils and an 4’! .A-U, u (I) abnormal number of non—segmented neutrophils. One animal showed eosinophilia. Some hyperglycemia was noted in the first animal. PARASITISM AND GASTRO-ENTERITIS. The owner brought twenty ewes and lambs which had been on poor pasture. At the time this yearling lamb was brought in he had lost 3, and 3 others were sick. They had access to a shed. The feed consisted of clover hay, bean pods, and corn stalks. The animal was poor, anemic and prostrate. A blood sample was taken from the Jugular vein Just prior to killing. There was considerable rhinitis. Numerous lungworms were noted in the bronchi of both diaphragmatic lobes of the lung. Chronic bronchOpneumonia involved the entire left cardiac lobe and patches of both diaphragmatic lobes. The liver was swollen, quite friable, and rather yellow in color. The rumen and reticulum contained considerable fluid and ground feed. The omasum was practically empty. A few tricho- strongyles were present in the abomasum which showed congest- ion and edema of the mucosa. A moderate number of Nemato- dirus and hookworms were found in the small intestine, the mucosa showing numerous hemorrhagic hoohworm foci. There was follicular enteritis throughout most of the small intestine. Nodules were fairly numerous in the small intestine, cecum and large intestine. Tne Lidneys showed some swelling and congestion. Blood findings were as follows: hemoglobin 12.4 gms. per cent (85 per cent); red cells 11,260,000 per cmm.; white cells 45,600 per cmm.; neutrophils 92 per cent (#2 non-segmented); lymphocytes 8 per cent; glucose 135.13 mgms. per cent; non-protein nitrogen 22.90 mgms. per cent; and uric acid 1.08 mgms. per cent. The abnormalities in this case were marked leucocytosis, marked relative neutrOphilia with high percentage of non~ segmented forms, and hyperglycemia. PERITONITIS. The case was a feeder lamb which was found very sick and was brought in for examination. The chest showed no gross lesions. There was some excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity, with some clumps of fibrin. A considerable amount of fibrous and fibrinous adhesion was noted in the region of the pyloris, due to perforation of the duodenum by a large ulcer. The liver showed considerable evidence of fat. The kidneys were congested and swollen. Blood values were as follows: hemoglobin 16.3 grams per cent (111 per cent); red cells 10,800,000 per cmm.; white cells 21,h00 per cmm.; neutrophils 50 per cent; lymphocytes 37 per cent; monocytes 13 per cent; glucose 71.9 84. mgms. per cent; non—protein nitrogen 63.96 mgms. per cent; creatinine 3.33 mgms. per cent; chlorides #50 mgms. per cent; and uric acid n.57 mgms. per cent. Although the red cell count was about normal, the hemo— globin value was high. The leucocytosis with some relative neutrophilia was a change to be eXpected. Non—protein nitrogen showed considerable increase. Creatinine and uric acid both showed marked elevation. PNEUUONIA. Five cases were diagnosed as pneumonias. The blood cytology and chemistry values are recorded in Tables 17, 18 and 19. Case 1 was a month old lamb which was raised by hand. Because of ophthalmitis and unthriftiness, the lamb was brought in for autopsy. Both eyes were markedly involved. The thoracic lymph nodes showed marked edema and congestion. Numerous pleuritic adhesions were noted. Patchy pneumonia involved much of the left anterior lobes and about one quarter of the diaphragmatic lohe. On the right side most of the lung was destroyed, only a thin shell of atelectatic tissue remaining, adherent to the chest wall. A large cavity filldi with foul-smelling fluid was present. The liver showed some evidence of degenerative changes, and considerable icterus was noted. Some degenerative changes were noted in the kidneys. This case showed marked anemia, marked leucocytosis, marked relative neutrOphilia, and moderate hyperglycemia. Case 2 was a yearling lamb which showed evidence of marked 85. pneumonia after dipping 3 or H weeks before exanination, and remained unthrifty. Chronic bronchopneumonia involved a large part of the left anterior lobes and a portion of the diaphragmatic lobe. An encapsulated abscess about 1 cm. in diameter was present in the right diaphragmatic lobe. Blood studies revealed moderate leucocytosis with moderate neutrophilia. All other values were about normal. Case 3 was a five year old caracul ewe brought into Mich- igan from New Kexico about 2 months prior to autopsy. She showed evidence of respiratory trouble soon after arrival. The animal was thin, prostrate, and showed much discharge from both the eyes and nose. The temperature was 102.2 degrees F. The thoracic lymph nodes were swollen, edema« tous and congested. On the right side the diaphragmatic lobe of the lung was covered by sero-fibrinous exudate about 1 cm. thick. Considerable fibrinous and fibrous adhesions were noted in both pleural cavities. On the left side the anterior lobes were almost completely solidified, and many abscesses 2 to H mm. in diameter were noted. About half of the diaphragmatic lobe was involved by pneumonia, lobar in type and in the stage of gray hepatization. Some necrotic foci were noted. The right anterior lobes were similar to the left, and a similar condition involved a small anterior portion of the diaphragmatic lobe. The liver and kidneys showed much congestion and swelling. Much fluid material was noted in the digestive tract. Blood study of this case revealed some aniydremia, neutro— penia with few young neutrophils and many myelocytes, high non—protein nitrogen, high creatinine, low chloride, and high uric acid. 2 Case 4 was a four year old ewe showing lassitude, drOOping ars and emaciation. There was labored breathing and some bloat. . Considerable edema involved the substernal tissues. The visceral pleura on the right side was much thickened to form the wall of a large cavity containing dirty brownish, foul-smelling fluid. Only a small fibrotic portion of the lung remained, and this contained many small cavities. The left lung showed some congestion. The peritoneal cavity contained a large quantity of serous fluid and much fibrin, with some adhesions. Some congestion and fatty areas were noted in the liver. The abomasum showed some congestion and a moderate number of H. contortus. The kidneys were somewhat swollen and congested. In this case, blood studies revealed a moderate leuco- cytosis as the only marked abnormality. Case 5 was a western feeder lamb which had been noticed sick for 3 or 4 days prior to autopsy. The temperature was 103.4 degrees F., and respiration was somewhat labored. The prescapular, bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes showed some swelling and edema. Some fibrinous pleurisy involved the right lobes. On the right side, the anterior lobes and a portion of the diaphragmatic lobe were much enlarged and solidified, and much early necrosis was noted. The right cavities of the heart were dilated. The liver showed passive congestion. Some H. contortus were present in the abomasum, and the mucosa contained a moderate number of petechiae. 87. moderate inflammation involved the small intestine, and numerous coccidia lesions were present. The kidneys showed some swelling and indication of fatty degeneration. Some indication of anhydremia, moderate leucocytosis, very high non-protein nitrogen, high creatinine, and moder- ately low chloride were found in the blood study. PNZ'UIVTON If; Table 17. ’7 Hemoglobin Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Case Gms p % Per cmm. P:r 0mm 1 7.8 54 5,960,000 55,400 _2fi 10.4 79 10,210,000 14,900 3 16.0 110 14,500,000 2,550 4 11.6 80 8,400,000 14,000 5 16.9 116 12,260,000 16,550 Table 18. Case NeutrOphils Lymphocytes Monocytes EosinOphils Basophils 1 86¢ 1L% 3% 0% 0% 2c 6011': 58% 133 =23 05-3 3_ myelggétes 64% J“ 2% % , 0% _¥ Table 19. Glucose Non-protein N Creatinine Chlorides Uric Acid Case Mgms;% Mfims % <_, Mzmsgfi M:ms_% Kansjfi 1 105.81 26.90 1.02 475 L 2 70 .67 26 .43 1.21 ass _____j‘ __,5 75.47 150.00 5.45 580 2.27 __,4 65.14 45.80 1.04 488 1.64 l__5 73.22 .206.89 13.12 ‘ 445 1.37 88. INTOXICATIONS. Seven ca es were placed under the head- ing of intoxications. Case 1 was a four year old ewe brought in for examination. The animals were on posture of quack and June grass, with no grain. Some bean pods were fed. The temperature was normal, the respiration somewhat labored, and there was a tendency to throw her head backward. She had difficulty in standing. The liver was somewhat congested. The rumen contained a mass of matted, rather dry material, mainly hay, some of which was very firmly adherent to the mucosa. All of the 'other compartments were practically empty. Many 0e. colum- bianum and one M. expansa were noted in the small intestine. The cecum and large intestine contained much soft feces, and the mucosa was markedly congested. The kidneys showed con- gestion and some softening. Blood study revealed rather high hemoglobin, somewhat f-J high red cell count, moderate eucocytosis and marked hyper— glycemia. Case 2 was a ram lamb which had been failing for several weeks. The bowels were very loose and there were symptoms indicative of intoxication. The feed consisted of shredded corn fodder, alfalfa hay and oats. Iodized salt and bone meal were before them at all times. The owner lost six animals. This animal was kept under observation for 8 days during which 7 blood samples were studied. The animal showed some improvement. Anemia and moderate leucocytosis were the only abnormali- ties noted in blood studies, and the table indicated some A. 89. improvement. Case 3 was a ten month old wether lamb on rather long~ continued heavy feeding. It was down and showing nervous disturbances. The brain showed marked congestion. flush congestion of the peritoneum was noted over the stomach and intestine. The rumen contained a large amount of fluid in which ther was only a small of food. Over a considerable area of the mucosa a mat of food material was quite firmly adherent. Some patchy necrosis of the mucosa was noted. The remainder of the stomach and the small intestine were negative. Con- siderable fluid containing many very firm, dark brown clumps of fecal material, was present in the cecum and large intes- tine. The kidneys showed no gross lesions. Blood study revealed moderate leucocytosis with relative neutrOphilia, moderate hyperglycemia and very high non- protein nitrogen. Case M was a nine month old female lamb, one of a flock being fed corn and alfalfa in self-feeders. The owner had lost 22 animals. The animal brought in was undersized and poor, but no definite symptoms were noted. A considerable number of D. filaria were found in the bronchi of each diaphragmatic lobe of the lungs and some hronchopneumonia w s noted. The liver was congested. A moderate amount 1) ( I of fo 0 d material in the rumen consisted almost entirely of abomasum contained a few Trichostrongyles. Blood study revealed moderate leucocytosis, relative \3 () neutrophilia, very marked hyperglycemia, and rather marked increase of non~p Mo ein nitrogen. Case 5 was a feeder lamb brought in for examination. The owner had lost 18, the main synptoms being diarrhea. The temperature was 104.6 degrees F. Some nasal dis— charge, weakness, emaciation and diarrhea were noted. Some rhinitis was present. The liver was congested and contained a few Oe.columbianum nodules. In the rumen there was much corn and green feed with much fermentation and a strong odor. Some congestion was noted in the mucosae of the abomasum and small intestine. Numerous N. spathiger and many coccidi~ lesions were present in the small intesti Blood study revealed moderate leucocytosis with neutro- philia, hyperglycem a, ver ry high non—protein nitrov en, high crea inine and low chlorides. Case 6 was a six vear old ewe, one of a flock on pasture and a ration of alf alfa and oats. One animal h.ad died and another was sick. The animal showed anorexia, weakness and some muco- purulent exudate in the nasal passages. The temperature was 104. 6 degrees f. Numerous ticks were noted, the skin was dry and scaly, and1 -arge patches of wool had been shed. There was some rhinitis. Three grubs were present in the frontal sinuses. The brain was much congested. Some fibrinous pleurisy and excess fluid were noted in the pleural cavity. A spherical mass in the right apical lobe of the lung showed bronchopneumonia with some necrosis. A few lungworms were noted in the bronchi of the diaphragmatic lobes. Much of the peritoneal fat was involved by so—called 91. fat necrosis, most marked around the kidneys. The liver was a very light yellowish clay color and extremely friable. The rumen.contained a large amount of fluid and some finely ground feed. Many Trichostrongyles were present in the abomasum. Except for a few nodules, the small intestine was negative. A few nodules and De. columbianum were noted in the cecum and large intestine. Some large masses of very firm, dry feces suggested previous constipation. Blood study revealed marked anemia, moderate leucocytosi with relative neutrOphilia, and mild hyperglycemia. Case 7 was a female feeder lamb which was showing some respiratory symptoms and was down most of the time. Pneumonia involved the right anterior lob,s and some patches in the cf diaphragmatic lobe. Some patchy pneumonia was presen in the left anterior lobes. The only gross changes noted in the abdomen were in th cecum and colon. Considerable ‘D congestion and owe hemorrhages were present in the mucosa. U) The fecal material consisted of some fluid and considerable rather firm, dark brown material. Blood study of this case showed no changes other than a mild leucocytosis. The results of blood studies on cases diagnosed as R) l r 22 -‘h g.) intoxications are presented in Tables 20, 02. TT 0351 0.421 0133 Table 20° Hemoglobin Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Case Gms % % Per cmm. Per cmm. 1 15.4 106 12,550,000 15,800 2 5.0 55 6,990,000 14,500 4.8 55 8,740,000 14,400 5.0 56 8,1C0,000 10,600 5.0 56 8,890,000 12,200 5.0 55 9, 6C0 000 15, 600 5.0 55 9,190,000 9,700 6.8 48 9 ,100; 0C0 8,800 5 12.6 87 9,696.000 15,000 4 7.2 54 8,800,000 17,500 5 14.5 99 12,160,000 20,200 6 5.4 56 5,920,000 18,200 7 14.4 100 10,500,000 14,500 Table 21. Case NeutrOph ils Lymphocytes Monocytes Losinophils Base ophils 5 69% 18% 153 0% 03 4 70:3 24,7. 57$ 3,“. 0);; 5 74%. 21% 5% 0% 04 6 815-3 18% 1713 0;?) 0,13 7 20% 70% 3; % 1% Table 22. _ Glucose Ken-protein N 01 eatinine Chlorides Uric Acid case 1“"113 % K ms fl 1' his fie luau 'ms 5 1 165.25 48.00 1.54 475 1.24 2 72.72 57.05 1.51 495 1.40 74.54 29.70 1.27 499 1.76 79.75 50.50 1.58 485 1.90 81.52 26.66 1.15 490 1.08 77.22 26.20 1.55 485 1.25 76.55 51.41 1.14 490 1.09 76.84 50.15 1.19 425 1.17 5 ' 95.02 171.40 4.61 450 2.08 4 266.66 95.25 1.72 450 5 155.84 155.55 5.1 555 1.91 6 95.69 27.02 1.5 490 1.48 7 55.55 59.21 ‘ 1.5_~_ 455 - All Jill... 93- PREGNANCY DISEASE. Nine cases were cl seed under this 91 heading .ased on history, symptoms and autopsy findings. Case 1 was a six year old ewe. The owner put the ewes in a barn two weeks prior to examination and was feeding alfalfa, mixed hay and sweet clover hay. Three had died and.five were sick; all pregnant ewes. The symptoms noted were inability to rise, hind legs stretched out to the rear, grinding of the teeth, and death in three to four days. Autopsy revealed very little marked changes in the internal organs. The brain showed marked congestion. Con- siderable congestion and edema of the lungs were noted. The liver was a light, rather even yellow clay color and very friable. The rumen contained a mass of rather firm food material, entirely hay. Both kidneys were congested and mottled in appearance, apparently involved by degenerative changes. The uterus contained two well developed lambs. Blood cytology revealed nothing abnormal. Blood chem- istry study revealed marked increase in non-protein nitrogen and in creatinine. Case 2 was a two year old Western female. Three preg- nant ewes had died and two were sick. Until two weeks prior to this examination the ewes had been in a field of corn stalks. They were put in the barn and fed beans, oats and mixed hay according to the owner. The ewe was down and in a state of partial coma. The temperature was 103.4 degrees I. Some verminous broncho~ pneumonia was noted in each diaphragmatic lobe, and numerous D. filaria were present in the bronchi. The liver was yellow and friable, very similar to that described in Case 1. The 91+. rumen contained a rather sour, firm mass of food material, apparently entirely hay. Some Trichostrongyles were noted in the abomasum, and the mucosa was congested. The large intestine contained some sticky mucus and many Chabertia ovina. No gross lesions were noted in the kidneys. The uterus contained two well developed lambs. Blood study revealed moderate leucopenia with relative 1'” neutrOphilia, and hypoglycemia. Case 3 was a five year old ewe in advanced pregnancy. _' "' I)" _ Due to severe weather conditions the animals were in the barn most of the time. Three ewes had died. According to the owner the feed consisted of cats and alfalfa hay. The animal brought in was in a state of partial coma, with rotating eyes and a tendency to keep the head swung around to the left side. Her temperature was l05.3 degrees F. 22 grams of glucose in 100 cc. of listilled water was in~ Jected intravenously, followed by some response of short 'duration. No reSponse followed similar treatment the next morning. She died a few hours later while being prepared for a Caesarian operation. The brain showed much congestion. Some congestion was noted in the lungs. A small amount of patchy bronchOpneu- monia involved the anterior lobes of the lungs. The liver was similar to those in previous cases. A rather large amount of fluid containing some finely ground hay was present in the rumen. The abomasum contained similar material. The intestinal mucosa was congested. Some nodules were present in the intestinal and cecal walls, and a few Oe. \O U”! columbianum were found in the large intestine. Both kidneys showed congestion, swelling and evidence of fat. The uterus contained two well developed lambs. Two blood samples taken on entry and the next morning gave very similar values. Slight neutrophilia and slight hypoglycemia were the only abnormalities. Case n was a five year old ewe in advanced pregnancy, brought in for examination early in April. The animals had been in the barn and were receiving cornstalks and some mined clover and alfalfa hay. The animal was very thin and in a state of partial coma. The temperature was 10h.2 de- grees F. Intravenous injection of 100 cc. of 20 per cent glucose solution containing 8 per cent sodium bicarbonate apparently did no good. A Caesarian operation was performed the following morning, but the ewe died five hours later. There were some subcutaneous hemorrhages over the abdomen. The lungs showed considerable congestion and edema. The peritoneum showed much congestion over the small intestine. The liver had an appearance similar to that in the previous cases. A considerable quantity of feed, apparently entire— ly hay, was present in the rumen. The abomasum contained much fluid, some feed, and some ewcess mucus. The mucosa was congested. Marked hemorrhagic inflammation involved most of the small intestine. A few nodules were noted. Marked congestion was present in the cecum and large intestine. The kidneys showed some congestion and cloudy swelling. Blood study revealed very slight leucocytosis, mild neu— trOphilia, hypoglycemia and high creatinine. Th; blood h'fl i I"? A..'s_. \O 0\ sample was taken prior to treatment. Case 5 was a six year old ewe in advanced p '1 (3 Si} The flock of 135 evze 3 had been kept in the barn. The ra tion per day was claimed to consist of S bushels of silage, l bushel of oats, l bushel of barley, and some alfalfa hay. Four ewes had died. They went down in condition, became groggy, lay with their mouths open, and went into a state of (D .‘f' O coma, dying in on three days. calcium chloride solution w cls O O 0 O 0 H: In the morn -ir g 2 given intravenously with no beneficial results. In the afternoon about 30 cc. of 0.1 per cent colloidal iodine was injected intravenously. A considerable quantity of sodium bicarbonate solution was given by mouth. The ewe died four hours later. The animal was very fat. Harked congestion and some hemorrhages were noted in the subcutaneous tissues. The lymph nodes were edematous and congested. Some congestion and edema were noted in the lungs. The liver was similar to all of the previous ones. The rumen contained a large mount of the mixture of cats, barley, hay and silage. In the abomasum there was a small amount of food in so Md ra ble fluid. Rather marked congestion involved the mucosa of the test *J abomasum and small intestine. The cecum and large 1 :3 no showed congestion and some small hemorrhages. Some excess Isticky mucus was noted. The kidneys showed marked conges— tion and some swelling. The uterus contained two fetuses about four to six weeks from maturity. Two blood samples were studied, one taken soon afte. 97- arrival and the other four hours after injection of calcium chloride. In the first sample the only abnormality noted was a slight neutrophilia. The second sample revealed an- hydreaia, mild leucocytosis with relative neutrophilia, slipht hypoglycemia, increase in non-protein nitrogen and high creatinine. Case 6 was a'six year old ewe in advanced pregnancy. According to the owner the ewes had been closely confined and were being fed bean pods and hay. . The one was down, showed rolling of the eyeballs, some tendency to throw the head backward, grinding Of the teeth and salivation. Twin lambs were removed the morning after arrival by a Caesarian Operation, and both lived. 10 cc. of camphorated oil was injected into the ewe intramuscularly. On the following morning she was comatose and was killed. All of the abdominal lymph nodes were very edematous. The lungs were congested. Some excess pericardial fluid was noted. About 1 quart of bloody fluid was contained in the peritoneal cavity, and generalized fibrinous peritonitis was present. The liver was similar to the previous ones. Considerable rather firm food material was present in the rumen. The abomasum and intestine showed congestion. The Operative wound in the uterus had Opened, and some Of the fetal membrane protruded into the peritoneal cavity. Three blood sasples were Obtained from the animal. The first sample, taken at the time of arrival, revealed nothing abnormal except for some neutrophilia. The second sample, taken Just prior to the Operation, showed some increase in hemoglobin and red cells, some reduction Of leucocytes, slight hypoglycemia, and slight increase in non-protein nit— rogen. The third sample, taken at the time of killing, showed much elevation Of hemoglobin and red cells, marked leucopenia, marked reduction of neutrophils, hyperglycemia Case 7 was a six year Old ewe in advanced pregnancy. The owner had lost three pregnant ewes, and was feeding bean pods and mixed hay. The animal was autOpsied by Dr. Coburn, and the findings were characteristic. Blood studies revealed leucopenia with relative neutro- philia and hypoglycemia. Case 8 was a seven year Old ewe in advanced pregnancy. The owner had lost one, and two others were sick. They became listless, appeared blind and went down. The feed consisted of beans and corn fodder. On the day after being brought in, she was given 1 pound Of cane sugar and about 2 ounces of steamed bone meal with water by stomach tube. On the following day she was given 2 pounds Of sugar, 2 ounces of bone meal and 1 quart Of ground mixed feed. She appeared brighter for a time, but became worse and died during the night. Host of the lymph nodes showed some cong-stion. Th (0 pleura and lungs showed congestion and edema. Some excess pericardial fluid was noted, and the heart showed some sub— epicardial and subendocardial hemorrhages. The rumen contained considerable food material consisting of bean pods and hay. There was patchy congestion Of the small intestine. The cccuu and large intestine contained a few nodules. Bot" kidneys were soft and swollen. The uterus contained one well develOped lamb. Two blood samples were obtained, one at the time Of entrance and one Just prior to the second treatment. The first sample revealed slight leucocytosis, relative neutro- philia, slight hypoglycemia, increase in non-protein nitro~ gen, high creatinine. The second sample showed increase in E hemoglobin and red cells, more marked leucocytosis and neutro- % . J philia, normal glucose, high non—protein nitrogen, end high t creatinine. t Case 9 was a five year Old ewe in advanced pregnancy. According to the owner the ewes had been closely confined and fed on bean pods, alfalfa hay and corn silage. Ten ewes had died. The only symptom reported was loss Of appetite. The ewe brought in was in a state of coma. There was some congestion of the lungs. The liver had the same appear- ance as those previously discussed. The rumen contained considerable rather firm, soggy food consisting Of silage, hay and bean pods. The remainder of the digestive tract was almost empty. Some congestion Of the abomasum was noted, and a few Trichostrongyles were present. Both kidneys showed much congestion and swelling. The uterus contained two well developed lambs. A blOOd sample tak n Just prior to killing the ewe, showed high hemoglobin and red cells, moderate leucocytosis with relative neutrophilia, hyperglycemia, and ver marked eleva- tion of non-protein nitrogen and creatinine. lC-O. The results of blood studies on cases diagnosed as pregnancy disease are presented in Tables 25, 24 and 25. PREGIAICY DlsjséE Table 25. Hemoglobin Red Blood Cells Jkite Blood Cells Case Gms % % Per Chm. Per Cum. 1 14 96 11,500,000 8,200 2 10.8 76 8,000,000 5,900 5 10.2 70 8,400,000 9,200 10.5 71 9,440,000 9,200 4 9.6 66 10,000,000 11,000 15.8 94 11,050,000 8,050 22.0 140 14,440,000 11,200 6 12.8 88 9,240,000 8,400 12.5 8 9,900,000 6,250 15.4 10 15,460,000 2,700 7 11.1 76 8,620,000 5,700 8 15.1 91 10,440,000 11,150 15.5 105 10,800,000 15,200 9 17.0 117 15,080,000 15,900 Table 24- Neutrophils Lymphocytes honocytes Eosinophils Basophi s __0ase Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 2 71 25 1 0 3 65 55 2 O 0 59 45 1 2 0 4 60 56 5 1 0 5 66 52 2 O 0 ' 65 55 2 0 0 6 71 27 2 0 0 68 50 2 0 0 22 72 5 1 0 7 87 12 1 0 0 8 75 25 2 0 0 89 7 4 0 0 9 87 12 1 0 0 101. Glucose Non-Protein N Creatinine Chlorides Uric Acid r Case Mans % ijs % fing‘fi ijs % Kgms % 1 86.95 95.25 2.54 485.0 Trace 2 29.41 45.11 1.71 490.0 Trace 5. 42.91 52.25 1.71 485.0 Trace 45085 32-78 1067 44705 Trace 4 24.26 44.44. 2.65 485.0 Trace 5 71.42 48.58 1.64 495.0 Trace 40.98 82.19 2.50 495.0 Trace 6 64.10 44.77 1.15 490.0 1.40 42.10 48.00 1.17 485.0 1.10 96.61 72.28 1.21 482.5 1.21 7 55.26 45.11 1.20 465.0 1.11 8 42.57 60.00 2.05 492.5 1.07 60.60 75.00 5.70 495.0 1.15 9 109.88 200.00 5.00 475.0 1.66 102. RHINITIS. The case listed under this heading was a seven month old lamb brought in for examination. The animal had been exposed to a storm and had showed discharge from the nose for three weezs. This was bloody at first and then muco—purulent. The animal was held ten days for treatment, chlorotone being used in the nose. The results of blood studies are tabulated in Tables 26, 27 and 28. The hemoglobin and red cells showed some fluctuation. The white cell counts showed definite response of the animal to treatment. Blood chemistry values also showed rather interesting returns to normal values except that the chlorides remained somewhat low. The animal was returned to the owner in apparently normal condition. 103- Table 26. T hemoglobin ’ Redhilood Cells white Blood Cells - Gmsgg, p gar Cm,. Per Lyn. 14.2 98 1515CO,COO 261COO 15.5 107 111960,OCO 20.000 15.7 108 101750JCCO 14,250 15.9 110 11;§60,0CO 1012C0 Table 27. heutroPhils Lymphocytes Lonocgtes Eosinoyhils Basephils Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 74 22 4 O O 49 45 7 2 O 51 45 6 O 0 41 ‘ 49 10 ‘ o 0 glucose Hon—protein N creatinine Chlorides Uric lcid ixfilfls 10 11.131153 :0 i*ns {a Inf-11° L1) 1.111213 :3 125.45 65.15 2.12 455.0 Trace 65.09 52.16 1.61 QCO.C Trece 56.49 28.57 1.46 455.0 Trace 55.55 ~ 23.84 1.81 455.0 Trace 104. SPINAL ABSCESS. This case was a six month old female lamb. She had been on pasture and was noticed to be rather humped up for three days. The temperature was 105.5 degrees F. When brought in she was in a state of partial coma. There was some muco— purulent rhinitis. The brain showed marked congestion, and some excess cerebral fluid was noted. A large abscess cavity about one inch in diameter was present ventral to the first two vertebrae. The vertebrae were much eroded, and the abscess had extended up around the spinal cord, resulting in inflammation and pressure. The liver was somewhat swollen and friable. Numerous coccidia lesions involved the intestinal mucosa, and many N. spathiger were present. Blood study on this case showed only slight leucocytosis, neutrophilia, and moderate hyperglycemia. The following are the values obtained. Hemoglobin 1# grams per cent (96 per cent), red blood cells 13,610,000 per cmm., white blood cells 11,800 per cmm., neutrophils 61 per cent (5H per cent segmented), lymphocytes 32 per cent, monocytes 6 per cent, eosinOphils 0 per cent. basophils l per cent, glucose 94.78 mgms. per cent, non—protein nitrogen 28.03 mgms. per cent, creatinine 1.35 mgms. per cent, chlorides 480 mgms. per cent, and a trace of uric acid. The results of a large number of cytolojical end hemical studies on steep blood are summarized belov- Heme lobin. 454 estimations shoved a ranfie of 10.2 to 16.2 gms per cent or 70 to 112 per cent. Iidividudl averutes ranged fro; 12.27 to 15.8 jms per ent or 05 to 95 per cent. The cveru“e for all samples was 12.76 ?MS per cent or 87.97 per cent. The values mere slightly higher in adults than in young cnima s. Red Blood Cells. 454 determinations ran ed from 7,200,000 to 15,930,000 per cmm., individual averafes renting from 9,541,959 to 11,525,LCO per one. The average for all samples was 10,429,977 per cmm. The values were slifhtly hijher in adults than in young animals. Xhite Blood Cells. 454 determinations rented from 7,213 to 9,758 per cmm. The evegaje for all SSUTISS YES 8,949 per can. Values vere slightly lo er in adults than in youn er enitels. Somewhat hi her counts were encountered in the adults at the tine of larbinz. 1V Leutrcphils. 551 determinations ranjed from 9 to 75 per cent, this renee beini rather consistent in the six animals. Individual avers es range? from ~5.25 to i .7 per cent, tne general average being 01 rf—a ”here use no appreciable difference betteen adults and young animals. Lymphocytes. 551 determinations ranfe: from 24 to IJL “Ital ,l Ew... . unflir H . 105- 85 per cent, individual averages ranjing from 55.4 to 62.5 per cent. Th general average was 59.05 per cent. Adults and young animals were very much the sare. Monocvtes. 551 determinations ranged from O to 21 per cent, individual averafes reusing from 5.7 to 4.8 per cent. The feneral averafe was 4.18 per cent, vith little difference between adults and youn: animals. dosingghils. 551 counts ranged from O to 25 per cent, individual averages razjinj from 4.65 to 7.1 per cent. Th general averaje was 5.78 per cent, with little diffe-ence between adults and younfi animals. The reason for the hijh counts mas not determined. Basoghils. 551 counts ranged from.0 to 4 per cent, individual averages ranging from 0.4 to 1.1 per cent. The general average was 0.653. Blood Glucose. 451 determinations ranged from 44.27 to 100 mgms per cent, individual averages ranaing from 61.55 to 76.75 mans per cent. The general average was 67.54 mgms per cent. Blood Eonggrotein Eitrogen. 451 determinations ranged from 16.22 to 65.95 mgms per cent, individual averages ranging from 55.55 to 58.59 mgms per cent. The general average was 56.14 mjms per cent. Blood Preformed Creatinine. 428 determinations ranged from 0.91 to 2.17 mgms per cent, individual averages ranging from 1.21 to 1.57 mime per cent. ine general average was 1.29 mfms Per cent. 107. . 428 det U) (D Blood Chloride ruinations ranged from 450 to 497.5 mgms per cent, individual averages ranainz from 480.8 to 487.8 mjms per cent. The general averafe was 485.5 mime per cent. Blood Uric Acid. 197 determinations ranged from 0.85 to 1.96 mgms per cent, individual averages rarging from 0.99 to 1.18 ngms per cent. The general average was 1.09 mgms per cent. In the blood chemistry determinations there vas little or no difference between adults and young animals. Dystok a. One case showed relative neutrophilia and some increase in glucose and non-protein nitrogen, all transient in nature. Botulism. Four blood samples from one case revealed relative neutrOphilia, ma-ked hyperglycemia and consider- able increase in non-protein nitrogen. Bndometritis and Segticemia. One case was studied. The animal was in a state of coma. There was mild leucopenia, with some neutronhilia, the neutrOphils being present mainly as young forms. Karked increases in non-protein nitrogen and creatinine were noted. Keninfitis and Hydrocephalus. One case nas studied. 'he only abnormality in the blood picture vas possibly a very slight increase in neutrophils. Parasitism. A considerable number of animals vas studied. Blood chemistry values shoved nothing of note. Hemoglobin and red cells were mudh reduced in animals 108- nith marked parasitism. thite cell counts mere someria increased. Eosinophil counts were loner with marked infection than with mild or moderage infections. Parasitism and Dental Caries. Two cases studied came under this heading. They showed slight anemia, mild to moderate leucocytosis, some relative neutrophilia, and a high percentage of non-segmenters. One animal shoved eosinophilia. Some hyperglycemia vas noted in one. Pa asitism and flastro—cnteritis. One case vas studied. There tas marked leucocytosis, marked relative neutrophilia with hi‘h percentafe of non—segmented forms, and hypergly emia. Pcritonitis. Cne lamb studied shoved normal red cell count, high hemo;1obin, marked leucocytosis with relative neutrophilia, moderate increase in non—protein nitrogen, and marked increase in creatinine and uric acid. - Pneumonia. Five cases mere studied, representing various types of respiratory involvement. Case 1 vith necrotic pneumonia showed marked anemia, marked leucocytosis, marked relative neutrOphilia, and moderate hyperglycemia. Case 2 vith chronic bronchopneunonia shoved moderate leucocytosis with moderate neutrOphilia. Case 5 with very marked pleuropneumonia sh wed aims anhydremia, leuCOpenia, hizh non—protein nitrosen, kifih creatinine, low chloride, and hijh uric acid. Case 4 with unilateral destruction of the lun: shoved no ma ked chanjes except moderate leucocytosis. 109- Case 5 with pleurOpneumonia showed some indication of anhydremia, moderate leucocytosis, very high non- protein nitrogen, hich creatinine and moderately low chloride. ases vere placed under this A O Intoxications. Seven heading and varied considerably. Case 1 showed profound nervous disturbance. Blood examination revealed rather high hemoalobin, sorevhat hizh red cell count, moderate leucocytosis and marked hyperglycemia. Case 2 showed diarrhea and intoxication. lnemia and moderate leucocytosis were the only bloo: changes noted.- Case 5 has a feeder amb shonin: carhed digestive and nervous disturbance. Blood study revealed moderate leucocytosis with relative neutrophilia, moderate hyperglycemia and very high non-protein nitroqen. I”! case 4 was a poor and undersized lanb, with no definite symptoms of disease. Blood study revealed moderate leucocytosis, relative neutrOphilia, very marked hyperrlycemia, and ratTer marked increase of non—protein nitrogen. s a feeder lamb shoving diarrhea. T‘lood n) Case 5 v study revealed moderate leucocytosis vith neutronhilia, Hyperjlycemia, very high non—protein nitrorel, Fife creatinine and low chloride. Case 6 was a six year old are sh tin: intoxication 110. and parasitism. Blood study revealed anemia, moderate leucocytosis :ith relative neutroyhilia, and mild hynerrlycemia. Case 7 yes a feeder lamb rith some pnaimonia and intoxication. Blood study showed no abnornalities other than mild leucocytosis. 1 Pregnancy Disease. Eight cases vere placed under this heading. Two cases shoved somethat high hemo:lobin values. Three had abnormally hi‘h red cell counts. Cne shoyed neutropenia and two shoved moderate leucocytosis. In all but one ther: mas some de ree of neutrOphilia. Glucose values Vere somerhat hifh in two cases, and 10? in the others. Ion—protein nitroren ras extrexely high in one case, and above normal in all but one of the others. ‘ ’1 . . V~ “( . ' ." a ‘ r‘ . - ' - -. a . s r v “ creatinine was normal in t 0 Cases in; wbliratel}: tw urtedly increased in the others. Chlorides and uric acid shoved nothing of significance. Rhinitis. This case shoned leucocytosis vith neutrophilia, hyperjlycemia, high non-protein nitroTen and some increase in creatinine. Under treatment the animal returned to normal. Srinal Abscess. One case studied shoved only slight leucocytosis, neutrOphilia, and moderate hyperjlycemia. 7‘ *w «v- v—u -» .. .411 $11.11.- C’- u U) Laeora tory Liajnosis. 3. E. Osiood and H. D. Laszins. Textbook. 1931. The Accuracy of Co: on Keno-lobin ILeth ods. H. L. Alt, American four. of Ulin. Eath. Vol. 4, 94, July, 1954- Cx xalic Acid, 3 Coo; fluid. 3. Jones. (J3 1 3:3 01937,1:,014;)0 I Lo's . 6 and 7, Lent. ..1:ite Cell Lilutin: ur. of Lab. and Clin. hys. Ahs. Vol. 12, ar.=d Oct., l937. Tie Technic of A Blood Erasinuticn. R. L. Iaden. Jour. of Lab. and Olin. fled. Vol. 17, #9, June, 1932. Practical Ehysiolo ical Chemistry- E. B. Ia1:k and C. Bergeim. Tenth Edition, 1931. Uric Acid Studies. Cowparison of the Direct and tie IS lation Let of Uric Acid Letermina tion i: Elood Filtrates and a Lodification of Folin's Lothod. R. .Eofiiener and I. J. Wiener. Jour. of Lab. and Clin. lei. Vol.ll,lg2d, P.1035. Quantitative Clinical Chemistry- Yethods. Eeters and 1°nSly‘lce1932. Approved Laboratory Technic. J. A. Kolmer and F. Boerner, Textbook. 1931. "Jul - IIIIIIII' n “hangar In I I s r}: .. a. .2 . «$.11? b. O.» .‘ 9C ' - 1612.015 3 ('1' §. 4» ,.1 fl-_ 1'; r . V yng 41 WACENVOOPD R1 1" n O i l a. CHENISTRY DEPT. 8559 Shell ‘4 293 02446 7'684