’fl '

r
I

I’

If?
in

WI

WI
H"

W

I
I

I

W

*_
R
——\_,_
§
2
a

 

SAFETY WNAGEMEE‘H [N MICHIGAN STATE
UNWERSITY RESEDENCE HALLS

Thesis ‘or the Degree of M. 5.
MICHIGAN STATE UNWERSITY
David W. Hall
1963

mamSfi

sum OF Hem: ammonia.-
W STATE CCflECE
“I! ma. MICHIGAN

 

LIBRARY
Michigan State
University

 

 

 

PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.
TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested.

 

DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6/01 c:/CIRC/DateDuo.p65-p.15

SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN MICHIGAN STATE

UNIVERSITY RESIDENCE HALLS

By
David W. Hall

A PROBLEM

Submitted to
the Dean of the College of Home Economics
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Institution Administration

I963

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express sincere appreciation to Professor
Katherine Hart, Chairman, Institution Administration Department, for
her consideration, encouragement and guidance which made this study
possible.

Gratitude is also extended to Professors Mildred Jones, Grace
Miller and Rollin H. Simonds whose advice and suggestions were
invaluable, and to Mr. Albert Orsborn, Safety Engineer, for his
cooperation in making safety records available.

Special thanks go to Miss Ruth King whose assistance in typing

and layout was most valuable.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES . . . .
LIST OF EXHIBITS . . . . .
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . .

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY SAFETY
RESIDENCE HALLS . . . . . . .

Departmental Organization .
Safety Policy . . . .

Classification of Accidents

MANAGEMENT FOR

Measurement of Safety Performance

Accident Cost Analysis .. .

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESIDENCE HALL MANAGEMENT . . .

BlBLIOGRAPHY I C O O O O O O O 0

APPENDIX . . . . . . . - . . . -

II
IS
19
25
28
32

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Accident cases in 1958-1962 calendar years for the
residence hall department of Michigan State
University 0 O O O O O O O C C C C C C C C C C C O O C O O O ‘4

2. Frequency and severity rates for the residence hall
department of Michigan State University, and for
the food industry, l958-I962 calendar years . . . . . . . . I8

3. Accident cost in l958-l962 calendar years by
classification and number of cases for the residence
hall department of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . 24

A-3.

A-u.

A-S.

A-6.

A-7.

A-8.

A-9.

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Sample of doctors' cases in I958 for Shaw Hall of
Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sample of lost-time cases in I958 for Shaw Hall of
Michigan-State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accident cases in l958—l962 calendar years for ten
residence halls of Michigan State University . . . .

Lost-time cases in 1958-1962 calendar years with
injury type, number injured and per cent of totals
for residence hall department of Michigan State
University . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctors' cases in l958-l962 calendar years with injury
type, number injured and per cent of totals for
residence hall department of Michigan State
univerSItYooooooooooooooooooooo

Days charged against lost-time injuries during I958-
I962 calendar years for ten residence halls of
Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Housing census and man-hours worked in l958-l962
calendar years for ten residence halls of Michigan
State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accident cost in I958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Mason-Abbot
Hall of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . .

Accident cost in I958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Snyder-
Phillips Hall of Michigan State University . . . . .

Accident cost in l958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Campbell
Hall of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . .

Accident cost in I958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Landon
Hall of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . .

V

Page

33

3h

35

36

37

38

39

#0

AI

#2

#3

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES--Continued

Table ' Page

A-l2. Accident cost in l958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Yakeley
Hall of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA

A-l3. Accident cost in I958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Gilchrist
Hall of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

A-lh. Accident cost in l958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Williams
Hall of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . H6

A-l5. Accident cost in I958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Mayo
Hall of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

A-I6. Accident cost in I958-l962 calendar years, by
classification and number of cases for Shaw
Hall of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8

A-l7. Accident cost in l958-I962 calendar years, by

classification and number of cases for Brody
Group Halls of Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . 49

vi

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit Page

I. Organization of residence hall department, dormitories
and food services division, Michigan State University . . . 5

2. Report of personal injury accident form--Michigan State
univerSity O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C C O O O O O O O 50

vii

INTRODUCTION

Accident prevention is a national problem in the United States;
the need for increased safety consciousness on every level has never
been more acute. Occupational accidents accounted for fifteen thousand
deaths this past year (l7). Approximately two million disabling injuries
from occupational activity occur annually. Of these accidents one
hundred thousand involve some permanent impairment, while the others
keep workers from their jobs for at least one day. These figures do
not include the vastly larger, but unknown, number of minor injuries.

Managers seldom appreciate the reality of the statistics of work
injuries until faced with a serious injury to one of their employees.
Recent resurgence of interest in the problem of accident prevention has
been brought about by many factors: the rising cost of insurance
necessary to cover employees, costly lost-time accidents which produce
tremendous human suffering, loss of man power to the operation and
decreased income to the worker. Furthermore, worker morale and employee
relations are frequently at their lowest where accident frequency is
high.

Safety is no accident. Safety in any institution can exist only
through careful planning. Any really effective project, whether
increased productivity, improved food service, better maintenance or
safety, begins with top management. The need to set up a permanent
safety program in the Dormitories and Food Services Department at

Michigan State University has been recognized.
I

This paper presents an appraisal of employees' safety performance
in Michigan State university Residence Halls, for the calendar years
I958-I962. Included are discussions of accident classification,

frequency and severity rates, and the calculation of accident cost

for ten University residence halls.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR RESIDENCE HALLS

College and university administrators must have fairly accurate
knowledge of facts concerning losses of personnel, man-hours and money
through work injuries as well as accidental injury to students and the
general public in order to develop an effective safety program. Losses
such as these represent a direct overhead cost of the educational process
which can become burdensome and yet which are subject to intelligent
control through a planned program of safety. Management should try to
assess classification of accidents, measurement of safety performance

and accident cost in determining the scope of control activities.
Departmental Organization

The origin, aims and methods of safety programs in colleges and
universities are much the same as those in industry. Safety programs
have their beginning in the recognition by managers and administrators
that safety is an essential part of good management and good adminis-
tration. In the university setting, the program consists of whatever
is done conscioUsly to create a safer campus environment, to make work
procedures safer and to instill in the minds of people attitudes
conducive to safety. The Department of Public Safety and the Division
of Dormitories and Food Services at Michigan State University are
directly concerned with safety management and provided the records on
which this study was based.

The procedure for collecting and summarizing the data followed a

general pattern:

* Design of preliminary data sheets for the collection of
information on doctors' cases and lost-time cases. (See
Appendix Tables A-I and.A-2.)

* Compilation of data included in lost-time and doctors' injury
cases from the accident records prepared in the individual
units and filed in the main office of the Safety Engineer.
(See Report of Personal Injury Accident Form - Michigan State
University, Appendix Exhibit 2.)

+ Recording of total housing occupancy, and estimation of man-
hours worked for each residence hall.

* Personal interviews for (a) classification of departmental
procedures and (b) interpretation of certain data and infor-
mation.
* Calculation of frequency and severity rates.
* Calculation of accident cost estimate.
* Summarization of data for implications to long-range planning.
The Residence Hall Department of the Dormitories and Food Services
Division, Michigan State University, consisted of ten residence halls
in I958 and included fourteen units in I962. Exhibit I shows the
organizational framework for the Dormitories and Food Services Division
as of September I, I962. The ten residence halls selected for study
included only those which had been in continuous operation for the
I958-l962 calendar years.

The Department of Public Safety which was divided into two sections,
Safety Services and Protective Services, was directly responsible to
the Office of the President of Michigan State University. The office of
Safety Services, directed by the Safety Engineer, maintained staff
responsibilities in accident prevention, radiation safety, fire preven-
tion and sanitation, and operational responsibilities in maintenance of

emergency equipment. Through this office all campus safety records were

coordinated.

.Nmm_ .— Lenouuo taunt acmgo co_ym~mcmmco eoLm vouamv< .>u_mco>_c: oumum cmm_:o_z
.co_m_>_v moo_>com poo» vcm mo_L0u_ELou .ucoEuLmaop __m; oucov_mdc mo co_um~_cmmL0ti._ h_m_Ixu

.omm_ummm_ co_umcoao muo:c_ucoo c_ uo: mu_c:

’\
"‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mucoEHLaa< cameo: cm>e Lacuna
>o_oxm> o>mz chEEm
c0m__3k wonn<t50mmz p_o_mL0uu:m
mEm____3 zoned; cm>cm
ne____ce-coe>cms en_ccu__o >e__cm
305m . ommuh mcoLumEL<
coucou oumavmcc cuzoe ._onaEmu a30co >voLm
r _ _
_ 4 LommcmZIII.
m44<x muzmo_mmx >cham4
co_uozcumc0u -
Lomvmwmwmwmamhwmwmmm< Lommcmzill.
. ___Lo ecoc< ou.
aucmcouc_mz.
mc_c__:m pcm mc_m:o: oo_>com poem commcmzilli
co» Low ___Lo maaEmo .Om
Lommcmz ucmum_mm< Lommcmz ucmpm_mm< mco_mmoocOu
Pl. .
comment
comment Lommcmz _ Lammcmz commentit
mc_e__Jmco_c: mc_neozcce_cccz Ezmzem<eme ss<x mozue_mmm conceu_mmo__ex ecoem coon
. _
a
co_m_>_o mou_>L0m wood can mo_L0umELoQ

mucmc_m new mm0c_m:m
ucov_mocm uu_>

ucou_mocm

>u_mco>_c: oumum cmm_;u_z
mmmkmomh do om<om

tn... $5: the a... 7:...

The Assistant Manager in charge of Residence Hall Food Services
coordinated activities related to food production, purchasing, personnel
and finance. The close working relationship between the Assistant
Manager for Residence Hall Food Services and the Safety Engineer stimu-
lated considerable interest and concern with accident prevention.

Safety records were filed in the main office of the Safety Engineer:
accident reports, workmen's compensation reports, investigation reports,
safety standards, codes, and regulations. This centralized system of
records made better organizational control and operational economy of
the department possible. The safety Engineer was assisted in the main
office by a secretary and records clerk. The clerk was consulted for an
explanation of the records available which contained information perti-
nent to safety management: basic cause, type and location of accident,
agency of accident, type of injury, part of the body injured and the
degree of injury. (See Report of Personal Injury Accident Form - Michigan
State University, Appendix Exhibit 2.) These records furnished data
necessary to classify accidents, to calculate accident totals for each
residence hall and to summarize the total number of accidents by classes
for the selected residence halls.

Weekly housing repdrts filed in the office of the Manager of Resi-
dence Halls enabled the writer to obtain the residence hall housing
occupancy for individual units.

Man-labor reports were also filed in the office of the Manager of
Residence Halls. The Residence Hall Department employed a high percent-
age of students on a partétime basis to supplement the fullntime employee
staff. Student man-hours worked were controlled by an unwritten policy

of one student payroll hour per'week for each student housed in the

respective unit. To estimate total man-hours worked each week the writer
multiplied the number of regular employees on the payroll for each resi-
dence hall by forty (number of hours worked per week) and to that product
added one hour for each student housed in the respective residence hall
unit.

The University Business Office compiled workmen's compensation
reports which included the following information: amount of money paid
as accident time, amount of money paid as compensation time, amount of
money paid for Michigan State University Health Center service, amount
of money paid for off-campus medical service and the number of days
charged for lost-time accidents. From these reports the uninsured acci-
dent cost for lost-time accidents was estimated and the number of days
charged for lost-time accidents was calculated for each residence hall.

Clarification and interpretation of University policies, procedures
and reports through interviews with Michigan State University staff aided
the computation of the uninsured cost estimate for lost-time accident
cases.

The Safety Engineer clarified campus safety policies and procedures,
explained individual accident records and discussed the average uninsured
cost estimate per accident classification. The Assistant Manager, Resi-
dence Halls, and the Manager of Shaw Hall supplied information for
estimating the number of first-aid and no~injury cases. They also reviewed
the average cost of each medical case, first-aid case and no-injury case.
The head nurse at Olin Health Center discussed the average uninsured
cost estimate for the treatment of doctors' and first-aid accident cases.
The General Supervisor, University Business Office, reviewed the workmen's

compensation reports which were prepared under his supervision.

Safety Policy

The Michigan State University Board of Trustees is responsible for
the conservation of human resoUrces; this includes the prevention of
accidents which may cause injury or loss of life to staff, students and
visitors. Both humanitarian and financial motives have compelled the
University to develop a long-range accident prevention program.

The development of this program initiated formulation of the present
four basic Michigan State UniveFSity safety policies and procedures.

I. Each person, regardless of official or unofficial status, who
assumes or is assigned responsibility for the work or activities
of others is administratively responsible for their safety
during such work or activities.

McClung (35) reported that accident prevention is a major task of
management. The creation of a safe working place and the creation of a
safety-minded, earnest, competent organization is an economic and social
duty. Management's responsibility for controlling the unsafe acts of
employees exists chiefly because these unsafe acts occur in the course
of employment that management creates and then directs. Management
selects the persons upon whom it depends to carry on industrial work.
Management may also train and instruct its employees, acquaint them with
safe methods and provide competent supervision (7).

Every man prefers to work where management has some regard for him
as a human being. The best means at the disposal of management to indi-
cate this concern is to provide a safe working environment. The
cooperative machinery of accident prevention--the safety committees,
the coming together of management and men in safety meetings, the con-

stant insistence on the fact that accidents can be eliminated only

through cooperation between management and the men--brings about, in the
minds of executives and workmen alike, a realization that they have
common interests and common goals (6).

2. Investigation of accidents to academic and non-academic staff
and students during work, class or sponsored activities is the
responsibility of the academic dean, department chairman, or
administrative supervisor for classified employees.

Simonds (l4) outlined four points necessary for accident investiga-

tion:

k Begin as far back in the history of the event as it is
practical to explore.

k Secure pertinent facts from reliable witnesses.

* Examine the physical environment associated with the
accident.

\'
’r

List the common causal factors.

The most important reason for a thorough investigation of an acci-
dent is to make certain the accident will not be repeated. Two fundamental
principles of effective accident prevention are first, fact finding and
second, corrective action based on the facts. A thorough investigation is
needed as a basis for assigning the correct basic causes of the accident
and the most effective and economical preventive measures. If the proper
basic causes are assigned, the corrective action usually will suggest
itself (A).

The primary responsibility of every supervisor is to thoroughly
investigate and report every accident which involves employees or students
under his supervision. Further, it is his duty to follow through and take
necessary action to prevent future occurrence of.similar accidents.

Michigan State University requires that each supervisor report all

accidental injuries as soon as possible because important data are soon

IO

forgotten or distorted. The information recorded serves two important
functions: (I) it helps determine the situations contributing to
accidents, and this guides the campus safety director in his work; (2)
when subsequent claims develop, which may not entinely reflect the
facts, the data on the accident report are of considerable value in
defending the University in court.

3. There shall be compliance with safe practice standards which
are a matter of professional knowledge, and with official
codes and regulations.

During the process of design, construction, operation and main-
tenance of all buildings and equipment on Michigan State University's
campus, engineers must comply with safe practice standards, official
codes and regulations which are a matter of professional knowledge.
These standards, codes and regulations are published by both the
American Standards Association (2, 52) and the Local and State Authorities.

A. Each department is responsible for the establishment and
preservation of safe conditions and safe practices within the
area of departmental jurisdiction.

Safety is essentially a line responsibility of management. The
safety director assists and stimulates, but he does not have line author-
ity over the workers. It is the supervisor from whom the typical employee
takes his cue as to what is important and what is not. The supervisor is
on the spot at all times.

As a representative of management it is the responsibility of the
supervisor to conduct safety training programs, maintain safe working

areas and maintain safe equipment for the employees.

. ... .nnz’orthweo.n.Jid’l‘1 .\. .
..}.u.-1..n_w.,...,l r.» ,1... 5. . 1...? m if". 1.: «mi... 1.3..

II
Classification of Accidents

An occupation or work accident for the purpose of accident pre-
vention and cost analysis may be defined as an unintended occurrence
arising out of employment in any kind of business and industry. This
occurrence causes personal injury, or results in damage or interference
with production or other business activity under such circumstances
that personal injury may result (IA).

Accidents are classified under two general headings, disabling
injury cases and medical treatment cases (7, IA). Simonds (IA) has
added a third class, no-injury cases. A description of each classifi-
cation followszt

I. Disabling Injurye-any injury that prevents a worker from
returning to a regularly scheduled job onea subsequent day.

* Death--any injury resulting in death; period of time after
injury does not matter for the purpose of accident classifi-
cation.

* Permanent total disability--any injury which prevents a
worker from ever performing any gainful occupation. Loss
of the use of both eyes; loss of one eye, hand, arm, leg
or foot; or any two of the following not on the same

limb: hand, foot, leg, or arm.

* Permanent partial disability--any injury which includes
the loss of, or permanent impairment of any part of the body.

* Temporary total disability--any injury not resulting in
death or permanent impairment but which renders the injured
person unable to perform a regularly established job which
is open and available during the entire time interval
corresponding to the hours regularly worked on any one or
more days following the injury.

2. Medical Treatment cases--any injury which does not result in
lost-time but is serious enough to require a doctor's attention or first-

aid treatment.

g 7...... LL»... ....... 191...? ...
new. mfififlmiflvewre _ 5.7.1 , a. 3.32, .

l2

* Doctors' cases--any injury, which while not qualifying
as a disabling injury still requires the services of a
doctor. .

* First-aid cases--any injury requiring first-aid only.

3. No-lnjury cases--any accident which (a) either causes no injury
or causes minor injury not requiring the attention of a physician and
(b) results in property damage less than $20.

For the purpose of cost analysis four designations of accident
categories are commonly used by safety engineers (2, 7, IA, l8, 55).
These categories were selected as the classification basis for compila-
tion-of data.

* Lost-time cases-ethose causing permanent disability,
whether partial or total, and temporary disability if total.
The latter means any injury that prevents a worker from
returning to a regularly scheduledjob on a subsequent day.

* Doctors' cases--those causing temporary partial disability
and medical treatment cases requiring the attention of a

physician but which are not in the lost-time category.

* First-aid cases--those medical treatment cases requiring
only first-aid.~ .

* No-injury accidents--those accidents that either cause no
injury or cause minor injury not requiring the attention
of a physician but result in property damage of $20 or less.
Analysis of the safety records for the Residence Hall Department
showed that only lost-time injUries and doctors' cases were recorded or
made a part of permanent record in the office of Safety Services. The
writer estimated both first-aid and no-injury accident cases.
-A ratio of ten first-aid cases to one lost-time case was established
through a comparison of the proportion of first-aid cases treated at

Olin Health Center and the lost-time cases reported in the Workmen's

Compensation reports.

l3

No-injury case estimates were based on a one to one ratio of no-
injury to lost-time accident cases. This ratio was established by
Simonds (IA) and has been accepted generally by industry.

Appendix Table A-3 shows the accident cases by classification for
ten residence halls, Michigan State University, calendar years I958-
l962. Table I summarizes these cases for comparison of total number
of accidents by classification.

Since first-aid cases and no-injury cases were estimated, not
recorded, this discussion will be limited to lost-time injury cases
and doctors' injury cases. From I958 through I962 a consistent in-
crease in numbers of accidents in each of these two categorkas is
apparent.

Lost-time injuries are reported as strain, bruise, cuts, sprain,
lacerations, burns-thermal, simple fracture, hernia (rupture), poisoned-
irritated, infection, crush and puncture. Appendix TabkaAJ+summarizes
the number of lost-time injuries by these types. An average of A3 lost-
time injuries were reported for the I958-I962 calendar years with a
range of 3l cases in I958 to 53 in I960.

Doctors' injury cases were recorded in I7 classifications: bruise,
cuts, burns-thermal, lacerations, foreign objects, sprains, strains,
others, abrasions, simple fracture, poisoned-irritated, infection,
puncture, crush, dislocation, burns-electrical, multiple. (See Appendix
TabkaAéL) An average of I9A doctors' injury cases were reported for
the I958-I962 calendar years with a range of ll9 injury cases in I958
to 255 in l96l. Four commonly occurring injury types accounted for
approximately 70 (66) per cent of the doctors' injury cases: bruise,

cuts, burns-thermal, and lacerations.

lA

vaumE.umme

 

mwém 00.00.
0.~ 00.0
mmom 0N.mm
.mm mm.mm
0.~ 00.0

:0.

3

mum

mm~

.:

00.00. «mm 00.00. mum 00.00. .mm

0m.m m: ~:.0 mm m..0 NJ

0~.mm 0J: mw.:0 mmm n0..0 0N:

:m.Nm 0mm .m.- :m. mm.mm mm.

0m.m m: ~:.0 mm m..0 NJ

00.00. mm:
m~.0 .m
.m.m0 m.m
mm.m~ 0..
mN.0 .m

mommu .mu0h

mommu
>L3mc_ioze

mOmMU
c_n-eec_et

mammu
.mLOHUOo

mommu
oE.uium04

 

.oHOh vaczmc_ vaczmc_
Nmiwmm. .mu0h consaz

.0 &

vaczmc_ voLzmc_ vocamc_ mucamc_ vocamc_ vac:_c_ v
.oHOh consaz .muOF consaz .oHOP consaz

.0 x .0 fi .0 &

ocsmc_ poczmc.
.muOP consaz
.0 x

 

~00.

_em_ com—ii mmm_

>u.mcu>.:: oumum com.cu.z .0

0mm.

co.umu.w.mmm.u
ucov.uu<

acoeucmaou ..m; aucot_moc ecu Lo. mcmo> Lmvco.mu mmm.tmmm. :. mommu ucop.uu<ii.. mom<h

l5
Measurement of Safety Performance

Frequency and severity are accepted standards by which a company
can appraise its industrial injury record and set goals for achieve-
ment. These standards provide a practical and uniform method for
recording and measuring work injury experience. :Injury rates compiled
in accordance with these standards may be used to evaluate:

* the relative need for accident prevention activities In
different departments of an establishment,

* the seriousness of the accident problem in an establish-
ment or industry,

* the effectiveness of safety activities in establishments
with comparable hazards, and

* the progress made in accident prevention within an
establishment or industry.

Disabling (lost-time) injuries are used in determining the fre-
quency and severity ratesfor two sound reasons: (I) records of lost-
time injuries are likely to be more accurate than records of doctors‘
first-aid cases since they are sure to be recorded; (2) temptation to
conceal the minor injury is always a major factor.

The frequency rate is the number of disabling injuries per million
man-hours worked (2, A, 7, IA, l7, l8, 25, 53, 55). The following
formula is used throughout industry for computing the frequency rate:

Frequency = Number of disabling injuries x I,QQ0,000
Number of man-hours worked

The severity rate is the number of days charged for disabling
(lost-time) injuries per million man-hours worked. The time charged
includes the number of calendar days (including holidays or plant

shut-downs) on which the injured person was rendered unable to work in

l6

temporary total disability cases. Neither the day of the injury nor
the day the injured worker returns to work is counted in the lost
working days. (See Appendix'TablaA-é, Days Charged Against Lost-Time
Injuries During I958-I962 Calendar Years for Ten Residence Halls of
Michigan State University.)

The severity formula (2, A, 7, IA, l7, I8, 53, 55) which is
generally accepted by industry follows:

Severity = Total days charged x l,OO0,000
Number of man-hours worked

The statistics in Appendix Table A-7, Housing Census and Man-Hours
Worked in I958-I962 Calendar Years for Ten Residence Halls of Michigan
State University, were compiled for the computation of frequency and
severity rates. From an administrative viewpoint the rather slight
(3 per cent) increase from I958-I962 of the number of man-hours worked
in the ten residence halls may or may not have significance in view of
the rather considerable (22 per cent) increase in housing census for
this same period in terms of frequency and severity of work accidents.

Simonds explained that:

The two prime sources of injury rates are the Bureau of

Labor Statistics and National Safety Council. Data of the

Bureau of Labor Statistics are based on a wide and unselected

sampling of industry, whereas the National Safety Council

figures result from reports submitted by its own member firms,

companies with more than average interest in safety. The

National Safety Council rates are only about half as high as

those of the Bureau of Labor Statistics in terms of frequency

and three-fourths as high in severity. This, in itself, is a

strong indication of what can be accomplished by serious efforts

to control accidents. In fact, studies of frequency rates in

various industries indicate that the rates correlate more with

the safety efforts of the firm or industry than with the natural
hazards inherent in the activities.

 

IRollin H. Simonds, “Cost and Control of Accidents,” Journal of The
American Dietetic Association, XLII, No. 6 (June, I963), pp. A96-A99.

 

a

.. ..- _. 0!.
en IL. fink-"Wit; 3w

 

I7

Frequency and severity rates for all industries are compiled by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics and published by the National Safety
Council each month in Accident Facts. In these statistics the Food
Industry classification includes processing (except meat packing) as
well as food service. Because approximately 96 per cent of the resi-
dence hall accident records analyzed disclosed that the accident
occurred in the food production area, the residence hall injury rates
were compared with the Food Industry frequency and severity data.

Table 2 shows a comparison of frequency and severity rates for
the Residence Hall Department, Michigan State University, with those
of the Food Industry for the I958-I962 calendar years. The average
number of days disability per injury case is also indicated.

During I958-62 the over-alI frequency rate for the Food Industry
was l8; the over-all frequency rate for the Residence Hall Department
for this same period was 33, or approximately double that of the Food
Industry.

The severity rate for the Food Industry with the exception of one
year, I958, was lower than that of the Residence Hall Department. For
the period of this study the average severity rate of the Food Industry
was IOO9 with an average of 57 days disability for each lost-time case;
comparable statistics for the Residence Hall Department show an average
frequency rate of I393 with an average of Al days disability for each
lost-time case. Michigan State University Residence Hall Department"
reported more lost-time injuries, showed higher frequency and severity
rates than the Food Industry, but the average number of days disability

for each lost-time residence hall case was less than that of the Food

l8

.uoxcoz musesicoe vco mucou.uun we census mo n.3mco.uo.0c co» mi< o.noh x.vcoae< 00m "ouoz
.ommu >Lzmc. com >u...nam.v m>ov Lassa: Omaco>a moueu.vc. A .u

.__uceoo seocnm .aco_enz ace se eocn__e=e .Nem_
iwmm. .muuou acov.uu< .mu.um.uoum cone. .0 smacam osu >g vo._aeou 0L0: mouoc >u.co>0m ecu >ucoavanun

 

.mou.>com
000% mm ..03 no .mc.xuoo yous uaouxo. mc.mmouoLe poo. mov:.uc. co.umu.m.mmo.u >Lumavc_ noon ache

 

 

0mm .va mmm. .wmv 0... “.mm «mm.
e~__ .400 :mm_ .mev m... m.cm .em.
emo— Aoev A_A_ .Nsv :.A_ c._: oem_.
mmm .mmv Nmm ..m. 0.0. , m.~m amm—
Nmm .omv men u._m0 _.m_ A.:~ wmm_
>Lumavc_ wood m..u: occup.mom >Lumavc_ poem m..o:.mweOp.mwm. mcao>

 

 

magma >u_co>0m mauom >u:oacocu

e e

 

 

mcoo> Lance—mu ~00.tmmm. .m>cum:oc. poo. ecu cow vco .>u.mco>.c:
oumum com.;u.z mo acoeucmaov ..oc oucov.moc one cow mouoc >u.co>0m 0cm >uc03ooLutt.N m4m<h

I9

Industry. Apparently lost-time cases reported by the Residence Hall

Department were not as serious as similar cases in the Food Industry.
Accident Cost Analysis

'Whe main driving force behind the institutional safety movement
is the fact that accidents are expensive. Substantial savings can be
had by their prevention."2

Nihan and Webster (39) reported that since I9A8 an average of.
five court claims have been filed annually against the State University
of New York for damages allegedly resulting from accidental injuries.
In the A9 suits filed against the University, many legal actions never
developed beyond the ”notice of intention to file a claim” stage.
Since there is a normal period of from several months to two years
from the date of an accident to the time a legal claim must be regis-
tered, numerous potential suits are still in the making. The A9 legal
actions totaled an impressive and costly $2.5 million.

Two classes of costs result from accidents: (l) insurance (or
insuned) cost and (2) uninsured cost (I3, IA, 39, 53).

* Insurance cost--cost representing a definite outlay of money;
the cost of workmen's compensation insurance.

* Uninsured cost--those costs which do not represent a definite
outlay of money, but which are reflected in increased cost
of doing business.

The insurance cost is the cost of workmen's compensation insurance
required by law in each of the fifty states. Most institutions carry

insurance with some insurance company, or with a state-operated insurance

2U. 5., Bureau of Labor Statistics, Industrial Safety Subjectg,
Subject A, Division of Labor Standards, Bulletin No. 67, I9AA, p. I .

20

fund. For those institutions the Insurance cost is simply the net
amount of insurance premiums. The net insurance premiums on the average
will cover the money paid for medical expenses on compensable cases

and compensation to the injured employee as required by law, plus the
expenses and profits of the insurance company in connection with that
insurance. The amount by which the insurance premiums exceed the actual
claims paid varies on the average from A0 per cent to 65 per cent between
major classes of private underwriters of workmen's compensation insur-
ance (IA). Some types of risks, particularly small institutions, are
more costly to handle than others. Variation in the service rendered

by different underwriters accounts for insurance cost differential.

Michigan State University is.a ”self insurer” by election. The
Office of the Vice President for Business and Finance has compared
known insurance premiums for a series of fiscal periods with actual
costs to the University for the same periods. These sampling studies
have established the fact that self insurance for Michigan State
University has definite financial advantages; i.e., the University can
manage its own workmen's compensation plan at less expense than insur-
ance carried either under a state-system or private carrier.

Employees ane treated as they would be under a commercial carrier;
e.g., compensation is paid for hospital expense and per diem pay is
calculated by an applicable formula derived from Michigan Workmen's
Compensation laws.

Compensation payments to Michigan State employees are covered as

follows:

2l

l) Academic staff and classified personnel; e.g., professors,
technicians and secnetaries
Salaries and wages are paid from appropriated funds,
University General Fund.

Compensation is paid from a special account financed
by University General Fund.
2) Administrative staff and classified personnel; e.g.,

residence hall managers, cooks and bakers
Salaries and wages are paid from self liquidating

accou fit 5 .

Compensation is paid from the respective operating

accounts.

Uninsured cost includes the following expense categories (l3, IA, 53):

7':

"
4'4

Jo
I \

Cost of wages paid for working time lost by workers who were not
insured.

Net cost to repair or replace material or equipment damaged or
disarrayed in an accident.

Wages paid for working time lost by injured workers other than
workmen's compensation payments. (For example, many institutions
pay wages for time lost by an injured worker during the waiting
period of one to four days, depending on the state, before
workmen's compensation payments begin. Also, an injured worker
is usually paid for the balance of the day in which he was
injured or at least for a period of minutes or hours until he

is ”clocked out” after an injury.)

‘ Extra cost due to overtime necessitated by an accident.

~ Wage cost of supervisors' time required in connection with the

accident.

Wage cost due to decreased output of injured worker after return
to work.

Cost of the learning period of new worker, when the injury
requires employing either a new worker or shifting a worker to

an unfamiliar job.

~ Uninsured medical cost borne by the employer.

Administrative costs for investigating and processing forms in
workmen's compensation payment cases.

Miscellaneous unusual costs (occurring in less than 2 per cent
of accidents).

22

The new standard method developed by Simonds3 was used to calculate
the cost of accidents.

The basic principles of the new method.are expressed in the follow-
ing formula:

Total cost - Insurance cost + A times number of lost-time cases

+ B times number of doctors' cases + C times number
of first-aid cases + 0 times number of no-injury
accidents

”In the formula, A, B, C, and D are constants indicating respec-
tively the average uninsured cost for each of the categories of cases.
As for the multipliers, it has been good standard safety practice to
keep a record of the number of each type of cases except the noeinjury
class.”h The number of no-injury accidents was estimated by applying a
ratio to the number of lost-time cases. (See page l3.)

The average uninsured cost per case for each of the four classes of
accidents--lost-time, doctors' cases, first-aid, no-injury--was deter-
mined for I958-I962. Since Michigan State University is a self insurer,
there was no direct insurance cost. Doctors' cases were averaged at
$l8.75 per case based on cost of treatment at Olin Health Center and
‘”uninsured cost. First-aid cases were averaged at $A.75 per case based
on the uninsured cost. No-injury cases were estimated at $20 or less
per case based on uninsured cost. For the components of the uninsured

cost, see page 2l. The number of cases in each accident classification

was multiplied by the average cost figure. The products were added to

 

3Rollin H. Simonds and John v. Grimaldi, Safety Management. Home-
wood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., I956, pp. llO-lll.

Ibid.

23

obtain a reasonable estimate of total cost. Accident cost estimates

were calculated for each residence hall. (See Appendix Tables A-8 to A-l7.)
Table 3 shows the number of accident cases and the cost by acci-

dent classification for a five-year period, l958-l962, for ten residence

halls at Michigan State University. The figures for the respective

years total an accident cost that ranged from $lh,500 in 1958 to $26,000

in 1960. For this five-year period the average annual accident cost to

the University was $2l,000.

.I 1,”

“MW.L‘H%WMW.F“ gm .w

.

a

29

 

 

 

mm.mo:.o~w ace m_.mm~.-w ~mm .m.m~o.m~w mNm mo.o:o.o~w _mm ~_.m:m.:_m um: n_npoe

oo.o:m A: oo.om m: oo.omo._ mm oo.o:m N: oo.omm mm nonnu
>c3mc_noz

m~._mn._ mem oo.omo.~ on: m~._:m.u mmm om.mmm._ om: m~.mm:._ m_m nonno
vmn-unt_c

m~.mo:.: mmm oo.oom.: omN oo.om:.m em. mu.m_m.m “A. m~._m~.~ m__ nonnu
.chuUOo

mm._mm.m_m N: m_.~w5.m_m m: om.m~o.m_w mm mn.mmw.m_m N: Nw._:~.o_m mN nonno
oE_unum04
«mow momma umou momma “moo mommw umoU mommu umoU momma co_umo_m_mmm_o

_mu0h mo —mu0h mo _mu0H mo .mu0h mo _mu0k $0 ucov_ou<

canE32 ,i Lucasz consaz LonEJZ consaz
Nmm_ .mm. oom— mmm. mmm_

 

umoo “covwoo<

 

 

>u_mco>_c: oumum cmm_co_z mo ucoeucmaoo __m; oocov_moL on“
Lew mummu mo Logan: vcm co_umu_w_mmm_o >3 mcmo> Lmvco_mu mom—ummm— :_ umou ucoU_uo<nu.m m4m<h

lMPLlCATIONS FOR RESIDENCE HALL MANAGEMENT

Safety is no accident. Safety in any institution can exist only
through careful planning. Any neally effective project, whether
increased productivity, improved food service, better maintenance of
safety, begins with top management. The need to plan and implement a
long-range safety program for the Dormitories and Food Service Division
should be a consideration of top management at Michigan State University.

No amount of insurance will prevent accidental injuries. The best
defense against their occurrence is an organized campus safety program.
To establish an effective safety program, the residence hall manage-
ment should have data on accident classification, calculation of safety
standards and accident cost estimates for departments and divisions of
an organization. Understanding the consequences of negligence and
liability for accidents should also-comprise an important segment of
the program.

From this five-year study of work accidents in ten residence halls
at Michigan State Universitythese statistics are significant:

* An average of #3 lost-time injuries were reported for the

l958-l962 calendar years with a range of 3| cases in-l958 to.
53 in 1960. Commonly occurring injury types were strains,
bruises, cuts, and sprains.

* For this same period bruises, cuts, thermal burns, lacera-

tions and other doctors' injuries averaged l9h cases, with a
range of ll9 injury cases in I958 to 255 in l96l.
25

p

. 2.9,...
tymyerlflfllfifis W} .

,. -._. . .2...

fit new . UP

a

26

W The over-all frequency rate of the Residence Hall Department
for the period of this study was approximately double that
of the Food industry.

x The severity rate for the Food industry with the exception

of one year, I958, was lower than that of the Residence Hall

Department.

For the five-year period of study, the average annual acci-

dent cost to the University was $21,000.

Certain implications are apparent from this study for long-range
safety management planning.

* Safety is a line responsibility of management. The safety
engineer assists and stimulates, but he does not have line
authority over the workers. It is the supervisor from whom
the typical employee takes his cue as to what is important
and what is not.

* It is essential to direct charge of responsibility to an
individual for planning, directing or coordinating safety
activities. This person should be qualified by training
and experience, and adaptable to the nature of the univer-
sity situation. Where this safety person should be placed
on the organization chart is open for discussion, and there
are several workable possibilities. He should be placed, of
course, at such level and in such position that he can work
without prejudice in any area of the department. He should
have direct or near-direct communication with top manage-

ment .

27

* The employees must have accurate knowledge of the facts con—

cerning losses of personnel, man-hours and money through work
injuries, and accidental injury to students and the general
public.

Management should analyze the records of lost-time injuries,
find out the causes and make the necessary corrections in

equipment and/or work procedures.

In conclusion, this study was limited by several factors:

J.
I \

Since accident information for University residence halls
is not on file in the National Safety Council, no comparison
could be made with similar data from other university resi-

dence hails.

w Accident cost analysis figures were estimated for doctors',

firstéaid and no-injury cases. Accurately recorded costs
might show the injuries more or less expensive than the

estimates.

* Since the data were not analyzed statistically, the signifi-

cance of certain variable factors in the control of work
accidents in Michigan State University residence halls could
not be stated. A more comprehensive study of work accidents.
in Michigan State University residence halls that included
statistical analysis would throw these data into sharper focus

for interpretation to management.

II.

12.

I3.

Ih.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Ahren, Edwin F. Safety Training Manual for Restaurants and Hotels.

New York: Ahren Publishing Co., I955.

American Standard Method of Recording and_MeasuringTWork Injury
Experience, Zl6. New York: American Standards Association,
i95h.

Bennett, Arnold. Accident. New York: Doubleday Co., Inc., l928.

Blake, Roland P. InduStriaI Safety. 2nd ed. New York: Prentice-
Hall, Inc., I953.’

 

Faulkner, Edwin Jerome. Accident and Health Insurance. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., I990.

Fleishman, Edwin A. Studies in Personnel and Industrial Psychology.
Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, Inc., I96l.

Heinrich, H. W. Industrial Accident Prevention. 3rd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., I950.

Long, Frank. Workmen's Compensation Insurance. Chicago: Richard
D. Irwin, Inc., I9h7.

 

MacFarlane, Donald Ian. Safety in Industry. London, I955.

Reigeluth, Ray John. Safety and Economy in Heavy Construction. New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., I933.

Schaefer, Venon G. Safety Supervision. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc., I9hI.

Schnizinger, Morris. The Accident Syndrome. Springfield, Illinois:
Thomas, I956. ‘

Simonds, Rollin H. Estimating Cost of Industrial Accidents.
Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, I955.

Simonds, Rollin H., and Grimaldi, John V. Safety Management. Home-
wood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., I956.

28

j,- as, r-

.

 

3" .. .
it
3

'D

I5.

I6.

17.
I8.

I9.

20.

2I.

22.

23.

29.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

" 29
Somers, H. M. and Somers, A. R. Workmen's Compensation. New York:
John Wiley 8 Sons, Inc., I95“.
Stack, Herbert James. Safety for Greater Adventurgg. New York:

New York Center for Safety Education, Division of General
Education, New York University, I953.

Articles and Periodicals

Agcident Facts. Chicago: National Safety Council, I958-I962.

Ahern, Edwin F. ”Part I, Safety for institutions,” Institution
Magazine, XLI, No. 6 (December, I957). P. 8.

“Part Ii, Causes of Accidents in Institutions,” Institu-
tion Magazine, XLII, No. 2 (February, l958), p. 7.

“Part iii, How to Train Employees for Safety,” institu-
rtion Magazine, XLII, N9. 5 (April, l958), p. 7.

 

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine. Chicago:
American Medical Association, 555 N. Dearborn St.

“Controlling the No. I Cause of Institution Fines,” Institution
Magazine, XLI, No. 6 (December, I957), p. 8.

Coventry, Alexander. ”Spell Out ABC Policy for Fire Hazard Action,‘I
Institution Magazine, XXXVII, No. 2 (August, I955), p. 92.

 

l'Drill Safety Into Food SeFVice Personnel,”_Lgstitution Magazine,
XXXIX (September, I956), p. lh6.

Engineering for Safety. ,Chicago: The American Society of Safety
Engineers, #25 N. Michigan Ave.

 

”Fight Fires Before They Start,” institution Magazine, XLVI, No. 2
(February, I960), p. 7. '

Harris, F. J. ”A Comparison of the Personality Characteristics of
Accident and Non-accident Industrial Population,” (abstract),
American Psycholggist, iV (I9h9), p. 279.

Hartmann, Ralph N. “is Training for Safety Different from Other
Training?” National Safety News (August, I959). P. J-37.

I'Helpful Hints for Preparing Food Without Hazards,” Institution
Magazine, XLIli, No. 6 (December, l958), p. l22.

”How Much Do You Know About First Aid?” Institution Magazine,
XXXVIII, No. A (April, I956), p. I0.

3i.

32.

33.

3#.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

#0.

#l.

#2.

#3.

##.

#5.

#6.

#7.

30

Industrial Safety Survey. Geneva, Switzerland: International
Labour Office.

Keeman, Vernon. ”Psychological Climate and Accidents,” Journal
of Applied Psychology, xxxv, No. 2 (1959). pp. 108-11.

Kerr, Willard. 'Accident Proneness of Factory Departments,"
JournaI of Applied Psychology, XXXIV (I950), pp. I67-70.

. ”Complementary Theories of Safety Psychology,‘l Journal
of Social Psychology, XLV (I957), pp. 3-9.

McClung, W. J. Vice President, Bethlemen Pacific Coast Steel
Corporation. National Safety Council Transactiong, XVIII
(I950). p. 1|.

Menendez, Joseph A. ”Selling a Safety Program to Top Management,“
Ngtional Safety New; (August, I959), p. J-#3.

Mintz, Alexander and Blum, Milton. “A Re-examination of the
Accident Proneness,” Journal of Applied Psychology, XXXIII,
No. 3 (1959). pp. ]95-211.

Morris, John. ”Essentials of a Safety Program,” College and
’ University Business, XXVII, No. 6 (December, I959).

 

Nihan, James F. and Webster, Daniel P. 'Whe Cost of Accidents,”
College and University Business, XXVII, No. 5 (November, I959).

 

chgpational Hazards. Cleveland, Ohio: Occupational Hazards, Inc.,
l2#O Ontario Street.

”Safe Operating Practices Save Time,II Institution Magazine, XXXVII,
No. 2 (August, I955), p. 9I.

Safety. New York: Greater New York Safety Council, Inc., and
American Museum of Safety, 60 E. #2nd St.

”Safety Becomes Employee Project,” Institution Magazine, XXXV, No.
6 (December, I95#), p. 8.

”Safety Fire Rules May Save Patron's Life,” Institution Magazine,
XXXVIII, No. 3 (March, I956), p. l80.

”Safety for Diners,‘I institution Magazine, XLI, No. I (JUIY. I957).
p. l26.

Safetyy Health Welfare in the Construction and Maintenance of
Buildings. Washington: U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, Office of Industry and Commerce, l9#7.

Safety in Family Living. Washington: Joint Committee on Home

 

Safety of the National Commission on Safety Education,
Department of Home Economics, National Education Association,
1952.

#8.
#9.

50.

SI.

52.

53.

5#.

55.

S6.

57.

58.

59.

3I

Safety in the '60's. Chicago: National Safety Council, I959.

Safety Maintenance and Production. New York: Alfred M. Bast Co.,
Inc., 75 Fulton Street.

”Safety With Cutlery,” Institution Magazine, XLIII, No. 5 (November,
l958), p. 33.

 

Seavey, Thomas E. ”Planning Safety Into Automation,” National
Safety News (Autust, I959), p. J-37.

“Selection of Accident Factors,ll American Recommended Practice
For Compiling Industrial Accident Causes, Part I, Zlégg.
New York: American Stahdards Association, I9#I.

Simonds, Rollin H. ”The Cost and Control of Accidents," Journal
of The American Dietetic Association, XLII, No. 6 (June, I963),
p. #96.

'Whe Role of the Supervisor in Safety,” Institution Magazine, XLII,
No. 5 (May, I958), p. I6.

U. S. Bureau of Labor Standards. Safety Subjects, Bulletin No. 67,
I955.

'Well Organized Program Increases Safety Awareness,” Institution
Magazine, XXXVIII (January, I956), p. I8.

'Mhat is an Accident Prone Individual?” Institution Magazine, XLII,
No. 6 (June, I958), p. I22.

”Wrong Work Methods Cause Accidents,“ Institution Magazine, XXXV,
No. 2 (August, I95#), p. 8.

Zelst, R. H. 'Whe Effects of Age and Experience Upon Accident
Rate,“ Journal of Applied Psychology, XXXVIII (I95#), pp.
313-317. .

APPENDIX

33

 

eeauomeuao_eemmusmacu

voumu_ec_

co_umcoom4

c_mcum

.mEcosh .ceam

23...;

mo_0com< maoocm__oom_z

moc_comz

oommczm mc_xcoz

m:_x000

uoou

o>u

Lomc_m

eoeooo<

oomu ocm 6cm:

conxuom cm uzmzmu

acmu_ce_ ;u_3 HomecoQ

boomoo me__oen:

acmcom mo __mu

oocmumnsm uo:
zu_3 uumucou

 

.mo_euoo_m .ccam oocmumnzm yo: vcmm “coeczu o_cpoo_m
;u_3 pompcOU
you oommcsm mc_xcoz comc_u muoomno mc__ncm:
om_:cm o_o_co> goon >m xuzcum
oa>h >ezmc_ ucoo_oo< mo >ocom< cognac. oa>k ecov_oo<

>60m mo pcmm

 

 

>HmmLQ>_CD GHMHm Emm_r_U_X $0 _.—mT_ ZMLm LON» wmm— C_ mOmmu .mLOHUOU $0 Q—QEmmilo—I< un—m<.—.

3L.

 

 

oo.-m oo.mm_ om.m_~._ mm._m_ mom n_noo»

oo.mm: mm >e=me_ xoom o5 <3

oo.: eo.m_ _ e_neom eoo_=oem mm mm

oo.~m oo.m~ m. 3oo_m ooeooooee om o:

oo.em~ oo.mm om.~w m~.mo_ :. >tsae_ xoom o: e:

oo.o_ oo.m~o mm. >.37: xoom no em

oo.o~ mo.m _ on_e3 notebooee km mm

Amy noo_>eom Amy nomeoeo o_ne m o_oe m >o___oon_o stage. om< oooo
.mo_voz coucou ;u_moI oE_H oE_H m>mo mo oa>k

mzaEmunmmo 3m: co_ummcoQEou ucov_ou< guessz

 

 

>u_mco>_c: oumum cmm_;o_z mo __mz ZmLm com mmm_ c_ mommo oE_Huumo_

eo o_e5nm--.~-< m4m<e

35

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

, .
NO ONOOMLNO mO OOO. ON O R .ONOOO. mm NO ONO NN. NO 3 O; m: .m £33.
O. OO. NO O.. m.. OO. O O. ON OON NO ON O OO .O O O. OO. «O O. NOOeO
O OO Om. O O OO O. O O ON ON O O OO Nm O O OO O. O zoem
N ON O N m Om . m N .ON N N m _Om O. m N ON m N oNOz
O O O. _O O O . O O O N O . O. O . . O. O . mE2...:
N ON N N O O N.“ O m Om N m. . O. O . . O. m . on.eco..O
. O. O. . . O. m. . . O. m. . m Om N. m O O O. O No.oxnz
N ON O N . O. . . N ON O N O OO O O . O. m . eoOOOO
m Om O.. m m Om O. m O OO O O N ON O N . O. O . ..OOOEOO
m Om .m n O OO NN O N ON ON N O OO ON O O OO O. O OO....ON
icoo>cm

O. OO. NO O. O OO .O O O OO OO O O. OO. NN O. m Om O. m oooo<-eo.ozfi
N I: 0 .I, N J.— G .I N I... 0 «I N 4.. flu .I N .d a _.I

O I. O O O i. 0 0 O i. O O O I. O O O I. 0 O

N. N n m. N. N “N m. N. .N n. m. N. N n. ”N N. N “N m

mw .N m .N .m. N. m .N ON N. m N. .m. N. m .N .m. N. m .N

n E S I. n E S I. n E S I. n E S I. n P. S I.

.m m. ._ w. .m m” - w .M m” - N .u m” - w .m m” - w

3 3 3 3 NJ

3 3 E «J 3 3 D. 3 3 3 9 OJ NJ 3 P. 3 3 3 9 NJ

NNNN NNNN NNNN NNNN NNNN 2....
a a s a. a a s a a a s a a a s a a a s a oucogmom
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

$9 .OO. 89 mmm. mmm.

 

 

 

 

 

mo m._m; oocov_moL coN Lo» memo> Lmuco—mo Nwm—Immm_ c. memmu ucoo_oo<lu.mn< mgm<k

>u_mco>.c= opmum cmm.co_z

 

36

00.00. m: 00.00. m: 00.00. mm 00.00. N: 00.00. .m m.mu0k

 

 

 

 

 

 

m..N _ oeauucse
0m.N . smacu
.0.0 O. ON.O O OO.. . ON.O N eo_oooce_
0N.: N . mm.m N 0a.: N NN.m . 00umu.ce_
utoc0m_0m
m0.0 N O0.0 m O0.0 N AOCONOON. e.g.o:
NN.N. 0 00.0. 0 00.. . :..m m 00.0 N ecauumcu o.eE.m
.0.0 : NN.M N :..m m 00.0 m .mEL05humcesm
00.0 m 00.0 m mco_umcoom.
.O.O O ON.O m O..O. O mm.m O OO.O m e.oeoO
00.0 m 00.0 a 00.0 m 00... m 00.0 m muau
0m.0 0 m0... 0 NM... 0 N0.0_ N o0.N. : om_:cm
mm.N: 0N .w.0: 0N 0N.m: :N Nm.mm m. 0N.Nm o. c.mepm
vocamc_ vocawc_ vocaac_ cognac. tocaac_ vocnmc_ vocamc_ vocamc_ vocamc_ 00.30:. moa>h
.muOh consaz .mNOF consaz .mNON consaz .ouoh consaz .mNON conssz >Lamc_
.0 x No x .o $ No x m0 N
:. NOO. .OO. Ti: OOO. .1. OOO. ONO.

 

I] 1 ll 1I1I4 lil‘l‘i“dii14ll.l 1 1 ii I I I 1]

 

III 1‘ 411111 IIIIIII Iii] I4 .1 III‘IIIIJI 4 1] 1111113 I1 IIIII I‘ll

>N_mco>_c0 eumum cm0_;u_z No Ncoeucmaov ..m; oocou.moc LON m.muoN No “coo Lea 0cm
00.30:. Logan: .oe>u >.:mc. ;N_3 mcmo> cmvco.mo N00.:0m0. c. mommu oE_Nu.moNII.:-< 040<N

37

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

O0.00. OON O0.00. OON O0.00. OO. O0.00. NN. O0.00. O.. m.oNON
ON.. O ON.N N OO.. N o.O.N.Oz
ON.. O N0.0 O. OO. . NO. . .OO..Ooo.O-necOO
NO. . OO.Nmoo.m.O
NO. . emaeu
0N.. O 0... O 0N.m 0 O0.N O :0. . 0.3Noc3m
ON.. O OO.N O OO.. O OO.. O OO. . OO.Ooo.O_
ON.O O. OO.N O OO.. N NO.O O OO.. N OoOno.ee_
IUOCOm . On.
ON.. O ON. N OO.. N NO. . NO.N O OeoooOOO o.oe_O
ON.. O ON. N N..N O OO.N O O0.0 O neo.no.e<
O0.0 O ON.N N O0.0 O ON.N O O0.0 O meoONO
.0.0 ON O0.0 ON O0.0. O. O0.0 N ON.O O OO.O.NO
O0.0 O .N.O N. OO.O O N0.0 O OO.O N OO.O.OO
OO.O O .N.O N. O0.0 .. OO.O O. NN.O O moooOOO OO.Oeoe
OO.N. ON OO.ON NO O0.0N OO O0.0 N. .O.N. O. meo..meooo.
...ON OO O0.0N NO OO.N. NO NO..N OO O..O. O. .OeLoeN-OeeOO
.0.0 ON O0.0 O OO. . .O.N. .O O0.0. NN ONOO
ON..N OO .O O. OO O...N OO OO ON NO NO.ON ON OO.OLO
00030:. 00030:. 00:30:. 00030:_ 00.30:_ 00:30:. 00030:_ 00030:_ 00:30:_ 00L30:_ m0a>h
.MHOh c0063z .MHOP 000832 .mNOH .00832 .mu0h L0nE3z .mNON L0nE3z >L30:_
No 0 No 0 .o N .0 N .o N
NON. .OO. .1], OOO. OOO. .1] OOO.

 

 

>u_m.0>_:0 oumum :00.:o.z mo uc0eucma0v ..m; 00:0v.m0: :00 O.0uou No “:00 :00 0:0
00.30:. c0353: .0a>u >c30:_ 50.3 mem0> emwc0.mo N00.u0m0. :_ 00000 .meouuoouu.mu< 040<H

38

 

00:N

.mN
.0
00

00

NN
00:
00..

000.

0N0
N00
00

. N0
0N0
0N0

N0.N

.0:
.00
..
0
N.
N0
0
00.
00m
00:

NJN.

NJN
000
0.

0.
.d
:0
00N

00N

000

:0.
:N0

0.

0N
NNO
N.

0000050
m>00 .0000

>0000

zOeO

o>0z

OOO....O
.m.eco..O
>0.050>

:00:00

..OOOEOO
OO....OO-LOONOO

0050<ncoOmz

 

0000050 O>00

 

N00.

0000050 m>00

0000050 m>00

0000050.m>0a

0000050.m>0o

 

 

 

 

.00.

000.

000.

000.

m..0: 00:00.00m

 

 

>N.m00>.:: 00000 :00.50.: No O..05 00:00.O00 :00.000

memo. emoeo.no NOO.-OOO. OO.OOO OO.OOOO. OO..-.no. “OO.OOO OOOOOOO mNoO...O.< OOOON

39

 

 

 

OOO.OON... OOO.N ONO.ONN.. OON.N OO0.0NN.. .O0.0 OO0.00N.. NO0.0 OOO..ON.. OON.O O.BoN
OOO.OOO ONN.N ON0.000 ONO.N OOO.OOO NOO.N OON.OOO OOO.N OOO..OO OOO.N NOotO
OOO.OO. NOO.. ON..OO._ OO... OO0.00. ONO.. ONO.OO. OOO.. OOO.OO. OOO.. zocm
OOO.OO NON OOO.OO ONN OOO.OO NN. OOO.OO O.N OOO.OO ONN ONO:
OOO.OO 0.0 ONN.OO .OO OOO.OO OON ON..OO NON OOO..O OON mEo2....
OOO.OO OON ONN.OO .ON OOO.OO OON OOO.OO ON. OON.OO NON ...OOO..O
OOO.OO OOO OOO.OO NNO OO0.00 OOO OOO.OO ONN OOO.OO OOO NO.O5o>
OOO.OO OOO OOO.OO NOO OOO.OO OON OOO.OO ONN OOO.OO OOO OOOOOO
OON.NO OOO OON.OO OOO ONO.OO OON OO0.00 OON OOO.OO OON ..oOOEOO
OOO.OO. ONO OOO.OO. OOO.. OOO.OO. ONO OON.OO. N.O OOO.OO. OOO m3:2...
u000>cm
OON.OO. OOO OON.NO. .OO OOO.OO. OOO OON.OO. OON oOO.OO. OOO NOMMMOO
005003 O3O:00 005003 O3O:00 005003 O3O:00 005003 O3O:00 005003 O3O:00
m03ozu:0z 0:.O3o: 00301-:02 0:.030: O03ozncmz 0:.O3oI O03ozucmz 0:.m3o: O03ozucmz 0:.O3o:
m..o:
00:00.O0m

 

005003 O03orn:0x 0:0 m3m:00 0:.O30:

 

>0.m00>.:: 00000 :00.50.: 00 m..05 00:00.m00
:00 000 O000> 000:0.00 N00.u0m0. :. 005003 O0305u:0E 0:0 O3O:00 0:.O301uu.N-< m5m<h

 

#0

00...0.00 m.N NN.N00.00 00. :0..00.00 :0. 00.000.00 N:— 0:..:00 00 0.0000

 

 

 

 

 

O0.00N O. O0.0N. O O0.00. O OO.OON O. O0.00 O memnO
3030:.Ioz

OO.OOO OO. OO.OON OO OO.NNO OO OO.ONO OO. OO.NO. OO OOOOO
O.o-0n0.0

ON..OO NO ON.OO... .O OO.NOO OO OO.N.O NN OO.NON O. OOOOO
.0000005

O0.00..OO O. NO.OON.OO O OO..OO.OO O OO..OO.OO O. OO.ONNO O OOOOO
05.0-0005
0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 :0.000.0.000.0

.0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 0:00.00<

005532 005532 005532 005532 ,Iu 005532
NOO. .OO. OOO. OOO. OOO.

 

.0000 0:00.00<

 

>0.000>.:0 00000 500.50.: 00 ..0: 0055<u:0002 000
00000 No 00553: 0:0 :0.000.m.000.0 >5 .0000> 000:0.00 N00.u0m0. :. 0000 0:00.00<iu.0n< 05m<0

 

#l

0N.0¢m.N0 N0 :N.m.m.N0 00 0:.000.00 00. .0.000.N0 NN .0.000.N0. N0 0.0000

 

 

 

 

O0.00 O O0.00 O O0.00. N O0.00 O O0.00 O 033
>030:.u02

OO.NO. OO O0.00. OO OO.NOO ON O0.00. OO O0.00. OO OOOOO
O.O-000.0

ON..OO .O O0.00. NN ON..OO ON ON.OOO ON OO.NON O. «0000
.0000005

O0.00N..O O ON.OOO.NO O .N.NO0.00 N O0.000..O O .0.00N.NO O mOan
05.0-0005
0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 :o.000.0.000.0

.0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 0:00.00<
005532 005532 005532 005532 005532
NOO. .OO. OOO. OOO. OOO.

 

0000 0:00.00<

 

 

>0.000>.:0 00000 :00.50.2 00 ..0: 00....5mn000:>0 000
00000 00 00553: 0:0 :o.000.m_000.0 >5 .0000> 000:0.00 N00.n0m0. :. 0000 0:00.00<un.0n< 050<0

92

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0000 0:00.00<

N0.000..O_ OO ON.ONO..O OO OO.NON.OO OO NO..OOO NO O0.0000 O. 0.080

.O0.00 O OO.OO O OO.OO O OO.OO N OO.ON . OO.OO
>030:.uoz

OO.NO. OO OO.NO.. OO O0.00. OO O0.00 ON OO.NO O. OOnOO
O.O-000.0

OO.NON O. OO.NO. O. OO.OO. O OO.OO. O OO.N.. O OOOOO
.0000000

NO.OOOO O ON.OOO..O O OO.NON.NO O N0.0NON N O0.0000 . OOOOO
05.0-0005
0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 :0.000.0.000.0

.OOON 0o .OOON 0o .ONON 0o .OOON 0o .OOON 0o .OOO.oo<
005532 T. 005532 005532 - 005532 005532
NOO. .OO. OOO. OOO. OOO.

 

 

>0.000>.:0 00000 :00.50.2 00

..O: ..OOonO

000

00000 00 00553: 0:0 :0.000.m.000.0 >5 .0000> 000:0.00 N00.n0m0. :. 0000 0:00.00<nu.0.u< 050<0

#3

00.0.00 00 0N.0N00 .0. 00.0000 0N 00.0000 N0. 00..0.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

O. m.OOON

OO.OO, N OO.ON . OO.OO N OO.OO . O OO.ON . OOOOO
>030:.uoz

OO.OO ON OO.NO . O. OO.OO .ON OO.OO. OO OO.NO O. OOOOO
O_o-000.0

OO.N.. O ON.OOO O. ON.OO O OO.ON O ON.OO O moOOO
.0000005

OO.NONO N OO..O.N . O0.0000 N O0.0000 O OO.NO O . OOOOO
05.0:0005
0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 :0.000.0.000.0

.0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 0:00.00<

005532. 005532 005532 005532 005532
NOO. .OO. OOO. , OOO. OOO.

 

0000 0:00.00<

 

 

>0.000>.:5 00000 :00.50.2 00 ..0: :00:05 000

00000 00 00553: 0:0 :0.000.m.000.0 >5 .0000> 000:0.00 N00.u000. :. 0000 0:00.00<nn...u< m00<0

 

 

 

 

 

OO.ONNw NN 0N.0mmw 0N O0.0000 0N OO.0000 0: 0N...N0 0. m.m0o0

OO.ON . OO.ON . OO.ON . OO.O0 0 O mommO
>030c.uoz

O0.0: O. O0.0: O. O0.0: O. Om.N:. Om 00.0N m mommu
O.m-0mh.m

O0.00. O. 00.0:N m. 00.m:N m. O0.0NN N. Om.00.0 O. mummO
.0000000

OO.m. 0 . OO.Nm 0 . 0N.m000 . OO.0NN0 m O mommO
06.0u0000
0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 0000 00000 c0.00u_0.000.0

.0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 .0000 00 0c0n.uu<

000832 000832 000532 000832 L0nE3z
N00. ..00. Oom. 000. 000.

0000 0:00.00<

 

 

>0.0L0>_c: 00000 cmm.:u.z 00 ..0: >0.0x00 000
00000 00 00063: 0cm c0_000.0_000.u >0 .0000> 000c0.00 N00.u0mm. c. 0000 0:00.00<uu.m.n< u0m<0

[+5

 

 

 

 

oo.~mw« .m m~.m:~m N. mm.:w:m m: om.:m.m o. m..om_m m. m_muoh

oo.o: N o oo.oo m . oo.o~ _‘ OO.ON _ mommo
>L:Hc_uoz

oo.mm o~ mm.m~ m om.~:_ om om.u:. o. om.~: o. mommu
u_m-umg_u

oo.mm N oo.m-w N. m~._m_ m oo.mm : m~.mm m momma
. .mgOuuoa

ow.~o:w N o om.om_w m om... m _ o:.~_ m _ mummu
mE_uuum04
umou mmmmu umou mwmmu umou mmmmu meQ mmmmo umou mmmmu co_umu_m_mmm_u

_mu0h mo _mu0h mo _mu0h mo _mu0h, wo , .mHOP mo ucmv_uu<
gossaz LvnE32 LmnE:z Lmn532 Lenssz
~om. .mm. .. com. mmm_ . mmm_

 

umOu ucmvmuu<

 

 

>u_mLm>_c: mumum cmm_;u_z mo __mI pm_L;u__o Lem

mummu mo Lmnszc vcm co_umu_m_mmm_u >3 .mgmm> Lmucm_mu mom—ummm_ c_ “moo ucoU_ou<un.m_u< m4m<k

A6

 

m_.~mmm N. oo.m~n~.w.

 

 

 

 

 

oo.mon cw om.~m«w w. oo.mm_m N. m. m_uuop

o o o oo.o~ :1: _ oo.o~ _ mommu
>Lsmc_uoz

m~.m~ m mn.m~ m mn.m~ m om.m: o. om.m: o_ momma
u_m-ym._m

m~._m~m m. {mN.m:Nm m. mN._m_m N mk.mm m om.~__ o momma
.mgOuuoo

o o o ww.oN_m _ mm.mm_._m _ momma
me_u-um04
umOQ mummu “mow mummo umou mmmmu umou mmmmo umOu. mummu co_umu_m_mmm_u

_mu0h mo .muOF we .mHOh mo pmHOF mo _mu0h mo ucmv_uu<
Lucasz Lmnszz gossaz gmasaz gonEJZ
$9 $9 89 $9 $9

 

meU acou_uu<

 

 

>u_mgo>_c: oumum cmm_cu_z mo __m: mEm____3 Lew
mmmmu wo LonE3c tam co_umu_w_mmm_u >3 .mgmo> Lmvco_mu Nom_uwmm_ c_ “moo ucov_uu<nu.:_n< mgm<h

#7

 

 

 

 

4m._mN._w Nm mm._am» om No.m_:w .m ON.NmoNN. o: OO.Nmam mN m_auo»

oo.o: N oo.cm m oo.o: N oo.oo m oo.o: N momma
>Laac_noz

oo.mm oN om.N:_ on oo.mm ON om.N:. . om oo.mm 0N momma
u_m-umg_u

oo.om_ m om.NoN :. mN._m_ N om.Nm_ o. mN.mm m momma
.mgouooo

:m.¢:¢._m N mm.oN:m m N:.m:_m N ON.NmNm m mN.m0Nm N mummu
®E_unum04
umou mummu umou mmmmu “moo mommu amen momma “mow mammu co_umu_m_mmm_u

_mu0h mo .mHOP mo _mu0k mo _mu0h mo _mu0h mo acmu_uu<

Lucas: LmnEJZ LonEJZ LmnEDZ gmnE:z
Nom— _mm_ oom_ mmm_ ‘ mmm_

 

pmoQ ucov_ou<.

 

 

>u_mLm>_c: mumum cmm_:o_z m0 __m1 o>mz gem

mummu mo LmnEJC vcm co_umu_w_mmm_o >3 .mLm0> Lmncm_mu Nmm_uwmm_ c_ “moo ucoU_uu<nn.m_u< m4m<k

#8

 

.Nm um

 

 

 

mm.mo—.—w ~o_. ::.:®m.uw o__ :N.cem.~m om om.:mm mm.o~m._m mm m_muoh

oo.o~_ w oo.o~_ m oo.oo_ m oo.oo_ m 00.9w : momma
>Lamcwuoz

oo.mw~ om oo.mm~ ow om.nm~ om om.nm~ om oo.m_ o: memmu
v_mnumg_u

oo.mw~ om oo.mm~ mm om.mw: om oo.oom um mN._w~ m_ mummo
.mgOuuoo

mo.wm:m m ::.:m~.~m m :n.mmm._m m om.mm:._m m :N.odm._m : memmu
mE_unNm04
amen mommu “moo mmmmu “moo momma umou mmmmu “mow mummo co_umu_m_mmm_u

_mu0h mo .mHOF mo .mNOF mo _mu0H mo _mu0h mo “cmv_uu<

gossaz Loganz Lmnsszk . LmnE:z LmnE:z
~mm. mmm_ wmm_

 

umou ucmu_uu<

 

 

>u_mgm>_c: mumum‘cmm_;u_z mo __m: zmzm Lo»

mummu mo Lassa: Ucm :o_umu_m_mmm—u >3 .mgmo> Lmvcm_mu Nmm_nwmm_ c_ umou acmv_uu<nu.w_u< m4m<k

1+9

 

fiJ‘

omqum_

Aw

 

 

 

 

 

 

m~.w::.ww mmw mm.mm~.mw Now .o.—ow.ww New npqoms.mw mmb. .0» __~ m-«uOh

oo.ow~ :_, oo.qwm m. oo.oo: o~ ooqcm_ m ooqowN :. momma
>Lamcmuaz

oo.moo o:_ om.~om om. 00.0mm cow om.-: om oo.mom 0:. momma
v_onumumu

m~.wm~._ no om.N_o._ :m om.nw~ N: m~.mmm .m m~.mom m: momma
. .mgOuUOQ

mm.::N.:m :. mm.mmm.:m m. .m.mom.:m ON N:.mw_.:m m mm.oo:.:m :_ momma
, osmuuumOA
umoU mummu umou mmmmu umou momma amen mammu umou mummu co_umu_m_mmm_u

_Mu0h mo .muOh mo .mNOh wo .mNOH mo .mu0h we ucov_ou<

Logan: Lucasz ‘Lmnsaz Lonsaz Lucasz
Nmm_ .mm. com. mmm_ amm—
umou

acou_uu<

 

 

>u_mgo>_:: oumum cmm_:umz mo m_—m: daugw >uogm Low
mommu we Lassa: vcm co_umu_m_mmm_u >n .mgmo> Lmvco_mu mom—nwmm_.c_ Mmeu ucmv_uo<un.m_a< m4m<h

0‘} c c c c L} o o o o c c o o o 02;. ouoioimoixodxlo o o o o o o o o s or. o 9 §
. _u_ _ _ , _ .

O0.0...COOOUOC0.0CCO
a.NN.m.N._Nn.m.N..°.._

LO ..Euo O» t:- OZ< ma:

on: .5381
bucoo<
oaxh

€83

33.0.00 {03 #3.. 05:. .02:

wU<nm ms: 2. Fri; #02 OO £50m ..o 0t2_:<

a 0
§

.. of... han mama: quQUU< 5.

<3

.2253; 2. >01 52>; €200... .050 »:< tea £85.80 00..» ...omgtcou 33.5w .ouotaw 2:530 .505 .0 Sou :. $.50: “22.; «cos; .9. $325 .33uvoconaox :23... 2.0383 3 comatose

000000000
u "

0333 .5 >3! .0

D 0.03.0;

0010.}

9

330: IN 22:) 33:55 05 33.308 >._._mmm>_ZD ugh—m Z<0_IU_<< l ...Zmn=UU< >mDfiZ_ 4<ZOWmmm LO hmOmmm

nOPrMnn I r c U Q 1. m.

r n a > 25 2... . .. N . 2 5::
u. 3 o: o o 3..

. +
O..0.000000000000

O J
I”!
000

.,
'IW
‘0“

g:-

 

 

a".

sum OF HOW nmms
WW STA}: CWJIW
my mac, Mrr‘MfiM-i

‘7.~-‘ \ v - " C" ' I
rinblpm, h.¢. J93}

E! 7.1.1 , 131‘51.‘ (a ""7 .
SEYQty kanaqement in Kichivan
State Unive sity Residence Halls

|
a
a

i l1é1].l., 1361x/jmj bJ.

‘ iBexT%91;y Phur1auqcnneerrt jww P1it:f|1§yau1 fiftalt
'1 M _ 155$ , .1. ‘EEJtEEJS M ~ 5:5 .

'\

\1

W STATE UNWERS!"
COLLEGE OF HUMAN ECOYUfiX
REFERENCE UBRAR

 

 

(I’HUHMIHIH WWW/11H! M! W” WWI

 

293 02460 4633