HHHHH \ \HH THE. EVOLUTION OF THE SWIMMING POOL filed: for the Degree of B. S. HTCHIGAN STATE COLLEGE George H. Dye I947 TH ES'S PLACE IN RETURN BOX [0 remove [ TO AVOID FINES return on or MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. his checkout from your record. before date due. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 6:01 C VCIRC/DateDue p65-p 15 __._‘—. The Evolution of The r‘ O_' O r‘. Tu oWlflWlh £001 tiRITV'TVfif A?“ :fiPLljo ”CI? F” Candidate for the Derree of ?achelor a? Science June 1947 THESES DTDTjATTCV To those who pioneered the swiwming $001 and to those who are today furthering its progress this thesis is hereb” dedicated. l m f‘ri‘ LulJ r“ \W _ ‘r 'u‘ v y. ‘5‘.- 1".“ Va“ Irmaoovcmtov The puroose of this thesis is to orovide for the er ineer an histo ri- cal background in swimmin: pools. Fredrick V. Luehring, anth r o? Swinnins u- .M Pool utandirds states, "V0 comorehensive history of the swimminfi wool _.-_—-.-. -u- - has been writte n-—there is a nee For such a stud"." This caper, while its scepe is linited by tie lac? 0? time, travel, and avails le literatwre, 19 still renresentative c? a sood deal of library research. The hihliOfiraehical coeoilation was carefully made to incl 4 all available material on the sobiect, yet only those books whose subiect matter was incornorzated in the t,xt 0° this nsner were included. Althoufh nwrerons books have been written on the subject, too often in re ent vears the fool des irier his followed "cook book" pro- cedures o? desivn which is somewhat necessary due to rigid health and construct ion standards. moere should be miich tine soent in examining tie e“e ific case op each pool so as to best obtain the POSL economical yet appealing structure. It is hosed the the raterial oresented in this oaoer will aid the des ivnc r to incoriorate the m0 at satis ctorv comyonents a d side elines in his flaos. Tn *eneral the material is arranWed chronologically, but where it is nec es ry to trace paralleling develooments of different wool types, each was followed throuTh indeoendentlv for reasons of continuitV. Perhaps the ch.ice o? the title s‘cointld he explained. Since "evolution" inolies any prosress of formation or frowth, I have used the word to cover the cvcle-like pattern of swinmin; pool develonment and lafise. mhe conclusion of this pane? summarizes and evaloates the factors which rave most contr . boted t. the development 0? the swimming pool and it will be shown that there is more than the technical fictore to consider in predicting future use and advances in the swinrinj pool. A challenfe 18 open to one who will semeday ise this osoer as a framework for ?1twre enlar enent on this suhiect. The use of the Bath has existed in one form or another since the beginninw of civilization, but in those earliest times man (as yet barbaric) made use of only the natural water supplies. The employment of the warm bath originated at least five thousand years ago in the Far East. In recent years, excavations in India have unveiled a great hydropathic establishment at Nohenjo—daro (27), where, centered in one large quadrangle is a swimming bath 59' X 25' with flifhts of steps at either end. These pools contained platforms such as to accommodate those who found the water too deep. Although these baths were constructed for the use of the common people they were encineered against settlement and leakage. The lining of the pool was made of fine— ly dressed brick set into mortar between three and four feet thick. Backinr this was a one-inch thick course of bitumin and this was held in place by still another layer of burnt brick. Short cross walls between it and the verandah foundations counteracted any lateral pressure. This bath had a hypo-caustic system of heating by means of fires and subterranean channels. Well water was used and a covered drain drew off the stale water. To have reached such a pinnacle in that day we must acknowledge the presence of the "pool“ in India many years before. BTW"? T All R ATP 3 About this same time in Egypt, the wealthy nobles had decorative pools inside their garden walls which were used also for bathing. About 2900 B. C. one of the early Pharohs had a lake—size pool built in the palace park for his diversion. Wolf and Scheleyer also state that bathing pools existed in ancient Asia, Persia, Assyria and Palestine, and served chiefly as cleansinv, ceremonial, and therapeutic media. TUE GREEK? ADOPT SHIYVIVG BATH Swimming as such found its foothold in the early ureek civiliza- tion. It was siven a hith place in the Greek educational program. Dlato states that the inability to swim was as detrimental as the ina- bility to read. (16 3h. 10) Among the fireeks the Lacedaimonians were the first accordinj to Thricvdides who adopted the custom from the Asiatics (2—p195). About five hundred B. 0. some small cold plunges were built (27). These pools were in conjunction with the palistra or gymnasia. One hasn't far to look to see its modern day carry over. Within about two hundred years the pools became more elaborate probably due to the Roman influence. These pools were of various temperatures and were known as Kolymbethra. The pool at Olympia (the famous paligtra) was snall in comparison with one built some time later which measured 1.5 kilometers in circumference and about 10 meters in depth, which made it adequate for both swimming and diving (27). Perhaps the first natural warm water pool was built at Thermopvlae by Herod Atticus. THE ROSA? BATES Fore than those before, and for the most part more than those followine, the Romans achieved an acne of swimming bath development. The Early Romans used to use the Tiber exclusively as their bathing resort, for as yet the vapor and hot baths were scarcely known to them. Rome being high in the hills, had difficulty in conveyance of water. It was over 400 years after the founding of Rome that water was brOUjht by .....i-_ ' “"~- ‘~ ,—.—.. ~‘4r-—- _-.“_ n- H ‘ «(-1- I .’ .' I . A ' o ,0-‘5. j-‘f Painting by H. M. Hornet Its Snow-white Border, Whom Would It Not Tempt to Throw 05 His Idle Garment and Plunge In?” 9 National Geographic Sm h-ly m The Blue Translucent Flood H Statius, S ilvae and when it was found that certain channels carried undesirable water these channels would be diverted to irrigation uses only. Tie employ- ment of settling basins reduced turbidity and strict lefislation pro- hibited upstream contamination. Although the methods of flow measure- ment were crude and somewhat empirical, they nevertheless served as sufficient indices of flow quantities. Reference will be made to quantity of water a little later. the Roman thermne used the heating system of the Indie bath, that is the Hypocaust system. In addition to this, care was taken to shelter the "pool" acainst the cold as much as possible, as is mentioned by Vitrius (26}. The hypocaust system is worth eXplanation. Three bronze tanks were placed above the furnace, one tank each for hot, tepid, and cold baths. The tanks were so arranged that water might flow succes- sively from cold to tepid to hot, thus economizing on heat. The vault- like chambers which held the basins were heated from a common furnace. Vitrius goes on to exnlain that the hanging floors were to be made as follows: "Pave the ground with eighteen-inch tiles build on an incline." This sloping aided in the spreading of the flame. On the pavement piers of eirht-inch bricks were built at intervals of two feet to accomo- date the two-foot tiles above. The piers made of clay worked up with hair were two feet hifh and supported the pavement. The vaulted ceilings were made of concrete or of timber lined with brick. To further establish the enormous siie of these baths we have only to cite the Baths of Caracalla in Rome. These baths included an area of more than twenty acres (29). ”In the central buildines were halls so vast that thousands could wander through them at one time. Rooms with vaulted ceilings 70 feet above the floor, an enclosed swimming pool 200 feet long, and a steam room half as large as the Pantheon, hundreds of marble statues, acres of mosaic flooring and thousands of square yards of costly marble veneerinq were adornments." (29) Yet, despite the siZe of this larse center it was only one of seven in Rome, "Framing and setting off the geometric mosaics of the floor, marble steps lead down into a marble—lined pool filled waist-high with luke-warm water from a nine concealed in a statue base behind a bronze lion's-head I! Spout and was connected with the furnace boilers in the basement. Sanitation was at a maximum considering the "Germ" was yet to be discovered. But if for no better reason than the pure asthetic appeal, the Romans accomplished almost ideal conditions. Ferhaps the most im- portant sinwle item was the circulation system in the pools. Numerous inlets served to bring in the fresh water from the hills, hile an over- flow svstem guaranteed distribution of fresh water and served to break up the ever treacherous still surface of the pool. So much emphasis was placed on this system of circulation that daily consumption of water in Tome for baths alone reached 200,000,000 gallons per day (14). This fifure is well over the amount used by the city of Lansing, Kichi an in two weeks for all purposes. Strict comsliance wi+h pool regulations was also necessary. It was a definite preliminary for the bathers to so to an "unctuarian" where they were annointed with oils and covered with sand and then scraped thus cleansinf themselves before entering the pool! Some other interestin~ features of Roman baths and pools are furnished by Pliny (50-pp 207-210). "But the best dipped frigid heads, soused in, and swam sub-aqueous, a wonder to behold." This substantiates the fact that divine was carried on in the pools of that day despite the limited depth of 4 to 6 feet, an incomplete turbidity control of the water, and the accompanying darkness of the lead linins of the pool. Whatever the «232% .mstauml:>»o_om mooacusm 05 80.: 25.593 mwauuqm Euoum GEE a van wait—mam— 05 “5:84 55.33 0.5 3020 3:95:— 035$: 3.43: .7. .2 .3 5:52:— .$.:..:v. 3.13.533 $992.37. Q decree of diving, we are safe in assuming thct no diving boards were used. ialleries 0? varying size were Festnres of all swifiminw baths. These valleries rsn~ed from a few rows 0? stems herdering the pool to he gifantic aquatic svnhitheatre whic% could hold tFomssnfls. Tye son] was larfe enmush to hold sifiulqted sea battl s with thousands of men and res] shins o? the time beinr weed. Tle ”Deans carried with thew into their acquired territsries the Gusto“ of +h0 hct% and the swimmifir pool. Amou~ the Untisvs so bene— ' 4. .. - c' F‘ .. , ' 1r- ~r n ‘ n ..... a , fitted were apuin, FFQ‘CQ, 131a Liner, crth «frlcs, Jerranv, and -Tl‘l'lrdo ”tr? ,gr‘v'"? *3“). ,.‘--T\ '1'”? “WWII Ihvssti*1tinw these peels in foreirs territories of che is istnr— esti”¢ as it shows the “Oman influence but in meet cases a concri ' 3 .t. . .m' ‘ - 1 ,. A. \,., local 1cflnence 0° economv enter.s' 2n. Peruqns tne 10s“ Orthudfih territorial bst‘ was built in Trier on the Yssells River. chern Trier WP” \‘11 ,\_. has a copulation of 99,- illCh is but a 9rsct3fn 2? tte ancient 'TOrman cit? (29-534). F. Tarpertcr are ". P. Ver‘ct "c on to descr Be the large bet? located in "dome haficwd tke A.“s". "In Trier which was t*e residerce Cf tee Pivst “briqtiav emberor, Tonstsntine, r1? be seen the msst extevsive WcM2n rcwsins north of the 3lf‘s. fits cam, beating svstem was road as in thy gcwan ficcls. The reinsrts o? t“is bath have furnished a shod deal of DlUVblh” informstic“. ?rCW t“e to élwcts which sutslisfl +%n Presk water. Fihrr conduits 0? stwccced mhscan, terrs cotts Discs. avd lend tubes S'd Fittinfs took the water to t"" ”goals". “7 the "se 0? soft lead, the pines cowld be essilv out, icinzd, ans Melted th~et¥er. I? this wsy, check and control valves were set in ROM nacesoi+" cf tPreqdihf tPe we‘sl (20-614). mhe hives L \ L tFn Wines wit were suspended by hooks and were easil” carried thron~h ,he floors and ins‘de the walls. Cno can not todav Frown on the ulnnhin~ weed redard— ,J. less of ts appearance For it did most satispectorily serve its purpose. In England a Roman type swinmin: bath was conqtructed in the first centnrv i. D. This bath was 82 feet lone, 40 feet wide and lined with lead. Even todav this both is still water ti ht, and still receives water from the orifiral sprinq source. We Find that in Cairo as late as 1990, a hath still in operation which nidht firrther the picture of the bathing procedure of the Roman bath (6). As one first entered the bath hOuse he was led into a small carpeted room where he proceeded to undress. When this was done, he was led to a darkiOh hot room where he was seated on a marble bench. After becoming warm, the snide would lead the bather through a series of roons. ?ach room was increasingly warmer than the one previous. Calminatin: this trip was a large steam—Filled room with a central peristfile in the middle of which was a large steaminfi tank of water with steps running down into it. The walls of white marble contained beauti- ful inlays. The domed porticos o? the peristvle were plastered and lighted by star-shaped openings in each done. A gutter was placed in the white marble rim of the bath. The bathers were laid down alongside of the pool and scrubbed vigorously with a horse—hair glove brush, then soaned, and scraped with wooden strips. The bather was then required to walk down the first step and danile his feet in the nearly scaldin: water. he then proceeded to go down further into the pool, step by step, as his body became adjusted to the tempera- ture, if such a thing was possible. Finally the attendant would take the initiative and pull the novice bather all the way in and duck him completely. After that, the bathnr mijht paddle about as long as he could stand the heat. The process in leaving was no less prelonjed than the entering process. The bather had to To throufh a series of hot to cold water baths before dressinr. TPB “ATV AVD Th3 NIUDLE AGES Bone seven hundred years after the first Roman baths we find instead of a progress that a decadence set in. In 4E5 A. D. the "world" conquering Buns out the Roman aqueducts. This left Rome without an economical water source. In their attempt to save water, the Romans cut down the rate of turnover in pools and were less particular in the purity of water used. (14) With this lessened water supply and a less prosper- ous vovernment to meet the necessary repairs, the pools in Rome devenerated and became places of infection. 80 ended the glorious institution of a great empire. Althouch there is very little information on the use of the swim- ming bath for the next thousand years there is much to observe in solving the problem of the lack of development in the middle aces. "In the middle ages there was a retrogression, for the spirit of ascetism did not foster ahlutions." (15) The Crusaders took exception to this and borrowing the idea more from the Orient rather than from the Romans were instrumental in the spreading of the bath throurhout Europe, thoufih by this time in a very diswqised form. From this point on, the bath was as big a social hot potato as taxation mirht he a political hot potato today. physiciars, clergvmen and nublic officials would "0 first hot and then cold on the institution. In fifteenth century Denmark, bathing was practically unheard of, yet less than 100 years later the Scandinavians considered baths as indispensiblc. In St. Foix‘s "Historical Tssavs on Paris" we find that the mixed nobility were taking baths before each meal. The attennt to brine bwck the pool in those days was licked before it could set started by two chief causes. Tirst the failure to use a circu- latinw system of fresh water and second, there was too much a heatinj problem. 70th of these show the lack of public funds for in Home the fee of one cent per bather hardly defrayed the larfie costs. As might be concluded, the pools becane infection centers and were frequently traced as focii of small pox epidemics. This all combined to five the progress of the "swimming pool" another setback. The suypression of baths car- ried throuch most of francs, “ernany, and Denwsrk. This was all the forerunner of an age of filth, for when ParisianS, for exanple, rave up public bathing they also save it up at home. At t.e tine of Louis XIV, both the poor and rich classes alike were objects of filth. A book published in 1667 A. D. urged children not to use water and a learned treatise on the subject advised against bathing (2). In the reitn of Queen Elizabeth 3 qossio sheet of the day stated "The Queen hath built herself a bath where she doth bathe herself once a oonth.n The baths that finally did return to Europe were so hvbrid and contrary to any orthodox baths that they were perhass called baths only for lack of another name.[ A nioht club would be about the best modern equivalent of what sprang up in Germany and Franceé} The Ronans who were quite modest in their hathins must have turned in their traves at the prospect of the baths beinf open to women, for it was seldom in old ficme that father and son would bathe at the same time because of modesty.) C. N. Inyleby on a trip through France in 1965 shows the trend in develop— ment (3). The pool in Bains de Loe'che, accordinj to his descrintion, had a centralized nool in a lerve room. With evrrvcne assembled in the room, a water show started with men dressed in stranfie costumes enterinr 8| H the noel. The atvosshere was tynicallv uardi-gras and a banquet was served all the bathirs as they sat around the cool. Champacne flowed A L the )4- .\ .1 freelv and the climax was reached with the merry—nukers dancing water. The iirst mention on the use of bathinw suits appears in the de- scrintion of this oocl. Dathers were brown woolen suit“. D vinq was carried on in this pool, brt no information was found that can state whether it was desiined for it or not. Ye find sore evidence of swinminj pool regulations crude as they were. To smokins or spitting, and of all thinks, the discussion of religion vas not nermitted in the pool. ‘ o a 0 2e Romans, althou”h helievinc in the Tneraoeutic vilwes o ( ‘t annhasise this feature to a arsat extent. The Tool around a . r—J ) .o hundred ”wars afio, nérhips otherw se :infi an excuse for existence, became the grescribed treatment of various ailments: Iewralfia, rheuws- ti W, scorbutic, and cutaneous maladi 9. Tu flussia, girl rd, and I. “ l‘ “ . ~ 0 ‘ rs” ' xv,"’ , . - ‘ . ‘ '--. -. v :eannk tne vaoor bath was mucn in favor L; toe as: flln‘ bets. :oo:cr3 , ' 4., ‘ , 1.: f. 4-7.. - . ., 4. : r. ,- , “1‘4. ° ~. {1 4.1. A . ,. '7, ' and sanitation ”shin: eyen 01a essal. ;o aescrLan or inese aatas 1 cluded it at all. It is interesting to note this exnedient form of bath night well have arisen free econorv. .Tust as an interestini interjecuion, we find that Jerome Vaooleon had about the most distorted of all ideas 10 as it “3 ht seem, he filled the "cool" wit. wine (29). he claimed it as a» invifioratina sorrce. ho arfunznt will be made on this contenfion, but one mimht well question his allowinf his servant to rebuttle the wine, however. lfl V‘v“ 7 v ‘5 .‘1‘1‘ '“'-‘ ' V v ‘ ' ""’ ’ - ' V 7 m~1 V’J‘TF~A-'“ C' or* wry?» QJT”'*““ ‘orr . J a I ‘JA-‘- » l .. 4 .31. J. - x.‘~ .s- -— ‘x _. _4 ..-~. L A.. ‘ --' The selection of any oerticular year or of anv perticwlar pool as being the forerrnner of the modern pool is quite arbitrary, for we find no uninterruptc, pro ress in any pool dating back a hundred years. Since the floatirg pool doesn't seem to hyve much ancestrv we might call it the first new advance in swimminr Tools from days of the iotans until seventeen hundred A. D. L'fence we see how the cycle of develop— ment returned to the use of natural waters for swimminc, this time confined. Floatin: oools were a pontoon suspended and floated deep in the water. The sides were filled with orifices which permitted a crude but quite sound circulation system. About the first record of the exist- ence of this type of pool was in Far’s about 1755. Called the Rains Viqier of Chinese @aths, those baths were a floatinc, swimming, and bathing structure. We find that thirty to fortv years later these pools had become quite elaborate. Two stories, galleries, windows, and bath chambers were to be found in these 1760 pools in the Seine River. There is record of a floating pool as lone as a ship of the day, sur- rounded bv two decks, and holding a hundred oersons at a time. (51) France has not given up this type of oool, as is substantiated by record of their existence as late as 1935, on the Seine River. Improve- ments have modernized these old pools and most of them have been cut off from river flow and equipped with an independent recirculation system. The use of the floatin: pool was wide-spread and the 18th century found this type of pool built in Germany, Austro-Hungary, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. London, not to be outdone by the countries on the continent built the most impressive of all the floating pools in 1875 on the banks of the Thames. ”his was an indoor structure of wrought iron, wood, and glass (32). This pool contained a diving platform mede of steel sirders. The nool's dimensions were 135 feet long, 25 feet wide and from 5 feet deep at the shallow end, sloping to 7 feet deed in 90 feet and leveling 00f there for the remairder of the rool lenrth. This pool had one distinct feature of heating the water. Filtration, aeration, mechanical nuros which provided a six-hour turnover, all contributed to rake this yool srectacular for its day. The desifn of this pool placed much emphasis on illumination as is shown by the use 0? glass roofing r J and sidinf. Since heatin: costs would be too{sosll to justify the emera- “ .- pt 7 .~‘ tion for small winter trade, the pool was sometimes used as a skating rink in the winter, thus insuring economic stability. The most remarkable thin: of all in this pool was that despite beine located in the polluted Thames and with no sanitarv water treatment, it did operate a lonj time without being a noticeable infectuous source. This shows how beneficial the mechanical filters ard aeration can be in removal of bacterioloqical contamination. ,. ‘ \.. y. A “TV”; le'i'llf‘”l‘”"‘ T" '1 "r." "VW’i-A .. 4- a - - - _ _ . . . As we miqht suspect, the flxfivG no swimmin~ bool in the United States followed those in Europe and wéts influenced in desirn bv the European pools. Philadelphia was th= scene of the First floatin~ pool in the United States. Baths appeared there on the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers L] in the early 1800's. Lridence o? another pool anchored a Wind Kill later referred to as Smith Island in 1316, was cited b7 Fackson (55). The public f'loatinrr foolfs First a pearance in the United States was in Qoston in 1366 (20). Known as Braman's Swimming Bath, it contained “an? dressinn rooms. There was a nool for swirnin~ plus a smaller tank for J the Private bather. ”his tank was set in an enclosed covfartnwnt to insure yrivacz. These Tools proved nebular sin"1 in the next Few ”ears eleven had been constructed in Weston. ”9w Vorh soon took the lead and had built over two dozen Of this tvne 09 $001 b“ 1Q7O- “earl? 811 the hif cities on the east coast soon had built one or were Ploutinc cools. it The Averiean version o? the loatinq pool was out to man? uses. Swimming, bathint, an1 swimminr instruction keot th“ fools busy. 1. nool s were not €1'}‘__lij‘m€f(l to heat the water, conseo'.rer_tlv !~‘3" were in 1.; . 1. ‘ n, t .0 ,. V- . o.-.‘ . ‘.. m - ¢, operation )lil a is» months o eQPu ”ear. my ineczs He.an to cater to ‘ . h - ‘ 1.. ‘, .u . . - -'~ — fins ‘?-:11 sn‘ sore nools could accomodale ooth sexes at the saw: tw"~. The” he” Fornerlv Pad either senarate cools or had used sewerate bathine days. ”‘9 wsl’n‘ poo! “lea had its oricin about ‘his time, ?or in some to 4‘ '1 .L' ,,. n ' T v, ? r - ‘ : ° -. ~- . cl one ilcacirv _uols 7n Lew 4ora two cools were Built With one skullcw conodate children. (D :15 r) L l (+- 0 £0 0 Mva-I‘ r; . rfiy‘J T“ p1w yrfi I “ r-‘m 20F» V”? q VJ :‘ t4 - i. , .a i- J [1.3.1 :w’ .J 1 ..‘ Tefore coins furth~r in the storv of the fool, it is necessarv to 70 back and irace the Tiaralleli"1'r develonwcnt o“ the bath. With the inno— "ation 0“ the flowin: pool we Find the Pirst real attemot +0 isolote the oath" and tle swirminw nool. r"he nuhlic hath was slow to relinquish the tool an« it still hasn't cnt‘relv done so. fihe bath tub made its first apnearsnce in the Vrited Gtaies in ”incinatti in lQQ? (l7). “he first made c9 "shocanv and lired with lead. 3ut . ,1. $0 [n—J 3) < H. CD 3—4 go "'3 ' 'J 1'.) .—J0 "5 bath tub was before the hath could vet a foot-hold, le~islwtion was oassed ts see back its prnTress. Philcdelhhie in 19h3 massed an ordinance to orohibit ‘ bathinfi from Tloverri‘oer until farch. Poston, two years later, declared .-J. "i L..J o .J -3" (D H D. hathinf unlawful excent when nrescribed bv a nhysician. Vir“ 1 down the use on the bath by levelinr a tax on each of terse hundred dol- lars a year. In fieneral the bath came to the United States as a private institution and althoueh it did receive a Wood many earlv set—backs, by 1860 had becone cart of the American home. The Eurooeans still clung to the public bath because of plumbing if nothinx more. Financially the Surooeans were forced to still a new idea. The bath was incorporated with a public laundrv. An article published in the 12erican-flrghitect and QHildinw Vews in 1393 fives this report of the 19th certurv baths —-—— _———.— _._... "Tne of the institutions found in European cities which would in Europe, be desirable to transrlant to Yew York and other American cities is the "baunderie" (combination public laundry and bath). In Geneva on the Rue du ?hone was built such a ylace in 1957 at a c0dt of 230,000." These baths stressed sanitation even thoufh unaware of the care theory throujh tub scrubbinfs etc. mhe author of this article was obviously acainst baths in home as he noes on, “There are some hathing establishnents in Paris which have no laundrv connected with them—~few homes in Paris have wash stands—~fortunatelv for the health of the race." " in london called St. George's paths There was a fine "h unierie and Wash houses. This bath ran on a small income of between four and eight cents for admission. So we see that even with the added feature of the laundry, the swimming bath of those times was not a profitable enterprize. 2v ngl three pools located in london were accommodatin: 255,000 bathers per annum. These baths were “he Faddinwton, the Queen's Road, and the Pavswater. There was some class or econonic se aration in these baths--first, second, and third class. 3y lQQO, the English had entirely discontinued the use of baths built during the honsn occupation. Those situated in a dark, cold cellar on Strand Lane in London still served a function in that tourists would buy souveneir vials of their water. American writers not satisfied with the use of private home baths 1): in the United States took up the cry for public baths. American laboring classes were openly called the "”reat Un—washed" as many 0? these laborers couldn't afford hone bathirf. The sponsors c? this movement were aware of the economic drawbacks so thew annealed to philanthropists to back the venture. All this was in the 1990's (5). In 1990 Cosmopolitan Majazine offered a two hundred dollar prize for the best desisn of a public bath for the foor (1). Architecture was stressed in most desivns and included a laundry and a turkish bath in addition to the pool. At this time the pool was referred to as a "plunge." These probosed pools were to operate on a seven cents a day fee, and still the sublic was slow to take full advantafe c? than. :“or the most part these early swimming baths were the fill and draw tvne. In Few York jitv in 1?]5 the river became seriously contaminated and the runerous flcatirg fools were converted to the Fill and draw tvpe. TV? SYIVTl“? SCUCCL seeore 1*3V1“” it“ SHb‘ at 0” the Pleasing Wools, it is interesting ‘ I . to account for their ran;d dQV91OWment. "ore ferhabs than anf other infl‘ie‘,’lce, t‘ne advent Cf the? Sv’iwj‘w‘i‘fin‘ l’rlstened this, ae'nr'51.-'“T‘“l"3nt. “(it since the d3"° of the "reeks and ”omens had swinein: bevn treated as an intewral Tmrt o? tho “h"sical educational bromram. Fools serves ”an? f notions the least he wlich ..- - L) about 50“ 1' ?‘ till ah0”t 1733 i. W. A"ain Turbos set th: taco. cht, the sorenean swimm4re “eels were in existence nearlw a cantor” 1" I o o —‘ o o 1’ . ‘ --' separe they were Introduced in fiherlca. ‘cniamin ”ran lin was a stronx hrflfiOheht on thig *Vre 0? school Qfld in 1724 made 2? gfflprt fiC establish 8‘ Sn‘flF01 in 'jTlC:]_‘gl Yid (27: o 7 atpr i”; *wle Same C 31'_,t.f1‘" . (3.1.)1,w"j:.- sot-P'n] 7 spranf no along the geine River in ”sris. mhese schools were set up to teach almost exclusively and were not in confiunction with the existing pools. Some of these schools accommodated both sexes in their treinin: facilities. “ermsny Followed early in the nineteenth certwry by opening a number of schools for swiwming, and Found it seneficisl in training her soldiers. Denmark, Pclland, Russia and Swede were soon to follow. .1!) rs.) Denmdrk trained a sta 0? teachers to teach in her pools (2?). F" 1925 we find that pool design was changed to accommodate the swinmers' needs. P. V. Elias was the “orerunner c” this movement in Denmark. "?rancis Liebec and Relnh Thomas say that ¢lias copied the entire chapter ‘1 sncd }Jv on swimming from an earlier treatise, "fiber das Schwiminen," publ snonvmovslw in 1917, but really written hr General Von Pfue , who should be credited with the description as follows (20): 'The depth 0? water in the place chosen for swinminé should, if possible, he oct less than eieht feet, and selected in the clearest, calmest water possible.'-— is to enclose a sheet of wster 100 paces in lenfth, 2% in bread h, and of the requisite depth with floats and to erect t which new surgcrt the scaffolding and rsilin: necessary to suooort the goles dorin: the time of nractice.'" Other improvements set ?orth at this time were as Follows: nvrtitions ior dressin" and as a wird and sun bresk, divinr hoards (—-"everv swimminv school on ht to have a les inn tower frnm which the swims rs KEV 1:3 fro? di?ferent heights"\, divVisioc 0? an sqwstic sports area. One can easily note th: modi‘icsticn c? three recowmendstions is t dsv's peels as it was ori infill? rnnq mended thit the diving tower shruld he no less tFwn thirty Pest hi h. 'f' : ‘ , ' .' 1 ' m , ' . ’ , . '5. gr!“ . --, 34,,” 4‘ , iueoer, 1n establisnwn- the SJ‘r inf schools ls .ne ;.ded :tites J. the schools in ih‘s courtry made use of existing Fleetint structures ”7d althonjh they lacked deoth for diviné instruction, the' screed to several of the east coast cities. ‘ 1 D Alon: with the float n» gool came the river and 30387 pools. They were like the 'f‘lor-itin'r oools in that tley nade use 0 nvtwral bodies of water, but were different in that the he"C“ and river pools were structures with foundations and in :eneral wore germanentlv constructed. As their conte~rorary, the floatins fools, ther had openinrs in the sells to allow a 1 the river to furnish -resn water as it would. France claimed fools c? L 9‘ J4 .. I. (D C.- :1 EU I as far back as 1730 {27). It was this tJae of pool that irst MWfil01pel pool in Tivernool, 3n land in l7§l. This 0‘ (D O D D (+- E nool was first constructed for a orivate owner, however. Findinr this tfle satisPactorv, but clin“infi to the bats, Liverpool, within thirty years, had constr cted a mnch laroer structure incorporatins not onlv two swimminf pools, but also two orivate olun e baths. This river pool contained a means of neatinr the oool water, thus m-ninfi it an all~year- round 0001 which was not cannon of most pools of that day. Perhaps the CD uLtinate in the sor ad o.o these cools throughout Europe cave in Vienna in 1976. Wive large river pools were built along the Danube River which were caoable o? holding 1,270 nersons at a time. This venture was a half-million—dollar one. a + The river pool was in advance oi the floating pool in kmeric-. In 1791, one was built on the banhs of the Schuylkill River in T)l'ziladelo“.ia. It was built in coniunction with the established Witwam oaths. A orivatelw controlled fool, it was cooolemented with howlinq greens. It is well to weigh all the advantares and disadvantages of both the floatinf wool and river pool construction. Their advantares were numerous and pronounced by their rapid growth. The economic factor was naramount for these pools were simple in desifn and low in construction '17 frontane hence mafia \l was {the o nente ' C‘ CI“"1 _ ,. _' . I t ' :V -._\ ‘ ,‘_ ' 5 ‘. ' . su:atqrv condit“né o‘ t;w o0! OJllt l e l» r -, .7 ‘, ' ' b J- o . 4" “”“Ce th ~Xi«n-1on o. his n?c roe of ”‘1‘? ' T ‘n‘ Y"_‘rj ¢ . ,.- ' \ \. u , - . E 7 ‘1':‘ \ Z" v ‘ c I T;‘e 1": In pi 1‘- ' gr) ( fl _{’,: 1 r3r~,(;(31-| - :V‘ Q’fl .43.?“ _. "' ‘ fl“ 3 ‘Y' ‘. L : (2‘ urn‘no "‘ n ‘1. A In.) ' . l . l I t . i, . I“ . 5.4 V' ‘ . n+‘1l’xn ”011 -.3 *lnn ‘r' L“: q'n ' .f".-.r_3 F1" ‘ '~‘j ‘fl’ ler “. 4" ".(thq did T} as auditorir“' dve’teves, however. 0 t‘ ,oncta“t.f“nq"er F ‘ l... ”*‘d ._t—/ (A K4 \ I . Wnev sfisesred nsoec1u1lfi anneal was . A. '. , ' :1 Citcinq o erution costs. ihe of all Wirst for heating in t”ese two tvnes of we strvner roinths. 'Wlter {1 ‘I '. + _ “.0 . I fill 3P1"); '« tljeso oulstion and ind”strial "I “"rvided excel 031+ J .. .u I :1. (a ‘vr B I L ‘. scale “d instrww W "3 l” ‘3 + '5 O C 3 r'f S y» .! ._ .4 I Wootentiuus ' ll nff‘l 2'1. h '1 Q lurWe because o? free water. 3isadvantancs t1. .. . 9ronteme occlo was :nterost in swimminr contests 4wrinr t “ornrv hoardinv to cormunitie whose water . rein: wasn't necessary, tn ‘ r ‘n ’2: ‘ I D '.-- _ ‘ Ll 3C (7" \ L‘ '1 Q l D L: \ L) a -.J H 1". D cools. tlere?ore liWi in? their s"J woterrWIN~ increases h xrrrse \ I .‘ W - - - \ tog .qrselv wtod n struct?res . I ‘1 _ J. ,.,C3 .,.' ..\ .s frfir :ic rru: h .. 4.:c7 o- - : i. %. .._ . ' L‘-‘ 7 491! Hit tge '“W’leC.LDJG en4 oocls, 7"'~7 n ' '1 l i .- -c l "“.l7 *;l3bé .4 ON [Al I .3 I W M centln“' was ”I4 Ell fill” ‘ J-‘ ‘ ~ I C“ H “I“? ‘O'flq 3 '< (3".n ~s1y‘w- .. l) A“ u. _k, J. l‘ was ”EVFB‘S the "not l‘”'rtgqt ("Tl '3. A U . . ’Mstovr awihminc tits ‘W‘cl inl'~n” 'Tn“li 2* I“’l 7 i.’ ‘.’\ .l g ' A A . ~ ’ e l Mv's 33d weze G-M'11‘43 s'd over +he ”’ol located on the Continent were less nodest than those o? the Enrlish. Certs”? and other Continental courtries used the sites of old Tonan mher'mwe for their new nools. The first evidence o? the land pool in the "nited States was in @hi odelnhia in l929. This nool and others to Follow Provided some mV swirninj 1'notruction. oe use 0? ~*= era was at First tried on a small . - . V . . . \ scale in sore o“ tnese pools but were soon d:cclnt:nved (27;. 977T :13 .‘ID‘T‘P'P "9","; Liv? POOL The bi? est boon to land swinming pools cane with their adoption in edHCationql'institutions. @irard Colle~e, ?hildde-ohia was the first school to hrild a pool For its student body. This school provided at least fovr indoor nools in the hasenents o? the dormitories, plus an outdoor wool. These pools dat,d back to 194% and were used daily for Over Piptv roars urtil oroven vn9it by the work in anitation at the turn of the century. The second school to use the oool was Tallandet Colle~e in fiashiniton, W. C. in 1991, anl served to influence Vnrvard, Princeton and Yale within the next twentv veers to build fools for +leir students (27}. m‘x-ere soened to be little asreement on the materials or construction in the early years of the land nools. From lgflfi until 1004 we ?in4 that brick, stone, wood, brick wi+h steel tank, brick ane torra cotta, stone and concrete brick and narblo, oranatoid, and hrick with concrete tank were all used in construction with little of an? trend develooing. Some still were not heatinf the pool water and were seasonal in operation. Dimensions "ads little sense; for examnle (27—?/6 x 77—5/4), (56 x 94) i. and (35 x 95?) were actually used in three pools of tnat tire. It wasn't until 1000 that *he wood construction so nooulwr durinw 1O the nineteenth century fave wav to masonrv and concrete construction. SANITATICV A"? 3OCL 33047h Although Pasteur introduced his germ tleory in 1840, it was twen y— five years before bacteriolonical studies were made on swimming pools ,J. C to and several years more before acgl Vion of the findinrs was made, and pool design, operation, and administration were little affected until 1990. Studies such as those conducted hv the ficr an. 7a¢inskv ("Uber die ‘asinbader Berlins") showed that certain diseases could be traced to the swinning pool. Sorje in 1999 and Triese in 1906 set up metfioas 0: testing and se; indexes for measuring bacterial count. Fundreds of books and pannhlets have been devoted to bacteriological investiiations of pool water tracing the sources and relative importance of the infectious organisns, and hundreds nore have seen written ore- scribin? the treatment methods. In strivinr for the nost economical 3 D ‘ 1' 1 yet oiiicient means of kill.ng oacterii sore of the Pollowinj methods have been tried. fr} .0 counteract acute infections 0? the u oer ressiratorv tract, of 4. .2 the sh. n, an} of the eye, R. H. {alloway reconmendsd the use of a mild saline sclution to he Used in finglish 90013. The more serious infections such as tvohoid, dvsentary, lentosnerous, tonsilitis have been no rht by miscellaneous kinds of treatme ts. fzone, chlorine, silver, silver nitrate, ultra-violet rays are onlv a Pew o? the tried methods. m , .L ‘ .1 .. ,. . . . ,__ ,. , l , ‘-‘ . 4. '- 7‘ iodav .ne healtn sta lords set us be most states aid af the t. 3. m. -.h. . 1—,. 4. . . +. h 1-, ’ ——‘-:L.. ' 4. gieasnr. _nensrtnenu coxnnvvl orectv .uch twp: sanitarv C Hi1 ,lons 1Y1 die ~ . A \ I. ' .' , 7.- ‘- Ll~ ° .. ,_ .- r - v 1 - ' l r - v min 3X1stin; ools ano lee ceSi n o? sinitsrv fflCl.1thB n new cools. . ese \ , | A ‘ O u a stsroards were set on only enter weishinq over a reriod o? firs tie . ‘3 a- - O ‘ ‘a ‘ u >- L ‘ ‘-\ 2 . A t w w.‘ w ,‘ BVluCQCH oi n» erous, of.en conPlictix , s rvers. l~1 exam le ‘h* in u i ’30 ~ - 1,» . . «i 1 ur"(‘~ ..'~ -~ ~0. “ 1" ‘ ‘0 - ‘ ’ . "‘ (l1 Cl‘.-.)r1ne ruSl'-ualL ‘ ‘l l- . (“Cl Will“: 7 7‘78‘7‘23 t ‘23 UVC’I lf:"I‘€.".‘ille-o ficnfivaos J o "'rot lV‘QSOY‘ T.r "ta i~'~vemrws was "r. "1‘lrnu:'s axifieririewtsa ii“ f1“: l“?fl's '1’t* 91" ”iii? 7(75flgzs i Lél"di*fij scriitta ifi‘insatlfflfniye. 7‘ JES ‘« 7 5"fi 5*9 CFl“rino *"i L“QL o? ‘irwirz t- net r: tie bacteria Cater cs “lip , th_V .‘1 1 __A ._ , " _~ , . _ ' ' A '1 5 ‘, 1 O ~ _ I . P'W CE“ as 1-1: 1 s $7¢r a ‘1’ e (l.i‘r(: "-"v:'\‘l\/1 \T‘Cfll‘» 2115-3 -‘\T}AD)"{-1 {)I‘I(\yr\: 8 2“47,.?11y‘1,¢ rvv-nv, "(ST/”’7 ' n .v‘,",- . n u.- (‘7‘. fl .‘ '. ' -/~‘ — ‘ J 1’- A . r) ‘- 9‘ 1-: I ~- A - v, . v”. + 7“ ,.~ 1 .. 1:-F3 8111‘ «j ..‘ " .1. ? 11;S a .(a {‘3 l T. '.a.'. [2 ’?'”A 41" E Q. 9) ("23' ’(i '11‘.‘ 1 1"‘3'1 J A: 4L9: - ' ' 1 , w , 1’3; 1 8 "DC: ,1 11"(_’ (‘f' C‘V‘v ‘1‘408 '11" {34‘}?th xrfl ‘.- rtwrxm {-r +. air an sij’fijo Emmi s Cisl advance“efltu ‘ 3’ '~ >‘ ' .' . "‘ ‘1 . 1m~ — r g . - " I -~ '. 1 ‘. ft in: Reexhwcel earsvces “soc, hufiw was sels WW¢Orfrnt t at inc discover? 0” **9 “era thecrv LP disease 124 5h: subseunent research in .. . 4- . a - \~ 1 4- - ‘ - r -u - 3 - 9‘ \ a fi “‘ 1- " ‘. ‘ ' ' " ‘ 7‘ S'?lu1~7“” Mlle: r~s uOla' -*Pv1del a incel Or stanli so w _c ‘ isqtoe +*3 modern ea? swimwer tPn safefi" P"0fi ifiéecfiion which %~ Jecwres ari 53“1cds. ""o"' Fhe “virl4{est TVV‘ls. “c"an”T Piss '-ls‘wri ax? inQVhrtswit zv-le. ”H' untalifarisn rn'im s ‘? Fhe ”omwns Jed Tudians with EUfe “cvvrnnenfial oscxinrr were male to ;‘ooter larc'e arc-eels. but as was s‘r‘ovm WE’C‘L‘l 413W? was de‘eqted ski lost ”MT economical water snpply throw*% the destrvction c? her aqueducts, is enormous system of lathe became in~olvevfi, and t'e forced economical use of wate" tawsed t”e flownfsll of Known Pcols. The incorpo stien of several social facilities sue? as bars, restaurants, drnce hulls, plsyjrounds, and "01? courses all tend to mvtwslly keep each othgr solvent. 70%ern cools still are inblic for tam west wort due to low mar ins o? orofit. Stews hove hues taken to minimise ejeratini Costs with such innoxstioc: as t%e recirculatinf system, the heat exchsn e 514d the use 3. ecovowicsl water sources, bvt much must still be done +0 a ‘irsure fihe screed c? the "001 to “Vivafie own~rs 0“ moderate income. I - , o . o f—‘f‘ a _I~ _ 1 «I - .lccordinf to James A. ‘srrnsoc in 1”)?, a sw1mmin; pool Wnosc mimecSions hrs 40 Feet bv 40 Peet can be built for 57,000 uwder the iniex c“ that .‘1J Wear. This I...)- ijure is influecced by soil, cl mate, d‘aine e, Hate b 31 prices. H. SU791Y: labor, and meter ‘ fl )0. 11. 12. 1?. 3333303vms"v \’ Walker, 'OTH Frishen - "TWblic Tsths ?or the Poor" — cswrcolitmr vars— -. .———— zire (18 .)I_’\\ LarreaW, K. Torbel — "Ancient "aths" — C’smoers Tcnrrsl (1946 - ?sfe 195) - Traits howplit 308 ”sins. "- ... ’1 ' 2‘ ‘ v w ," Tl~ wooial ‘atu" - Orce A leek (dentemuer, lqcf' "Paths and Tausderies" ~ fim'r3cqr irchitec. and -w3ldic “cws (V33rnarl -4 - —.—-.—-—-——- ——.——.a.—-~. ._ -—. —-.~ “--_- .- - .- ~~v——— ksths for the Peorle" - Ameriosn \“chiT :0 + J. .—J ,1. _,_Jo 23 1 _Pt ’?ths c? Arcient Tcwe - l"re-rical‘. _“”chi tec+. acd ”t. Tews ---. —'——_—— ..p-—__———-o—- Scan, Titre ”unson, Y.U. - "Cold st“s and :lJuse o? T em" - Chafidlers (lQP7) "l Terman Tath" — Ii++ells Tinihr 1‘e (Tannary 27, 1377) “‘— "3athing at ”ome and ibroad" - littells Livinw Q‘e (chember, 1965) .1 J 1;. “c? rerson,(To?c - “sths of ”rest sin 3 c““orson, John - T%e n*%s and 13119 of ”“rcbe "The T301Htion c the Watt" - litersr" “‘HDst (fuse 10, 1726) "Tathin THrowEh the A338" — ”‘3 American Keroufiz (Serfernber, 1‘2») . “—— "TVe Poosn Tsy of Classics Swiwmic: Pools" — liter 3r" “icest (Nev, 19:7 “a. ——__—&. ._.—..- -_ Allsop, Robert Owen - Public “3.3.23.3 s13"n.s17-?'<3unes Bwrjess, Teorve - The ”or \f‘ Tlato ("01. E - pp 79-120) London: Henry ”7:. 30hr: — 1952 "rm, 3e 7hilosophy of the :stll" — Tli“"'s letters — London: Ioffat sod n””“"lV — 13.213 XIV .65 pp u. D. Encvcloo edis “ritsn33cs, Eleventt Tfli‘icP, T’Ol. III, P.514 - Tsmbr. ~---I.-.-.-' -..-.—- Einstland - 1910 ahd ”' ilcin' Tews (“cvemher 19. ETTfin, kfiolbh - T1 3 3n 1*C1ewu “*"pt - 0w Vor“: “30K5113n and ‘ _. fl... —. u...— 3333anv - IQCA 333 - 573 64 20. "Public Taths in the Tnited States" — United States Tflreau Cf 13%0r, o 1 -\ T“110%. “P. ‘V+ (Csnzewber 11(V+1 -____ 4— ’ . . . .~, . . n' 21. "1") to hate m1(_)'1t1_‘n-r Caz-r318" — fivnerfi 011$"; 730:0(301 )(‘T‘YT'1 .TO'EI‘Y‘G], (fol. .4 .— Y LerCVrialis fierflfmi, Amatelodami ~.. .1 - 3 ,- . .r - .. .n 93.33 3 4 J- 2%. Tent, arlc T. ana fwolev, Leon-rd T. — Tse C3fi’ CL wuHQL3.FT — Warn 1, _—.--. ..q..~ - ..— — - .m- .- y—\ o . n o \ 105TOT3 ”Te 4’7Ttlzn fxn1nratson Scaletv (1923; PO 7“ ,i O 'f.’ 5 ‘_J. t. D 3 U 4 O n o .- '_ . . o o o _ I —-\ I . . 1. -T7‘nt13fi~r*'r39 rees12n3J Irwwr= urtlrnrrt3cs — ,rwz3i.;fl;t1:h ----< -~-—.--— ~ . v.—-—--O-3 -—~ ~- —--o- C”- .—-———— ~--o—--— - o - -—s- — fi‘ - —‘ -3 - «3-. r13 ‘ ISL-(19ft: .\ :J‘. "I‘I‘ L=- {13.11 [0 \fl ., 96133313, William ~ "T? e Tfr3t213fls 13d +“e floueflucts 0? it”? ~ '2‘ r A 1 .-~ ‘ / 1f‘ 1“ \ v v 4‘ ‘z. vs' .‘1‘. .rw: 4,11? 9 K1353." x' 7 0311911. M "3;! OF-‘-.' L ‘th‘;q"; 3 31/33 "‘ ,, $1.. m' '- ’ . .. ’. - . ‘3 ' L , f 1":- f v .. 3r *~ \ 3r .5) _ 9 . r3n39r, 3:1 1 - ’3t3vv179 Ck .YCKltRCuF 3 \ v)3 — fk1. 3, 1:, .. n-1r .'o 1 :1 . 1 ‘ L ‘v 1, 4 "3 ¢ ' j ‘34 33 1. -333 r3-r333:13, 1 3i. 3?! ’3r : . . ':UV:1 ‘ 3 ~.L- 3 "Y c . -. , \ ’. 2:. 1oe“r33~, Trelerick J. — Tvi"11“1 031 “*3313‘ds (1“?01 ’Qw "crk: ‘ -. —1 ..— h—w-—.- ‘ ’ 1 I ' “ " fl. _ ., 3. ,. nrxe3 ,0? n o 1- ' ' V -- 3 ‘ , _‘ ' A __ I ,L. 2-. Ferb'“3, ‘””’ “*ni311 "Tue 3r319 ”‘2 T? 7 r023 1 3130 " - 471 th .JTT1QET1’1TQLT” 3;” *4~4~arq _ Vp1, Of. “a. F. “3 612—‘1fi (":vembsr, l9i5§ 1T. Cvorueck, To ":::L"1:1 ~ STC‘3r 31nd I .1 1‘": fil1“ m “ “1"3V” {1“ n3 - 19 - ’3’“ ‘3: 51. Ivsfér, 1111113 T. — "The ”"jimne C? fiTe 3N3WW1K* T? P" — ’3 F:;1 ii 4. V . ' A w ’— o -\ " o .- _‘ Q . u .L I . ’ , . —v ‘ - "— ._ ‘ y'd \’ n \ l V I . e a;ur131n rqléfil 433301113-3 ('01. 2!, O. 3.. r6 1~“2—1995 \Ucc., 1_u _-- ‘— "fl“ - 3 - - 6 —-~..- g —-— .— .. " ' ’ ‘ 1 r - \N no -4 ,_J »._l - .3 - .4 r, .v.:str"3fix3r1 10171632“. ; "-':'~’S (7'11” 1‘1 1C1“ 53493133401 . , n . I 7'" . 3“- A1. #3. an. TWP‘L.'C‘."" ' .- ~‘V‘H"'-""] '3'1’T’11". "-3 T"'-‘.‘1 "1.131 "-“‘ “n - vv' 1 1.1.7 1" 1‘" ’:’—.C 2': "a\\.~.-\_‘.o'.., Q .|~- -.~ , .a‘. a - .. 4- .. *0 ‘ _, ‘. )) . .-‘ v1 ' .. m‘ 9 L 3‘ Y 0 J_ ' ‘ ’ ' (“‘7 1rr133ur : _.3 urona 3¢.cr33a1 3:31:115L'” (1 391 ’ A a , -\ ’1 ‘ . ‘ .. L o 1 v ‘ 1 V V _ 1 V-3 31*;r. 3 lafva X. - " M33tztzx‘1-‘p 3 Kr133 ‘61 ' — T“r= ' ””Y a. c“ T» DLF‘J‘i 'VC m: “'1 Fan '7 -1 I"' 7‘7 1C! 1Q’f (T'vjvv 1<\1'+\ "x1 C \J 3 '1 (3 ' C Q 9 " L -— \ a. , L 1 I ._-_ - -- .— _.-._.- -..._ ' 3 I "211 3‘, ’. I. _ "“Lvnv‘1n‘nfl'1 39 13 *“oicgtor r? 31“”‘1‘ T“1 a a n .. a V f" ‘7 ”Vfif ‘011“fi1“*" — “3r3“33 ’Gwrvzl w: ‘ 3133 '3?‘ 3. "F1. 1 . 3) 7z1-;:; -—-—- — c————_ “—0—- >—o~—o o———--—.—- ————~--_~< I V3PJQWO11, '1H1 ”. — "T'e 10m" 'fCS “f TTC1 fl” ”qt3flvn ~ V“ié‘ 31 ' v f" :- 1,r_‘3f' r 361. A *4 nu>q~-231 («w est 1°53“ 9 l \ 9 , J "TTfe iZwixéflirr? 'TltP; kt <1 ‘73w "Vac “31C'31 ””‘115‘ e ( ” “"‘" “344‘s :lwi “1+" .- o o A ' — . n ‘. 1213fi03r1n" (1P4), 7, 30) mevar* O? Turrebf i3tprat re (1%, 17;, -~.- Q.... .- _. M ' Tune, 15401 ' I "Q . ’ ‘fi '__.| . . . - n 71‘- " n «VA ~‘v "1‘1" fcdern Twlwmlfi‘ :031 T,11t at Val ndrlln V. A. - .3 fithFflfialu: Tn ineer (V01. 26, To. 5, Octvuer 1, 19¢”, 33 111—112) —.._‘. ._. n1} -'4—< r1 n '.‘- '. .. 13 4- ~ L '. w. H ‘_—+— .- : ‘t.~+‘ “‘ - ‘3... qus VFODS (JPWI.L :OFFGSU, Bauhlnn r001 - «aqu afd 33n 2r 1reer13 b —-—— m *H .M _._--.._ “‘ (1937, 4, 219} Swwmarv 3F Curreft Liferatn“e (”01. 11, ”C. n, Tyne, lCfi”, 3- 100} f1 a. — "Lar’est TwfiiciAfll 1001 3% .bw “fi”11fld" - imericav T1fv ”.m3_.--- - -4- ..4 Corri', 1.". (54, 47—4? Tebruqu, 1933) I‘I ll "1‘ Dienerfi, “. - .ne‘Turitication ar1 Tisinfectinn 0° TwinLnfi Tater" — Thim. at Thdnsfr. (1947,58,1250.) Tater Po11ution fiesearch, “m- - -— Summary 0? Current Titerature,(?ol. II, To. 4, \1ril, 10%9, :. 12L) "Swiwmihw P001 Cneration" — Yater annlv ar1 Qewera3e Few,(Vol. 2, Yo. 8, Au Ust, 1558, p0 4-5) q "Temieratnre Control in Outdoor T0012" — TFQ ”on Qv133533 Pole, wamer \W C) \fl \N 0 Issue (9. 1%, lassx . I I n fl ' . rm. # ° ,‘ 'N, v ' . -. ¢‘ {3 ., , .. - , n ' ' ‘aase, L. g. - FQW‘C11 1M98blfih‘ _nncern1n¢ ,he Lre>1ration of Jw‘fiWIn _._... _-_. ._‘—._. -...__._. .. __...- - _ -_._.1- . -_ _ .. - ._ _. _ .. . - . __ , ~.. . . .h‘ EQQE 1319?, Von Vasser (12: 95! 110’ 1957) Garriqon, lavas A. - "That Shonld a Pool Cost?" — T Cue Swim (”01. 5, "a. %, Tarch, 1958) '5 Invié swimmini Eath Water Purificatinn. Practice in Qustrulia" — “ I n o o o 'f’ \ \ . 4.. 1' ZufllneeriN* Sanltarwnm Qecnrd (1936, fn1. Q, t. 094; Surnazy ta an From ?efif. Scieht. ahd Indust. Hes. Sufimdrv x1 ?u*rent Literature (1957, V01. 10, 121) ?n118tin 0F ”yricne, ("01. 1?, ?0. 7, July, 1C57, Auld, 9. V. - "P“ri?jin7 Tiqyi18; Swimmihj Tafhs" — 111. C??. I. Pat. London {1056) Summary of Current Titerature (701. 10, N0. 4, h. 121, LovaX, T. — "“oderfi QwimMinv P001 chifn — Paths ahfl fiat? TN"in00rfag (1956, 5, A1, 99 and 127) Summarv of Qwrrant Liferatwre,("ol. 10, to. 6,.Ture 1057, p. 196) '1 ""ircn1ation 0? Water in Eatkind Tools" — Taths fifid ’3+H Jn~4rnprin~ 1.’ u .— -— “*w-o————a—u_ (1936, 5, 1%q) SHWmarV 0? Turrent Titeratwre, (V01. 1?, *0. 4, fume, "Chester?inld O“en—Air Swiwwinr Sat?" — 31th avd “at” an4beer1nr (1956, 5, 140) Summarv of finrrent Iiterature,(Vol. 10, N0. 6, Tune, 1957, 0- 195) Vallmfin, W. L. - "\ “acteriolnjical Swrvey ”F a Swimming Fvol Treated ”itk Silver" -;:9uz221_2€.iaiiizi:1: z (1037, 55, 89) Ellis, E. V. — "T%e 'Rinfilter System' Ahnlqed to Swi win" F001 Water Purificatiflfi" — Dafitq avd 71th Wwwiheerififi (19%‘: 5: 2&5 and 24h) Ru¢9e1, F. — "Filterinf and Cleansidm A Daratus For Swimming Taths" - .Ionrnal 0” the ?qu1 krwv ”edical Cores ("01. 4”, To. 5, Farce, 1957, _...._...- M... ._.. m... -_.-..__k.. V..._-._..-...__. —_..-._._ Y)“- 1q2-1P‘1‘1‘“ ‘5. Vcfiermicx, Y. T. — "walie Fealt“ Aarecte of fadinr Toolq for fi%il*ren" ~ I ‘ I . w . ’ . .’ ~ “thadlan Dwnl1c “031th Tnuvwa1 (V01. EH ‘0. 1, Fanuary, 195R, Ff. 20—fi2) hr- ——- .~-———-—- VI 76. AW81UW", a. - "firomine Treatment 09 Swimm'ni fiatn Vater — tee . am 1 -r\ ”2/ , ::.{\ :1, - 0 " ~11, “ "' (7C1. ‘fiw, 1:,1), W. x; ;xwmwarv (3; enrzwent InLeelafxn"e, (’V31. {5 _r3. 9, '1 L: m 1.. , U 'r "an“! "M " L r‘ . - . T" - .' r» "‘ II ,7. ,ec ran, . y. — ;n11 rOIRUS aupnlw ,ea ,ater yer Jnlflxlh, r001 - "1“"_-_‘ .'-..-. ",, ~—a ‘ a v ‘7 ' 7 .—\ K ,.._ } 7 ')—,-~.\ Juiideerzn _eds «ea 1d aficl. 113, 0. 23, Weevmuer L, lyfi4, g. 11;; 1" '1 " I" CC ‘q'W‘V . ‘L F1, ‘r ' ' ‘ 1 r~ ‘ ' ,.. leuh, .leOt, L. a. Consul a. - ghrOWe's .e;t .CJern 1' 1r, . L . .L . v N a- - e 4, - n n - -1, P601 - .vlun 3r sewer s to l. p. unwartmenu w? :fate. "ewr tveed r,h 6J8 (IXFIY‘R 1 97 l ‘93.» - \ " ‘ L- ’ 7 / {I “- “'1 . "41., 7 1- ,_ :1. T lbw, .. 1-, 1-, .‘ ' '1 T h.” :3 -.. ,E‘". ‘91 8“," \Jf’, - amt-‘3 o 9 91101‘, . o - o ”.0 - _ "191' :1 _ “CU-.IgalCS ..y ,' A. u‘lt ..(‘f 1 HM” ‘ 1" ' :—‘ ' - A /r\ 111 H 1'7 ’n we?» a ),1 ,Fr ~PP .. ideer 1 ews— beer, '1 , v. - . \vewuer Q 1137? fir, {'7L’ r--,’.\ _‘, - .) ) , “ O l — KN“: ll '7" ’3"~‘r '. ' ‘ "a“ 1” "r 4- \ ~ ‘n ~ 4 P4 n-‘z * '3 Y1" ‘-"1“'—-x- czr '-’ 4-1.“ “me-1"“: a ' w ‘ ,‘ O ’I.!~. 431-11 " 21;; -llU‘-JI 1 1 ' L ‘1'—'. .4 ‘.l'.‘AL _ ‘-' U 4“ (.Ltu al—I‘QX -- '2 r1 l‘r‘ 1-.l" -v‘ ’. ‘/ ‘1 ‘. 1 ‘f F. _, > c- ./-"\ 1. 1. i) J, _ (1'. “+1 ,, HICI1 .77., 1’)%fiq hfi' 1 7—1'\"\ \ v ’. - ~ ,. - l f H _ ' __ ‘ v-f J. -‘ ‘ I . o I I "o _ '1’ 7913‘”1: 11-0“ - "“37910w11r 'utural TwlmfiWR: 0018" - 1‘“r‘78fl ‘tf I Ir) - -‘ . H 17/ '1 [v in )1 ‘. ‘ ‘ 7 , 1- v\ ‘ ‘ .0 3 , ~ 0 4, I ‘1. , 1 ) 3 ‘1’. 7i {‘7’ / _ ‘_ ‘ ». ‘ _ *2. "Cre"rete “”iww3fi~ "0012" - 'evPlét n” *h= vr“f13n ”~w0n* leseéftf en {17'7’r’7\ \ 4 :1 a A I u :\Q . r ’ "‘ 7' V . -‘ « V‘ , _ : .-. " ,. .. . ' , - ”._ , . ‘, "w. '711. m‘714 ‘Evfi‘s, ’ *"'V" "*“v.u~r~15 C"‘Tesixnn" — ’“7“Nacr r 111913.. —-——‘—— ”e. 17, ”10%;”en “”U‘rtWTnt c“ ren1f% ””e", 10hfl‘ . ‘— A >—% - \- V v u -. a ’1 . p , a ‘4. ”rexfit. ’rhnt “.. '”. — " en neweq ‘wvibmefifi "n tFB ’%1+3 anse ‘Me1” "—.- 4 '~-~ , . ~ .4 ‘ ‘ r. 1 a "- ”I, "\ We“; -,‘ ,. ”‘7'? ’1: 4 '7“ I:{ .t .1 a 1 7‘N1 l1fl1f“fiv / ’1'1. ex,, 1‘. ;g, y;« _O‘;?,fr, 1‘ 3,), a). gz-"a2z' —— .—~ -.uu... .-_-.-.A .__._ -—~< __..-- Aug 9 ’48 M? \ a4.‘.: 9. .651...“ HHH I” HM!!! 1293 02502 8576 I l i i 1 ;