A SURVEY OF COOPERATWE ACTNiTlES FOR PROF?!” CONDUCTED '3‘! MICHMAN CHAPTERS OF i-‘UTURE FARMERS OF AMERICA ”flush few 1+4 Dogru cf M. A. MECI‘NGAN STATE COLLEGE amid Wimam Vaiiiam 25.94? This is to certify that the thesis entitled A Survey of Cooperative For Profit Conducted by Michigan Chapters of Inture Farmers of America presented by David William Valliant has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for __MA___degree in Educat, i on Majo ofessor Date May 2Q. 19h9 - .A —A '- ,- Jud 'Ilal JTU q;"‘j; __._._- - ___..- __ A SURVEY OF COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT CONDUCTED BI MICHIGAN CHAPTERS OF FUTURE FARMERS OF “ERICA BY David'WilliamWZglliqnt A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfullment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Division of Education 19h9 THESiB AC KNOWIJED GEVEENTS The author is deeply appreciative of the guidance and constructive criticisms given by Dr. Harold M. Byram,‘Dr. Victor H. N011, and Mr. H. Paul Sweany under whose direction this study was conducted. Appreciation is also extended to the teachers of vocational agriculture in Michigan whose cooperation made this study possible. 218003 TABLEOFCONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The prdblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Importance of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definitions of terms used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooperative activity for profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooperative areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Large F.F.A. chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small F.F.A. chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newteachers Experienced teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TeaCherSWithShOrttenure00000000000000. «P’P-P‘P-PPWWWNHHHH Teachers with long tenure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The teacher of vocational agriculture and the adviser to the F.F.A. chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sources and treatment of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organization of remainder of the report . . . . . . . . . . «a o~ \n as II. IREVIEW'OF THE LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Systematic investigations of cooperative activities for profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Examples of cooperative activities for profit . . . . . . . 13 iv CHAPTE? PAGE 11. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE (continued) Literature on machinery and equipment owned cooperatively by F.F.A. chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Smary......................... 17 III. COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT CONDUCTED BY MCHIGANCHAPI‘ERSOFF.F.A. ............... l9 Characteristics of the chapters included in the survey . . 19 Cooperative activities for profit . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Cooperative production activities for profit . . . . . . 23 Cooperative buying and/ or selling activities forprofit...................... 26 Cooperative service or custom activities for profit . . 26 Cooperative entertainment and social activities for profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Profits reported from cooperative activities . . . . . . . 29 Cooperative activities for profit that had been discontinued during the last five years . . . . . . . . 30 Sumnery......................... 31 IV. FACTORS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE RELATIVE mPORTANOE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA .— . . . . . . . '. . . 33 Relative importance of each cooperative area for auChapterSOOcocoooooeooo-OQOOOOOO 3h CHAPTER IV. FACTORS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA (continued) Relative importance of each cooperative area, comparing large and small chapters of F.F.A. . . . Relative importance of each cooperative area, comparing new and experienced teachers . . . . . . Relative importance of each cooperative area, comparing teachers with short and long tenure . . . . SW 0 O I O O O O O O 0 O O O O C O O O O O O O O V. HACHINHTY AND EQUIPMENT Ol‘fllm COOPERATIVELY BY MICHIGAN CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. SUMMARY} CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . Suggestions for further study . BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 36 #0 #3 A6 #8 52 52 55 56 57 60 TABLE I. II. III. VI. VII. VIII . X. XI. LIST OF TABLES CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 70 CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. INCLUDEDINTHESURVEY ................ TOTAL NUMBER OF COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, REPORTED BY THE 70 ADVISERS RETURNINGQUESTIONNAIRES ............... NUMBER OF CHAPTERS, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, REPORTING ONE OR MORE COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT IN ANAREA........................ COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED FOR PROFIT . COOPERATIVE BUYING AND/OR SELLING ACTIVITIES CONDIBTEDFORPROFIToooooooooeooooooo. COOPERATIVE SERVICE OR CUSTOM ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED FORPROFIT ...................... COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES CONDIETEDFORPROFIT ................. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF. EACH COOPERATIVE AREA AS A SOURCE OF F.F.A. FUNDS FOR ALLCHAPI‘ERS . . . . . . . . CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LARGE AND SMALL CHAPTERS OFF.F.A. INCLUDEDINTHESURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING LARGE AND SMALL CHAPTERS . . . . . . . RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA AS A SOURCE OF F.F.A. FUNDS, COMPARING LARGE AND SMALL CHAPTERS . . PAGE 19 22 23 25 27 28 35 37 38 39 TABLE XII . XIII. XVI. XVII. XVIII. vii PAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHAPTERS OF F .F.A. WHICH HAD NEW TEACHERS AND EXPERIENCE) TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENUREASADVISERS.................. 1+0 COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. WHICH HAD NEW TEACHERS AND EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AS ADVISERS . AI RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA AS A SOURCE OF F.F.A. FUNDS, COMPARING CHAPTERS WHICH HAD NEW TEACHERS AND EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORTTENUREASADVISEEB................ A2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. WHICH HAD EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH LONG TENURE AND EXPERIENCE) TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AS ADVISERS . . . . . . . . . 1+3 COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. WHICH HAD EXPERIENCE) TEACHERS WITH LONG TENURE AND EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITHSHORTTENUREASADVISERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA AS A SOURCE OF F.F.A. FUNDS, COMPARING CHAPTERS WHICH HAD EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AND EXPERIENCED TEACHERSWITH LONGTENUREAS ADVISERS . . . . . . . . . 1+5 CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. REPORTING OWNERSHIP OF MACHINERY AND mUI ”mi. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O A 8 viii TABLE PAGE XIX. INVESTMENT IN MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT BY THE 34 CHAPTERS REPORTING MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND INDICATINGITSVALUE.................. A9 XX. MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT OWNED COOPERATIVELY BY CHAPTETSOFF.F.A.................... 50 m. CHAPTEZS OF F.F.A. INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY, THEIR ADVISERS AND SOME OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . 60 XXII. PROFITS ON COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES AND YEARS THAT THESE COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES HAD BEEN CONDUCTED, ASREPORTEDBYCHAPI'ERADVISERS............ 62 XXIII. COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT THAT HAD BEEN DISCONTINUED DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS AND THE REASONS FOR DISCONTINUING THEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. Location of the 70 Chapters Included in the Survey . . . . . . PAGE 20 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY I . THE PROBLEM Setth 9; the problem. Boys enrolled in vocational agriculture throughout the United States and in several Of its territories have formed a national organization called the Future Farmers of America, conlnonly referred to as the F.F.A. The national organization is composed of the state and territorial associations which in turn are composed of many local chapters throughout the state or territory. Each local chapter of the F.F.A. is encouraged to have a yearly program of work. This program shows the activities of the local chapter for the year. As is necessary with any organization that is active on a state and national as well as a local level, the F.F.A. chapter must have funds to finance its activities. Many methods have been used by various chapters to raise these necessary funds. As the F.F.A. prides itself in being a self-supporting organization, one of the canmon methods of raising funds for the chapter is through cooperative activities for profit. Statement 9}; the problem. In view of the importance of cooper- ative activities for profit as a source of funds for F.F.A. chapters, it was the major purpose of this study to determine the kinds of coop- erative activities for profit that were conducted during a twelve—month period by F.F.A. chapters in Michigan. 2 It was further the purpose of this study to determine, if possible, some of the factors that were associated with the relative importance Of each cooperative area. Only three factors were considered in this study; there were probably many others. These factors were: (1) the active membership in the F.F.A. chapter, (2) the teaching experience of the F.F.A. adviser, and (3) the tenure of the adviser in his present school. As F.F.A. chapters often purchase machinery and equipment that are used in conducting cooperative activities for profit as well as for other purposes, another purpose of this study was to determine the kinds of machinery and equipment that were owned cooperatively by F.F.A. chapters in Michigan at the time of the survey. Impgrtance gfthggtgdy. As the F.F.A. is an integral part of the program of vocational'agriculture, an F.F.A. chapter can be found in practically every department of vocational agriculture in the United States. Each of these chapters is confronted with the problem of rais- ing sufficient funds to carry out its program of work. The selection of desirable cooperative activities for profit, activities that have educational as well as financial value, presents a major problem. Many educational objectives can be achieved through cooperative activities for profit. Cooperative activities in the production of crops and livestock may provide valuable experiences to supplement the student's supervised farming program. Other cooperative activities for profit, if carefully selected, may provide opportunity for the develop- ment of additional skills in such phases as record keeping, purchasing, and marketing. Through these cooperative activities, students may 3 receive valuable training and experience in cooperation. This is partic- ularly important in view of the trend toward greater farmer cooperation in the buying and selling of farm products and supplies. These are only a few of the many educational objectives that can be realized through cooperative activities. Although it is not Within the scope of this study to analyze each cooperative activity as to its educational value, an effort has been made to determine the most common types of activities in the state as a whole. The result of this study will therefore lend itself to a careful analysis of the most prevalent cooperative activities for profit as to their educational value. II. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USE) Coopgrative activity £9; M. A "cooperative activity for profit" met fulfill both of the following criteria: (1) the activity must have been planned and executed by the F.F.A. chapter as a group and (2) one of the purposes for conducting the activity must have been to raise money for the F.F.A. chapter. The so—called "community service activities” were not included as cooperative activities for profit even though a fee was charged, provided this fee did not exceed the estimated expense to the chapter in rendering the service. Instruc- tions were included in the questionnaire to aid the adviser in determining which activities were cooperative activities for profit. Cgpgrative _a_r__e_a_s;_. For the purpose of this study, the cooperative activities for profit have been classified into four logical areas as follows: (1) production activities, (2) buying and/or selling activities, (3) service or custom activities, and (4) entertainment and social activities. The term "cooperative area" shall be interpreted as meaning one of the above areas. _1_.;_rg_e_ m chapters. In order to compare the relative impor- tance of each cooperative area in chapters of different sizes, the chapters have been divided into "large F.F.A. chapters" and "small F.F.A. chapters" based upon active membership. Chapters having 1.0 or more manbers shall be classified as "large F.F.A. chapters." M file—A; cha ers. "Small F.F.A. chapters“ shall include all chapters having 39 members or less. Leg teachers. The term "new teachers" shall be used to designate teachers who have had five years teaching experience or less in vocational agriculture. Experienced teachers. The term "experienced teachers” shall be used to designate teachers who have had more than five years teaching experience in vocational agriculture. Teachers Eli]; _s_h.9_r_t $313352. The term "teachers with short tenure" shall be used to include teachers who have been teaching vocational agriculture in their present school for five years or less. Teachers _w_i_._t_h_ 3.333 399252. ”Teachers with long tenure" shall be the term used to designate teachers who have been teaching vocational agriculture in their present school for more than five years. chapter. is the F.F.A. is an integral part of the program of vocational 5 agriculture, the "teacher of vocational agriculture" and the "adviser to the F.F.A. chapter" are one and the same person. The terms shall be used interchangeably throughout this report. III. SOURCES AND TREATMENT OF DATA Host of the data for the problem were obtained by means of a questionnaire (see Appendix) sent to 9A advisers of F.F.A. chapters in Michigan. This number represents two-thirds of those chapters which 'were considered eligible for the purposes of this study. For a chapter to be eligible, the adviser to that chapter’must have been employed as a teacher of vocational agriculture in the same school as that in which he was employed at the time of the survey since the beginning of the l9h7—h8 school year. A random.method of selection was used to deter- mine the chapters to be included. They were arranged alphabetically and every third chapter was dropped from the list. Of the 94 question— naires sent out, 70, or 7h.5 per cent, were returned in time to be included in the study. These 70 chapters constitute about one-half of the chapters that were eligible for the study and a little over one-third of all the chapters of F.F.A. in michigan. Data pertaining to the enrollment in vocational agriculture and the active membership in F.F.A. were obtained from The State Board of Control for'Vocational Education, Lansing, Michigan. These figures are for the 19h7-h8 school year. Many of the data obtained in the questionnaire do not lend themselves to advanced statistical treatment. In Chapter IV, however, statistical.methods have been used in determining the factors that are associated with the relative importance of each cooperative area. These methods include the chi square test for goodness of fit, standard error of the difference of two means, and standard error of the difference of two proportions. The 5 per cent level has been used as the basis for statistical significance. IV. ORGANIZATION OF REMAINDER OF THE REPORT The organization of the remainder of this report follows very closely the order used in the statement of the problem. A review of literature concerning cooperative activities for profit is presented in Chapter II. The types of cooperative activities for profit that were conducted by the chapters included in the survey are shown in Chapter III. In.Chapter IV, the factors associated with the relative importance of each cooperative area are presented. The machinery and equipnent owned by the F.F.A. chapters are shown in Chapter V. The final chapter, Chapter”VI, includes a summary of the report, the conclusions reached, and suggestions for further study. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Literature on cooperative activities for profit conducted by F.F.A. chapters is very limited. Although the Agriculturgal Education maZine contains many articles on cooperative activities, most of these articles are limited to examples of the activities conducted by individ- ual chapters. Only a few can be classified as systematic investigations of cooperative activities. In addition to the Agcultural Education Magazine, several bulletins and theses were available. I. SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATIONS OF COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT California, one of the leading states in farmer cooperation, is probably the leading state in F.F.A. cooperatives. This could be ex- pected due to the close contact with a considerable number of successful famer cooperatives. Conduct of sane type of chapter cooperative involving finances is one of the seventeen requirements for a "Master Chapter" certificate in California. A chapter must meet fifteen of these seventeen requirements to qualify. Couper reported, ". . . of the 61 chapters approved for the Master Chapter certificate this year [191.12] , all but four had some kind of cooperative enterprise in operation."1 lGeorge P. Couper, "California Future Farmer Cooperatives," Aggicultural Education Magazine, 20:86, November, 191.7. In the same article, the author reported the results of a survey that was conducted early in 191.6. The survey showed that 81 chapters in California, with enrollment of more than 1.,000 boys, had some cooper- ative activity. There were 1.51 cooperative enterprises, many chapters having several, each with separate finances and different operating committees. The most popular cooperative activity was buying and selling various feedstuffs. A number of the California chapters have developed assets worth $10,000 or more. School farms and plots are also very popular in the Pacific region. Johnson2 found that approximately 1.0 per cent of the depart- 2E. J. Johnson, "School Farms and Plots in the Pacific Region," Aggcultural Education Magazine, 19:188-189, April, 191.7. ments of vocational agriculture in that region operate and manage land or sane other major instructional facility as a department or F.F.A. chapter educational activity. Many of these include cooperative activities for profit. Of the 108 farms, 78 were owned and 30 leased. The average size of the leased farms was 57.8 acres, and of those owned, 32.9 acres. In addition, 262 plots, averaging one acre each, were operated either as gardens or as observation plots. Kentucky was the first state to organize a state-wide Future Farmer cooperative.3 Although this activity is not a cooperative 3W. R. Tabb, "The Kentucky Future Farmer Cooperative, Incorpo- rated," Agricultural Education Magazine, 17:137-138, January, 191.5. activity for profit in the strict sense of the term as used in this study, the Kentucky cooperative indicates the extent to which some chapters have developed the cooperative idea. Some of the accomplish- ments of the association during its first business year were as follows: (1) a manbership of 151. chapters, each owning a $10 share of common stock (voting stock); (2) the issuing of $A,530 of preferred stock (nondvoting stock), mostly to member chapters and the Kentucky Associa- tion of F.F.A.; (3) doing $127,390 worth of business with member chapters; (A) paying dividend of five per cent on the preferred stock; (5) making and repaying loans totaling $351,150; and (6) assisting members in securing 2,723 breeding ewes, 1,327 breeding beef heifers, 291 feeder steers, and 1A4 dairy calves. The Kentucky Future Farmer’Cooperative, Incorporated, has continued to growth During the fiscal year ending April 30, l9h7, this hLee Harris, "Kentucky Future Farmer*Cooperative, Incorporated," Aggicultural Education Magazine, 20:88, November, 19A7. organization transacted $192,712 worth of business. If cooperative activities are used to raise money, activities should be selected that return good profits to the chapter. Kirklands 5James Bryant Kirkland, "Raising Funds to Finance the F.F.A." Chapter," (nonethesis study, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 19h3). 5 pp. Summary in -—-United.States Office Education, Vocational Division Bulletin No. 237, Agricultural Series No. 57, "Summaries of Studies in Agricultural Education." Supplement No. 2 to Vocational Division Bulletin No. 180 (Washington, D. 0.: United States Government Printing Office, l9h8), p. 55. lO conducted a study in Tennessee in which 35 F.F.A. chapter advisers were asked to list six or eight of the most successful ways and means used to raise funds. By asking for "six or eight of the most successful ways and means used to raise funds ," the author was requesting the chapter advisers to pass judgment on the value of each activity. To this extent the list of activities obtained included desirable activities, at least from the financial standpoint, in the opinion of the advisers. The most cannon activities mentioned were: (1) selling garden and field crop seeds, (2) operating confectionary stands, (3) conducting scrap— metal and paper drives, (1.) selling articles made in the fann shop, (5) fattening swine, (6) presenting plays, and (7) sponsoring movies. 6 Weese used the opinions of teachers of vocational agriculture 6Samuel J. Weese, "A Survey of Methods Used in Financing Local Chapters of Future Famers of America in West Virginia, With Suggestions and Recommendations," (Master's thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 191.0), pp. 36-41. in West Virginia to evaluate 1.1 different methods used to raise funds for the F.F.A. chapter. Among the sound methods were: (1) group productive enterprises, (2) F.F.A. plays and entertainment, (3) sale of tam-shop projects, (1.) school and camnunity fairs, (5) school store and refreshment stands, (6) handling charges on farm commodities, (7) prize money from fairs, (8) movies, and (9) fitting fam tools. Among the questionable methods were: (1) donations, (2) raffles, (3) assessments from members, (ls) magazine subscription sales, (5) boxing matches, (6) parties, and (7) suppers. 11 Several authors have investigated the educational value of various cooperative activities. Nessa? rated 32 ways used for raising funds in 71bid., pp. tzqto West Virginia as to their educational value by means of a score card. The sale of articles made in farm shop received the highest rating with a score of 700 points out of a possible 800. Prize money from fairs received a score of 600. F .F.A. plays, group productive enter- prises, plant sales, handling charges on farm commodities, landscaping, feed mixing, and minstrel shows received a score of 525. The following methods were given a score of 250 or less: (1) sale of pencils, Christmas trees, refreshments, advertising, magazine subscriptions, and stationery; (2) popularity contests; (3) boxing matches; (1.) suppers; (5) raffles; (6) chapter dues and assessments; and (7) donations. Newburn8 used the judgments of 100 experienced advisers and 21. 8Gene Edgar Newburn, "Evaluation of the Activities of the Future Farmers of America in Illinois in Terms of Educational Objectives of Vocational Agriculture," (Master's thesis, Colorado State College, Fort Collins, 1939), Up. 107-108. A state supervisors of vocational agriculture to evaluate 31 principal activities of F.F.A. chapters in terms of educational objectives of vocational agriculture. These included non-profit activities as well as activities for profit. Among the ten most valuable activities, according to the composite judgements of advisers and supervisors, were 12 cooperative buying and selling, cooperative production of purebred seed, cooperative use of purebred sires, and cooperative fair or show exhibits. All of the above could be considered as cooperative activities for profit under:many conditions. Not all of the activities that could be considered as cooperative activities for profit received such a high rating, hows ever. Seed sales, public entertainments, athletic contests, refreshment stands, and magazine subscription sales all received low ratings. From.the results of the studies by Weese and Newburn, it is clearly evident that they are not in complete agreement as to the educational value of the various cooperative activities for profit. Training in cooperation is one of the educational objectives that can be realized through cooperative activities for profit. Leonard9 \ 9John H. Leonard, "A Study of Cooperative Activities of Local Chapters of Future Farmers of America,” Agrigpltural Education Magazine, 20:23h-235, June, 1948. used the opinions of 112 advisers of F.F.A. chapters which had outstand— ing cooperative activities to determine the activities of greatest training value in training members in cooperation. Each adviser was asked to assign a numerical value to each activity. 0f the activities that could logically be considered "for profit", the cooperative production area received the highest rating. Buying and selling activities, as a group, were rated below all other areas of cooperation in training value. These studies have used very subjective methods in evaluating 13 the educational outcomes of cooperative activities carried on by F.F.A. chapters. Their findings, therefore, may have limited value. The authors of the studies cited have recognized the need for evaluation of cooperative activities conducted by F.F.A. chapters, however, and have made an effort to meet this need. II. EXAMPLES OF COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT A review of literature pertaining to cooperative activities for profit would not be complete without citing a few examples of the types of activities that are being conducted by F.F.A. chapters. As the routine type of activity seldom receives wide publicity, the following examples are probably not typical activities of the average chapter. They will illustrate, however, methods that have been used to make money for F.F.A. chapters. The Franont, Michigan F.F.A. chapter leased a three hundred-tree apple orchard as a cooperative activity for profit.10 Schroeder pointed 10”. P. Schroeder, "Fremont F.F.A. Cooperative Orchard Project," Aggcultural Education Magazine. 16:16, July, 191.3. out that this project provided excellent opportunity for class instruc- tion in the various aspects of apple growing, thus carrying learning to the doing level. The F.F.A. boys did most of the work on the project. All class-time labor was credited to the F.F.A. treasury at twenty cents an hour. Forty cents an hour was paid to the individual doing the labor 14 for work outside of regular class time. After all expenses were paid, the F.F.A. had $357.17 left which included class labor. The'Whitharral,Texas chapter has netted an average of $100 per season on a custom butchering project.11 A fee of one cent per pound, 13w. Murphy Byrd, "F.F.A. Butchering Program," Agricultural Education Magazine, 18:236, June, 1946. live weight, was charged for the service. Much of the work was done during regular class time. The operation of a 6,300 egg incubator served as a cooperative activity for profit for the Sadieville, Kentucky F.F.A. chapter.12 120. F. Esham, "Future Farmers Conduct Hatchery," Agrigugturai Education Mggazine, 16:76, October, 1943. Approximately 13,000 chicks were hatched and sold in 1942. The F.F.A. members did all the work. One member received small sums weekly for extra hours spent doing odd jobs in connection with the project. The chapter expected a profit of $500 in 1943. Such cooperative activities for profit as the orchard project, the butchering project, and the hatchery could well have several disadvantages even though they may provide satisfactory financial returns and may furnish excellent opportunity for class instruction. All three used class time to meet at least part of the labor require- ments of the activities. This practice is not serious so long as the jobs performed by the students remain educational. Quite often in such situations, however, these jobs cease to have educational value and 15 become "just workJ' Many chapters take on cooperative activities for profit as a service to the comnnmity. The Mooreland, Oklahoma chapter has such an activity}:3 The chapter treated over 5,800 head of cattle on 153 farms 13Jack Harper, "Oklahoma Future Farmers Control Grubs," Agricultural Education Magazine, 17:17, July, 1944. for grubs. As a fee of five cents per head was charged, the chapter realized a profit of approximately $100 from the activity in addition to providing a needed service to the community. The influence that the F.F.A. often has on a community can be 14 exanplified by the Clarendon, Texas chapter. The author reported that ”J. R. Stillman, "Chapter Projects Improve livestock," Aggicultura}; Education Magazine, 14:217, May, 191.2. the quality of swine in this community was very poor until the F.F.A. chapter decided to do something about it. In five years, 1937 to 191.1, the number of registered sows in Donley County (Texas) was increased from three to over 400, largely as a result of the efforts of the F.F.A. chapter. As the chapter owned several registered boars that were available to the public for service, there was also increased quality of the swine in the canmunity that were not registered. III. LITERATURE ON MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT OWNED COOPERATIVELY BY F.F.A. CHAPTEIE Many F.F.A. chapters use money earned from cooperative activities 16 to purchase machinery and equipment for the chapter. This machinery and equipnent is in turn used either in conducting cooperative activities for profit or. in other activities conducted by the chapter. Clinels conducted 15R. W. Cline, "The Cooperative Use of Farm Machinery by Students of Vocational Agriculture ," Aggicultural Education Magazine. 18:150—151, February, 1946. a study of machinery cooperatives in eighteen departments of vocational agriculture in Arizona, California, and Oregon. The typical chapter owned a tractor, plow, disk, harrow, cultivator, drill, and mower. Other equipnent was added as needed. These chapters farmed an average of 166 acres each in 1945. In addition, many students used the machinery in their own farming programs. Cline pointed out that such machinery cooperatives had many educational values which included opportunity for experience in service and repair of the equipnent, experience in the operation of the equipment, and experience in managing the cooperative. The Fortune, California chapter provides an example of just how 16 a machinery cOOperative works. The F.F.A. chapter owned a tractor, 16J. S. Johnson, "This Farm Machinery Cooperative Really Works ," Agricultural Education Magazine, 17 :212, May, 1945. potato planter, potato digger, mower, and tillage equipnent. A potato sprayer was owned cooperatively with three other chapters. A potato sorter, machinery trailer, and sheep-dipping vat were constructed in the fam shop with funds from several sources. A bus and. truck belonged to the school district but were set aside mainly for F.F.A. use. The 17 machinery and equipnent was rented to the boys at a standard rate. This machinery cooperative illustrates one very excellent advantage of such an activity. As many of the farms in the Fortune area were small and many were part-time farms, Johnson indicated that a complete set of machinery could not be justified for each farm. A machinery cooperative enabled any boy to have access to good farming machinery that would not have been possible otherwise. The individual farming programs would have suffered had this equipnent been unavailable. IV. SUMMARY The Pacific region is probably one of the leading areas in Future Famer cooperatives. In California, the conduct of some type of chapter cooperative involving finances is one of the 17 requirements for a "Master Chapter" certificate. Many school farms and plots are also operated by departments of vocational agriculture in the Pacific area. Kentuclq has organized a state wide Future Farmer Cooperative. Several authors have investigated the methods used by chapters of F.F.A. to raise funds. The sale of garden and field crop seeds, operating confectionery stands, scrap-metal and paper drives, group productive enterprises, the sale of articles made in farm shop, F.F.A. plays and entertainment, and school and community fairs were considered sound from the financial standpoint. The authors cited in this chapter were not in complete agreement as to the value of these activities from the educational standpoint. 18 Some authors rated certain activities high from the educational stand- point while others rated the same activity low in that respect. The educational value of cooperative activities for profit, therefore, needs further investigation. Cooperative activities for profit may serve purposes other than that of making money for the chapter. Certain activities, especially productive enterprises, may provide problems for classroom instruction. Other types of projects may serve to improve the livestock or crops in a cammnity. Additional activities may fulfill other purposes. Some chapters of F.F.A. invest money in machinery and equipment. This machinery and equipment may meet a need in certain communities, especially in communities characterized by small or part-time farms that cannot support a full set of farm machinery. CHAPTER III COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT CONDUCTED BY MICHIGAN CHAPTERS 0F F.F.A. The data pertaining to the various cooperative activities for profit were Obtained by means of a questionnaire sent to 94 chapter advisers in Michigan. Seventy of these questionnaires were returned. I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHAPTERS INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY The 70 chapters included in the survey were widely scattered over the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, especially over the southern two-thirds of the Louver Peninsula. The location of these chapters is shown in Figure 1. Although questionnaires were sent to two chapters in the Upper Peninsula, neither questionnaire was returned. As shown in Table I, the chapters were very heterogeneous. They TABLE I CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 70 CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY 'F Average for Characteristics all chapters Ranflgg Active membership in F.F.A. (1947-48) 1.0.9 14—78 Enrollment in vocational agriculture (1947-48) - 47.6 19-97 Teaching experience of adviser (years) 11.8 2.31 Tenure of adviser in present school (years) 8.1 ~2--28 MICHIGAN Figure 1. Location of the 70 Chapters Included in the Survey w Wrasse -70erme ,mM 1 20 ' Fmvrtsaso'r ma *-'-‘"'JW loses $.- ILA.“ List-WW v‘i- 21 ranged in active F.F.A. membership from 14 to 78, with an average of 40.9. The enrollment in vocational agriculture varied from 19 to 97, with an average of 47.6. The advisers to these chapters had an average of 11.8 years of teaching experience in vocational agriculture with a range in teaching experience of two to 31 years. There was also a wide range in the tenure of the adviser, two to 28 years with an average of 8.1 years. II. COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT The cooperative activities for profit included in this report are those activities that were conducted during a twelveamonth period. As each adviser was allowed to select his own period, the twelve months selected were not the same in every case. A few advisers selected the fiscal year from July 1, 1947 to June 30, 1948. A few others selected periods starting and ending on various dates but covering a major part of 1948. For the most part, however, the 1948 calendar year was chosen as the twelvedmonth period to be included in the survey. The activities reported in this study are thus, with a few exceptions, activities that were conducted during 1948. As each teacher was the adviser to only one chapter, the term "chapters reporting" will be used in most cases throughout the remainder of this report to designate the activities that were reported by the advisers to these chapters. As shown in Table II, the 70 chapters reported 71 different cooperative activities for profit. Each chapter conducted an average of 5.7 activities. The cooperative buying and/or 22 selling activities, with a frequency of 163 and an average of 2.3 activities per chapter, was the leading area. Cooperative activities in the production of crops and livestock were reported by fewer chapters than any of the four areas. TABLE II TOTAL NUMBER OF COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, REPORTED BY THE 70 ADVISERS RETURNING QUESTIONNAIRE No. of different Total frequency Average number Cooperative area activities in of activities of activities, for prgfit each area reported: all chapters Production Crops 10 25 .36 Livestock _45 33? ,gg, Total 15 42 .6 Buying and/or selling 19 163 2.3 Service or custom 25 104 1.5 Entertainment and social _l_.2_ fl ' 1,; Total for all areas 71 398 5.7 The preceding statements can be further substantiated by reference to Table III. Sixty of the 70 chapters, or 85.7 per cent, reported one or'more cooperative activities in the buying and/or selling area. These 60 chapters averaged 2.7 activities each in that area. On the other hand, only 25 chapters, or 35.7 per cent, reported one or more cooperative production activities for profit. These chapters conducted an average of 1.7 production activities per chapter. The cooperative service or custom area ranked second to buying and/or selling in the number of 23 chapters reporting those activities. Entertainment and social activities, with 40 chapters reporting, was only slightly below the service or custom area. Two of the 70 chapters reported that they had conducted no coop- erative activities for profit. TABLE III NUMBER OF CHAPTERS, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, REPORTING ONE OR MORE COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT IN AN AREA Chapters reporting one or Total fre— Av. numbgr of more coop. activities for quency of activities per Cooperative area .profit in that area activities area, per chap- for pggfit Number Per cent reported ter reporting Production Crops 20 28.6 25 1.3 livestock lg 17 . 1 11 1‘4 Total 25* 35.7* #2 1.7* Buying and selling 60 85.7 163 2.7 Service or custom 45 64.3 104 2.3 Entertainment 42 60.0 89 2.1 No coop. activities 2 2.9 .-. -_. for pgofit *The total is not the sum of the crop and livestock activities in this case since seven chapters reported both types of cooperative production activities for profit. Coopgrative_production activities for_profit. The cooperative production activities conducted for profit are shown in Table IV. Corn and cats were the leading activities in crop production, followed by orchards and wheat. Other activities in crop production were as follows: garden, legume hay, potatoes, vineyard, tomatoes, and pulpwood, all reported by one chapter each. It was interesting to note that the pulpwood was cut from land owned by the F.F.A. chapter. This project indicated long-time planning on the part of the chapter. The scope of these activities in crop production varied widely from chapter to chapter. TEBLE IV COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED FOR PROFIT Cooperative production activities Chapters Average scopejper chapter for profit , reporting. Unit Range Average Activities in crop production Corn 6 Acres g- 18 9.8 Oats 6 Acres 2- 40 11.5 Orchard 4 Trees 50-350 150.0* Wheat 3 Acres 3- 10 6.7 All others _Jé --_ -_- ___ Total frequency for crops 25 Activities in livestock production Breeding sows 6 Head 1— 10 4 Broilers 5 Head 200-1800 662* Fattening swine 3 Head 2- 4 3 Bees 2 Hives 3- 15 9 Steers _;L Head 2 2 Total frequency for livestock 17 Total frequency for production 42 *Since not all chapters reporting this activity indicated its scope, this average represents the average of those reported. Breeding sows‘were reported by more chapters than any other cooperative activity in livestock production. Although these sows were 25 listed as a cooperative activity for profit, it is the opinion of the ‘writer that, except in a few cases, they were part of an F.F.A. pig chain. Other cooperative activities in livestock production were broilers, fattening swine, bees, and steers. In addition, six chapters owned boars which were available for service as a profit-making activity. This activity is a service, however, and is shown in Table VI. TABLE V COOPERATIVE BUYING AND/OR SELLING ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED FOR PROFIT Buying and/or selling Chapters reporting Quantity sold_per chapter ‘32:}Vit133:£9? profit Number Per cent Unit Range _f AvL Garden seeds 51 72.8 Sales $40— 790 3269* .Refreshments 25 35.7 Sales $15-1200 8273* Greeting cards 15 21.4 Boxes 70— 500 232* Scrap metal 12 17 .1 Tons 1.- 20 7* Excess pigs from pig chain 12 17.1 Head 1- 10 4* Scrap paper 11 15.7 Tons 1, 30 14* Field seeds for planting 8 11.4 Bu. 8- 124 51* Christmas trees 5 -—** Trees 50- 250 165* Magazine subscriptions 4 -—— ... ._. _._ All others 20 —-- -_— -_- ——- Total frequency 163 *Since not all chapters reporting this activity indicated the quantity sold, this average represents the average of those reported. **Peroentages below ten are not shown. Coopegative Mg andlor gell__i_._ng activities for profit. The sale of garden seed was by far the most popular buying and/or selling activity for profit. Nearly three-fourths of the 70 chapters reported this activity. Other cooperative buying and/ or selling activities for profit are shown in Table V. Activities not shown in the table and the number of chapters reporting each were as follows: pencils, three; minerals mixed by the F.F.A., spray materials, cats to a biological supply house, apples, and wood that was cut by the F.F.A., two chapters each; and protein supplement, Jello, trees for planting, nursery stock, bulk popcorn, cider, and feed troughs for swine, one chapter each. The quantity of the products sold showed extremely wide variations from chapter to chapter. Some chapters have transacted a very large volume of business. Such large volumes would require intense sales promotion and/or very excellent opportunities for selling. Cooperative service 2;; custom activities for profit. There were no outstanding cooperative service or custom activity from the stand- point of the number of chapters reporting such an activity as was the case in the buying and/or selling area. ' About one—quarter of the 70 chapters reported chapter exhibits at fairs (Table VI). Twelve chapters reported an F.F.A. loan fund as a cooperative activity for profit. Other chapters may have had a loan fund but did not consider it as a cooperative activity for profit. ' Although a loan fund would probably return some profit to the chapter, the amount would be so small that it would not contribute any appreciable amount to the F.F.A. treasury. 27 Twelve chapters also reported renting F.F.A. owned machinery as a cooperative activity for profit. {ore will be said concerning this activity in Chapter V. TABLE VI COOPERATIVE SERVICE OR CUSTOM ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED FOR PROFIT Service or custom activities CI‘gpters reporting £1: profit Number Per cent Chapter exhibits at fairs 17 24.3 F.F.A. loan fund 12 17.1 F.F.A. owned machinery rented to the public or to F.F.A. members 12 17.1 Chapter contests 8 1.1.4 Production of plants for sale 6 ——* Service fee for boars owned by the chapter 6 —— Field and/or orchard spraying service 5 ...... Weed control service 5 ..... Plant trees 5 ..... External parasite control service 5 _. All other service or custom activities for profit __22 ...... Total frequency 104 *Percentages below ten are not shown. Other cooperative service or custom activities for profit not shown in Table VI and the number of chapters reporting each were as follows: disinfect buildings, three; clip cattle, whitewash buildings, 28 control internal parasites, treat seeds, repair and recondition.machinery, and prune trees, two chapters each; and butcher livestock and poultry, operate a hatchery, test milk, oil harness, fit land for planting, paint barns, test soil, and apply DDT to barns, one chapter each. As the scope of each cooperative service or custom activity would require a different form, no effort has been made to show the scope of these activities. TABLE VII COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED FOR PROFIT Times engaged in Entertainment and/or social Chapters reporting, per chapter per_year activities for profit Number Per cent Range Average Dances 18 25.7 1- 8 2.1* Parties 16 22.8 1- 3 1.6* Banquets 12 17.1 1- 2 1.1* Raffles 11 15.7 1, 2 1.1* Sponsor traveling shows 10 14.3 l 1.0* Athletic contests 9 12.8 1-12 3.9* Sponsor movies 5 ...** 1-15 4.5* Box suppers or pie socials 3 -- l 1.0 All others _2_ ._- ..- ..- Total frequency 89 ’ *Since not all chapters reporting this activity indicated the times per year that the activity was engaged in, this is an average of those reported. **Percentages below ten.are not shown. 29 Coopgrative entertainment andIEQEial_activities for profit. As shown in Table VII, many types of entertainment and social activities 'were engaged in for profit. Dances, parties, banquets, raffles, travel- ing shows, and athletic contests were the most popular. Five chapters sponsored movies and three sponsored box.suppers or pie socials. Other entertainment and social activities for profit not shown in Table VII and the number of chapters reporting each were as follows: school fairs, two chapters and plays, school carnivals, and selection of a queen, one chapter each. ‘ Many chapters used the same activity several times during the year. Movies, athletic contests, and dances were repeated most often. III. PROFITS REPORTED FROM COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES Each chapter adviser was asked to indicate the amount of profit that was derived from.each cooperative activity for profit conducted by his chapter. These profits, as reported, are shown in Table XXII in the Appendix. For the most part, thewaere not net profit. Few chapters made deductions for student labor utilized in conducting an activity in determining the profit from that activity. In a few cases, the profits reported appear excessive, indicating that other costs were not deducted. One adviser stated that the chapter did not have to pay rent on the land for a crop project, thus this charge was not deducted in figuring the exact amount of profit. Other advisers made similiar statements about the profits reported from other activities. Since complete cost accounts were not made in every case and since few chapters 30 made deductions for student labor, the profits reported do not provide sufficient data to evaluate the cooperative activities for profit from the financial standpoint. Many chapters had conducted a particular activity for several years. These data are also shown in Table XXII along with the profits reported. Since several advisers indicated that they did not under- stand just what information was desired in this part of the question- naire, the data pertaining to the number of years that an activity had been conducted are probably not complete. IV. COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT THAT HAD BEEN DISCONTINUED DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS As shown in Table XXIII in the Appendix, several chapter advisers reported that their chapters had discontinued one or more cooperative activities for profit during the last five years. Five advisers reported that the sale of garden seeds had been discontinued by their chapters. Scrap drives and the sale of refreshments were reported discontinued by three chapters each. Two chapters each reported that the following activities had been discontinued: paper drives, the sale of cats to a biological supply house, donkey basketball games, F.F.A. plays, and school carnivals. The most frequently given reasons for discontinuing a cooperative activity for profit were: (1) the school administration did not approve of the activity, (2) the activity proved unprofitable, (3) the activity required too much class time in relation to its educational value, and 31 (4) too much of the time spent on the activity became " just work" instead of educational experience. Several of the buying and/or selling activities were discontinued because the demand for the product was inadequate . V . SUMMARY The '70 chapters included in the survey were widely scattered over the lower Peninsula of Michigan. These chapters had an average of 40.9 active members in F.F.A. The teaching experience of the advisers to these chapters varied from two to 31 years, with an average of 11.8 years. The tenure of the advisers varied from two to 28 years, with an average of 8.1 years. The 70 chapters conducted an average of 5.7 cooperative activities for profit. These activities were distributed in the cooperative areas as follows: production, .6; buying and/or selling, 2.3; service or custom, 1.5; and entertainment and social, 1.3. More chapters conducted activities in buying and/or selling than in any other area. Sixty chapters reported one or more buying and/or selling activities for profit. The correSponding number for the other areas were as follows: production, 25; service or custom, 45; and entertainment and social, 42. Two chapter advisers indicated that their chapters conducted no cooperative activities for profit. The sale of garden seeds, reported by 51 of the 70 chapters, was by far the most popular cooperative activity for profit. The sale of 32 refreshments, with 25 chapters reporting, was second most popular. Other activities, in descending order of the number of chapters report- ing each activity, were as follows: dances, chapter exhibits at fairs, parties, sale of greeting cards, banquets, scrap drives, sale of excess pigs from a pig chain, F.F.A. loan fund, F.F.A. owned machinery rented to the public or to F.F.A. members, raffles, paper drives, sponsor traveling shows, athletic contests, sale of field seeds for planting, chapter contests, production of plants for sale, service fee for boars owned by the chapter, production of corn, production of cats, and breeding sows. Each of the above activities were reported by six or more of the 70 chapters. Since few chapters made deductions for student labor in deter- mining the amount of profit that was derived from each cooperative activity, the profits reported were not net profit in.most cases. The data pertaining to the number of years that a c00perative activity had been conducted are probably not complete. These two factors, therefore, were of limited value in evaluating the cooperative activities for profit from the financial standpoint. Several advisers indicated that their chapters had discontinued one or more cooperative activities for profit during the last five years. Various reasons were given for discontinuing these activities, the disapproval of the school administration and the failure to return profits being the two most frequently mentioned. CHAPTER IV FACTORS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA As shown in Chapter III, not all F.F.A. chapters selected the same types of cooperative activities for profit. Undoubtly many factors were associated with the selection of these activities. Three of these factors -- the size of the F.F.A. chapter, the teaching experience of the adviser, and the tenure of the adviser in his present school -— shall receive consideration in this chapter. It was the original purpose of the writer to use the per cent of the £931]; L125; inppmg that was derived from cooperative activities for profit as one basis for comparison in considering the effect of each factor on the relative importance of each cooperative area. The question- naire was so constructed as to obtain this information. Investigation into the per cent of income that was derived from sources other than cooperative activities for profit, however, revealed that many advisers did not allow proper weight to those other sources. Although this finding destroyed the usefulness of the figures representing the per cent of the total inime that was derived from the various c00perative areas ,- it did not destroy the relationship that exists between the cooperative areas as a source of F.F.A. funds. This relationship, in conjunction with the profits shown for the various cooperative activities, was used to compute the per cent of the income resulting from cooper- ative activities that was derived from each cooperative area. The 31+ percentages used in this chapter represent, therefore, the-pg; cent pf the income from cooperative activities and not the per cent of the total Egg, income. I. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA FOR ALL CHAPTERS IHuch information concerning the relative importance of each cooperative area for all chapters has already been presented in Tables II and III. The 70 chapters conducted an average of 5.7 cooperative activities for profit each. These activities were distributed in the cooperative areas as follows: production, .6; buying and/or selling, 2.3; service or custom, 1.5; and entertainment and social, 1.3. As shown in Table III, 85.7 per cent of the 70 chapters reported one or more buying and/or selling activities for profit while 64.3 per cent reported one or more service or custom activities; 60 per cent, one or more entertainment and social activities; and only 35.7 per cent, one or'more production activities for profit. These data show the importance of the buying and/or selling area. The buying and/er selling activities contributed a large share of the income that was derived from.cooperative activities, as shown in Table VIII. Fortyaeight chapters received over 30 per cent of the income that was derived from.cooperative activities from the buying and/or selling area. The corresponding numbers were ten, nine, and eight for service or custom, entertainment and social, and production activities respectively. Eleven chapters received all of their income that was derived from.cooperative activities from.the buying and/or 35 selling area while only six reported no income from buying and/or selling activities. Some explanation appears necessary at this point. The data presented in Table III indicate that 45 chapters reported one or more cooperative service or custom activities for profit while the data in Table VIII indicate that 26 chapters did not receive any funds from the TABLE VIII RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA AS A SOURCE OF F.F.A. FUNDS FOR ALL CHAPTERS"? Number of chapters, by cooperative area, receiving each Cooperative area percentage of the income derived from coop. activities for profit 003 __l:30% 31-995: pplQQZ Production #5 ll 8 0 Buying and/or selling 6 10 37 11 Service or custom 26 28 9 l mtertainment and social 28 27 6 3 *Since not all the questionnaires were complete enough to determine the per cent of income from each cooperative area, the data in this table represent only 64 of the 70 chapters. service or custom area. It thus appears that 71 chapters were included in the survey. On the other hand, the buying and/or selling activities in the two tables total only 66. The fact that the production and the entertainment and social areas total 70 each is purely coincidental. There are two explanations for the above results. If a chapter conducted a cooperative activity for profit in a given area but, because of un- favorable circumstances, received no profit from that activity, the 36 chapter conducting that activity would appear in Table III and would also appear in the no income column in Table VIII. Thus that chapter would be counted twice in the total. The other explanation, as shown in the footnote to Table VIII, is that only 64 of the 70 questionnaires were canplete enough to determine the per cent of income from each cooperative area. II. REATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING LARGE AND SMALL CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. To determine if the size of the F.F.A. chapter was associated with the relative importance of each cooperative area, the 64 chapters 'were divided into two groups based on active membership in F.F.A. The 30 chapters having 40 or more members were classified as large chapters. Thirtybfour chapters having 39 members or less were classified as small chapters. The characteristics of these large and small chapters are_ shown in Table IX. The average active membership in F.F.A. was 30.7 for the small chapters with a range of 14 to 39 as compared with an average of 53.1 for large chapters. The average enrollment in vocational agriculture was also much less for small chapters than for large chapters, 38.1 and 58.2 respectively. This could be expected as the membership in F.F.A. is dependent to a certain extent upon the enrollment in vocational agriculture. As former students of vocational agriculture may continue as active F.F.A. members for at least a period of three years after completing their agricultural training in high school, it is possible 37 for a chapter to have more F.F.A. members than the number of students enrolled in vocational agriculture. Such was the case in the large chapters which had a range of 32 to 97 students enrolled in vocational agriculture yet all large chapters had 40 or more active members in F.F.A. TABLE IX CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LARGE AND SMALL CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY 34 SMALL CHAPTERS ' 30 LARGE CHAPTERS Charactepi_srtics Average Range S.D._ Average Range S.D. Active membership in F.F.A. (1947-48) 30.7 14-39 7.1 53.1 40—78 11.1. Enrollment in vocational agriculture (1947-48) 38.1 21-63 8.8 58.2 32-97 16.1 Teaching experience of the adViser (yearS) 13.7 . 2.31 905 8.8 2—26 5.9 Tenure of adviser (years) 9.5 2-28 8.8 5.9 2-26 5.4 Again referring to Table IX, advisers to small chapters had an average of 13.7 years of teaching experience as compared with 8.8 years for advisers to large 'chapters. Although this difference indicated that the more experienced teachers were advisers to smaller chapters, the difference was not statistically significant to-the 5 per cent level as determined by the standard error of the difference of two means. The tenure of the advisers to small and large chapters was significant, how- ever, indicating that the advisers to the small chapters had longer tenure than did the advisers to large chapters. Any difference in the 38 relative importance of each cooperative area of large and small chapters, therefore, may be associated with either the size of the chapter or with the tenure of the adviser. TABLE X COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING LARGE AND SMALL CHAPTERS 34 SMALL CHAPTERS 3O LARGE CHAPTERS Frequency of Frequency of Chapters report— activities Chapters report- activities ing one or more reported ing one or more reported activities in Av. per activities in Av. per Coop. area that area Total chapt., that area Total chapt. for profit Number Per cent no. report. Number Per cent no., report. Production Crops 7 20.6 7 1.0 12 40.0 17 1.4 Livestock _5_ 1.4.1 8 _l_._6_ _1 23,2 _2 Q Total 10* 29.4*"" 15 1.5% 1As- 46.7% 26 1.9% Buy - sell 30 88.2 73 2.4 28 93.3 84 3.0 Service 19 55.9 32 1.7 23 76.7 59 2.6 Entertainment.12 .JELEZ .121 2:21 .31 ._1919 .141 22¢; Total 31 100.0‘ 153 4.5 30 100.0 215 ' 7.2 *The total is not the sum of crop and livestock activities in this case as two small chapters and five large chapters conducted both crop and livestock production activities for profit. large chapters conducted more cooperative activities for profit than did small chapters, 7.2 and 4.5 activities per chapter respectively as shown in Table X. Large and small chapters were not significantly different in the number of chapters reporting cooperative activities for 39 profit in any area as determined by the standard error of the difference of two proportions. The chi square test showed no significant difference bottleen the two groups when the frequency of the activities reported in each area was considered. TABLEXXI RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA AS A SOURCE OF F.F.A. FUNDS, COMPARING LARGE AND SMALL CHAPTERS 34 SMALL CHAPTERS 30 LARGE CHAPTERS Number of chapters, by cooperative area, receiving each per- ' Coop. area centage of the income that was derived from.coop. activities £91; profit comp-spa 31-99;pr 00; lacs 31—92301 Production 25 6 3 0 2O 5 5 0 Buying - selling A 3 20 7 2 7 17 A Service - custom 17 14 3 O 9 l4 6 1 Entertainment 17 ll 4 2 ll 16 2 l The relative importance of each cooperative area as a source of F.F.A. funds, comparing large and small chapters, is shown in Table.XI. Although there appeared to be a slight advantage to large chapters over small chapters in the service or custom area, this difference was not statistically significant as measured by the chi square test. The differences in the other areas were not significant. 1+0 III. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING NEW AND EXPERIENCED TEACHERS In order to partially eliminate the factor of the tenure of the adviser, new teachers, teachers who had had five years or less of teach- ing experience in vocational agriculture, were compared with experienced teachers with short tenure, teachers who had had more than five years of teaching experience but who had been teaching vocational agriculture in their present school for five years or less, to determine if the teach- ing experience of the adviser was associated with the relative importance of each cooperative area. The characteristics of the chapters which had new teachers and experienced teachers with short tenure as advisers are presented in Table XII. TABLE XII CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. WHICH HAD NEW TEACHERS AND EXPERIENCE TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AS ADVISERS ‘I 19 NEW TEACHERS 23 EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE Characteristics Average Range 8 .D . Average Range S .D . Teaching experience of the adviser (years) 3.5 2— 5 1.1 11.4 6-25 5.8 Tenure of adviser (years) 3.0 2.. 5 1.0 3.9 2. 5 1.1 Active membership in F.F.A. (1947-48) 41.5 15-72 12.8 45.5 21-78 17.3 Enrollment in vocational agriculture (1947-48) 47.2 29—82 12.2 49.7 21-88 19.6 —L Even though an effort was made to partially eliminate the factor of the tenure of the adviser, the two groups were still statistically bl different in this respect. As a result, the factor of the tenure of the adviser must also be considered in this comparison. The size of the F.F.A. chapter and the enrollment in vocational agriculture were not significantly different in the two groups. TABLE.XIII COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING CHAPTERS 0F F.F.A. WHICH HAD NEH TEACHERS AND EXPERIENCE) TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AS ADVISERS 19 NEW TEACHERS 23 EXPERIENCED TEACHERS . WITH SHORT TENURE Frequency of Frequency of Chapters report— activities Chapters report- activities ing one or more reported ing one or more reported activities in Av. per activities in Av. per Coop. area that area Total chapt. that area Total chapt. £2; profit Number Per cent no. report. Number Per cent up; report, Production . Crops 9 AU. 21.7 6 1.2 13 5 Livestock; 26.2 _1 1.3 _2 1.3.0 A 1.2 Total 103‘L 52.6* 20 2.0* 6* 26.1* 10 1.h* Buy - 5311 18 9A.? 6&8 207 20 8700 66 303 Service 11; 73.7 33 2.1» 12 52.2 25 2.1 Entertainment A; 684; 22 _2_,_2_ 11 12.2 3_1_ _1_,§, Total 19 100.0 130 6.8 23 100.0 132‘ 5.7 *The total is not the sum of crop and livestock activities in this case as four chapters with new teachers as advisers and two chapters with experienced teachers with short tenure as advisers reported both crop and livestock production activities for profit. Asshown in Table XIII, chapters which had new teachers as advisers conducted more cooperative production activities for profit than did [.2 chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure, 20 and 1O respectively. This difference was statistically significant. The two groups were also statistically different in the number of buying and/or selling activities conducted. Although there was little difference in the per cent of chapters conducting one or more buying and/or selling activities for profit in the two groups, chapters which had new teachers as advisers conducted fewer activities per chapter in this area._ The service or custom.area, the entertainment and social area, and the average number of cooperative activities for profit per chapter 'were not significantly different in the two groups. Although chapters with new teachers as advisers conducted more cooperative production activities for profit than did chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure, the cooperative production TABLE XIV RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA AS A SOURCE OF F.F.A. FUNDS , COMPARING CHAPTERS WHICH HAD NEW TEACHERS AND EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AS ADVISFRS 19 NEW TEACHERS 23 EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE Number of chapters, by COOperative area, receiving each per- Coop. area centpge of the income that was derived from coop. activities for pr__gfit 09% 140% 3;:99gi00% 00% 1.3% 31.2% 19% Production ‘ 12 3 1. O 19 2 2 0 Buying - selling 1 5 10 3 3 3 13 A Service - custom 6 9- A O 13 7 2 1 Entertaimnent 7 9 2 1 9 10 2 2 1.3 area was not more important as a source of F.F.A. funds for chapters with new teachers. The apparent difference, as shown in Table XIV, was not significant. The other areas were of equal importance as a source of F.F.A. funds for both groupS. IV. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING TEACHERS WITH SHORT AND LONG TENURE In order to partially eliminate the factor of the teaching experience of the adviser, chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure were compared with chapters which had experienced teachers with long tenure to determine if the tenure of the adviser was associated with the relative importance of each cooperative area. The advisers with long tenure still had the advantage in teaching experience, however, TABLE XV CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. WHICH HAD EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH IONG TENImE AND EXPERIENCE!) TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AS ADVISERS 23 EXPERIENCED 22 EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE IONG TENURE Characteristics Average Range S.D. Average Range S.D. Tenure of adviser (years) 3.9 2- 5 1.1 15.7 7-28 8.2 Teaching experience of the adviser (years) 11.1. 6-25 5.8 17.9 7-31 8.1. Active membership in F.F.A. (1947-43) h5-5 21-78 17.3 36¢; ILA-55 10.9 Enrollment. in vocational agriculture (19474.8) 19.7 21-88 19.6 1.5 .5 26-97 15.0 as shown in Table XV. Although this difference was statistically significant, both groups of advisers had experience far in excess of the more than five-year criterion for experienced teachers. In view of this experience, it is doubtful if the difference in length of experience between the two groups would have a great influence. TABLE XVI COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT, BY COOPERATIVE AREA, COMPARING CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. WHICH HAD EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH IONG TENURE AND EXPERI ENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AS ADVISERS 23 EXPERIENCED TEACHERS 22 EDG’FRIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE WITH IDNG TENURE Frequency of Frequency of Chapters report- activities Chapters report- activities ing one or more reported ing one or more reported activities in Av. per activities in Av. per Coop. area that area Total chapt. that area Total chapt. for profit Number Per cent no. report. Number Per cent no. reportJ Production Crops 5 21.7 6 1.2 5 22.7 5 1.0 Livestock 2 12.0 A 1;} __lt 18.2 __6_ _1__._5_ Total 6* 26.1* 10 1.4* 8* 36.lt* 11 1.1.* Buy - sell 20 87.0 66 3.3 20 90.9 1+3 2.2 Service 12 52.2 25 2.1 16 72.7 33 2.1 Entertainment 11 22,2 :21 1,8 _l___(_)_ 55,5 _12 1.2 Total 23 100.0 132 5.7 22 100.0 106 1.8 *The total is not the sum of crop and livestock activities in this case as two chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure and one chapter which had an experienced teacher with long tenure conducted both crop and livestock production activities for profit. #5 Again referring to Table XV, the size of the F.F.A, chapters was also significantly different in the two groups, with the experienced teachers with short tenure being advisers to smaller chapters. As shown previously, however, the size of the F.F.A. chapter was not associated with a greater relative importance of any cooperative area. TABLE XVII RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH COOPERATIVE AREA AS A SOURCE OF F.F.A. FUNDS, COMPARING CHAPTERS WHICH HAD EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE AND EXPERIENCE) TEACHERS WITH LONG TENURE AS ADVISERS 23 EXPERIENCED TEACHERS 22 EXPERIENCED TEACHERS WITH SHORT TENURE WITH LONG TENURE Number of chapters, by cooperative area, receiving each per- Coop. area centage of the income that was derived from coop. activities for profit 00} 1—3%331-B% 100% DC}? W Production 19 2 2 0 11+ 6 2 0 Buying .. selling 3 3 13 z. 2 2 1t 1. Service - custom 13 7 2 l 7 12 3 0 Entertainment 9 10 2 2 12 8 2 O As shown in Table XVI, chapters which had experienced teachers with long tenure as advisers conducted only a few more service or custom activities than did chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure, 33 and 25 respectively. The custom or service activities, however, made up a larger proportion of the total activities of the chapters which had experienced teachers with long tenure than of the A6 chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure as advisers. This fact made the two groups significantly different in the service or custan area. There was no significant difference in the other three areas or in the average total number of activities conducted by the chapters in both groups. The relative importance of each cooperative area as a source of F.F.A. funds, comparing chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure and experienced teachers with long tenure as advisers, is shown in Table XVII. There was no significant difference between the two groups in this reapect. V. SUMMARY Three factors - the size of the F.F.A. chapter, the teaching experience of the adviser, and the tenure of the adviser - 'were considered as they were associated with the relative importance of each cooperative area. Large chapters conducted more cooperative activities for profit per chapter than did small chapters. Although large and small chapters ‘were significantly different in the tenure of the adviser, it was shown that the tenure of the adviser was not associated with a greater or smaller number of cooperative activities for profit per chapter. Chapters which had new teachers as advisers conducted more coop- erative production and fewer buying and/or selling activities for profit than did chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure as advisers. Here again, the tenure of the adviser was significantly A7 different in the two groups. But since the tenure of the adviser was not associated with a lesser or greater relative importance of the production and the buying and/or selling areas, the teaching experience of the adviser was associated with the relative importance of these areas. Chapters which had experienced teachers with long tenure as advisers conducted more cooperative service or custom activities for profit than did chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure as advisers. Long teacher tenure was, therefore, associated with more cooperative service or custom activities for profit. CHAPTER V MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT OWNED COOPERATIVELY BY MICHIGAN CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. Many Michigan chapters of F.F.A. had money invested in machinery and equipnent at the time of the survey. As indicated in Table XVIII, approximately three out of every five advisers, 62.9 per cent, reported that his chapter owned some type of machinery and/or equipnent. TABLE XVIII CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. REPORTING OWNERSHIP OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Chapters reportigg Characteristic Number Per cent Chapters reporting machinery and] or equipnent and indicating its value 34 1.8.6 Chapters reporting machinery and/or » equipnent but not indicating its value 10 M Total, chapters reporting machinery and/or equipment A)... 62.9 Chapters reporting no machinery or equipnent 26 37,1 Total for all chapters 70 100.0 As not all of the advisers indicated the value of the machinery and/or equipnent owned by the chapter, it was impossible to arrive at an average investment for all 70 chapters. The range in investment and the average investment of the 31. chapters that indicated the value of the machinery and/or equipnent owned are shown in Table XIX. Sixteen of the 31. chapters reported that their investment in machinery and equipment was $100 or less. Three chapters reported investments of over $1,000. 49 These 31. chapters had a total investment in machinery and equipnent of $12,626, or an average of 2.5371 per chapter. TABLE XIX INVESTMENT IN MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT BY THE 31+ CHAPTERS REPORTING MACHINERY AND EXQUIHTENT AND INDICATING ITS VALUE Value of machinery and/or Number of equipment owned Me in value chapters Rangp Average Total,_ $1,000 or more 3 $1,715—2,29O $1,912 3 5,915 301-1,000 5 h30- 990 773 3 , 863 201- 300 5 203- 290 2111 1,203 101- 200 5 113- 167 145 720 1- 100 __6_ 10- 100 __5_§ __9_25_ Total 3h 3 371* $12 ,626 *The average for the 31. chapters is not the total of the averages for each group. As many types of machinery and equipnent were reported, only those items reported by three or more chapters are shown in Table XX. Live- stock clippers was the only outstanding item Of equipnent in terms of the nurnber of chapters reporting each item. Four chapters owned tractors and tillage equipnent. Other items of particular interest, from the standpoint of money invested and not necessarily from the standpoint of the desirability of owning such machinery and equipment, were large chemical sprayers, paint Sprayers, brooder houses, and trailers. Other A machinery and equipment not shown in Table XX were as follows: mowers, 5O dipping rigs, "doodle bug", battery brooders, dehorners, hand corn planters, pruning shears, honey extractors, bee hives, and refreshment A TABLE XX MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT OWNED COOPERATIVELY BY CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. Machinery and or Chapters reporting No. of Value figment owned Number Per cent items Average Rang: livestock clippers 28 1+0.0 35 $ 35* 5 20- 60 Trailers 12 17.1 13 109* 35- 250 Seed-treating equipnent 12 17.1 13 20* 5- 60 Brooders 8 11.1; 10 18* 5- 35 Small chemical sprayers 8 ll.l+ 9 10* 3- 25 Large chemical sprayers 7 10.0 8 350* 150- 800 Brooder houses 7 10.0 9 11.5 65- 200 Paint sprayers 5 I...“ 5 l5 1* 30- A00 Fanning E1113 5 -- 5 60* 25- 95 Enasculators A -- 6 17 15- 20 Tractor 8c tillage 'equipnent A --- 389* l,292* 825-1,75O Hog houses 3 -- 3 65 1.5-- 100 Hot beds 3 --- 3 25 15- 1+5 Incubators 3 ~— 3 35* 10- 60 *Since not all chapters reported the value of the machinery and/Or equipnent owned, this average is based on the values reported. “Percentages below ten are not shown. “he machinery included were four tractors, four plows, three harrows, and two cultivators. 51 stands, reported by two chapters each. The following items were re- ported by one chapter each: spring-tooth harrow, potato planter, potato digger, bulldozer blade, terracing blade, hand duster, farm wagon, portable swine loader, cast mold for hog troughs (the chapter also owned patent rights), greenhouse, seed germinator, mineral mixer, pruning saws, ladders, scales, transits, soil test kit, milk test computer, band saw, wood lathe, camera, and film-strip machine. Ownership of machinery and equipment by an F.F.A. chapter may present certain legal problems that should be considered by each chapter adviser. The extent and nature of the liability in the case of any personal injury or property damage resulting from the use of this equipnent is not commonly known at the present time. CHAPTER VI SUMIvIARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY I e SIDNEIARY It was the purpose of this study (1) to determine the kinds of cooperative activities for profit that were conducted during a twelve- mmnth period by F.F.A. chapters in Michigan, (2) to determine if certain factors were associated with the relative importance of each cooperative area, and (3) to determine the kinds of machinery and equipnent that were owned cooperatively by these chapters at the time of the survey. Questionnaires were sent to 94 chapter advisers in Michigan.who had been teaching vocational agriculture in the same school for two years or more at the time of the survey. Seventy, or 74.5 per cent, of these questionnaires were returned. Data pertaining to the enroll- ment in vocational agriculture and the active membership in F.F.A. were Obtained from The State Board of Control for Vocational Education, lensing, Michigan. The cooperative activities for profit, in most cases, were activities that had been conducted during 1948. The 70 chapters conducted an average of 5.7 cooperative activities for profit during the year. These activities were divided into the following areas: production, .6; buying and/or selling, 2.3; service or custom, 1.5; and entertainment and social, 1.3. Sixty of the 70 chapters, or 85.7 per cent, reported one or more cooperative activities 53 for profit in the buying and/or selling area. The corresponding percentages were 64.3, 60.0, and 35.7 for the service or custom, enter- tainment and social, and production areas respectively. Fortyaeight chapters indicated that more than 30 per cent of the income derived from.cooperative activities came from the buying and/or selling area. Corn, oats, orchards, and wheat were the leading cooperative activities for profit in crop production. Breeding sows, broilers, fattening swine, and bees were the most popular livestock production activities. None of the cooperative production activities for profit - were reported by more than six chapters. The sale of garden seeds was by far the most outstanding cooperative activity for profit in terms of the number of chapters reporting that activity. Fiftyeone chapters, or 72.8 per cent, reported the sale of garden seeds. The sale of refreshments, reported by 25 chapters, was the second most popular activity. Buying and/or selling activities which were reported by four or more chapters, in addition to the two above, were greeting cards, scrap metal, excess pigs from a pig chain, scrap paper, field seeds for planting, Christmas trees, and magazine subscriptions. Chapter exhibits at fairs, reported by 17 chapters, was the most popular cooperative service or custom activity for profit. Others in the same area, which were reported by five or more chapters, were F.F.A. loan fund, F.F.A. owned machinery rented to the public or to F.F.A. members, chapter contests, production of plants for sale, service fee for'boars owned by the F.F.A. chapter, field and/Or orchard Spraying 54 service, weed control service, and external parasite control service. Dances were reported by 18 chapters. Parties, banquets, raffles, sponsoring of traveling shows, athletic contests, sponsoring of movies, and box suppers or pie socials were other activities which were reported 'by three or more chapters in the entertainment and social area. Large chapters conducted more cooperative activities for profit per chapter than did small chapters. Chapters which had new teachers as advisers conducted more production activities and fewer buying and/or selling activities for profit than did chapters which had experienced teachers with short tenure. The cooperative service or custom.activities for profit made up a larger proportion of the total activities of chapters which had teachers with long tenure as advisers than in the chapters which had teachers with short tenure as advisers. Cooperative investments in some type of machinery and/or equip- ment were reported by 44 of the 70 Chapters. These chapters indicated a range in total investment from $10 to $2,290 per chapter. Twentyh eight chapters owned one or more livestock clippers. Seven chapters owned large chemical sprayers (fifty gallons or more). Tractors and tillage equipnent were reported by four chapters. Trailers, seed- treating equipment, brooders, small chemical sprayers, brooder houses, paint sprayers, fanning mills, emasculators, hog houses, hot beds, and incubators were reported by from.three to twelve chapters each. Many other types of machinery and equipment were reported by either one or two chapters. 55 II. CONCLUSIONS 0n the basis of the data presented in this report the following conclusions have been formulated: 1. The sale of garden seeds was the most popular COOperative activity for profit. 2. The cooperative buying and/or selling area was the most important area as a source of F.F.A. funds. 3. The F.F.A. chapters conducted more buying and/or selling activities per chapter than in any other area. A. Cooperative activities for profit in the production of crops and livestock were conducted by fewer Chapters than in any other area. 5. Approximately three out of every five F.F.A. chapters in Michigan had investments in machinery and equipment at the time of the survey. 6. Large chapters of F.F.A. were associated.with more cooperative activities for profit per chapter. 7. New teacherS‘were associated with more cooperative production activities and fewer buying and/or selling activities for profit per chapter. 8. Advisers with long tenure were associated with more coop- erative service or custom activities for profit. 56 III. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY In view of the limited information available on the educational Objectives that can be achieved through cooperative activities for profit and the subjective methods that have been used in evaluating these objectives, investigation into the educational value of the most prevalent cooperative activities for profit seems desirable. Since cooperative activities for profit constitute only a small portion of the total activities of an F.F.A. chapter, the cooperative activities that are not used to raise money for the chapter should be investigated to determine the most prevalent activities as well as their educational value. The legal responsibility of the adviser to an F.F.A. chapter in the event of personal injury or property damage resulting from the operation of F.F.A. owned machinery is not entirely clear at the present ‘ time. An investigation into this problem could establish the extent of liability of the adviser under such conditions. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. BOOKS Cook, Glen C. , _A Handbook _og Teaching Vocational Agriculture. Danville, Illinois: The Interstate, 1947. 812 pp. Deyoe, George P., Supervised FarmingwiQLVocational Agriculture. Danville, Illinois: The Interstate, 1943. 502 pp. Tenny, A.‘Webster, Practical Activities for Future Farmers. Danville, Illinois: The Interstate, 1941. 318 pp. B. BULLETINS American Vocational Association, Research Committee of the Agricultural Education Section, "Summaries of Studies in Agricultural Education." Supplement No. 1 to Vocational Education Bulletin No. 180. Danville, Illinois: The Interstate, 1943. 199 pp. Kirkland, James Bryant, "Raising Funds to Finance the F.F.A. Chapter." Non-thesis study, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1943. 5 pp. Summary in -—-United States Office of Education, Vocational Division Bulletin No. 237, Agricultural Series No. 57, "Summaries of Studies in Agricultural Education." Supplement No. 2 to Vocational Division Bulletin No. 180. 'Washington, D.C.: United States Govern- ment Printing Office, 1948, p. 55. "Official Manual for Future Farmers of America." Chandler Bldg., Baltimore 2, Maryland: The French-Bray Printing Company, 1945. 9A pp. United States Office of Education, Vocational Education Bulletin No. 180, "Summaries of Studies in Agricultural Education." 'Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1935. 196 pp. United States Office of Education, Vocational Division Bulletin No. 237, Agricultural Series No. 57, "Summaries of Studies in Agricultural Education." Supplement No. 2 to Vocational Division Bulletin No. 180. ‘Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1948. 120 pp. 5.8 C. PERIODICAL ARTICLES Byrd, W. Murphy, "F.F.A. Butchering Program, " Agricultural Education Magazine, 18:236, June, 1946. Cline, R. W., "The Cooperative Use of Farm Machinery by Students of Vocational Agriculture ," Agricultural Education Magazine, 18:150- 151, February, 1946. Couper, George P., "California Future Farmer Cooperative ," Agricultural Education Magazine, 20:86, November, 1947. Esham, C. F., "Future Farmers Conduct Hatchery, " Agricultural]; Education Ma azine, 16:76, October, 1943. Harper, Jack, "Oklahoma Future Farmers Control Grubs ," Agricultural Education Magazine, 17:17, July, 1944. Harris, Lee, " Kentucky Future Farmer Cooperative, Incorporated ," Agricultural Education Magazine, 20:88, November, 1947. Johnson, E. J. , "School Farms and Plots in the Pacific Region," Aggicultural Education Magazine, 19:188—189, April, 1947. Johnson, J. 8., "This Farm Machinery Cooperative Really Works ," Agricultural Education Magazi_n_e, 17:212, May, 1945. Kirkland, James Bryant, "Raising Funds to Finance the F.F.A. Chapter," Agricultural Education Magazine, 16:145, February, 1944. Leonard, John R., "A Study of Cooperative Activities of Local Chapters of Future Farmers of America," Agricultural Education Magazine, 20:234-235, June, 1948. Schroeder, W. P., "Fremont F.F.A. Cooperative Orchard Project," Agricultural Education Magazine, 16:16 , July, 1943. Stillman, J. R. , "Chapter Projects Improve livestock," Aggicultural Education Magazine, 14:217, May, 1942. Tabb, W. R., "The Kentucky Future Farmer Cooperative, Incorporated ," Aggicultural Education Magazine, 17 :137-138, January, 1945. 59 D. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS Newburn, Gene Edgar, "FNaluation of the Activities of the Future Farmers of America in Illinois in Terms of Educational Objectives of Vocational Agriculture." Master's thesis, Colorado State College, Fort Collins, 1939. 122 pp. Weese, Samuel J. , "A Survey of Methods Used in Financing Local Chapters of Future Farmers of America in West Virginia, With Suggestions and Recommendations." Master's thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1940. 52 pp. APPENDIX TABLE XXI CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. INCLUDE) IN THE SURVEY, THEIR ADVISERS AND SOME OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS Teacher Teacher Vo. ag. F.F.A. experience tenure enroll.- member- Chapter Adviser (years) (yearsl ment ship Bad Axe Glen Wakefield 15 9 26 27 Barryton Howard Malcomnson 4 3 48 44 Bellevue Maynard Johnston 5 4 42 35 Berrien Springs August Lange 9 4 41 39 Bronson Charles R. Hilton 24 19 43 29 Buchanan . Ellis J. May 3 3 47 43 Caro Milton Hagelberg 5 3 59 52 Cedar Springs John P. Coady 3 3 36 34 Chelsea Marshall F. Richards 8 7 45 48 Goldwater Robert W. Barnes -— 6 41 4O Coleman George E. Leckrone 9 3 4O 47 Deckerville T. B. Poole 27 27 46 34 Dowagiac Victor Woodrick 3 3 57 49 Durand Roy Wallis 13 10 47 42 Eaton Rapids Earl C . McKim 11 2 6O 60 Edwardsburg M. C. Blanchard 20 20 33 33 Elkton William Rupp 1+ 4 69 70 Evert Arthur Gronlmd 9 9 63 32 Fairgrove W. C. Bannister 8 4 35 36 Fowlerville Riby Holmes 5 5 48 41 Fremont Felix Juska 3 3 82 72 Grand Blanc Joseph L. Jewett 10 10 38 38 Grand Ledge R. M. White 20 5 73 68 Hanover Fred C. Sackrider 2 2 39 4O Hart Lionel Tate 6 4 78 72 Hartland Charles Stewart 7 3 51 42 Hanlock C. R. Gofton 23 5 42 21 Hesperia W. D. Wallace 25 2 21 22 Homer Lawrence Pancost 2 2 40 40 Inlay City Joseph 0. Shull 11 11 47 49 Ionia Clifford Haslick 7 7 58 50 Ithaca Richard J. Hickman 7 3 83 78 Jackson R. N. Kebler 31 20 39 36 Lake City R. F. Tyndall 19 8 36 34 Lake Odessa Clyde Ray 3 2 39 34 Leslie R. J. Miller 7 3 49 39 CHAPTERS OF F.F.A. INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY, THEIR ADVISERS TABLE XXI (continued) AND SOME OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 61 Teacher Teacher Vo. ag. F.F.A. experience tenure enroll- member- solidated §_h_a_pter Adviser hears) (years) ment ship Lowell Carl Hagen 2 2 46 39 Marshall Culver D. Wilcox 28 21 77 62 McBain L. G. Rothney 3 2 46 34 Middleville Elton W. Lawrence 8 8 43 25 Midland Lynn Heatley 26 26 49 50 Milford Herschel L. Krebs 6 5 54 47 Morenci Max Huff 11 5 23 21 Mt. Pleasant E. J. Grambau -- 28 45 37 Ousted Elwood little 7 5 60 55 Owosso D. W. Dalgleish 9 3 88 70 Oxford Roger D. Oberg 8 8 26 26 Paw Paw R. G. Gas 28 28 31 16 Pittsford Clare Monroe 15 2 64 41 Quincy Oscar Fischer 9 7 64 55 Reed City Francis Godbold 8 5 35 31 Reruns Stuart Mosier 3 2 37 30 Rockford Fred Bartlett 5 3 52 47 Romeo Lloyd Campbell 9 4 38 42 St. Johns John Baker 23 21 97 52 St. Louis L. C. House 5 .5 43 32 Sand Creek L. H. Latchaw 20 3 25 24 Saranac George Makel 7 4 48 35 Sheridan John B. Ranger 19 13 19 ‘ 20 Sparta Fred R. Humeston - —- 56 23 “Springport Glen Nesman l2 5 52 55 Stockbridge Donovan G. Cronkhite 2 2 38 37 Traverse City Watson E. Fowle 29 28 49 14 Ubly Douglas Phillips 4 4 29 15 Vassar William C. 'I‘ulloch 14 10 39 39 Walled Lake Waldo C. Proctor 21 21 49 4O Weidman Clare Dunworth 9 5 32 42 Whittemore W. H. Van Petten 19 4 26 30 Yale W. Henry Kennedy 6 2 76 72 Ypsilanti - H. E. Laing 28 25 37 35 Lincoln Con- 62 TABLE XXII PROFITS ON COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES AND YEARS THAT THESE COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES HAD BEEN CONDUCTED, AS REPORTED BY CHAPTER ADVISERS Chapters re- Chapters *Charge porting this indicating for Cooperative activity was amount of Profit reported, 1948 pupil activities conducted in profit in in dollars labor ‘gggiprofit 44 45_46 47 48 1948 Range Average Unit Yes No ACTIVITIESgIN CROP PRODUCTION Corn 0 1 1 2 6 4 Loss- 37 $11 per acre 3 1 Cats 1 O O O 6 5 Loss- 30 4 per acre 3 2 Orchard 1 1 1 2 4 2 0- 2 1 per tree 0 2 Wheat 0 O O 1 3 2 12- 21 14 per acre 0 1 Legume hay O O O O 1 1 33 33 per acre 1 O Potatoes 0 O O 0 1 1 17 17 per acre 0 1 Vineyard O O O O 1 1 O 0 per acre 0 1 Tomatoes 0 O 0 O 1 1 66 66 per acre 0 1 Garden 1 1 1 l 1 1 Loss Loss 0 1 Pulpwood O ‘O O O l 1 7 7 per cord 0 0 ACTIVITIES IN flESTOCK PRODUCTION Breeding sows 2 3 3 3 6 5 Loss- 30 11 per head 2 3 Broilers 1 l l 2 5 3 8— 20 14 per 100 0 3 Fattening swine O 1 1 l 3 2 11- 13 12 per head 1 l Bees 1 1 1 1 2 2 5- 11 6 per hive O 2 Steers 0 0 O l 1 l 45 45 per head 1 0 BUYING ANDJOR SELLING ACTIVITIES Garden seeds 14 19 23 37 51 46 10-256 68 per chapt. 7 38 Refreshments 2 3 6 13 25 20 2-400 90 per chapt. 1 19 Greeting cards 0 1 5 10 15 14 12-250 82 per chapt. 1 13 Scrap Drives 3 2 l 2 12 9 21-300 97 per chapt. 2 7 Emness pigs from a pig chain 2 2 2 5 12 6 10— 21 15 per pig 1 5 Paper drives '2 4 4 5 11 10 5-181 82 per chapt. 1 9 Field seeds 1 2 3 6 8 8 0- 2 1 per bu. 2 5 Christmas trees 0 O l 4 5 4 25-140 ‘ 87 per chapt. 2 2 Magazine sub- scriptions 1 1 2 2 4 3 10— 60 33 per chapt. l 2 Pencils O O O 2 3 2 10— 25 18 per chapt. O 2 Minerals 0 O O 2 2 1 20 20 per ton O 1 Cats to a bio. supply house 1 1 l 2 2 2 1.50 1.50 per cat 0 2 63 TABLE XXII (continued) PROFITS ON COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES AND YEARS THAT THESE COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES HAD BEEN CONDUCTED, AS REPORTED BY CHAPTER ADVISERS Chapters re- Chapters *Charge porting this indicating for Cooperative activity was amount of Profit reported, 1948 pupil activities conducted in profit in in dollars labor .gpr profitfl_ 44g45 46 47g48 1948 Range Average Unit 9193 No BUYING moles SELLING ACTIVITIES (continued) Cut and sell ‘wood 1 O 0 0 2 2 '3 3— 4 $ 3.70 per cord 0 O Apples (bulk) 0 0 O 1 1 1 1 l per bu. O 1 Jello O 0 O 1 1 1 8O 80 per chapt. O 1 Bulk popcorn 0 0 0 0 1 0 Cider O O O O 1 0 Feed troughs 0 0 O 0 1 1 1 1 per trough 0 1 Nursery stock 0 0 0 0 1 1 75 75 per chapt. 0 1 SERVICE AND CUSTOM ACTIVITIES Chapter exhibits 4 5 7 ll 17 10 4— 9O 54 per chapt. O 10 F.F.A. loan fund 1 2 3 4 12 0 Rent F.F.A. owned machinery 1 1 3 6 12 7 15- 30 21 per chapt. 0 7 Chapter contests O 0 1 3 8 4 30-110 50 per chapt. 0 4 Started plants 1 l 1 2 6 3 5- 43 20 per 1,000 O 3 Boars for serviceO 2 2 2 6 3 Loss- 20 Loss 1 1 Spray service 0 O 1 2 5 1 23 23 per chapt. l 0 'Weed control 0 O O l 5 0 Plant trees 1 2 1: 4 5 4 3- 10 5 per 1,000 1 3 External parasite control ser. 0 0 l 2 5 0 Disinfect bldg. 0 O O 1 3 l 3 3 per bldg. 1 O 'Whitewash bldg. O O O 1 2 1 10 10 per bldg. 1 0 Clip cattle O O O 0 2 l .10 .10 per head 0 1 Pruning trees 0 O O 2 2 1 15 15 per acre 0 1 Repair'machine- ry 0 0 0 0 2 0 Treat seeds 2 2 0 O 2 0 Internal parasite control ser. 0 O 0 0 2 0 Oiling harness 0 1 O 1 1 1 2 2 per set 0 1 Fitting land 0 O O O 1 1 2.60 2.60 per acre 1 O Custom.butcher— ing 0 0 O 0 1 0 Paint barns O 0 O 0 1 1 150 150 per chapt. O 1 TABLE m1 (continued) PROFITS ON COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES AND YEARS THAT THESE COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES HAD BEEN CONDUCTED, AS REPORTED BY CHAPTER ADVISERS Chapters re- Chapters *Charge porting this indicating for Cooperative activity was amount of Profit reported, 1948 pupil activities conducted in profit in :in dollars labor for profit 44 45 46 47 48 1948 Range Average Unit Yes No SERVICE AND CUSTOM ACTIVITIES (continued) DDT barns 0 0 0 0 l O Operate hatchery O O O O l 0 Test soil 0 0 O O 1 0 Test milk 0 O 0 O 1 O ENTERTAIMIENT AND SOCIAL AC'IELITIFS Dances 2 4 3 9 18 13 Loss- 55 $24 per dance 0 12 _ Parties 2 3 5 8 16 7 Loss— 50 9 per party 0 7 Banquets 1 2 3 4 12 5 ~17-100 43 per banquet O 5 Raffles 1 1 2 5 11 8 1~175 72 per raffle 0 8 Sponsor traveling shows 0 l l 3 10 8 l- 78 44 per show 1 7 Athletic contestsO 1 3 3 9 3 Loss- 8 Loss 0 3 Sponsor’movies O 0 O 2 5 2 15- 29 19 per movie 0 2 Box supper or pie social 0 0 1 1 3 3 10- 81 45 per social 0 3 School fair 0 0 0 1 2 2 Loss- 20 0 per fair 0 2 F.F.A. plays 0 O 1 1 1 0 School carnival O 0 l 1 l l 70 70 per carnival 0 1 Elect queen O O O 0 1 0 *Since not all advisers indicated whether or not deductions were made for pupil labor, the figures in this column do not necessarily total the same as the number of chapters indicating the amount of profit in 1948 . 65 TABLE XXIII COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT'THAT HAD BEEN DISCONTINUED DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS AND THE REASONS FOR DISCONTINUING THEM Coop. activities Chapters Number of chapters indicati each reason* __giscontinued Ireport. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 l4 l_.5 16 l PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES Oats 1 1 Orchard 1 1 1 Vineyard l 1 Broilers 1 1 BUYING AND/0R SELLING ACTIVIT_I_!E§_ Garden seed 5 l 1 1 , 1 2 2 Refreshments 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 Scrap drive 3 1 1 1 1 l 1 Paper drive 2 l 1 2 1 Cats to bio. supply 2 l l 1 Field seeds 1 1 l SERVICE AND CUSTOM ACTIVITIES Spraying service 4 2 3 2 1 1 2 l Hatchery 1 1 1 ENTERTAINMENT AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES Donkey basketball 2 l l 1 F.F.A. play 2 1 1 School carnival 2 1 1 Athletic contests 1 l 1 Dances l 1 Raffles 1 1 *The reasons for discontinuing the activities were: 1. Required too much of the teacher's time for supervision. 2. Lease expired and the owner did not wish to renew it. 3. The activity proved unprofitable. 4. Too much of the time spent on the activity became "just work." 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Difficult to get student labor during the summer. Activity required too much class time in relation to its educational value. F.F.A. members lost interest in the activity. The activitwaas taken over by another group. The activity became too large for the chapter to carry successfully. The demand for the service or product was inadequate. Resentment from commercial interests. The school administration did not approve of the activity. 14. 15. 16. Inadequate equipnent. Scrap exhausted. Resentment from local residents. Too dangerous. 66 67 March 19, 1949 I'Ir e ‘Vocstional Agriculture Instructor' Dear Sir: Selecting desirable cooperative activities to raise funds for the FFA chapter is a problem that confronts every adviser. Many teachers of vocational agriculture have expressed a need for additional information concerning these activities. In an effort to meet this need, the enclosed checklist has been developed as a means of obtaining data that may throw some light on this problem. It is hoped that the information thus obtained will be of some value to other chapters in selecting their own activities. As every chapter has Some Gooperative activities for profit that will contribute to this study, you are encouraged to return this checklist at your. earliest possible convenience. I wish to assure you that any information furnished will be used in a strictly confidential manner. There will be no effort made to compare one chapter's program.with that of another, nor will it be possible to make such a comparison from the written report. For the purpose of this study, I am interested in the different activities for profit carried on by all the chapters in the state not in the particular pattern of activities carried on by any one chapter. At first glance, the checklist may appear unjustly time consuming due to its length. A careful examination, however, will reveal that although there are over two hundred items, only a few of those items will apply to any one chapter. By actual test, one vocational agriculture instructor in an average sized department filled out the checklist in less than 30 minutes. For your convenience in returning the checklist, I am inclosing a stamped, self—addressed envelope. A summary of this study will be sent to you upon request. You may make your request by checking the appropriate blank on the last page of the check- list. This will be my method of thanking you for your cooperation. Sincerely yours (Signed) David w. Valliant David W. Valliant Graduate Student in Ag. Ed. This study has been planned under my direction and has mwaholehearted approval. It is hoped that all teachers will cooperate in furnishing the information requested so as to provide help on this important study. (Signed) H. M. Byram Dr. H. M. Byram Professor of Education SURVEY OF COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES _ - FOR PROFIT CARRIED ON BY FFA CHAPTERS IN MICHIGAN . 68a PART I'. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.,' Name of school ' ; - ,1 2.. Name of Ag. teacher ' ' ‘ ~ A - g,f_4 3., Total years Of teaehing experience in vocational.agrieulture 1~1 -,- — 1.. “Years you.have been teaehing vo. ag. in present school _.1'1-1 —:- a - PART II. COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT CARRIED ON BY THE FFA CHAPTER DIRECTIONS: In filling out PART II of this survey, please keep the following suggestions in mind: A COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY FOR PROF IT is any activity Carried on by the chapter as a group for the purpose of making money for the Chapter. There may 'be other purposes for carrying the activity in addition to making money (such as providing real problems for e1assroom.study, providing a service to the commup nity, etc. ), but if one of the purposes is to make money for the chapter, that activity should be included in this survey. (a). DO NOT include the so-ea.lled "Public Service" activities for which a charge is made for the service rendered I}: this Charge is £92 in excess of the estimated expense to the Chapter-in providing the service. (b). DO NOT include activities Carried on by igdividuals in their supervised _farming program unless the FFA chapter receives part of the profit from.those activities.~ (c). DO include activities carried on for the phrpose of making money'forfi the chapter even though a loss in money resulted. PERIOD OF TIME TO USE FOR THIS STUDY. Any periodIean be used as long as a full ygar, 12 months, “is included. It is recommended that a period covering at least part of 1948 be used. (Example: The period may run from July 1,1947 to July 1,1948 or Nov. 1,1947 to Nov. 1,1948 or Jan. 1,1948 to Jan. 1, 1949 OR any other 12 month period you.may choose). * Include in this survey all Geoperative activities *fer profit that were carried on at any time dUring that 12 month period. _FILLING OUT THE SURVEY. The Arabic number assigned t.o each aetivity is ‘very’impOrtant. It should be used in all cases when referring to that activity. (See page 3 for an example of how this survey is to be filled out as you read the following steps.‘ Be Sure to read the footnote on page 3). H (1). Check each cooperative activity for profit carried on by the chapter (at any time during the 12 months selected) in the blank preceding the number of that activity. (2). In the table following each section Of the survey, place the number of the activity (as checked in step 1) in the first column of the table and provide the additional information requested. (3). Information as to the profit received from any cooperative activity is very helpful to other chapters in selecting activities that will return a good profit to them. If accurate records have been.maintained and the figures are available, the profit should be shown. If complete and accurate information A is not available, leave the "Profit" colUmn blank. (4). .Igngll cases indicate activities that lost.money. If the exact amount of loss is‘ggt_known, write the word "loss" in the profit column. *The 12 months included in this study are , 191.__ to , 194‘. (OVER) -1- 68b PART II, GROUP I. COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT CARRIED ON BY '- THE EPA O’HAPTER .. .:- . (' o - . ~ , . ..~ . A. Cooperative crop pred'uctiOn activities for profit carried on by the ghagte __l. Alfalfa seed __11. Hay, grass __21. Pasture, native __2. Barley _-~_-_ .- Hay, legmne. ' g ___.22 Pasture, tillable _3. Beans 1 1. __13. Hay, mixed __ 23. Vineyard " ' ' 1 - _4. Clover seed ' ‘____ .' Oats __24. Peach orchard (trees -., .- .-~)._ - _ . __5. Corn (grain) __115. Potatoes __ 2.5 Apple orchard (trees, - ‘ __6. Corn (silage) 6. 'Seed potatoes l__,26. Che‘rryorchard (trees . . ) . __7. Corn, sweet :17. Rye " - = __27. 4 . .' ,' ‘ ';“ .1": 9 __8. Popcorn " "___l8.‘Soybe'a‘ns "'__'_28. ~91 . ' ' .‘ __ . Flax ': ' 1*19. Sugar beets W__1_29'. . , . -. 4'. __10. Garden ' ‘-;_2O.-'wheat'>“ _'__30. A - _ :1. 772 Ac vity T Yield Check if t activity; Was the ' t harge for _ I number Acres yield per was Carried- on in chec - '35. " 1» - ac 'l l ' *‘ Rented r- - .- , , '- ..... B. CoOperative’ hvestock preduction activities for profit carried On by. chapter fi __31. Breeding ewes 41. Broilers __.45 Ducks ,- _. 1 __32. Fattening lambs 1:42. Capone . = ' :46. Geese *' _ ' " “ _33. Breeding 3W5 , ' :4 . Laying turkey flock 47 . Rabbits 7 " " _‘34. Fattening swine ‘ :44. Market turkeys ' :48. Bees '- 1 1 -. _,35. Beef breeding cows. 49. .: _é 1 . . _36. Fattening cattle 11:50. If w . ' . ‘ . , _. :. 1 , . __37.M11kcows -._51. - : *‘ i., ,_ . . ,.' _38. Heifers __52. - . : 1H . __39. Laying chicken floCk _53. __40. Growing pullets (raising for sale, not to add to laying flock of chaotej. _L Activity cope F a I ‘ 'Check if this act1v1tyiProf1tI Charge fer number (head Av. wt.i1Avi. wt. Days. was c in ' ‘ 3 'pupil labor. : sold f ’ f : ‘ 1’ ’7 es. ' . -2... 69a PART II. GROUP II. COOPERATTVF 3111:1113 A ID/QR_S_EL_.III\_IG_A(‘TIVITT1.S FOR PROFIT v ~CAF11TD‘fl’“) Jim 1'11”“; . Directions: pp not 3-nc lude arm‘s-r 11'11531'311‘? those items that have been included elsewhere. ”For eXampLe: Whea pros: .m {-1 1n a “cooperative production , activity for- profit" Would not be included here e-I: n though the wheat was sold by the chapter.“ If additional wheat is obtained 11: 6. sold cooperatively by the- chapter for-pref1t, that wheat would be shown in this group. . . Mu...‘ " A. HUME and/or selli my feed _ '."> .. . ' C. Big_j1'i}'}g_:1noior_sellirm field seeds _5h. Coflmemial mixed leads ‘ __62. Ssei com __55. Whole or grmmd grains . 3. Seed wheat ___.56 Protein supplements ‘ " ' “:6L Seed oats :57. Hay ~ - v -' ‘33:. Seed potatoes __58. -- ' .. . .___.66. Beans _59. p ‘ .. .. . ___167. Legumeseeds B. PuJL‘angigg sell mine-{1. 533133;: £2.15. ___-_68. _..._ . ‘ . __60. Mixed by FFA fora-“1111.8. ' . .. - 1-...69' ___, ' .' . __61. Commercial formula . __j’O. “_ .. . D. Selling excess anirgts frorLan FF A livestoc1<_cha1r . . 1 - ' _71. Pig cha1n' - .. ~.. . ___72. 9:111: chain' .1 . _730 ___?Z-lw ». .. H ‘ o B. General cooperative buying andzor selling activities. for profit V" __75. Garden seeds __77. Christmas trees ~__79. Scrap drives - 76. Spray materials :78. Paper drives 80. Magazine subscriptions 81. Baby chicks (bought from a hatchery and resold-5— 82. Greeting cards (Christmas, birthday, atol- 8 . Sell candy, refreshments, hamburgs, etc. at school and community functions :81. . . _85 . 1 1 . _86 . g . C _.. \ Activity Quantity! Unit of Check if this activity Profit Charge for numberi sold 'measurement‘ was carried on in ' $3 ' oil ' l 'l l l ' es ' N tons A S ; . .320 00 x 1 i E ' l " I 9 fl --1 i ,___ _ W" *This ample indicates that the chapter (during the selected 12 month period) conducted a cooperative buying and/or selling activity that involved activity number 57, buying and/or selling hay. During the 12 month period the chapter sold 75 tons of hay and realized a profit of $320.00. .In figuring this profit, no deductions were made for student labor. A similar activity was also carried on in 19111.1, 191.15, and 1947, The chapter did not buy and sell hay for profit in 191.16. (19117 is interperted to mean the 12 months preceding the 12 months included in this survey). (OVER) 69b PART.II._GROUP III. COOPERATIVE SERVICE OR CUSTOM ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT CARRIEQ ON BY THE FFA CHAPTEl A. Service fees for sires_pggod;gzigygjg§1 C. Spraying_service by_chaOter ___88. Bears (head served __ . __9h. Orchard _(trees ) .__89. Bulls (head served ) ,__95. Field crops (acres ) B. Production of plants for sale __96. weed control (acres ) __90. Tomato plants sold ) __97. White wash (buildings . ) __91. Peppers (plants sold ) .__98. Disinfecting (buildingsfl _92. (plants sold _) ___99. (scope—___ ___) __93. (plants sold _) _100. (scope . U . Slaughter facilities operated bv;the FFA chapter -‘ 101. Custom butchering by the FFA (head butchered: Cattle ' ‘. Sheep ' . Swine . Poultry .) 102. Facilities rented to individuals to do their own butchering. ‘ External parasite contr_ol Service for profit_(dipping.rdustingiietc.) E. __.103. Sheep (for control Of - . Head treated ).- ___ 104. Swine (for control of .. Head treated' ___105. Cattle (for control of . Head treated *} ' -__ 106. Poultry (for control of . Head treated )‘ ___107. Horses (for control of . Head treated _) F. Internal parasite control service for orofit - ‘ __108. Sheep (for control of . Head treated +) .__109. Swine (for control of . ,. Head treated *) .__110. Cattle (for control of . Head treated g) __}JJt Poultry (for control of - .. Head treated __112. Horses (for control of ' . Head-treated _) C. General service or custom activities for_profit 113. FFA loan fund (size of fund $ . Rate of interest %) 11A. FFA owned machinery or equipment rented to Oublic or FFA boys for Orofit 115. Feed mixing service (tons mixed 16 Feed grinding service (tons ground ~ . 117. Treating seeds for seed-borne diseases (bushEls treated ) 118. Sharpen and repair hand tools for public for profit ' 119. Repair and recondition machinery for the public for prefit. 120. Operate a hatchery (egg capacity Chicks sold ) 121. Custom combining (acres combined . -.. 122. Custom.hay baling (bales. - ) . 123. Testing milk for profit - not Jr. DHIA (cows tested . . ) 12A. Chapter exhibits at fairs etc. .. . :125. Chapter contests for profit (type of contest 1 ) ___-126. . 0 Scope ) __127. . (scope ) '__128. ' ' “ . (scope ) -_- pg . t y. 5 ‘ v ' (scope ‘ -) Activity' eck ifuthls act '1V1ty Profit Charge for number was “ca;;ried on in 1 $ pupil labor 1 '— I *1- 6 1 ' -l ; YeS“” N 70a PART 113432011? IV. coopgagmjgpjmmwm 131er Am 390ny ACTIVITIES FOR PROFIT ggmgz) 01:. 111' rm? I1 .A _._':_—A- '1; 130. Athletic contests ; 135. Sponsor movies 131. Banquets 136. Sponsor parties (skating, etc.) 132. Box.supper or pie social 137. Sponsor plays 133. Sponsor dances 138. Sponsor school carnivals 13h. Sponsor raffles 139. Elect a Queen(charge for votes) 1&0. Sponsor traveling shows (donkey basket ball games, etc.) llll IHIIII __lAlA — .. ___qu. . __12. . . _uAAA ‘ . .__lh5. ___. _— Activity Times that each activity was Check if this activity :Profit Charge for number months c in } $ ipupil labor 2 More indicate 19 l ? es A N According to your best estimate, what per cent of the total FFA chapter ‘ funds come from the following sources as divided in this survey? “(Estimate to the nearest multiple of 10: 10%, 20%, 30%, etc.). Group I. Cooperative production actiVities for profit carried on by the FFA chapter (see page 2) ---------------- % Group II. Cooperative bu3' ng and/o; selling acti.vi+ 193 for profit carried on by the FFA chapter (see page 3) ........... % Group III. Cooperative service or custom activities for profit carried on by the FFA chapter {seA; page A) —————————— % Group IV. Cooperative entertainment and 523191 ac ivities for profit carried on by the FFA chapter :sea p.1fe. 5;) - ........... % Other sources of FFA chapter funds that are not included in this survey .................................... % Total 100% (ovm, 70b COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIFS“ FOR Amory" TY At: AAj;_ '3 PW“ D,T__:‘ QCELTENHFAP. \ In the following table pinesa list III Casper :ive activities for profit (by either the name of that activit, 3“ 5V +“C1::u£r given that activity in this survey) that have bear liszoruir: ed wit ”1.1 the 1's: 5 years (or since you have been teaching in your presert :ch~3; 1I'1ass “tan 5 year‘s) and sheik the reason or ma or reasons wnr'that activi ty NRC d‘scantInueu. You are encoura ed ___— -... 3..-- .. j g to supply reasons 01 your cxn if too ores given a? no: fit your particular case. Name or number of the art'Vi 3 d::con.1r L‘d W~-'--‘---‘~-.-‘.W‘A~. 1“.-- \\7 ""~ "x . .. . ‘ \\V , ‘\_\ \\A~-_Cu.p~ ‘\<-.‘\_\\\‘x\\\\ ~ ~ \ ‘\ \ ‘ C “ C \ C C ‘x. \“ C . \\ ‘\\ ~ * ‘ k ‘ “ \ \ .§\\ . \ ‘\ \ \\\\. .\\ ‘ . ‘ ‘ .\“,A\“~ ._ \f‘x.‘ Reasons “for discorti‘u_rr che_ acriVIuv ~ ‘ . ‘3. \.x - \x '1': 'TICEAZFE' too me-T‘Cir. "4:716'7'CCC5A21‘V: TIC-Cl..- f“ A' T n time for supervision._ __ ‘ ___ Q A I 2. Lease expired and the Chflfi? did nous} ‘wish to renew it. Q 3. The activitv provei munggggitable. i A. Too much of the time QIen.t on the C activity became just work inatead of { educational experience. .j A 5. Difficult to get student labor to '§ ‘ ‘ carry on the activity;duri_gh the summer. 3} Activity required too much class 3 time in relation to its educational ;; i value " I? L L 7. FFA members lost interest in the J 3 *T3 activity. ‘" 3 ‘ i 8. The activity was taken over by 4 F1 1 21393113315ersz __ .’ J: 9. The activity becam: too lar Us for '¢ i _t'no..chacsce;12..c3m;. acc- ccsa a111, i3 3 10. The demeni im- the service or A product vas inadCQI;ate to justify ‘ 3; ! the_gp:_qyfir .. 1 ll. Resrnt nt from Acmr'“01a1 1; ; interests tho feel that the school {3 3 is competing agains‘ thzm for. p. A oatrepgfe f“cm__ the public 4 i j , 12. the school a1n1--~» :10n did 1 E 1 I ___....not awravcaailiaeactz‘aiér- . l A; _ 1 13. ' 3 { ‘3 A. f i a 11. . . ‘ - 3 i e ' i i ’- * I L - . 15. A g 1 7. I . . : g . 16, AI { T ‘ I A - " , I : Q i l I . A La * 17' ' A % A I T ' _? ° 1_ . 9 i g ! -6- 71 PART IIIL MACHINERY AND EQUIPIAIENT OWNED COOPERATIVELY BY THE FFA CHAEI'ER DIRECTIONS: Include in this part of the survey _a_]_;_ machinery and equip- ment that are legally owned by the FFA chapter as an organization. (1). Check each item that is owned cooperatively by the FFA chapter in the blank preceding that item. (2). Place the number of that item in the first column of the table and provide the information requested. If the chapter owns more than one of any item, use additional lines in describing them (unless they are all identical. In that case use only one line, but indicate the quantity of those items owned). ___1. Air compressor ___19. Drill, grain __37. Planter, corn __2. Baler, pick-up __20. Greenhouse __38. Planter, potato _‘3. Baler, stationary ___21. Harrow, disk __39. Plow _h. Bean puller __ . Harrow, spike ___}..0. Post hole digger (power) ___5.‘ Binder, corn __23. Harrowy Spring ___hl. Potato digger __6. Binder, grain ___21... Hatcher, chick __ . Rake, bull (sweep) ___7. Brooder' ___25. Hay loader __h3. Rake, side delivery ___8. Birooder, battery ___26. Hog house ___/41+. Range shelter _ . Brooder'house ___27. Hot bed ___AS. Saw, power cut-off ___10. Chopper, ensilage ___28. Incubator __ . Seed treating equipnent ___ll. Chopper, field ___29. Laying house ___h7. Sprayer __12. Combine __30. Livestock barn ___h8. Sugar beet harvester _13. Concrete mixer _31. Livestock clippers ___h9. Tractor __ . Corn picker __32. Manure spreader __50. Trailer __15. Culti-packer __33. Milking machine _51. Truck' 16. Cultivator _jh. Mill, hammer __52. Wagon,'fam :17. Dipping rig _35. Mill, roughage _53. Welder, are __18. "Doodle—bug" __36. Mower _5h. Welder, omctylene _55. - __56. - _53- - _gg- . jl. . :62. . Itemi Description (model, trade name or any other 3 Size :Market no . id characteristics SValue Check here if you desire a smnmary of this study _. -7- 72 POST CARD FOLLOW—UP USED April 10, 1949 Dear Mr. Some time ago I mailed you a checklist on cooperative activities for profit conducted by the FFA chapter. So far I have not received a reply from you. I would appreciate it very much if you would take the 15 to 30 minutes neces- sary to fill out the checklist and return it at your earli- est possible convenience. If you have miSplaced the check- list, I will be very glad to send you another. If your chapter has no cooperative activities for profit. Please advise me to that effect. If the chapter has cooperative activities for profit, they can contribute to this study. Thank you. - (Signed) David W. Vallinj David W. Valliant Grad. Student in Ag. Ed. Michigan State College EEEEEEE 111111111111111111111111 1191111111 31293 02504