"ij, PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 6/07 pilClRC/DateDue,indd-p.1 Carolyn J. Randall Michigan State University Plan B Paper October 31, 1989 MASTER STREET TREE PLAN FOR SAUGATUCK, MICHIGAN Submitted to Dr. J. James Kielbaso for fulfillment of M.S. degree in Forestry/Urban Studies II. III. IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ........................ ' ' List of Figures/Tables ..................... Executive Summary ....................... INTRODUCTION .......................... The Importance of Public Trees In Saugatuck .......... Local Setting and Historic Background ............. Climate of Saugatuck ...................... Topography and Soils of Saugatuck ............... SURVEY RESULTS--ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TREES ........... Species Composition ...................... Size and Age of Street Trees .................. Profile of Species Condition .................. Decline in Street Trees .................... MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS--SURVEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . Planting ............................ Maintenance of Existing Trees ................. Trim Recommendations ..................... Training-Thinning ..................... Deadwood Removal ...................... Hanger Removal ....................... Lifting .......................... Special Clearance ..................... Trim Rating ........................ Fertilization ........................ Spraying ........................... Sidewalk Lift Repair ..................... Protecting Trees From Construction Injury .......... Tree Repair ......................... Bracing-Cabling ....................... Girdling Root Repair ..................... Tree Removal .......................... Records and Record Keeping ................... The Public and Public Trees .................. REFERENCES ........................... *** APPENDIX A--Tree Care Information APPENDIX B--Park Tree Information ii 8 13 16 20 24 25 46 \OCDNO} 01-h “NI—II o o o o o o o o o WNGMDWNI—I LIST OF FIGURES Survey Area and Districts ..................... 3 Street Tree Composition by Classification ............. 9 Numbers of Street Trees ...................... 11 Size Distribution of Street Trees ................. 13 Breakdown of Size and Age of Street Trees ............. 14 Percent of Trees by Condition ................... 16 Tree Numbers by Condition ..................... 17 Number and Percent of Trees and Width of Tree Lawn ........ 26 LIST OF TABLES Street Tree Species Composition .................. 10 Park Tree Species Composition ................... 12 Proportion of Tree Species that are Veteran --Maples, Oaks and Ashes ..................... 15 Tree Species by Condition--Maples, Oaks and Ashes ......... 18 Relationship Between Tree Condition and Age for Selected Species .................. 19 Dieback for Selected Species .................... 21 Dieback by Tree Size ........................ 22 Tree Condition According to Tree Lawn Width ............ 27 Tree Lawn Width and Condition of Trees According to Size Class ..................... 28 Street Tree Trimming Requirements ................. 30 Street Trees Requiring Fertilization ................ 33 Recommended Tree Removals by Species ................ 38 Recommended Tree Removals by Diameter Class ............ 39 6-Year Budget Estimate ....... . ................ 43 Analysis of Problem Areas and Recommendations ........... 45 *** Acknowledgement This report could not have been accomplished without the support of city employees for the City of Saugatuck--in particular Mr. Laverne Serne, City Manager and Mr. Bruce Simonson, Superintendent of Streets. Thanks to Dr. J. James Kielbaso, Department of Forestry, Michigan State University for his technical advice and assistance and for arranging this internship project. Thanks also to the faculty and staff of Urban Affairs Programs, Michigan State University, for putting up with my constant requests for photocopying and printing, and for supporting me through my Master’s program. Finally, to all my family and friends--thank you, I could not have made it without you. iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MASTER STREET TREE PLAN FOR SAUGATUCK, MICHIGAN Carolyn J. Randall M.S., Forestry/Urban Studies Michigan State University During the summer of 1988, the author performed a comprehensive street tree inventory for the City of Saugatuck, Michigan. The survey area consisted of approximately 11 miles of city streets. Information was collected on the physical characteristics of trees including species, diameter at breast height (d.b.h), percent crown dead, and condition class; and on the site characteristics including street address, building height, building set-back, sidewalk present, and the width of the tree lawn. Recommendations for improvement were also recorded for each individual tree. These recommendations included lifting, training-thinning, special clearance, deadwood removal, hanger removal, trim rating, tree removal, girdling root repair, bracing-cabling, repairing, fertilizing, spraying, and sidewalk lift repair. This information was recorded and analyzed with the aid of the Michigan State University tree inventory program. The results of the survey are presented in this report. Significant findings are as follows: A. Saugatuck’s overall street tree population is unevenly distributed by age. The age of trees was estimated by measuring the diameter at breast height (d.b.h.). Most trees fell into the "young" (less than 9 inches in diameter or "veteran" (greater than 25 inches in diameter) catagories. Relatively few trees were in the "intermediate" category (between 10 and 14 inches in diameter). As the larger trees in the veteran and mature catagories decline and die, there will be few trees in the intermediate size class to take their place. B. A significant proportion of Saugatuck’s street tree population falls into the "veteran" category. These are older trees greater than 25 inches in diameter. Many of these trees may be historically significant and worth preserving. They are also, however, the most likely candidates for removal in the near future. The size and age of these trees causes them to become significant public safety hazards. Large limbs and perhaps entire trees may fall on houses, cars and people particularly during strong winds or storms. Many of these trees are in dire need of trimming. Recommendations for improvement for both A and B include: 1. Locate planting sites near the sites of dying trees for removal. New trees can be planted before the older tree is removed in a technique known as "underplanting." Ideally plantings should exceed removals by at least 15 percent due to the mortality rate of newly planted trees. 2. The health of many veteran trees can be improved by pruning, thinning and removal of deadwood and hangers. Cabling and bracing may also help prolong their life as street trees. 3. Removal of dying trees followed by deadwood and hanger removal should be given priority over other tree maintenance activities since these problems pose the greatest public safety hazard. A relatively large percentage--20 percent--of Saugatuck’s street trees were recorded as being in poor to very poor condition. It appears that the trimming needs of many of Saugatuck’s trees have been ignored for some time. Recommendations for improvement include: 1. It may be possible to improve the health of these trees by pruning, thinning and possibly fertilizing. Otherwise, trees deemed not worth saving should be removed and replaced with new plantings. 2. It is necessary to establish a systematic pruning cycle. All street trees should be pruned once every 5 or 6 years to maintain their health and vigor. The street tree inventory program facilitates the recording of what trees have been pruned and when, allowing the 5- or 6-year cycle to be easily maintained. A severe drought was experienced the summer this inventory was taken. It is difficult to assess the impact of the drought on plant growth. Trees were observed in the area, however, that displayed symptoms of moisture-stress. Recommendations for improvement include: 1. Increase watering of street trees during periods of drought, particularly for newly planted trees. 2. Select drought tolerant species for planting. Street trees often experience moisture stress even in the absence of natural drought due to the compacted soils and restricted rooting space found in urban areas. 3. Trees suffering from moisture stress can be fertilized with a low nitrogen, high phosphorus fertilizer. The majority of white ash trees appeared to be in poor health throughout the survey area. It is difficult to determine the cause of this decline except to say that white ash is considered a drought-intolerant species. Recommendations for improvement include: I. Data collected indicated that green ash will perform well and may be used as a substitute for white ash in street tree planting. vi In many instances, tree spacing has been poorly planned. Large trees were observed that were less than 30 feet apart and were interfering with each other’s growth and development. There were also instances were trees were planted in too small a tree lawn (the distance between the sidewalk and the curb) for their eventual size class (small, medium or large). Recommendations for improvement include: 1. Space large trees (over 60 feet when mature) 40 to 50 feet apart, medium sized trees (under 60 feet when mature) at least 30 feet apart, and small trees (under 35 feet when mature) at 15 to 20 feet apart. 2. The ideal tree lawn width is eight feet. If space does not permit a tree lawn width of this size, than a smaller size tree should be selected for planting particularly where the tree lawn is five feet or less. A four foot tree lawn is the minimum width recommended for planting of street trees. Small species should be selected for planting in tree lawns of this size. Some instances of iron deficiency in oaks, and manganese deficiency in maples were observed. Recommendations for improvement include: 1. Iron and manganese deficiencies are frequently associated with alkaline soils. Although these elements may be present in the soil they are unavailable to the plant due to the high pH. The elements can be made available by increasing the acidity of the soil through the addition of powdered sulfur. Before this is done, however, it is important to have a soil sample analyzed to determine if alkalinity is the cause of the problem. 2. Iron and manganese deficiencies can also be corrected through fertilizer application. One method which has been shown to be effective and relatively long lasting for both iron and manganese is trunk injection or "implants" placed directly into the trunk of trees. Mechanical injury to the trunk and roots of trees was observed in areas where construction activity was occurring. Recommendations for improvement include: 1. Insist that contractors take precautions to protect trees when specifications are drawn up. 2. Trees injured by construction activities may be helped by increased, watering, fertilizing and/or trimming. vii In the final analysis there are many areas where Saugatuck’s street tree program could be improved. Program efficiency can be enhanced by a more efficient system of record keeping. By facilitating the sorting and compilation of data, computerized tree inventory systems allow for increased efficiency in work scheduling and budget pIanning. Graphically presented tree inventory data can be used as part of a public education program to increase awareness and understanding of the city’s forestry program. It is hoped that increased public support for urban forestry will result in an increased budget for the program. The trimming needs of many of Saugatuck’s trees have been somewhat ignored. In order to correct this situation, it is necessary to generate more revenue for tree trimming activities, particularly where deadwood and hanger removal is involved. The six-year budget presented in this report recommends focusing on tree removal, and deadwood and hanger removal for the first two years. Once this "crisis" situation has been corrected the city can focus on the trimming of less hazardous trees. The emphasis should be placed on "prevention." In order to keep one step ahead of a crisis situation, it is necessary to establish a systematic program of street tree trimming. Each tree belonging the city should be trimmed once every 5 or 6 years. This will ensure the health of Saugatuck’s trees, increase their aesthetic value, and prolong their usefulness as publicly-owned trees. viii Section I INTRODUCTION I INTRODUCTION The City of Saugatuck engaged the services of the author to conduct a complete city street tree inventory during the summer of 1988. The purpose of the survey was to provide an accurate picture of the present condition of the City’s street tree resource and to develop a plan of action for future management. The information gathered in the survey was recorded with the use of the Michigan State University Tree Inventory program. A total of 2,070 streets trees and 53 park trees were identified, examined, measured, and recorded. The information collected on the physical characteristics of trees included species, diameter at breast height (d.b.h.). percent crown dead, and condition class. The tree site was also identified and described. Site characteristics included information on street address, building height, building set-back, sidewalk present, and the width of the tree lawn. Recommendations were also made for improvement in tree health and condition. These recommendations included lifting, training- thinning, special clearance, deadwood removal, hanger removal, trim rating, tree removal, girdling root repair, bracing-cabling, repairing, fertilizing, spraying, and sidewalk lift repair. In addition to recording individual trees, 159 areas were identified and recorded as "brush." These were basically wooded areas where utility trimming or other hazard trimming may be required. Information on physical characteristics, location and maintenance recommendations can be viewed by generating the "Work Report" from the tree inventory program. For the purposes of this survey, Saugatuck was divided into two districts. District 1 included all streets on the Hater Street side of the Kalamazoo River. District 2 included all streets on the Park Street side of the Kalamazoo River (see Figure 1). To travel from District 1 to District 2 by car, it is necessary to pass through the City of Douglas. These two districts were artificially designated by the author so that the main portion of the city which lies in District 1, could be separated from the less- developed District 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC TREES IN SAUGATUCK Trees are a valuable resource in any community. Their economic and aesthetic value has been well documented. Trees have been shown to increase property values by as much as 20% (Kielbaso, et al., 1988). Trees planted around buildings help to reduce the energy costs associated with heating and cooling. Trees provide shade in the summer which help to reduce air conditioning costs. In the winter, deciduous tree lose their leaves allowing the sun to penetrate and warm buildings. Coniferous trees may be used in the winter as windbreaks to insulate homes (Grey and Deneke, 1978). Trees are especially important to Saugatuck because of the tourism industry. Each summer thousands of tourists flock to Saugatuck for its beaches, downtown shops, and other attractions. Trees are essential for maintaining the aesthetics of the city’s business district, residential streets, parks and natural areas. They aid the tourism industry by enhancing the city’s appearance. DISTRICT 2 Figure 1. Survey Area and Districts 4 Trees, in addition to the economic and aesthetic benefits, offer significant environmental benefits. Hithin recent years, more public attention has been focused on the importance of trees for maintaining a clean and livable environment. There is greater concern over the "Greenhouse Effect” or rise in global temperatures due to increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere. The American Forestry Association in October of 1988 initiated the Global ReLeaf Project. The goal of the project is to have 100 million trees planted in U.S. cities by 1992. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and other pollutants. The Global ReLeaf Project advocates planting more trees to help stabilize carbon dioxide levels and deter the effects of global warming (Sampson, 1988). The fact that five of the warmest years on record have occurred during the 19805, supports the global warming theory (Monastersky, 1988). Indeed, a severe drought was experienced the summer this inventory was taken. The impact of these droughty conditions on the urban tree population may be a serious problem for urban tree managers in the near future. Trees preserve and protect the environment in a vast number of ways. watershed districts are maintained as forested areas to allow tree roots to remove sediments and nutrients harmful to water ecology. Planting trees can also protect land and water from damage caused by excessive runoff and erosion. Trees, in general, improve air quality by providing oxygen and filtering out pollution and dust from the air. They improve air circulation through natural cycles of evapotranspiration. Trees absorb sound waves and can be used to reduce noise pollution. Crowding and lack of privacy can be relieved by planning and managing urban parks and green spaces throughout the community. The potential usefulness and importance of urban trees can not be overemphasized. Maintaining trees in an attractive, vigorous condition, however, requires sound management practices and long-term planning. Trees which are managed on a "crisis-basis“ lead to a general decline of the entire urban tree population (Callahan and Bunger, 1976). This alternative is often more costly in the long run. A program of regularly scheduled tree maintenance is required to keep trees in a healthy, viable condition and to avoid the long-term costs and liability of "crisis" or short-term management practices. LOCAL SETTING AND HISTORIC BACKGROUND Saugatuck is located in Allegan County in southwestern Lower Michigan. The city is divided into two halves by the Kalamazoo River. The major portion of the city lies on the eastern side of the river. Tourists are drawn to the eastern side for its business district, boardwalk, parks, and historic features. The side west of the Kalamazoo River borders Lake Michigan. The Saugatuck Beach is the major feature attracting tourists to the western side of the city (see Figure 1). Historically, little is known about the first inhabitants of Saugatuck or Allegan County prior to 1600. These Indians, known as "Mound Builders,” were nomadic and rarely formed permanent settlements. By the 16005 Allegan "9 5 County was inhabited by the Ottawa, Miami, and Potawatomi Indians who migrated in from the north and southwest. They survived mainly by hunting and gathering, and some agriculture. The first Europeans arrived in the later part of the 17th century. These early explorers and fur traders had little impact on Allegan County’s forests. It was not until 1830 that the first settlers to engage in general agriculture arrived in the area. From then onward, the composition and structure of Allegan County’s forests would change dramatically. Agriculture was soon displaced by the logging industry as the chief activity. Lumbering reached its high point shortly after the Civil War. General farming and fruit culture displaced lumbering, however, around 1880. Most of the valuable timber trees, particularly the white pine, were harvested by 1900. This is much earlier than in some of the northern Lower Michigan counties, where lumbering continued for another 20 to 30 years. Evidence of the high point of the logging industry is found in the remains of the abandoned town of Singapore, located near the site where Saugatuck now exists. During its heyday, Singapore operated three mills, two hotels and several general stories. The mills closed when the supply of timber was exhausted sometime around the 18705, and the town was abandoned (Sheridan, 1982). As previously mentioned, white pine was the dominant forest tree in the area prior to European settlement. Allegan County, in fact, had the largest area of pine forest of any of the 10 southwestern Lower Michigan counties (Brewer et al., 1984). Today, forests in Saugatuck and Allegan County are described as mostly oak—hickory with white pine found as understory vegetation. Beech-sugar maple forests are also characteristic of the area. The loss of the presettlement white pine forest in Allegan County and throughout Michigan has been a tragic event. The regrowth of white pine may be supported, however, by applying the proper forestry management techniques. White pine would make an excellent conifer for planting in Saugatuck’s natural areas or parks since it is native to the area. Agriculture, industry and tourism are now the major sources of income to Allegan County. Tourism is especially important to Saugatuck. There are 1,089 year-round residents in Saugatuck, with the population rising to over 3,000 during the tourist season (M.S.A., 1986-87). During the summer months, thousands of people visit the city during the course of a single day. Saugatuck covers about 1 square mile and has approximately 11 miles of city streets. CLIMATE OF SAUGATUCK The climate of Saugatuck is moderated by Lake Michigan. The lake effect causes the growing season to last approximately 10 days longer in Saugatuck than further inland in Allegan County. The average length of the growing season in Allegan County is 160 to 170 days on the coast and 150 to 160 days inland. In the winter, the average daily temperature is 25.7 degrees F, and 6 the average summer daily temperature is 69.6 degrees F. Average annual precipitation is 35.7 inches (USDA, 1987). The longer growing season and higher average temperature favors the growth of many characteristically southern hardwoods not typically found in northern Lower Michigan or in the Upper Peninsula. These include sassafras, shagbark hickory, pignut hickory, bitternut hickory, black walnut, butternut, sycamore, black gum, tuliptree and swamp white oak (Denton and Barnes, 1987). Sassafras appeared to be one of the key components of Saugatuck’s wooded areas. These species can be found throughout southern Lower Michigan, which is primarily located in temperate Zone 5 of plant hardiness. Saugatuck, however, is located in a plant hardiness zone that is somewhat unique in Michigan. The lake effect places Saugatuck in temperate Zone 6, one zone lower than most of southern Lower Michigan (USDA, 1973). This allows for greater diversity in species selection. Trees classified as capable of surviving in temperate Zone 6 or above may be planted. Zone 6 species, including southern magnolias, hollies, flowering ash, and trident maple, should grow well in Saugatuck in addition to the hardier species listed above. TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS OF SAUGATUCK The topography of Saugatuck is a result of drift deposition during the Wisconsin Glaciation that ended about 10,500 years ago. As the ice receded, it formed the Lake Border moraine--which is adjacent to Lake Michigan, and the Valparaiso moraine--which extends roughly through the center of the county. Saugatuck lies on sandy lakebed deposits between these two moraines. The Kalamazoo River, which drains the central part of Allegan County into Lake Michigan, is a significant body of water in the area. There are three major soil types found throughout the city. These soils are described below. Oakville fine sand, loamy substratum, 0 to 6 percent slopes. Found extensively on the eastern side of the Kalamazoo River in the residential area of the city. This is a moderately well drained soil on flats and knolls of nearly level to undulating areas. The surface layer is dark brown loamy fine sand. The substratum is clayey, which separates it from other Oakville soils. Permeability is rapid in the upper part of the soil and moderately slow in the lower part. Most of these soils are used as woodland, but may be considered for cropland. Urban land-Oakville complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes. This soil characterizes Saugatuck’s business district on the eastern side of the Kalamazoo River. The soil is found in nearly level and undulating areas of urban land and well drained Oakville soil on broad flats and side slopes. The Oakville soil may be used for parks, open areas, lawns and gardens. The droughtiness of the soil, however, makes it susceptible to blowing. Adding peat or topsoil can help increase the organic matter content and the available water capacity. The soil is suited to ornamental trees and shrubs. ‘9 7 Perennial species that can tolerate dry conditions in the summer should be selected for planting, however. Oakville fine sand, 18 to 45 percent slopes. This soil is found extensively on the western side of the Kalamazoo Lake near Lake Michigan. It is also found to a much lesser extent on the eastern side of the Kalamazoo River separating the business district from the residential area in the hillier portions of the city. This is a well drained, very sandy soil of hills, side slopes, and ridges. There is very little loamy material found in this soil. Because of the slope and droughtiness, it is unsuited to crops and more suited to woodland. The major concern with this type of soil is erosion control. Other soils which may be found include Oakville fine sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes and 6 to 12 percent slopes. Rimer loamy sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes can be found in the area of the high school and playing field (USDA, 1987). For a list of tree species adapted to growing on sandy, well-drained soils see Appendix A. Section II SURVEY RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TREES II ‘N’ SURVEY RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TREES Information on species type, size, condition and percent crown dead was collected during the survey. The following is an analysis of the results of this information for the total population. SPECIES COMPOSITION A total of 2,070 street trees and 53 park trees were recorded during the inventory. Table 1 summarizes the species composition by common name, number and percent of the total population of street trees. Trees representing forty-four different genera and seventy-four different species were identified. Maples (Aggz, spp.) were the most common genus found, followed by oaks (ngrgus, spp.) and ash (Eraxinus, spp.). Together these three genera represented 59 percent of the population. Conifers or evergreens consisting of 8 different genera, most of which were spruce or pine, made up 10 percent of the population (Figure 2). SA UGATU C K . URBAN FOREST COMPOSITION HONEYLOCUST 37. u-LINDENS 3% . mum): h x—Oiwcizsozz) P5Asmrus(3z r-APPLES 2 .) r-MULBERRY z PWALNUTS 0 -—IB RAD PEAR %) CONIFERS(10%)—~ flLONDON PLAN 2 OAK(1 2%)— WPLESUO” ’0 Figure 2. Street Tree Species Composition by Classification 10 ‘ . Table 1. Street Tree Species Composition* II - SPECIES COMPOSITION - II Num Name . Count Percent Num Name Count Percent 1 FIR ' 8 0.39 Zr 39. MULBERRY SP 39 1.88 Z 2 MAPLES 2 0.10 Z 40. IRONWOOD 1 0.05 Z 3 MAPLES, AMUR l 0.05 Z 41. SPRUCE 24 1.16 Z 4. BOXELDER 3 0.14 Z 42. SPRUCE, NORWAY 32 1.55 Z 5. MAPLE, NORWAY 64 3.09 Z 43. SPRUCE, COL. BLUE 48 2.32 Z 6. MAPLE, NOR CRIM KING 8 0.39 Z 44. PINES 17 0.82 Z 7 MAPLE, RED 110 5.31 Z 45. PINE, JACK 1 0.05 Z 8 MAPLE, SILVER 118 5.70 Z 46. PINE, NORWAY/RED 2 0.10 Z 9. MAPLE, SUGAR 527 25.46 Z 47. PINE, WHITE 22 1.06 Z 10. (HORSECHESTNUT 3 0.14 Z 48. PINE, SCOTCH 7 0.34 Z 11. ”TREE OF HEAVEN” 9 0.43 Z 49. LONDON PLANETREE 34 1.64 Z 12. BIRCH 2 0.10 Z 50. POPLAR SP. 1 0.05 Z 13. BIRCH, YELLOW 1 0.05 Z 51. COTTONHOOD 7 0.34 Z 14. BIRCH, WHITE 12 0.58 Z 52. CHERRY SP. 8 0.39 Z 15. BIRCH, EUR. WHITE 1 0.05 Z 53. CHERRY, BLACK 22 1.06 Z 16. HICKORIES 4 0.19 Z 54. PEAR, BRADFORD CALL 33 1.59 Z O 17. HICKORY, SHAGBARK 7 0.34 Z 55. OAK, WHITE 76 3.67 Z 18. CATALPA 10 0.48 Z 56. OAK, SHINGLE 7 0.34 Z 19. REDBUD 3 0.14 Z 57. OAK, RED 168 8.12 Z 20. DOGWOOD SP. 4 0.19 Z 58. OAK, BLACK 2 0.10 21. TURKISH FILBERT l 0.05 Z 59. BLACK LOCUST 28 1.35 Z 22. HAWTHORNE ‘ 3 0.14 Z 60. STAGHORN SUMAC 1 0.05 Z 23. BEECH, AMERICAN 5 0.24 Z 61. WILLOW 9 0.43 Z 24. ASH, WHITE 102 4.93 Z 62. SASSAFRAS 56 2.71 Z 25. ASH, GREEN 49 2.37 Z 63. JAP. PAGODA TREE 9 0.43 Z 26. GINKGO 10 0.48 Z 64. EUROP. MTN. ASH 9 0.43 Z 27. HONEYLOCUST 1 0.05 Z 65. BALD CYPRESS 2 0.10 Z 28. HONEYLOCUST, THORNLESS 70 3.38 Z 66. CEDAR SP. 2 0.10 Z 29. WITCH HAZEL 1 0.05 Z 67. WHITE CEDAR 7 0.34 Z 30. BUTTERNUT 5 0.24 Z 68. BASSWOOD 13 0.63 Z 31. BLACK WALNUT 30 1.45 Z 69. LITTLE LEAF LINDEN 50 2.42 Z 32. JUNIPERS 5 0.24 Z 70. EASTERN HEMLOCK 24 1.16 Z 33. RED CEDAR 8 0.39 Z 71. ELM 15 0.72 Z 34. LARCH SP. 4 0.19 Z 72. ELM, AMERICAN 12 0.58 Z 35. YELLOW POPLAR 14 0.68 Z 73. ELM, SIBERIAN 2 0.10 Z 36. SWEET GUM l 0.05 Z 74. ZELKOVA 20 0.97 Z 37. AMAGNOLIA 4 0.19 Z 75. UNKNOWN 7 0.34 Z 38. APPLE 43 2.08 Z * TOTAL * 2070 a; *Tree species are grouped alphabetically according to genera (i.e. fir (Abjgs, spp.). maples (Asst. spp). etc. 3 11 Other significant species not included in the three major genera (maples, oaks and ash) or as a conifer include honeylocust (Gleditsja spp.), 3.43 percent; lindens (1111a spp.), 3.05 percent; sassafras (Sassafras spp.), 2.71 percent; apple (Malgs spp.), 2.08 percent; mulberry (Horus spp.), 1.88 percent; walnut (Jaglaas spp.), 1.69 percent; London Planetree (Elaaaaas spp.), 1.64 percent; and, Bradford pear (Eyngs spp.), 1.59 percent. The “Other" category (12 percent) includes thirty-two different species of trees. Species diversity is an important aspect to consider when selecting trees for planting. In the past, many disastrous events have occurred due to overplanting of a single species. The classic example is the outbreak of Dutch Elm Disease which devastated the urban elm population. The possibility of a disease or insect epidemic can by reduced by following the diversifi- cation formula. The formula is defined as a planting plan containing no more than ten percent of one family and five percent of one species (Phillips, 1979). Instead of considering plant ”family", however, plant I‘genus" seems more practical. As Table 1 indicates, there are only 4 species out of 74 that represent more than 5 percent of the urban tree population. Most species belong to the genus Ager or maples (Figure 2). Maples are definitely over represented in the street tree population according to the diversification formula. The second largest genus is Quaraus or oaks which represent roughly 12 percent of the population. Other than these two genera, tree species in Saugatuck are fairly diverse. The diversification formula may be a difficult, although worthwhile, goal to achieve. The important message it delivers, however, is to guard against overplanting of a single species. Figure 3 shows the numbers of trees found in each category. SAUGATU CK URBAN FOREST coweosmon 900 633 m // 3 / Ecoo«~% s / .. % 8300'_%m [241-- 2 %/263 :3 / ///151 z / ””uusossuu o .4 .// .5 /WV7.71Mmmmm'7n.— )- 35‘sgaggéggs 8 g a S’go : 3 I Figure 3. Numbers of Street Trees “'0 12 There were 53 park trees identified in three of Saugatuck’s parks-- Nick’s Park, the public square, and the square/playground. distribution of trees found in these parks. Table 2. Park Tree Species Composition. Table 2 shows the - SPECIES COMPOSITION - AMUR MAPLES l3 PAPERBARK MAPLE NORWAY MAPLE SUGAR MAPLE WHITE BIRCH GREEN ASH SWEET GUM APPLE NORWAY SPRUCE LONDON PLANE TREE COTTONWOOD DOUGLAS FIR BRADFORD CALL PEAR PIN OAK WILLOW EUROP. MTN. ASH BALD CYPRESS * TOTAL * H HHHHHHHwao—IHHtDwr-I 01 (.9 mm a! RRRRRRB‘NRRB‘RRRR N HHHHr—IOHHUIUIo—u—u—omm O O O O b bbbbbouéooommoooooocom o omommmmommomo p... O O Maples were again the dominant species, representing 49% of the park- By contrast, only one oak and one ash tree were found in the 3 parks. Douglas fir was the dominant conifer, representing 21% of the population. This species is a conifer typically found on the West Coast of the United States and was being used as a border planting in the Public tree population. Square. See Appendix B for the location of these trees in each of the three parks. 13 SIZE AND AGE OF STREET TREES The size of each tree was recorded during the inventory by its diameter at breast height (dbh) or 4.5 feet above ground level. The numbers of trees found in four size catagories are presented in Figure 4. These four catagories indicate the relative age as follows: 895. gm (dbh) Young 1 to 9' Intermediate 10 to 14' Mature 15 to 24" Veteran > 25' There may not necessarily be a direct relationship between the size of the tree and its biological age. This breakdown can be used, however, to estimate the proportion of the tree population that may nearing the end of their use as functional street trees. STREET TREE DISTRIBUTION BY SIZE zoo % % )m % m: 7'“ an 10° ,J,» Séégg 56?;2' ::;%§i 2:%%%' ::;f§' ::;Ef" >55" DIAMETER OF TRUNK Figure 4. Size Distribution of Street Trees Figure 4 indicates a somewhat uneven-aged population of street trees. Most trees fall in either the 'veteran' or "young" category, with very few trees in the "intermediate“ category. This may present a problem in the future. As larger, older trees decline and die, there will not be enough trees in the intermediate size class to take their place. 14 4!. Figure 5 shows the distribution of trees by size and age. Trees in the mature category have reached the optimal size for use as street tree. Trees in the veteran category, however, may be in a decline. Veteran trees were observed that were too large for the space in which they have been planted, and were causing sidewalk heaving and other problems. On the other hand, “veteran" trees can also be referred to as "heritage” or "landmark" trees. Their historic and aesthetic value justifies the expense of preserving them. There are times, however, when these veteran or ”landmark“ trees are a greater risk than an asset, and should be removed. Twenty-three percent of Saugatuck’s street trees fall within the veteran category. The age of these trees can be estimated from the diameter at breast height (dbh). Trees of different species, however, grow at different rates. Environmental conditions also affect the growth rate of trees. It is difficult, therefore, to determine exactly how old these trees may be. Many of the veteran trees may have been planted before the turn of the century. They represent a relatively large proportion of the total population and it is likely that many will require replacement within the next decade. As mentioned previously, the street tree population is unevenly distributed by size. There is a nearly even split between trees in the veteran and mature categories (42%) and trees in the young category (43%). There are very few trees in the intermediate category to replace the veteran and mature trees when they die. As a result, there may be relatively few trees entering the 20 inches or more diameter classes in the near future. Fifty-seven percent of the population is classified as young and intermediate. These trees are important assets and are necessary for maintaining a viable street tree population. The location and condition of veteran trees should be determined in order to plan for their future replacement. 5qu AND AGE or STREET TREES MATURE(197.)-w >25" x-VETERAN(23%) n... in. 15-24” INTERNEOIATE(1'42)— ; 10-14" 1-9" ‘-YOUNG(432) T) Figure 5. Breakdown of size and age of street trees. 15 Table 3 gives an indication of what species are found in the veteran category by examining the three major genera--maples, oaks and ashes. A total of 485 trees fall in the veteran category, in other words, are greater than 24 inches in diameter. Table 3. Proportion of Tree Species that are Veteran--Maples, Oaks and Ashes.* No. of Trees %.of Species % of All M >-2§" dbh We Vets-minim. Sugar Maple 216 41.0 44.5 Silver Maple 45 38.1 9.3 Red Maple 36 32.7 7.4 Norway Maple O O 0 Red Oak 72 42.9 14.8 White Oak 42 55.3 8.7 White Ash 15 14.7 3.1 Green Ash 0 0 0 Others __sa 1252 TOTAL 485 100% *Does not include information for maple and oak species present in small numbers. As suspected, sugar maples and red oaks accounted for the largest proportion of trees in the veteran category. The three genera, in sum, represent 87.8 percent of veteran trees but only 59 percent of the total tree population. Not many ash trees, however, compared to maples or oaks were greater than 25 inches in diameter. Maples and oaks were evidently planted extensively in Saugatuck in the early days of street tree planting which accounts for their large size. White oak, in particular, had the largest percentage of its population classified as veteran. It is not surprising that none of the Norway maples fell into the veteran category since planting of this species in urban areas is a relatively recent phenomenon. 16 ‘5 PROFILE OF SPECIES CONDITION The condition of each tree was determined by observing the health of the tree--it’s growth rate, presence or absence of insects and disease, amount of dieback and/or injury, symptoms of chlorosis or leaf scorch, amount of deadwood and hangers, and other health factors. Condition classes were assigned based on these factors from O to 100%. The condition classes were grouped accordingly: Excellent 90 to 100% Good 76 to 89% Fair 61 to 75% Poor 51 to 60% Very Poor < 50% A tree in "Excellent" condition had no apparent signs of insect or disease problems, was growing vigorously with no deficiency symptoms, and required little or no trimming. Trees in "Good" condition have only minor problems that may be apparent in symptoms of leaf scorch or chlorosis, insect and disease damage, or another problem such as the presence of a girdling root. For the most part, however, trees in good condition do not appear to be severely affected by whatever problem(s) they may have, and are growing vigorously with few or minor trimming needs. Trees in "Fair" condition appeared to be thriving to some extent but have a greater amount of deadwood and more severe trimming needs and possibly some other problems such as . chlorosis, or mechanical injury. Trees in "Poor" condition are in a severe decline with large amounts of deadwood and hangers requiring removal. These trees may recover to some extent if their trimming and other maintenance needs are attended too. Trees in "Very Poor" condition are nearly dead. They are more likely candidates for removal than for trimming. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the proportion of the city’s street trees in each condition class by percent and number. Fifty percent of the trees were TREE CONDITION GOOd(38%)-‘\ , 90 To I 00% 76 1’0 89% r-ExcellenK I 27.) 51 to 75% -.-Vory Poor(10%) 7 51 to 60% ‘<'SOZI F olr(30%)—’ \—Poor(l 0%) 9 Figure 6. Percent of Trees by Condition. N I NUMBERS OF TREES BY CONDITION CLASS 1000 \l O O 812 TREE NUMBERS ~e\\\\N 241 2'5 zoo 7/ 100 . A , % . Excellent Good F olr Poor ' Very Poor CONDITION Figure 7. Tree Numbers by Condition. in good to excellent condition, 30 percent were in fair condition, and 20 percent were in poor to very poor condition. Although the majority of trees were in good condition, trees in poor to very poor condition will probably die within the next few years. The 50 percent of trees in the fair to very poor category are the most likely candidates for replacement in the near future and should be observed carefully. In the meantime, remedial care of these tree5--pruning, thinning, fertilization, etc.--may improve their condition and prolong their life. Table 4 identifies which species are in the worst, or best condition for the three major genera by analyzing the percent of each species in very poor to poor condition, fair condition, and in good to excellent condition. 18 Table 4. Tree Species by Condition--Maples, Oaks and Ashes.* Very Poor to Poor Fair Good to Excellent Condition Condition Condition Spegjes No. % No. % No. % Sugar Maple , 144 27.3 185 35.1 198 37.6 Silver Maple 37 32.5 67 56.8 14 11.8 Red Maple 29 26.4 38 34.5 43 39.0 Norway Maple 2 9.4 9 14.1 49 76.5 White Ash 60 58.8 29 28.4 13 12.7 Green Ash 1 2.0 9 18.4 39 79.6 Red Oak 27' 16.1 55 32.7 86 51.2 White Oak 12 15.8 40 52.6 24 31.6 *Does not include information for maple or oak species present in small numbers. The majority of trees in each species were in fair to excellent condition except for white ash which had only 41.2 percent of its population in fair or better condition. Over half of the white ash were in poor to very poor condition. By contrast, green ash fared extremely well with 79.6 percent of its population in good to excellent condition. It is difficult to determine the reason for the decline of the white ash population except to say that white ash is a drought-intolerant tree and may be having trouble adapting to the dry weather conditions that have recently occurred. Green ash, on the other hand, is performing much better than white ash. This may be explained in part by its greater drought-tolerance. Silver maple appears to be the "worst" of the maples with only 11.8 percent of the population in good to excellent condition. Norway maple did substantially better than the other maples with 76.5 percent of the population in the good to excellent category. Red and white oak fared slightly better than the maples, (except for Norway maple), with only 16.1 and 15.8 percent of the population in very poor to poor condition, respectively. In sum, green ash and Norway maple appear to be the best adapted street trees in Saugatuck, and white ash and silver maple the worst adapted from the information given in this table. This conclusion may be altered, however, by examining the condition of trees in each of the four age c asses. Table 5 shows the relationship between the condition of trees and their age class for each of the eight selected species. As trees enter the "veteran" category, the percentage in poor to very poor condition 19 Table 5. Relationship Between Tree Condition and Age for Selected Species. Young Intermediate Mature Veteran Tree 441.2: 41152.13; M __>_-25'_ __Cand1119n No. 5% .No. % No.as % No. %__ Sugar Maple Poor to Very Poor 27 5.1 13 2.5 39 7.4 65 12.3 Fair 20 3.8 16 3.0 56 10.6 93 17.6 Good to Excellent 58 11.0 40 7.6 42 8.0 58 11.0 TOTAL 105 19.9% 69 13.1% 137 26.0% 216 40.9% Silver Maple Poor to Very Poor 10 8.5 2 1.7 10 8.5 15 12.7 Fair 1 0.8 15 12.7 26 22.0 25 21.2 Good to Excellent 3 2.5 3 2.5 3 2 5 5 4 2 TOTAL 14 11.9% 20 16.9% 39 33 1% 45 38 1% Red Maple Poor to Very Poor 7 6.4 5 4.5 9 8.2 8 7.3 Fair 3 2.7 8 7.3 10 9.1 17 15.5 Good to Excellent 16 14.5 7 6.4 9 8.2 11 10.0 TOTAL 26 23.6% 20 18.2% 28 25.5% 36 32.7% Norway Maple Poor to Very Poor 4 6.3 2 3.1 0 0 0 0 Fair 7 10.9 1 1.6 1 1.6 O 0 Good to Excellent 41 64.0 5 7.8 3 4.5 0 0 TOTAL 52 81.2% 8 12.5% 4 6.3% 0 0 White Ash Poor to Very Poor 37 36.3 7 6.9 7 6.9 9 8.8 Fair 11 10.8 9 8.8 4 3.9 5 4.9 Good to Excellent 8 7.8 3 2.9 2 2.0 0 0 TOTAL 56 54.9% 19 18.6% 13 12.8% 14 13.7% Green Ash Poor to Very Poor 1 2.0 0 0 O O 0 0 Fair 9 18.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Good to Excellent 39 79.6 0 O 0 O 0 0 TOTAL 49 100.0% 0 0 O O 0 0 Red Oak Poor to Very Poor 3 1.8 4 2.4 12 7.1 8 4.8 Fair 2 1.2 3 1.8 23 13.7 27 16.1 Good to Excellent 19 11.3 5 3.0 25 14.9 37 22.0 TOTAL 24 14.3% 12 7.1% 60 35.7% 72 42.9% White Oak Poor to Very Poor 0 0 1 1.3 3 3.9 8 10.5 Fair 1 1.3 2 2.6 18 23.7 19 25.0 Good to Excellent 0 0 5 6.6 4 5.3 15 19.7 TOTAL 1 1.3% 8 10.5% 25 32.9% 42 55.3% 20 generally increases when compared to trees in the young category. One notable exception was white ash which had a larger percentage of young trees in poor to very poor condition than in the veteran category. This supports the conclusion that white ash is not a suitable tree for planting in Saugatuck. The fact that none of the green ash or Norway maples fell into the veteran category may help to explain their seemingly superior condition. It will be difficult to evaluate the performance of these two species until they enter the larger size classes. Green ash and Norway maple may not necessarily be the best adapted urban trees in Saugatuck, however, they do appear to be performing well and their planting is recommended. Not all trees classified as “Veteran" are necessarily in a decline. In fact most trees listed as veteran were in fair condition. They may be upgraded to good to excellent condition through maintenance activities such as trimming and deadwood removal. The information given in Table 5 suggests that red oak is the best adapted tree out of the eight species listed. The majority of red oaks in all four age categories were in good to excellent condition. Even in the veteran category red oak performed well. Red oaks are trees native to the area and are recommended for planting as a street tree. Chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves due to a lack of iron is a problem frequently associated with red oaks. There may be instances where it is necessary to use some form of iron fertilizer on red oaks to correct this problem (see section on Fertilization, Chapter 3). DECLINE IN STREET TREES Decline or dieback in street trees is a term used to describe a condition in which a greater proportion of dying twigs and branches appear in the crown of the tree each growing season. There are several possible explanations for the dieback of trees, but many are related, either directly or indirectly, to moisture stress. Conditions of soil compaction found commonly in urban areas, for example, decrease the amount of available water to the root system. Weather conditions such as drought and high temperatures also contribute to moisture stress particulary when trees are growing in restricted rooting space--i.e., between sidewalks, driveways, parking lots, etc. Leaf scorch, or a browning of the margins of the leaf, is a common symptom of moisture deficiency. The symptoms are most likely to appear in the hot summer months of July and August. The moisture-stressed trees may also display early fall coloration and late spring flush. Twigs and branches in the upper crown that are furthest from the water source begin to die. This is particularly noticeable in the spring when the branches fail to leaf out. As the dieback progresses each season, larger and larger branches die, causing the eventual death of the entire tree. There is usually no single explanation or ”cause" for the dieback of trees. It is most frequently the result of a combination of factors. Moisture stress, together with old age, insect or disease infestation, low 21 soil fertility and/or restrictive rooting space may all contribute to the decline of trees. Environmental conditions are a major determinant of decline in trees. The drought of 1988 has no doubt made an impact on the growth of trees in Saugatuck. It is difficult to determine the degree to which the city's trees have been affected. The very nature of the urban environment--compacted soils, and restricted rooting space--creates conditions of "artificial'I drought. Survival of urban trees becomes even more difficult when a "real” drought occurs. Trees growing in the wild have a much better chance of surviving natural drought than urban trees. Planting drought-tolerant species, increasing watering during periods of drought, and relieving conditions of soil compaction and restricted rooting space are recommended to support the growth of urban trees. Percent of crown dead was recorded in the tree inventory to indicate decline in trees. For definition purposes, the term dieback is used to describe trees with 30 percent or more of the crown dead. A total of 359 trees, or 17 percent of the population, displayed symptoms of dieback or decline. The distribution of trees with dieback symptoms with an emphasis on the three major genera--maples, oaks, and ashes--is given in Table 6. Table 6. Dieback for Selected Species.* No. of Trees % of Species % of All Spagias with Diabaak with Djebagks Diabagk Sugar Maple 116 22.0 32.3 Silver Maple 22 18.6 6.1 Red Maple 24 21.8 6.7 Norway Maple 5 6.9 1.4 White Ash 42 41.2 11.7 Green Ash 2 4.2 .5 White Oak 11 14.5 3.1 Red Oak 33 19.6 9.2 Others 195 - ZSEQ TOTAL 359 100% *Dieback is defined as 30 percent or more of the crown dead. 22 The eight species listed in the table represent roughly 59 percent of the total street tree population, but account for 71 percent of the dieback cases. Maples, particularly sugar maple, are frequently associated with decline of urban trees. Sugar maple accounted for 32.3 percent of the dieback recorded with 22.0 percent of the sugar maple population displaying symptoms of decline. Red maple fared nearly the same as sugar maple with 21.8 percent of_its population having dieback. Silver maple fared slightly better with only 18.6 percent of its population in decline. 0f the four maples listed, Norway maple appears to be the best adapted to urban conditions with only 6.9 percent of its population displaying symptoms of dieback. Norway maple is considered by many to be a superior urban tree. As previously mentioned, however, none of the Norway maples fell into the veteran category (Table 5) and this may also explain its healthier condition. One of the most significant problems noticed during the survey was the general decline of the white ash population in Saugatuck. Forty-one percent of the white ash population was experiencing dieback-~the largest proportion of any species recorded. By contrast, only 0.5 percent of the green ash were experiencing dieback. This is not surprising since all of the green ash were in the “young" category. A larger percentage of young white ash--36.3%-- however, were in poor to very poor condition compared with only 2.0% of young green ash in the poor to very poor category (Table 5). This suggests that green ash is, in fact, more adaptable than white ash and may be used as a substitute for white ash in street tree planting. Oak trees, particularly red oak, were also experiencing symptoms of decline to almost the same degree as the maples. Many large, veteran oaks and sugar maples were found in Saugatuck. These trees were probably planted before the turn of the century. Their size and age may be major reasons for their decline. Table 7 lists trees with dieback according to their size c ass. Table 7. Dieback by Tree Size.* No. of Trees % of Size Class % of all Size (dbh) wit eba wi h i back Dieback 1 - 4' 39 8.4 10.9 5 - 9' 47 11.0 13.1 10 - 14" 55 19.0 15.3 15 - 19” 35 21.1 9.7 20 - 24' 53 22.5 14.8 > - 25' 130 26.8 36.2 *Dieback is defined as 30 percent or more of the crown dead. 23 Table 7 illustrates the relationship between size and age to amount of dieback. A5 trees enter the larger size classes, a greater proportion of the population is subject to dieback. Trees in the ”veteran" category (greater or equal to 25 inches in diameter), accounted for 36.2 percent of all dieback found. By contrast, trees in the"young' category (1 to 4 inches and 5 to 9 inches in diameter) accounted for 24 percent of all dieback found. Size and age of the tree, however, are not the only factors contributing to the decline of trees. As mentioned previously, there are various environmental and physiological factors involved. Recommendations for restoring the health of declining urban trees include pruning to maintain the balance between roots and branches; fertilizing with high phosphorous, low nitrogen compounds to stimulate root growth; and mulching to support water retention (Tattar, 1978). Aerating soil with a soil aeration device, particularly in compacted areas where there is a high amount of pedestrian or vehicular traffic, is also recommended for increasing oxygen flow and the growth of tree roots. The best approach in preventing decline is to alleviate the stresses experienced by urban trees i.e., soil compaction, construction injury, etc. Pre-planning and selecting stress-tolerant species can help to accomplish this goal. Section III MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS-- SURVEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS III MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS-- SURVEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The following section is an analysis of the recommendations made for the overall improvement of Saugatuck’s urban forest. Three broad areas of tree care are discussed: planting, maintenance of existing trees, and removals. In addition to these three general areas of tree care, the importance of maintaining up-to-date tree inventory records and the public relations role of an urban tree management program are also emphasized. PLANTING One of the most gratifying and essential elements of a municipal tree program is the planting of new trees. A tree should be planted to replace every tree that is removed as long as there is adequate space for the new tree to grow in. Deterioration of the urban forest, according to some studies, is-a nationwide crisis. Statistics have shown, for example, that for every one tree planted, four are cut down (Moll, 1987). Recent reports suggest, however, that this four to one ratio is true only for large population cities. A survey which took into account cities of various sizes found the national average of removals to new plantings to be nearly one to one (Kielbaso, 1989). Planting sites were recommended near the site of a tree to be removed. New trees can be planted underneath or nearby the dying tree before it is removed in a technique referred to as "underplanting” (Larison, 1988). The advantage to underplanting is that a new tree is already present to take the place of the dying tree before it is removed. This also helps soften the emotional blow experienced by the public when a large old tree is removed. One possible drawback to underplanting is that new trees, adapted to growing in the shade of the dying tree, undergo stress due to the change in light levels when the older tree is removed. This can be avoided by planting the new tree far enough away from the older tree so that it is not heavily shaded. Planting the new tree further away also helps to limit the damage that might occur from the removal itself. Aside from simply replacing removals, however, additional trees should be planted to increase the overall tree population. A study in Syracuse, New York found that planting to replace removals was not sufficient to maintain the tree population near full stocking because of the mortality rate of newly planted trees (Richards, 1979). In addition to the mortality rate of new plantings, budget crunches during certain years may have caused tree planting to lag behind removals, causing a decline in the overall population. This could explain why most trees in Saugatuck are either in the "veteran” or ”young” category. The fact that very few trees fall into the "intermediate" category suggests that little tree planting was occurring during the years that trees in this size class were young. The survey recommended planting of 440 trees-—359 in District 1, and 81 in District 2. The purpose of this planting is to restock the urban tree population and to enhance the visual aspect of Saugatuck’s streets. Generally one and a half to two inch diameter balled and burlapped (BGB) I O 26 trees are recommended for planting. These trees may cost a bit more but have a higher survival rate than bare root or smaller container-grown plants. Only trees suited to growing conditions in Saugatuck should be planted. For a list of recommended species for planting in Saugatuck and for a description of the proper planting technique see Appendix A. The spatial elements involved in tree planting must be observed. The size of the tree at maturity and the width of the tree lawn are important aspects to consider. The tree lawn is the strip of grass between the sidewalk and the road. A tree lawn of at least 8 feet is recommended for large trees (over 60 feet when mature), 6 feet for medium sized trees (less than 60 feet when mature), and a minimum of 4 feet for small trees (less than 35 feet when mature). If trees are planted in too small a space for their size class, their roots become crowded and eventually the trees die. They may also cause damage to curbs and sidewalks as the roots try to grow outward. Trees must also be spaced an appropriate distance from one another. A general rule to follow is to space trees at least 30 feet apart. Small trees, however, may be spaced 15 to 20 feet apart and large trees will do better at 40 to 50 feet apart. Trees should also be placed at least 30 feet from the intersection for visibility and public safety reasons. If trees are planted too close together, they will impact management costs by becoming difficult and expensive to prune. Mutual shading of branches will create more deadwood and higher trimming requirements. Overcrowding also stresses trees causing them to become more susceptible to insect and disease problems (Miller, 1988). NUMBER AND PERCENT OF TREES AND WIDTH or TREE LAWN IrNszia I‘SGUSZ) E 6' - 7. «40(62) 403(622)-’ Figure 8. Number and Percent of Trees and Width of Tree Lawn 27 There were many instances in Saugatuck where trees were planted in too small a space for their eventual size, particularly in the downtown area. There were 650 recorded cases of trees growing in tree lawns i.e., between the sidewalk and the curb. Sixty-two percent of the trees were found growing in a tree lawn of 8 feet or more. It is probably safe to say that these trees have enough room to grow, unless restricted in some other way. The other 38 percent, however, may be growing in a space too small for their size class. (Figure 8). Planting trees in constricted areas will significantly shorten their life span, decreasing their value as street trees. Six percent of the trees were found growing in a tree lawn of 3 feet or less and these trees are definitely constricted. Many of these trees are located in the business district of Saugatuck where growing space is somewhat limited. The trees cannot compete with parking spaces, shops and restaurants, and tourists trampling over their roots. Healthy, thriving trees are desired, however, to increase the attractiveness of the business district. In order to support the growth of trees in this area, increasing the size of the tree lawn or planting smaller trees is recommended. In some cases it may be necessary to cut cement blocks from paved sidewalks where no tree lawn is present. Provisions must be made to insure that trees receive adequate irrigation, drainage, and aeration in these situations. The tree should be given adequate surface exposure for root growth. At least a 4 x 4 foot block cut is recommended. Some authorities recommend adding gravel and other materials to improve aeration and drainage. Another technique is to drill aeration and irrigation holes under and outward from the root ball extending below the pavement. (Harris, 1983). The relationship between the size of the tree lawn and the trees’ adaptability to limited growing space, may be elucidated by examining the condition of trees according to the width of the tree lawn in which they are growing (Table 8). Table 8. Tree Condition According to Tree Lawn Width Tree Lawn Width In Feet < = 3’ 4’ - 5’ 6’ - 7’ > = 8’ Tree Condition No. % No. % No. % No. % Very Poor to Poor 9 22.5 13 13.5 13 11.7 71 17.6 Fair 6 15.0 20 20.8 22 19.8 127 31.5 Good to Excellent 25 62.5 63 65.6 76 68.5 205 50.9 TOTAL 40 100.0 96 100.0 111 100.0 403 100.0 The suspected relationship is that trees growing in tree lawns of smaller widths will be in poorer condition. The fact that trees growing in a 28 tree lawn of three feet or less had the highest percentage of trees in poor condition supports this notion. In all cases, however, the majority of trees were in good to excellent condition despite the size of the tree lawn. Another suspected relationship would be that trees growing in tree lawns of eight feet or more will be in the "best" condition. Table 8 reveals, however, that trees found growing in the eight foot category have the lowest percentage in good to excellent condition compared to the other tree lawn widths listed. In addition, trees in the 8 foot category have a higher percentage in very poor to poor condition than the 4 to 5 foot or 6 to 7 foot categories. At first glance this table seems to refute the idea that trees will not grow well in limited growing space. However, by examining the actual size of trees growing in each tree lawn category, the relationship between tree lawn width and condition of trees can be explained more clearly (Table 9). Table 9. Tree Lawn Width and Condition of Trees According to Size Class. Tree Lawn Width in Feet < = 3’ 4’ - 5’ 6’ - 7’ > = 8’ Total Tree Condition No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Young 1 to 9' Very Poor to Poor 9 23.7 5 13.2 2 5.3 22 57.9 38 100 Fair 5 11.6 12 27.9 3 7.0 23 53.5 43 100 Good to Excellent 21 07.9 43 16.1 55 20 6 148 55.4 267 100 Intermediate 10 to 14' Very Poor to Poor 0 -- 2 22.2 22.2 5 55.6 9 100 Fair 1 04.6 3 13.6 22.7 13 59.1 22 100 Good to Excellent 4 12.1 6 18.2 10 30.3 13 39.4 33 100 Mature 15 to 24' Very Poor to Poor 0 -- 4 19.1 2 9.5 15 71.4 21 100 Fair 0 -- 3 5.8 5 9.6 44 84.6 52 100 Good to Excellent 0 -- 5 19.2 5 19.2 16 61.6 26 100 Veteran > . 25' Very Poor to Poor 0 -- 2 5.3 7 18.4 29 76.3 38 100 Fair 0 -- 2 3.5 9 15.5 47 81.0 58 100 Good to Excellent 0 -- 9 20.9 6 14.0 28 65.1 43 100 Table 9 and Figure 8 reveal that relatively few large trees (greater than 15 inches in diameter) are found growing in smaller tree lawn widths. In fact, no trees in the "Nature" and "Veteran" size classes were found in tree lawn widths of only 3 feet. This suggests that trees are not likely to reach maturity if planted in small tree lawns. 29 In all cases, the majority of trees in good to excellent condition were found in tree lawn widths of 8 feet or more. This would seem to confirm the suspected relationship alluded to earlier that trees found growing in large tree lawns will be in the "best" condition. On the other hand, the majority of trees in very poor to poor condition were also found in tree lawns of 8 feet or more. The same holds true for trees in fair condition. One must consider, however, that most of the trees-—62 percent--found growing in tree lawns were in the 8 feet or more category (Figure 8). Rather than suggesting that trees growing in larger tree lawns will be in better condition, the information given in Table 9 suggests that trees may be in poor, fair or excellent condition despite the size of the tree lawn. A safer relationship can be made between the size of the tree lawn and the trees ability to reach maturity. Table 9 supports the notion that a tree’s ability to grow and reach maturity will be inhibited if planted in a small tree awn. In sum, newly planted trees may grow well initially in smaller tree lawns (5 feet or less), but their likelihood of reaching maturity is slim. If increasing the width of the tree lawn in these cases is not possible or practical, then planting smaller size trees (less than 35 feet when mature) is recommended. MAINTENANCE OF EXISTING TREES Trees growing in an urban environment are exposed to a number of stresses not experienced by their counterparts in natural forests--pollution, salt, restricted growing space, poor soil drainage, and soil compaction to mention a few. Because of these stresses, their maintenance needs are also considerably higher. Pruning and trimming of trees are required to keep them in a healthy, attractive condition. Fertilizing, spraying, and watering trees may also be necessary to insure their survival. Aside from maintaining the health of the tree, pruning, thinning and other tree maintenance practices are required to protect people and property from accidents caused by poorly maintained trees. The following is a list of recommendations made to improve the health of existing trees. A description of each maintenance activity is provided with special reference to Saugatuck. Trim Recommendations Trimming or pruning recommendations include lifting, training-thinning, special clearance, deadwood removal, and hanger removal. These trimming activities are done to control the growth of plants, to improve their general appearance and health, and to prevent accidents from occurring. Table 10 lists the trimming requirements of street trees in Saugatuck. The trimming requirements are separated by higher and lower priority to give an indication of how severe the situation may be. The highest trimming requirement for street trees was training and thinning, followed by deadwood 30 removal, hanger removal, lifting and special clearance. The most urgent trimming recommendations, however, are deadwood removal and hanger removal, because they represent the greatest public safety hazard. A description of each of these maintenance activities follows the table. Table 10. Street Tree Trimming Requirements Trimming Total No. % of Total Layer Priority Higher Priority Recommendation of trees Population* No. % No. % Train-Thin 1,825 88.2 547 30.0 1,278 70.0 Deadwood Removal 756 36.5 427 56.5 329 43.5 Hanger Removal 106 5.1 72 67.9 34 32.1 Lifting 16 0.8 7 43.8 9 56.2 Special Clearance 5 0.2 2 40.0 3 60.0 *Based on 2,070 street trees. Training-Thinning Training and thinning were trimming recommendations made for trees growing in Saugatuck. Training refers to the trimming that is done to small, younger trees to improve their form and structure. Thinning refers to the trimming that is done to trees of all sizes to reduce the number of branches that are weakly attached, broken, diseased or dying, rubbing or crossing, interfering with utility lines, etc. Thinning permits deeper light penetration into the crown of the tree which benefits the inner leaves and branches. A "2" listed on the tree inventory work report indicates a lower priority--only small branches requiring trimming. A "3" indicates a higher priority--several or large branches requiring trimming or a small tree in need of improvement. There were 1,825 cases of trees requiring trimming in Saugatuck--1,278 (70.0%) cases were listed as a higher priority, and 547 (30.0%) were listed as a lower priority. This suggests that several years have elapsed since any significant trimming of Saugatuck’s street trees has occurred. Most trees in the city could benefit from some thinning of their branches. Trees whose trimming needs are ignored will lose their lower limbs through breakage. Broken limbs attached to the tree are passageways for decay and disease organisms that can lead to the death of the entire tree. Entrance of disease organisms can be prevented by utilizing the proper pruning techniques. In the past, "flush cuts" that involve removing limbs right up to the trunk of the tree, have been recommend. The pruning practice currently being advocated by many authorities, however, is to leave the 31 "branch collar" in place (see “Natural Target Pruning," Appendix A). Studies have shown that this allows the natural healing of the wound to take place more effectively (Shigo, 1982). Deadwood Removal Deadwood removal is required of trees with dead branches still attached to the tree. A '2" on the tree inventory work report indicates a lower priority--small and/or a few dead branches requiring removal. A "4" indicates a higher priority-—large and/or many dead branches requiring removal. There were 757 trees requiring deadwood removal in Saugatuck--426 (56.5%) were a lower priority and 329 (43.5%) were a higher priority. Large amounts of deadwood in trees can be a serious threat to people and property. Deadwood removal, therefore, should be given priority over other trimming activities, whether of the lower or higher rating level. Hanger Removal Hangers are broken branches still attached to the tree that may fall and cause damage to people or property. A "I” on the tree inventory work report indicates hangers of a lower priority--one or two small branches that are not a serious threat. A "2" indicates one or more large limbs that pose a greater hazard. There were 106 cases of hangers requiring removal in Saugatuck. Just as with deadwood, hangers should be removed as soon as possible since they are a threat to public safety. Lifting Lifting is the removal of lower branches to allow at least an 7 to 8 foot clearance over sidewalks and a 13 to 15 foot clearance over roads. Lower branches may block pedestrian and vehicular traffic and are a potential hazard. Lift recommendations were recorded during the inventory. A "1" on the tree inventory work report indicates a lower lift-trim priority--only one or small branches requiring removal, and a "2" indicates a higher priority--a very large limb or several limbs in need of removal. There were only 16 cases of trees in need of lifting recorded in the inventory. Special Clearance Special clearance refers to trimming that is done to remove branches that are obstructing objects such as buildings, street lights, traffic signals, utility poles, and signs. Public safety is of primary concern in special clearance trimming. Trees blocking stop signs, street lights, etc., are a potential hazard. There were only 5 cases of special clearance trimming in Saugatuck-—a "1" indicating a lower priority, and a "2" indicating a higher priority. Utility line clearance was a common requirement of trees growing in natural areas and in the business/residential areas. Utility line clearance was considered under the "thinning" recommendation. The local power company is largely responsible for the trimming of these trees, particulary in the natural or ”brushy" areas. Precautions should be taken to ensure that utility companies "drop crotch" prune rather than simply ”topping" trees. I" 32 Trim ratjng The trim rating computed by the tree inventory program is the summation of the lift, training-thinning, special clearance, deadwood, and hangertrimming recommendations. The purpose of the trim rating is to allow sorting of trim recommendations by priority. For example, a tree with a combined trim rating of "7" is in much greater need of attention than a tree with a trim rating of ”2." The most effective approach, however, would be to first remove all deadwood and hangers to eliminate the public safety hazard, and then perform all other trimming activities recommended to improve the health of trees. There were 337 trees in Saugatuck with a trim rating of 7 or greater. These trees are considered to be in immediate need of attention and should be trimmed before all other trees. All city-owned trees should be trimmed on a somewhat regular basis. Many authorities recommend a five-year pruning cycle (i.e, each tree is trimmed once every 5 years) as being the most cost- effective while preserving the health of the tree. The tree inventory program facilitates the recording of work activities such as tree trimming so that the five-year cycle can be easily maintained. Fertilization One-hundred eighty-seven (187) trees were recommended for fertilization in Saugatuck. Symptoms that suggested a need for fertilization included chlorosis or yellowing of leaves, smaller than usual leaf size, short elongation of branches during the growing season, and a general lack of thriftiness or vigor. 0f the 187 trees requiring fertilization 67.9 percent were maples, 9.6 percent oaks, 7.5 percent ashes, and 6.4 percent were hongylocusts. The remaining 8.6 percent consists of 9 different species Ta le 11). Fertilization, in most cases, encourages the rapid development and continuing health of landscape plants. Sixteen elements have been identified as essential to plant growth. Trees and different plant species require these elements in varying amounts. Most commonly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N-P-K) mixes are sold commercially as a general fertilizer application. The percentages of N-P-K are listed on the label, for example, 10-6-4 indicates a mix containing 10 percent nitrogen, 6 percent phosphorus, and 4 percent potassium. Iron and manganese are elements that have been found to be deficient in highly alkaline soils, and phosphorus can be a limiting factor in acidic, sandy soils (Harris, 1982). If deficiency symptoms are present, soil and leaf analysis can be used to determine the exact nature of the problem. Frequently the local county Cooperative Extension Service offers a soil testing service. Some universities will offer soil and leaf analysis as well. Current methods of fertilizer application include broadcasting on the soil surface, placing in holes in the soil, injecting into the soil in solution under pressure, spraying on foliage, and injecting into holes in tree trunks (Harris, 1982). Some important factors to consider when choosing a method include time, money, effectiveness and the nature of the problem. Some methods, such as trunk injection, may be more expensive but have longer 33 lasting effects. Trunk injection of manganese in maples, for example, has been shown to be superior to other fertilization methods (Kielbaso and Ottman, 1976). On the other hand, application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil surface is considered a quick, practical and inexpensive method (Koelling and Kielbaso, 1987). Whatever method is selected, plants should not be overfertilized. This may result in leaf burn among other problems. Generally early spring and mid to late fall are recommended as the most appropriate times to fertilize. Table 11 lists the number and percent of trees requiring fertilization for maples, oaks, ash, honeylocusts and "others." The maples oaks, and ash are broken down by specific species to determine which have the greatest need for fertilization. Table 11. Street Trees Requiring Fertilization Trees Requiring | Total No. | Percent of Fertilization | of Trees | Species Requiring Species No. % I in Pooulation I Fertilization Maples 127 67.9% 819 15.5% Norway Maple 18 9.6% 64 28.1% Red Maple 31 16.6 110 28.2 Silver Maple 2 1.1 118 1.7 Sugar Maple 76 40.6 527 14.4 I Oaks 18 9.6% I 251 | 7.2% I I White Oak 1 0.5% | 76 | 1.3% Shingle Oak 3 1.6 I 7 | 42.3 Red Oak 14 7.5 168 | 8.3 I Ash 14 7.5% 151 9.3% White Ash 3 1.6% 102 2.9% Green Ash 11 5.9 49 22.4 I Honeylocust 12 6.4% | 71 16.9% I . Others 16 8.6 | I TOTALS 187 100% 100% Maples apparently have the greatest need for fertilization-—although maples represent roughly 40 percent of the street tree population, they also represent 67.9 percent of the trees requiring fertilization. It would appear at first glance that sugar maples have the highest fertilizer requirement, 34 but upon closer examination of the data it is revealed that only 14 percent of the sugar maple population was recommended for fertilization compared with 28 percent of the population for both Norway maple and red maple. Red maples in Saugatuck displayed symptoms of chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves, due to a deficiency of manganese. Highly alkaline soils are often responsible for this type of deficiency. These high pH soils make manganese unavailable for absorption by the tree. Manganese deficiency can be corrected with manganese sulfate or manganese chelate foliar sprays, in addition to the trunk injection method mentioned earlier. Norway maples, on the other hand, displayed symptoms quite different from red maples. Norway maples were found to have marginal necrosis, or a browning of the margins of the leaf. The browning leaf margins could be due to a number of factors that most likely involve moisture stress. Half (or 9) of the Norway maples that displayed symptoms of marginal necrosis were young trees not more than 2 inches in diameter. These trees are undergoing the stress of being newly planted as well as facing some very dry weather conditions. Watering and mulching of new transplants is recommended for the first two growing seasons to help the trees become established. These trees might also benefit from a low-nitrogen, high phosphorus N-P-K fertilizer to help them recover from moisture stress. Fewer oaks than maples were found to exhibit deficiency symptoms. 0f the oaks recommended for fertilization, however, red oaks were in greater need than white oaks. Red oaks were found that displayed chlorosis, or yellowing of the leaves, due to a lack of iron. This can also be attributed to highly alkaline soils. In particular, 3 out of the 7 shingle oaks (which belong to the red oak group) displayed these symptoms. A young pin oak (another type of red oak) was found in Wick’s Park that displayed chlorotic symptoms. Red oaks, especially pin oak, are notorious for suffering from iron deficiencies. Iron deficiencies can be corrected by increasing the acidity of the soil through the addition of powdered sulfur. Another alternative is to apply iron chelate fertilizer as a foliar spray or in the soil for longer lasting effects. There are also many commercially available treatments for trunk injection of iron compounds into trees. These treatments have been shown to be effective and relatively long-lasting. One possible drawback, however, is the wounding that occurs to trees when the materials are injected. Green ash received the highest recommendation for fertilization among the ashes, even though many of the white ashes have been classified as in poor condition. The low value and location of white ashes in woodlots and brushy areas does not warrant the expense of fertilizing them. Green ashes, on the other hand, were found growing in the business/residential areas and their location and high value justifies the expense of fertilization. The same holds true for honeylocusts which are a high value street tree found growing in the most visible locations. For further information on how and when to fertilize see Extension Bulletin E-786 in Appendix A. 35 59311119 Spraying is done to control insects and diseases on trees. In many instances, chemicals are the most effective means of controlling an insect or pest. Environmentally-safe, non-chemical means of controlling the pest should be seriously considered, however. There were only 15 recorded cases in Saugatuck where trees might benefit from spraying. It is important to know the exact nature of the problem before spraying, so that the amount and type of pesticide to be applied can be determined. Assistance can be obtained from the local county Cooperative Extensive Service in identifying a pest problem and in determining the most appropriate control--chemical or non-chemical. Only personnel licensed to spray pesticides should be allowed to spray trees. Directions for mixing and applying pesticides should be followed according to the label. Spraying early in the morning is recommended for public safety reasons as well as for effectiveness. W931: Sidewalk heaving is the result of trees that have overgrown the space in which they have been planted. Repair of sidewalks raised by tree roots is necessary to public safety and pedestrian traffic. Of the 17 cases of sidewalk heaving recorded in the inventory, 13, or 76 percent, were caused by sugar maples. This is not surprising since sugar maple is a shallow rooted species commonly associated with sidewalk heaving. The presence of many veteran sugar maples in Saugatuck may cause sidewalk heaving to be a significant problem in the future. Planting trees in a wide tree lawn (8 feet) and away from the sidewalk is recommended to reduce sidewalk heaving. Choosing species that are deeply rooted, oaks for example, rather than shallow rooted (maples), is another means of reducing sidewalk heaving. When lifted sidewalks are replaced, the roots of the tree should be pruned as little as possible-~only enough to correct the lifting situation. WW During the course of the tree survey, the author noted instances where construction activities have caused injury to trees. A sidewalk was being put in on Water Street and a public restroom was under construction on Butler Street. Mechanical injury was observed in these areas to the trunk and roots of trees. Construction injury can be prevented by proper planning before the construction begins. Trees often die from changes of grade at construction sites. Raising the grade around trees suffocates the root system, and lowering the grade kills tree roots by exposing them. In addition to this, various mechanical injuries occur to the trunk and roots of trees from 36 construction equipment. In order to prevent injury from occurring, all trees within 10 feet of the proposed construction area should be removed. The remaining trees outside the 10-foot perimeter should be protected by a barrier fence placed around them (Tattar, 1978). When new sidewalks are laid, they should be placed as far away from the trunk of the tree as space will allow. Consideration should be given to planting street trees on the property-owners side of the sidewalk whenever tree lawns are five feet or less (Skiera and Hennen, 1986). Roots are invariably cut whenever sidewalks are constructed. Sometimes it is necessary to curve the sidewalk around the trunk of the tree to protect the roots from extensive injury (Gulick, 1986). Watering trees and, to a lesser degree, fertilizing are recommended to help them recover from shock after construction. Gravel layers and other materials placed underneath sgdgwalks will benefit root growth by improving aeration (Urban, et al, 1 8 . Trimming of the tree may also be required after roots have been lost to construction activities. The root system may no longer be adequate to support the top growth of the tree. Thinning the tree is recommended to compensate for the reduction of the root system as well as to prevent windthrow (Mayne, 1982). 12mm: Damage to the trunk and butt of the tree are often the result of human activities. Lawnmowers, damage by cars, and vandalism are among the causes of mechanical injuries to trees. There are various techniques for treating tree wounds when bark has been removed. Recently, the value of these techniques has come under question. There is strong evidence that many of the chemicals used to treat wounds and the materials used to fill tree cavities do not help the trees at all--in fact they may do more harm than good. In many instances it is better to let the tree repair itself through the natural healing process. Prevention is the most effective means of protecting trees from mechanical injury. Mulching around trees will help prevent lawnmower injury and wire fences placed around trees can reduce instances of vandalism and damage from automobiles. There were only 5 cases recorded where trees might benefit from repair work in Saugatuck. The value and location of these trees must be considered, however, before repair work is done. If trees are not in a prominent location or are of low value, the cost of repair work may not be justifiable. A professional arborist or extension agent should be consulted to determine the exact nature of the repair work to be done on trees. Only reputable arboricultural agencies should be dealt with to avoid useless but costly 'tree surgery." 37 W Bracing is the use of bolts or threaded rods to secure weak or split crotches. Bracing may also be used to secure split trunks or to separate rubbing limbs. Cabling is the attachment of a flexible steel cable between branches to limit excessive limb motion and to reduce stress on a crotch or branches (N.A.A., 1985). The presence of weak, V-shaped crotches in a tree may warrant the use of braces or cables. Horizontal branches that reach a 45 angle are also considered weak and may be supported by a cable attached to the trunk or to a supporting branch. There were 150 instances recorded where trees might benefit from bracing or cabling. The value of the tree and the expense of bracing or cabling must be considered, however, before hiring the services of an arboricultural firm. W11: Girdling roots can severely weaken, or even kill trees by cutting off the flow of water and nutrients from the soil and by restricting the diameter growth of the tree. Girdling roots are often the result of roots that have been grown in circular pattern in the nursery--particularly in container- grown or balled and burlapped trees. When planting these trees it is often necessary to spread the roots outward from the tree. Girdling roots can also be prevented by planting trees in a loosely textured soil and in a space wide enough so that the roots can radiate outward from the tree. There were 65 recorded cases where trees might benefit from girdling root repair in Saugatuck. Again, the value of the tree weighed against the time and expense of repairing the girdling root must be considered. If it is determined that repair of the girdling root will significantly improve the growth of tree, then it may well be worthwhile. TREE REMOVAL Tree removal is an important public safety consideration. Dead or dying trees may fall across roads, on houses, cars and people causing serious injury particularly during strong winds and storms. There were 128 street trees recommended for removal in the City of Saugatuck. Planting of a tree near the site of the tree to be removed was recommended in most instances for purposes of replacement. Table 12 shows the number and percent of trees requiring removal for major species growing in Saugatuck. The table lists the "Percent of All Removals" to indicate which tree species comprise the 128 removals. A better indication of the status of each species, however, is the "Percent of Species Needing Removal” column. This column shows the proportion of each species requiring removal and indicates that certain species may be having greater difficulty surviving than others. 38 Table 12. Recommended Tree Removals by Species. No. of Tree % of All No. of Trees % of Species Spasias Remoyals Ramavals in Eapglatjan Naadjng Bamava] Sugar Maple _ 43 33.6%. 527 8.2% Silver Maple 6 4.7 118 5.1 Red Maple 3 2.3 110 2.7 Norway Maple 0 0 64 0 White Ash 26 20.3 102 25.5 Green Ash 0 0 49 0 White Oak 2 1.6 ' 76 2.6 Red Oak 7 5.5 168 4.2 Honeylocust 3 2.3 71 4.2 TOTAL 90 70.3 Sugar maples represented the largest percentage of trees requiring removal. They are also, however, the largest number of tree species found in the total street tree population. Closer examination of the data reveals that white ash has the highest percentage requirement for removal--25.5 percent of the white ash population was recommended for removal compared with 8.2 percent of the sugar maples. This information corresponds with the data given for the tree species condition in Table 4. Almost 60 percent of the white ashes were in poor to very poor condition. Table 13 lists the number and percent of trees requiring removal by their age or diameter class. This table suggests that the size or age of the tree does not necessarily indicate its need for removal. The greatest percentage of trees to be removed were in the ”veteran" category. There were, however, many trees in the young, intermediate and mature stages in need of removal. It is not surprising that the largest percentage of tree removals are in the veteran category-~trees are most likely to fail when they have reached old age. The percentage of tree removals by size class indicates that there are more than twice as many veteran trees in need of removal than young trees (8.5 percent vs. 3.8 percent). 0n the other hand, there are nearly as many intermediate size trees in need of removal as mature trees (7.6 percent and 7.7 percent). 39 {9 Table 13. Recommended Tree Removals by Diameter Class No. of Trees % of Total % of a r l ngn Rgmgxa I Bng Young (1 to 9') 34 26.6 3.8 Intermediate (10 to 14') 22 17.2 7.6 Mature (15 — 24') 31 24.2 7.7 Veteran (> 25') 41 32.0 8.5 Roughly 6 percent of the total street tree population was recommended for removal. There were many veteran trees, however, that may require removal within the next few years. Street trees should be surveyed and monitored periodically to remove all hazardous trees. There were nearly four times as many planting sites recommended as removals--this is necessary for the enhancement of the overall street tree population and for the replacement of the veteran trees that will be dying within the next decade. E) RECORDS AND RECORD KEEPING Municipal forestry departments, in the past, have tried to maintain tree records in filing cabinets or on index cards. This system often proved to be inaccurate and it was very difficult to compile a complete history of a particular tree. Today, computerized systems enhance the efficiency of a municipal forestry program by allowing for greater accuracy in record keeping. The ability to sort and compile data with computerized systems facilitates improvements in work scheduling and budget planning. The Michigan State University tree inventory program used in this survey, for example, enables separation of tasks by priority. Trees with the highest trimming needs can be separated from low priority trees in a matter of seconds. The information collected by tree inventory programs can be incorporated into graphics programs which will permit visual interpretations of the present condition of the urban tree resource. Once maintenance priorities have been established, budget estimates can be determined. Tree inventory data supplies factual information for estimating costs, supplies and materials. Workers should maintain accurate records on the type of operation performed so that work histories are kept up-to-date. Entering plantings and removals whenever they are performed, for example, will ensure that an accurate picture of the structure and composition of the urban forest is available at all times. Accurate tree inventory records have proven invaluable in liability cases involving trees. Records may show, for example, that city work crews <3 were not negligent in responding to public complaints about a tree requiring trimming or removal. 40 THE PUBLIC AND PUBLIC TREES Good public relations are critical to an urban tree care program. Public reactions to municipal tree care vary widely. Large, old trees are sometimes a serious public safety hazard, yet some individuals may fight to preserve them.‘ Others may consider the dying trees a mere nuisance. It is very important to increase the public’s awareness and understanding of the city’s forestry program. Understanding the reasons for removing or not removing a tree, for example, will reduce the number of conflicts that arise over the issue as well as improve the relationship between city personnel and local residents. Involving the public in tree planting projects and other management practices will increase their appreciation for the work involved in managing the urban forest. Publicity and promotion of the forestry activities should be a regular function of the municipal forestry unit. Leaflets and flyers explaining the purpose of various forestry activities are suggested. When a new tree is planted in front of a resident’s home, for example, he/she should be provided with a flyer that explains the care and upkeep of that particular species. Arbor Day activities and other special events are also suggested to improve citizen participation in municipal tree care. The city may wish to consider applying to become a "Tree City-~USA.” In . order to apply to this program, the city must meet four standards: 1) there must be a legally constituted tree body, 2) there must be a community tree ordinance, 3) there must be an active, comprehensive community forestry program, and 4) there must be an Arbor Day observance such as a commemorative tree planting. Tree ordinances can be used to establish the relationship between the public and public trees. By establishing municipal authority, assigning responsibility, and establishing minimum standards for management, tree ordinances increase the public’s awareness as to their role and the city’s in urban tree care. Tree ordinances should not be established without a broad base of community support. Maintenance requirements that may be defined by the city tree ordinance include planting and removal standards, replacement policies, and spacing standards. Traffic and public safety standards such as defining what is a "nuisance" tree may also be incorporated (Miller, 1988). Tree ordinances can take on many possible forms and may include many different types of specifications. The most functional tree ordinances, however, are those which reflect the interests and concerns of the local community. For information on how to become a 'Tree City USA' and for sample tree ordinances, see Appendix A. ‘ Section IV MANAGEMENT PLAN AND BUDGET ESTIMATE a- if} 1 I! ‘5“, IV MANAGEMENT PLAN AND BUDGET ESTIMATE The 2,070 street trees recorded during the survey have an estimated value of around $4 million--a considerable asset to a small town. Trees are one of the few investments that actually appreciate in value. Maintenance activities are essential to the preservation and protection of this important asset. ' The information collected in the inventory and presented in this report, indicates that a substantial proportion of the tree population is veteren and in poor to very poor condition. The maintenance activities required by many trees in Saugatuck are relatively high. The survey recommended the following amount of work to be done: Astivity Nas 1. Removals: 128 2. Plantings: 440 3. Trimming: Rating 7 and above 337 Rating 5-6 419 Rating 3-4 ‘ 605 Rating 2 633 4. Fertilization: 187 5. Repair Girdling Root: 65 6: Bracing-Cabling: 150 7. Insect and Disease Control: 15 Based on these needs, a 6-year budget estimate has been prepared. The plan advocates spending $29,800 for the first year, roughly $28,500 for the second and third year, $26,300 for the fourth year, and $24,600 for the remaining 2 years (Table 14). The reason for the higher capital outlay during the first few years is that the trimming needs of trees in Saugatuck have been somewhat neglected. This initial outlay is recommended to help correct past neglect. The plan recommends attending to trees with the highest trimming needs in the first two years. For safety reasons, deadwood and hanger removal should be attended to as soon as possible. Trees with a trim rating of 7 or higher account for a lot of the deadwood and hangers found. Trees in less serious condition can be attended to in later years. The situation is the same for removals. Most removals should take place during the first two years of the program. The goal is to discontinue management of trees on a "crisis" basis. The Superintendent of Streets stated that it was difficult to trim trees, because they were ”having trouble keeping up with all the dying trees," particularly after the severe drought that was experienced during the summer of 1988. The better the condition of the street trees, however, the lower the removal needs. Tree condition can be improved by a systematic program of training-thinning, hanger and deadwood removal, fertilization and other maintenance activities. Once the population lTelephone Conversation, August 28, 1989. I 4 I27 Table 14. Six-Year Budget Estimatez 43 BUDGET WORK SHEET Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Unit $ $ S $ $ 5 Activitv Cost* (No.1 (No.1 (No.1 (No.1 (No.1 (No.1 Removals $135.00 16,200 4,050 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 (120) (30) (20) (20) (20) (20) Planting $85.00 5,100 5,950 4,250 5,100 3,400 3,400 (60) (70) (50) (50) (40) (40) Trimming Rating 7 $80.00 8,000 12,000 8,000 4,000 --- --- and above (100) (150) (100) (50) (0) (0) Rating 5-6 $60.00 --- 6,000 9,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 (0) (100) (150) (100) (100) (100) Rating 3-4 $40.00 --- --- 4,000 4,000 8,000 8,000 Ii) (0) (0) (100) (100) (200) (200) ” Rating 2 $20.00 --- --- --- 4,000 4,000 4,000 (0) (0) (0) (200) (200) (200) Fertilization $10.00 500 500 500 500 500 500 (50) (50) (50) (50) (50) (50) ESTIMATED TOTAL $29,800 28,500 28,450 26,300 24,600 24,600 MAINTENANCE EXPENSE *Unit Cost includes labor, materials & equipment. has been stabilized through the trimming and removal of dangerous trees, the amount of money spent for future trimming and removals should decrease. Many trees in Saugatuck are in dire need of trimming. Because of the emergency nature of the situation, highly specialized and expensive work such as cabling-bracing and girdling root repair are not included in the 6-year budget. At present, trimming (particularly of deadwood and hangers) and tree removal are the highest priorities and most effective means of improving the safety and condition of trees in Saguatuck. The urban tree manager may wish zBudget estimate based on telephone surveys of Michigan arboricultural agencies, costs listed in national survey (Kielbaso, et. al., 1988), and prior costs of plantings and removals incurred by the City of Saugatuck. 44 to give priority to cabling-bracing and girdling root repair, only when the tree is of high value or historically significant. The Superintendent of Streets reported that the 1989 budget for trge care was $6,000 for trimming and removal, and $5,000 for new plantings. Taking into account the 2,070 street trees and 53 park trees included in the survey, this budget amounts to an expenditure of $5.18 per tree per year. A survey of municipal tree care programs found the national average to be $10.62 per tree per year. This figure is recommended as an appropriate funding target for most cities (Kielbaso, et. al., 1988). Using the figure of $10.62, Saugatuck should allocate $22,546 to tree care (2,123 X $10.62) per year. The 6-year budget included in this report, however, recommends spending $14.04 per tree for the first year and roughly $13.42 for the second and third years. Due to the declining condition of many of Saugatuck’s trees, this somewhat higher figure is highly recommended. Improving the overall health of the tree population should lower the cost for trimming and removing trees in future years. The budget estimate for the remaining three years is $12.39 for the fourth year and $11.58 for the fifth and sixth year--much closer to the national average of $10.62. The budget estimate work sheet is a rough estimate of the costs for removal, planting, trimming, and fertilization. These figures are interchangeable depending on the amount and type of work required each year. Drought, severe storms, and other natural occurrences, for example, sometimes dictate higher removal needs during certain years. An important rule to follow, however, is to plant more trees than are removed by a margin of at least 15 percent. The reason for this is that the average mortality rate for newly planted B38 trees is 15 percent (10 percent the first year, and 5 percent the second year) (Kielbaso, et al, 1988). Wheneverpossible, however, plantings should exceed removals by more than 15 percent so that the 440 plantings sites recommended in the survey will eventually be fulfilled. To summarize the findings of this report, Table 15 lists some of the significant problem areas for Saugatuck’s street trees and suggests alternatives for improvement. The table is provided to assist in developing long-term rather than short-term management practices. Short-term, or "crisis" management practices are those in which the urban tree manager simply responds to emergencies and problems as they occur. This method leads to a general decline of the entire urban tree population because the urban tree manager is always one step behind the situation. In order to be one step ahead, it is necessary to institute long-term management practices as outlined in this report. These management practices involve pre-planning and systematic trimming, removal, planting and other maintenance activities over a period of time. The corresponding record keeping and monitoring of the urban tree population as facilitated by the tree inventory program, allows the planning process to continue. Although the costs of instituting a systematic urban forestry program may be initially high, money is saved in the long-term by preventing the decline of the urban tree population and enhancing the value of the urban forest resource. 3Telephone Conversation, Aug. 28, 1989. 03 Table 15. 45 Analysis of Problem Areas and Recommendations PROBLEM AREAS RECOMMENDATIONS The overall tree population is unevenly distributed by size with most trees in the 'young' or "veteren“ category. A substantial portion of the street tree population is greater than 25' in diameter. A relatively large percentage of the street tree population is in poor to very poor condition. Recent drought conditions have undoubtedly affected the growth of urban trees. White ashes, in particular, are experiencing, dieback or decline. Tree spacing has been poorly planned in many instances. Particularly in the business district. Manganese and iron deficiencies were found in some areas. Mechanical injury from construction activities was observed. Plantings should ideally exceed removals by 15 percent or more. Locate sites of veteren trees for eventual replacement. Prune and thin large trees and remove deadwood. Consider cabling and bracing. Remove all other large, dying trees that pose a public safety hazard. Replace large trees to be removed by 'underplanting.' Monitor this population and mark trees for eventual removal. Prune, thin and possibly fertilize all others that may be worth saving. Replace all removals with new plantings. Increase watering during periods of drought, especially for new plantings. Plant drought-tolerant species. When ever possible relieve conditions of soil compaction and restricted rooting space. Fertilize moisture-stressed trees with a low nitrogen, high phosphorous fertilizer. Avoid planting this species-~green ash may be used as a substitute. Select the appropriate species for planting according to the width of the tree lawn. Space large trees 40 to 50 feet apart, medium trees at 30 feet apart, and small trees 15 to 20 feet apart. Correct by increasing the acidity of the soil or by using iron and manganese fertilizers (implants/spray). Insist that contractors take measures to protect trees when specifications are drawn up. Injured trees may be helped by watering, fertilizing and/or trimming. 46 REFERENCE LIST Barnes, B. V. and W. H. Wagner. 1981. i n Tr NW at Mjghigaa and tha Graat Lakas Bagjgn, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 384 pp. Brewer, L.G., T:W. Hodler and H. A. Raup. 1984. 'Presettlement Vegetation of Southwestern Michigan," M_ghigan_fiaranlst 23:153-156. Callahan, J.C. and T.P. Bunger. 1976. ”Economic Costs of Managing Street Trees on a Crisis Basis." WWW. IUFRO P1.05 U. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp. 245- 261. Denton, S. R. and B.V. Barnes. 1987. "Tree Species Distributions Related to Climatic Patterns in Michigan,’I Qana1r_figrr_flasr 17:613-629. Dirr, M. A. 1977. f a d a Plan 0 I n n . r’ ' .. .. . :1! U - , Stipes Publishing Company, Champaign, Illinois, 536 pp. Grey, G.W. and F.J. Deneke. 1978. Urban forestry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 215 pp. Gulick, J. May 1986. "Solutions to Sidewalk Problems," Amarigan_£aras1s, pp. 12-15. Harris, R. W. 1983. Arbgrjgultura: cars at Iraes, Shrubs, and Vinas in tha Landssaaa, Prentice-Hall, Inc. ., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 688 pp. Kielbaso, J.J. and K. Ottman. February 1976. "Manganese Deficiency-- Contributory to Maple Decline?,' Jgurna1_a£_Arnariaulture, pp 27-32. Kielbaso, J. J, B. Beauchamp, K. Larison and C. Randall. January/February 1988. "Trends in Urban Forestry Management, ' Vol. 20, No. 1, International City Management Association, Washington, D.C. 17 pp. Koelling, M. R. and J. J. Kielbaso. January 1987. ”Fertilizing Shade and Ornamental Trees,“ Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, Extension Bulletin E- 786, 7 pp. Larison, K. F. April 18,1988. "Urban Forestry In Charlevoix,” submitted to Dr. J. James KielbaSo for completion of M. S. degree in Forestry/Urban Studies. Unpublished. Mayne, L. S. November 1982. ”Specifications for Construction Around Trees,” W 8(111. pp. 289-291- Michigan Statistical Abstracts. 1986-1987. 20th Edition, Bureau of Business Research, School of Business Education, Wayne State University, Detroit. 47 Miller, R. W. 1988. Urban Fgrestry: Planning and Managing Urnan fireesnages, Prentice-Hall, Englwood Cliffs, New Jersey, 404 pp. Moll, G. May/June 1987. "The State of Our City Forests," Aneriean_finresas, pp. 60-64 Monastersky, R. April 30, 1988. "Has the Greenhouse Effect Taken Effect?,' Seienee_flens, Vol. 233, p. 282. National Arborist Association. 1985. "Cabling, Bracing and Guying Standard for Shade Trees." MW. 811-88 Phillips, L.E., Jr. December 1979. "Implementing a Street Tree Inventory and Planning System," _eegs_1rees_S_Igrf, pp. 18-23. Richards, N.A. November 1979. "Modeling Survival and Consequent Replacement Needs in a Street Tree Population," _ggrna1_gf_Arngrieg11nre 5(11), pp. 251-252. Sampson, R. N. November/December 1988. "ReLeaf for Global Warming,” W. pp. 9-14. Sheridan. 0.1!. 1982. WWW. Harlo Press. Detroit, 416 pp. Shigo, Alex. September 1982. "Tree Decay in Our Urban Forests: What Can Be Done About It?," Plant Disease, Vol. 66, No. 9, pp. 763-765. Skiera, B. and G. Hennen. June 1986. "Solving Sidewalk Problems, Part 2," Aneriean Fgrests, pp. 10-13. Tattar, T.A. 1978. Diseases gf Snage Trees, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 361 pp. United States Department of Agriculture. December 1973. Seleeting_ang growing Shade Irees, Home and Garden Bulletin No. 205, 20 pp. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. March, 1987. Soil Survey of Allegan gngnty, Mjehigan, In cooperation with Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. Urban J., R. Sievert and J. Patterson. July/August 1986. “Trees and Space: A Blueprint for Tomorrow," Anerisan_£gresrs, pp. 58-61, 73-74. Nouns-w NH APPENDIX A TREE CARE INFORMATION Recommended Trees for Planting, Saugatuck, Michigan Planting Guide for Various Forest Trees and Shrubs under Michigan Soil and Climatic Conditions How to Plant a Tree Natural Target Pruning Fertilizing Shade and Ornamental Trees, Extension Bulletin E-786 Make Your Town a Tree City USA Sample City Tree Ordinances "d RECOMMENDED TREES FOR PLANTING SAUGATUCK, MICHIGAN Soil type: Oakville fine sand Trees have been selected based on their disease resistance, tolerance to urban conditions, size and attractiveness, and suitability to conditions in Saugatuck, MI.- LARGE TREES: over 60 feet tall when mature The following are recommended on wide streets have a planting strip of 8 feet or more in width, and where there are no electric or telephone wires directly overhead: Red Oak Pin Oak American Beech Thornless Honeylocust Japanese Pagoda Tree Japanese Zelkova Red Pine White Pine Gingko--plant only male cultivars, slow growing--approx. 1 foot/year. MEDIUM SIZED TREES: under 60 feet when mature The following should be planted on streets having a planting strip of at least 6 feet in width. Overhead wires should be at least 35 feet above the ground. Green Ash Littleleaf Linden Shingle Oak Thornless Honeylocust--select moderate size cultivars. Norway Maple Scotch pine--unique form and color, not for shade. SMALL TREES: Under 35 feet when mature. The following are recommended for streets where there is a planting strip of not less than 4 feet and where there are low overhead wires. Flowering Dogwood Bradford Callery Pear Washington Hawthorn Eastern Redbud Hop Hornbeam (also known as Ironwood) Amur Maple--large shrub or small tree, can be used as a hedge. Hedge Maple--often pruned into a hedge. Tatarian Maple Crab Apples--select disease resistant cultivars with small fruits. Oriental Cherries--disease resistant cultivars such as ’Kwanzan’ Revised 4/10/89 ° Table 1. Planting Guide for Various Forest Trees and Shrubs under Michigan Soil and Climatic Conditions. M h DRY UPLANDS WELL DRAINED UPLANDS WET LOWLANDS .0“ "I. weenie Soils ,0. seems: CONIFERS BROADLEAVES SMRUBS | Pronounced slopes racing none and east (It!) or south and west (58') ' Not recommended when subsoil Is connected or I. ' Ptant In nature with other species on tertite soils to southern Michigan only 0 Southern mama 5 — PLANT TREES FOR A COOLER, CLEANER WORLD. -v‘ .. ‘1 7.3-e. m ‘31: 471,: WA mu mutation-em m Eliot-96a! How To Plant A Tree I.I.oceteedar.opanlteioryouruee,wuhmrooth¢mendpod m AMMMUINHMMMMmHOWMMNQu.“ ehdeumumbuaiyadeepumemhfl. 3.laonueehorem«muphuoemmdsoleomm mw(muuu'snhmmmem)hmmme Mantle. CmMMWpdhnlmphauo-lthem 5.3pmde2-3Mhyerd-hlerhmmmu-amm (Io-fitment GumwMRmMHumMuhnmmm WWWMMII-um 7.meum.maumummmaumey pant mwmnuwmmmuamwow muflmmdflSum “rubidium w .- .- . . .._ -—_-.-- _~._ -.-._..—. .- . —-—~‘- 0..“ Breast: ) BRANCH C OLLAR "3) NOT A * Cb" BHDI NATURAL TARGET PRUNING B" In. .Oflqgh NATURAL PRUNING STEPS BRANCH BARR 100! when 4", __ I. LOCATE THE BRANCH BARK RIDGE 2. FIND TARGET A - OUTSIDE OF BRANCH DARK NINE BRANCH com, 3. mm TARGET a - SWELLING WHERE BRANCH MEETS BRANCH COLLAR 4. I? B IS HARD TO FIND - DROP A LINE AT C All. ANGLE XAC : TO ANGLE XAB. 5. STUD BRANCH TO BE PRUNED 6. MAKE CUT AT LINE AB Hardwoods BRANCH BARK RIDGE cur BEHIND THE BRANCH BARK RIDGE BRANCH LEAVE stuns (om, cur BRANCH COLLAR PAINT crrs - EXCEPT FOR cos-trues LEAVE FLAT TOP WHEN TOPPING 90' Levin. U 000‘ .ronshOt ConiIers dp------- Best Time To Prune LATE DORMANT SEASON OR EARLY semen BARR SPRING BEFORE LEAVES FORM ..°5¢ TO REMOVE TOP: CUT LINE DE AT AN ANGLE For more information write: APPROXIMATELY THE SAME ANCLE As rL-IE ANGLE or Dr- Alex Shiso In: BRANCH nanx RIDGE. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station P.O. Box 640 Durham, NH 03624 Tapping ‘é\ .4 A: . 1 " . I1): 174' , 9.1"er 3’41» ., . . ‘ - [1],, "g 1"“?qu I): 5ZI 'lfpr v2?“ 3" . .(‘I ' ’ '- 1’ l'f " ”74% (I .4 " l r J, ,1 /~ Shade and ornamental trees can be greatly im- proved through regular tree care. Fertilizer applica- tion is one of a number of practices available to the homeowner. Many of us are aware of the need for fertilizing our garden and lawn, but too frequently forget trees also benefit from fertilization. Like all plants, trees are dependent on sunlight, water, air, and certain min- eral nutrients present in the soil for normal growth. Under forest conditions, the annual fall of leaves and twigs, and their eventual decomposition provides a fresh source of nutrient materials. However, when trees are growing in lawns or similar areas they are usually denied this source of soil enrichment as most homeowners gather up these leaves each fall. Over a prolonged period of time. this practice can lower the fertility of the soil. Infertile soils often result around new houses when the soil removed for the basement is spread during filling and leveling operations. Normally. it has poor physical properties and may be lacking in adequate By Melvin R. Koelling and 1. James Kielbaso, Department of Forestry Mental Trees COERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE ; MiEiii'GAN STATE UNIVERSITY II'I ”mm Natural Resources Series 14% I fill I‘ll . IIN‘ ‘ H I H WWII j ,1 Extension Bulletin E-786 amounts of the necessary mineral nutrients. The addi- tion of fertilizer materials will benefit such soils and improve the growth of trees planted on these areas. Trees growing on good soils will also benefit from fertilization. This is especially true where the soil is compacted or where normal root growth may be re- stricted by sidewalks. driveways or building founda- tions. Fertilizer additions are also helpful in develop- ing good leaf color, recovering from insect, disease or other injury, and in stimulating general vigor of the tree. Need for Fertilizatidn There is no single indicator that will tell a home- owner his trees need fertilization. However, some specific conditions may indicate the need for certain fertilizers. These include: leaves of smaller than usual size. presence of light green or off-color foliage. ends of branches containing dead twigs. very short elonga- tion of branches during the growing season and a general lack of thriftiness or vigor. If any of these conditions are present. the tree will likely benefit from fertilizer additions. Similarly. if the tree has been injured or has sustained severe defoliation by insects, hail, etc. fertilization will be helpful. Some nutrient deficiencies may exhibit specific discoloration in the foliage and as such can he recog- nized. The most common condition of this type is the development of a light, yellow-green color. especially in the areas between the veins (Figure 1). This condi- tion, called chlorosis, is most often associated with a lack of available iron. Other essential nutrients in- cluding nitrogen. phosphorus and potassium also exhibit deficiency symptoms; however, such symp- toms are not as apparent as those of iron. What are Fertilizers? Many kinds of materials may be added to the soil to improve fertility. however, some are more effective than others. Organic residues such as peat moss. ma- nure, wood chips, etc. are beneficial in improving the physical properties of the soil, but unless added in large amounts over a number of years, they will not greatly increase the nutrient content of the soil. Most commercial fertilizers consist of inorganic compounds blended together to provide a given amount of one or more essential nutrients. The three most common ingredients include nitrogen, phos- phorus and potassium. Plants, including trees, re- quire larger amounts of these three nutrients than others. Nitrogen is obtained principally from the at- mosphere. phosphorus and potassium by mining rock deposits high in these elements. These nutrients are then converted to an available form. combined with an organic or inorganic carrier and formed into the familiar fertilizer granule. Manufactured fertilizers differ in the amount of nutrients they contain (Figure 2). This difference is apparent when one looks at the expressed analysis (grade). Fertilizer analyses are commonly expressed with three numbers. e.g., 10-6-4. The first number (10), in this example refers to the percentage of ele- mental nitrogen (N) present. the second number (6). to the phosphorus (P) content expressed as percen- tage P205 (phosphate) and the third number (4). to the percent potassium (K) in the form of K20 (potash). Since many different analyses are available. it is im- portant to understand that a fertilizer with a grade of 16-8-8 contains 60 percent more nitrogen. 33.3 per- cent more phosphorus (P205) and 100 percent more potassium (K20) per pound of fertilizer than a pound of 10-6-4. This difference can be made more meaning- ful by realizing that 37.5 pounds of 16-8-8 would be l. l Figure 1. Yellowishogreen color between the veins and along the margins (edges) of leaves may be an indication of chlorosis (right). This condition is most often associabd with a lack of available iron in the soil. Note normal leaf on left. required to apply nitrogen at the rate of 6 pounds per 1000 square feet of soil surface in contrast to 60.0 pounds if 10-6—4 were the formulation used to provide the same level of application. This explains why some fertilizers are more expensive than others. When to apply To be of greatest value to the tree, fertilizer should be applied in the spring as soon as the soil is free of frost. In Michigan, this usually occurs in late March in the southern portion of the state and in early to mid- April in northern areas. Fertilizer which is applied in early spring is available for the tree to use as soon as growth resumes. Since root growth will begin before leaf development, fertilizers should be applied as early as possible. Fertilizer can be applied in the fall — after the current growing season is over. In Michigan. this is usually after the middle of September. Since root grth may continue until early December or later, fertilizers will be available and beneficial to the tree. Any fertilizer which is not used at this time will be available when growth resumes in the spring. Trees are usually not fertilized in mid-summer. al- though in some instances. such as where injury or defoliation has occurred. some benefit could be ex- pected. However. a precaution regarding summer fer- tilization is in order. Fertilizers should not be applied to trees in late summer as flushes of new growth may m result. Such tissue may not harden-off sufficiently before fall. resulting in winter injury. Apply fertiliz- ers after the middle of September to avoid this danger. How to apply To be effective, nutrient materials in fertilizers must be transferred into the sap stream of the tree. While most transfer occurs through absorption by the roots. some uptake may take place by absorption through the leaves (fertilizer solutions sprayed on foliage) or as a result of direct injection of fertilizer materials into the trunk of the tree. Because of these several means of uptake by the tree, many different methods of applying fertilizer have been developed. These include (1) application directly to the soil sur- face. (2) application (dry or liquid form) in holes in the soil. (3) foliar sprays and (4) injections (dry or liquid) into the trunk of the tree. No one method may be considered as best. even though all are available and used by commercial arborists. Often. depending on fertilizer needs, a combination of methods is used. The application methods we suggest are based on the results of current research and are designed to consider the requirements of a tree for nitrogen. phosphorus. and potassium. The size of the tree and the environment (lawn area) in which it is growing are considered in determining the application method. We are recommending a method based on the soil surface area around the tree in contrast to the traditional approach of relating fertilizer needs to trunk diameter. We do not believe diameter is a good indicator of fertilizer needs. 24-4-8 FERTIL'ZER FOR MIDWEST LAWP'IS ‘UWNTEED ANAlYSlS Mm mu We“: ACID (P,0.) mmmm¢£$ WNYASHM)Wm~I-uum ............... 8.0% MMESSEDASELE m _' senescence-um . h m . s mum!) _murwnm by .wfim?m“£:m . {L's-«m. Figure 2. The amount and form of nutrient materials in a manufactured fertilizer are expressed on the package. Other information regarding the effectiveness of the fer- tilizer is also included. The frequency of fertilizer applications will de- pend on the material and methods used. For example, nitrogen is required in larger amounts than phos- phorus or potassium. And. fertilizer compounds ap- plied to the soil surface or in holes in the soil can be expected to provide a longer lasting effect than mater- ials applied as foliar sprays. Because of differences in requirements by the tree. nitrogen fertilizers should he applied annually. and phosphorus and potassium. at intervals of 3 to 5 years. The method of application will vary according to the amount and type of grass beneath the tree. This is related to difierences in ni- trogen requirements between bluegrass which is common in sunny lawns and fescue which is fre- quently planted in heavily shaded areas. We will con- sider application methods for nitrogen. phosphorus and potassium in several different situations. SITUATION I — Small (less than 25 feet high) open- branched tree which casts light shade, or any tree with lowest branches 12 feet or more from ground; bluegrass growing satisfactorily beneath tree. a) Annually apply nitrogen on the surface when grass is dry at rate of 6 pounds per 1,000 square feet of soil surface beneath the tree. Make 3 applications of 2 pounds each at 2-week intervals to avoid damage to lawn. If non-burning fertilizers are used (i.e. ureafor- maldehyde). make a single application (6 pounds per 1,000 square feet). Refer to page 5 for calculation methods. Do not apply fertilizers within 3 feet of the trunk. b) At 3- to 5-year intervals, apply a complete for- tilizer such as 10-6-4, 16-8-8. or 12-12-12 in holes at rate equal to 6 pounds of nitrogen per 1000 square feet. SITUATION II — Trees which cast heavy shade. or trees in clumps beneath which fescue or other shade tolerant grasses are growing. a) Surface application at recommended rate of ni- trogen would be harmful to grass. Recommended procedure is to apply nitrogen annually in soil holes at rate of 6 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1000 square feet (see page 5 for calculations). b) For phosphorus and potassium, follow same procedures as for Situation I. SITUATION III — For ornamental flowering trees and other small fruit trees. Unless definite need of fertilization exists do not fertilize. Heavy applications of nitrogen may tend to reduce flowering. If fertilization is necessary apply complete fertilizer such as 10-64 or 12-12-12 in soil holes in the spring at rate of 3 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. SITUATION IV — Bvergreens For large trees follow recommendations as for Situ- ations l and II. For small trees and shrubs. use com- plete fertilizer (such as 12-12—12) at rate of 3 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. Surface application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil is quick, practical and inexpensive. Since nitrogen will readily leach into the root zone, it is quickly available for use by the roots of the tree. In contrast. potassium, and particularly. phosphorus. do not move readily within the soil and should be placed in the root zone. Nitrogen-containing fertilizers may be conveniently spread on the soil surface with a lawn fertilizer spreader (Figure 3). These spreaders dis- tribute the material evenly and when properly calib- rated will accurately deliver the amount required. ”’ Apply fertilizer to the surface only when the grass is dry. It is usually advisable to water the area thoroughly following application. When fertilizer is placed in the soil. make small holes either by using a punch bar, or soil auger (Fig- ure 4). Holes should be 1-1/2 to 2 inches in diameter and about 12 to 15 inches deep. Diameters larger than this are not recommended since the fertilizer will fall to the bottom of the hole rather than be distributed throughout its length. Make the hole at a slight angle slanted towards the trunk for best distribution. Holes should be made in concentric circles around the trunk of the tree. The first circle should be no ” ’ To calibrate a spreader. consult the manufacturer's instruc- tions or do it as follows. First determine how much fertilizer of the analysis you are using is needed to deliver the rate desired. (Refer to page 5 for assistance in calculations.) Once this has been deter- mined. convert this amount to that needed to treat a 100 square foot area. (Divide both numbers by 10.) ifs 10-6-4 analysis fertilizer is to be applied at a rate of 6 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1.000 square feet. then following the calculations on page 5. 60 pounds of fer- tilizer will be required per 1,000 square feet. or 6 pounds for 100 square feet. Weigh out 6 pounds of fertilizer and place in the spreader. Then on a hard surface. such as the garage floor or driveway. mark out a 10 x 10 foot square (100 square feet or 1110 of 1000 square feet). Begin spreading the fertilizer within the marked area and make the necessary adjustments so a setting is found that will result in all the fertilizer being uniformly spread over the area. This is a trial and error procedure and will probably require re- adjustments of the spreader. sweeping up the fertilizer and starting over. When the correct setting has been obtained multiplying the amount spread (6 pounds) in our example) by 10 will equal what must be spread over 1000 square feet to achieve'the desired rate of 6 pounds of actual nitrogen. if other application rates are desired. or if fertilizers of other analyses are used. follow the same procedure. remembering to first convert to the amount needed for 100 square feet. _ . '."~'.-' 1. ' , '. ." _ -. 2'.‘¢'-f‘. §Ia . . ..‘ .. .. \fm' - . 7%?39-33981“ -"<-'~I¥.~'-”t7?z. J 411-. anus-"'2 1.3;“? ”it Figure 3. Nitrogen fertilizers can be applied to the soil surface with a lawn fertilizer spreader. The spreader should be calibrated to insure accurate delivery. «1 1.: ' '4 for fertilizer. Holes should be approximately 1% to 2 inches in diameter and about 12 to 15 inches deep. per. boron. zinc. and molybdenum. Most soils contain adequate amounts of these materials. However one or more are occasionally deficient. Iron deficiency is perhaps the most common. especially in alkaline soils or where lime has recently been added. In such soils. iron may indeed be present. but is unavailable for absorption by the roots due to the alkaline soil. Lack of iron is commonly responsible for a condition known as chlorosis which is characterized by de- velopment of a light yellow-green color in the foliage of affected trees. Pin oak is particularly sensitive to iron deficiencies. Correction of chlorotic conditions in trees consists of increasing the acidity of the soil solution through additions of acidic materials such as powdered sul- fur. It should be effective in increasing soil acidity when applied at the rate of 1-3/4 to 2 pounds per 100 square feet of soil surface. Successive treatments may be required to obtain a satisfactory acidity level. An approach which provides more immediate correction is the use of iron chelates. a form of iron fertilizer. These compounds provide an immediate supply of available iron which is unaffected by the soil reaction. They may be applied to the foliage (Figure 7) but for longer lasting benefits. soil applications are prefer- red. When using iron chelates be sure to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations. In some parts of Michigan, manganese deficiency has been observed in maple trees growing on highly alkaline limestone soils. Manganese sulfate or man— ganese chelate foliar sprays have produced improved foliage color and general appearance. When using these or similar compounds. be sure to follow man— ufacturer directions. Other nutrient deficiencies may be present in local situations. The use of soil tests and foliar analysis will be most helpful in identifying these conditons. For more information, contact your County Cooperative Extension Service Office. Commercial Materials Presently there are a number of commercial mate- rials (devices) available to assist homeowners in fer- tilizing shade and ornamental trees. These include such items as root feeders, trunk implants, fertilizer stakes, and other similar products. Although they offer convenient methods for fertilizing trees their effectiveness has not been thoroughly documented MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE Figure 7. Foliar sprays containing iron in an available form are often effective in correcting chlorosis. Longer lasting treatments for preventing limeinduced chlorosis involve soil applications of iron chelates. through controlled research studies. Concern exists about the reported variation in results which have been associated with the use of many of these prod- ucts. Accordingly. homeowners should be aware that such products. while offering convenience. may not be as effective as more proven methods of fertili- zation. MSU is an Afiirmatr've Action/Equal Opportunity Institution This information is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names does not Imply discrimination or indorsement by the Cooperative Extension Servrce. Cooperative Extension Service Programs are open to all wrrhout regard to race. color. national ori- gin. or sex. Issued in furtherance of cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics. acts ofMoy 8. and June 30. 1914. in cooperation With the U.S. Department oIAgriculture. Gordon E. Guyer. Director. Cooperative Extension Servrce. Michigan State University. E. Lansing. MI 48824. 2P—780—5M—EP Pryce 15 Cents. Single Coov Free ro Mach Resraenrs TREE CITY USFI ' \suul \Illlllthhlltllulllt ’5’ ‘ inning unrties receive 'a Tree City flalm‘fino ted plaque, and signs to pl swam TREE CITY USFI A COMMUNITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT SPONSORED BY THE NATIONAL ARBOR DAV FOUNDATION IN COOPERATION WITH THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE FORESTERS. THE U.S. CONFERENCE OF MAYORS. AND THE NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES. .- ‘. \ r x» The National Arbor Day Foundation, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service, the National Association of State Foresters, the U.S. Conference of Mayors, and the National League of Cities, is prepared to recognize towns and cities all over America who meet the standards of the TREE CITY USA program. When \()u think about it. every community in America is a mini forest. AI: you have to do is t'lv from one place to another and you can see that. In many instances. however. on ( loser observation. you discover that the “forest" isn't being managed as well as it could be. Trees are planted haphazardly. Dead trees aren't being removed. New trees are not being planted or cared for. Generally. about halfof all the trees are on publit property...a|ong streets, in parks and around publit buildings. It is important. therefore. that an ongoing r ommunity forestry program is initiated. TREE CITY LISA has been designed to recognize those com- munities that are effectively managing their tree resources. lust as important. II I\ geared to encouragethe implementa- tion of a loral tree management program based on the TREE CITY USA Standards through the professional leader- ship of partir ipating state foresters of the National Associ- ation of State Foresters, Publit Ll“ ”2.2m of WT. gives the state foresters authority TREE CITY USR SHEBOYCAN, WISCC _ -Ia "' .. .l-. .‘ I “. 'tr' . is: : dgtgfl can.“ . . Wig!“ "i . b'i "" 5"" (r M.“ J3 re‘ THE G and responsibility for providing technical services for the ”protection, improvement and establishment of trees and shrubs in urban areas, communities and open spaces." Many states have developed excellent urban and com- munity forestry assistance programs. Contacts may be made with local or state forestry department offices. A quick check with the city forester or the Mayor's office will tell you whether your community is meeting the stan- dards and therefore is eligible for TREE CITY USA recogni- tion. It could be that you need only have a formal Arbor Day observance or the current local forestry program has to be a little better defined to become eligible. On the other hand. your community may have to make a concerted ef- fort to get an effective management program underway and TREE CITY standards and gurdelines will help provide direction. A word about the standards. They are designed for a TREE CITY USA award to be made to the community that has a workable program in urban community forestry. The award is not simply for pretty trees. but also for the program that makes them pretty. The standards are also designed to be as obiective as possible. Standards I and 2 provide for an urban/communm torestrx program structure in a town or , a 4' . ‘I‘ ' .-:‘ F’l- ' s: '1. . hiw ' 7&1: N .-; ‘5) ' "1i“ .t‘r‘ .~ n a ‘4 e ’0 l -g ‘ . .o 3‘“ L}. 7,. 3.11??? '7 -' alkfia - . o'l 9 r' .‘.;‘: ...‘ . .p'. -. . Big cities and small towns from all m er the country are eligible Ior TREE CITY USA recognition. ilING OF AMERICA ( iiy. Standard 3 requires the program to have demonstrated success based on the judgement of the state forester’s of- me. Standard 4. the actual Arbor Day observance helps . mate a new awareness and appreciation of trees among ..-‘ the residents of the community. '~:.ive forestry personnel will evaluate applications from in- 'm irlual cities and forward such evaluations to the National LREE CITY USA committee no later than December 31 of oath calendar year. Communities that will receive the award will be notified before February IS by either the Arbor Day Foundation or the state forester. l'. is suggested that the actual TREE CITY USA Award be presented during your annual Arbor Day celebration. Iii-cause TREE CITY USA is an ongoing community im- movement program. your community can and should ri~-apply for TREE CITY USA designation each year. " a community has received recognition and has met i. . standards. it can contact the state forester at the end of ear h calendar year and apply for continued recognition. (iommunities are ent ouraged to continue to deveIOp their urban forestry programs beyond the standards set forth. " ’"w m1.“ __ r F.. ~1..an- \‘W . Fl-“ K“ '7' E'"- ' . . u _w.. .s- www' \ ‘0‘ ’ .._-_ - .s‘u-u' J- ".o. ‘_ r_‘.\"~l- Pf'v ”WM?” NI-‘P‘L’ .'."-—- -' .a'h‘fi 'H-v' vs_-_ ' .r‘r“'l " -1..-a m3-- a... . ’53 AlegallyConstitutethmicipdTreelody T The first step in a municipal forestry program is the for- mation of a local organization. This can be a department. board, commission. or other authority. In towns of perhaps 10.000 population and over. city forestry departments with salaried em- ployees are often feasible. These departments may or may not be supported by advisory boards or administrative commissions. In smaller towns. city tree boards are recommended. They should have legal status and be charged with the responsibility for the development and administration of a comprehensive city forestry program. In many small towns. tree boards not only plan the pro. gram. but physically carry it out. They thus function as both a board and department. It is recognized that successful tree proj- ects are often completed by beautification committees. civic and service clubs. etc. However. these efforts generally lack the con- tinuity from year to year to provide for a town's total tree program needs. Adoption of City Tree Ordinance A city tree ordinance designates the department or board respon- sible for managing the city's trees. Such a legally constituted body will assure continuity in implementing a local forestry program. The ordinance should specify the number and qdalifications of members, their terms of office. and duties and responsibilities. The ordinance should include sections on the operation of the Board. list tree species to be planted, note spacing and planting location requirements. consider planting as it effects utilities and determine public tree care policies. A Comprehensive Community Forestry Program Prior to the adoption of a program. an inventory is often taken of alltrees growing on public propertyand their conditionnoted (healthy. needs pruning. should be removed. etc.). After the in- ventory data is compiled. a written report should be prepared for presentation and approval by the City Council. The report should be an objective analysis of the town's present tree situation with recommendations for future needs. There are three general activities in a municipal forestry program: planting, maintenance and tree removal. Priorities must be de termined between and within each activity. For example. a com- munity hit hard with Di. tch elm disease must at the outset give highest priority to dead a 1d diseased tree removal. Ideally. a City Tree Board should serve- in a planning and ad- visory capacity with a qualified city employee to physically im- plement work plans. In small towns. the Tree Board might have to actually administer and implement the program. Board mem- bers would purchase and distribute trees. arrange publicity. mark trees for removal. stake planting sites. etc. The question of financing a Municipal Forestry Program must be met head on and dealt with realistically. The Arbor Day Founda- tion has set a minimum it per capita for a community to be eligible for TREE CITY USA recognition, believing that this is a minimum amount to begin to underwrite an effective local pro- gram. With the exception of federal funds for some parks. the cost of tree projects must be borne by the residents of a community- either through taxes or by group or individual efforts. Thus. in developing programs. the Tree Board is urged to look at three areas: (I) what can the individual property owner do; (2) what can be accomplished by community action projects by civic clubs. youth organizations. etc.; and (3) what funds are required to implement the program from the city budget. Arbor Day Observance To create an appreciation of trees throughout the community. it is appropriate that an Arbor Day proclamation is made annually and a commemorative tree planting takes place.This can be done on the date designated for the observance of Arbor Day in your state or on an alternate date convenient to your local tree plant- ing season. \ The sample ordinance was designed for use in midwestern communities of average pop- ulation. The ordinance that your community ultimately develops should be damned '0 fit its specific needs. SAMPLE CITY TREE ORDINANCE Be it ordained by the City Commission of the City of ‘ . State Section I. Definitions Street trees: "Street trees" are herein de- fined as trees. shrubs. bushes. and all other woody vegetation on land lying between property lines on either side of all streets. avenues. or ways within the City. Park Trees: “Park trees" are herein defined as trees. shrubs. bushes and all other woody vegetation in public parks having individual names. and all areas owned by the City. or towhich the public has free access as a park. Section 2. Creation and Establishment of a City Tree Board. There is hereby created and established a City Tree Board for the City of (state) which shall consist of five members. citizens and residents of this city, who shall be appointed by the mayor with the ap- proval of the Commission. Section 3. Term of Office The term of the five persons to be appointed by the mayor shall be three years except that the term of two of the members apo pointed to the first board shall be for only one year and the term of two members of the first board shall be for two years. In the event that a vacancy shall occur during the term of any member. his successor shall be appointed for the unexpired portion of the term. Section 4. Compensation Members of the Board shall serve without compensation. Section 5. Duties and Responsibilities It shall be the responsibility of the Board to study, investigate. council and develop and/or update annually. and administer a written plan for the care. preservation, pruno ing. planting. replanting. removal or dis— position of trees and shrubs in parks. along streets and in other public areas. Such plan will be presented annually to the City Com- mission and upon their acceptance and approval shall constitute the official com- prehensive city tree plan for the City of State The Board. when requested by the City Commission. shall consider. investigate. make finding, report and recommend upon any special matter of question coming with- in the scope of its work. Section 6. Operation The Board shall choose its own officers. make its own rules and regulations and keep a journal of its proceedings. A major- ity of the members shall be a quorum for the transaction of business. Section 7. Street Tree Species to be Planted The following list constitutes the official Street Tree species for State____ ____. No species other than those included in this list may be planted as Street Trees without written per- mission of the City Tree Board. ‘ in. Iron Us“ Inns (up Tress Mica Ash. Green (offence. Cubaple. rubber-v Why "anemia ispi Nonevtonnl Mule. Silver cairn Ram rice M... M- W «0 r tum or .0”- Oak. .0! Peat. warlord nod he I Swan-ore W. led Swanson. m mater tendon plarnrae lilac. tap. Tree Oat. lnnlrsh ollonrinod Peach. Flo-inning Oat. Bed (m. mater . PM Pagoda-en. Sew-cm Pecan larch Ins-r 09mm tMale. W Poplar. m Sass-has Section 8. Spacing The spacing of Street Trees will be in ac- cordance with the three species size classes listed in Section 7 of this ordinance. and no trees may be planted closer together than the following: Small Trees. 30 feet: Medium Trees. 40 feet: and Large Trees. 50 feet; ex- cept in special plantings designed or ap- proved by a landscape architect. Section 9. Distance from Curb and Sidewalk The distance trees may be planted from curbs or curblines and sidewalks will be in accordance with the three species size classes listed in Section 7 of this ordinance. and no trees may be planted closer to any curb or sidewalk than the following: Small Trees. 2 feet; Medium Trees. 3 feet; and Large Trees. 4 feet. Section IO. Distance from Street Corners and Fireplugs No Street Tree shall be planted closer than 35 feet of any street corner. measured from the point of nearest intersectin curbs or curblines. No Street Tree shall planted closer than to feet of any fireplug. Section II. Utilities No Street Trees other than thosespecies listed as Small Trees in Section 7 of this ordinance may be planted under or within I0 lateral feet of any overhead utility wire. or over or within S lateral feet of any under- nd water line. sewer line. transmission ine or other utility. Section 12. Public Tree Care The City shall havethe right to plant. prune. maintain and remove trees. plants and shrubs within the lines of all streets. alleys. avenues. lanes. squares and public grounds. as may be necessary to insure public safety or to preserve or enhance the symmetry and beauty of such public grounds. The City Tree Board may remove or cause or order to be removed. any tree or part thereof which is in an unsafe condition or which by reason of its nature is injurious to sewers. electric power lines. gas lines. water lines. or other public improvements. or is affected with any injurious fungus. insect or other pest-This Section does not prohibit the planting of Street Trees by adjacent property owners providing that the selec- tion and location of said trees is in accord- ance with Sections 7 through II of this ordinance. Section 13. Tree Topping It shall be unlawful as a normal practice for any person. firm. or city department to top an Street Tree. Park Tree. or other free on pu ic property. Topping isdefinedasthe severe cutting back of limbs to stubs larger than three inches in diameter within the tree's crown to such a degree so as to re- move the normal canopy and disfigure the tree. Trees severely damaged by storms or other causes. or certain trees under utility wires or other obstructions where other pruning practices are impractical may be exempted from this ordinance at the de- termination of the City Tree Board. Section l4. Pruning. Corner Clearance Every owner of any tree overhanging any street or ri ht-of-way within the City shall prune the anches so that such branches shall not obstruct the light from any street lamp or obstruct the view of any street inter- section and so that there shall be a clear space of eight feet (8') above the surface of the street or sidewalk. Said owners shall remove all dead. diseased or dangerous trees. or broken or decayed limbs which constitute a menace to the safety of the public. The City shall have the right to prune any tree or shrub on private property when it interferes with the proper spread of light along the street from a street light or inter- feres with visibility of any traffic control device or sign. Section l5. Dead or Diseased Tree Removal on Private Property The City shall have the right to cause the removal of any dead or diseased trees on private property within the city. when such trees constitute a hazard to life and prop- erty. or habor insects or disease which con- stitute a potential threat to other trees within the city. The City Tree Board will notin in writing the owners of such trees. Removal shall be done by said owners at their own expense within sixty days after the date of service of notice. In the event of failure of owners to comply with such provisions, the City shall have the authority to remove such trees and charge the cost of removal on the owners property tax notice. Section 16. Removal of Stumps All stumps of street and park trees shall be removed below the surface of the ground so that the top of the stump shall not project above the surface of the ground. Section t7. interference with City Tree Board It shall be unlawful for any person to pre— vent. delay or interfere with the City Tree Board. or any of its agents. while engaging in and about the p anting. cultivating, mulching. pruning. spraying. or removing of any Street Trees. Park Trees. or trees on private grounds. as authorized in this ordinance. Section IB. Arborists License and Bond It shall be unlawful forany person orfirm to engage in the business or occupation of pruning, treating. or removing street or park trees within the City without first applying for and procuring a license. The license fee shall be $25 annually in advance; provided. however, that no license shall be required of any public service company or City em. ployee doing such work in the pursuit of their public service endeavors. Before any license shall be issued. each applicant shall first file evidence of possession of liability insurance in the minimum amounts of $50,000 for bodily injury and $100,000 property damage indemnifying the City or any person injured or damaged resulting from the pursuit of such endeavors as here- in described. Section l9. Review by City Commission The City Commission shall have the right to review the conduct. acts and decisions of the City Tree Board. Any person may appeal from any ruling or order of the City Tree Board to the City Commission who may hear the matter and make final decision. Section 20. Penalty Any person violating any provision of this ordinance shall be, upon conviction or a plea:‘ 2f guilty. subject to a fine not to ex- c ___... ‘Please note: The above species are offered as size-class examples only and may not be suitable for planting in your area. Please check with local sources to develop a species list for your area. WWW/Wx ./‘ ./:/:/:/:/' xxx/y: xx- ./.‘/:/:/7:/ ”m/ymmfl/r/rx x/‘x/x/‘xx‘xr/r/mexxx/y / p'p'p’p’p ‘p'n’.’ :0 .0 .VEO'RTO’R'P'JO'R'P’p'MSffle .o’éo'. (k‘ppflfl'flr Il\bbual Uwaa Application (To be completed by the Cornmuntiy) This application is to be completed by an appropriate city official (mayor, city forester. chairman of the tree board etc. ). Please provide the information requested in the spaces below and mail with supportive materials to your state forester no later than December 31. He will evaluate your application and forward it to the National Arbor Day Foundation. You will be advised before February IS whether your community qualifies for the annual TREE CITY USA recognition. As of the city of . l herewith make application for this (title) community to be officially recognized and designated as a TREE CITY USA, having achieved the standards set forth by the National Arbor Day Foundation as noted below. - STANDARD A Legally Constituted Tree Body (List date of establishment of board,and members and meeting dates: or name of department and manager) STANDARD A Community Tree Ordinance 2 (List date established and attach the ordinance) STANDARD An Active, Comprehensive, Community Forestry Program Supported by a Minimum of $1.00 Per Capita 3 (Attach materials describing the annual work plan and how it is implemented. Indicate amount and method of funding and plan adopted. Consider all funds spent by the community for tree care. Along with the budget of the shade tree department or board, items such as tree pruning by public utilities, the park departments' tree expenditures. dead tree removal. and other labor and funds for management of the city's forest may be included.) ' Community Total Tree Management ExpenditureL Population STANDARD Arbor Day Proclamation and Public Commemorative Tree Planting 4 (List date and attach program of acitivities) 3 Signed: . Name Title Date Please complete for community: Mayor or equivalent City Forestry Contact Name: Name: Title: Title: Address: Address: Phone #: Phone ill: T NOTE: The National Arbor Day Foundation would also appreciate your sending photography. news stories. brochures. and other documentation of your community forestry work for possible inclusion in its newsletter, Arbor Day News. However. such additional material is not necessary for your commu- nity to be designated as a Tree City USA. Oohbifloobion (To Be Completed by the State Forester) (Community) The above named community has made formal application to this office. I am pleased to advise you that we reviewed the application and have concluded that, based on the information contained herein. said community is eligible to be recognized and so designated as a TREE CITY USA, for the ..___ calendar year. having in my opinion met the four standards of achievement in urban forestry. (year) Signed State Forester State Date Person in State Forester's Office who should receive recognition material Name: Title: Address: Phone #: ./.'/:/:/:/‘ / #flfl‘flflflx/‘M X WMfi/zp/pwxfluz/zlyppfl IiflWWflJWA’WEWWmn and :- '-l" Standard City Ordinance Regulating the Renoval, Planting, and Maintenance of Shade Trees on Public Areas in the City of An ordinance creating the of fics of as an independent city office or where this is not possible; in the Departnsnt of Parks 5 Recrea- tion; prescribing the duties and fixing the salary; prescribing regulations rs- lating to the planting, care and renoval of trees and shrubs, in the public streets, pathways, and other public areas of the City of ' ' , State of ; providing for the power, authority, and control for responsibi- lity for planting, location, placement, cultivation, preservation, care, trialling, 'spraying, removal, and control, prevention, and cxtsrnination of insects;- other ' pasta and plant diseases relating to trees and shrubs in the .public streets, parlnrays, and other public areas of the City of .to' be charged with enforcensnt; and prescribing penalties for the violation of said ordinance. Public areas in the meaning of this ordinance shall include all public streets, .,Mghnys, parhrays, parks and other public areas. a. it ordained by the t " ) j of the City of - ' . Chapter,“ ‘ 'rrss Regulations.- Section 1: Definitions "department" - shall mean the Department of of the city. ”director" - when used herein shall can the of the city or his representative designated for the purposes of direction, regulation, control, and snforcsnsnt of this chapter- . "person" - as used in this ordinance shall include all individuals, firsts, associations, corporations, and persons connected with such firms, associations and corporation. . "park" - the word ”par " shall include all public parks having individual nansa within and without the City of and which are owned by the city. "street-highway" - all land lying between the sis-called property lines on either side of all public streets, roads, boulevards, alleys, or parts thereof. "public places" - shall include all other grounds or property owned by 5 'eths city- -or under its control or supervision whether owned, leased, or under contract of the city. ' . . . . "I .- ' "trees 6 shrubs” - shall include all woody vegetation now or hereafter ’ growing on any public street, highway, alley, or public place. h'jprohibited species" - shall nsan any tree of the species of i . 2 "public utility" - shall mean any person, owning or operating any pols, line, pipe or conduit, located in any public street or over or along any public easement or right 'of way for the transmission of electricity, gas, telephone, telegraph, or television service. _ "provision" 4 the provisions of this chapter, except as otherwise speci- fically stated herein, shall- apply only to public streets, parkways, parks, and other land ”publicly owned or controlled by the city. . .-.. . .. .... ' ‘ '-.;r..~- ..-. .. ": .5?! '_Section II: Purpose and Intent - - . "" °: 77.; That it 'is in the best interest of the City and the citizens and public _ thereof that a comprehensive master plan for planting and maintenance of trees ‘ within the City be adopted, and that uniform and standard laws be adopted for the purpose of regulating, developing, and providing for the planting, 'care and maintenance of trees with .the City, or under its. jurisdiction and control, in order to better control problems of flooding, soil conservation, air pollution, and noise. .- - o . s so- u. ..., .. . I .. ran- . . . . ' ’ ‘f . The intent of the ordinance is to protect and encourage ‘the protection of trees and shrubs to provide for public health, safety, and general welfare,‘to promote and preserve the City, aesthetic value; and to define the powers and duties of those who administer this chapter herein. Section III: Lian. Board-lCity'uanager) Powers . 5’ The ‘ " ~ ' ' ' " shall have full. power and authority over all trees, plants, and shrubs planted or hereafter planted in the streets, ' highways, parks, parkways, and public grounds of the city. Furthermore, the ' "maintenance of such trees', plants, and shrubs, shall be the subject to such rules and regulations as the ‘ - . may adopt, and such shall have the right to add or revise the rules and regulations from time to time as nay be required for the proper care of such ":trees and shrubs. “j? ':i f: 3.: ,‘ g, .z.: - -.. m, . ‘ a: '-I . u.... .. ' . _... -, '3'. J--_:,' . . #3,; 1.5:... ’r."'?.: . Section III - 1 Same . , appointnent, duties «.3: The -' I- . ' -" shall be appointed according to competitive erasination (by civil service if it exists) and personal interview given by civil service and the Director of Parks, Recreation and Forestry (if depart- ment does -'not exist, by part board-city manager), of the City of . Upon satisfactory completion of a six (6) month probationary period, he shall hold office as long as he satisfactorily performs the duties of his office.“ He shall be a person skilled and 'trained. in the arts and sciences of municipal erboriculture and shall: (a) hold a college degree or its equivalent in arbori- culture, horticulture, forestry, or other related field, or (b) have minimum requirements of high school education, five (5) years experience in municipal shade tree work or its equivalent, and background to include formal education in related fields. Q ‘ I His duties shall be, under the direction and control of the and the Department of Parks, Recreation, Forestry, to superintendent, regulate and encourage the preservation, culture. and planting of shade and ornamental trees and shrubs, and to take such steps as necessary to direct and control; care, trimming, removal, relocation and placement thereof, and extermination of insects and other pests and plant diseases, and shall he charged with the enforce- ment of this chapter. Section IV: Permits Required _ It shall be unlawful to violate or fail to comply with the ordinances included in this chapter without first filing an application for and procuring a pemmit from the Director of the Department or his designated agent. Every permit granted shall specifically describe the work to be done under it, and shall expire at the end of not exceeding thirty days, unless a later date is agreed and specified, from its date and. shall be considered void at any time when the terms or intent of such permit are violated. No charge shall be made for any permit, unless it may be determined to be necessary to assign an inspector to supervise the provisions of the permit and in such case, the department shall determine the charge for the service leased on actual cost and such cost shall be charged to the person obtaining the permit. Section V: Protection of Trees.and Shrubs 'Bxcept to abate a nuisance, it shall be unlawful for any person to: a) Fasten any sign, card, poster, wire, rope or other material to, around or through, any tree or shrub or its guard, without a permit, except in emergencies such as storms or accidents. b) Break, injure, mutilate, kill or destroy any tree or shrub, or penmit any fire to burn where such fire will injure any portion of any tree or shrub. c) Permit any toxic chemical to seep, drain, or to be emptied on or about any tree or shrub. _.'. d) Deposit, store, place or maintain, on any street, highway, or other ' “public place, any brick, sand, stone, concrete or other material which -- - may impede free passage of water,'air, and fertilizer to the roots of any tree or shrub growing therein. .qe)- Fail to erect a suitable protective barrier around trees or shrubs '-. apt to be injured during any building operation. f) Fail to repair or stop any leak existing or occurring in any gas pipe or'nain within a radius of forty feet of any tree. g) Knowingly permit any electrical wires to come into contact with .any tree or shrub. h) I-bzcavate any ditches, tunnels, trenches, or lay any drive within a" radius of fifteen feet from any tree or shrub, without first having obtained a permit thereof. ‘ i) No person shell move any building or other large object along an ( street without obtaining a permit and if deemed necessary furnish bond or cash sufficient to cover damage as a result of moving. ' Section VI: Plantig, Restrictions. Permit Rgguired _ No shade or ornamental tree or shrub shall be planted in any of the streets, parks, 'or public place of the city until the director shall have first approved the kind, size and variety of the same, designated the location therefore and granted a permit for planting of the same. Provided further, no prohibited species shall be set out. nor any other tree unless it be free from infectious disease and has a. diameter of one and one-half inches or over, one foot above the.ground. -- - - - - .. Section v13. Subdivision Planting One street tree of one .and one-half inch caliper shall be provided in residential subdivisions for each lot of 75 feet frontage or less, and at least one tree shall be required for each street. The Department shall furnish the subdivider a list of acceptable trees and a copy of the department's .. regulations and policy regarding planting of trees. The subdivider shall be responsible for fulfilling these requirements , but suitable arrangements for the same may be made between him and to those to whom he might sell. Section VII: Tree Care, Treating or Removal, Permit Reguired It shall be unlawful to cut, trim; prune, spray, brace, fertilize, do surgery, disturb, alter, remove, or replace any tree or shrub from any street, highway, or other public place, without first obtaining a permit. Section VIII: Public Nuisance m tree or. shrub or parts thereof growing upon private property but overhanging, or interfering with the use of an street, perk, public improve- ment, or public place of the city, that in the opinion of the City endangers the life, health, safety or property of the public , shall be declared a public nuisance. my tree growing on private property within the city, afflicted with any dangerous and infectious insect infestation or tree disease shall be declared . a public nnisence. ‘ _ ‘ Condition as nuisance, to be abated upon notice. Any elm tree affected with the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi,-Dutch ElmDissase, so-caned, or an deed or Mng elm tree, or stored elm logs, or elmwood, which could harbour or become a breeding place for the American or European bark beetle, the two known carrier: of the disease, is hereby declared to be a public nuisance. k Section VIII—2 Same - Boxelder Bugs - maintaining female boxelder‘trees as nuisance, to be abated upon notice. Any female boxelder tree which is or could be the breeding place for box- elder bugs, (Leptocris trivitlas) is hereby declared to be a public nuisance. Section VIII-3 Same - Notice to Remove Whenever any public nuisance exists, contrary to the provisions of the~ sections in this ordinance, the Director or his authorized agent, shall give 'notice to the owner, or his agent, or the occupant of the property, describing the tree, its location and the nature of the nuisance and ordering the ownhr, agent, or occupant to take such measures as may be reasonably necessary to correct or cease such nuisance, specifying the measures required to be taken. Section VIII-A Same - Failure to comply with notice. It shall be unlawful for any person to permit, cause or suffer the exist- ence of a public nuisance-from and after fifteen (15) days following the date of the notice provided for. Section VIII-5 Same - Removal, cost incurred, duty to pay, collection a) In any case notioehgiven shall not be complied with, the director' is hereby authorized: and empowered to order the removal or abatement of said public nuisance, and shall have authority to call the necessary assistance therefore. Contracted work shall be submitted for bids and' approved by the . b) Upon completion of the abatement or removal of said public nuisance, the director shall certify to the cost of said removal of the public nuisance. The owner, or other persons to whom the notice was directed shall be notified by mail of the removal or abatement, and the cost incurred for such‘work. Together with a statement that the cost of the work.must be paid within 30 days or cost incurred will be assessed against the owners property at a regular meeting of council to be held not sooner than 30 days after the date of notice. c) It shall be the duty of the owner of the property or other person to whom notice was directed to pay the cost of such removal within thirty (30) days after the date of mailing of the notice of completion, and in case of hianfailure to do so, the city shall have the right to make assessment by ordinance 33112:: any property for the purpose of collect- ion in the same manner as general taxes are collected. No person shall prevent, delay, or interfere with the City or assistants in the execution or enforcement of this ordinance; provided how- ever, that nothing herein shall be construed as an attempt to prohibit a , .public hearing or the permit of any remedy legal or equitable in any Court of Competent Jurisdiction for the Protection of Property Rights by the owner of any property within the City of . Section x: Appeals In the event any person is dissatisfied with a decision adversely affect- ing such person involving the application of this ordinance, such person shall have the right, within a reasonable time, to appeal. Such person may make a written request to the Director, who with members of shall bear any complaints of such person. Upon completion of the hearing of complaints, the appeal board, consisting of the parties, shall under its written opinion v affirming, over-ruling, or modifying the order as may be fit and proper under . the existing circumstances. ' . Section XI: Violation Penalty Any .person violating or failing to comply with any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be guilty of misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined or sentenced for imprisbnment according to the determination of the Court. Section XII: Legality offiordinance or parts thereof (WWW C 'l I. > 5 Should any section, clause, or provision of this“ordinance be declared by the courts to be invalid, the same shall not affect the validity of the ordi- nance as a whole, or parts thereof, other than the part so declared to be in! valid. Section XIlI: Emergency This ordinance is hereby declared to be of immediate necessity for the preservation of public peace, health, and safety and shall be in full force -‘and effective from and- after its passage and publication as provided by law. APPENDIX I NE SAMPLE CITY TREE ORDINANCE Be it ordained by the City Commission of the City of , Kansas: Section I. Definitions Street trees: fStreet trees“ are herein defined as trees. shrubs. bushes. and all other woody vegetation on land lying between property lines on either 'side of all streets. avenues. or ways within the City. Park Trees: "Park trees“ are herein defined as trees. shrubs. bushes and all other woody vegetation in public parks having individual names. and all areas owned by the City. or to which the public has free access as a park. Section 2. Creation and Establishment gi,g_City Tree Board There is hereby created and established a City Tree Board for the City of , Kansas. which shall consist of five members. citizens and residents of this city. who shall be appointed by the mayor with the approval of the Commission. Section 3. I_e_r_m_o_f_9_£i_‘1_c_e_ The term of the five persons to be appointed by the mayor shall be three years except that the term of two of the members appointed to the first board shall be for only one year and the term of two members of the first board shall be for two years. In the event that a vacancy shall occur during the term of any member, his successor shall be appointed for the unexpired portion of the tenm. Section 4. Compensation Members of the Board shall serve without compensation. Section 5. Duties gag Respgnsibilities It shall be the responsibility of the Board to study, investigate. council 1‘) and develop and/or update annually, and administer a written plan for the care. preservation, pruning, planting. replanting. removal or disposition of trees and shrubs in parks. along streets and in other public areas. Such plan will be presented annually to the City Commission and upon their accep- tance and approval shall constitute the official comprehensive city tree plan for the City of . Kansas. The Board. when requested by the City Comission. shall consider. investigate. make finding. report and recommend upon any special matter of question coming within the scope of its work. Section 6. Operation The Board shall choose its own officers. make its own rules and regulations and keep a journal of its proceedings. A majority of the members shall be a quorum for the transaction of business. Section 7. Street Tree Species tg.bg_Planted The following list constitutes the official Street Tree species for . Kansas. No species other than those included in this list may be planted as Street Trees without written permflssion of the City Tree Board. Small Trees Medium Trees Large Trees Flowering crabapple (sp.) Honeylocust Bur oak Flowering peach Pin oak Hackberry Redbud English oak Hybrid elm Flowering pear (Bradford) Chinaberry London planetree Comon Apricot Kentucky coffeetree Nnerican sycamre Hawthorn (sp.) ' Red mulberry (male) Red oak Purple-leaf plum Goldenraintree Black walnut white birch Japanese pagodatree Green ash ' Baldcypress Silver maple Hard (sugar) maples Cottonwood (cottonless) Ohio buckeye Pecan Sweetgum Basswood Black cherry English oak l4 Section B. Spacing The spacing of Street Trees will be in accordance with the three species size classes listed in Section 7 of this ordinance. and no trees may be planted closer together than the following: Small Trees. 30 feet: Hedium Trees. 40 feet; and Large Trees. 50 feet. Section 9. Distance from £25§.ggg_5idewalk The distance trees may be planted from curbs or curblines and sidewalks will be in accordance with the three species size classes listed in Section 7 of this ordinance. and no trees may be planted closer to any curb or sidewalk than the following: Small Trees. 2 feet; Medium Trees. 3 feet; and Large Trees. 4 feet. Section 10. Distance from Street Corners gag Fireplugs no Street Tree shall be planted closer than 20 feet of any street corner, measured from the point of nearest intersecting curbs or curblines. Ho Street Tree shall be planted closer than 10 feet of any fireplug. Sggtion ll. Utilities do Street Trees other than those species listed as Small Trees in Section 7 of this ordinance may be planted under or within 10 lateral feet of any over- head utility wire. or over or within S lateral feet of any underground water line. sewer line, transmission line or other utility. Settion l2. Public Tree _C_a_r;g The City shall have the right to plant, prune. maintain and remove trees. plants and shrubs within the lines of all streets. alleys, avenues. lanes, sqwares and public grounds. as may be necessary to insure safetyuwhen servicing City utilities or to preserve the symmetry and beauty of such public grounds. 15 The City Tree Board may remove or cause or order to be removed. any tree or part thereof which is in an unsafe condition or which by reason of its nature is injurious to sewers. electric power lines. gas lines. water lines or other public improvements. or is affected with any injurious fungus. insect or other pest. Section l3. 1532 Topping It shall oe unlawful as a nonmal practice for any person. firm. or city depart. ment to top any Street Tree. Park Tree. or other tree on public property. looping is defined as the severe cutting back of limbs to stubs larger than three inches in diameter within the tree's crown to such a degree so as to remove the normal canopy and disfigure the tree. Trees severely damaged by stonms or other causes. or certain trees under utility wires or other obstruc- tions where other pruning practices are impractical may be exempted from this ordinance at the determination of the City Tree Board. Section l4. PruningI £25255 Clearance Every owner of any tree overhanging any street or right-of-way within the City shall prune the branches so that such branches shall not obstruct the lignt from any street lamp or obstruct the view of any street intersection and so that there shall be a clear space of eight feet (8') above the surface of the street or right-of-way. Said owners shall remove all dead. diseased or dangerous trees. or broken or decayed limbs which constitute a menace to the safety of the public. The City shall have the right to prune any tree or snruo on private property when it interferes with the proper spread of light along the street from a street light. or interferes with visibility of any traffic control device or sign. 16 Section TS. Dead or Diseased Tree BSEQ!£1.2£ Private Property The City shall have the right to cause the removal of any dead or diseased trees nn private property within the city. when such trees constitute a hazard to life and property. or harbor insects or disease which constitute a potential threat to other trees within the city. The City Tree Board will notify in writing the owners of such trees. Removal shall be done by said owners at their own expense within sixty days after the date of service of notice. In the event of failure of owners to comply with such provisions. the City shall have the authority to remove such trees and charge the cost of removal on the owners property tax notice. S9_cti_o_n l6. Interference with CLty Tree M It shall be unlawful for any person to prevent. delay or interfere with the City Tree Board. or any of his agents. or servants. while engaging in and about the planting. cultivating. mulching. pruning. spraying. or removing of any Street Trees. Park Trees. or trees on private grounds. as authorized in this ordinance. §£€£l29 l7. Arborists License 223.92gg’ it shall be unlawful for any person or firm to engage in the business or occupation of trimming. pruning. treating. or removing street or park trees within the City without first applying for and procuring a license. The license fee shall be $25 annually in advance; provided. however. that no license shall be' required of any public service company or City employee doing such work in the pursuit of their public service endeavors. Before any license shall be issued. each applicant shall first file evidence of possession of liability insurance in the minimum amounts of $25.000-for bodily injury and Sl0.000 proverty damage indemnifying the City or any person injured or damaged resulting from the pursuit of such endeavors as herein described. Section lB. 55315! by City Commission The City Commission shall have the right to review the conduct. acts and decisions of the City Tree Board. Any person may appeal from any ruling or order of the City Tree Board to the City Commission who may hear the matter and make final decision. Section l9. Penalty Any person violating any provision of this ordinance shall be. upon conviction or a plea of guilty. subject to a fine not to exceed 5 18 #WNH o o o o Hicks Park Public Square Square/Playground Mapkey APPENDIX B PARK TREE INFORMATION --: : e :j.3,+deh- e .. 4 . \ e. .. -TIIN- 1.. Ti-.. 3 e . ‘ HICKS PARK Number #1 - 13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19 #20 #21 #22 #23 #24 Species Amur Maples Green Ash Bald Cypress Sweet Gum White Birch Apple European Mountain Ash Cottonwood Paperbark Maple Norway Maple Pin Oak Willow PUBLIC SQUARE #l - 6 Douglas Fir #7 Norway Spruce #8 Apple #9 Douglas Fir #10 Sugar Maple #11 - 14 Douglas Fir #15 Sugar Maple #16 Apple #17 Sugar Maple #18 Bradford Callery Pear SQUARE/PLAYGROUND #1 Norway Maple #2 - 3 Sugar Maple #4 London Plane Tree #5 Sugar Maple #6 Norway Spruce #7 Sugar Maple #8 Norway Maple #9 Norway Spruce #10 - 11 Sugar Maple MAP KEY SAUGATUCK PARKS Scientific Name Aggr ginnalg Fraxinus pennsylvanica laxodium distichum nguidambar styraciflua Bgtula papyrifgra Malus spp. __Sorbus mum ngulus deltoidgs Acer griseum Acer platanoides Quercus palustris Salix alga var. tristis Pseudotsuga menziesii chea abies Malus spp. Pseudotsuga menziesii Ager saccharum Pseudotsuga menziesii Ager saccharum Malus spp. Acer saccharum Pyrgs calleryana ’Bradford’ 21> cer platanoides cer saccharum Platanus acerifolia Acer sacchargm Pjgea abies Ager saccharum Acer platanoides Eigga abies Aggr saccharum > “'1' 'I 17 Thin \\ \\TTTTT‘TiTi i i \\ R E W N U m n . \\\ \\ 3 ......lw<.. .- t ..P