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2/05 c:/ClRC/DateDuo.lndd—p15

 

UHE§U)\
I

MASTEF

BIOSOLID APPLICATION ON A
LIMESTONE QUARRY MINE RECLAMATION PROJECT
AT MEDUSA CEMENT COMPANY:

A Case Study
By

Patricia Kay Arnold Harmon

PLAN B

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

School of Urban and Regional Planning

1999

COPY RIGHT 1998 ©
Patricia Arnold Harmon

ABSTRACT
LIMESTONE QUARRY MINE RECLAMATION PROJECT
AT MEDUSA CEMENT COMPANY
A Case Study
Patricia Kay Arnold Harmon

The application of biosolids on the Medusa mining site in Charlevoix, Michigan
will form the bases of the study reported in this document. Biosolids have been applied to
the spoil piles for over twenty years. Rates of biosolid applications and soil testing have
been recorded, since 1978. This report will examine revegetation activities and the
presence of heavy metals in the soil associated with biosolid applications. The use of
biosolids has increased the vegetative cover and has established an organic layer that has
stabilized the soil. The areas were the biosolids were applied increased the vegetative
cover but consisted of a lesser variety of species than the untreated areas. The untreated
areas had less cover thus affecting, the quantity of food and cover to support wildlife, and
the amount of organics in the soil to establish the required vegetative cover to meet mine
reclamation requirements. With the discontinuing of the biosolid application at the end
of the 1997 season, the plant communities will evolve once more. Is there enough
organic material to sustain the current populations and how has the added moisture
affected the current populations? Data presented will aid in establishing a baseline to

help answer these questions.

Key words: mine reclamation, vegetation establishment, plant succession, plant

ecology, site planning

Dedicated to my two sons Jim and Scott.
Thank you for your patience and understanding when all was in turmoil.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to those people that have made this project possible. Thank you Jon
Burley for your guidance. Thank you “All Mighty Library Wizard,” Tom Coccizolli, for
all your help over the years. You have made research a much easier task. Thanks to Sam
Crestwell for supplying the needed information from the sewage treatment plant. A
special thanks to John Campbell for with out his early research and help with
understanding the processes this project would not be possible. Thanks to both Tony

Bauer and Bob Schutzki for your support and guidance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication
Acknowledgments
List of Figures

List of Tables

I. Introduction
Background
Purpose of the Study
Statement of Goals/ Objective
Organization of Study

11. Review of the Literature
Introduction
Soils
Microbial Activity
Water Quality
Vegetation
Reclamation Vegetation Succession Studies
Summary

111. Description of the Study Area and Methods
General Location
Geology
Topography
Soils
Hydrology
Vegetation
Climate
Demographics
City of Charlevoix Water Treatment
Historical Background
Original Study
Site Preparation
Plant Species Selection
Method of Vegitation Establishment
Management & Aftercare of Restored Lands
Sources of Data and Data Collection Plan
Methodology & Procedures

vi

iii
iv
vii

viii

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'-"—'\OOO\)LIIUJ

WC

14
18
18
21
21
23
23
25
25
26
32
33
34
36
47
48
50

IV.

VI.

VII.

Discussion
A. Discussion

B. Long Term Use
Trace Metal Loading
Existing Vegetation

C. Examination of the Findings of the Study
Introduction
Results and Interpretations

D. Case Study Interpretations
Alternatives/Potential
Recommendations & Limitations/Constraints

Applications & Feasibility

Conclusion & Summary
Procedures for Future Studies

Bibliography

Appendix
Glossary

vii

54

56
57

73
73

80
81
82
84
86

94
95

List of Figures

USGS/Site Location Map, Figure 3-1

1974 Air Photo, Figure 3-2

Geology for the Medusa Quarry, Figure 3-3
Topography, Figure 3-4

Soil - Photos taken during the 1995 season, Figure 3-5
Soils Map, Figure 3-6

Precipitation Data, Figure 3-7

Reclamation Area, 1978, Figure 3-8

Consumers Power Line disturbance area, Figure 3-9
Study Site, Treatment Area Locations, 1997, Figure 3-10
Reclamation Planting Procedure, Figure 3-11

Photos taken during the 1995 season, Figure 4-1
Existing Conditions:

Treatment Area TA-l
Treatment Area TA-l , Plot
Treatment Area TA-2
Treatment Area TA-2, Plot
Treatment Area TA-3
Treatment Area TA-3, Plot
Treatment Area TA—4
Treatment Area TA-4, Plot
Treatment Area TA-S
Treatment Area TA-S, Plot

viii

15

16

17

19

20

22

24

27

30

31

34

61

62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

List of Tables

Vegetation Species Suitability for Medusa, Table 3-2
Available Soils Analysis, Table 3-5A-C

Biosolids Analysis, Table 3-3A-C

Drying Bed Analysis, Table 3-4A & B

Species Inventory, 1997, Table 4-1

Vegetation Analysis, Table 4-2

36

39-41

42-44

45-46

72

76

Chapter I Introduction

Background:

In nineteen seventy-eight John Campbell, (at Site Planning and Development,
Charlevoix, Michigan), began a research project with the use of biosolids in the
revegetation of the Medusa Cement Company’s mine site, located in Charlevoix,
Michigan. Continued biosolid applications have improved the soil conditions “on site,”
and increased the vegetative cover were the biosolids were applied. Campbell’s original
work involved the establishment of vegetation on a capped spoil pile of cement kiln dust
(CKD). The use of several years of biosolids and soil testing were used to observe
changes in the soil chemistry. The original CKD had a pH range of 10-13 and the cap of
overburden materials pH ranges from 7.8-9. High concentrations of salt and magnesium
were also present. Several different biosolid treatment areas were established to

determine the best method of vegetation establishment and biosolid application methods.

Purpose of the Study:

The purpose of the study is to report on revegetation success on an existing mine

reclamation project, where biosolids have been applied for soil amendments.

Statement of Goals/Objectives:

The goal of this report is to gather the existing available data to use as a bases for
understanding the existing site conditions. This data can aid in the application biosolids
for revegetation on mine reclamation sites. The objectives used to reach this goal are:

1. to describe those studies that have examine mine reclamation were biosolids

have been used;

2. describe the original study at the limestone quarry;

3. to assess the existing data that has been accumulated over the past twenty years;

4. and to describe those plant species that are currently on the site.

Organization of Study:

The case study will review related literature (Chapter 2), present the historical
background and introduce existing data. The related literature presents the physical
properties that must be addressed on a site when biosolids are used for reclamation of
soils. The historical data addresses the physical, social and to a limited effect the
economics of the area. The methodology (in Chapter 3), describes the process of how the
data was obtained and how it was relevant to the study. The discussion portion (Chapter
4), of the project introduces the study from its inception, through the present day. In the

concluding remarks, possible future studies are presented.

Chapter II Review of the Literature

Introduction:

An examination of biosolids research reveals that the majority of the studies are
on coal mining sites. The focus of this discussion however will be on those studies
specifically relevant to reclamation of drastically disturbed soils at shale and limestone
quarries sites. Of particular interest will be utilizing biosolids to reclaim soils on the
Medusa mining site in Charlevoix Michigan. Unlike soils at many coal mining sites the
soils at the Medusa site have a high pH, magnesium carbonate, and saline content. The
understanding of vegitation succession on mine reclamation projects will increase the
knowledge of those who must make decisions for continual reclaiming of disturbed soils.
Adequate reclamation measures at Medusa and other sites will ensure effective formation
of soil rebuilding materials. Though many similar concerns are universal to all barren
mining sites, good ecological practices can be illustrated through monitoring and study of
the materials used for soil building and vegitation establishment.

The main reason for use of biosolids is that it is an organic material high in
nutrients that allows for a slow release of nitrogen. Biosolids contains significant
amounts of nutrients and organic matter (Sommers 1977). This helps to increase
vegetative litter that in turn increases microbial activity that enhances the reclamation
potential of a mine site. Biosolids has been utilized successfully as an additive to
facilitate revegetation of various mine spoils (Stucky et a]. 1977). A higher application

rate of biosolids can be used on disturbed soils because of the importance of establishing

3

a vegetative cover. Use of inorganic fertilizers or natural succession may take over thirty
years to establish native organic matter levels, soil structure and an A horizon
development (Schafer 1980, Jenny 1980). With the use of organic nutrients found in
biosolids, soil organic matter content and soil structure improves, and long term fertility
and microbial activity increase at a substantially faster rate (Joost et al.1987). Because
mine sites tend to be dry during the summer the use of liquid biosolid applications adds to
the moisture content of the soil that helps establish vegetation.

Organic fertilizers have a higher nutrient content and exhibits a slower, steadier
release of nitrogen. Biosolids are very beneficial in adding organic compounds that help
build the soil structure into a viable means to support vegetation and adds to the
beneficial movement of air and water through the soil. Biosolid are a slurry of water and
organic solids that are high in organic matter, macronutrients (nitrogen, potassium and
phosphorus), and micronutrients. The nitrogen accumulation has three important factors
for the establishment of nutrients for plant use.

1) Nitrogen content is in a slowly available organic form.

2) The high organic content provides an energy source for soil microbes.

3) Sludge organic matters improve the poor spoil physical conditions

from soil removal and compaction. (Sopper 1993)

The biosolids are best incorporated into the soil so as not to lose the gaseous form of
nitrogen that is lost in the top dressing form of applications (Jacobs 1995). The drawback
is there is a need for high rates of applications to show benefits.

The chemical components that make up the slurry that is land applicable are

dependent on the products that go into it. The biosolids can be either aerobic or

4

anaerobically digested; this process kills many of the harmful pathogens that are in
human wastes. Aerobic digestion generally produces a more odorless, humus-like
product and conserves more of the biosolid’s nitrogen. Anaerobic digestion is more
energy efficient, produces a biosolid that is more easily dewatered for transport, and
generates a useful by-product, methane (Crohn 1995). The additions of industrial and
household chemicals add heavy metals to the sludge. Monitoring the amount of biosolids
applied and the concentration of chemical components is important to reduce the chances

of contamination of soil and vegetation.

Soils:

Initially base line of the soils that are located at the site must be established to
understand the chemical makeup of an area. These soil tests will determine the regime
that biosolids can be applied to avoid the build up of heavy metals that affect plant
growth. The barren soil properties are usually lacking in several macro and
micronutrients and heavily burdened in others. The metals that are found in the soils
have direct relationships to the metals found in the vegetation that grows upon the soil,
(Sheltron et al. 1977).

The soil properties of barren soils are affected by both the physical and biological
composition of the site. These two components are important to the success of long term
vegetation establishment. The physical properties of many mine sites include low water
holding capacity, low bulk density, compaction, and lack of air or water circulation. The

need to first prepare the soil by aerating the soil through tilling improves soil structure,

5

water and nutrient holding capacity. The addition of organic compounds adds the
missing components needed for vegetation establishment. It has been found since low
water holding capacities on barren soils create drought conditions, it is important to
supplement

vegetation establishment through the use of irrigation (Sheltron et al. 1977). This
illustrates how the use of biosolids has another advantage over other fertilizer practices.

The biological properties of disturbed soils are associated with the lack of
nutrients and organic matter, contributed by alkaline soils, high pH, and lack of microbial
activity. The addition of biosolids to the site adds the necessary nutrients that are needed
to establish vegetation. Biosolids typically contains 1-10% nitrogen by mass (USEPA
1983), and repeated land application can substantially raise the nitrogen status of a soil
(Brockway et al. 1986).

An understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of geologic and soil
materials are needed, particularly geologic materials, since they constitute all or a
majority of the seed bed (Long et al. 1982). The vegetation establishment and growth
factors depend on other variables as well. One important saying, “Don’t fight the site,”
refers to using plants that do well in the soils available. The accumulation of dead
organic matter increases microbial activity; this in turn promotes good root growth and
the downward movement of nutrients and water through the soil profile. The availability
of the nutrients is determined by the pH, electrical conductivity, and metal toxicity of the
soil. Each of the micro and macro nutrients have different pH requirements for plant

availability.

The soil characteristics determine the soil additive recommendations. Lime
supplies the soil with two essential plant nutrients, calcium and magnesium. Dolimitic
limestone is high in calcium and magnesium, this being a readily available substance.
Soil additives that bring down pH include the use of sulfur.

The Environmental Protection Agency has set standards for the use of municipal
biosolids for land application. They restrict the use through the establishment of
maximum amounts of trace metals that can be applied to agricultural lands. The
maximum amounts are related to the soils cation exchange capacity (Sopper 1981).

Industrial chemical additions to biosolids can contain toxic concentrations of trace metals.

Microbial Activity:

High levels of microorganism activity can be responsible for reducing soil borne
pathogens such as pythium and rhizoctonia, and help release micronutrients that allow
them to become available for plant use (Wilkinson 1995). The microbial populations
help in the increase of the humus layer that increase the health on the disturbed site. It is
this increased composition layer that is the indication of rapid ecosystem recovery. The
use of microbes and bacteria to aid in the removal of PCBs and other toxic components
are being studied in the Sacramento, California area (Public Works 1993). To date the
high concentrations of heavy metals do not have an adverse affect on microbial

populations (Sopper 1993).

Pathogens that are naturally found in biosolids can be eliminated through the
decomposition process with the use of heat. The use of mesophilic anaerobic digestion

proceeded by a mechanism renders most enteroviruses inactive (Straub et al. 1994).

Water Quality:

Ground and surface water quality are affected by the compaction, and percolation
of the soil. The leaching, erosion, and run off that is affected by the physical makeup of
the site can be altered to benefit the revegetation efforts. Vegetation increases water
quality by better filtration and removal of heavy metals. Much of the research that is
taking place today is focusing on the use of plants to remove heavy metals in soils
(Environmental Science and Technology 1993). Over a two year application of biosolids
on the Venango County mine site, no significant increases in the concentration of N02 -N
or trace metals in the ground water were observed from several wells (Sopper 1981). No
health hazards or adverse effects on the environment are known to have resulted from the
use of large volumes of biosolids applied to the Lousisa County, Virginia mine site
(Hinkle 1982). No significant effect of the biosolids were reported in the ground water.

Concerns for long term biosolid use include trace metal loading in vegetation and
animals. The trace metal loading is dependent on various factors including soil pH,
element concentrations, soil types and plant species (Boswell 1975; Chaney 1973; Furr et
al. 1976). Short term elevated concentrations have been demonstrated in certain animal

targeted organs but no long term studies have been conducted. Though most studies have

proven a slight elevation in trace metals in plants and animals there are none that show

toxic concern.

Vegetation:

Vegetation growth depends on soils, geology, fertilization, and amendments
(Roberts et al. 1988). Growth response has been reported in many studies that have used
sewage sludge. Among the problems, according to Robert’s, associated with revegetation
are the following: (1) adverse physical properties affecting, density, and water
penetration; (2) extreme deficiencies of some major nutrients; (3) presence of toxic
compounds or high salt concentrations and (4) wind blasting. The health of the reclaimed
soils is measured by the dry matter yield of plant biosolids. The effects of various surface
soils include poor drainage, lack of nutrients and trace metals.

The increase of vegetation stabilizes the soil to stop severe wind and water
erosion. The establishment of herbaceous species first, followed by trees and shrubs have
been demonstrated in several projects (Sheltron et al. 1977, Dickerson 1975, Donovan
1976). Without the establishment of grasses first there tends to be a greater degree of
wind and soil erosion. This does not permit the establishment of larger vegetative
species. Vegetative quality in the establishment of a reclaimed site is important to the
visual impact of the perceived destruction of land through the mining process.

The establishment of vegetation on disturbed soils with the use of biosolids has
been studied for many years. All studies confirm the use of sludge as the most beneficial

in the establishment of plant material by increasing nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and

9

potassium (K). The amount, methods, and applications may very but the results remain
consistent. The variables that have created concern are the pathogens and toxic metal
concentrations that can be accumulated to a degree of possible harm to humans and
animals. Trace metals have been detected on plant materials. Heavy metals are shown to
increase but not to any significant extent (Fresquez 1990). Concern that they might
become a ‘time bomb’ reflects the belief that in twenty years we will be paying for the
application of sewage sludge (Brown 1991). Studies of chorobenzenes in field soil with
multiple biosolids applications have shown an increase in concentrations of
Chlorobenzenes, (CB). The greatest increase of CB tended to occur once the biosolid
applications stopped, in 1961. The CB concentrations have risen steadily since. One view
maintains that industrial fall out from the air plays a part in the addition of toxic
substances to the area (Wang 1995).

Research is being conducted for the use of plant materials to remove heavy metals
from soils. Studies conducted by V. Dushenkov and colleagues are using such plants as
Indian Mustard to absorb toxic chemicals. Dushenkov suggests rhizofiltration has
applications for Pb abatement in a variety of industries (Environmental Sci. &
Technology 1995). The use of Indian mustard (Brassicajuncea, L.), in a study conducted
by P.B.A.N. Kumar (1995) concluded that phyto extraction can be a “green” alternative to
heavy metal soil redemption. Chemical loading can be avoided by monitoring the

biosolids applications.

10

Reclamation Vegetation Succession Studies:

Many areas will revegetate naturally, depending on the type of mine waste.
However, natural regeneration is mainly limited to surface overburden piles and quarry
extractions. For example, a 20-year-old overburden pile may support grass, shrub and
tree vegetation (Borovsky 1979, Leisman 1957). In contrast, unseeded kiln dust piles can
still be devoid of vegetation after 20 years (Lizak 1994, Dickerson 1972). Peak biomass
accumulation can be reached within five years on treated areas (Packer 1982).
Independent variables used in establishing vegetation are the amount of precipitation,
length of growing season, nutrient additives and age of plants. Biomass production in
native species and introduced species increased as precipitation and age of plants
increased up to five years (Packer 1982).

The problem of allelopathy, when the absence of micro organisms are present,
limits the growth of one species on another. For example the presence of some fescue
grass inhibits the germination of some pine seeds and crown vetch inhibits new root
grth of year old Red Oak seedlings (Allen 1978). Phennolic compounds seem to be
one of the limiting factors. The difference between allelopathy and competition is
difficult to separate scientifically.

Tree planting survival rate on iron ore tailings in Minnesota were for container
grown red pine (Pinus resinosa L.), white spruce (Picea glauca L.), and jack pine (Pinus
resinosa L.), (Dickinson et al. 1971). Stabilization of taconite tailing material first
requires a relatively dense herbaceous cover. This helps to lower soil pH and allows for

better survival rate of woody seedlings (Alm 1985).

ll

Aspect effects survival rate and plant communities. South facing slopes had only
5-7 taxa formed 80% of the cover and north facing slopes had 16 taxa forming 80% of the
cover on gravel pits slopes (Andreae 1981). The microclimates on south facing slopes
had considerably more evapotranspirtion rate than north facing slopes. Diversity of
microclimate encourages diversity for vegetation and wildlife habitats. Suitable
vegetation species should be able to spontaneously develop a mosaic pattern that uniquely
fits the environment (Alvarez et al. 1974).

Persistency and diversity of vegetation cover are two important factors in mine
reclamation. Numerous studies have established the importance of legumes, grasses and
shrubs are the initial plant groups needed for establishment of wildlife habitat cover, soil
enrichment and stabilization to reduce erosion (Coppin & Bradshaw 1982, Skaller 1983,
McMullen & Stacks 1984, Inouye & Tilman 1995). Legumes are nitrogen fixing, grasses
reduce soil erosion and shrubs allow for wildlife habitat cover. Root networks increase
aeration and translocations of water and nutrients. Increased vegetative litter stabilizes
the soil. The total and available soil-N increased during succession and that major
species had individualistic, fairly Gaussian distributions along this temporal Nitrogen
gradient (Tilman et al. 1987). Further studies by Tilman increased understanding of how
nitrogen application rates and their consistency, affected succession differently up to
about 3-6 years (Inouye et al. 1995). Both diversity and density in combination create an
esthetically appealing area that also meets local to federal mine reclamation requirements.

Native vegetation species have proven to be a better protective ground cover that
is used for soil erosion control, although introduced vegetation species is a superior

forage producer (Packer 1982). Stress factors increased diversity in a community when

12

biomass was reduced (Biodini 1986). Vegetation diversity increased were surface

mining disturbed soils compared to undisturbed grassland soils (McMullen et al. 1984).

Summary:

The studies that were conducted through the seventies and eighties have proven
that the uses of organic soil amendments were far superior to chemical amendments. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used these studies to sets standards to protect
the health, safety and welfare of the public. If the guidelines set by the EPA are followed
there is little chance of there being contamination of soils and vegetation. The continual
monitoring of land application of biosolids for pathogen and toxins helps safe guard the
environment. There is conflicting data about metal loading; most research indicates only
slight elevations or equal metal toxicity between control sites and sludge applied sites.
Most of the articles that voiced concern over metal loading lacked convincing supporting
evidence. Long term studies of biosolid application sites for contamination of soils,
vegetation and small animals have been initiated. The late eighties and nineties have
expanded the knowledge of biosolid concentrations in vegetative and animal food chain
concerns. Plant successional studies are only of limited concern, again geared more
towards the coal industry and agriculture. Those attributed to the quarry industry are of
limited numbers. Therefore, documentation of changes in vegetation cover is critical to

the development of effective long term revegetation strategies.

13

Chapter 111 Description of the Study Area & Methods

General Location:

The Medusa Cement Company is located in Michigan’s northwest lower
peninsula along the Lake Michigan shoreline. Medusa is a limestone quarry two miles
southwest of the City of Charlevoix in Charlevoix County (see Figure 3-1). The quarry is
located on 556 acres where 2.2 million tons of ore are mined annually to produce 1.4
million tons of cement. The Fisherman’s Island State Park is located to the west and
southwest of the property. The state park was created in 1963 with the help of Medusa
through land exchange and land donations. Bell’s Bay Road, off US 31, is the access to
both the plant and the state park. Lake Michigan borders from the northwest to the
northeast of the property, comprising of 2.1 miles of shoreline. Lake Shore Drive and the
Consumer Power Company right-of-way separates the lake from the study area. The
southern edge is zoned commercial and light industry. To the southeast is the Charlevoix
Airport, to the east is a residential area, Boulder Park, and the City of Charlevoix Sewage
Treatment Plant. The 43.5 acre study area is located on the northeastern portion of the
property adjacent to the City of Charlevoix Waste Water Treatment Plant, Boulder Park

and Lake Michigan, see the 1994 airphoto in Figure 3-2 and Figure 3-3.

Figure 3-1, sum Map:

LAKE MICHIGAN

: APPROXIMATE MEAN ELEVATION 117.0 [—4 5'

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Used with permission from USGS.

Contours and elevations in meters. Contour interval 5 meters.

15

Figure 3-2, Medusa Air Photo:

 

Used with permission from Site Planning Development, Inc.

16

Figure 3-3, Geology for the Medusa Quarry:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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From Site Planning Development, Inc., 1978 Quarry Expansion Plan
Used with permission from Site Planning Development, Inc.

 

 

 

 

 

17

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Geology:

The mining layers of the area were formed during the Palezoic Era when
Michigan was covered by vast seas. Large deposits of marine limestone, dolomite, and
rock salt were laid down and compressed by glaciation. Bedrock formations are Antrim
Shale deposited during the Mississippian-Devonian Period and the Traverse Group
deposited during the Middle Devonian Period. The Traverse Group consists of the
Petoskey shale outcrop formation, Charlevoix Stage and Gravel Point stage (Pohl 1930).
The extracted quarry materials include overburden, U. Limestone, U. Shale, Reef Zone,
and L. Limestone, see Figure 3-3. Overburden materials are lake bed deposits and glacial
till material consisting of non-stratified sand, silt, clay and boulders. Quarry extraction

problems include the grade quality, Ca C03 concentrations and Magnesium Carbon.

Topography:

Because the glaciers moved across the area, the topography is relatively flat, with
only the remaining hummock moraines as vertical relief. Land elevations on the Medusa
property range from 177 to 200 meters above sea level, see Figure 3-4. The study site
ranges from 15 to 33 meters above Lake Michigan were the vertical relief of the site is
created by the spoil piles and quarry walls. The wind, parent material and drainage
effects the creation of soils. The dull gray color of existing soils only a few centimeters

under the surface indicates poor aeration, see Figure 3-5 (Unknown F 1960).

18

Figure 3-4, Topography:

 

 

From Site Planning Development, Inc., 1981 Reclamation Plan

Used with permission from Site Planing Development.

19.

Figure 3-7, Soils - Photos Taken During the 1995 Season:

 

Soil sample test hole, May 1995

 

Access drive soil compaction May 1995.

20

Soils:

The original soils on the site include; Stony Land with limestone outcroppings,
Summerville stony sandy loam with 0 to 6% slopes, and Alpena gravely sandy loam with
0 to 6% slopes (U SGS 1971). The soil series include both Deer Park-Dune land-Eastport
association and Detour-Kiva association. Deer Park-Dune land-Eastport association is a
well-drained, nearly level to very steep sandy soils on beach ridges and dunes. Detour-
Kiva association is a somewhat poorly drained and well drained, nearly level to gently
sloping loamy and sandy soils that are cobblly or gravely; on lake plains (USGS 1971),
see Figure 3-6. The shallow soils are created by the organic compounds of a forest floor.
The natural pH for the soils range from 5.6 to 8.1. The soils were the biosolids are
applied are type two clay, sand and limestone with a pH of 7.5 to 9.0, (City of Charlevoix

WWTP Residuals Management Plan 1991).

Hydrology:

The hydrology for the area was influence through the geological deposit
formations. Depth to the water table is 0’ to > 4’ depending on the soil type. The Detour
soils are those associated with the shallow water table and the rest varies in the >4’ area
(USGS 1971). Well logs for neighboring parcels indicate low to medium yields. Surface
drainage drains mostly into the quarry the remaining runoff is caught in the McGeagh
Creek, and two intermittent streams on the northwestern boundary and one across the

south parcel (EIA 1980).

21

 

’t
4. 2“

l
AgBD-
DDC -
DeB -
EaB -
EdB -
GIB -
MnB -
Ru -
SuB -

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. ...‘,‘. _.'" f '- ‘) a
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a
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.-
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e, "

 

. I t .. fllg'flM-{Jg ~
3’; ‘ .
Alpena gravely loam, 0-6% and 6-18% slope
Deer Park-Dune land Association, rolling
Detour cobbly loam,0-6% slopes

East Lake loamy sand, 0-6% slopes

Eastport sand, O-6% slopes

Gladwin loamy sand, 0-6% slopes
Menomeniee loamy sand, 0-6% slopes

Ruse Soils

Summerville stony sandy loam, 0-6% slopes

 

 

 

Taken from Soil Survey of Charlevoix County, Michigan - USDA Soils Map, 1974
Used with permission from USDA.

22

   

Vegetation:

Adjacent forested areas include northern hardwoods and mixed swamp conifers
that are typical of the northern portion of the Medusa property and most adjacent area to
the reclamation project. Northern hardwoods consist of predominantly sugar maples
(Acer saccharum L.) with varying quantities of American beech (Fagus grandifolia L.),
elm (Ulmus spp.), basswood (Populus spp.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and
yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis L.). Mixed swamp conifers consist of predominantly
black spruce (Picea mariana L.), white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), tamarack (Larix
laricina L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea L.), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) and white
pine (Pinus strobus L.). This area also includes white birch (Betula papyrzfera L.), elm

(Ulmus spp.) and red maples (Acer rubrum L.) (USDA 1974).

Climate:

The climate in the area is strongly affected by Lake Michigan, with summer
temperatures averaging about 62 degrees Fahrenheit and winter temperatures averaging
about 27 degrees Fahrenheit (MSU, MDACP, 1990). Average July minimum
temperatures are 59°F and average maximum temperatures are 76°F. There are 120
growing degree days and an annual rain fall average of 31.7 inches (USGS 1971). Most
rain occurs in May through September. Average annual snowfall is 121”, with average
January temperatures of minimum 15°F and average maximums of 28°F. Fog is an
important factor along Lake Michigan The height of the spoil pile traps the moisture on

the north side of the study area and effects the precipitation rate.

 

Figure 3-7, Precipitation Data

GLIMM'EWW

W hand it mm m county a! lie
WtWMMBWhh-mbym
“8|“thme Thelernhhgenly
mmammm $03“me

Coeperan've Extension Service (CBS). Fer defied m
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WMMNMWCES.

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eheemdatheNee’enalWeaMSewieeOtieethena. The
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mmmuamtsuNEdmeP0.0nflayt.
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ItestaimwesmedbanewWWTPtJuitVolmePQThe
eadenhasbeenethisloeaionbumt

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maximum

Eastman.“ 4882‘

- CLIMATOLOGEAL SUMMARY
STATISTICS

m w .
mam perm or mm }
mramvmnocam -
u eque- v. I
meta-om STATE W i
am '

 

 

Used with permission from Michigan State University Climetology Department.

24

 

Demographics:

The city is known as a resort community, meaning that a majority of the income
from the area is derived from those who are part-time residents or vacationers to the area.
Populations according to the US Census for the time period that the study took place are
16,541 in 1970, 19,907in 1980 and 21,468 in 1990. There were 13,119 households with
an average of 2.59 persons per household. The median age, as of 1990 was 34.7 years
old. The per capita income was $11, 632 in 1990 with a medium household income of
$24, 738. Population growth for the area is projected to be .59% (1990 Michigan Census
Data). Five industrial sites were present in the City of Charlevoix and Charlevoix
Township in 1990 and there is expected to be 9 acres set aside for industry by the year
2000. The economics for the area is service oriented. Retail, commercial and office
comprises the downtown. The major employer for the area is Medusa Cement Company
with 140 employees. There is a small industrial park on the north side of town comprised

of five light industrial manufactures.

City of C harlevoix Water Treatment

The City of Charlevoix obtains its water from Lake Michigan through a filtration
bed of sand and gravel. The water treatment plant’s capacity is 3,000,000 gallons per day
with a pressure of Il4lbs./sq.in. Additives to the water for drink-ability are fluoride,

chlorine, and alum. In the past polymers and phosphates have been added.

25

The City of Charlevoix’s Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) processes the
biosolids through the tertiary method, anaerobic digestion. The WWTP capacity is
277,000 gallons per day with a load of 300,000 gallons per day, a lagoon is used for up to
150 days of storage (Residuals Management Plan 1991). An average of 165,000 gallons
of biosolids at approximately 6% solids (41.33 tons) are land applied to the Medusa mine

reclamation project annually. A local farm is available for emergency use.

Historical Background:

In 1972 Site Planing Development began a small reclamation project (less than
one acre) located on Bell’s Bay Road. This area was developed into ten experimental plot
areas to observe vegetation establishment. In 1974, an eleven acre reclamation project
specification was developed for screening the cement plant from public view. In 1976 a
3-1/2 acre reclamation project was initiated for the Medusa’s Ellsworth Shale Quarry.
This site is located several miles away but used some of the initial testing results to
develop the reclamation process the Medusa Charlevoix Site. Even though the summer
of 1976 was droughty the site showed a 60% vegetative cover without irrigation.
Irrigation was added the following summer for a 75-80% vegetative cover with healthier
plant material. An additional 1-1/2 acres for wetland development was added to the
Ellsworth reclamation site in 1977. Total reclamation at this location by 1983 was 25
acres. The long-range reclamation plan was initiated in 1976 at the Medusa Charlevoix
site and completed in 1978, see Figure 3-10. The EIA addressed existing conditions and

projected future use if the site once the mining process ceased. Through the EIA the

26

Figure 3-8, Reclamation Area 1978:

 

W cm a?
Dummy ‘vat, DUMP

' Mme. maria? mm)

FIMIA"QH CF NORTH
‘..L. CW - cm ‘I 'TPU'V
WWI {Kiln 1.

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'- \ rwmuu. 04"?

979+ warm Pu. an war: -—$
' G W"
9‘3“. DUMP":

CH. plan 0!“ hr
Ifl'l WING

Ian as;

maven:

 

Proposed Quarry Expansion Plan, February 10, 1978
Used with permission from Site Planning Development, Inc.

27

 

importance of understanding the site specific conditions to determine the best methods for
vegetation establishment stressed the need for experimental procedures for vegetation
establishment. The main revegetation experimental plots were established in 1978, and
this is the site that the case study is derived from. The experimental plots included
ground covers and tree plantings.

The opportunities for biosolid disposal of the cities effluent are the proximity of
the waste water treatment plant to the site, the ability to use higher concentrations of
biosolids than other land applications, and the disposal of the by-products of urbanization.
The reclamation sites proximity to Lake Michigan, the Charlevoix Airport and the
neighboring residential areas increases the need to improved visual quality. The mine
reclamation of disturbed area for vegetation establishment area increase the beauty for
tourism and the environment by erosion control. The biosolid applications also increase
the vegetation establishment for meeting the reclamation requirements for mining.

The constraints of the study consisted of the use of someone else’s experiment to
derive information from and the inability to find complete records of biosolids and soil
sample information. Due to the pending legal issues at the Medusa Cement Company,
only limited information was available. The high amounts of calcium chloride and
magnesium are limiting factors for both the mining process and plant growth. Each of the
different treatment areas has a different aspects. This will effect evapotranspiration that
could potentially effect plant growth. The relationship to the lake limits the ability to use
biosolids were run-off enters water bodies.

The opportunities offer great potential for increased benefits for all parties

involved. The constraints are only limiting factors to a beneficial mine reclamation project.

28

After several trials with various fertilization methods, the use of biosolids were
detemrined to be the best aid in vegetation establishment by both adding nutrients and
water to the deficient soil. The use of biosolids also aided the community in disposal of
it’s waste at a lower cost. The 1978 reclamation plan called for use of the City of
Charlevoix biosolids to be used for a soil conditioner. Three areas of the site were chosen
for reclamation. Tree seedlings were to be planted on the north over burden pile, and a
temporary irrigation system to be installed until the seedlings became established. The
south overburden pile was to be revegetated with a grass and legume mixture. Finally,
the Consumers Power right-of-way along Quarry Drive was to be revegetated, again and a
special nitrogen formula added. In 1976 the right-of-way was vegetated and seedlings
planted, but, Consumers power sprayed to kill all undergrowth. In 1993 the area was
disturbed again by the Power Company to install new lines and once again revegetated,
see Figure 3-9 photos and site location Figure 3-11 on pg. 31. This area, due to its
multiple disturbances and managed control, is not a part of the study.

The original studies determined the plant materials best suited for vegetation
establishment at Medusa. As the mining process continued additional areas were added
for reclamation. The North and South spoil piles were eventually filled in with CKD and
capped with overburden. Biosolids have been the preferred method of fertilization and
moisture addition for increased soil building and vegetation establishment. The
reclamation project has been beneficial to both the mining site for community acceptance

and to the community for beneficial solid waste disposal.

29

 

Figure 3-9, Consumers Power Line disturbance area:

’ — It‘bk Og‘b :'

N

“1"?" 'e.

 

Photo A Taken in 1997, by Patricia Arnold Harmon

v.-
Q

l
'

 

- w?“$‘:<1" ' - ' "In... 1‘ "9%.. t

\

Photo B Taken in 1997, by Patricia Arnold Harmon
Access road and utility easement, disturbed again in 1995.

   

30

Figure 3-10, Study Site, Treatment Area Locations:

 

 

 

 

<-.—_-”~_- _ _ _~_-

1997 locations for vegetation surveys.

TA-l No seed or biosolids applied, control plot

TA-2 Seeded only no biosolids applied

TA-3 Not seeded, but biosolids applied

TA-4 Seeded and biosolids applied

TA-5 Seeded and trenched area were biosolids were only applied the first year.

31

Original Study:

The sever soils and harsh winter climate at the Medusa mining site required
special research for specific vegitation that would be conducive to the site for reclamation
purposes. The initial test sites used a variety of soil bed preparations, fertilization
mixtures, mulches, and ground cover seeding mixtures applied by hydroseeding.
Observation were made of those species that germinated, and grow for a minimum of two
seasons. Those that showed promise were tried a second time the following year.
Additional species were tried as other research elsewhere was added to the equation.

The first soil and biosolid analysis were taken in 1977. This information was used
to begin the larger scale experiments the following year. In 1978 ten experimental plots,
comprising of 4.5 acres, again used a variety of soil bed preparations, fertilization
mixtures, mulches, and ground cover seeding mixtures applied by hydroseeding. Seed
mixtures included various quantities of grasses, legumes and wildflowers. The use of
trenching and injecting biosolids to plant trees was used this first season. Both,
deciduous and evergreen tree species were also included in the experiments. These
included: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), white birch (Betula papyrz'fera L.),
Popular hybrid 2~O6, moutain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.),
and scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Plant species were tested for their tolerance to the
nutrient deficient overburden and highly alkaline precipitator dust (CKD). Fertilization
testing used a variety of formulations and rates to determine the best mixtures to adjust to
the sever conditions of the site. No provision for irrigation were provided for this first

year, but mulches were used at various application rates and types. This would give a

32

 

stronger indication of which plant species would be the most appropriate for the site
conditions. The fall of 1978 included the regarding of the north overburden pile, and
hydroseeding approximately twelve acres. An irrigation system was installed to prepare
for next season reclamation procedures.

The Summer of 1979 began the large scale reclamation that still exists today. The
north spoil pile consisted of all overburden materials and the southern spoil pile consisted
of a six foot cap of precipitation dust (CKD) from the cement making process. During
the mid to late eighties the area was filled in with CKD and covered with an overburden
cap, this is as the site is today. The reclamation is an ongoing process that adjusts to the
site conditions.

Each of the different test plots were seeded at different rates, fertilized at different
rates, and mulched or irrigated at different rates. Observations were made to calculate
germination and percent cover the first year and again the second season. This was the

process that determined the best species and method for establishment of vegetation.

Site Preparation:

Medusa used its own equipment to prepare the site for the spring 1978
reclamation. Bulldozes were used to grade and loosen the top layers of soil and the D9
for sub-soiling to a depth of thirty-six to forty-two inches. Slopes were graded to a
maximum of 6%, were biosolids were to be applied. The D9 dug trenches 9’ wide, 80’
long and 36” deep into which biosolids where added. Then trees were planted at 10’ o.c.

using Osmocote for additional fertilization for every other plant. But, because of the

33

extremely rocky soils, biosolid injections were not used after this first year. The furrows
are still visible today and are referred to as treatment area TA-5. Fall hyroseeding was
completed mid August and irrigation used for better seed germination. A graphic

representation of the procedure follows:

Tractor digs furrow (were slopes allow)

Biosolids injected into furrows

 

Hydroseed grasses, vetch, wildflowers
Biosolids sprayed over surfaces

Seedlings planted

 

Ir all: ‘ \‘ - ' 7'

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r

 

 

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1.. O. J a ::.. ._', v _ .Q". '0’“! “‘41.. .J'.‘ G“ a. .0

 

(Figure 3-11) RECLAMATION PLANTING PROCEDURE:
( Used with permission from Site Planning Development, Inc., 1978 Management Plan)

Plant Species Selection:

After many trials of tree and ground cover testing and analysis, specific species

were chosen for large scale plantings. The trials for trees species began in 1978 using a
34

variety of native and hybrid plant species. A furrow or trench was created then filled with
biosolids. One-hundred seventy-six trees were then planted 10’ o.c. with additional
fertilizer added to every other plant. Tree diameters ranged from 1-1/2” to 2-1/2”. The
deciduous tree species used the first year (1978) in treatment area TA-S and their survival
rates without irrigation were: Norway maple (Acer platanoides, L.) 95%, paper birch
(Betula papyrifera, L.) 100%, Populus Hybrid (clone 2-06) 84%, English oak (Quercus
robur, L.) 57%, European mountainash (Sorbus aucuparia, L.) 60%, and oak (Quercus
borealis, L.) 52%. The evergreen species trials included white pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.)
47%, and white cedar (Thuja occidentallis, L.) 87%. By 1983 only 35% of the trees
survived. Primarily the European mountainash, Populus Hybrid (clone 2-06) and white
cedar.

During the 1979 planting season the large scale reclamation process began using
the data gained thus far. The tree species planted were those that had a survival rate of
80% or better. Five-thousand four-hundred 18-24” seedlings were planted the second
year at a rate of about 400 trees to the acre. All trees were hand planted both on the
slopes and in the remaining furrows from the soil conditioning process of the previous
season. Their survival rate with irrigation averaged about 92%.

Ground covers were put through a battery of tests that included different seeding
mixtures, fertilization rates and methods, irrigation and mulching methods. The North
overburden pile, along with the trees, was hyroseeded with: Crown vetch (Coronilla
varia, L.) at 10 lbs. per acre; white sweet clover (Melitotus alba, L.) at 10 lbs. per acre;
rye (Secale cereale, L.) at 20 lbs. per acre and wildflowers. The south overburden pile,

treatment area (TA-4), was hydroseeded with a grass seed mixture of rye, Kentuky

35

bluegrass (Poa pratensis, L.), red fescue (Festua rubra ‘Pennlawn’, L.), white sweet
clover, crown vetch, and mulched with a product called Verdyol Mulch. Additional
fertilizer, 6-24-24, is added the first season at a rate of 600 lbs. per acre. The area was
also irrigated until vegetation become established. Treatment area ,TA-2, the south slope
of the south overburden pile was hydroseeded at a rate of: Coronilla varia at 10 lbs. per
acer; white sweet clover at 10 lbs. per acre; 40% rye ‘Manhatten’; 20% red fescue
‘Baron’; 20% red fescue ‘Nugget’; 20% red fescue ‘Pennlawn’, and Elymus at 160 lbs
per acer. Additional fertilizer, 6-24-24, is added the first season at a rate of 600 lbs. per

acre. Coverage for all locations ranged from 80-100%.

Table 3-2. The vegetation determined to be best adjusted to sight conditions are:

Trees

Acer platanoides Norway Maple

Betula maximowicziana Monarch Birch

Betula nigra River Birch

Betula papyrifera Paper Birch

Betula populzfolia Yellow Birch

F raxinus americana White ash

F rarinus pennsylvanica Green Ash

Populus Hybrid 2-06 Poplar Hybrid 2-06
Thuja occidentalis Eastern White Cedar
Groundcovers

Coronilla varia Penngifi Crownvetch
Melitotus alba White Sweet Clover
Secale cereale, Perennial rye grass seed mixture
Elymus, Lolium perenne Grasses & Wildflowers

36

Method of Vegitation Establishment:

Various methods were tried in order to gain and maintain better vegetation
establishment. The temporary irrigation system was only used the first and second season
during extreme dry spells. Mulches were added as part of the hydroseeding process to
maintain moisture better. Fertilizers rates were based on soil sample test results and
biosolid additions. Most of these methods were only used the first season for immediate
vegetation establishment, long term biosolid additions being the only exception.

Soil samples were taken in March 1978 and used to determine fertilization rates,
see Table 3-2A. Soil type and pH were also determined to be 2 clay, sand and limestone,
with pH ranges of 7.5-9.0. Original pH levels at these location in 1977 ranged from 8.5-
12.6. Kiln dust pH ranged from 10.8-13.0. The pH was also monitored to determine
liming needs, a normal requirement for soil analysis. Loading rates for 1978 were 35
Nitrogen pounds per acre, 230 P205 pounds per acre and 70 K20 pounds per acre, no
lime is needed. This data was used as part of the testing of vegetation establishment
trials.

Fertilization rates used during the 1979 planting season were determined by the
Cooperative Extension Service. They were as follows: trees 160 N lb/ac., 200 P205
lb/ac., 70 K20 lb/ac., no lime; ground covers trees 160 N lb/ac., 200 P205 lb/ac., 70 K20
lb/ac. Biosolids were used as a portion of these requirements and to add moisture and
organics.

Beginning May 1, 1979, the full scale biosolid applications were transported via

Finn Hydroseeder to the reclamation site and continued till November. The first month

37

surface land application was applied at approximately 40,000 gallons, or about 10,000
gallons per acre, or 2.5 dry tons per acre. Surface applications continued at a rate of
12,000 gallons per month. From the soil test the loading rates for nutrients and potential

toxins were:

N (14 lbs/ton) (2.5 ton/acre) = 35 lbs. N/acre
P (92 lbs/ton) (2.5 ton/acre) = 230 lbs. P/acre
K (2.6 lbs/ton) (2.5 ton/acre) = 6.5 lbs. K/acre
Pb (.92 lbs/ton) (2.5 ton/acre) = 2.3 lbs. Pb/acre
Zn (2.4 1bs/ton)(2.5 ton/acre) = 8.0 lbs. Zn/acre
Cu (3.2 lbs/ton) (2.5 ton/acre) = 6.0 lbs. Cu/acre
Ni (.13 lbs/ton) (2.5 ton/acre) = .325 lbs. Ni/acre
Cd (.07 lbs/ton) (2.5 ton/acre) = .175 lbs. Cd/acre

Supplemental fertilizer was applied for vegetation establishment at a rate of 150 lbs. Per
acre of (NH4)2 804. Biosolids were analyzed monthly, see Tables 3-3A-C and additional
soil test were analyzed in October, to determine if any problems from biosolid
applications would arise.

The first couple of years included monthly soil, biosolid and groundwater
analysis. After no adverse affects were shown, than five soil samples are taken annually
from the biosolid applied areas, for analysis to determine biosolid application rates and to
monitor chemical loading. Biosolids and drying bed samples, (note: drying bed samples
were not required until 1987), were also taken on an annual basis to monitor their content
for excessive medals, see Tables 3-4A & 3-4B. This information was required for land

application of solid waste permits.

38

Available Soil Testing Data:

Table 3-3A,

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0.590

0.530

2:an

m

2.63... sow

 

flap

5.:

N
ed

In 4.8

 

 

2.2.

 

 

aha ..

as:

 

.4

 

 

«so, _ use.

hum _.

by

mmmhm5<m<n

 

Mmmfl m Hmmw e

 

 

0* £802

a £032

3 .828

”$35290u

«a .828 w E .828

 

afieufihnfifiza:

0x0 20

Cantatas

9.0939301.M 0x0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-‘-fii -_ .. .4

 

p_.——-_

 

 

 

_ m
<._.<D 02:.th 4.0m

 

39

Available Soil Testing Data:

Table 3-3B,

8E: 8:5: 222 u. 638 3 8.82.“.

can“...

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

w a“
_ .2me 23¢.
8.2 8.» _. a EVEN.
8.o _ 8.o . . w .525
88 _ 88 W L 538.8
v i_ _ z 1 .222
u M _ z u 5:538:
88 88 _. m L . w :38:
8.... o: . a 83
o: 8... . @9888
8.... 2... 22525
8.8 86 22580
8.2 8.” n. 52.3
3.. 8.. a _ 2:82.
98:. 9.35 J. L M . Emu a uni... 33.9”
. _ u
a M _ 539282355
2 a 895.2 .8202 .8...
. _
_ ow. o.» _ as: 5:388:
. L1 98 8.8 A80 .538
_ 3 9n 8.5.338
3 a @3835
4. «N "mhzmihmz agar
_
2 t l _ 8 . t r 48:2: 03
. _ 4. L M 2.68» :8
ed M 3 L. as L 3 a.» . :m.__ow
rIIIL ill , _ mamas—<15.
«mar 33 32. 82. "32. _ 32 32.
«in: s. a: L 3. .32 3.32
_, m
_ z. ._ fl
« _ w u L L Z-Pmmh 1:0”

 

 

40

Available Soil Testing Data

Table 3-3C,

atwwcoccoIU—gigmsgm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

888% , u _ _ . .oummfi .
.258 v _ H . .r .25.. .
4. , k _
.888 8. m 8.8 _ 88¢ _ 88. 88. 88 8.8 F88. 88 fl 3%
. 8N. 8.N . 8.. 8 88 H 3.. 8.. . 8.. _ _ 88 ._ 88 88 W 52.8
W 8 8 8 w N88 8 :8 M 88 L 88 . B8 _ 88 _ 88 88 .. 85.8.88
_ 88. 8. .1 L. _ . _ . _ _ _ 38.2.
W88 N88 . H W n H . w 58838:—
_ 8 N88 . .88 H 88 w .88 88 w 88 8 88 _. 88 . 88 .. 88.8...—
.88.N .N 8.8 _ 8.8 _ 88. 88 L. 88. 88 W 88 . 88 8 88..
.88. 8 .8 8.. .888 8.8 8..NJ. 8.8 8.8 _ 88 8.8 . 86.388
888. _ N. 88. 88. 8... 8... a 88 88 _ 88 8.8 53.8.8—
. 88 88 u 8... 8.. 8.. 8.8 w 888 88 . 8.8 88 52588—
883 88 . 88 888 88 . 8... . 88 8.8 _ 8.8 88. L Est
8888. 88 _ M 38 _ 8.. 8... ,8 8.. _ v.8 _ 88 88 8.. _ 285
m can 9:9: 8 9:9: . 9:9: 9:9: . 9:9: L. 9.3:. _ 9:9: _ 9:9: 9:9: __ E .43.. .—.
w .r _ .
8 L . _ _ 8 coaoazéacoeg
“ . 8 T _ 8888.2 28.8? .38.
8 _ . L.
. _ . Aqagzocuwfl
_ _ . 3.28.28—
. . 283.388.“.—
_ 888828828
8 <
m _
. . t N. N. 88:8. 80
. :8 8.88 L L. 28:82.8
88 88 N8... 8. . 8... 8N... _ N2 88 . .8 88 1.3.08
. way—MEIR
. .22 8.2 8...? 38.2 822 NEE? 3.83 83 52 38.2 8 8.8:
8 H _ H r
8 _ . ._ .. M .
. . _ _
M . fl . _ 2.5."; 808

 

 

4|

Table 3-4A, Available Biosolids Testing Data:

8E: 88:82 28.2 .x «as... .8 82828

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_ _ 888.3 8% :26 8 838 8.38... .38. 8
8 8 8 . JL. 8
L . 8 8 8 F _L
888N 8.88 8.88 8.88.. 8.8.8 .8.8N.N 88.8 8.888 .8888 8.88. 8 L @888
fi 8 _ j
. 8 8 8 _ 8 .025
8 8 _ _ _ 8 28.8.8
888 8.8 T888 8...... 8.8 888 8.8 888 8.8. 888 8L L 82:88.22
8 8 88 8 8 . 588383
. _ L. _ . 8 Pg:
88... 8.88 .888 8.88 8.88 ”8.8. 88.8 88.8. .88... .883 8 8 38888:
8.88.888. 888. 88.88.. 888.. L883 .8.8..N L8.888 “8.888 L888. 8 _ 3:882
88.. 88.8. 88.8. 88.8. ”8.8. .88.. 88.8. .888. 88.8N 88888 5853525—
88. .88. .88. 88. 8.8. H88. .88. .88. 8.8 H88.. 385885882
8 8. my...“
E3 E9. £3 E3 E3 L can 8 can Eng Eng can E L E ".2... ._.
8 8
8L .LT 82888
88.8.0
_ £8.88
8 coup—=2 2:8?an
. 88282 252
88 _..N8 L88 L888 .38 .88 .88 888 .88 .88 2.8288888828828558.
.1. L8. 88.. 8.. 8.8 .8. 8...N .888 888 88 2422888882 28.8.8 .88:
N88 N88 .88 .88... .888 N88 .888 88.8 8.8 8.8 A @8223...—
_ 8 8m 58.8.. as.
8 8 l 80858.26.
88 .88 88 L88 .88 88 .88 .88 +88 8.8 81 2.588838%
N88 8... L8... 88 .88 88. 8.. “88 88 .88 m $882882:
8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8 8 x 8. 8. x. x
_. 8
888 38 88 .88 L88 .8... 88... .88 .88 LN8
88 88 888 .88 .88 888 88 .888 8..
8 _
camp 82. on _. 32. came 8 can. 82. 32. 8a.. 8 char km...
83 .32 N3 .32 .3 .52 .3280 1852888. .892 . 88.. .82 .8888“. 8.852888. W
8 _ .. . 8 8
_ _ W _ _ 8 <._.<o 02.5.5. mofiomofi

 

 

42

Available Biosolids Testing Data:

Table 3-4B,

82.... 8:8: 8.82 a. 85:. z 3.82..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_ . 8886 8 . 8
8 . .25.. ago 2%..
8 .
88.88 . 8.88. 8.8.. 88.8. . .5. 8n
. . . 8L .9...
.89 8 8 _ 8 528.8
88? 8 .88. 8.8 8.3 8 828 .992
adv 8 88 . . . E W‘—
8~.ov 8 . 8 E832
88.8 . 8 .88.. .8. .. .88.. an. 8...—
8888 8 8 .888 88.8. .888. 88. .
. 8.8.8 8 _ _ 8.8. 888. L888 . 8. 58.5282
.88 . 8 8.88 88 88v .88 88.280—
8 8 8 8 6:28.
88.v .r _ 8 . 2:32
888. 8 8 98... 98... 8 98... E .. ".2 h
L. . 8 8
8 _ . 8 88%
L._ _ . . 8 8.3.0
8 . 8 . L. 8
L. 8 8 4.. . _
. . . 8 u 85.88
8 _ . . «8.88 .88.. 888 888.22%
8.8 . . . .8. .8 "88. 8.88 889.2 352
8.. . L. . 8 8.8.8. 88888 .888 8.802888828582588
.88 8 . . . 8 .8... .2422. 8% 2.81.. .38.
8 8 8 8 8 5
Ned 8 8 .. L. A .2 En.»
8 88 M 8 . . . 8 .8. .528_
8 E8 8 . . 888.. 8.88 .888 w o: 83.8388
8 888 a _ ., 8 88888 888.8 88.8 8 a. 3.289...
. . .x. 8 8 8 9.35 do... 8 .x. as... .j. szS ._<Id._. 8..
8 _ 8 8 8 . 8
. r88 _ I 8 8 u 88 8.88 8.8 888....
_ 8 +88 8 8 8 .88.... x
8 8 8 . . 8 mmmhmflflmfiu
8|.Illllllll. _.I|IL.l..rIIlIIII1||.L .
83898" 82. .Smfgmwbaaivcmw 33839.8 33. 5a.. . 32. 8
8 1852628 . 8 8. . 83.8.88 . .38 . .8:
8 8 . 8L 8 8 8 .
8 8 . 8 _ , L
. 8 8 8 Gszm... wo_._OmO_m
8 . _ _

 

 

 

 

43

Available Biosolids Testing Data:

Table 3-4C,

8E: 85.: 8.82 a. 85:. E 8.88..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 
 

 

 

 

oaafi . W 8 F o .8 . _ _ _
25$ m w 8 .8 2mm.“ _ . 8 w
_ . L. _ . p r . _ W
888 888 888 8.88 8.88 8.8 8.8 .888 ”88 ~ch 28
8.8 .884 8.8 .888 8.8 .88 88 M .88 _ 32.»
J88 flow; 88 8.. -8... 8+ 88 38v +8.8 825.3
8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 88 .88 -88 . . a... .222
88. 88 88 .8... 88 88 88 88v . . 5:838:
8+ 88 .88 8mm 88 38 88 $88 8.9 _ 8:223
8.8 8.5 8.8 48.8 8.8 ”.88 8+ 8.8 M 8v 8 39 83.
8.88 8.88 888 .888 888 .88.. 8.8 881 «.8 . 458.888.
8.3 8.3 8.8. 8.5 8.8 83 88 88. 88.8 J 58 52525.
8 8 8 S 8 8 .188. 8: 88 .88 8 8 8 8V 8 so. 58.580—
8 88 8 88. .8 88. 888 .888 8.8 8 F. 8 .5 V M 688.
8+ .28 8 z -88 8.. 88 88 8.. 3 8v 8 2:82
. 9:9: “1 8&9... M 9:9: H 9.3:. w 9:85 _ 9:85 M 9.3:. 9:86 _ 9.35 8 E .6 E 34» b
_ .1 8 N . _ .
v H 8 H _ r W _
8.8:. 8.88 .8888 88 88 8 .u .h 85.8
88.8 8.88 8.88 88 .88 _ _ , _ 8820
9885 . 8.886 _ 9:8. 8 x. 8 8 ._ 8 _
n __ M 8 8 .8
88 .88 .28 8:8 .28 4. 88858: I n . 628m
_ .. M . a w u. . H coach? Rama
.5888 88 88 838 88 8 n 8.9 M 888.2 2282
+88 .88 .88 8.. 88 8 _ 888. 8 3828 589.82.58.85.
.88 8.8 ”8.. .83 woo.» .. .. 8.82 _ .8 AzizFoaogzZanoEEE
_ 81 m 8 . 8T 8 H 8 88832.83
88 88 88 .88 .88 . u 8.88 8 36528: .2
888 .88 .8 a 88 .88 w 8888 . A8. 5228.
E8 -38 888 88 :8 .. 4.8.3. .8 a 3 588m.
88 :8. .8 8 .88 88 8.8: a J.
w x x. a 8 x .. .x. r _ 9.3:.
_ _ _ _
_ . 8 , _
8 8 8... 8 8 2 8 .88 8 8 .8 8 «Bow 8..
2. 8.8 :8 H N _ _ J" 8 z
_ . U 4. U . m ._ _ 8 55:52..
32; 32. .8 on: . 32. 8 3a.. b n 2. W «3.. _ «8.. u 39. M 5m:
835.. W .88 . 52 . 53.2 ”r .828 . .8288 . 8as. .. 882. U 3 £8...“
8 _ m . _r m . . M .
_ _ 8 fl 8

 

a

 

. w H M 8 82:8: 8:0.me

 

Available Drying Beds Testing Data:

Table 3-5A,

8E: 855: 385. .v. 8.8“. .5 8282..

 

_ . .

_ . _ .

 

 

 

.82.... 85383 on. o

8 . .

8.83 823 E8. 8 8 can 80%...» «3. 5.33. ._
_ 09.2.0 . _

 

Emma

 

[4‘

a _ ..

 

 

 

.

usN

 

 

.025

 

58.828

 

 

fil-k—ai -—J»--

.9322

 

 

~ c4>—-——<v—-J

6883.82

 

x5232

 

U53

 

 

.2500

 

 

$259.8

 

ESEuoO

 

 

Eatam

 

 

2:03

 

x8: »

 

 

-4-_¢_ -

 

 

 

 

020:5

 

023.50

 

 

 

 

Aulz. 58.8»

 

 

cog: .898.th

 

 

 

.zsxz. 8.88.2.SSEes

 

.._. _ ... _ ..r._......‘.-._4,_-- ,.-_. _

_....4 __ -qr

 

2.628 88.5.2 28.8. .38

 

as. 28.8.. as.

 

.8. £8.28

 

 

a Sagan.

 

a. 8.289.“.

 

 

 

 

 

 

_

 

 

 

 

 

 

.

 

ll

woo v

 

 

mam... Sgt

 

 

4

mmufl .mmmw.

 

r

.
_
.

Inlo 8 m '88.. 188 :88 .

<._.<D hmmh

 

 

 

.

T .
_ .
.
_

 

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_

.
_
.
.
.

momm 02_>m0

 

 

45

at: :0...th 20E< .v. «gum 3 832m

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Available Drying Beds Testing Data

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 23-53,

J _ . . _ .82 eezfifidfidagog?
. .. .. . m _ M
8:20 L . . 8:20 .q . _ . .
2%.... . .1 . 2mm... . .. _1 . .
M a . . w _ L . .1
as _ o8 . o8 . o8 _ 8.. . . W . 82w _ can
8 5 _ N. _ 9. 8 . . _ 8: . .36
8.... c 8... . 83 , F F . _. 1. .1 o u 5:518
8. 8 1 R . E . 2 _ 2 . _ 89 . .392
3 _ 2. 2|. 9 . a . . . . 8.. _ 5:838:
8... t a. 8... _ o _ 9o . . . . u o . 883.2
1 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 _ 8 . . . . H 82.. . 83
. 8» 8o 8.. 2.8 1. o3 . . .1 .T a 82. . .088
o: 8 8 a...» . 8n . . . . . 88. . 52528
w c h m. to ad . .3 . . . .1 m 8.. . 53.580
oz 8.. o; . 98.. . 8n . 1. _ _ 89m _ 5.58
3 a... L 3 _ «a . I . . W 88. . 2:82
9:9: 9:9... H 9.3:. 9:95 W 9.3:. M . _. . MAE-5.113.... GM,
. _ . u .1 M n
. H . w l. w
8.. .882 m 8.82.. 8 N 82. _ . . . . 8.5.5
8.. 858. . 8.88 .2. . 38.. _ . . . 3.3.8
95:. 9:9: 93:. .x. .x. . . M _ .
W _ M F. “—1 p
8... 82. 8... 8.. 2o... . .r . . _ . 82.5.88
8... 8o _ 8... Boo . 2o... . . M . 885.2 .2852.
8... 3.. 2.... «a... 82. 1 _ . 2.4.2. 8852555353
8.. . 8 o o: 2.... 8. o . . 2.62. 88...: 533.2 .38
8... . 8 o a... 8... _ .8 o . W _ .21... 528.. a:
8.. _ 2a 8a 8... . 8..... M . . d8. 5228
3... . «8... 8o... 8... H 8..... . . _ . . 852880..
8... . .3. _ 8+ . o1 .. «~86 . . 5 E. 33885.
3 3 u or _% .x. . 3 . . u ,
H w . _
8.8 8.8 . 8.8 . 8.8 8.8 . . m «5...
88 ts _ as . 4 _ . _ N3
. . . . . . _ Jammfiss. ..
. . m H . . __ .
. . . . . . ,
. fl . m . . . ._
. M . _ L. . . . . . <58 5m:
4. . _ _ 4 _ . . .
. _ . _ _ a W . q . momm 62.55

 

 

 

46

Management & Afiercare of Restored Lands:

Mining is an active process thus as additional soil disturbance occurred the
methods learned in the original reclamation experiments where used to establish
vegetation on the newly disturbed areas. These included grading, fertilization, seeding,
irrigation, and biosolid applications. To date there are approximately 60 reclaimed acres.
After initial establishment of vegetation, continual biosolid land applications were the
only method of fertilization used to aid in the soil building process. Soil, biosolids and
drying bed samples are taken annually for test analysis. This information is used for the
permitting process of biosolids for land application, and used for monitoring chemical
loading and determining biosolids application rate. The results of the available biosolids
analysis are in Tables 3-2A, 3-28, and 3-2C, the drying bed analysis is in Tables 3-3A, 3-
3B and 3-3c, and the soil analysis are in , see Tables 3-4A and 3-4B. Soil samples were
only taken from TA-3 and TA—4 areas because these were the only areas were long term
biosolids were applied.

Land applied biosolids had to be monitored for environmental risk. The legal
requirements for biosolids applications is permitted through the Michigan Department of
Natural Resources (MDNR) and District #3 Health Department. The Program for
Effective Residuals Management, (PERM), has been revamped about every five years
during the course of the project. The most recent is expected to take affect July 1998.
Each time the requirements changed it is reflected in the soil, and biosolids analysis. To
date there has not been a problem with contamination of the reclamation site from

biosolid applications.

47

The same applicator, Jerry Gerbelski, used the Finn hydoseeder for surface
allocations for the entire twenty-five years. Average annual biosolid applications are
between 500,00-600,000 gallons or about 9,000-10,000 gallons per acre. The amount of
application is basted on the length of application season. Most season are May to
October, but during mild winters applications can begin in April and finish in November.
Season refers to whether the ground is frozen or not. Permitting does not allow

application on frozen ground.

Sources of Data & Data Collection Plan:

The data used for this case study include physical, demographic and site specific
information pertaining directly to the case study. The physical data obtained consisted of:
geologic data from core samples on site and past studies of the area; location maps from
1983 United States Geological Survey Map (USGS); topological data from the 1981
Reclamation Plan presented by Site Planning Development, Inc.: soils, hydrology,
vegetation and wildlife data from 1974 United States Department of Agriculture Soil
Conservation Service (USDASCS); and 30 year climate data from Michigan Department
of Agriculture Climatology Program at Michigan State University; and 1974 and 1994
airphotos from Site Planning Development, Inc., Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) and Abram Aerial Photography. The demographic information was
obtained from: 1990 census data from the University of Michigan, Michigan Census
Data; and City of Charlevoix water data from Michigan Department of Environmental

Quality and the Long Term Management Plan for the Charlevoix Waste Water Treatment

48

Plant. The complete data source list can be found in the bibliography. The site specific
data included: photography of the site taken 1980-2, 1995 and 1997; the vegetation
survey was conducted during the summer of 1997; and biosolids and soil analysis from
the City of Charlevoix Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). While employed at Site
Planning Development (SPD), I was able to survey the past files for relative information
on the Medusa Reclamation Project. Most of the information collected consisted of
historical data and long term management plans. I conducted interviews with John
Campbell at SPD, Sam Crestwell at the WWTP, several employees that were employed
during the initial testing period, and Jerry Gerbelski, from SPD, (the land applicator for
the biosolids since the beginning of the project).

The data collection plan began with a literature review (Chapter 2), then I obtain
the existing secondary data from the various sources listed above and finely to collect the
primary data fiom field studies. While employed at SPD a search of old files revealed
historical data and management information. Periodic interviews with Mr. Campbell and
Mr. Crestwell brought basic understanding of the long term reclamation project. Soil and
biosolid test results were obtained from WWTP, dead files and attempts to contact past
testing labs. The Labs that I was able to contact either did not keep records for that
extended length of time or would not release that information. The vegetation survey
was conducted May 27 - August 30, 1997 through direct field observations. Photographs

were taken during these site visits, with the early photo records supplied by SPD.

49

Methodology & Procedures:

The historic data was obtained through interviews and examining the projects past
files. As an employee of Site Planing Development I was able to examine the old files
pertaining to the reclamation project. John Campbell was readily available for
explanation of project from it’s inception to present project status. This included the
environmental assessment documents, permits, testing procedures, monitoring, vegetation
growth rates and long term management including biosolids application. The long term
monitoring by the DEQ’s permitting process allowed for soil, digested biosolids and
drying bed analysis.

The gathered secondary testing data is presented in three different tables;
biosolids, drying beds and soils. The soil test samples were obtained only were biosolids
were applied. Each table was broken down into parameters, total nutrients and total
heavy metals. Soil test results consisted of parameters of soil texture, soil pH and cation
exchange capacity (CEC). The soil pH effects the plants ability to uptake nutrients. The
CKD and limestone parent material are highly alkaline as the CKD testing data shows in
Table 3-3A. The drying bed test data was not required in the initial study, but, was
required later with the first data available in 1988. The tables for both the drying bed and
biosolids included parameters for pH and percent solids. Depending on the lab used and
the PERM requirements the recording of the macro and micro-nutrients varies between
ppm, % and mg/kg. Not all the interim years were available. The dates that were

available were: soil tests 1977-8, 1980, 1988, 1992, 1994, and 1996-7. Biosolid test

50

results available include 1977, 1980-1, 1988, and 1991-7. The available test results were
used to track soil pH, and chemistry.

Primary collected data included the soil samples from the spring of 1995 and
vegetation collections obtained during the summer of 1997. The soil samples were
obtained from five random sites were the biosolids were to be applied for the season. The
process involved digging down 8—10” and removing 2” of soil. Between soil sample the
tools were cleaned with a cleansing phosphate and rinsed with distilled water. Soil
samples were than sent to the lab for analysis. The resulting information is found in
Table 3-3C.

The vegetation survey divided the site into five different treatment areas. The
vegetation was identified and stem counts performed in 60 quarter meter plots for each
treatment area. The five different treatment areas were, (see Figure 3-10 on page 28):
(TA-1) = the control plot, a disturbed area that has not been seeded or received biosolids
applications; (TA-2) a disturbed area that has been seeded but has not had any biosolid
applications; (TA-3) = has not been seeded but has had continual biosolid applications;
(TA-4) = a disturbed area that was both seeded and had biosolids applied continually;
(TA-5) is a disturbed area that was originally trenched with only one year of biosolids
applied. Each of these different treatment areas were of different sizes and numbers are
to be adjusted to represent equal distribution. This information will be compared with the
initial vegetation establishment at the inception of the project. The data collection of
herbaceous plant species, their numbers, and establishment of tree counts will be used to

determine frequency, density, abundance and from each of the five treatment areas.

51

The measuring technique used was the Random Plot Method (Cain 1959, Phillips
1958, Barbour et al. 1987). This involved the locating 60 different 'A meter plots in each
of the five treatment areas. This number of plots meets the Braun-Blanquet (1932)
definition of adequate plot sample curve. The plots were determined using a random
number table to establish the number of paces and the direction of travel. The edge
effects were avoided by omitting counts until the road areas were crossed then resuming
the count into the remaining area. The pin ball effect was used when reaching the limits
of the treatment areas. Each plot was surveyed for identification of species type, number
of different species, percent cover for each species and the total cover for all species.
Only those species with stems located with in the ‘A meter plots were counted, trees were
calculated separately, although they were mentioned if they fell within a plot. A
photographic record was also made for future reference of each plot. Each photograph
included a north determination and card that recorded date, plot number and treatment
area. Samples of vegetation were added to the card for future identification. The only
one area, TA-S, contains trees of 4 inch diameter or greater at breast height, (DBH). All
of the trees were planted as part of the reclamation project.

Each treatment area data was recorded into a table that recorded whether moss or
trees were present Forbs and grasses was recorded for both counts and variety of species.
Simple averages were calculated and used for the discussion. This included presence of
crown vetch, presence of moss, presence of grass and presence of forbs. The data
collection of herbaceous plant species, their numbers, and establishment of tree counts
will be used to determine frequency, density, abundance and from each of the five

treatment areas. This in turn compared the number of variety of each with in the various

52

treatment areas or if there was any vegetation present at all. The table included the forbs
that were grouped into total number of identified varieties in each plot, greatest number of
identified varieties per plot, plots with forbs only, plots with crown vetch, plots with both
forbs and grasses. The grass data was broken down into total number of identified
varieties, greatest number of identified species per plot, plots that contain grasses only,
plots that contain grass and finely the percent area surveyed for each treatment area.
visual observations as to percent cover were noted in each area, by comparing the stand

with a chart.

53

Chapter IV Discussion

A. Case Study of Biosolids Application

“Although, Michigan law (Amended Mine Reclamation Act No. 92) does
not require reclamation until a mining area is abandoned, Medusa Cement
began revegetation experiments in the early stages of their Charlevoix
quarry operation (Medusa North Publication, Summer 1978).”

Discussion:

The parameter of vegetation to be considered here is simply the total amount
expressed as density, frequency and abundance accomplished by vegetation counts.
Detailed data can be found in table 4-2, Vegetation Analysis. The present study area was
grouped into five different treatment areas, see Figure 3-10 on page 28. All areas were on
disturbed soil with different treatments added for vegetation establishment. Treatment
area, (TA-1) the control plot, was on overburden materials and has never had any seeding
or biosolids applied. The site is approximately 836 square meters located on the west
side of the study area. Volunteer trees are becoming established in this area. The area
vegetation coverage is approximately 60 to 75% and has a diverse population, see photos
in Figure 4—2 and 4-3.

Treatment area (TA-2), is a disturbed area that has been seeded but has not had
any biosolid applied. The southern exposure and steep SIOpes are not conducive for

moisture retention. The site is approximately 3,260 square meters located on the south

54

side of the overburden spoil pile. It has a two foot cap of overburden on CKD with a
slope of 45-50%. In several areas the cap has slid down the hill and exposed the CKD.
Vegetation is not present in these areas. Several volunteer trees and small shrubs/scrub
vegetation has begun in small areas (see photos in Figure 4-4 and 4-5). In the remaining
area vegetation coverage is approximately 75 to 90% and has a diverse population.

Treatment area (TA-3), has not been seeded but has had continual biosolid
applications. The site is approximately 3,261 square meters located on the east side of
the study area. This lower plateau area is adjacent to the Charlevoix WWTP. The area
vegetation coverage is approximately 85 to 95% and has a somewhat diverse population.
See photos in Figure 4-6 and 4-7.

Treatment area (TA-4), is a disturbed area that was both seeded and had continual
biosolid applications. The site is approximately 22,483 square meters located on the
highest part of the overburden spoil pile, and is a relatively flat area. The area vegetation
coverage is approximately 100% and has areas of mono-cultures or large population
colonies. Several access drives run through this area (see figure 4-1). Here vegetation
edge effects were omitted while conducting the flora survey. See photos in Figure 4-8
and 4-9.

Treatment area (TA-5), is a disturbed area that was originally trenched in 1978
and had only one year of biosolids applied by both injection and surface applications. The
site is approximately 14,865 square meters located on the north side of the study area.
The north facing slopes trap moisture from Lake Michigan and has a slower evpo-
transpiration rate than the south facing slopes. This is and area TA-2 are two areas were

aspect and the resulting micro climates have effected vegetation growth The area

55

vegetation coverage is approximately 85 to 95% and has a somewhat diverse population.
Trees were planted in this area and are the only place on the study site were trees have a

DBH of greater than 4”. See photos in Figure 4-10 and 4-11.

Trace Metal Loading:

The chemical results for biosolids, drying beds, and soils were obtained through
Site Planning Development (SPD) and the City if Charlevoix Waste Water Treatment
Plant (WWTP). Early biosolids data was obtain from SPD, while data from 1992 to
present was supplied by W WTP. After the initial testing, SPD had the test results sent
directly to the WWTP and did not receive copies of the results. The WWTP only keeps
their analysis reports for five years. For this reason data was not available between 1981-
1991. The testing labs and dates used were: Michigan State University, 1977-78, 1980,
1988; Aquatic Systems, Inc. 1981; _AR Laboratories, Inc. 1988; SEG Laboratories, Inc.
1991; Analytical Laboratories, Inc. 1992; Huron Valley Laboratories, Inc. 1993-1997.
The resulting data was imputed into the following tables. The yearly biosolids testing
results is located in Table 4-2. The yearly drying bed analysis is located is in Appendix
A-12 & A-3. The yearly soil analysis for treatment areas TA-3 and TA-4 and is located
Table 3A, 3B and 3C..

The Program for Effective Residual Management (PERM) determined the results
data required. Each time the PERM requirements changed a slight variation in the
chemicals annualized is apparent. Drying bed testing did not begin until 1988. The

various lab reports give different quantity notations for several of the parameters. An

56

example would be, the use of parts-per-million in the early biosolid analysis, is now being
measured in milligrams-per-kilogram. Several other variation in notation are noted.
Unusually high concentrations of copper where found in the early chemical
analysis of the biosolids. The final determination for these high concentration was, that
much of the residential community was still using copper tubing for its plumbing and
with the added chemicals for potable water the chemical reactions increased the copper in
the discharge system. Other high concentration of metals in biosolids included lead and
zinc. The various industrial inputs into the WWTP are believed to be the source of these

concentrations.

Existing Vegetation:

Tables were created for each of the treatment areas from the information collected
on each ‘A m2 plot. The vegetation analysis table on page 76 summarizes the information
collected. The frequency, density and variety are able to be calculated because of the
gathered data looked at species and counts. The species inventory table on page72 is the
accumulation of all species present on the reclamation study area.

Treatment area TA—l has a large variety of forb species with some grass. Most
grass is located at the most eastern portion were the exposure to the wind and elements
was the least. F orbs outnumber grasses both in numbers and variety in this area. At this
time spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa,, L.) was the dominate species. Other
species present are wild columbine (Aquilegz'a canadensi,s L.), white sweet clover,

(Melilotus a1ba,, L.), black medic (Medicago lupulina, L.), Brassica spp., Poa spp.,

57

F estusa species, and to a lesser degree ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemun,, L.),
wild strawberry (F ragaria virginiana, L.), with a variety of unknowns. Invasive tress and
shrubs include paper birch (Betula papriyrifera L.), red-osier dogwood (Camus
stolonifizra, L.), and American linden (Tila americana, L.). Moss is present throughout
the area but is not a part of this study other than to note its presence. Coverage is sparse
in places were soils are thin and organic matter absent. The range of coverage is
demonstrated in the photographs found on page 63.

Treatment area TA-2 has several areas of nude soil were the CKD is exposed and
the highly alkaline soil has not allowed plant establishment. Also present are large
limestone rocks were the angle of repose has allowed most of the soil to sluff down the
slope. Herbs outnumber grasses both in numbers and variety in this area. Coverage is as
greater here than in the previous site. The range of coverage is demonstrated in the
photographs found on page 65. At this time spotted knapweed was the dominate species.
Other species present are from the grasses Poa species, Festusa species, Agropyron
species, Elymus species, Brassica spp.,and from the forbs white sweet clover ox-eye
daisy, and to a lesser degree viper’s bugloss (Echium vulgare, L.) poison ivy
(Toxicodendron radicans, L.) and a variety of unknowns. Much of the original planted
species are still present in this area. Surprisingly almost no crown vetch is present even
though the species is present at the top of the slope.

Treatment area TA-3 has a considerable amount of grasses but are of a shorter
variety. More varieties of forbs are present here than in TA-4 were biosolids are also
applied. Coverage in this area is more varied, in 75 to 100% range. The range of

coverage is demonstrated in the photographs found in Figure 4-7. At this time crown

58

vetch and bull thistle (cirsium vulgare, L.) are the dominate species. Other species
present are prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola, L.), white sweet clover, Poa species,
F estusa species, Agropyron species, Elymus species, common dandelion, (T araxacum
ojficinale, L.) and to a lesser degree spotted knapweed and a number of varieties of
unknowns.

The grasses were the dominate plants in treatment area TA-4, with crown vetch
being the dominate forb. Most herb species were present only during the early portion of
the season and were only of a limited variety. The largest populations of herbs were
located along the roadways creating edge effects to what is largely a grass prairie.
Coverage in this area consisted of almost entirely 100% except in the early spring. The
typical coverage is demonstrated in the photographs found in Figure 4-9. According to
John Campbell the amounts of white sweet clover and crown vetch very from year to year
and runs on a cyclical fashion. At this time the crown vetch was the dominate species.
Other species present are black medic, Poa species, F estusa species, Agropyron species.
Elymus species, and to a lesser degree spotted knapweed, prickly lettuce, common
burdock (Arctium minus, L.) and a limited number of varieties of unknowns. Much of the
original planted species are still present in this area.

The grasses were the dominate species in treatment area TA-S, with crown vetch,
common burdock and bull thistle being the dominate herbs. The largest populations of
forbs were grouped in colonies and distributed throughout the site. This area is the only
area that contained trees, thus the shade produced, affected some of the species present.
Coverage in this area consisted of almost entirely 95 to 100%. The typical coverage is

demonstrated in the photographs found in Figure 4-11. At this time grass was the

59

dominate species. Other species present are white sweet clover, mustard species, Poa
species, Festusa species, Agropyron species, Elymus species, and to a lesser degree
spotted knapweed, prickly lettuce and variety of unknowns. Much of the original planted

species are still present in this area.

60

Figure 4-1, Photos Taken During the 1995 Season:

Treatment Area TA-4
Both seed & biosolids were applied.

 

Photo A July 1995

 

q ~ _ - P’. ' — A. ‘ J
' ~' ‘ + 'a 6 J v'.
ho- ,“ .fq‘a. ‘fir ,'.'

.4

Photo B July 1995

61

Figure 4-2, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997:

Treatment Area, TA-l
Control Plot, no seed or biosolids were applied.

‘\
.‘ , ‘
' . \
.txt.
‘ -' ' i . ‘
‘\ t.’ \ ‘ .' ‘ \ .
\ " ‘ ‘/ .;$"‘ -‘ ~.
\ . I , , ‘1'! ‘
v n . n.
7 ‘

fl!” '
' i‘ . \ ‘\
“ ’ " ' ‘~ ‘.
I \
. U - ‘

I
l

 

Photo A May 24, 1997

 

62

Figure 4-3, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997:

Treatment Area, TA-l

 

’

I

‘V
.0

Plot# 4 June 18, 1997

 

 

 

Plot # 60 August 23, 1997

63

Figure 4-4, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997:

Treatment Area, TA-2
Seeded but no biosolids were applied.

 

O V
- -~ :4 ' |. 9 ~ , r . ‘ .
" .' ' a A .
. A . 1g... .3 . . _.
L ' “h -. ‘1'” - ' 5:“; '
' , ‘91. i ‘ x“) I ' \ , ’ p \‘j i
' , -n ‘ f-‘ "e. ‘ {“15“ i .‘f ‘l_ . / I; . ' _ l ' . _

   

Photo A June 18, 1997

'fi ,.

I
. s l" .
II x ‘

Photo B June 29, 1997

 

Figure 4-5, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997:

Treatment Area, TA-2

 

 

Plot #4 June 28, 1997

 

 

Plot # 41 August 2, 1997

65

Figure 4-6, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997

Treatment Area, TA-3
Not seeded, but, biosolids were applied.

H. ."-’
",1.

 

Photo A May 24, 1997

Photo B ' July 5,1997

Figure 4-7, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997

Treatment Area, TA-3

o
I

 

I
I

Plot # 16 June 22, 1997

 

Plot #49 August 16, 1997

67

Figure 4—8, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997

Treatment Area, TA-4
Both seed & biosolids were applied.

 

Photo A June 24, 1995

     

«1 ,x.)

Photo B August 16, 1997

68

Figure 4-9, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997

Treatment Area, TA-4

 

Plot # 19 June 20, 1997

 

Plot # 48 August 16, 1997

69

Figure 4-10, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997

Treatment Area, TA-5
Trenched Area, seed and biosolids were applied in 1980 only.

 

Photo A May 24, 1997

 

 

Photo B May 24, 1997

70

Figure 4-11, EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, 1997

Treatment Area, TA-S

 

Plot #30 July 4, 1997

 

I
I
g—“IA‘. .__‘ _ .

Plot # 55 August 23, 1997

 

 

Species Inventory:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

72

 

 

 

 

 

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Table 4-1,

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B. Examination of the Findings of the Study

Introduction:

The data collected during the course of the summer of 1997 formed the bases for
the following discussion. The vegetation analysis consisted of the bulk of the study. The
data comparison between forbs and grasses looked at the number of variety of species and
whether a plot contained the species or not, and a comparison of the amount of area

surveyed in relation to over all area for each treatment location.

Results and Interpretation:

The biosolid inventory describes the chemical output of the City of Charlevoix’s
Waste Water Treatment Plant. As industry change within the city, the level of toxins
varies. The addition of these chemicals onto the reclamation project directly affects the
toxin located in the soil. The chemical inventory of the soil before and during the process
of biosolid additions increased several toxic chemicals but they never reached the EPA’s
level of contamination. The soil pH has decreased over time with the addition of
biosolids and the creation of an organic layer. Originally copper, lead and zinc were a
concern and needed to be monitored. Over time these chemicals have been reduced
within the city’s waste water treatment system and as indicated in the biosolids and

drying bed data.

73

The soil information collected gives a basic understanding of soil pH and
chemistry. As shown by the high pH of both the biosolids, and soil at the beginning of
the reclamation project were reduced over time. The pH of the soil samples ranged from
8.5 to 12.7 in 1977-78. In the available data from the 1980’s the pH ranged from 7.8-8.5
and in the early to mid 1990’s the pH fell to a range of 7.24-7.52. Since 1996 the pH has
increased to 9.22. There is not a large degree of increase in the pH of the biosolids or
within the drying bed data to effect the soil enough to show change. Some fluctuation is
expected but the degree of increase in a relative short period of time is not readily
explainable. Fallout from air particles from the cement kiln emissions and quarrying
process could be one possibility.

The original biosolid test analysis indicated that the biosolids were high in
potassium and phosphorus for fertilization, with only minimal amounts of available
nitrogen. The data available only refers to the concern for high concentrations of copper,
lead and zinc in the soil analysis but does not give data to input into the tables listed in
Table 3-3. The chemical loading that has occurred varied throughout the site. This is
demonstrated in the 1992 and 1994 soil testing results table. Five soil samples were
taken during these years, and in each subsequent year. Although one plot had substantial
difference in elevated copper, lead and zinc the average for all the samples, fall well
within the limits the EPA has set for expectable standards for toxic chemicals. Copper
had the greatest variation in each soil sample, the 0-56 mg/kg over the samples available.
This data reflects the large increase in chemical additions from the biosolids applied in

1993 to the reclamation areas.

74

The variation in aspect affected the plant growth and establishment by increasing
the moisture on the northern slope of TA-5 area, that is adjacent to Lake Michigan. Due
to the shade from the existing trees and orientation away from the sun, reduces the
evapotranspiration in this treatment area. The south facing slope of TA-2 in contrast has
higher evapotranspiration because of the orientation of the slope and limited vegetative
cover. The leveler areas of TA-3 and TA-4 and the addition of biosolids increase
moisture addition to the site. The control plot TA-l is in the most exposed area, where
sun and wind continually erode the area. This erosion is evident were grasses have not
become established to hold the soil in place. The eastern portion of the treatment study
area has grasses established and a well established vegetative cover because of it’s
protected location. These modified micro climates, I believe, have affected the vegetation
establishment and plant successions.

The vegetation on site varies most, were the additions of soil additives have
effected soil chemistry and moisture. These treatment locations tend to show larger areas
of plant colonies that form visual mosaic patterns in the landscape. Grasses are the
predominate species in TA-3, TA-4, TA-5 areas, with crownvetch being the dominate
forb. The vegetation in treatment area 1 and 2 have a greater variety of species present on
them and are predominately covered by forbs, spotted knapweed being the dominate
species.

The vegetation analysis included guilds ecological groupings of the moss layer,
herb layer, understory, emphemerals and overstory. The vegetation analysis in Table 4-2
was tabulated from raw data tables created for each treatment area. The moss layer, herb

layer, shrub layer and overhead are discussed as follows. The moss layer was present

75

VEGETATION ANALYSIS:

Table 4-2:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. .8... .38... . 8o... . n8... . as... ._ 8.3.4.. as... .o 29:83...
. 8...: . 8‘2 . ._ .8... _ 8N... . one . 232. c. an.» no... .629
. . H . . . <w¢<
. . 4. . ..
. o . .. W .. . v o 8.3%? .o 22.8 3......
H o _ o M o . no» no! . 33 30.2 a 3.8.30
_ .. .. .. o .. 8% . an... .35 a 2.2.8
. a.» o w .. o .. :8 .1 82» 2.2.8
_ _ . _ . ”Who:
. . ._ _
8... I. 2... «e 8... 3. . 2.... t 5... 2 888.. 52.8 .2. so...
2... o 2... o «a... a. 8... N 8... .. 2.. 382.. 53:8 .2. so...
3... n 2... o B... c 8... o 2... o .2m .8
. 882.. .o 8.5.2 .o u .8.qu
8... n 2.... c 8.... m 8... n _ 8... N 8323.. 3.8.3 .o a .38
. . w . ”30
B... 3 8... F. 8... S 2.... 3 a... 2 832..
. 2.. 2.... 52 528 .2. so...
_ _ n _ u. M W
2.... «v 3... on 2.... a . 8... .. H 8... .. . 2.... 2.5.8 o. 82...... a...
. . . L _ 2.... .222... 52.8 .2. so... .
8... 2 3.... 8 8.... 8 . 8... .. . 8.... o . 22 28.8 52.8 .2. not.
8... 3. 851. 8 2...... «c . 8.... 3. . 8.: 8 . 2.... 52.8 .2. so...“
3... e . 2.... . 2.... .. . 3.... o 8.9 u . 2.. 2.... 52.8 .2. as...
. n . P n m c m . s _ . a _ .o... .8.
. _ . _ .l . . we... .0 8.2.5 .o a .8380.
_ e . n . o I . N. _ . .. . 2.... .o .22.; .o u .38.,
_ a . m . . . P l. «9.9.
t. .x. IE 75. . .x. 2? 0.115.: x «-3. «I.HI<._. _ .x. 75. _...<._. . <._.<o.

x mthlmi...

.
.

 

.

 

 

ii

_ h

39 «03.95 5.35.208... o5: ensues.
. . m_m>4<z< 20.._.<hm0m>

 

 

76

only in TA-l were 27% of the plots contained moss, and in TA-2 were 3% of the plots
contained moss. The overstory layer is located in only in TA-S and not thick enough to
create an understory layer. The emphemerals are limited to spring varieties.

A tree survey of l” saplings may have given a better understanding of the
volunteer species that have become established in the TA-l, TA-2 and TA-S areas.
Vascular plants are larger than '/4 meter plots and were avoided with the intention of
conducting individual survey on these species. The survey for the _>_4” DBH trees in TA-
5 was not completed. Most of the existing trees in this area consisted of Populus species
that showed signs of disease and death. Several scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris, 1..) still
remain and are in good health. There are several paper birch still remaining from the
original plantings and wide range of age from volunteers. European Mountainash
(Sorbus aucuparia L.), is also present in varies degrees of health. The volunteer woody
species that are present throughout the reclamation project include white, eastern
cottenwood (Populus deltoids, L.), and red—osier dogwood. These are typical species in
old field plant succession studies.

The forbs exhibited the greatest variety in treatment areas TA-l, TA-2, and the
fewest varieties in TA-S. This statement is based on identified forbs and not on the total
of the unknowns. Although, if all species were identified I believe that a greater
distribution of variety would be evident. A better indication would be to look at the
difference in the greatest number of variety of forbs located in a single plot. Nine
varieties of forbs where located in a single plot in TA-l whereas the greatest number of
forbs located in TA-4 was only three and this occurred during the early season before the

grass cover blocked the sunlight reaching the prairie floor. The areas were crownvetch

77

was the predominate forb screened out most other vegetation once an overhead canopy
was established. One hundred percent of the plots in TA-l contained forbs whereas only
eighty-three percent of TA-4 contained forbs.

Grasses dominated treatment areas TA-3, TA-4 and TA-5 both in varieties and
counts. The largest variety of grasses per plot was located in TA-3 and the least in TA-S.
Twenty-two percent of TA-3 contained plots of only grasses whereas TA-l did not
contain any plots of totally grasses. One-hundred percent of TA-4 plots contained grasses
whereas TA-3 only has 78% of the plots that contain grasses. Plots that contained both
forbs and grass where greatest in treatment area TA-l with 97% and the least in TA-S
were 67% of the plots contained both.

Treatment area size differences may affect the percentage of the vegetation that
was surveyed. This can affect the species recorded. For example the 60, 1/4 meter2 plots
cover 15 meters of the 836 square meter plots of treatment area TA-l. The survey looks
at 2% of the treatment area. Whereas the 15 meters of surveyed area in treatment area
TA-4 looks at only .07% of the 22,483 square meter area. Treatment areas TA-2 and TA-
3 were similar sized and looked at .5% of their area. Treatment area TA-S surveyed .l%
of the existing vegetation. Although only .07% of TA—4 was surveyed this area contained
large mosaics of vegitation patterns were there was an advantage to covering a larger
area than choosing a smaller portion to work with equally sized areas.

The use of biosolids has greatly improved the vegetative cover of the reclamation
project. Those areas were the biosolids were applied has increased cover, created a
deeper O horizon and increased the ability to support a greater wildlife habitat and

populations. The reclamation project is a success from the stand point of vegetation

78

establishment for visual improvement, wildlife habitat, soil erosion, and environmental
improvement. The issue of variety vs. quality of cover can be debated and based on the

desired outcome.

79

C. Case Study Interpretation

Altematives/ Potential:

The project results have gaps in the available data therefor a large portion of the
results have been interpretations and inference used to guide my comments. The
biosolids application project, as of the spring of 1998, has been terminated. An alkaline
plum offshore from the Medusa property is a concern for the Michigan Department of
Environmental Quality and the mining company and in the interest of the company the
project was discontinued.

The actual vegetation survey conducted during the 1997 season has the ability to
show what species are representative of a reclamation project were different soil
treatments are applied over a long term project. As the reclamation project and the
literature supports (Sommers 1997, Stucky et al. 1977, Schafer 1980, Jenny 1980, Sopper
1993) substantial vegetative cover is reached with the addition of soil additives to
increase soil building properties. Where natural vegetation succession is allowed to
progression on it's own, stress factors create a greater variety of plant species (Biodini
1986). The increase of diversity allows for the greater ability to support a variety of
wildlife increases the food chain population. The introduction of non-native vegetative
species to create better forage for grazing wildlife. Because of the disturbance on the site,
a large variety of vegetative habitats have been created. The fact that the reclamation area
has undergone several areas using different treatments has created different vegetation

mosaics. This diversity encourages and supports a diversity of both vegetation and

80

wildlife as Alvarez et al. (1974) indicated. Studies of wildlife could also indicate how
these chemicals are affecting the food chain. The areas of native plant species on the
disturbed site, although thin, have greater diversity as studies supported by McMullen et
al. (1984).

The use of recorded plant species at the initiation of the projects allowed for the
ability to see what has happened to those areas by comparing it to the vegetation that is
existing in 1997. Since the biosolid applications have been discontinued in 1998, it will

be interesting to see what happens to the site over the next several years.

Recommendations & Limitations/Constraints:

Twenty years of research have generated case studies that have been developed a
frame work for biosolid applications (Stucky et al.1977, Sopper 1993, Brockway et al.
1986). The stringent guide lines for biosolids application set forth by the Clean Water
Act of 1987, the Environmental Protection Act Part 503 Biosolids Rule and the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act have created safe standards for humans and animals. The
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 helped to add in the beneficial
distribution of biosolids. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act requires
revegetation of mine sites as soon as possible after disturbance, and in order to
accomplish the standards set forth in the Act the addition of a soil additives must be
included to reach the time frame for the required vegetative cover. A two year study

conducted by Sopper 1981 failed to detect any adverse effects from biosolid additions.

81

Through continuous high standards of permitting, and monitoring a successful
policy for domestic sewage sludge can be developed. These can be demonstrated in the
use of biosolids on barren soils at mining sites, and from the increase in crop production
and the low cost for fertilization for land reclamation. Last but not least the production
of biosolids is by everyone and the need to disperse it for benefits instead of occupying

landfill space, will benefit everyone.

Applications & Feasibility:

The application of the study will aid in understanding revegetation techniques
with the aid of biosolid additions for limestone quarry reclamation projects. Biosolids
contains significant amounts of nutrients and organic matter (Sommers 1977). When
handled correctly the use of biosolids for soil building has been proven through past
studies to be a safe method of fertilization.

The use of biosolids to increase biomass on a reclamation project reduces erosion,
and improves visual impacts to an area (Sheltron et al. 1977, Dickerson 1975, Donovan
1976). Those locations at Medusa were biosolids were applied have a good vegetation
cover and show less erosion than those areas were slopes are steeper and biomass has not
created a good thatch layer to reduce water and wind erosion. The concern for increasing
toxins in the soil and subsequently the life forms it feeds, have not been substantiated.
Most studies (Hinkle 1982, F resquez 1990, Brown 1991, Sopper 1993) indicate that there

are far greater benefits than determents to an area where biosolids have been added. The

82

areas were biosolids are applied at Medusa have greatly increased the coverage, but, has

limited the number of varieties of species of vegetation that exist there.

83

Chapter V Conclusion & Summary

The significant outcomes from this study indicates that by adding additional
nutrients to the soil, better vegetative cover can be established. The diversity in the herb
layer is less on treated areas than untreated areas. These treated areas have a greater grass
consistancy. If a site is left to develop on its own, than there will be a greater diversity
within the plant community, than were additional interference takes place. Old field
pioneer vegetation species are present on the least treated areas. Observing the various
long term treatments, on the Medusa mine reclamation project, will aid in deciding the
best alternatives to establish the vegetative cover on other similar projects.

The overall significance of study looks at how natural soil additives effect
vegetation establishment and plant succession. The study was begun with the intent of
being able to establish a baseline for future studies. Suggestions for future studies
include information needed for a more complete study that would include: bulk density,
percent clay, percent electric conductivity, hydraulic penetration, percent organic matter,
and percent slopes. Vegetation analysis would include a more complete species
identification, percent cover determination, diversity, plant species dominance, species
association and composition, species frequency, and species character and origin.
Vegetation could be measured in bulk density of forage matter and chemical composition
to detect toxic chemical uptake.

Due to the existing concerns of contamination in Lake Charlevoix from the
seepage of alkaline from the cement kiln dust the biosolids applications were ceased in

1998. Because of the discontinuation of the biosolids applications to the study area it

84

would be interesting to see the effects of plant succession once a site has been lefi to
continue on its own. How will the lack of nutrient and moisture effect the species
present? Is there a substantial O- horizon to support the existing densities? What species
will become dominate over time?

The ability to reshape the landscape, for future use while extracting necessary
minerals allows for creation of topographic forms for increased functional and esthetic
landscape can be achieved for the final configurations for ecological restoration of the
landscape. Revegetation with the aid of soil building techniques such as the biosolids
applications benefit the City of Charlevoix, Medusa and local residents along with the
local pathology and zoology of the area. This is accomplished for the wildlife, vegetation
and tourism of the area. The biological project at work, over time, creates a living
interaction for a sustainable ecosystem. Because of the juxtaposition of the site to the
City of Charlevoix, the airport, the waste water treatment plant, Lake Michigan, and the
residential community the need to protect the visual and ecology of the reclaimed land is

important to future generations.

85

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Appendix:

Glossary:

For clarity the following words use the following definitions throughout the text.

Abundance is were each species is estimated as belonging to one of a limited number of
abundance classes, usually five or six (Cain & Castro 1959).

Allelopathy is an inhibitor to germination and grth by release of toxic substances from
one plant species to another, (Barbour et al. 1987). Toxicity or inhibiting factors
of one plant on another.

Basal area is the measure of cross-section area of the trunk at 4.5” above the ground per
unit area. In grasses it is the cross-section area of a bunch grass measured 1”
above the ground per unit area. This is a measure of dominance.

Biological Unit is usually an organism type such as a tree or flower.

Biological Population is species based and is a collection of units with a common
inheritance.

Biosolids are the processed solids that have been separated from the liquid portion of
municipal wastewater during treatment. These separated solids contain primarily
organic material, sand, grit, microorganisms and trace amounts of metals, and
synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals. The solids can be further processed
by several biological, chemical and physical methods (Online Available:
http://waterquality.metrokc.gov/bmp/basic.htm#What).

Biomass is the above ground portion of a plant that has been dried. The dry matter is then
weighted to determine biomass of the vegetation crop.

Cement kiln dust is the by product of cement production, usually of a limestone base.

Coverage is a measurement of area represented by the percentage of quadrant area
beneath the canopy of a given species (Barbour, et al. 1987).

Density is the number stems per area.

Dominance is the plant(s) that strongly characterize the physiognomy and exerts the
greatest control over the community as a whole (Cain 1959).

Edge effect is a change in structure such as a road or meadow that affects changes the floristic
make-up of an adjacent area.

Floristic area is an area resulting from similarity in the individual areas of several species.

95

Frequency is the percentage of total quadrants that contains a given biological unit
(Barbour, etal. 1987).

Gaussian distribution, or normal distribution, is a probability density function that
approximates the distribution of many random variables (as the proportion of
outcomes of a particular sort in a large number of independent repetitions of an
experiment in which the probabilities remain constant from trial to trial)
(Webster’s 1987).

Importance refers to the relative contribution of a species to the entire community
(Barbour, et al. 1987) by summing relative frequency, relative density and relative
dominance.

Plant Community is a sociological unit of any rank, occupying a territory and having a
characteristic composition and structure (Cain 1959).

Sampling Units is a community or stand of vegitation based on a statistical criteria. The
sample sets the limits within which data analysis is applied and information about
patterns revealed (Wildi & Orloci 1990).

Standard deviation is a standard unit of measurement of deviation or distance from the
mean along the abscissa of a frequency distribution. A parameter that indicates
the way in which a probability function or a probability density function is
centered around the mean and that is equal to the square root of the moment in
which the deviation from the mean is squared (Webster’s 1987).

Variance is a measurement for describing the dispersion of data around the mean, square
of the standard deviation (Ambrose 1995).

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