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INTRODUCTION

Hazardous waste and what to do with it is an important and for
some a terrifying subject. As a result oT past ignorance or disregard
tor the public health, safety, and welfare, there are an estimated
15000 orphaned dump sites in the United States. ‘1’ These
previously unregulated dumps absorbed an estimated a billion tons of
uncataloged toxic materials since 1950 until legislation was passed to
halt unregulated dumping in 1975. Each one is a veritable witches
brew of toxins.‘2’ This legacy has only recently been of
concern to the public and its government.

It all started with Love Canal, although that catastrophe was not
discovered until 1978, two years after the first Federal legislation
designed to control toxic wastes was enacted into law. fifter Love
Canal came a long litany of news accounts telling of little known, out
of the way places that have become familiar to a national audience.
These include places such as Times Beach, Missouri where the Federal
government has had to buy a whole town contaminated with dioxin, and

Michigan's own Schwartz Creek site near Flint which until clean up

(1) Rankin. Paul Esaetfsas_agtizi:y_iu_tbe_§:sst_tstee ; Great
Lakes Waste and Pollution Control Mag. Vol.1, No.2 pg.11; June 1983
(2) Boraikos fillen fits:ibg_ue_lcsseles_bssacgsas_Ess:s Natimnal

Geographic Mag. Vol. 167, no. 3; pg.319 March 19Bb

procedures began, was cons idc ared the third worst site of to):

chemical contamination in the United States. (Despi.te these efforts
however the groundwater contamination at Schwartz Creek will probably
never be alleviated, primarily because the cost of completely purging
the aquifer there, if that is even possible, is astronomically high.
Homeowners near the dump will probably have to use bottled water as a
water supply forever. They have lost all equity in their homes becaue e
they cannot sell them. Unlike Love Canal and Times Beach, the Federal
government and the State government are not offering to buy these
people out.)‘3’

As a result of these and other catastrophes, the public is afraid
of toxic waste and obviously quite hos tile toward any sugges :tions that
a toxic waste facility should be built in their community. These
people are called NIMBY’s in the press for Not In My Backyard. From
the brief description given of the insidious nature of old dumpsites,
one can see that their fears are not unfounded. It must be remembered
however that concern for the environment is only a recent phenomenon.
When the original flurry of legislation was passed in the early 1970’?
there was no thought toward what was to most people an invisble
problem; if they were giving much thought to what was going into the
ground at all. (One irony of the whole situation was that programs
designed to clean the air and water actually contributed an increase
in toxic waste going into municipal landfills, where in many cases
they causc ed contamination problems., and to completely unregulated

(7:3) Nichols, Sue Hazardous

Jigs
Lansing State Journal Feb. 10, 198
_Berlin _and _Eerrg: A Trial _of _Na;t

.e_ a_ Grgwilng_ State F'roblem ,

and Karasiewicz, Denise
LDQ , Michigan State News
March 1, l9SLJ

dumpsites, because materials formerly being wafted in the air or
flushed down streams now had to be disposed of on the land.)‘4’

Now, what has been called “An emminently managable problem.“‘3’

is vehemently opposed by a public that accepts the presence of solid
waste facilities in their communities, that can be much more risky as
sources of toxic contaminates than a well engineered Hazardous Waste

facility would be.‘e’

The first legislation dealing with toxic waste was not enacted
until 197a. Until that time there was no substance that was legally
defined as toxic because of the lack of regulations. This was changed
with passage of the Resource Conservaton and Recovery Act in 1976.
This Federal legislation was designed to regulate wastes being
generated from their creation to their final destruction or disposal.
But in the case of the old dump sites there was no remedy offered by
this new law, for the legislation was not designed to clean up old
dump sites, just to regulate currently generated waste. When an
alarmed public began to understand the extensive nature and the
terrible risks old dumps represented they demanded action. As alluded
to earlier, this led to state action in New York to deal with problems
such as Love Canal. When it became obvious that the problem was
national in scope the Congress passed The Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 19?9 or CERCLA.

Boraiko, Allen Ha; _Waste_lggg; ,Nat. Geog. 1985

( ) L

(5) Sreenburg, Michael and Anderson, Richard flagarggg§_Waste_
Sites:lge_§§egigiLity_§ag The Center for Urban Policy Research,
1 t

h~c

1.

gers Univ.1984 pg.b$
(a) Boraiko, Allen Nat. Seog.1935

 

 

This is the so-called Superfund legislation. This legislation
placed a tax on current producers of toxic wastes and the funds are to
be used to clean up these abandoned sites. As of this writing, the
fund has been depleted twice and the 2 to 3 billion dollars that had
been in it has only helped to remove the imminent hazards from a few
dozen of the 2500 sites and to fully purge just 12.‘7’

Althouth CEHCLA is not directly cogent to the primary theme of this
paper, it has been discussed here to illustrate one of the most
important aspects of planning for the proper disposal of hazardous
waste. With all of the publicity about the abandoned sites; with the
inadequacy of Superfund; with an administration in Washington that
seems only mildy interested in the problem and which appoints people
to be our 'environmental guardians“ some of whom have been ousted from
their positions in an atmosphere of scandal, the public has no trust
in the advocates of modern toxic waste management nor will they
believe that new, properly engineered t mic waste landfills are safer
than the old dumps.

In Michigan this has led to State legislation that is designed to
allow local citizens an unprecedented voice in the decision making
process that leads to the acceptance or denial of toxic waste
processing facilities and toxic waste landfills. Michigan is one of
the top ten generators of hazardous wastes in the United States. The
Environmental Protection Agency estimates that Michigan generates 4.62
of the national total.‘a’ln Michigan as in the rest of the
nation it became clear that a regulatory framework was necessary to

(7) Rankin, Paul gggegflgg_figtL ; BLWPRMag.June 1983 a Boraiko, Paul
Nat.Geog. Mar.,1985
(8) Rankin,Paul GLWPR Mag.June, 1983

4

prevent the worsening of an already immense problem. This led to
passage of the state’s Hcaardous Waste Management Act in 19?? which
took effect after amendment on Jan. 1, 1980. (Administrative Rules
were drafted in 1980 and went into effect in fipril of 1981.) The
state ect largely replicates the Federal legislation but the state
legislation provides for the imput of local citizens through the
device of a Site Review Board. The Michigan Dept. of Natural
Resources reviews the engineering and environmental safety of a
proposed Hazardous Waste Facility, but it is up to the Review Board to
look at other aspects of a facility and to utilise input from the
public to mitigate the social impacts such a facility will inevitably
create.

a5 representives of local interests planners would want to be
involved in the decision making process for these facilities. Such
facilities would produce multiple impacts on the communities they were
located in. However Michigan’s Act a4 specifically overrrides local
ordinances; and land use planners, who traditionally have dealt with
the problems associated with undesireable but necessary facilities
that were to be located in their communities, now have no legal voice

concerning Hazardous Waste Facilities.

PLQNNING eND HQZQRDDUS NQSTE IN MICHIGQN The Purpose of this Study

The purpose of this study was to discover the state of hazardous
waste control and legislation generally, and what role if any planners
might have in making the management of these wastes more effective in
Michigan. Considering that fict 64 supercedes local ordinances and

denies all communites in the state the right to ban hazardous waste

Lil

facilites (fiomething I did not know when I started the study.), it
awmjeawws CHl ttma SLW“F$C£? ttnat tfliey‘ttari<io rnattcing. Ehnveru'thEPlaolixticnal
nature of planning however, there does appear to he a role for
planners in the Act as process. Whether that is a sufficient role for
them will be another point for discussion in this paper.

To Lumierstsuuj theaeavoltd Man CH liazarcknua wasflmathanempmnent ill

M i c . i g an i t i s n c c e: c s a r y to l o o k f i r s t at t h e Fed er a l l eg I l ati on t h a t
satieavirit:cl lii.t:lii.g3£iri ’23 txeaztexr‘tianiss VJEREElLE? l saws. l tiear eaf Cir ea 5i t3r*i.69fi cli sac Lisssai Ciri
of HCRQ will begin tne stucy. followed by a discussion of fict a4.
lliew*er wi ll trier: bee s1 hr"i£af ltnik at; amid at} awialfiysxisa of: itnptm"tuani; CJBLH t

I

cases that have set precedent under Hct o4” and

l’ .

inally the last
section of the paper will look at the planner’s role under the ect and

d i sc us the (~ f f i c a c y o f- t h c Eii t (-33 Rev 1'. e w F’r oc ess .

T h e primary F ezzl er 3 l g o a l in creating REEF}: 1171': w 4 s to s af e l y d 3. sp ose
c1f3 vueifialitaea illl 't.tiE3 l Efléififili c {iéa t.l 3/ pail}; titicsaai.lil.€a.. LJFICIEEV" ticjiLti F r“£a§5i.£i£arii: '?5
Carter and Reaoan, Federal pollution control programs must contain the
study of the :ostihenefit ratio that the legifilfltlmm Will PrflWdCWh l7l

o t h o r words (ea-act: h d o l l e: r cap en t on the p r even t i o n o f pol l u t i on on d e r '3.
law swmmxhi equal an: least (nus dolleW“(af direti;lMMiefit an (more. Mi a
balancing of societal interests it is necessary to strike a fair
liezlainIZE? einuarig tlicnsee lJWl surges tea. Eka tlieni 'tllfi) Fdifiwz vaasa EWCEt. lieusi(gr1ewfl ‘tCJ
provide the best protection only“ but the economically best as well

frijm iflie Eitflfflhjmlllt CM 'the? UWHLHBKWlEMfi Vdiictiijiswunse Cif ttmrae vemstesn

M o r e o v e r the c u r r c: n t F5 e d e r a l H d m i ni s t r a t i c: n h a s so L-’- {,4} 'fl l7. t ‘3 (13193::{77pzxt1 asi "- ’5’

the federal role in Hazardous Waste programs.‘9’ The

primary thrust of HERA is to allow market mechanisms to determine the
best 3',olution to the problems of ht.131rdous waste disposal. Following
the Federal lead, this model has been adopted in Michigan. filthough
HCHn lists a hierarchy of preferred methods of waste disposal and
treatment, the actual treatmermt used are ependent more on ”... the
lowest cost alternative that is technically feasible and reliable and
which effectively mitigates and minimizes damages to and provides
adequate protection of health, welfare, and the environment.”‘1°’

This is not necessarily a severe attitude to take. The cost of
environmental protection in the 19?D’s has been estimated to have cost
the U.S. economy $450 billion dollars. The projected price in the
1980's is e" ected to cost $690 billion dollers.‘11’ It is a

necessity to weigh bc nfits costs and risks. a review of some of the
major litigation involving Federal control of tow ic suvbs tences3 in the
work place rev eels the intent of the government and the courts to
balance these factors.‘13’ However according to Breenburg and
finderson, the pres sent emphasis does not fairly balance the protection
of the public with the economic interes.c of waste producers to the
long term detriment of Society.‘13’ This will be discussed in the

(9) Greenburg 3 Anderson HggL Mast: 51245 Egg 198l,

pg.251 .
(10) Greenburg 3 finderson ibid. pg.239
(11) Greenburg & finderson, ibid. pg.23o
(1? Bronstein Da .niel & Engelburg Dan legal Regulation pfi_

Igg_g_ Ejubs tances. _§§§es_§ng_fieggings ; Center for Environmental
To oxicology, Mich. St Univ. E. Lansing; 1084
(13) Breenburg & finderson ibid. p,.ci9

a:

eummation of the paper“

RCRQ ie an emteneive document" It wae enacted in 1976 to control
ha'ardoue waetee which up until then had not been defined. The
ehortcominge of HCHQ in protecting the public from the immediate
threat of toxic waete poieoning irom orphaned eitee eoon became
apparent and led to the page age of CEHCLQ in 1980.(5ee introduction.)
The primary goal of ::CF'H ie to replace the poor diepoeal practices of
the paet with etandardized practicee which will reduce the riek of
accident.al releaee of haze rdou93 contaminante into the en~ironmc nt
The underlying philoeophy of the act ie that a ”eyetem can be created

to develop adequate treatment and diepoeal capacity, to minimize coete

m
”J

to eociety, whil protecting human Fm W'lth and the environment, to

recover materials and energy, and to aeeign the coete of euch a eyetem
etticiently and eouit. ably' to generatore.” fie Stated earlier EPQ
Prlflwltlh~z the type of reeponce to waete probleme= from the moat
dee ireaole to the leaet deeireahle and reliee on market mechanieme o
chooee theee and the eitee at which waete will be treated and diepoeed
of. In addition the EPQ hae hoeen to allow etatee to adminieter
their own programe if they are in compliance with HERA
guidelinee. The legielation hae hoped to be technology forcing in
that generatore will be innovatore in 'educing the coete of tree tmemt
or diepoeal for their own henetit, while being forced to adhere to
environmentally .zound guide lines. Ubviouely thie leade to the
poeeibility that the moat econmic rather than the moe‘ environmentally
eound methode o+ treatwnlf and diepoeal will be used. The idea ie to
allow marlet mechtni sme to channel was te to environmentally

appropriate eitee.

OVERVIEW OF RCRH

HERA ie composed of eight eubtitlee. Subtitle C Hazardoue Ncete
Management, and Subtitle D State or Regional Solid Waste Plan at the
eections moet relevant to plannere at the etate, county, and local
level. Theee are presented here to illuetrate how Michigan’e Hazardoue

Naete Management ect hae been affected by thie Federal legielation.

Subtitle C This section consiste of 11 subeections.

fiection 3001~Thie eection definee what hazardous wastee are.

Generally theee are waetee becauee of their extreme flammabilty,
ignitability, corroeivity,

reactivity, toxic or pathogenic characterietice. There are however
three primary reasons for excluding wastee from this catagory.

1. Thoee that are already regulated such as point diecharge sourcee
under the Clean Water Act. 3. Thoee that are not proven to be harmful
euch ae fly aeh residues from power plante. 3. Naete etreame that are
eo complex euch as thoee coming from the nation‘e households, that are
almoet humanly impoeeible to regulate.‘14’ additionally RCRQ

exempts small generatore which produce leee than 1000 kilograme of
hazardous waete per month.( The more etringent Michigan regulations
exempt only amounte up to 100 kg. per month. California and Florida
for example, allow no exemptions.) The ex?mption rule is criticized

becauee eome waste producers simply etore their waetee and legally

(14) Boraiko, Allen Hangagte fitgre

"3' 1": III:

1985 pg. °..".AZ:.1.J

; Nat.Geog. Mag.

send them to municipal landfills at

Of course this is much harder to do

or no exemption requirements.

Eection EQQE~ These are regulations

generators of hazardous waste. This
which is designed to keep track of t

any substance legally defined as bei

include the destruction of such a wa
incineration or its permanent storag
The effect in Michigan is that these
report of their activities since the

administered by the fitate.

Bection 300$“ This section di cussa

'—
:5

transportation of hazardous waste.

transporter to:

1. Obtain an EPH identification num

for shipment. However the actual tr

regulated by the Dept. of Transporta

Materials Transportation act of 19?8

for no more that 10 days.
2. Transporters must comply with th

manifest must

water.

3. In the event of an uncontrolled

notify local, state, and federal aut

clean up of the waste.

accompany the waste except when shipped by rail or

the ~ate of 1000 kg. per month.

in states that have more stringent

designed to set s"andards for
introduces a manifest system

he origin and final destination of

ng a hazardous waste; this would

ste through such means as

e in a hazardous waste landfill.
generators must submit an annual

53

Federal program i now

the standards applicable to the

The section requires each

ber prior to accepting any wastes
ansportation of the waste is

tion as specified by the Hazardous
. a transporter may store waste
e manifest system. Copies of the
by
discharge, a transporter must

horities, and begin immediate

Section 3004— Thie eection is intended to control the handling of
hazardous waetee at toxic eubetence diepoeal fecilitiee. Thie eection
also is intended as a technology forcing provieion of the legieletionn
Thie eection requiree Federal and State egenciee to Betahlieh
performance etanderde for facilitiee that treat etore or diepoee of
hazardous waete ae defined by the flat. New fecilitiee had to conform
to theee new etandarde. Emieting facilities were required to upgrade
their facilitee to the minimum etandarde required by the Act on a
timetable established by the EPG or the author 22d etate agency.(lhie
wae what wee occuring in th: Ceecede ceee which ie diecueeed in the
Case etudiee eection.) The minimum etanderde requirements of thie
eection are ee followe:

1.The maintainence of reeorde of all hazardoue weetee lieted under

RCPF, which are either treated, etored, or diepoeed of at a facility"

E.To the eetiefaction of the fiomnietretor of the EPQ, a generator of
waetee and the facility which accepte them, muet comply with the

co..-) ,

menifeet eyetem ee deeerihed in Sean 3002.

EnTreetment, etorece 3r diepoeal of hazardous Hezetee at facilitiee

u ei n g m E t h o d e 2:; a ti e " e (:1 t or t o the F": d mi n i et r at or . The f aci l i t y muet h e
deeigned to minimize the poeeibility of fire, exoloeion, or unplanned

eudden releeee of toxic material. There mue: he periodic inepectione

of the facility to detect any malfunctione and there muet be a

epecific groundwater monitoring program.

4.The deeign, location, and conetruction of facilitiee to the

11

satisfaction of the administrator. There are however two restrictions
which must be adhered to by every new facility. Facilities built in
floodplains must be capable of withstanding the affects of 100 year
flood action, and a haiardous waste facility cannot be built on

seismically active faults in the earth.

5.The preparation of contingency plans to minimize damage from any
accident, leakage, etc., at a facility; personnel must be trained to

handle such emergencies. In addition facilities must have security

{11

ystems designed to keep unauthorized personnel from entering a site.

o.There must by continuity of ownership and operation, and there must

be proof of financial responsibility.

Section 30Q5~This section outlines standares and requirements for the
treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste This section
allows the Federal government of grant interim status to existing
facilities. To gain this status the facility must comply with two
criteria:

1. Facility owners, and handlers and transporters of waste must notify
the EPe or the author zed state authorities as to the nature of the
waste.

2. The application for the interim statue facilities had to be filed
by November 19,1989.

This section was intended to proyire minimum national standards so
that existing facilities could have guildelines for upgrading their
facilities where necessary. filso it allowed them time to upgrade

their facilities to the more stringent standards required of new

1
. . .11..

facilites.

fiection EOOomThis section authorized new state hazardous waste
programs. It allowed states to assume responsibility for hazardous
waste management if the state program adhered to the minimum Federal
standards; but allowed the state programs to be more stringent if
necessary.

The EPA established a two phased schedule for states to follow:

1. States could apply for interim status when they felt that their
program was equivalent to the Federal program. If found to be
satisfactory, the state received phase I authorization.

2. Phase 2 authorizaton allows states to establish their own permit
systems in lieu of the federal permit system. (Michigan had to amend
its act a4 regulations in 1981 to come into compliance with RCRQ
standards to receive phase I approval. Michigan received phase II
approval in late 1984.)

Section 3007—This section established the authority for the EPA or the
equivalent state program, to inspect the operation of Toxic Substances
Disposal Facilities; the facilities of hazardous waste generators,

haulers, and transporters.

fiection 3008* This section authorizes state programs to suspend or
revoke operating permits for non~compliance to the standards. It
allows for fines and imprisonment for violations of hazardous waste

regulations.

Section 300?- fillows appropriate State programs to assume

implementation of the hazardous waste programs.
Section 3010* This section set timetables tor the implementation oi

the minimum standards.(These dates have now been passed.)

Section 3011- This sectiom authorized financial aid to the states to

start their programs.

$UETITLE D This section consists of 9 subsections.

Section 4DQl—This subtitle is meant to assist the States or Regional
organisations in developing methods of disposing of solid wastes which
are environmentally sound and which encourage resource conservation,
and to foster a spirit of cooperation between the EPA, the states or
regional organizatons, local governments, and rivate industry.(fit
present the Federal government is not promoting the regional concept
of solid or hazardous waste management. Attempts at regional
management oi hazardous wastes have met little success.‘13’
While this subtitle was intended for guiding municipal solid waste
disposal, it is presented here because the guidelines are applicable
to 8tate or Regional hazardous waste programs as well. However in
Michigan the direct outgrouwth oi this section was fict $41, the Solid

Waste Management Act.

(15) Greenburg & finderson Ha; Jasje flitas~flredg_§ap ;
Rutgers Univ. 1984, pg.198

Section 4002~Thie eection provides three guidelines for the
identification of regione with common eolid waete (or harzardoue

waet~> problemE.

U

1. The e'ze and location of areae which ehould be included.

a. The volume of waste which ehould be included.

3. The available maane of coordinating regional planning with other
related regional planning and for the coordination of regional
planning with the State plan. State plane are promulgated by the EPH
in cooperation with Federal, State, Regional and Local authoritiee.
Theee guidelinee muet coneider the following:

a. The regional, geologic, hydrologic, climatic, and other factore
under which varioue waete diepoeal practicee are required to
reasonably protect the quality of ground and eurface watere from
leachate contamination, runoff contamination; and the reaeonable
protection of ambient air quality.

B. The location of facilitee for the procaeeing or diepoeal of waete
muet take into account the type of waete being handled, and the
techniquee, practicee, and operating methode ueed in handling the
waete.

C. Methode {or cloeing or upgrading open dumpe

D. Population deneity, dietribution, and projected growth.

E. The type and location of traneportation.

F. m profile 0% induetriee in the area.

B. The conetituente and generation ratee of waete.

H. The political, economic, organizational, financial, and management
probleme attecting compreheneive waste management.

I. Typee of reeource recovery and coneervation e'eteme which are

appropriate.

15

J. available and potential markets for recovered material.

Section 4003~ In order for a State plan to be approved it muet
identify the reeponeibilities of State, local, and regional
authoritiee in the implementation of the plan, how Federal moniee for
implementing the plan will be dietributed, and how regional and State
planning will be coordinated under the plan. It muet prohibit the
creation oi new open dumpe and muet require that all waete originating
in other etatea except tor hazardous waste, muet 3e utilized for
reeource recovery, dispoeed of in eanitary landfills or other

environmentally acceptable manner.

Section 4004_ This eection requires the use of eanitary landfills for

the diepoeal of municipal wastes.

Section 4005“ Thie section required that all then existing open dumps
had to be upgraded to sanitary landtille or they had to be cloeed

down.

Section aaoam This eection required the Governor of each etate to
identify regions within that state that were appropriate for carrying
out regional eolid waete management. additionally a State agency with

the ase etance oi eelected local agenciee had to implement a plan to

H

accomplish regional eolid waete planning. If a viable region was

found to crcee State boundary linee, the Stat 5 involved were

51,:

empowered to create an agency with jurisdiction in both Btatee.

Section 4&0?“ This sectifin empowere the administrator of the EPQ to

review State plans and determine whether they are acceptable.

Section 4008~ This section provides Federal assistance in setting up

solid waste plans in the States.

Bection 4609- This provides assistance to rural communities too
isolated to be included in a regional solid waste management

arrangement.

As stated earlier, Sustction D aas not meant to directly address
hazardous waste treatment and disposal. However the concept of
regional plans to deal with hazardous waste was an option in RCRQ and
was similar in concept to Bubs. D. To date the Federal government and
therefore the States have not utilized the concept. From a planning
standpoint regional compacts could be efficient because hazardous
wastes, especially in large urban aglomerations, do not merely come
and go according to State boundaries. By understanding the generation
of waste from a regional context it would theoretically be possible to
pinpoint where the most suitable sites were in the region for
treatment andfor disposal facilities. as in any politically affected
situation it may be possible that the best sites could be located in
only one State in a regional jurisdiction of say, three. It could then
be that State’s fate to be a kind of legal dumping ground for more
than its fair share of wastes. In a sense this is happening under the
free market solution presently in effect. For xample much of
Michigan’s currently generated toxic waste, and all of the wastes
removed from old, orphaned, contaminated sites, is disposed of in

Ohio. This is not because Ohio is environmentally more suitable than

17

Michigan, it ie merely becauee Ohio hae the hazardoue waete landfill
epace available. fie another xample, Idaho accepte moet of
California’e PCE”e for landfilling becauee Calitornia does not allow
PCB’S to be landiilled within ite bordere.‘1&’ Not only ie

there a kind of moral stigma attached to the dumping of one’e waete in
eomeone elee’e backyard but by exporting eubetantial amounts of waete,
a state actually loeee large amounts in revenue that would have gone
to inretate facility operators.

Thie overview of H‘Re then, is meant to ehow how ect a4 wae
shaped in reeponee to the Federal legislation. He in the Federal
legielation the Michigan law ie dependant upon the hazardoue waete
treatment and diepoeal induetriee to find economically and
environmentally eound eitee for theee problem materiale. The Michigan
law aleo hae expanded upon the public participation proceee required
by the Federal legislation to create the Site Review Board. Thie will
be xamined in the next section of thie paper which brietly reviewe

the portione oF fiat 54 relevant to the planning proceee.

PQHT HM OVERVIEW OF THE HQZQRD‘US NQSTE MQNQGEMENT QCT (fict 64)

H

The Hazardoue Naete Management fiat, fict 64 ot the Public ecte of 19?9,
took eflect January 1, 1980. The rulee needed to implement the fict
however were delayed and took effect fipril 1?, 1981. The Hazardous

Naete Management Plan was adopted on Jan. 15, 1982 ae required under

(15) Boraiko, ellen flag 4te3§tagirg_gp_lgguble gMat. Geog. Mag.

“:1. ":I‘ P‘J

Mar. 1985, pg.aaa

18

flct 54, by the State Natural Raeourcee Commission.

fict a4 ie the primary State law dealing with hazardoue waete
etorage, traneport and diepoeal in Michigan. It overlape to a large
extent Federal legielation under the HERA of 197a. Until late 1983,
generatore, haulere, and diepoeere had to meet the reguiremente of
both ecte. Since that time however Michigan has been granted interim
approval under RCRfi which allowe it to administer hazardous waste
control programe in the State if minimum Federal guidelinee are met.

ect ea does not regulate the generation of hazardoue waetee. It
cannot ban or limit the amounte of waste that :an be produced. The
act also has no authority to require recyling, reclamation,reaource
recovery, or other alternativee to landfilling, incineration,
underground injection, or land treatment and other methods of
diepoeal.i In 1981 lees than 42 o+ toxic waetee in the U.B. were

recycled. and although two*thirde of all toxic waetee were treated to

eliminate or reduce toxicity, the other one—third was diepoeed of
directly into the earth.‘17’ according to Coreon and

Sobetzer‘1w’ the act can be viewed ae having roughly 5 main

functions.

1. a tracking eyetem designed to prevent the illegal dumping of

":r “‘1 "1

(17) Boraiko, ellen, Nat. Geog. Mag. 1985 ppg. age
(18) Sobetzer John B. and Coreon Lynn a. Hagagggg§_@agte_
dagagement_in_dieuigaui_a_§eide_iac_tegal-5ezetueeat_aad

Qitizene ; Community Development Programe, Lifelong Education;

.u....~.-~..-uwuu—o—

Michigan State Univ. E. Laneing 1982;pg.2

1Q

l

waste. This requires extensive record keeping by the aforementioned
generators, haulers, and disposers of hazardous wastes so that the

wastes can be tracked as required by RCRQ from “cradle to grave”.

L. a permitting and licensing system cesigned to prevent the improper
and unsafe construction, operation, and closure of disposal
facilities. This system establishes detailed design and operating
standards (For each facility.) that must be met before new facilities
are permitted or existing facilities and haulers can be liscensed. The
DNR issues building permits and liscanses, but proposed facilities
must also win approval through a Site Review process conducted by a
Site Review Board.

3. a siting process designed to provide for the siting of facilities
needed to handle The hazardous waste produced. This process is part
of the permit system and provides for a Site Review Board that has
final authority to approve the application for a construction and
operating Hermit. This process elso provides for the consideration of
local concerns and objections and for the integration of local
requirements, whenever possible, in any final permit that is issued to

facility developer.

51,-

4. fl planning process, which is vaguely defined, which may evaluate
ways to encourage reduced waste generation and improved siting
procedures, and to address any special problems arising from the
implementation of Act 54. This plan has been written by a
sub—commitee of the Natural Resources Commission and was adopted in

1982.

[32'

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(14m (5311327(:1r'c;(:a1'(.(1.=;1ht i::1r'(:‘1 (.1: 1»- 1:111:1(‘3‘ t h

defiighed to inaure that the pruor

:ept ta & mihimum

lh additimh t0 i”:il and criminal

duthmrized, (Under this; Act a% we

Erotattimh fict.> immihaht and gab

a ial municipal

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arm prmvided to

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c1? (lau2i.l.i.t;i1393.

Ilri 'tlie1 eagunea 3(3i13 , 'Tcynfl3(3((l;i&n3

emptuygizea'the pmiliticefl.z3e&mhs of

HEHH ta afifiurm the

publir

l3agardoup waate C(mdtitm: created

that would allaw for politically

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th&t are 0+ primary .HCGVH t0 la

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penalt

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y fur hn.wrdnua wagte

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firuj lknmtunmlziari ‘1“?>

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{:1 a 333- .

a Ea+e management

a h d t h a t. l‘:.l'1(~31*‘(::. w (:1 a

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wmrkamflwé fimltdjwm3§ 0h

saiWcil i] lunar(i.

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typag

.xtremely important to locals. Hlthough the Hct mandatea the
coneideration of local ordinanceay it aleo expreeelv etatee that a
Site Review Board ie not bound by them. Hct b4 takee away all legal
:jntrol from exieting local inetitutione and inveete it in the
Board.‘29’ Thie review then is intended to ehow eome of the

more important aepecte of Hct 64 in general, but epecifically it ie
intended to epotlight thoee eectione o? Hct a4 moat relevant to
planners. S: me portione of the Hct are epeciH camll geared toward the
planning proceee, eome portione impinge upon it. It ie aleo implicit
that the planning proceee is not copletelv ruled out of the Hct a4

eiting proceee.

The firet etep in the crtaiinn of a new diepoeal facility 'in the
real world’ is the in orwmil review phas e" This ie a period before any
formal euhmicgicn for a building permit ie given by a developer to the
BMW. The devaloper~owner~ operator, may chooee to contact the DNR,
the local governmente involved, or any local groupe that would have an
interwrt in a hazardoue waete facility" H dange r of this ie that
local opp: tion will muehroom at the outaet againet a

"1

nrojectu‘hl’ Dateneihl' howa- -er the law is deeicned
1 .

f‘s

EZ) Publication of the Michigan Dept" of Natural Resources

-3Z.rdnur _Haete_mamagemeut_ficti_figt_efl_ei_lEZEi_ae_ amdfidud

From Michigan Compiled laws 1982,pg.13
(21) eee Greenburg and Hndereon pg. 164:

a1? no D’Hare, Bacow, a
Sandereon EéCilLEE Siting and Public OpchiL
=Ei

on 19o! Van Noetrand
... .... .... _. .. ..... .. _.... .... .... ..... _ ......!._ ..... .. _...- ..... ..... .......-. -.Z -.... .....

heinhold FLu_H:EL_HLXL_QFL_$fl44 and Lrahow L_ «rharaJ Siting
oF Hazardoue Naete Ha nagement Fatilitie under Michigan 5
Ha"; ardou.e Nae te .anagement Hct: The Baa e of Simpter Twp. 1083
Unpubliehed Maeter’e Theeie, Dept of Reg“ ource Development,

Michigan St. Univ., E.Laneing pguo,

"'3 ”“1
.a‘... 42..

with a balanco between the local government and local intoroota, and
tho propoaor of the project; in Fact the law aaaumoa but does not
otato, that antagoniota in a propoood facility aiting will git down
and negotiate before formal aito raviow hoaringg, and ootoido of the
review hoaringa when they do occur" lt may be to tho benefit of the
potaitial applicant to diacooa with them the concorno of local groopa
during thio intormal period. It could load to agraomonto before tho
'ormal Review procoaa and go add to tho chancoa of tho iacility being
built.

If the local citizonry are aooomod to be hoatilo by a developer”
the dovelopar will moat likely aook the other pormita needed such a5
air and water pollution pormito or pormito to alter or onclooo draino
before going to the DNH with a building permit proposal" Thoao
pormita are choapor and oaaior to obtain than a Hazardooa Naato
Facility building permit; and if there ia a a fear oi hootility,
obtaining thooo iirat, diacrootlyg would rodoco initial outcry againot
a facility propoaal.

From the poblic’a poropoctivo there ohoold be the immediate
formation oi a local group to invaatigato not only any application for
a conotroction permit, but the air, water, or any other pormito that
look 'aoopiciooa” a5 wall. The fict i5 doaignod, a5 atatod earlier, to
encourage informal nocotiation botwoon citizona and a facility
dovelopor. So it i5 in the boat intoraoto of any community that
ouapocta they will have a facility propoood for their aroa to got
organized a5 aoon as poaaibla.‘mfi’ In conjunction with the

formation of a citizena group, local government Should review and make

,- r7. r".

iii. TommMMJlian Sa'Tonmmnilian pug. 9

hm] a...

.15.. a.)

UT

government ahould review and make roviaiona in it maatar plan and
toning ordinancoa to daal with an impending Facility propocz al. While
an outright ba.n on a Facility by a locaL ordinance is powerloaa and
illagal, 'ational uggaationa and controla are not. The mora cogent
any local regulation ia, the more likely a Site Roviow Board will
chooao to includa ouch regulation in tho conditiona noteo,wry to
obtain an operating permit For a propccid Facility.

Qt thia point we hava ontorod tho porviaw oF the local plannor or
pariapa the ratgional planner. fit proaant there is no oFFicial role in
'the fimfli-For tfliwniora vflnn are auwnmzood tc1lua oonmwduat qualii-ewi in
helping to ahapo land uao doczia icanou Evan in lPChfilt lly complex
probloma oich ao Hazardoua Naato llrl lty oiting, tho plannor ahould
be ablo to come up with ways to loarnn the negative impacta oF ouch a
prtijoci; or] at} oxixatixig {na.‘:"i:-: oF lawid tiaeoa amid iaoc ial en1«licmn . llwat.
at praoant thia auppoaad ability ia not ut111~9d will ho llLCJ‘de
latar in tho paporu

In any Ld’w ohhetiw and [oraun Foal that thia inFormal poriod
w i t h i t o o no or t o. n i t i a a For n . g o t i. a t i on m a y b {a war y c F F o c t i ‘wa i n
mediating any d "uwfc oo when a community and a "acility dovalopor
because botli partiwc Foal Lho prnuwura to avoid the ’Fiat’oF the
Formal roviow procoao under the Site Review Board.‘3*’

AIEJLw;rmal _F§§ Lmj Ekwm:oaa iim" nai-

.“ m u..- u».

U:;9 Hoar- W :1

[I
I»)
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Eu
“’4
u—«w
if"
u...
if!
iw

.- ..... no” a." 0... cu- -— o...- ...-. p.90 — “-—

Thia procoaa begins when tho dovelopar oF a Facility oubmita an

application For a conotruction pormit to tho DnmnH.n Tho D.N.R. muot

(23) Sobotzar a Coraon, Ha;L_ wc.tm _Hgtfl
ia_HiiiEiiga_iac_Hacal_ Hxiitgit "Pm; pguli

notiFy the permanent board membere, the municipality, the county, the
local eoil eroeion and eedimentation control agency, any other State
agenciee that have reeponeibilitiee that would involve 'hem in euch a
Facility, the regional planning agency in whoee Juriediction tie
Facility will be located, and any other agenciee deemed appropriate,
of its receipt oF thie application. The application muet contain the
name and raeidence oF the applicant, the location oF the propoeed
Facility and any other inFormation deemed neceeeary. The application
unmet tma acmwnmpeuiied try a cumwetriucticwiidernd t éqflflllChfltltfll Fewe. llie
director oF the DUN.R. determinee the tee ueing a eliding ecale baead
on the coet to the Department for reviewing the application, The
ecale issaflxm: baeed LWMMl'thQ eiEE9CiF the Eutma,:tte projemfimmj waete
volume, nature oF the waete, hydrogeological characterietice, and the
t 'i-p e o~F F ac i. l i t .. The app 1 i c at i on mu 5 t i n c: l u d e a C! et e r mi n a t i on of
exieting hydrogeological characterietice, and a monitoring program
cuneietent with rulee promulgated by the director For groundwater
quality etandarde, an ervironmental aaeeeement, an engineering plan,
and the proceduree For cloeure and poetcloeure monitoring, The
environmental aeeeeement ehall include, at a minimum, an evaluation of
the propoeed Facility’e impact on the air, water, and other natural
reeourcee of the etate; and aleo ehall contain an environmental
Failure mode aeeeeement.‘24’Under Hct a4, the D.H.R. hae a

maximum oF 120 days to review the application.inlthough there is no
minimum time that the Department muet review ar application,) lF at
the end 75 daye the application hae not been rejected, the D,N.R, muat

notiFy the permanent membere oF the Site Review Board and the public,

(24) Mich. D.N,H.pub.,ect 54 pg,lQ

rt. 1::

.l'». “J

that it hae int rejected the applicationn(The Chairman of the Eite
Review Board informe the County and Municipality involved that they
muet appoint 4 membere to the S.R.B.) Once thie proceee iae been
completed, and when the Dept" of Natural Reeourcee finde that all
requiremente have been met, the application then goes through the fiite
Review Board Proceee.
Ib§_§ita_fieziee_fieatd

The Eite Review Board ie a legal deviee that ie an inroyation in
Michigan.
fie hae been indicated, it is deeigned to balance the intereete of the
State at large, and the local citizene and government where the
propoeed tacility ie to be located. The board coneiote of 9 membe"e.
Five of theee poeitione are coneidered ”permanent” in that they muet
be filled by pereone appointed by the governor that will alwaye have
the eame expertieeu However, the eame individuale appointed ae
permanent membere of a epecific board muet remain membere 0% that
board. One muet be a geologiet and one a Chemical engineer. Theea
two poeitione are tilled trim a round robin of qualified individuale

drawn from the 8 ate” Univereitv Eyetemu The other 3 germanent

m

poeitione are filled by individuale from the departmente ot Natural
Reeourcee, Public Health, and State Police, reepectiyely" Each member
muet eerve a term on the Review Board for three yearn. "he Chairman
of the board ie alwaye the individual from tie Dept. ot Natural
Heeourceeu The other 4 membere of the board are made up of 2 Citizene
from the municipality where the propoaed facility ie to be located,
and 2 Citizene from that reepectiye county where the facility ie to be
located. The temporary membere Serve on the board until it accepte a

propoeed tacility or until the conetruction permit ie rejected. Five

"‘ '71 L.
..L. k.)

membara in attaicanca at a legal meeting of the board conatituta a
quorum, and tho concarranca of 5 mambara of the board conatitdtoa a
laqal acticwitlf tho board.

Dnco the board hi5 baan formed it moat arrange for a public
hearing to receive public comment about the propoaed facility; notice
for thia meeting mdgt be publiahad no laaa than 30 daya before it ia

achedulad. The board moat at a minimum? conaidor the following

:nattoran

+

1. The riak and impact of accident during the tranaportation
hazardoug raate.
E. The riak and the impact of any contamination of aurface or
groundwater.
3. The riak of fires and explosiona.
4. The general impact on the municiplity a5 concerna the public
health, aafety and walfara; and whether tha propoaad facility ia
conaistont with local ordinances, parmita, or requirementa.
5. Tha probabla adveraa environmental impac a; how the facility will
effect the ecology; STBHiC, cultural, tiatoric, or recreational
amanitiaa, air and watar qualityuand wildlife.
a. The concorna and objectiona of the public.
?. Finally if any aapact of the phyaical or aocial envirionment ia
advaraaly impacted, the board moat evaluate meaaurea devised by the
appligant to mitigate thaae impacta, or mandate them if they are
lacking.

While thia l'at aaama agreeably auccinct it mtat be amphaaizad
that the board can and will look at any aspect of the project on thia
liat or in any area that it feala abould be examined that partaina to

the project. Dr aa ona DNH apokeaparaon baa put it the Review Board

“.1 m,
.51.. I

.n.Cafl do anything they want.”‘2$’ Degpite the emphagig on
theee Board review powere, the idea of thie paper ie to eee what
plannere can contribute to effective waete management in flichigan.
One of the primary queetione that wag aeked wae if plannere had any
a

Q¥+icial role in the preceee at all. we the next eectipn illuetratee

they dc” tmni they dmn't.

EXEHP”S FROM MET $4 PEHTQININB DIRECTLY TO PLQNNINB

eat a4 ie mere than juet the Review Board, and a juriedictipnal
mandate for the Etata of Michigan. The primary three: of the
deucument ie te allow the developer of a preject and the local
Cpmmuni y; under the aenie ef the State, to decide the beet way to
locate a hazardeue waete facili‘y. While environmental concerne must
be addreeeed, the {inal location decieiene are primarily ecpnemic ae
wee the intention of HCRQ and flat 64. The planning prefeeeipn ie
ceneiderefl in Set 6/ however and the fellewing firticlee tram the flat
are t h e an at; that esp ell cm. t the r (:3. l e (if pl an he ‘52; i n t h e ei ti ng

F) l'" CC] C: (E315; $34.5, .

ARTICLE EQQuSlg, Eectipn 19, Subeectipn 1(a) ”Uppn recipt 0+ a
cenetructien permit application...the directer<pf the DNH)...5hall:
Immediately notify.u.a regienal planning agent” eetabliehed by

executive directive 0f the governor; and other apprepriate agenci S.

“'Y
I

QRTICLE 299.520, Section 30, Subeeetien lid) ”The impact on the

25)

Pereenal cemmunicatien with Mindy Koch, Reeource
Specialiet, Mich.Dept of Nat. Reeeurcee en Jan. 28, 985

"5' CD
a- L.)

municipality (will he conaidered by the Site Review Board) where the
propoeed treatment, storage, or diepoeal facility Se to be located in
terme of the health, eafety, coat, and coneiatency with local planning
and e:-: i eti n g d evel (tipment .. The board al eo 5h al 1 conssi der local
ordinancee, permite, or other reguiremente and their potential

relationehip to the propoeed treatment, etorage, or diepoeal

4*:

acility,“ Section 20, Suheection (8) ”The board ehall coneider the

concerne and ohjectione euhnitted by the public. The board ehall

wk
u A

acilitate etforte to provide that the concerne and ohjectione are

mitigated by eetahliehing additional otipulatione epecifically

I

applicable to the treatment, atorage, or diepoeal +acility and
operation at that eite. The board aleo ahall to the Fulleet extent
pwwmrticahleaiJTtegradmaljy etitnthation tlmalnroviedcnwa of ttme local

ordinancee, permite, or requiremente.

QRTICLE 29?,52 , fiection 21 “A local ordinance, permit requirement, or

other requirement ehall not prohibit the conetruction oi a treatment,

etorage, or diapoeal facility,”

eHTlCLE Eggnfififi fiection 32 “fl municinalit‘ or count ehall not
‘1

prohibit the traneportation of hazardoue waste through the

municipality or county or prevent the ingreee and egreee into a

liceneed treatment, atorage, or diepoeal tacility.”

From the outeet then, plannere can have an impact on a propoeed eite
by updating or creating a local ordinanceie) that might apply to a
hazardoue waete facility in the prewapplication phage. fie Tomhoulian

pointa out the legality of an ordinance, or in the caee of hazardous

waete iacilitiee the applicability oi such an ordinance, ie not

L—J
{£3
1‘.
3:
I1
d:
I .
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—d
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IL;

eimply becauee that ordinance ie ot recent vintage; ae long
ae the ordinance doee not ceurp State authority, and can be shown to
be reaeonable.‘2&’ It would appear then, that while the plane

or ordinancee that a community enacte to deal with a potential or
imminent haxardoue waete taciliy are not binding on the decieion made
by a Site Review Board, the board muet coneidere theee plane and
ordinancee. It eeeme then that if communitiee throughout Michigan
were prepared for the p eeibility of a hazardoue waete facility being
located near them, they would have a much better chance of controlling
the severity of the impact that euch a facility could have upon them;
it ie likely however that not every community in the State would need
to do this. The primary reaeon would be that remote placee, thoee
that are very far from eourcee of hazardoue waetee, would not viable
placie for facility deyelopment becauee of the traneportation coete

involved in ehipping large ouantitiee oi waete there. finother very

I"!
H

important reason would be, in the case of hazardoue waate landtillo

the preeence o+ euitable clay eoile mandated by Federal and State law

to be compacted ae linere for the landfill cellen ( filthough thi

1?}

email
could be introduced to a eite that lacked it, it would etill be a
major expenee to excavate it from one eite and move it to the
preferred eite. It would be much more e+ticient to find a eite where
waete could be depoeited in eitu becauee of the preeence of the
prerequieite clay,) fl pattern for analyeie begine to emerge jtet from
theee two neede. Plannere could pinpoint the beat eitea to place

hazardoua waste landfille baeed on ehipping dietancee {rom point of

(2a) Tomboulian & Tomboulian pgu32

origin and haeed on the preeence ot editable, compactable clay eoil.

1"!

Uf couree theee are only two o? many variablee that could be analyzed
to determine ei:e suitability. ”hat no program exiete Statewide to do
thie ie baeed on tne premiee that propoeere of hazardous waete
facilitiee would do theee analveee, and more, to aeeure acceptance of
their development by the Site Review Board overeeeing their propoeal.
It will be eeen later in thie paper that thie is not neceeearily eo.
It will aleo be put torth that it may not be in the bee intereete o?
induetry or the citizenrx to rely eimply on the reeearch of the
facility developer in chooeing eitee for hazardoue waete treatment or
diepoeal. Before diecueeing the merits and probleme with the law
and in eome aepecte the accepted methods of hazardoue waete diepoeal,

a review of eome eignificant court caeee dealing with the power of fict

u

54 over local ordinancee, and a brief review ot the Qite Review Board?

that have convened and their decieione, are in order.

.,5

The caeee preeented repreeent the firet and the current inetancec
oi judicial review oi the effect of fict o~ on local planning and
zoning. fl pronounced ditficulty to thie day in the management of
hazardoue waete in Michigan, ie the tendency for local governments to
aeeume that thev can control the operation of a hazardoue weete
facility within their juriedictional boundariee.‘27’ Formerly the
very act of placing or operating a facility within a political
juriediction wae coneidered the purview of that local government. The
firet caee preeented here ie the precedent eetting one that nullified

that iotion in Michigan.

(27) See Appendix R, page d.

a...

7 .‘ iv» | v. 7... {V 7‘. -.. -. ._- ,_ ..I -~. 4. ._'
I {SH-"'1': i 9;: i } 1. LJ h"? J (:4. E; L. J U 6:] ‘7" ...3 u L:
-' . .. m; .; ;. ::.. a. ".4. 1.. ‘

EXPL. .31 ..'”.:'. "2",! J .3. in: “J g Q “ .1"! ". ‘5 '1 .. ”“7! 3

lawg are Dagged that in m

lwgal methodg 3% land age

fwaci fiifligfft £33 euateflnlj.5fi a

hydraxide WflfitE gemevated

araan 11.- prmpmg

'—

waagagh and ma

fiarhaga and Re+uaw Diapm$

the craatimh 0% thig plah

legifilmture pagfied Hat

PLWWguawrt tcx'thed; ha

permit he r3viewed by tha

(Emmndtflmma and time¥41chigax

and public hearing the tw

Batififactmry and a huildi

0f 19?? When the Origin

cmnrtrml ordirnmwag unma

by

the narcel it wahthd to b

Twp

Develmpmmhtu Cafiuadw

t h as I" (5- v :i. cw C's. f it. h 61-) 3.21;:1: 5:7,: 1 Li. (:1 a

HEVEF allmwed a Chflflgfl 1h

flmnfitr (3F thm

{${2't i c1r1

iflarmflfi 1E), true bLLLlCHAWg i

r]

tcxffl?fin Ehfljgmummnvtl

Order

the dwvalmper {Gr HQHWCHW

$41,

;tiwnh

LITIGQTIUN HHD SIGHT

“mtfififi H§%Qutgy_fiaggzggx_lmgi¢ Lilg_mgggh

the can$ugioh that oftmh regmltfi when HEW

aehae gm agaihfit th& grain a? egfiablifihed

LJHtVOl. Caacade Heamurce Recmvery (ERR)

+auility xC‘ the digpmfial 0% liquid metallic

wmatéal p}.ai;ir1¢ 111 'thE {firwarufl i3awjicjfi

b y'

for the plant 1977 hefmre th@

('3. 1

.....

5 aubject umly to Himhigah Public flat 8}, the

al hut 0% L955“ While the ahplication far

1
.L

t """ akil heihg raviewwd by the UNR, the

'tfi.‘"‘1&'.'§3CJ].iCi {A a 223. '1: 9 H (=3. h (a (f (9:715:27 it. (SH: 'L‘. (1: {- 1‘3" 7 E}

dirmmytmr ufli'Lhw Lfifi? wrcmwfiad tkmdz'tha

't fflwa

Intevmhajartnmwwtal Eflwvirmmnnentafl.l¥eview¢

Envirmhmehtal avimw Beard" after revifiw

37‘!

D hmdiaa found the prmpmaec praject

HR

k.

mg permit wag igfiued by the I

a1 applicatimn wag made under Hat

ahpflgicatflwg, BL3KH<H gmflxght ea zahirug chérnge faw“

UilC’tflflQfl ¥rmmn ngichLtUFE?ijfmlahnamjlfifiit

had cuhaifitahtly tabled the rmqueat until

by the State wag complete. The towmahip

2'. DH 1 1'"! (3 .a

+acility began in March m% 1989" wawver an

apactor m? Cagcade Twp" iggued a mark

Etmp

y’ tJW£e 'tCJMNWEflWi.p c:cunnuarwcm§cj i3 1<avv2n4i't augeairfizyt

pliJaHCE?lflitFYZLQC£IV :Lmvirmg mrcfixwarmnagu "Hue

“‘I‘ ,u.‘

-...' .11“

EEEE WEE diEme. EEd in Uct. 1980 by the detrict Cdurt judgE who rulEd
that Ect E41 prEEmptEd thE lmcal tawnEhip zmnihg Erdinath, building
cde prE-Jit 31.01E, and wrcth manuhemwnt OrdinanCEn On appEal to thE
Michigan Cmurt EF EppEElE thE diEtrict court WEE uphEld.

ThiE Ejurt EtatEd that during all OF thE rEviEw pEriDdE undEr all
EF thE variDuE fictE that thiE utility WEE regulatEd uthr, it had
rEcEiVE1 pErmitE Each timE Frmm thE State. ThE court alE -E Faund that
dEEpitE thE EarliEr applicwtimhdg that whEn Ect E4 becamE EFFEctiVE Oh
January 1, lfiam, thE Facility camE within thE @“CZlUSlv E purviEw EF Act
E4 and that thE EuthErity OF Ect 541 EVEr thE prEpEE Ed Facility hwramw
ihEpEratiVE, ThErEFErE it WEE unneCEcnary td dEtErminE thE
prEmEmptiEn iurHE, thE court Eaid, in rElEtiEn to Ect E41.

ThE Court rEliEd hEavily on criteria Far prEwemption Eet Forth by

liwellxIl_fi9l_fllgbi_§l£1-35Z_HE£E

. -. ..--v w... u n...

thE ”LleEllyn Court” ( FEQQL? V§L

$22-1l3E 2 -EEELE_QED_’;2_QE_lEQ§_lZ;7Ql )1 WhiCh Setfi {Drth

uidElinEE to dEterminE if a ...Eta tutmry EchEmE iE occupying the

S

FiEld EF regulation.”. According to thE Court E¥ EppEalE Opinion,
”The qur guidElinEE outl1inEd above (Llewellyn) lEad us to conclude
that Act 64 orcuiiE the FiEld OF hazardEuE WEEtE managEmEnt, which
plainti. F tawnEhip EEEHE to entEr, EE -E to prEEmpt thE Field.” ThE
[:0tu’t t'Eau: ha (i tJWi.E CCHILllJ‘ltJn Inemzé1LuEE "(1) ttne ev'preig_x.d (alaltiici y
languEgE indicates-E that Fict {:34- |:)l"‘63"‘63mt‘5~} lEcal cardinEnCEE; (If) thE
EmprchEhL1VEnEwE 0F thE EtatutEry EchEmE EhEWE a pre-EmptiVE intEnt;
(3) thE naturE 0F thE rEgulatEd EubjEct mattEr dEma ndE uniFErm,
EtatEwidE trEEtEmEhtu“ ThE Court rEJEctEd thE tawnE hip'E argumEnt that
thE lEgiElatiVE intEnt allEWEd lEcal QEVErnmEht rEgulatiQn EhErt 0%
Excluding dtilitlua ThE court rulEd that Act E4 ”ExprEEEly pruv1dw'

thE StEtE'E authoritv to Exc21uE EiVEl, regula E thE plECEmEnt,

conEtrL ucti1on End opErEtionE oF hazardouE waEtE FacilitiEE, to thE
@HClUElJH oF EupolEmEntEry local ordinancEE.” ThE court did FCLFgfll’“
howaEr that local ordinancEE undEr EEction 20(8) (EEE Part 3) muEt EE
c:c3r1eai.cicar“£9ci Latiear1 1*‘Eexxi.eavui.r1gg 13r"c313c3§;£2ci uueassltea 'F &\C :i l 1. t i 63E;u llr1 E3L1n1n151t;1.c3r1 {ZFFFB
Court Eaid, ”Michigan 15 ExtrEmEly limited in the numbEr oF FacilitiEE
that 1EndlE thiE waEtE propErly. ThiE 1E duE in oErt DPCdU E no
community wantE a halardo E waEtE Facility in thEir yicinity...ThE
LEgiElEturE rEEognizEd that hazardouE waEtE diE poEal Era EE evoke
Etrong EmotionE in localtlfl iEE that thE dEc.i Ei.on EE to whErE a landFill
Ehould go sfiould not DE giVEn to thE lULdllty...ThP lEniolcturE
inEtEad, gEyE thE poHEr to a Lcntral1 ez-d dBCiEiDH”mahEF (thE QitE
REyiEw Boarda and thE 3NR) who could act uniFormly and providE thE
moEt EFFEctiyE mEanE oF rEgulating hazardouE waEtE.”
Elthough thE ((99 had now DEEn triEd in Michigan courtE, E local
nonmprEFit corporation known EE EdaflflaEEadE Watch Gought a rEyErEEl oF
thE HELEllutE court ruling in FEdEral Court E fig§:QdEtwdw Naggh_Qg;

‘ .’Cil
V ..

I
..u. n... ..-

QEEEEEE_EEEEECEE_EEEEEEtz_lQE1_Z2Q_E1EQ-EEZ_EE_Q1CE_1?831 3 Th?
appEllantE, Eda“CaEcadE Watch, aEEErtEd that thE conEtruEtion oF thE

-F ac i. l i t v 1'. El a t E cl t h I“ F Eder E1]. [1(5) our 1: E L. on EEr a. t .1. on an d F: EL: o v E r y 131C: 1: .
ThE Facility tr Ey Eaid, Failed to obtain all thE nECEEEary EtatE
EnvironmEntal pErmitE orior to NEVEthr 19, 1980 EE rEquirEd by Ect
E4» ThErEForE CEEEEdE REEourcE REEoyEry WEE not an ’ExiEting
Facility’ undEr Eat E4 a.nd ther EForE could not qualiFy For intErim
EtatuE undEr thh. HEWEyEr, CaEcadE REE ourCE REccyEry maintainEd that
thEy 1Ed obtainEd all thE noEEEEEry pErni.tE prior to January 1, 1’“H
In pa articular thEy maintained that t1E EErmit thEy WErE iEEuEd undEr

thE fiolid Lnrtt MEnEEEmEnt fiat (hrLt E41) WEE uFF r11n+ For thEm to

onEtruEt thE Facility. EFter thE diEtrict court had rulEd that ERR

wee indeed entitled to interim e'atde under RCHQ, and wee an nxieting
facility under eat a4; and that act e4 had Occupied the field anyway,
fidemfiaecede filed edit in Federal Court"

The Federal Circuit Ceurt remanded the cage to the dietrict ceurt
with inetructibne to diemiee the caee en the gremnde Qt abetentienu
Thie ie a little deed ruling which in eifect ie e refdeel by the
Federal ceurt to make a judgement becauee it deee net wieh to
interfere with a State e decieiene when embryenic regulatiene are juet
beginning te be deed. In thie ceee the Court did not wieh te
intertere with a Etate pregrem that wee eemewhet confueedv but
Obvieuely wee attempting to eert Out the beet cedree to take in the
emmhflmwly emergwmi field of tuxumFdeue wmwflmermmwagementu [hymnite the
fact that there may have been eeme clouding of the ieeuee becadee of
the many overlapping lewe, and the time ehen involved fict $4 emerged
ae the deciding rule t0 apply in thie caee.

filtheugh the Supremacy e? ect e4 eeeme to have been eetebliehed

I

in the creetien 0' new hazerjdue waete facilitiee, (Which ie meet

pem"t¢dxie¢rt in: idiies peujer‘ eiricea it: denales in Lite; firiel arualgneiss wiifli {due
plennfier’sat”dlea:U1 time crtmaticwitnf rmmu feud litiems.) ttme ieetwa at time
eupremecy 0+ the act when deeling with interim etetue fecilitiee wee
net ever with the Caecade caee. The next few caeee dealing with egg
prepeeed facility, illuetrate even more fully the cenfueien that
reeulted when ect $4 wee created, and hew beeeing epecial legieletien
te help ene facility run the gauntlet of new Federal and Btate

legieletien, wdrkec to the detriment of another. lt elem illuetratee

the tact that deepite the endereement at a facility by the BMW,

ii

deepite the fact that the epereter it well reepected internetienelly,

the material preduced inert, the Site Review Board etill hae the power

-3. [11'
-_I‘ h}

denial ever the Operatidr of a .aczi. itvu

. _im_;§tlaug_‘
(Stablex Site

i§i_agt Q4 ” :Q_flaatgxal
pprpval Board) ND" 83 TD7QTL LE
Suprema Court ND.“

. 1 "Ir 1;: -'
m puddm

_EQ§EQ_

(l”8”‘

and Michigan
and 68387,
Stgalgz

IEEE_Q£_QQE§L§QQ_E§E_E HELDQ§_QDQ
;2_Qgtgi_:; m3$-ll%§§l

1 .3 c3.

Chrmnoldgical reviow c game 0? the pertinent
decisinna and actidng eading up to thege cace
Michigan

- 5:153 69.)”
<:. 3&3)
II

\ arpted from the
Naate Repmrt
lug? i339 W Stablax acquired he optimn t0 purchase d 180
with the intent 0+ developing a

acre Eite
hahlrdOUS waste trentmwnt
1:3r CHTCNS"

capable pf _

-. ging SUU,UUU tong
over - a ”'

facilit”
a ldmgfi year period

. V
I

0% indrganic induatrial waate

luly ff” M Gov. Millikan sign Hi fiat E4, #1163 Hazardppg Nagte
Management flat, which prdhihited a ldcal ordinance Erom diV“
the canatructidn or

:Hu] 1(3th n {:j
mperatimn

Q? a digpdgal facility.

”3) _ flat 64 became ef+wLLive although Adminifitrative rulmg tn
mplement it were not in effect 59c. 16 0f the flat atateg that a
UJRPU a] facility in emiatmncm an Jan 1. 9‘0 giall not he Subject to
a review'ch the aitLEFWwwcmw 1 Board

Mgg_l§§@ ~ HERE regulatidna went
(T8) Naate Syatem Ir .1titute Miguiggg Mag
ETSU wanaend N.Eu, Giand Rapiifi , Mi.’ le

pg. d1,mt, and 83.

into eEEect that Cla§5i+ied mdfit 0+

s'_.-.i

tie materiele prepoeed fer proceeeing by Stablex ee h zerdoue.

eeril_

n... . "a.

:-.
.J

Q” ” Oakland Co. Circuit Court ruled that Etuhle“ ie in

ie
:x3
r‘.

complienee with a Dec. .E7E cone ent agreemeni with breve .lend Twp.
fifiggelgud_ lwp~_ggl_geLLigg§ ) for the reclime on of e Gravel Pit on
their property with S ablex’e Patented ”Eex.osa e' Material. (Thie
materiel coneiete 0% the nonwor genic: wee ie- & AhJU” would have
accepted, eueh ee metal “lidgn , combinet with lime for neutraliiul on
end a binding materiel tm produce large bloeke of inert, concretemlike
material.) The congent agreement eeid the former graiel mining
operetion wee eubject to euch VWJ'UHJDIL regulatione ae the town3hip
mi.ght impoee by valid ordinancee end that the fill had te he
nonwergenic in nature. Etehlex wee ¥ound to be in compliance with the
ugrerxen and the townehip wee enjoined from interfering with

.- - n. —- |.u ' nvv .b I I -1. an: I. 1.0 Iva no: r -- I. o
Eteulen e upeidtion.

ohmmer _;§§g _ The DMR delayed ieeuence oE conetruction permite for

the project due to the lack of rulee under eat 64 and fiat 641.

QEL:-1:§Q W The Caeeede eeee wee decided (eee fire t C} iee) which ruled

that eat e4 prewemp‘ed the ¥ield o¥ hazardeue weete regu.letion.

Mg”. lfidt m Stehlex eued the BMW to obtain the HHCfieucry permite to
etert canetruction end to begi.n operation. The corporation wee
gruntvd thtSe permite by the Court. On Nov.19 Stablex wee granted

interim etatue under Lihh.

lQQU w Public Act $01, an amendment to flat e4 went into

effect“ it eteted that “ Q diepoeal {agility in exietence on Nov” 1Q,
lQHU, for which approval of conetruction hae been received trom the
h:ir tollut on Control CommitniL ehell not be euhject to a review of
the Site fipproval Board or require a conetruction permit under thie
ectu.uthie eubeection doee not epridge or alter the e+fect of a local
ordinance, permit requirement, or other requirement on the
construction of a diepoeal +acility...”. Thie amendment wee peeeed
-For"the tumuefii: of iflie Lhmlotwi Co. {whicfi weesljuilcthig 5W] on Ekltfi

iru: i.n't W zattw“ at.:ite;;3leuit irilieleuneECMJ. lh“"m Hfmxtt] -For‘f3teuilex ixt

t no r: {53.17363 under t h i :—3 -1 men d m r n t ..

HLW _ggi_iggg m Treated fiteblex merrridl wee granted temporary
exclueiin from HCRQ regulation as 3 hazardoue material. The pr (pnmed
11nd ill oualiiied an a eolid weete tecility and tell under the

Jur’rdirtinn o+ not $41, not not 34"

fiflili_lgfil M not $4 edminietrative rulee went into effect“ Mn
emieting facility wee deiined a5 one that had received all necreasary
,11th (3" f ~x¥~|lw3'l tiear'nii't%3 tjfifiiztjr"£9 ileiri. l , 1‘91: £$31L£itil.59;z tieici r (it: e i x L ezi i't as
flat e41 permit and ite air pollution permit in Oct" oi lQH” )
mg1_l2§l ~ The Michigan Court of preele revereed the flpril lQBQ

iir mztit Bourt ruling, and dieeolved the in unction egainet Broweland
Twp.“ The Court ruled that elthough Stapleu’e er] ation plan may
tieiwwe tieneri iii c:c3flu32li.eni(:ee wii'tti tiice c:<:3 Ii'it atgr E?{;. HI :3:rt Etfltj tlfiea l tn:eil
ordinance in reg Jerd to lendiilling the mined areue on their piipwrtyg
the agreement forced Stablex to Kohl-(irm to local zoning ordinances

whictstwwmiihited ttwa(um3etructicwzc:=.uui priut.iui(3F a weeteatw“mneeeing

"'2‘ I...)
34“»!

H3132:- [31:31.33" t {1133 (3% Q m3 rL-z-éFL{"131-32331‘31-3-3-3 t (:3 Et at Q Q: iii-"(3432 L‘s-3r 3-3.1 H3531: 331'" {3} L311 13:31:39}:
leQ at gfififlitifially, to thQ “QC! QhQ QF Qatfi4 Qr QC3Q41 rQthihg to
1.. h Q Q F F t {33 F l. QC: a l £33" {:31 {“333-333(31:(3-3533 ., rte-143131 .:2'3ti1:33-{353 c-{hd r L:-: QLL i 1" Q {rm-233‘ x t . H Li: r Ci '1 1:!
thQ CQQrt rQFQr tQ the Circuit Court QQCiQiQh QF Bit" 1FEO {EQQ
periQQQ CQQQ? which dchQrQQ fiat Q4 «HILViQr tQ lQCQl QtQtQtQQ. th
Qert QmthQizQQ thQ Fact that the CQhQQh“ jQQQmth had hQQh
(a (tiirflil.b%fll.}’ ringc3t3153t3Qci {flfld tuacl EBEHHFT sagpraaenj LHDCJH try E 11323Le'w 1 lliiéa
E?"Iwu tQ ih133u3QtQ, at lQQQt in thiQ CQQQ, thQ viability QF lQCQl
ifiput ith thQ hazardQuQ waQtQ Facility Qitihg QrQuQQQu It QQQmQ that
t h Q L: L313 r t W31": t Qd {3. {:3 3311013 LCMT‘I'- {11533-53333313 {3-3-3- QF 1 {33:{33131 ih p {-3 t 331“: {3! um: {33 h Qt
QhQut tQ Qth it in thQ QWQQQFirQ QF th lQWQ QQVthihg thQ dith 3Q3.]
QF w4~1w It QQQmQ that iF the flat E4 prQrQ"r that allQWQ indirect

lQCQl particijatiQh was3 th tQ hQ ihvkad by the EtQtQ, tth thQ JudQQ

had to rQQCh back to the original CQQQth agrQQmth tQ QQQurQ that thQ
ithht QF thQ law QQ hQ QQw it; thQ allmwaHCE FQr lQQal input and
CQhQieratiQh QF lQCQl OFle<HCP' th (UHCEVHQ, WQQ JUQt3iF :iwei

UHF uriunmtwl thQ E uhID’ CQrp., which WQQ QQihg to build a QQQmithy
QQFQ Facility and lahdFill, in an arQa that apraer tQ bQ
QQQerriQtQ, lQQt Qutn

ThiQ lQr .Qt h hiQthy hQWQVQr mQrQly tQkQQ UQ tQ :hQ twm mQQt rQCth

CQQQQ tQ hQ CQhQieran

_QQELQQQ_QQ;_XQQ_§;QEA§§_§LE§_EEEEQEQL_EPELE

QFth tine dQFQQt iwiimanalQ Cknuwt EtanQm smm3th 333 1982 ttx
perQQQ Q Facility Qh Q Q1F4 {rrnt QQrCQl QF land QQJQCth tQ itQ
landFill EltEu ThQ ENE QQCthQd thiQ Q3 Q th Facility and QFth
rtd’](4Jl Q lflfiQ rwew eujpliw:atiwnh$ (fl Qywmj ii; arml CCWPJQHEMl a EH tQ (”Jpl(Jvul

Emawwj ta CIMWQidEW“'thQ twwucht. 1Q~r‘ M“' ijflmftlmfifii‘FFDHIEE’OVEHJMWC lfin3.

1,,
. l
'3 ,1

'w I

thQ.t it WQQ th rQQlly Q an Facility QrQQQQQlu ThQ EitQ QpQerQl

EMLQrLl CCHLVEWHEd irw léduQ i‘FEZi htfl3 hQHMer? it (:OLUJJ FLQWQEW" Q (3Q d Eitfll

Qrmveiamd TWQ- brought Suit i QQQQQLQQQ_IQQ3_QQQ_QHE3_MQ. Q1_EEETIFLH

) Claimino that thm.i thiQ CQnVQntiQn wQQ im:: errQr bQCQQQQ it WQQ

..J
Q 523 Q3331“: t i Q l l. 3,! t h E: Q Q. m Q F Q. L: i l. t y :33 33 t h Q Qn Q {3. Q n i Q (:3 in l E95551 Q. n :31 L3]. 13. h Q{.3Q h Qn
Q QiFFQrQnt Qith QnQuld th bQ QQQjQQt tQ thQ EitQ F4].mi rQVQl prQCQQQu

'ThQ Quit VMfii(jiEmlEEEd tm33m3QQ thQ3cmmM”t dQQnmmlifiMQt QVer LqpnilLJ iQn

Far 3 haverd“~~ waQfir Facility ” tQQQiQQ_QQQCQQQQ_QQt13L-Q:tQ33QQ_3Q

QHEQBQQQ_QE_EUP_]WH1QW'FULQ ” in flat $4-

ThQ EitQ BQQrd CQntinQQd tQ mQQt, but Finding that it nQQQQd mQrQ
timQ tQ CQnQier thQ QQQli.r LatiQn5 JWiQnde itQ QrQQQQQd QQQiQ'Qn thQu
HQQrQ hQFQrQ thQ dQCiQiQn WQQ tQ hQ deQ, thQ OleQnd CO. pr{"3 LLth
FilQQ an injunction tQ Etwp thQ bQQrd Fer QQinQ QQ Qn thQ QrQunQQ
that thQ Etathx application did th WEVQ Q QitQ QpQCiFiC
hyerQQQlQQiCQl rQQQrt, that thQ EQQrQ .Awlflq tQan mQrQ thQn 12$ dflyfi
tQ Qtudy thQ applicatimn had lmQt itQ juriQdictiQn tQ make Q Finding,
Qnd hQCQQQQ thQ ChQiern QF thQ EQQrQ, Dr. DaniQ TianQy, thinQ
particinth in thQ initin DNH apprQVQl FQr thQ CQthr ucticr pQrmitg
WQQ QnleQ tQ FQirly and impartinly kaQ Q JUCӤMML.

Mlthmuzgh it WQQ vaiQuQ that thQLm"igian QQQl'CatiQn did hat
txnritxai.ri 53 gjr"cu3L3r‘ I: xchtlrjr3WJQ1iczahl r eq313r3t. (int-LQ'lL-“ 3L3t3fl3113 LQLj tliL3 r“Qq353r”t
Fer itQ QeriQthy profit: QQd QitQ which waQ 3n a diFFQrQnt pQrCQl QF
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tQQt erinQQ Qt thQ QerQQ Qd QitQ rathQr than erQQt thQ 4lel”3'JJ
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15 thQ FunctiQn QF thQ EitQ flpQLQVQl BQQVL 1Q 1w1erinQ thQQQ
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QQFQLQ itQ Fier ertingu”

Nth thQ CQurt ultimQthy QQthminQQ WQQ tth UU"{1tH thQ thiQQQ
bluner QF 1h“ DLH, Qnd thQ bQQ advice thQ QtthnQy VQWQV 1 QQQQ t0

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thQ flitQ HQviQw BQQWQ? th thQ ObViOUE FQct that flat Q4 QQQQ th Q11Qw
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BQQQQ QQQn the flat th thQ QviQQHCQ tth thQ humrd QhQQld VQJQct thQ
QFQQQQQN FL:-L:3'.11'.1':.'-)./.J thQ CQQFt CDU1d th FQ1Q Qn Q QQtthin hQrm hQFQFQ
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Ficn1r"t r131 irlg LH31.C13 L1LL:1L:1L23L1

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Ib5_b15D1g5m_§gngmg_ggatg_g3C353Q3 51-1fflfl

In bprwmrflr CF 1W Court handed deh a

a. a
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3:15-33:13533'.3:33'3 :33“: 5.333 appC-al by 511353.3'31533-1 [33:33'313. , 3:133 1.13353 +3531: 1 and [3313333113, 333313"3:3...3.3 +1
Caurt ruling CphCldihg th: right of Grmvalahd Twp. to CthrCe the
2:33r3i3133 3'6353+:r'13:'t:3333335 c:c333c:533*r313133 S3+:5313].55>: '55 33r"c3p355r“+:y' 't+3ear"53. 1'1355 £33-333r 35' 33;L -3
1:0UF111791G:

3'33 13513:: .533" 3:13:33. 335 3553-51153 1' 3' 35.51: 3333.3"? 131., —-'3+. 333" 53 35:- ., C33" 3:13. 3521-3133::3'5353- 3:533:11 :3. +;3-,/ 3333' 3 :3 31:13

3...
3 3‘.
:3
[3

I

3'1-
f
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U

3_.3
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l
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O

a review by the Cite review CCard Cr which dQEE th
3"Cqu3rC 53cmwm3tructiCW3LMNWh1t undem'+Wuaiflazardcmm3+$afidte VEWMWHWMW11
QCt 153§ufl3flwrt 3C 1CC51 CWCHFMNHUHB ngerhirmthmwd mam ahclcumwgtructiuh
c333 £5333:+1 -F 53c:3.i1 3 1:3.5335. 53333333 3313553'35 5333 Ljr"3j i 3353333::E3 533333f1321 p3r"553:I13-3c153 3: C 339:1;3 3..33: 1.1 3:333
31L 5 particmdxmr £119.

1. The Hazardwug Naete H3n~~5mw33 fiCt, 5% Cart C+ 11$ CCmprehenC we
IPCgu1atcwyxsaH3Cme, pww3'3dWC fCW'1flHe CCthrmwflxumw of haz5WIMM3C w3-FF
treatmeht, Ctmragw, ahd diie nuaul 15C111t19C. OHCC a 3u4'+r3L+3'

3353 an t 3333' EHJCJW 3a ’F5H:11.i3:y 153 153533C31, +119 aczt pr"5fi3. +lJCJL a 3nLu1i3:i 351.111y
{rmn app1y1mg 1+5 QFd1flflflflefi flfl regulatimng +C CrChjbit tha

3:3:33'3 ~ 3:. 3'" L3 3:: +..: 3'. 3:3 3'": 53313:} 3.133;:3351-33"53+; :1 3:333 CF 11133.5 - .- 3:3:3 11+,

.:.. 3533335331 3133333353'1: (3‘? 't.+3 53 533::1: 1 3:3 3523 3533333 1: 3 :553"+: 53:1 33 3“ 533::3. 1 :3 3;:1 55353 'fir“ £3333 +:!"355 533:'+: ' 53
CCHCtruCtiCh require3pn+t WfiB th imtamded tC FM'3HCH*"h H11 CChc WC1
3:33/353r' +:1'3E5 33 1 533:.353335331't. CJ-F 3:13353 -F 533: 1 1. 3 +1 1 5353 . 117533:.3.I1 i +::3 5353 3313 1 (:13 313-3531.:3 3‘}! 'F C3r'
exemptiCn frCm the requiremehts C? the aCt are Subject tC local
requiremCHtC pertaining tC land UCC and CUHL+WHC33JH 01 CUCh
faCilitiefin

3'3 . 133-2133.: 53.3..33333'5- E31". 5531:: 1 3533-: i 5333 35.3311 3+:.:'3 333;; f5:33:::'3 1 3.11.3, 333113113333 1: +3 353 333353-533'3 3. 333.3 3:33" '1': 1". 53
1ct, and becauge it did not geek a comatructiCn permit or CitC revxew
1:3 3:35:33” (:1 5.33:3 3.3 3'" [JV 3 1 ~3 3'3 3'3. 3'. 3'3 '51 +1: 3:. a 3:! 55335531 1 33:33.11 3311-3531-1- 3L3Jr‘ 553. 3'3 3:53:35-333333 1:13.333 31 3'" 3.13333 3333..33:: 1'3

parmit and appera.. under the act it mugt comply with 511 1CC51

43

- a"
+3.
:53
l;
l L
r-r-
..-

3g cmnfitructiwn at itg prmpmged

C3!" (Ill h an C. L: ':3 an Li r 1.:Z-Z";.‘,L.‘Ll. r L. :“L: {ii-1' n +.. .3 as:
-{'3 L-LL: i l i t *7" .. E'iLLL: £21!_L’;3{-3? the pi" L313 L333L3L‘l 3’: asLLLi l i t 3; L‘i CHE-1' 33 n L3 t 1' i t wi t h i n L3:3.L1-3 L3:

tha principal hr accaagury ugefi permitted my the tnwnahip tuning
twwjirhanCLefi CIMWEtIWJEthDH LiF ttn3 femgilixty (m3 time prw3pew“ty :in Lmiegfixiwri ii
l3arred.

4. The trial CDUVt conclujwd that indugtrial wafitm prncmggfid by

E2tat: l Eff-'1 by LlESEE‘ (23-:c i t 35 33-531: 5 n t L Li m L: t h Ljd C: U. a l i ’{5 i L323 w «3.1 '33 an as: c: c: L2 Li: “C. a t: l (52" '{4 i l l.
matmrial tar reclamatimn 3% fiQt turth in tha cwnfient judgmant and thm
ardinancen ND evidence wag Offered on appeal that permita the

canclugimn that tha tri3l court errwd.”

New that all tficilitiea in Michigan have been Draught intm the
fimflz $4:Ln"mcawa3 or 331 ttma cawué 0f lJthfini antiffltahlLEL, ttma hct.lfijl
pracega, 3nd tie Site Review Board mechanigm firmly eatahlifihed in the
law, it i3 important to Finn Gut haw thm pruceag haa Marked with new
tacilitiegn ln thig Eectinn at tha paper: a brief degcriptimn at the
five hazardmug wgmté tagilitiwg thug tfir anamined by tha Emard will he
pregentedn‘flw’

Thug tar aim prhpmaala tar ha:ardou% wagte management facilitiefi
have hmmn nropngwd far Review under the Mat 54 giting prmcega.

fliglgflg; “hg_§gg_§hgmig3l_g‘ langfill. Thiag the tirst hazardwug

u." _ ...- .1 ... ...“ ... ... . a - on ...u "-1— .. n... no... u... ... «on

EC'

+acility to be subject to the Site Review procegg, wag locatefl

E
v'N
1*.
if:
r?-
l .5

an t h L? L: Cum [3 L: n 3; ’ £3, CHAN": :3 r at: L33 r t 3,-' as: n d w L-‘L E; t L23 h L33 L: 23 63 d 1“ Dr we: 5: t L3 :23, L3 L13 n L r as: t {—."i'tll
at the Midland plant. The initifil Board farmed for the Dam facility
wag dighfinded due ta 3 ruling by the fittmrnmy finner3lӤ mftice that
thare wag a conflict Qt intereat on the part of twa of the 10:31 Board

(29} exerpted {rum Tmmhwulian & Tmmbmmlian pgnfl,

(anti erajcnwskxiu llnpuxhlimahenj tflieexi§,l3g. 14

z: :3:

nwmt9r9, 9nd th9 D9pt. 9E N9tur9l H9999rc99 Flt-391"€~.9<.'.~'2.1-:-:'r“1tit1V9.j who w99 9t

"'1‘;

ttm9 tinma ttma ChieaE CH" iCEW“ 9E 1fl99 [lEEiCfia 9E I49:&M”dcuus Hewyt9
H 19. h 91.3 9111(1'11: . T h 9 L, 1.111” d 1'“ 9"“1311‘! 91 191:. ., wi th r1191»; 1 912:9.1 11.191111:st ' "- 9 r1 d {fit-HE:
rwaprtw99htxitixn9 ir1 JLH19, lqtkl. 1119 h99rc11“ulemj tcy gremfit 1399
99h9tructimh p9rmit in G9pt., .“Bl..

HU"‘19195- -9EC Q999199199_1999_99919fl1liar Thifi Eacilitv 999 to 09
U99d E99 th9 d99tructimh 9E w99t99 g9h9r9t9d during Ch9m1991
praductimm pr9999999 9t th9 plant 9nd 999 lmt9t9d 9h 9it9. Th9 G99Ed

9. :1 3 1" c::w9«::l 'i:.i"'11'-:-:1‘:. cun'::1.'-:11'1 ' ' 9 9. ‘1 -1 1. i 1: 9t 3'. 19:“: i h N 1:: v . . 1 EPEzi 1 ..
| J

9999t99_1999999999_§999_~H»11“HM?

919; _9999999991_9991999 1999

113:1 11:11:31 E1 1.1.. __. "E {*1 :1 9 1m :19; t h 9 E i 1'“ 1. t 1:11:111'11r11-9r 1:; 1 9]. E .11.: 1'. 1 i ty t19 1:39 1'" 9vi 91» 9d 1-11”: 1:? r1
fiat 94. ”Thi9 Eacility W99 prapm99d by th9 mp9r9tor DE 9 9C13d W99t9
l9thill 1h Gum9t9r Twp., 9nd W99 to tha lUC9t9d 993999ht t9 th9t
91t9. Th9 1199 DE 9999pting 1ndU9trial w99t99 999 99h9rr9ht t9 th9
1cmr9l cu9mnuuwityr thJ1flitl199t 199n1; tc1l99 91 ’dtwmjirmg grtmxmd" ECN“'tmijR9.
Th9r9 999 9199 9 long 9:9ndihg 9nim991ty b9twe9n th9 mp9r9t9r 9hc1 the
1umnmunity'jx1'mfii9 C999 hEW”uIA~ 9E Er9cwwwfl;{ni9h9hdlirm311E g9rh9gen
di9r9g9rd 9E th9 mmrnihg 9nd ntgit—t1mo 9110wab19 (jumping p9r:19d 9nd
t119 139r11993t119h tjy' tlm:.- tn *1L1m.119t1 1" D11991: Clflmflflifiifity'(23t pr19jLujicm9
tww9rd th9m by th9 lathill’a Qp9r9t9rn‘flo’ Th9 E4r1l3t» W925

d9ni9d by th9 9. ting hoard 9999999 the E9cility would 99 in violatiwn
9E R919 415 DE fiat 94 by b9ihg in contact with grmundW9t9r, the
Eacility appe 99r9d fiat to h9V9 Jd‘UUth Ctp91ity t9 9t9r9 FUDGE E during

9r99 E1999 Cwnd113undg th9 Guard did hat E991 it had tim9 to

;+

9991:1919 1y avail. 191:9 th9 [H'F'Hfjmctl :.h9 9111131199111: head 91:11:11.:1r p91"~Er.“.3r'n'1a-2r1c:9

1343) G r 991 r~fl"w 3 9 Ptcu"t,tu'.1 Lhwpntfla].119t1gufl Ph9grtezr"93 11tH9§aisag [39131; c3E FU9§§CH1CA9
[LN/.1i.:1m9r1ta P1111111. E31,. Univ. ES. L9r19 «511113 1913?, 1:19.14“?

5f»!- 1.‘ i

ELL-ELL)! L21 at t1"‘1(:~? adjaceant '"Mful L :L: ‘- 1' lEnmd—Fi ll , each-2 qLLa‘L'LE CLLLdi L-.-.".-3 (3'1: Elm-1:
LELiVE EEEE EEilE WEEE hat dohE, and it wax; dEtErmihEd by thE Emard

L1at Bumwter Twp. WEE LED dCHH E1; pmpulEtEd LE Ecgwmmmdate a haxardauE

as-
w
{2.1

Ilathill. leezijrEting;pmwmet WEE EMWmej HELQEEW"FH3

ELL .LEELEEE_Euuu LHLL_QEE

LLIELEEEEEEE Thig wag a LEmmIWLiEJ

u .-.. ...

m

facility dEEighEd to aCEEpt liquid Organic HEELEEL ThE facility WEE
dEniEd dUE to pmmr dEEigh, thE fact that thE Eacility WEE in E hEEvily
pmpulated E ea, and JPLquP 0E thrEELE LE EUEEEEE and groundwater Eram
LrnprwanW*ly! CLMer‘JLlLE L1n1.LWL(Jh'J. llwe Lyrcuuorwafites 0+3 leLE -EEE3Lli'ty {NEVYE
callEd um&f :urjsh” by EhE EurmEr Enard mEmbErn‘fil’ ThE
Site Review Board VQEEd 8 EE 1 EEELHEE it ELE LhE pErmiL WEE HEMiwd 1n
DELLHEM¢ L1? lEEEL
Er” Ll HJ ldnL_EEELELE 29L: SLEElEE_EEEEL_EELEL_: ‘EE LVEELEELE
"11119:- EECL l i '1: w .551 E; E1Lr'1i LL11 1'. n 1311p r“ 'j. l ‘. c:3" E I}? .. (ESEL [31"‘L-33‘v’iCi1-t’:”.3. )
EE ELELE_EELEEEELLEL_EEEL_LEFELEEL_LECJ “FV”L”2; Elthwugh thifi
application WEE EmbmittEd in 1932, it hEE NEVEV yet bEEh acted upah by
thE UhiVErEity by FE'ClU 3L11hq VMVIEV by LhE ENE"
The ECLLEVH that nELmE to have EEEultEd Ermm LWE hat EL ELDEEEE
LhuE {Er LE LhE dEniEl by Qitihg BEErdE 0% qull LE1 dEEighEd Eur
L_L3’H{h"1’( i ELl LlfiEG? LELELL‘ VJCle].Cj L365 ' i H7E3C1F'Lli r1g3' LL. 1%. L;.:: :25 LieaéaLLEaea, Lxrzcl 1:116:
ElleEhCE EE imwhEUEE Ighljli LEE whiuh EVE Eh LhE prEpErty DE LhE
m:1E pVNLULEr and JFPCHmahly FEQWEEEHL E very harraw rath EE
mELElelE that rE:h LE ME EEEEEEEEE Er buriEE. Wfiat 1E ElEE EEEEWEHL
(El) FflmnarkE NEE he by DE.IMN1ald EWHfim"§DH9 Ethrwmmw, HEM Elwyn {iELry

[fizsyj'tzn 5 Cirl 1”1ea*! 77 , l ‘,’L3(1 5L1; ea Eififflli risurC s-F E:({E1"€ ';?{ L33! ..1iLE lfiaapn L . L3-F ELLELLLLJLLLE'LLLE
EhLiLlEd

...l L. .. l ._ ._ .. .. .-. ,._ . .. .-- ._ s ._ -- .. ' r: :71 m
bEé?- “W”_LEEEE HEMEHEEE“. .Emiflwr anudfiU 3
"- ... .. .' - .. .. .. l
EEW.LHE1'LErrn 1. iv”
1 ..1

1‘5
....
.—

L9 L t r": (I) t -:~:9 :9: 59. m i h :E i h (:3 +7.9 .39. i. 2!. h {-3.9 r {-99 i. 93 t h {-3.9 i m m (iii'Ci i eat C9 h C9 at i 1 i t y t (:Jwar Ci
hatardmua Matte facilitiag by lacal pmpulatiena who perczei a
I!

theuaaivea 33 EgcrifiCefi to Emciety a need t0 get rid 0f theae WM ind.

E+zite LP”1PH Boardfi can autmmatic :aH y be

A
3

v.’

"h

Gangequ9htly, local mfimhera
aaaumed tD be hugtile. mg Dr. Dmhald findergmn a mfimhfir 0f the Sumptmr
Twp.1ahd+ill Site Review Board hag Said, “The Sita hCViPw Beard 15 HQW
in tact 3 5 member bCard that mu.3: vote Uflfiflifl U9ly...”, if a facility
i5 to DB LilClCJ to mperate.‘w”’ Hmwmverg thig muat hmt he

(BaaumerJ by the record of denial a thug Far exhibitadu The Siting

Ml itigg t0 uperate.

13,5}
8:}
1.4
1+
.11?
9:.

IE(: ard LNWJC3;r:lWaa FMIL allAnwed [wer] 131;".
HumlLfmd v facilitieg havw beam denied that reek at lH(UmDL .HhCe

ssLic:fi 5353 i L939 {25%Eit3 trit..Ll1r*" 39L c:3r‘n LBLJL; LICJLV aar“ee czc39n9331r9i.39§3 L9L11itzi9 ear"ee

reputable, and CQgHiRaHL 0? their r9mmh9 ibi itieg to .he community

9...:

ifluyy are prtxumaihg Lmjlhncatm if“ innlnrQaCh tinfszmall Cfl‘lhjcal

hmgtility? Should we continue Lha time an: raawurce cmhgmmihg
practica 0+ §Lr3!9”1'1hg a aitm prmpmfial Only t0 turn dawn the
9.91:9 [:1 1 i c: an t T’ T h i .95, p a}: Car" L913 [.3 9' mac: h (2.9:: t h;— £‘9:., an d cat hear p 9" (3b 1 9-19 m 3 (LI-{1
hazardmug waate mahagamehtv 33 variablea that are guitable tor

99:3n1iriai;ic3h ussirig ttwe~ MEFLLHDCHDleg}/ (3% tiim p].arnwi I-g [Wrxncc9""“

F“flfi?“¥ 4- Timti [Dimfiflififititi'ifi LQLHWEE Jihl "FLHE ESIT"IiflE3 CH3r LHELJ I H9 ' {5H3IJLJLEB bkfiESTJE

{:7é9CI Ii__ E T'I E323

JJiig 34m: Licni at June [M9Ffl' 1% CIMficmrTuad anflfi ttma rmlea‘thax'

II

plannerfl are allowed t0 play in the MEL 5% q1+1flg Prutt33, 9hat rmlw

they could play in that HYUCLJ>5 and unaurprigihgly, what r013 they

£32) INN. Dmhaiii fiHd£Y sumw, ihich

43

slinld play in the oiting of hazardouo waoto Facilitioo in general.

Planninc oniociallv land uoo jldnninc i5 3 diociolino which
..'1 7 ‘i I

ooota at boot optimal Eolutiono and miniwally (hopefully), acceptable

onoo. In tho phyoicol 3onoo thin moano deciding what land U’HH are
tnmnatihiw with each other or what new land uaoo can ho introducod
into a community without diorupting ito fabric. In tho oocial Bongo
the planner moot do il with the omotiono of people who, in the United
Staten at lodot, dig erol centralized planning, rodent grn ornmwni
"ontroii on thoir individual freedom, and who otton rEJEC" rational
approacho to prohlom oolving even if they ogroo a problem oxio L3, or
who reject planning to the detriment of the community bocauoo of their
own greed, What thig manna io that the pl; nner muot wot only be a
'droamor’who trieo to holp create a gano, clean, happy ociniw and a
technician who thinko up ’plano’, hut mug: algo he an arbiter among
tine varicmws-Facticwwa thad;{nako Lmi¢a conmuuiity. F?lan5 ”must he au:c:t piCJ
by a majority of thooe who will live with them or thoy will not work.
The challange to the planner io to create piano, perha " an impoooiblo
took, that ovoryono will occopt. Unfortunately for the poor planner

fic3k mugt be done without violating hi5 or hor own othicg,

d.
3“
P“
if}
n-
1}}
r1

without violating tho wiion l. ethic of planning, the low,

environmental ethic3, etc., etc“, etc", ...!!3

Ti§_[1§;ggt Fm1C9 _9f_ H!9£-fi§£-éfl

... up" .--u ...-a ”m .. .- .... ...

"MDJLC

M

95 wag alluded to earlier in this paper, under the Current rogimo
oi nct 64, it i5 in the hoot intorooto oi local gove rnmcnt3 and tho
citizeno of thooo governmento to pr9nare for hazardouo wagto facility
prtpondl before they oxiot. communliic3 located n:ar contero oi

induotrial activity ohould unlirip‘to facility oiting gropoaald" They

will hen'iit trom planning ahead, prepirinu

in raeponee to any future Hazardoue aete

5

written for the governmente ct

Thie wae

grjupe who may wieh to jrganice to ei

propoeale, or to have the ir concerne and

Eite Review Board it a project application

In the realm of Planning thie would involve

cmwnmtwn ty 3m3d iflie cwwjinewu:e35 lwiotjnhmi'to

... .. | ' .:. _ r- (m
eaUL_Hee_ 11333

Land uet plane can he upch'ted to refli

before hazardoue waete facilitieg

could not ban the conetruction ot a ha

I.)

,-

ccnrtain <3licy'23tade3myit3

reflect community concerne about them. F

hazardoue waete facilitiee out 3% en¢irunmr

iye areae. Plane ehoulo

UCLNMHHIL(H ly quv—ii

1 £2: a t

{CI

wlii c """ air'e -:(.3 Vlflltll cl I333 <3

indication

operation of a facility. It cannot be

c ommuni t y 23'. 3els: 23 to '3 >1 cl u cl (3: 1'4 a c: i l i t i 233;-

ahility to exclude any eite by denying all

(nadeig tharticuilar'eareews or saitews

temzili tiara MWHPG Luell. ttunucflit cult, aruj if‘

irfln3nticm73 'Tt ficfl: 33- ”A3 lilu3ly ifliat

31: It w h e n T h e 533 i. t e F: {-3 vi ew E2. (:3 a r Ci i215

i

i. m}... LI 1’

ati‘itution,, elEp it a community has

(33) Ephetzer and Coreon 43:: _Hagte_

L (1}!

3, pg.52

i3

ec2t

I' ., ... ...
lane

C:

u
n.) J.

to

etmflfi

ther fight

the

are prtwm33e
:ardoue

and recommendatioris

l

communitiee

oeeiree

enforce

d,

.... o:

t at}:

a

3iting propoeal.

Land Ugo

liaaderwfliip

H(' ..... T.)

P l 3 n 223 o 'F

'thenn

3 plan,

C. \.Jr."—. C- L. lr \.:L i I”} 1(:}

waefix3

333£3Lil.ci

wily-

a. l 2:; o

tertel

L3 "v" (ii? I" 63' (TI l1)" :

0‘

unacceptable
they

they

Baltic-

by

tee.
for

Cl (:1

would
reviewing

CI (Ill n (1?. (Ff l‘" 2": E5

'l

(:tirit;3iiri

I“: C3 t

3tated

eociallv

the

will

llflTiiV'HJLU" Laia

be

community

+3 a c i l. i t y ,

eeeh

ubl.bd

concer
although
coul o
'L“. l": a t
, or

ecune
c! e y e l o p men it
that

it a

oee the
criteria for
ete
Violate the

coneidered

operating permit

beloren ind,

it

role

and cit.i::er3
euch facility
c on '33 i cl e r 3:- cl 1:: y t h e
euhmitted. (eee Part 3.)

the

and

it

could be eagie

community that
devel

the finer

I H I’"

+Qr

"—
I

{St
1:. l”: E?

125

and

fncility davalmper

leagt

mbjectimnal

the cmmmnnity.

tn lmca

and the

ta a

most

Bite within a

advantageaug fur

infurmation, at

lma%t,

ghoul (3 his;

fiVlEilFHfi

i n (:1 1 Ltd ed 6:11“; EEC. i {4 i C.

fiiting pr

Eugitél4fitwgtwt§

Soil type and Etr

C22
...!

hydrmgeolngical

and the natura of

C1}

uul

environmentally

(including acenic

thmr land Ch

and Q

. .. - ... .' ... 4 .. 4 ' I. ' . 4. .I . .. ._ ' 4 4._ .. 4. ._ 4. .. _4 4 ,1
lCJCJfll411Iq , Lhaen4r 1:31:15; % :tl fflcqflfipllltj (gr finn1~ 1.0;\ .4:

_ 4... " ... ..i . . 4 ‘3 ' .. V ,.I .. _. i ...' V' V . .. .7 .. .. ._. ' ‘
l-"J (:3 t. J. ~:::l| IL} ‘3.) ., balk} .:. .l. ‘:.:- ., all H41 QM {4 14‘. 3;; 'J - .1. SJ 1 n . .3. 1...". . w; \— L'..;'." L. “\L.) . L:
4 '1 x ., 4 .4 . I... p .
may titlitg 3L4W‘c LL (L-::.
letvral L Lfitfflfil?

I: ’ P V l ‘ ‘ ’ 3 ' g If; l l ‘ I " .1 I . r ' "J 1 ‘ : ‘
A. u A n I“- n 1 l...! Lx .. .... l ‘ '. L. l i l a g f... i .L ..: o n I J .x.‘ ' ‘1 n A I ’ in] . t l...
] ::“ {“3 I" r m l' } n L. l l ‘ I' . 3‘“. \r ' _'V L1 .‘ 3.! ) l l 5' ":1 "
s- ... a... ' ’1 l _ L. t" Fl -. l, l .4 r. ‘ .415 4.2 L l 204‘ ‘ I ‘ . L. {3.71; n
.:2; _ .F £ !' 1. ,. r"- .L .. ——. : I».
i__-.____l_* H “‘ . 4-. l"".. a C... "l ' 1;. :4} :.L . ; :24-
.-.. ”4, .'j , 1 » .:.. 4, ... _.
n {4‘ L. .I -r {.:. i Lu. J L 5'.. L.“ l t: .21;
a | .- . '4': .:.; .s. ..1. L I... l y’ l l L! 1...; L... :4‘
I I: i _ 1 :-', 1' - l I." Z“ V “V 3‘ V "
u \4 t x” .41- .4 ”4. .I. i x J. ' l I l .1 ‘41 in L. a ‘ .4'.
' {"21"} .:.. r44 ’5’ * 2i ,1, ‘2 v ' 'V 1 “ m “
u u it .. . 4. \..2 ., f 2:.. ma I k... ‘4. ..; ,4: . 2.24.. .12.: 4'3
4 ‘ s... ,.4 ‘4 .V | .. 4 ‘1‘ 4. -4 .. .. -4 .4 -. ... . 4 .‘ .‘ .
- 14!; : .-‘wwi44 -t. 4 Li dH}"3LlE§ bULWt4Q chfiJltkW
1.. ' ...1 .. ..' 4 4 4 4 .' _..... .‘ .. _ .. 4
1:1 p. n ,H?-Lm glam niaznmm the llely impactn

plang tha inlluwing

ally in regard to pmtential ha;

ucture (including ermdibility,

tructurm (including aubaurf

and mavemmnt of groundwateral'

engitive araag and wndangerwd a

, hifitmrical, recréatiunal, a

.. .. . .4 ,4. 4 ,44-. .' r“: w. .!_. .~ . ' 4. w, 1.. J. .2.
Cir (fill... l4 air :3 t .L (... 5:2} I. l'" at: 9... l. (... {..k ..l {:11 ml. 7... 9... l

ardnug

alone,

ace genlwgy and

ecol

.qnecitwg

4 .; ,4.
(:.qu .L '.4.

Qgical

wantm facility

5

Dermeahility)

lithmlnrl

A! 0- -»l: .'l -V< a ‘
:1 Lil l {7:} 5:; mil 3 Cl

.[. V; . ..._‘ . ...: 4 -.

LV. .3. 1..}: 1 gm :L..H...'- .1. £4: l4! ‘.‘..'. {n w 4 .A.
""1 .. g .'.L- } ACTS: \ ' ' " ’ x u“

r ii: .' I} .1. ‘4) x... .‘ )1 x .-‘l'. I a I . I}

" V 'l
I' ‘a .1.

"i;- I,

finch

I
"‘ s t (“ "‘. 1" ' "‘l " " 1'"
1..: a4} :z)-....m.=t..‘ .L {4; 5.1.} -.4‘ i4: 2
t . 4“ ."‘\ “y .'“ ' u . v ‘
in} l 1...; r.) k“) :4: 5.4 ‘...| J. . . '4.)

a +acility might

5 ! ._

‘i

h 43-. :3:- n n t h 3:- <:: :3;- m m Ll n i t y b «31-:- :3 3'. {fl 3: :33 t h .133 C) In v i (:3 Ll 33 p h 33' 33 i (:1 33 l. (:3 n 6-: ES . T h {3: £3; 61-3 won 1 (:i
include the effeat nn prnperty valueg, tax hage, potential mcannmic
dnvalmpmmnt, gamer and water dawelupment needg. fidditionally gnme
kHDWLEflgL 0+ the kind at wagteg gwnarated b: manufacturerg in the
aréa, what kind at diLnQfial or treatment tmchnnlngy would he handed to
deal with theae waiteg, and altnrnativea to digpnaal For thnge wagtea,
annuld ha invaatigatmd.

l" h 6-: r (33 i :3 a m p l 6-3 lili!”‘F£§C{-Z{i'(2'l€Ht“. 11.1.3 522. h C: w t h {3 t C: Q m m U. n i t y p l a n 33 t h 3.21 t 33. r 41-:
reagonahle are legally daiengible. filthnugh a Eiting Enard 13 nnt
hound tn adhera tn fiUCh planfi, ignnring them cmuld lead to citizen

finite againgt a hazardnna wagte tacility anproved withnut taking tham

filthnngh it i5 primarily thm jab at the JHT to revinw the
integrity 0% Facility deaign, it wmuld he in the beam interefitg at tnw
cummunity tm have 30mg undergtanding 0+ thi$ 3% well, when de+ining an
information hage for the plan. Generally, local rQView ghould take
:irrtcn caCZClelFYL VlJl.&N5 -4£}4- aunti fliltl (3+3 (fic:t érfl vHii.Cli rwatittir"5: 331 l clisspitngeil
faciliti93 tn be located, deaigned, C0n3trncted, and operated in a
manner tn prevent:
lu‘#inlation Qt air and water quality'léwmn

3" Cnntaminatinn 0F a 3019 EDUFCB aquifnr.

.3. [Extu3atw a (It tuimauig {Br 'ttna €HlVlJ’CHWETVt 11n 9? mwnFLll (niarrtitgiezs m?

*1}

haxardnna wagte,

4, Pollution, impairment, 0r deatructimn mt thw natural refinrcegn
"3- . V i (3 l at i :3 n (if FETCIIFEit-‘iz .

b. Uncnmtrollad fugitive emigginng Gt hazardmug w&§te.

7. Untreated runoff laaving the activa pnrtinn 0F 3 dispngal +aaility

{from th& E4whnnr lDCWyaar ntnrm" Thin i3 what prevented, in part,

thcsiflumjtcr lhmn

£93 u Fit u n c; i; JE r mac h i n g

anywhere alga (tram the

,-.
"-U

, LQCfitltfll of crwajnaal

Qn active fault

acne
fldndway dr

cnaatal

highmriak

i'l

d“ M wetland

anurce aquifer

gdla

ihin éfi matara of

Ni

daaignatad by DHR,)

Alan, Hulda #05 tn 411,

aite security, apill and

and emergency prdcadurea

apecific facility design

The plan ahauld contain

about t h (a c: C) m mu ni t y ' B

only will hackgrnund

criteria in

atatmmmnta ahnut a

rate at grdwth, daairad

" gu a1 i t y M l i 1‘: {a "

{gcalcn

and ndt written Edlely

wanilcl prwnhadily! DE? tad fir}

the ..,ti pulat i. ones that a

[mmcmitu
while plana ara

itaclf baaad updn itg

facilitv
the active partidn
.QMlM3ur

facilitiaa

ernaidn

adjacent prdperty

which

aa

abi
data
m a l: i n g a pl an ,
cnmmunity’g

level

to
intd

.acility muat

atatamenta

daairea,

{ram receiving a permit.)

at a diapdaal facility frdm

1&0 year atdrm),

in:

-Fldndplain

£51?" 63' {-3

Dr ita recharge area

lines (Can be greater it

aatabliah adimiatrativa requirementa fur

accident preventidn plana, contingency plana

and monitoring plana. RUlEE 415m429 aatabllah

tar each facility.

A

in

tandarda type of diapdsal

much pertinent information a5 pnaaibla

lity tn atgdrb the impact Of a facility. Nat

and minimum State and Federal atandarda be

but an ghould laaa tangible data Such a5

daairad cmuraa of tutura devaldpmmant,

at gdvarnment aarvicaa, and ether

ha long a5 thaac atatamcntc ara rcaliatic

'ban’ a hazardnua waata tacility, than thay

accmunt when a Biting Board dccidea on

adhere ta, ta gain an aparating

ahdut how

a (Innnnurrity' w3u1t33 ta: athapte

baliata and the limitatidna it muat

51

vunr"k: Lui‘tfiisi , CH”CllT1£UW(ZEH§

HlJJILIVI"

6.”!

mare ”tV3FP-It than

facilitimc. Lummnni;y

- --- Iv vv~ — . 5|
SJmNHjflFJE -.

Siting 'tHL

Drgimgwcré

(.3

\.J

thm :itn

(“-3 .. ,
ciuicw Luv iew

and requirementfi, it in

\ I

upgrade any that may

~4) lnvwve LJQL.J(3

1‘ ~. -
Jencral :crnmm

ili.ie%

fac

a. Enquire:

b F‘y"+tn"miz CE? i.inrtirL!5

amid iflia Ili

he

... l’lE‘

Ftccui.i
'arking

.. Dncign ctandarda t:

Eigna.

c. Firtacumwtrnl

I'“

+. Traffic cnntrdl

{:3 l" E?

trilec ..L} ..

....

I‘"

muct

Board

ifi

hdve

. 1
rot!

in:

tcw"

-i

.L-

"x
'13

'\

lt-dP nperating

C3 I

rd

6?. Fl

drdizan"”
.3 n t h {3. c (:3 nm 1.1. n i. 11‘- "LJ 3:

n3.ari

t; 1.3,:

r.
I

meant tn

L n

t

I
\"’
w.

gblc

ha

in nnt tn

mnct
the

ctfcct

liuic iflfic

in“
revicw

limiting

ingrtwua

idgcmping,

rw. CI} .. ' i " .. ..3._ .- .' ._ I ' i .. _..... j ..
‘1: " 3:3. L! I". .21: lifl 2.1.3....ti I:— gsi .3. 1-1:! :L..{;:‘.' Iii—£137.. (“i 1' £224 U. £313.? + C" l'

wacte treatment,

Hcgnircmcntg

(2....» I-

c': amplt prnvisinna {gr

1

gtnrage or
tnr fictbacka

arge

HLBPL n1
drni

lnt

enfnrce

'31; t a. n d L-L r‘ d L;

State

cancider

interectg

C3 3'"!

theta ataied gcalc and

dccircd by a community

may

in reg 51rd tc: HELL. ar dCJL '" L3J5;'n.t~.~:;t:e

tc3,fli§tifyrsm3rm E x hignnt

ccncidcr them arbitrary.

ldcal Ordinanccag pnri

m? ldcxa”

UF“FFH2WHt

liazartknua wafifime'faci

fnlldwinq:

w" ... x I 0;: ."‘
H {J v’ 1:...» 3 I...” I
.... .... . .... —_ .. ..... -. "...... ...... m u...

and

I
C".

..l

Faci
tnrftcr

tuning

which all inUfitr

nniga, oddr, ddgt, vibratidng

cgrccwa ancicxftmcthNHt

:: te 'r“ i (J r‘ l i.{3l .t :i.r i 3 , airiaj tiLisr i r.LJ-.

mach l:i.! :11 H type at haaardnud

u
I!

lity, including

:zixirieezz; €‘l"li:i 25 ##CJ{ {l cl i ri(::l.i-iti£a

fiVTDLHld -Feu:il.ii:ic%g rieau"

liticfi.(i

he

Ben

ial

iii)

For

raaidential araaa tn leaaan ampulatidn danaity)
h. ngnlatinn nf hadra at aparatinn
c. Hcguramcnta For cantrdllad accaaa and warning Signa

d. Specific djaign requiramanta tor the type at facility

3» Eguattaatigd_QQQa_t@aaitamauta Each a% building. plumbing. and

ilectrical.

4. chgg_€nnntrdcfiinn Qrd3nargg3 Such aa grading and paving, watar

and Bewar, wetlandg pratectinn, atnrm water managamnnt, and
drainage‘54’ H5 with cmmmnnity plana.J ordinancea that are
raaannahla and dd nut try tn ancluda hazardnua waata facilitiaa

nhvinnaly nr implicitly, have excallant chancea at being integrated

intn a tacility'a operating permit by the Site Raviaw Heard.

v -1 , __‘ __ * i ...{r i u - a, ' - .. ,.... . .. - ~.-..i,.u ‘m . .. .,..
lba_t9l:_vi-wldUfltu?_gn_hQUlaLQLa_aufl quealtauta

l

Una aapact Qt the planner a rmla that Tdmbdnlian and Tdmhdnlian,
and finnetzar and Coradn allude tn ia that at acting aa a cmnanltant

tn citizang grnnpa that have organized tn expraaa their cdncarna and

objectinna to a waata facility prdpdaad tnr their

L's
42:

rann, pg. a0 a
F) and aa the repraaantativaa 0% local prngrama and citizen intaraata

tn th“ twwmmjactixma-facilitqr(mmiar and/CW"cmneratcwu {filthnngt15313lanner

r.
1

ahnuld remain wantral in the nagntiatinn procaaa hatween local

{34) Bnbatzer a Cnrsnn. ibid.

L35) Tdmbndlian a Tnmhnulian, pg. 31, 34 and l
Snbatzcr and Cnrann, pg. an a 64

..‘l
ff?
.3:

,-

3. M,
2.. ..

s...‘ -...‘

intdrcatg and the iacilty prdpdnent, hi5 pr her kndwledge of the
cnmmunity could ha of hwwwi t to hpth aidec in rpaching agreements an
the atructure and Operation at the facilty. IF the planner can help td
idrgp ccnpihle and rhleJnt agrccmentp, they wnuld prdbahly hale a
aizahlc ptfcct an the final dBClElQHE at the Siting Review Board.
The planner can plan help the chmmunily in inrmulating a

cunkn cmua¢1f itc goala hefifwwa the nngdtia.ticn15 hcgiriemud can help in
pecking a (ZOHCQH? us on the objectvmd necdfipary in rcéli“; :ing the gpald
0% the ci”"EIr“ Thig 0+ courpe wduld have benefitg to the planner in
the creatinn Qt a acctipn of tha cpmmunity plan dpaling with hdaarddup
waste“ By direct invmlvement an accurate apparaiaal of the
cdmmunity’fi concerng could be put on paper. anciully the plannpr
cpuld act as a level headed advipdr td citiz enc 50 that. unrealistic
and unwdrkahle gpals and ObjEfithEfi wnuld ndt be precentpd to the

ting Bdard which wcrc dddmcd t0 failure, and which could effectively
pliminate community participatidn in the E iting pracwwu.

thVdrgcly a truly neutral planner could Eupply a proapective

facility devcldper with i.n+ urmutimr abdut the community td help in
facility decign. The planner cauld algd give the develdpcr a gddd idea
at a cmmmunity’g feeling% about appecta at the prdpdped facility and
make cuggectidng abdut changing thde a:pcct§ unfa»ur“blw td them.
Thig Mduld lppgpn contrnntatidnc during direct negatiatidnfi hdtwccn

the davcldpcr and the cdmmunity.

; .4 V
CT
in:

éct $4 leavag littlp dduht, aftcr the Supreme [m urt dLLLLiun in
the Btablex case” about the power at lpcal gnvernment and therafnrd

p1::nm&r59 td crdatp plmng and ordinancnc tn regulata hazardnup waatd

facility placement. fin attempt man made t0 ahow what role the planner
ig allwwwd to play in the Siting prnawgg and it wag guggwfitmd that

planner$ can functimn a3 intermeniaring DQtWEEH a devnlnpnr and

Fig
,..

'

CZCjfllfllLiFli i;§/.. ("llii.es i.25 &:C;i;Liail.l.3x 53 r £3}.€§ pil.5ar1rzanr“es liétaree f i l ].€§C] i.ri 1.992355
can i’“I'IZi‘{-I;"i" ‘ii i. 6.1 -:;i final. 1 can a; 5i n (:6? 1': h L [.:I 1*" C3 -{4 67 $55. 2231 (:I r i t:II-=:Ir.;}ar“: . 2*

What then ghnuld planngra he gllgggg tn d0 t0 imprnve the

—~

Siting 0+ hazahdnmfi want: lacilitie

if?

T n a. r" r" i (61-? a. t a C: H g I; 6:3: 9.; t i CH") l (2'3 i;
mg lwni firgt at what twa plannwrg h&ve tn Say abwut the gtate a?
hazardnua wafita Site Enlnctimn planning 3fter Hflfifi and haw they feel

if; BFHHUle hue Cliarugncf, euuj tfliwri ltunk eat vfliat: tvng emzkruflwlemjgemi exiieriua

Chi" l h (a? {531(213. (ii-'33!- 55 i t i r": g ,3 r" (3(1le 3'. n Hi (:2 h i g a n h a VG? t I: gay c.4123 out it .

lri true anythcn"5 (3piriiuni tlia Innrwa erJMEMit amjprwnacli an th rrngqjecfl; tis
Eiting finch pntentially naminug {flailiti95, wmuld ha t0 conduct
aramiwwiuma gumwemnirng atmujimgg tn ixjerdxi+y'I:anCHAjaifia arraafig (anul'thawx'tn
perfnrm aitawspecific evaluatinnfi to CHUDEQ the bag: guitwd Eitegh
PFEMECFQHHng mflerg a much hettwr npprmmch to Eiting hazardnug manta
Facilitien that d0 (othnrlpagt practic&§u The Eiting prmtncnl and
critmria evaluation prmcwdurefi affmrd much nppurtunity tn mam gmund
land nae planning tnchniqueg in lacility lmcatinn decigiongn”‘3“’

With thia .iatement finderamn and Greenburg Sum up thmir

m
f'+"

-.w

mhaervatimng 1hnut the fit&t@ 0+ hazardnug wagta planning in the LES"
tmdfiy.

Tha inherwnt prnblem with the initial HURH lhginlatimn which

(“y-r

\-.;I<::-') (3} r” e I n h U. r“ g a n d (31* n ('3' I r“ —::I:.In ., Hi ‘3. 3“ {fig =3 1:; L61???

{gag , 19844 {jg INN}

[71‘ LY."
I .Wj

\o..

forced Stateg to adopt corregpdnding legia'atibn, they feel, is that

I I

it FEllEfi tUD heavily an the indumtry tn find gddd Bitwfi witidut
eatablighing unifbrm criteria for the way EitEE Ehbuld be melected.
’lg Ss;adgbcl awMleimr‘ ir1 tliiss pewjer‘, Fdjfifil wens cleauigrued 'ttJ prwnviiie Iniriinuim
guidelineg go a5 to aggure immediate prdtectidn frdm pdnr demign and
practice at new waate facilitiea. lt alga wag dbmigned to avoid
penalizing induatry by allowihg the meat COSt“ettiClEfit method at

IueiEit;Ia tli EstitiaaeIl t;c3 tBEE Lisieaci éRES l.c3rit3 £153 HIin:iInIIrn tieyr'lic3r'niéiric;ea EStLERFICléiV'ClEE

w I}? r I-..' m G? t ..

Th9 prmblem they feel i5 that by nbt mandating fipecitia
methbdblngias Fnr the placement of faciliteg rather than uming the
demwihnpmr CM"ientImj mppwwnach, tlnare isaiid ccwws'gtEHu:y iri'the uniy we
bite hazardnug waate {abiliitiegn CBFSQH and Sbbetzer mtregg in

Michigan that CbmmunitiE5 Ehwuld adopt a anmcifib methbddlmgy Qt their

bwn bagel nr Stdte guidmlineg, and the advice of their CDHBUltaHtB,

T

when deciding the mbat apprbpriate Eiteg within their community tbr
facility lQCatlUH. They providdd criteria td be uged in determining
thm muitability of Eitbb. Thmy agrmb with flndmrbun and Greenburg that
thin ghould be ddne an the cummunity CDUld guggcst better alternative
‘51 t I}: Isa t I3 an. 1‘3 at; i 1 ti 3," d r v E? l. I134.) I-:-:- r wh I33 may b I: p LI ssl‘ii n g a 593 i t 63 t h 5:1 t 155 n at 31:23
envirdnmmntally SQUHd a5 thQEB the community had selected.‘37’

The problem under hct $4 aging Greenburg and findergbn'fi reagbning i5
that there i5 no mandate that tDFCES developerb dr communitimg tb
prBMScrmmn for the bggt facility gitm5.(”flnat apprmmchem arm bmmmd

on an advocacy pracedure in which develnperg prdbdae a SpeciFic site
: "-r -"v \

I 9/. Sunshinzer‘ & Chjreujn pig. 71

132‘ Ag;
\..J t..)

eithout eerioue coneideration of whether a generally more euitable
area exiete.”‘3a’ No matter how eincere or dedicated a
community (e they feel, without uniform“ rigorous location etenderde,
end prefleelection of the leeet dieedventegeoue eitee, the way in which
hazardoue weete facilitiee are eelectec will tend to be inconeietent,
fidditionelly, they feel that without etenderde that are jpen to
scrutiny time and time again, there ie a lack of fairneee in the
eiting proceee that will not add to public truet in the ability of
government to handle tie problem“

They opecifically ouggeet ueing the tool of conetreint mapping.
Th i I5 i I33 I33 i mi 1 air to t h I: now c l aeei c w or |-:: of lean MC: r-ia r g , w h er e i n (3:.
community 5 featuree and phyeical duelitieo that would preclude
hazardoue weete facility development are mapped on a eeriee or
overleye. When theee are I:a‘~¢I-:—'.II'“lI;-I;:3;:H3:=d.j ereee that have few or no
conetrainte and are moat euitable tor hazardoue waete facility
IienxelIJpnuent; wi ll etnutuar ldy' a i3rcu:ewae Inf IeliJnirieiuiCNi tieeuecl utunn
predetermined conetrainien Such a methodology could be free of
political bide if it were etructured in euch a way to be uniform over

an entire etate.

. v
._—
g 1

t appeare that eome thought we? given to an equitable
dietribution of eitee in the State Hezerdoue Naete Plena beeed on Eecu
9(LEEi of (hit éQ-bfifiifitlffitat6%3'that '“the tuten eduall pmroviche fcw" a
reeeonable geographic dietribution of diepoeel fecilitiee to meet

ImIieting and future neewfin 'The Committemeiflhit drafted the plan

however felt that there would be no greater environmental protection

£38) Greenburg & findereon Hggiflggte Siteegflgeg Gap Rutgere Univ.
1Q84u pgn?fl

ff?
‘4

if th5 St5t5 tariqnat (i apprcp.iat5 5it55 than tt5r5 wmuld 55 if
indu5try Ch555 5it55 5nd th5n 555 C1555ly 5Chuin mi; 5d by th5 DMH 5nd
th5 Eit5 H5vi5w iwurd ‘HW’ Wh5t th5y may h5I5 r55liz5d i5

that pFL“”LlBL1LUfi of 5it55 far COHtFGVEFEial pr535ct5 i5 politically

d5mg5r5u5.

P'J.

“ 5h5rt Br55nburg 5nd Hnd5r5 son want 5it55 Fur ¥5Ciliti55
55l5ct5d by u5ing CDn5 Lthht and uniV5r55lly appliCabl5 5t5hdard5
b515r5 F Ciliti' ar5 pr55555d. Thi5 i5 5 ratimhal 5nd 5quit5ul5
b55i5 th5y £551, Far m5king critical d5Ci5i5n5 5bmut haz5rdmu5 W55t5
5itihg" HQWEVQW, filiCe and P551 T5mhmuli5n in 1Q84, m555 5r5515ni

:55 5dvmcat5d by br55nburg

.'T

'th5t gc3emg5in5t tine mmr5 Ccuflwuaii' d prCu:
and 5nd5r55n, in Euppmrt 5F th5 Michigan 5ppr55Ch to h525rdwu5 wa5t5
racility 5iting.‘40’ Th5y pmint out to d5tr5ct5r5 5f

th5 Michigan 5y5t5m that th5 failure of th5 Fir5t thr55 cmmm5rcial
5it55 in th5 8t5t5 did nmt UCCLF ju5t 5555555 lmcal citiz5m5 W5r5
5gain5t th5m, but 55 :5H55 the rrup4~ MC 5% th555 Taciliti55 had hat
thmrmughly imv 55 94155 th5 cmnditimn5 th5t 5xi5t5d 5t thuce 5it55,
h5d 5ubmitt5d 5555 5C Qg 5ngin55ring pl5h5, 5nd in two 5% th5 qu'fi
5xtnlxbt5d Cmnnxmi5 irmumnp5tawmnelna55d CN1 l5Ck:(1F 5xCHmPti55 5wu13355r

p5r¥5ru5nrw 5t ngrating 5imi15r f55iliti55 ih th5 pa5t. What thi5

3. CI) ‘- ' - S I -—-— Sui
( .4 s z’ __‘15; Cit. 5.5}1" Q1. 3' ‘ ‘35: _b"r1;i 3:; L. t:

H555r5515151553t5 Hahagwmwni lTlanning Lummittr;i l
P*wa 355555_El55_ i5C_Ei55i555 1 Dmpt- 0+ HStural Hfiamurcwfis
Environm5ht51 S5rv:ic55 Div. L5n5ing Mi. 1.H8“, pg. 4

(4D) T5mbmuli5n, Paul and filice, Fortpw~ily5c gu_th5_E§5§i§ilitx_

5fl_ H"7iggggg_m5515 "tihw U515 _LQ5 MiChigan Hpurumch ; Br5a.t L5k55

N5.5t5 and Pollution |¥5v15w N5g5z zine, Wa5t5 Sy5t5m5 In:r wtitur5
Grand F5 .pid5; Michigan; Mel. 2, ND. 1, F55: 1981 pg. 20

tnam nf authnrg gaggeata in thnt it i5 impnagihle tn make any kind Of
a prnnnaal withnut the undargtanding that no matter 10w rational it
in; wall deaigned, or uneful tn lncal indugtrieg that thm hnat
cnmmunity may rely an economically, the applicant mugt demnnatrata
that the Facility i5 ”legal and livahln, EVEN ii it IE not lnvahle.“
Eitinc is as much a palitical prUC355 a5 a technical nne and an
applicant cannnt expect Emnnth gning at any gtage. It 15 not the
lack of Epecified criteria per EB that prevents facilities from being

filtfi

.-..

i but to date, but the reluctance of hazardnug waate mnnagemmnt
firmg to icce3t their regpnngibilty in bargaining with the hag“
cgmmunity, t0 he honegt ahnut thn true nnnd fur thc fissittgility.J tn by
willing tn look at alternativ: Eiteg when queried by the Siting Enard,
and ta try to generate pnaitivw cnmmunity relatinnfi with extnngive
prewanpiicatinn planning" find whiln thwrn appnarg tn ha an implicit

5:1 3. e. um p t i (:1) n (:1; n (fan 41:! '33:": :23..r.:in 5:11" 1 2;} {3'51“ (2:3 4:123 n h 3..-: r 25:} 3: 52:?- £521!" 1 t h at t h 63 p Lit: l. i (f: i a
incapable n? dwmanding tHAK nxtengive criteria ha addreggnd bv

-§ ERCLZl. i i i; y! gil"'c3[:2131"1434r1't.23 , 't ii s3 "l'c3irit3 c3: Ll. l éfll‘] ' 53 vu(;3LiIi c1 ;:}c3 i r1 i: 1; c3 i:l“163

r"

.32.. {:4 iii! h i 932. ti C: L4 t i (:3 n (23$ time-rm t h :3: (3:3 m 'n r y (:3 n i (:.: mi t 62:4 Rev i cw Hagar d i n (:i {53?} *7! i n g

A.

ill-#:0ntw1ivcmi facjfllitiiag. Ctmyld rwatiCMial 3315wniing fiawtatnacha a
differnnce in thagn cagec? Yea, gut why Ehnuld we aggume that nnlv

iili 63 l 53(::5i L gglll‘«’638”'rifllE9!7 i; sali c313il.(:l 1:)3333i:" 't:li c3 til"'LiI"11; c3-f3 {:lc3(::i.(:}i.:"igg vu§“xcar*'£a i 2 1E?

facilitiefi ghould g0 by planning tar them. It i5 an much the

4-\
I s
‘—-
"h

rtmgpogdimility'CJF ttwalnrcwmmwant atmfli fimxiliti3£3 to rmmspnci;'tha

integrity of the cnmmunity an it i far the cnmmunity to preware for

m

ifliar irfljtjfii‘ti(jfi mi: 51 ieicilli'ty/ triat; amiultfl t3fi? a (jenadl y lizabi.1ixty' fan"
t h £24m .. Fi‘ a t i on 3:4 l. p l a n n i n g i '25 n (1:4 t (53>: c l magi we t (‘3 1 cm: a l g Ct14v<z3r' n men it.
( EHD‘Ji.C3LlE l E’) airic! i-F liaazzair"cic3ttea VJélSVtéE lhéirlfilgj6¥fllfifirrt. ~F:iz"rnss gums? Lai.l 1 ilfizg ‘tij

truly Engage in it, there annearg tn hc no reagnn that the 31th Hevicw

Enard nrncngfi will not mtart to rmcnmmend applicatinna Euhmitted tn

i+ TthW3:h3:in rhaann ttiilmmflé'miat ratinnal pflxmwiing cannot WWWliCNW

\4— H

a cane by cage haaia in Michigan“

#5; laxig :33; was &§i m :WEMLiCMi tuavea a.p30l:ic>x nil EHLFEHESiFWQ Ilaruiiilllirig

we primary means to ’diapnae’ hf noninua materialg, it will nnt

i
J.
13
-...

matter whmrn wn nite thmm. They are wall nngineerhd (and nnt am well

I!

enginenredl future pruhlema that will have tn be dealt with by game

liaiileeeag prnriicni (31 pileinrien“ n53 (janitit) caviaritiiahll‘y. ljriti.l tliart 'ti.nue

lacn Facilitiwa under the Ecrutiny n?

K-‘

hnwmver it Enema wign to me to p

tl159 Skit irwg EH35H“C§ p3rc3c:?uux liefirie iri ifli(:t3igiaui any tlien"ea {:3ui lace escunr3 nuwausth e3

..-! ...-

"

a? public innut intn thnrm incatnn and QQE"&tiOHu Plannerfi can

centrihute to thw prncmgfi by devifiing gnnd plana of their cnmmunitimn

an they can he nrenared Far patential Facilitieg.

éif”t”t§l ll}.[ i 94

Thin i% tha mpfit recent example at only two lncal ordinancwg that

J".
a

have been Euhmittpd to the )uH.H. fpr review Eince the pafigage a? nil

"Hie twwiinzuu:e guttempiAS'tp pVIMMJCE lcwial gyiidpliJHEE taitmnntrtfl. any
hzzardpug waatp Facilitiap that might hp conptructpd within tha
cummunity"

lt ‘ p r i m a r y {HE-36R l-:: n £374 225': 2222, l i (2:4..3 in the ‘34 c1: .. iii 13 £23) .. Here t h 433 t p 1.4.; n €33! 3i p
599mg tn apaump it has pQWQrg it np lpngpr hag available tn it undpr
MET $4. Mindy Koch, whp reviewec the dpcumpnt, pointed put to the
tnwnghip that it wag questimnahle a5 to whpther a lncal permit

vinlatinn wnuld have any impact an the atatp permit and licengau

(l thewfliifiindy here tCW‘le" app Etance irwthividing mp with tints

Ordinance“ Efina plan Supplitmlrma with many'cflflumr VfllefllUE materialpu)

TOUNSHIP OF COLUNOUS
ST. CLAIR COUNTY, HICHIGAN

ORDINANCE no. 3 0

AN ORDINANCE TO REGULATE THE DISPOSAL, TREATHENT AND/OR STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS
HASTESe 6",} ”/f'J 'I'Z‘ 1..,“ , .2) ...l-_ .. _. AA/(_ /

I

/ I

THE TOUNSHIP OF COLUHBUS ORDAINS:
Section 1 - SHORT TITLE'

This Ordinance shall be known and may be cited and referred to as the 'COLUHBUS
TOUNSHIP HAZARDOUS UASTES ORDINANCE”.

Section 2 - PURPOSE K

The purpose of this Ordinance is to provide for the use of lands for the safe
disposal, treatment, and/or storage of hazardous wastes within the Township of
Columbus. In recognition of the fact that the promotion of the public health,
safety and general welfare of the residents of Columbus Township‘and the
preservation of the Township resources and the prevention of nuisances and
hazards require reasonable control of these operations, it is deemed necessary
that said operations be regulated and that standards be established wherein
procedures permitting said operations are established, operating requirements
are set forth, the administration of such standards are provided for, and
penalties are provided. '

Section 3 - DEFINITIONS

A. BOARD: means the Columbus Township Board.

:33;;.BOARD OF APPEALS: means the Columbus Township Zoning Board of Appeals.

C. CELL: means an area of hazardous wastes, segregated by 'compatible waste
types', and completely enveloped by cover eaterial. '

D COMPATIBLE UASTE TYPES: means wastes which, when in contact with each
other, do not pose a threat to human health or the environment greater than
existed when they were separate.

E. DISPOSAL FACILITY: means a site r location at which hazardous waste is
intentionally placed into or on ny land or water and at which hazardous
waste will remain after closure.

F. .DISPOSAL: .means the discharge, posit, injection, dumping, spilling,
leaking, or placing of, a hazardou 'waste into or on land or water in a
manner that the hazardous waste or a Constituent of the hazardous waste may

eater true 2‘. pass? 323:, 3.. E: :q. '8‘gfl :qt- ‘5; :3. an Azgphqnggd gaff: bk?

00.-..-- a. . Ole- --., we ........
ground or surface water.

5. CLCCO GIQTfl: fleas: tha‘ see: A: ‘3‘! 243-3e3-e = “ivae “ c‘“fi=‘ u‘:‘“

will be inundated by a loo-year flood.

-1;

H.

I.

J.

K.

L.

H.

N.
O.

P.

R.

S.

Maw/w foam! *" .
i.’ g- ”'3' ‘ "- - T - '

""I J)“ L: ’f‘ 7V“. /
GROORD HATER: means any water found under the surface of the earth.

 

' HAZARDOUS UASTE: means wastes or a combination of waste and other

discarded material including. solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained
gaseous material which because of its quantity, quality, concentration, or
physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may cause or
significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or increase in serious
irreversible illness, or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment if improperly treated, stored, transported,
disposed of, or otherwise managed. Hazardous waste also includes all
material defined by rule promulgated pursuant to Act No. 64 of the Public
Acts of 1979, as amended.

LEACHATE: means fluid that has percolated through hazardous waste and
which contains contaminants consisting of dissolved or suspended materials,
chemicals and microbial waste products from the hazardous waste.

LANDFILL: means a disposal facility or part of a facility where hazardous
waste is placed in or on land and which is not a land treatment facility, a
surface impoundment, or an injection well.

LIFT: means a layer of cells which raise the ground elevation to an
approximately common level.

PERSON: means any individual, partnership, corporation, association,

-institution, cooperative enterprise, municipality, the State commission,

political subdivision of the State, federal agency, any interstate body, or
other duly established legal entity.

SITE: means a parcel or unit of land.

STORAGE: means the containment of hazardous waste, either on a temporary'
basis or for a period of years, in a manner so as not to constitute
disposal of the hazardous waste. .

SURFACE UATERS: means water occurring generally on the surface of the
earth. '

TREATHENT: means any - method, technique, or process, including
neutralization, designed to change the physical, chemical, or biological
character or composition of any hazardous waste, or so as to render the

waste nonhazardous or less hazardous, safer to transport, store, or dispose
of, amenable to recovery, amenable to storage, or reduced in volume.

UATEROOURSE: means any natural or artificial channel or depression in the
surface of the earth that provides a course for- water flowing either
continuously or intermittently.

UETLANO: means land which is characterized by the presense of water at a
frequently and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal
circumstances does support, wetland vegetation or aquatic life and which is
commonly referred to as a 'bog', 'swamp' or 'marsh'.

 

 

>\~

."

Y/ _

Section A - RULES AND REGULATIONS ADOPTED

It is hereby adopted by reference to the rules and regulations of the various
agencies of the State of Michigan promulgated pursuant to statutes applicable
to environmental concerns. The rules and regulations specifically adopted are
as follows:

A. Promulgated pursuant to Act No. 64 of the Public Acts of 1979 and
publish“ in the Ouarterly Supplement No. 6 of August 15, 1981 to the
Hichigan’Administrative Code of 1979, being rules 299. 6101 through 299.7305
inclusive.

B. Promulgated pursuant to Act No. 641 of the Public Acts of 1978
published in the Supplement to the Hichigan Administrative Code of 1979
being rules 299.401 et seq.

C. Promulgated pursuant to Act No. 245 of the Public Acts of 1929 and
published in the Hichigan Administrative Code of 1979, being rules 323.1001
through 323.2160 inclusive of the Hater Resources Commission.

0. Promulgated pursuant to Act No. 348 of the Public Acts of 1965 and
published in the Michigan Administrative Code of 1979, being rules 336.11
through 336.147 inclusive of the Air Pollution Control Commission.

£%%Q”‘“£Ec Promulgated pursuant to Act No. 127 of the Public Acts of_lzzo.

«lg

n F. The Genera1.Ru1es of the Hichigan Hater Resources Commission, Part 22
'Croundwater Duality, which became effective August 29, 1980.

SeCtion 5 - PERHITS, PROCEDURE, GRANTING AND REUOCATION OF PERMITS

A.

ADMINISTRATION: The Township Board sha11 grant permits and do all other
acts authorized herein.

ENFORCEHENT:

(1) Agency. This Ordinance shall be enforced by the Township Board and/or
any agent appointed by the Township Board.

(2) Inspections. By accepting a Permit issued under this Ordinance, the
Owner and/or operator of' any operation shall be presumed to-have
consented to regular and routine inspections of the property. Said
consent shall be authority to go on to any property under Permit for
purposes of any inspection... Upon prima facie violation of this
Ordinance, the Township Board may revoke said Permit pursuant to its
police powers and consistent with the Administrative Procedures Act,
and either party may request and be granted thereafter a Public
Hearing on said Permit revocation.

J

- _-_ £\\M\flA\-¢ “NW—k
C. F’Ermll MIAM'P" ( *0 vaVV-0 0—944 b1 fiwks‘Mp

(1) Requirement Established. From and after t§;’“ef ective date of this
Ordinance, no person shall operate a hazardous waste facility in
Columbus Township except in accordance with a Permit issued by the

Townsh' Board, pursuant to the uthority_ of his 0 dinan .
7:39'5'5/7.” ' “7);“! éémA;

(2) Issuance Procedure.,

1) Full names and addresses of all parties of interest in said
premises setting forth their legal interest. Proof of said legal
interest shall be provided:

2) A detailed and full legal description of the premises wherein the
operations are proposed shall be provided:

3) Topographical survey map at a scale of one (1) inch equals one
hundred (100) feet, showing existing and proposed grades on a two
(2) foot contour interval. Said grades shall be prepared and
sealed by a Civil Engineer or Land Surveyor, registered as such
by the State of hichigan:

4) A statement and calculations by a Registered Civil Engineer or
’ Land Surveyor as to the cubic yards of the fill material to be
deposited and a detailed statement and engineering plan as to how

the filling is to be accomplished:

5) Detailed engineering plan which identifies all types of materials
to be deposited for fill, an indication of specific places on the
property where the fill is to be placed, a detailed statement as
to the methods of operation, the type of machinery or equipment
to be used, and the estimated period of time that such operations
shall cover:.

6) Statement of similar operations carried on by the applicant,
including location by municipality:

7) The type and daily number of vehicles to be used in the proposed
operations:

8). Identification of access roads, on-site roads, a drainage plan
that identifies grades for proper drainage and any special
draining devices, if necessary, fencing, any structures on site
existing or proposed, existing and proposed utilities, and any
explanation of any on-site testing or other reliable survey data,
including, but not limited to, soil surveys, water tables and
identification and evaluation of subsurface characteristics:

9) Presentation of an Impact Statement which includes an evaluation
of the social and ecological environment in and around the site.
The following items must be addressed as well as any other
characteristics unique to the site or area.

 

 

C.

PERMIT (Cont’d.)

(2) Issuance Procedure (Cont’d.)

Application (Cont’d.)

a)

b)

C)

Impact on the natural environment

I.

2.

' 3.

4.
5.

6.

7.
e.

9.

Inventory and describe the existing vegetation and
wildlife found on the site. To what extent will they
be permanently impaired or eliminated as a result of
the proposed operations?

Hill the proposed operations alter the existing
drainage patterns of the area surrounding the site?
Uhat effect will the operation have on the quantity and
quality of groundwater in the area? What steps will be
taken to protect wells on adjacent property?

How will the proposed operations affect air quality in
the surrounding area?

Uhat noise levels will result from the proposed
operations, and what steps will be taken to limit
noise?

Uhat natural features, such_ as unique topography,
mature trees, natural streams, marshlands, swamps and
the like, will be destroyed by the proposed operations?
How will the proposed operations affect soil stability
in the area?

Are .there potential historic or archaeologic
characteristics that may be detroyed?

Identify flood plains and the loo-year flood elevation.

Impact on the social environment

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

How will the proposed operation affect the physical and

'cultural attractiveness of the surrounding area?

Uhat impact will the proposal have on landmarks and
aesthetic views in the area?

Hill the proposed operations create a nuisance for
residents in the area?

Uhat impact will the proposal have on neighborhood
character and privacy in the area?

How will the operation affect property values and the
quality of housing in the adjoining areas?

Economic impact

I.
2.

Hill the proposal increase employment in the Township
or the Cbunty?

How. does the petitioner’ s past performance indicate
financial stability and ensure completion of the
proposed project?

2. FE RtHI (Cont’d.)
(2) Issuance Procedure (Cont’d.)
Application - 9) (Cont’d.)
c) Economic impact (Cont’d.)

3. Hill the proposed operations impair the economic growth
of any existing land uses?

4. Hill the proposed operations impair the usefulness of
adjoining properties?

d) _Public service impact

1. Uhat additional public services, such as police and
fire protection, will be required as a result of the
proposal?

2. Uhat impact will the proposal have on local tax
revenues?

3. Hill the proposal significantly increase traffic
congestion in the area?

4. Uhat effect will the truck traffic have on road”
conditions over the proposed haul route?

S. Hill the proposed haul route impact any other
municipalities other than Columbus Township? '

-The above required information is to be provided in sufficient detail'
to allow the Township to systematically and thoroughly evaluate the
potential impact of the proposed operations on the surrounding area
and the community as a whole.

10) (a) A sworn statement and site plan which specifies in detail
the proposed use of the land after closure. The final
grades presented shall be consistent with the purposes for
the property after completion of Operation.

(b) Application Attachments. Applications for a Permit to
operate a hazardous waste facility shall contain or be
accompanied by the following information:

1) Design plans prepared by a Civil Engineer and a
Chemical Engineer and bearing the signature and seal as
professional engineers registered in the State of

Michigan.

2) Background'data, including the following:

a) Present and estimated service area, particularly
areas outside the State of hichigan.

b) Estimated daily quantities ,to be disposed,
handled, treated, or transported, by type.

 

C.

PERHIT (Cont’d.)

(2)

Issuance Procedure (Cont’d.)

(b)

Application Attachments (Cont’d.)

2)

mo
r.

d . ‘-
[I V'
. e~ 0

Background data,

c)

d)

Anticipated weight and volume of all non-hazardous
wastes to be disposed of.

Inventory control plan showing proposed location of
various types of hazardous wastes, separated for future
re-cycling.

flaps, in the number prescribed by the Township, drawn to the
scale of one hundred‘(100) feet equals one inch or larger
and with two (2) foot contour intervals. Naps shall include
as a minimum the following information:

a)

b)
c)

d)

e).

f)

g)
h)

i)

j)

k)-

1)

m)

Property boundaries and boundaries of areas to be
filled._ Also show boundaries of all contiguous
properties and names of owners.

Access road location.

Proposed traffic patterns.

Location of fencing.

Location of weighing facilities.

Location of existing and proposed utilities.

Indication of use of adjoining land and buildings.

Borrow and soil storage areas for cover material.

Location of public and private water supplies, wells,

springs, swamps or other bodies of water within

one-half (1/2) of a mile of the proposed disposal

facility site property lines.

Location of gas.and oil wells.

Location of high-tension power.line rights-of-way.

Location of fuel transmission pipeline rights-of-way.

Location of mining operations within one-half (1/2) of
a1

a mile of pronertv lines of the pronesed discos
facility.

Lu

PERMIT (Cont’d.)

(2)

Issuance Procedure (Cont’d.)

(b)
4)

Application Attachments (Cont’d.)

Design Plans

a) A plan of operations shall be prepared which can be easily

interpreted and submitted to the Township.

Said plan shall

be specific as to areas to be filled, schedule of filling,
site preparations, source and types of materials to be used

CDVII‘.

b) The plan should include details relative to:

l.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.
IO.

11.
I2.
13.

14.

IS.

16.
17.

Compaction of solid wastes:
Application of daily cover material:
Elevation and grade of final cover:

Linear construction:

.Leachate collection treatment and
-disposal: ‘

Management of ground water:
Management of surface water:
Erosion control:

Revegetation procedures to be used:

Typical cross-sections of lifts,
elevations of the base lifts.

recirculation or

dimensions and

Grades required for proper drainage of lifts:

Decomposition gas control measures:

Location, grades, erosion control measures, and maximum

height of,cover material stockpiles:

Site .security measures proposed, including personnel,
methods ofOsurveillance, type of perimeter alarm system

proposed, and the like:
Evacuation Plan:
Medical Emergency Plan:

Fire Emergency Plan:

 

'c.

D.
E.

F.

G.

PERMIT (Cont’d.)
(2) Issuance Procedure (Cont’d.)
(b) Application Attachments (Cont’ d. )
4) Design Plans
b)
18. Restoration Plan for Landfills;
19. Post Operational Surveillance Plan:
20. Emergency Plan to contain spills or leachate on site.

5) Hydrogeologic Investigation and Report - a hydrogeologic report
and monitoring program which is in compliance with the current
standards of the State of Michigan and its agencies shall be
provided.

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION. Such other information and material as the
Township Board shall require.

‘chs AND/OR coals. An applicant for a Permit shall deposit such fees

and/or costs as are required by Resolution of the Township Board.

BASIS FOR ISSUANCE. The Township Board shall authorize the issuance of a
Permit only if it finds that the_granting of said Permit will:

(1) Not be injurious' to the public health, safety and welfare of the
Township and its residents:

(2) There has been.compliance with all the requirements and standards of
this Ordinance, and the other applicable Codes and Ordinances of the
ownship:

(3) The proposed operation will not create an unreasonable hazard,
annoyance or inconvenience to the owners or occupants of nearby
property: ‘

(4) Uiil not significantly change the character of the neighborhood or
unreasonably reduce the value of nearby property:

(5) And will not create any significant obstacle to the implementation of'
the Master Plan of the Township.

DURATION, EXPIRATION AND RENEUAL. After approval of the facility by the

Township Board, the Board shall issue a Permit for a period of up to one
(1) year, expiring on August 31 of each year, and renewable annually fora
year or less by the Township Board without further Public Hearing.

YTJ'SU 9'DV'

_-__._..... - - ..

H.

I.

J.

CONDITIONS

(1) Necessity. The Township may attach such conditions to the granting of
the Permit under this Section which it may find necessary to insure
that the intent and purpose of _this Ordinance is in all respects
observed.

(2) Violation. Any violation of a condition(s) included in the Permit
shall be construed as .a violation of this Ordinance and shall give
rise to the penalties provided in this Ordinance and shall be grounds
for revoking the Permit.

REVOCATION

(1) Notice of violation. The Township Board shall notify the owner and
' operator of any violation of the Permit and/or this Ordinance.

.(2) Failure to Abate violation. Upon failure of the owner and/or operator

to abate said violation within twenty-four (24) hours of delivery of
said notice, said operation site may be summarily closed, and the
Permit therefore suspended or revoked, and the Township Board shall
resort to the bond for restoration. '

(3) Hearing Request. Any owner and/or operator aggrieved of any notice
sent pursuant to this sub-section, may request a Hearing before the
Township Board, if the request is in writing and delivered to the:
Township. The request shall set forth“ why the operation site should
not be summarily closed, the Permit sdspended or revoked, and resort
had to the bond.

_ (4) Action Pending Hearing. In any case, if the Township Board determines

the operation of the hazardous waste facility would be detrimental to
the health and/or safety of persons and/or property, the Board may
summarily, and without twenty-four (24) hours notice, suspend or
revoke the Permit but shall grant a Hearing upon request as provided
herein. '

(5) Nearing. If a request for a Hearing is received, the Township Board
shall hold a Hearing within seven (7) days and may, after the Hearing,-
continue the suspension or revocation of the Permit, or take such
other action as appears appropriate under the circumstances.

DESIGN PLAN CHANCES. The permittee..shall submit a written request to the
Township Board for approval of changes to the original plans,
specifications, reports and methods of operation submitted with a Permit
application. No such change shall be initiated until the written approval
of the Township Board has been obtained.

Section 6 - PERFORMANCE BOND AND INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS .

A.

C.

E.

PERFORMANCE BOND

(1) Requirement Established. The applicant shall posta performance bond
in the form of cash, a bank letter of credit or, at 8the discretion of
the Township Board, a surety bond or some other security satisfactory
to the Board, naming the Township of Columbus as the Beneficiary
thereof, in an amount determined by the Board to be reasonably
necessary to insure compliance hereunder.

(2) Conditions of Bond.

(a) Guarantee Compliance. Bonds shall guarantee compliance with this
Ordinance, the Permit requirements and conditions, and that the
operation will be carried out according to the approved plans and
'specifications.

(b) Forfeiture of Bond. Upon failure of timely compliance with the
requirements of the bond’ guarantees, the Township may use the
bond proceeds to the extent necessary to accomplish such
requirements.

-NON-COMPLIANCE ENFORCEMENT. The filing of an application will be deemed to

grant a license to the Township and its agents to go upon a property under
Permit to use the bond proceeds for the purposes by the bond, where there
has been non-compliance. ,

' ESTABLISHING mourn -

(1) Consideration. In fixing the amount of such bond, the Township Board
shall take into account:

(a) The size and scope of the proposed operation,

(b) Current prevailing cost of rehabilitating- the premises upon
default of the operator,

(c) Other such conditions and factors as might be relevant in
determining the sum reasonable in light of all facts and
circumstances surrounding each application.

(2) Minimum Amount. In no case will the sum of the performance bond be
less than Ten Thousand Dollars (s10, 000.00) for each acre or fraction
thereof of land to be covered by the Permit.

NOTICE OF LAPSE. The applicant shall provide proof that the Township will

,be notified in the event of any lapse in the effectiveness of the bond.

REDUCTION OF BOND. For each acre restored and reclaimed in accordance
herewith, or otherwise, said bond may be reduced oro-rata as determined by
the Township Board.

F.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAIRMENT/GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE

(1) Requirement Established. The applicant shall secure and file with the
Township Clerk certifications of proof of insurance, insuring the
Applicant, his employees and/or agents or representatives, and the
Township for general comprehensive liability in an amount of at least
One Million Dollars ($1,000,000.00) per person and Five Million
Dollars ($5,000,000.00) per occurrence. Said insurance policy shall
include coverage for environmental impairment.

(2) Notice of Dicontinuance. The certifications or renewals thereof shall
provide that the Township shall be notified in writing ten (10) days
prior to discontinuance or alteration of any such insurance coverage
for any reason. '

Section 7 - PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

No hazardous waste facility is permitted within the Township unless said
operations are in compliance with the current standards of the State of
Michigan and its agencies and shall comply with the following:

A.

B.

C.

D.

SOUND. The pressure levels of sounds shall not exceed the following
decibel levels when adjacent to the following types of uses:

“Sound Level Adjacent Use Uhere Measured
40 dBA Open Space/Recreation Common Property Line
40 dBA . Residential Common Property Line
40 dBA Agriculture Common Property Line
60 dBA Commercial ' Common Property Line
75 dBA Industrial n Other Common Property Line

The sound levels shall be measured using a weighted decibel measurement
(referenced to 20 micropascals) and with a type of audio output meter
approved by the U.S. Bureau of Standards. Objectionable noises due to
intermittance, beat,. frequency, or shrillness, shall be muffled so as not
to become a nuisance to adjacent uses.

UIBRATIONS. All machinery shall be so mounted and operated as to prevent
transmission of ground vibration exceeding a displacement of 0.003 of one
inch measured at any property line of its source.

ODORS. The emission of noxious, odorous matter in such quantities as to be
readily detectable at any point along lot lines, when diluted in the ratio
of one volume of odorous air to four or more volumes of clean air, or as to
produce a public nuisance or hazard beyond lot lines, is prohibited.

GASES. The escape of or emission of any gas so as to be injurious,
destructive or explosive shall be unlawful and may be summarily caused to

be abated.

E.

CLARE OR HEAT. Any operation producing intense glare or heat shall be

performed within an enclosure so as to completely obscure and shield such
operation from direct view from any point along the lot line, except during the
period of construction of the facilities to be used and occupied.

F.

G.

Hm'

I.

LIGHT. Exterior lighting shall be so installed that the surface of the
source of light shall not be visible from any bedroom window, and shall be
so arranged as far as practical to reflect light away from any residential
use, and in no case shall more than one foot candle power of light cross a
lot line five (5) feet above the ground in a residential district.

SMOKE, DUST, DIRT AND FLY ASH. It shall be unlawful to discharge into the
atmosphere from any single source of emission whatsoever any air
contaminants for a period or periods aggregating more than four (4) minutes
in any one-half (1/2) hour which are:

(1) As dark or darker in shade as that designated as No. 2 on the
Ringelmann Chart as published by United States Bureau of Mines, which
is hereby made a part of this Ordinance. However, the Umbrascope
reading of smoke densities may be used when correlated with the
Ringelmann Chart. A Ringelmann Chart shall be on file in the office
of the Building Department.

(2) Of- such opacity as to obscure an observer’s view to a degree equal to
or greater than the smoke described in (1) above, except when the
emission consists only of water vapor. The quantity of.gas-borne or
air-borne solids shall not exceed 0.20 grains per cubic foot of the
carrying medium at a temperature of five hundred (500) degrees
Fahrenheit.

_ORIFTED AND BLOUN MATERIAL. °The drifting or air-borne transmission beyond

the property line of dust, particles of debris from any open stockpile,
working areas or unplanted areas, shall be unlawful and may be summarily
caused to be abated.

ROADS. Roads on landfill and soil excavation sites shall be designed and
constructed so that traffic will flow smoothly and will not be interrupted
by inclement weather. All roads to the site shall be paved which are used
by vehicles and/or equipment traveling to or from the site, and all roads
on site, shall not be used unless they are treated by sufficient oil, water
and/or chemical substance, whichever would be appropriate for the surface,
and frequent enough so that they are dust free whenever used by vehicles
and/or equipment. Roads on site shall mean roads designated on approved
plans, and such other areas used by vehicles and/or equipment for travel on
a regular basis.

J. MUD, DIRT, CLAY, ETC., ON PUBLIC ROADS. The owner and/or Permit holder of
any site where there is soil removal and/or any filling, shall take
whatever steps are necessary to avoid any motor vehicle carrying or)
tracking onto any public right-of-way from the site, any mud, dirt, clay,
refuse, etc. If mud, dirt, clay, refuse, etc., is carried or tracked onto
a public right-of-way, and it does, or might constitute a nuisance or)
hazard to public safety, the owner and/or Permit holder shall clean that
said right-of-way after the end of any working day. If notified_duringnm
working day by the Township of a condition which requires cleaning, the
matter shall be taken care of within one (1) hour. If a nuisance or
hazardous condition is left after a working day, or not cleaned up within
the one (1) hour after receiving a request from the Township, the Township
may issue a Citation for the violation of this Section due to the allowance
of said condition to remain on the highway, and/or clean the right-of-way,
and charge the owner and/or Permit holder with the cost thereof, which may
be collected in any court having general jurisdiction.

K. HOURS OF OPERATION. Operations shall be limited to daylight hours only,
between 7: 00 a.m. to 7: 00 p.m. unless otherwise specified by the Board. No
operation shall be permitted on Sundays and Legal Holidays. In emergency'
situations this time period may be modified by the Township Board provided
such emergency order shall not be effective for more than 72 hours.

L. DRAINAGE. Natural drainage shall not be blocked or diverted in such a

i manner as to cause the natural water flow to back up onto adjacent

property, or to flow in a different course upon leaving the property upon.

which the blocking or diversion occurs, unless an application is made and a

Permit is issued by the Building Department pursuant to plans which provide

for a drainage flow which will not be detrimental to surrounding
properties. '

n.' FLOOD rum, someones: nun UETLANDS. There shall be no excavation, soil
removal, filling or depositing of hazardous waste materials in any flood
plain, watercourse and/or wetlands.“ .

N. RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS. ’ The disposal of radioactive materials shall be
prohibited in the Township of Columbus. V/ '

O. SOIL EROSION. If a Soil Erosion Permit is required by Act 347 of the
Public Acts of 1974 of the State of Michigan, as amended, no operation
shall take place until a permit has been obtained. There shall be

compliance at all times with the requirement of the Soil Erosion Permit.
Section B - REDUIREMENTS FDR HAZARDOUS UASTE FACILITIES

A. GENERAL. Hazardous waste facilities, consistent with the provisions of
this Ordinance, may be permitted in Columbus Township so as to provide an
engineered method of disposal, treatment, and/or handling of hazardous
wastes without creating unreasonable environmental hazards. Planning,
design, and operation of hazardous waste facilities shall be based on
empirically derived data and state-of-the-art technology. Secondary
containment, leachate collection and treatment systems, and failure
detection systems shall be incorporated into the design and operation of
hazardous waste facilities. _ ,

I --. \
.NJ
2' .«.

Section 8 - REQUIREMENTS FOR HAZARDOUS UASTE FACILITIES (Cont’d.)

B. LOCATIONS. Hazardous waste facilities shall be prohibited in any district
'f other than the Light Industrial and/or Agricultural District.
'c'. SETBACKSM‘No hazardous waste facility shall be operated within one
thousand (1,000) feet of any adjacent residentially zoned district or’/

existing singleifamily welling, uniess—ethaowisa_appngggg__hy.the-TUUFEMIB'
Ikwuer .4”/g

/

0. SECURITY FENCES. All hazardous waste facilities shall be completely
surrounded by a minimum six (6) foot high, chain link fence or other
non-climbable fence, complete with at least three strands of barded wire at
the top and locked security gates.

E. PERIMETER ALARM. A perimeter alarm system shall be installed capable of
alerting the operator and his security personnel to any unauthorized entry
to the site, at any point along its perimeter.

F., 24-HOUR SURVEILLANCE. The operator shall maintain 24-hour surveillance of
the hazardous waste facility by trained, security personnel.

G. SUPERVISION. Unloading of hazardous. wastes shall be continuously
.supervised and access to the site shall be limited to daylight hours when a
supervisor is on duty.

-H. INVENTORY. A complete inventory shall be maintained of wastes dis osed of.
' on-site. In order to facilitate future re-cycling, wastes shaII 5e
separated and disposed of by compatible type. A complete copy of the
wastes disposed of since the last inventory shall be provided to the
Township every six (6) months within 10 days of June 30th and December 3lst
each year. . .
I. TYPES OF UASTES. Prior to the issuance of a Permit, the applicant shall
file with the Township Board a schedule listing those items which are to be
rocessed for disposal at the facility. The schedule of items to be
processed or disposea 5? or stored at the facility may not be added to, or
altered, without prior notification to the Township Board.

J. TRANSPORTATION ROUTES. The applicant shall file with the Township Board
for approval the proposed route to be used by vehicles as they proceed in
and through the Township. The proposed route shall be the shortest route
over section line roads and major thoroughfares as may be possible and
shall not be on gravel or unpaved roads except as necessary to reach said
roads or thoroughfares and the point of destination.

K. SCHEDULE OF OPERATIONS. .The applicant shall file with the Township Board
.for approval a proposed schedule of operations indicating times during
which deliveries shall be accepted and removals conducted, facilities shall

be operated, and other on site mobile equipment.operated. The schedule of
operations shall not cause unreasonable safety hazards, traffic disruptions

or disturbance of the peace in the Toensnip. .

 

I, LIFE“. (

L. PORTABLE CONTAINER STORAGE. The storage of drums or other portable
containers shall be limited to a building designed for this storage that
provides for proper control of fugitive vapors and containment of
releasable liquids. The floor of said building shall be of concrete or
equivalent material. -

M. STORAGE PRIOR TO DISPOSAL. Storage of hazardous waste prior to disposal
shall be confined to above ground permanent tanks with a total tank
capacity not to exceed the twenty (20) day operating capacity of the
facility. Storage in trailers, tankers, or similar equipment not currently
licensed for such storage is prohibited. Storage of hazardous waste in
underground tanks is prohibited.

N. STORAGE OF RESIDUES. Storage of residue from operation of the facility
shall be limited to 120 cubic yards which shall be completely covered by
suitable material so as prohibit it from blowing, drifting, or otherwise
moving from its point of storage.

O. SOLID HASTES DISPOSAL PRECLUOED. Solid wastes, as defined and regulated by
Act 641 of 1978, as -amended, shall not be placed within a hazardous waste
disposal facility in Columbus Township unless such action conforms to the
St. Clair County Solid Haste .Management Plan and the Columbus Township
Landfill Ordinance No. 23.

Section 9 - REPORTS, RECORDS, AND EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION

A. RECORDS. The permittee shall maintain written records of all hazardous
wastes accepted by the facility. Said records shall detail the type,
weight, volume and source of each waste as well as the shipping manifest
and any processing or treatment of the waste which occurred at the facility
before disposal.

B. EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION. The Township shall be notified in the case of any
spill or release of hazardous waste or similar emergency on-site within
twenty-four (24) hours of the occurrence. If any person is injured and
requires a doctor's care as a result of such emergency, the Township shall
be notified within- twelve (12) hours. If a death occurs, the Township
shall be notified immediately. The first notice of any emergency shall be
given to the Township Supervisor. If the Township Supervisor cannot be
contacted, the second notice shall be given to a private security company,
to be named by the Township Board.

Section 10 - INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT

Any Registered. Professional Engineer and/or Professional Hydrogeologist,
appointed by the Township Board as an Ordinance inspection/enforcement officer,
shall have the right of reasonable access to the site of any hazardous waste
facility located within Columbus Township for the purpose of inspecting such
facilities for compliance with this Ordinance, any other applicable Township
ordinances, the rules, regulations, permits and licenses of any applicable
state law. During'the course of the inspection, the inspection/enforcement
officer shall have the authority to conduct any tests and to examine the
records of receiving, treatment, storage and disposal of wastes maintained by
the operator.

Section 10 - INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT (Cont’d.)

Upon completion of any inspection which reveals violations of the Permit, the
rules and regulations of the State of Michigan or an applicable state law, the
inspection officer shall notify the appropriate enforcement agencies of the
Township of Columbus, the County of St. Clair or the State of Michigan, or the
federal government, of the existence of such violation and request of said
agencies the institution of appropriate enforcement action. A copy of such
notification shall be provided to the owner or operator of the hazardous waste
facility. If the inspection reveals a violation of a Township ordinance, a
county Ordinance, or any state law which provides the right of action to the
Township for enforcement, the enforcement agency of the Township shall take
such enforcement measure as provided by the ordinance being violated.

Section 11 - FEES FOR CLEAN-UP, EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND TRAINING OF EMERGENCY

,4uyfi99ia;ua- Cj/uzkr¢Hflz(

M"-

/

TIPPING FEE SCHEDULE. The following schedule of fees shall be paid by the
operator based on the source of the waste disposed of at the facility:
(1) $1.75/ton for wastes generated within the State of Michigan.

(2) $2.00/ton for wastes generated within the operator’s stated service
area and outside the State of Michigan. \

(3) $2.25/ton for wastes generated outside the stated service area but
' within the United States.

(4) $2.50/ton for wastes generated outside the United States.

B. PURPOSES FOR COLLECTION OF TIPPING FEES. The tipping fees shall be used

for the purpose of equipment, training and training up-date of local
emergency personnel, including but not limited to, police, fire and EMS.
It shall also be used to establish a fund for clean-up in the event of an
emergency on-site, and for correction of any affects on individual water
supplies, and the like, for the restoration and re-use of the site after
closure, and for any other purposes stated in the following Section 11, E.

C. PARTIAL RETURN OF FEES TO OPERATOR. For the purpose of rewarding all
responsible operators of hazardous waste facilities, the clean-up fund from
tipping fees shall not exceed $5,000,000.00 from any individual facility.
Once the fund reaches this limit for an individual facility, all interest
earned shall be returned to the operator until final closure occurs.

D. COLLECTION OF TIPPING FEES. The tipping fees shall be submitted by the
operator within 10 days of June 30th and December 31st of each year at the
time of submission of the Inventory, as required by Section B, H of this

.Ordinance.

E.

EXPENDITURE OF TIPPING FEES. The expenditure of tipping fees shall be made
by authority of the Township Board. The Township Board may use said fees
for any of the following purposes:

(I)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(S)

(6)

t7)

'(8)

Purchase of emergency service vehicles and equipment necessary to
protect the health, safety and welfare of the residents of the
Township of Columbus in the event of an emergency situation at a
hazardous waste facility.

 

Training and training up-date of emergency service personnel, such.as,.
but not limited to, fire, police and emergency medical service (EMS).

Establishment of a clean-up fund for hazardous waste .accidents on or ;
off-site.

Correction of any demonstrated affects on individual water supply
wells.

Restoration and re-use of any hazardous waste disposal site after
closure.

To take or promote whatever actions may be deemed necessary or
appropriate to protect the environment of the area surrounding the
hazardous waste facility from any existing, imminent, potential or
possible detriment, impairment or pollution.

For the monitoring, inspecting and testing of soil, waste, air:‘;;1
water samples, or the assessment of incoming waste materials. “La

To compensate property owners whose dwellings are adjacent to the
hazardous waste disposal facility, and who sell, during the effective
term of this Ordinance, their dwellings which were constructed prior
to the permitting of a facility pursuant to this Ordinance, but only
if the seller establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the
existence and operation of the hazardous waste facility diminished the
price of said dwelling from that which it would have brought but for
the existence or operation of the hazardous waste facility. The
amount of the distribution shall not exceed the difference between the
actual selling price of_ said dwelling in a good faith, arms length
transaction, and the price it would have brought but for the existence
of the facility, and shall be reduced by an amount equal to any
increase in value of said dwelling resulting from any improvements
financed by previous distributions of tipping fees.

 

Section 12 - VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES"

A.

Any person violating any of the provisions of -this Ordinance shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be subject tona
fine of not more than Five Hundred Dollars ($500) plus costs of prosecution
or imprisonment in the County Iail for a period of not to exceed ninety

(90)

days, or both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the

Court, together with the costs of said prosecution.

 

Section 12 - VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES (Cont’d.)

B. In addition to such fine and/or imprisonment, the Township Board may notify
the owner and/or operator of any violation of the Permit and/or this
Ordinance, and upon failure of the owner and/or operator to abate said
violation within twenty-four (24) hours after delivery of said notice, said
operation site may be closed and the Permit therefore suspended or revoked,
and resort had to the bond for restoration.

Any owner and/or operator aggrieved by any notice sent pursuant to this
Section, may file a written request for a Hearing before the Township
Board. The request should set forth why the operation site should not be
summarily closed, the Permit suspended or revoked, and resort had to the
bond. The Township Board may summarily close the site_ and suspend or
revoke the Permit pending a Hearing, if it is determined the health and
safety'of persons and/or property requires it.

Section 13 - REPEAL AND SAVINGS CLAUSE

All Ordinances and parts of Ordinances inconsistent with the provisions of this
Ordinance are hereby repealed, and specifically, Ordinance 22 is repealed in
its entirety. The repeal of the above Ordinance and/or any amendments adopted
to this Ordinance shall not affect or impair any act done, offense committed or
right accruing, accrued or ’acquired of liability, penalty, forfeiture or
punishment incurred prior to the time enforced, prosecuted or inflicted.

section 14 - SEVERABILITY,

This Ordinance and the various parts, sections and clauses thereof are hereby
declared to be severable. If any part, sentence, paragraph, section of clause
is adjudged unconstitutional or invalid, it is hereby provided the remainder of
the Ordinance shall not be affected thereby.

Section 15 - EFFECTIVE DATE

This Ordinance shall become effective thirty (30) days after its publication in
the Review. . -

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