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The Spatial Externalities and Locational Conflict Framework:

Another Tool for Planners?

A paper
submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of

MASTER OF URBAN PLANNING

by

Linda C. Fulkerson

June 8, 1979

Preface

Numerous sources were consulted in the course of research for
this study. While a review of the literature is not entirely appro-
priate here, a brief summary is necessary. Few articles and mono-
graphs are available on the location of controversial public
facilities, instead a broad understanding of traditional location
theory (industrial, commercial and residential) was drawn upon.
However, to review the various literature on traditional location
theory would not provide the reader with a complete understanding of
how controversial public facilities are located anyway. This is due to
the numerous other variables that must be considered outside the sphere
of location theory. The orientation of the literature used in this
study relied on an understanding of the political process in decision-
making, an understanding of the community perceptions and attitudes,
and the 'publicness' of the facilities -- the need for equity as well
as efficiency in the locational outcome.

Little work has been completed on developing a location theory
for controversial public facilities. Only recently have a few scholars
begun to seriously consider the possibility of a location theory for
controversial public facilities. Therefore, the purpose of this
paper is to examine a proposed framework develOped by Michael Dear in
1977 to aid decision—makers and planners in locating controversial
facilities. The question is, will such a framework apply to the

planning process?

ii

 

I I‘ll» E,|.

 

Preface . .

Introduction

The Spatial Externalities and Locational
Conflict Framework .

Case Study of Pre-released Prisoners Half—
way House in Lansing, Michigan . .

Conclusion
Appendix 1
Appendix 2

Bibliography

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

Page

ii

13

Introduction

 

The location of a controversial public facility is often
associated with a wide range of community opposition. Much of this
conflict is usually caused by community groups and individuals who have
little concern with the function of the facility, or the goods and
services which are provided as its output. These external effects
cannot be ignored by decision-makers or planners. Usually the impacted
community group has to be compensated for the negative effects of the
facility's location. If this compensation is not accomplished the
blocking of the preferred location will most likely be the result.

The incidence of external effects and the concurring locational
conflict poses considerable problems for the decision—makers and
planners. Because of the public nature of the decision-making process,
the occurrence of external costs and benefits has to be incorporated
into the planning process. But this was not always possible until
recently when such scholars as Tietz (1968) proposed the possibility
of a theory on the location of public facilities; followed by Margolis's
(1972) attempt to define the demand of urban public services; and most
recently Dear's (1975 and 1977) work which identified and developed a
framework for analysis of spatial externalities and locational
conflict.

The purpose of this paper is to test Dear's framework for analysis
in the location of a controversial public facility. The central
question is how much information does this framework provide to the
planner, decision—makers and the public? The secondary question is
how practicable is this framework for actual controversial public

facilities location problems?

The type of controversial facility chosen is a halfway house for
pre-release prisoners. The data used in this analysis has been
collected from a recent planning issue in Lansing, Michigan. This
issue centered around the request of a special use permit to convert
the Spartan Motel, located at 501 E. Kalamazoo Street (see map 1), into
a halfway house for pre—released prisoners. After several weeks of
heated debate the special use permit was denied by Lansingfs Planning
Commission because of the high number of people to be housed in the
facility and the high concentration of such facilities within Lansing.

The rest of this study will focus on a summary of Dear's (1977)
framework; followed by the case study of the halfway house location
using Dear's framework; with the conclusion focusing on how well the

two questions asked at the beginning were answered.

Study Area

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North I

 

§patial EXternalities and Locational Conflict Framework

 

The following is a summary of Michael Dear's framework for under-
standing location decisions in the public sector. This method of
analysis was chosen because it allows the decision—makers and planners
_ a process for focusing upon the impact of externalities and locational
conflicts.

Externalities (external effects, spillovers) are normally regarded
as the unpriced effects of a certain activity upon groups or individuals
who are not directly involved in that activity. Therefore, it becomes
a simple task to incorporate a spatial dimension into the notion of
external effects. A prime example of spatial externality occurs in
education, when a student attends and is educated at a university at
the expense of the taxpayers and then migrates to another area, thus
transferring the benefits of the education to another group of tax-
payers.

Externalities, according to Dear, may be regarded as having a
spatially limited 'field' of effects. The extent and configuration of
the externality field will be influenced by several variables, includ-
ing the size and type of the externality source, and the nature and
density of the surrounding properties. This latter factor is parti-
cularly important, since the advantages or disadvantages associated
with a facility's location does not always total up equally among all
properties. In fact, there tends to be a systematic decline in the
external effect the farther away from the source.

This discriminatory capacity of the community depends upon the
perception of, or attitudes of, property owner and/or renters toward

the facility in question. Therefore, these external effects refer to

any facility impacts which are not directly related to the consumption
of the goods or services which is provided from that facility. It
should also be understood that both users (consumers) and non-users
(non-consumers) of the facility may benefit or suffer from these
external effects.

With this in mind, Dear categorized external effects as either
'user—associated' or 'neighborhood—associated." This distinction is
important in the understanding of many locational conflict situations.

The case of 'user-associated' externalities has two specific
classes: personal and exogenous. A 'personal—user' externality is
the consumption of certain goods and serviCes which may cause a reac-
tion in the usen either positive or negative. The occurence of a
'user-associated' external effect can have a major impact on the user
attitude and utilization. An example of a negative 'personal—user'
externality would be living in public housing and the inescapable stigma
attached to that living situation. While the positive side of this
example would be the user enjoying the company of other residences
who live in the public housing project.

The case for 'exogenous-user' externalities is related to the
traditional concept of agglomeration economics only here the benefit
to the client is emphasis. Thus, when a user is affected by external—
ities, the source of external effects lies outside the individual.

"So a user will benefit if all internal scale economics have been
captures in the facility's operation. Or else urbanization and local—
ization economics may enable the user to take advantage of situations
of choice, or multiple-purpose visits." (Dear, 1977. p. 156)

The other category, ‘neighborhood-associated' externalities, are

those cases where a facility's external effects have an impact upon
the utility of a non—user. "Non—user perceptions of these externali—
ties determine the extent and intensity of neighborhood antagonism
toward a particular facility or service.” (Dear, 1977, p. 156)

Some examples of 'neighborhood—associated' externalities would be
noise, pollution, spillover effects from halfway houses, etc.

One of the problems with these external effects is defining the
impact area for any external effect. To define an area that is too
small would lead to underestimating the facility's impact, while too
large of an area would reduce the facility's impact. The core of the
problem of externality-field analysis is the fact that concern is placed
with net impact of that field.

Dear has defined locational conflict as overt public debate over
some actual or proposed land use or property develOpment. The emphasis
in locational conflict is upon decisions -— the process by which they
are made, and the impact they have. For the problem of conflict over
public facility location, Dear reCOgnized two fundamental dimensions.
"These relate to the facility itself (its form) and the nature of the
host community (its context)." (Dear, 1977. p. 158) Therefore, the
problem becomes one of achieving goodness of fit between form and
context.

Form (the facility impact variable) is determined by three
specific dimensions: scale, type and degree of noxiousness according
to Dear. All three are closely inter—related.

' The scale of a facility is an obvious concern in conflict analysis,
hence, the larger the facility impact, the greater the likelihood that

opposition will be generated towards the facility. When discussing the

type of facility a distinction may be made between public facilities.
There are three categories, all have different operating characteris-
tics and each will generate a different range of external effects.

The first category is the service-type facilities where the user
travels to the facility in order to use the good. The dispatch-type
facilities is the second category. In this case, the goods and services
are taken to the user for consumption. The final category is network-
type of facilities such as electricity, sewage, etc.

The final dimension of form is the degree of noxiousness. "This
dimension provides a behavioral explanation of community perceptions
and attitudes toward facility externality fields." (Dear, 1977. p. 159)
In understanding community opposition, it is necessary to recognize
which component of the facility itself generates the noxiousness
reaction.

"The response to a particular facility is determined by three
community impact variables, which together define the context for the
form in question. These three variables are socio-economic status,
strategy, and motivation." (Dear, 1977. p. 159)

Socio—economic status determines the propensity of any neighborhood
group to become involved in a locational conflict situation. But at
the same time, the socio—economic status of any neighborhood will
provide guidance on the likely potential impact of a new facility.
Thus, those neighborhoods which are occupied by either high or middle
income residents will have a greater propensity to become involved in a
locational conflict than low income residents. This is attributed to
the fact that the high or middle income residents have a better under-

standing of how the political system works and what strategies are

opened to them.

The effect of various strategies which are available to impacted
groups is of great concern. Usually neighborhood groups have three
important options (strategies) available: exit, voice, and violence.
Exit of a group is the ceasing of consumption of one goal in favor of
another, such as moving to a community with a better school system.
Voice is the strategy of remaining in the area and working for improve-
ments in the quality of goods via the political process. While the
third strategy, violence, includes any illegal action or threat of
illegal action such as riots, protest, strike, etc.

The final community impact variable is motivation. "Clearly the
precise reason for individual or group involvement in any locational
conflict will be complex. The greater the dissatisfaction with the
distributive consequences, the greater will be the propensity to
participate in conflict." (Dear, 1977. pp. 160-161) Thus. Hlocational
conflict can be viewed as the result of the absence of 'fit' between
the facility and community impact variables. The attitude of the host
community toward a facility will clearly depend upon the attributes of
that facility, as summarized in the scale, type, and noxiousness
dimensions. The community response will, however, be simultaneouSly
conditioned by its internal characteristics, ... which together define

its prOpensity to participate in the conflict." (Dear, 1977. P. 161)

Case Study of Ere-released Prisoners Halfway_House i3 Lansing, Michigan

 

 

 

 

The group called New Way In, Incorporated, sought to establish a
halfway house for seventy pre-released convicts in the forty-five
unit Spartan Motel. New Way In contracts with the Michigan Department
of Corrections to house and counsel inmates serving the end of their
terms for non—violent crimes. The Spartan Motel (see map 2) would
have allowed New Way In the Opportunity to consolidate the operations
of four halfway houses currently operating in Lansing.

By moving into the Spartan Motel the situation would have improved
the living conditions for most inmates. Not only would Operation cost
be reduced substantially, but semi-private rooms with bathing facilities
would have been available; improved food serviCe; community rooms and
programs based on groups of twenty people at a time would be some of
the benefits received by the inmates.

The proposed site was bounded on three sides by major streets
and on the fourth by a mixture of commercial, single family and multi-
family residences. With the site oriented towards the arterials,
the prOposed halfway house was not expected to adversely affect the
adjacent use. The nearest similar existing facilities was located more
than 1,500 feet from the proposed halfway house and was not expected
to cause excessive concentration of similar facilities in the neighbor-
hood. (For more details, see Appendix 1 and 2)

With this background information in mind, the testing of Dear's
framework may begin. The first step is the analysis of externality
fields as a source of locational conflict. The field has been defined
as approximately a ten block radius from the motel. At this point it
is worthwhile to recall that external effects used in this context

9

Proposed Site Location Map 2

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refersto any facility impact which Is not directly related to consump—
tion of the good or service which is output from that facility.

Therefore, the first externality examined is the 'personal-user'
externality. This is a positive externality because the pro-released
prisoners are eased back into the community under a controlled environ-
ment. The 'exogenous-user' externalities on. n all needs and serviCes
for the pre—released prisoner can be provided at the halfway house and A)
the location gives access to transportation and downtown Lansing.

The 'neighborhood—associated' externalities will determine the
extent and intensity of neighborhood antagonism toward a particular
facility or service. The first 'neighborhood—associated' externality
wasthe feeling among area residents and merchants that the establish-
ment of the halfway house would create a danger in the neighborhood.

The second externality was that too many facilities of this kind were
already located in the neighborhood (see map 3); and finally the last
major externality was that the proposal for seventy pre—released
prisoners was just too big for a neighborhood.

The next step is to look at the means for locational conflict-
public debate. As discussed earlier, this debate can take several
forms, such as public hearings, referendum, or demonstration. Thus,
the emphasis in locational conflict is upon decisions —— the process by
which they are made and the impact they have. In Lansing, the locational
conflict takes the form of public hearings which residents of the city
may voice their opinions. It is here where the form and context are
examined more closely to determine the facility and community impact
variables.

When examining the form of the halfway house, three specific

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13

dimensions are considered: scale, type and degree of noxiousness.
Needless to say, all three are closely related.

The scale of the operationwutiseventy pre—released prisoners who
uuxcto be housed in a converted motel. The size of the halfway house
alone gives the halfway hOUSe a black mark in the neighborhood. In
considering the type of controversial facility, a combination of
service—depot type facility is noted. This conclusion is arrived at
because the proposed facility was a halfway house for pre—released
prisoners, therefore, the clients‘uuszrgbghttto the halfway house for
a short time period to receive the goods and services offered by the
halfway house.

The third component of the halfway house form is its degree of
noxiousness or how the halfway house is perceived in the neighborhood.
As noted earlier, the neighborhood perception of the halfway house
was that of dangerous. This can be attributed to the fact that many
people possess a stereotyped perception of exconvicts usually based on
what they have seen in the movies and on television.

The last step in this framework is the context of the neighbor-
hood. This area is considered middle class residential and commercial.
Thus, it can be expected that the strategy used to block this proposed
halfway house was through the voice strategies. This participation of
middle class residences clearly reflects the distribution of power in
the political system. By using the voice strategy the residences have
useJthe public hearings to let their political leaders know their true
feelings. This strategy is clearly of major significance in the
political process.

The last part of the contexts of the neighborhood is the motivation

L
' a
‘c_

or why the residents become invoved. Clearly the answer to this is
fear. Because the proposed halfway house for pro—released prisoners,
the residents fear that trouble woul have arrived when the pre—released
prisoners arrived.

After examining all the facts it is clear that opposition would
have arisen to the proposal. Any attempt by the city of Lansing to
compensate the residents would have been defeated. It was not a matter
of compensation that would have relieved the problems perceived by the

residents. but total abandonment of the proposal.

Conclusion

 

Back at the beginning of this study it was stated that the pur-
pose was to test Dear's framework in order to see how well two
questions could be answered. The first question was "how much informa-
tion does this framework provide to the planner, decision-maker and the
public?" The answer to the question is an average amount of information
is given, but the way in which this information is obtained is impor-
tant. This framework allows the researcher to probe, question and
research various facts. But there must be reservations in this
technique. First, it is very time consuming and often there isn't
enough time to do this prOperly. Secondly, and most importantly,
bias may enter into the picture. The author agrees that in most work
there is personal bias, but most of the analysis is based on the
researcher's personal decisions. Finally, unbalanced political pressure
is not accounted for in this model, but can such pressure of this type
ever be quantified?

The final question: "How practical is this framework for actual
controversial facilities location problems?"; can be answered as not
very practical. Because many of the controversial public facilities and
goods cannot be provided through the normal market mechanism, it becomes
difficult to determine a fair set of market prices for compensating the
impacted residents. In fact, the question of what is a fair and just
compensation is not even addressed in Dear's framework. This could be
attributed to the fact that the welfare function of a controversial
facility cannot be quantified.

Summing up the use of Dear's framework as a tool in planning, it

would not be practical at this time. Though Dear's framework addresses

‘15

16

some very important questions, the one area that must be solved is

the welfare function. How does one measure or place a price on the
welfare function? How does one provide for equity and efficiency

at the same time? There are still numerous avenues that need further
exploration before this framework can be effectively used in the field

of planning.

 

Appendix 1

c I..- ‘~' ...- “u.

 

I

'--.-<
-

By CAROL MORELLO
Staff Writer

Don McDamels. Jim Houghton and
George .rirlson have collectively
poured 48 years of life‘s blood into
their busmesses at the foot of the
Kalamazm Bridge.

They stayed when others pulled up
stakes for suburban and outskirts
qiiarters. and believe their trust will
be justified by booming busmess when
construction is completed on the
bridge linking the east side 0‘ the
Grand River to the revualized down-
town Lansmg area.

BUT ALL three feel threatened by
another man‘s dream of housing soon~
tribe-released prison inmates in a ti-
me-wom but sturdy mate! in their
midst.

"\Ve don't need ‘em," says McDan-
iels, owner of import Auto. 5m Ii.
Kalamazoo. "We don‘t want ‘em down
here. No, we don't need ‘em. Nobodys
gomg to wan' “em.“

Most reSidents and other busmess-
men aprs'sntly agree though few dis-
pute the need for. the halfway houses
Operated in Lansing by New Way In.

HEADED BY 3 Catholic priest. the
non-profit organization has Since 1973
eased the transmon into somety for ai-
most 600 inmates. All were screened
out of overcrowded prisons in the last
months of their sentences for COHVIC-
tions on non-aggresswe crimes. like
break-ins. larcenies. bad checks and
shoplifting.

\A'hile they ease into jobs and so-
riety outside the walls of Jackson
Prison and Huron Valley for women.
25 men are now housed in a New Way
ln house on Hillsdale Street and 11
women at the downtown YMCA.

"That sort of thing sounds good in
someone else‘s neighborhood. but not
your own back yard." admits Ed Car-
penter. owner of Liskey's Professorial

:- Wheel Service. 124 S. Larch.

”SO WHEN New Way In proposed
purchasmg the adjacent Spartan Motel
at 50] E. Kalamazoo to'accommodate
70 inmates — double the present ca-
pacny - residents started bombarding
their counCIIman with pleas to OppOSt'
the required speCIal use permit.
(‘ounCIIman Robert Hull says be w ill
probably follow the expressed desire

53'
thocTuy73
A-l

“tome for inmates Oppose

"There are those who don‘t think it
should even be in an urban location.
but a rural one or just away. until they
can prove they won't rape and mur-
der." he said of some of the calls
about the inmates' prOposed reloction.

“I'M NOT sure it‘s a legitimate con-
cern. New Way in has made it clear
they‘re (the inmates) the type who are
nonviolent.

“But most just say a halfway house
is one thing. but up to 70 congregated
in one place is a little large for a half-
way house to function.“

Seeking the allay the fears. New
Way In last week met with residents
and busmessmemto explain the pro-
gram. including the 24-hour security
and hourly bedchecks at night.

THEY EVEN pulled in neighbors of
the current locations who said they
have experienced few or no problems.

But the could be neighbors remain
skeptical. questioning the supervismn
of 70 inmates in rooms leading directly
outmde, and the effect on the local
crime rate.

”With all this money being poured
into downtown to get it upgraded, this
is not the direction to take.“ said Mc-
Daniels. "individual homes with eight
or nine is fine. But not bringing a mini-
prison in an area that can ill afford to
have the image.“

‘ I

BRIDSON, OWNER of Curtis Cut
Rate Drugs. 600 E. Kalamazoo. wor-
ries that customers will be afraid to
frequent his store Two of his. female
employees have threatened to quit if
New Way [It takes over the motel

HIS fears are shared by iioughtoti.
owner of Lansmg Transmissmn. 220 S.
Larch.

"it scares everybody." ht- said "1
hate to think about a wonitn who
brings her car in and if it takes two
hours to fix. now tunes 1'. and waiks
downtown to shop Either sne won‘t
leave the shop. or she won‘t come in.

“IT’S NOT that they‘re necessarily
0mg to bother anyone, but it's the
ear.

“We know the area is on the. border-
line. We don‘t need one more thorn."

The apprehensious of the business-
men are apparently shared by most
reSicientS.

DARRELL PERVURSL.

'-
la

who lives at 8l2 Heald PlJ.“ tiétlléiu-
about the effect on area :.~ii.-.:i. (‘ll.l-

dren.

“These kids admire criminal
said. ”It’s not we‘re afraid t‘wx-‘Il bet"
the children. because most of time lit:
tte dewls can take care of themselt es
but it's the teaching." ‘ I .

Larry Curtis. of 1104 E. Kalamazoo
said most residents object to the num:

ber whovwould be housed in the motel
at capacny. ‘

f “RIGHT OR wrong. founded or on-
ounded. there will be a fear of people
in the area to go dowr and do bus;-

ness." he said. “Right or wrong. the
fear's there. and it's bound to have an
effect.

“The City‘s put a lot of money in the
riverfront. Granted. it would be a nice
place for these men to lounge around.
but the older residents and those wnh
families won't use it. Maybe it's
wrong. but you can‘t help how you-feel
and think."

In response. New Way in chief Ray-
mond Kaelrk says the inmates must
be lodged near downtown. as they are
already. to be in close proxnmtty to
jobs. family and public transportation.

MICHAEL A. Jones. men's re-ezitry
house administrator. and Rolerie Berg.
administrator of the women's pro-
gram. argue that the image of a mini-
prison is inaccurate. ~

“I think a lot of them have Jimmy
Cagney pegged. complete with a tin
can to rattle the bars." said Ms. Berg
of some neighborhood critics. “But the
program is deSigned to keep them
busy." .

.lones noted that the inmates mus"
check out and meet curfews wiwn
gomg for job interViews. family VlSlIS
and work. Claimed destinations are
double checked. and rule breakers are
booted back to prison.

“IT’S NOT gomg to be a big fence
with guys standing around dressed in
blues throwing rocks at cars." he said.
"They'll be leading normal lives."

Jones called the inmates “the
cream of the crop" from prison who
have earned reduced security. But be
concedes the program lS not foolproof.
and understands the fears of those
who would work and live near the
motel.

“I don‘t know any way to argue with
the gut reaction of fear." said Ms.
Berg. “1 don't know any way to coun-
ter the illogtc with logic.

ht‘

L—On'tfirJLf l.

“Bl"! \t l ‘\'i. ;~ 7 2- of! The hlitt-
ders an”; my. ~ t'i‘..1:7_'.. and let's
do stittw’latigt lit f‘r‘f‘, ‘

"l'd lltr‘ tw-z-lv to we they‘re hu~
man beings you ca". tteat vi tth dignity.
and to see that when they're treated
Wlth restiect and dignity. that's what
they give back "

New \kay ln's reuuesz for a speCIal
use permit is slated for an Oct. B pub‘
lic hearing.

KACIRK SAID that if the counCtl
votes approval. New “at In could
close the $350th deal by ntid-Novem
ber with an expected STtiiltlti advance
from the state. paying the way for a
housewarming by Christmas. '

53

”jot—T. ’73

 

Halfway house plan/scheduled

before council

By BUD LANG
Staff Writer

Supporters and Opponents Of a prO-'
posed halfway house for pre—release
convicts will have a chance to VOice
their feelings on the subject tonight at
a meeting Of the Lansmg City Council.

A public hearing on a proposed spe-
cial use permit for the building. at 501
E. Kalamazoo St.. will be held before
the City council.

THE GROUP seeking tO establish
the facility. which could house up tO 70
inmates in the 45-room former Spartan
Motel. is New Way In. a local non-
profit organization currently Operating
two halfway houses in Lansing.

The proposal is to consolidate the
Operations Of those houses. and ac-
commodate about 24 inmates cur-
rently on a waiting list for admittance
to the program. ,

\PW \\ ay In has proposed to buy the
former motel for use as the halfway

J" ,-

feel. just Simply do not exist within the

evenly Split council.

The discussion ’
. . and action. also
could be cut short by KaCirk.

FOLLOWING A public meetin
Thursday. Kacirk suggested he migh?
just Withdraw his request for the per-
mit. rather than continue fighting.

Mbfiw Way In contracts with the
. ic igan Department of Corrections
to house and counsel inmates servin

house.

BUT NEW Way In prOposals have
been met with stiff Opposition from
residents and merchants in the imme-
diate area of the building.

And that community Objection could
thwart plans for the fac1lity.

Tuesday night. the City planning
board voted unanimously to deny the
Special use permit. The action fol-
lowed a public hearing during which
the residents and merchants in the
area v0iced their Objections to the
program.

ACCORDING TO Raymond KaCirk.
director of New Way In. the plan to
use the motel was developed because
it would cut Operating costs and allow
for more effiCIent Operation.

1f pushed to a vote Of the city coun-
cil.§is members would have to sup-
port the plan before that grciip could
override the planning bard denial
And those six votes. mini obserxets

  
 
 
  
 
  
   
 
  
   
   

tit {‘fit'D LANt‘.
Stat”: ti. rater

A halfw ay house proposed for down-
town Lansmg will remain in limbo at
least until Thursday when a Lansmg
City Councn committee will review a
request for a sword use permit. .I

At a public hearing before council
Monday night. speakers both for and
against the issuance Of a special use
permit for the property. at 5(ll E.
Kalamazoo St.. argued the question of
a hallway house at the former Spartan
Motel.

THE PROPOSAL to occupy the
45-room motel was Sponsored by New
Way In. a local nonprofit organization
currently Operating two halfway
houses l.‘t Lansing.

The consolidation of those two
houses. and accommodating an addi-
tional 24 inmates currently on a Michi-
gan Department Of Corrections wait-
ing list. was an integral part of the
program to provide shelter and coun-
seling for about 70 inmates.

Supporters of the program have said
the inmates are currently parolees or
prisoners nearing the end Of their
Ierms. and that their crimes have
been nori'. iolent.

BUT THE proposed has been met

A.

\F

o,I‘/l
. ...” (. (\,'/. /).tTf-'
1' ./
“ill not! OppOSition from both reSi-

dents and merchants Of the area sur-
roundmg the former motel.

Raymond KaCirk. a Catholic priest
who directs the program. called the
New Way In “a foot in the door."

“Having attended a number of
meetings. we believe the mice of the
peOple has been expressed.“ Kacirk
told the council. “But this is an oppor-
tunity for proving something.“

ONE OF those meetings attended
by KaCirk. on Oct. 17. was held by the
Lansmg planning board to consider the
issuance Of a Sp€Clal use permit for
the property. At that time. the plan-
ning board veted unanimously against
issuing such a permit.

Following that meeting. Kacirk sug-
gested that he might withdraw his re-
quest for the permit.

But at the Monday meeting of the
city council. KaCirk offered a com-
promise.

INSTEAD OF the prOposed 70 in-
mates to be housed in the facility. Ka-
cirk asked that he be allowed to try to
make the program work with only 35
inmates. ‘

“It would be a temporary use." Ka
cirk argued. “We could lease the
place. not buy it."

A major part of the controtersy i~
feeling among area reSidents and int.
chants that establishment of the far
my would create a danger in the neig
borhood.

LAWRENCE CURTIS, 1104 l
Kalamazoo St.. tOld the council he h
lieves the New Way In proposal pri
sents nothing but additional problen-
for an already trouble-plagued dow:-
town Lansmg.

“I think you should tell them sorr;
but no sale.” Curtis told the council. "

/hink that the businessmen should b
deeply concerned down there."

CURTIS WAS not alone in his criti
eisni of the plan. Maurice Green. it)"
Lilac Ave.. said he didn‘t understar
"why something like this has to be pt:
in the downtown area.

“I think it would be a very. very se
rious mistake to put this thing in tin
district." Green added.

But residents speaking at the meet
ing were not the only persons to ex
press concern about the plan. CounCii
man Robert J. Hull. in whose Firs
Ward the faculty would be located.
called the area “a good neighbor
hood."

"LEST ANY of you think my con
sutuents are a bunch of grinches. ar.

they are not. I think people should un-
derstand the problems there." Hull
said. '

Citing problems in prostitution. drug
trafficking. and burglaries in that
area. Hull told the council he would
not support the request for the permit.
. “I'm not going to support this zon
ing. and I‘m not going to recommend
this.“ Hull said. “And I would urge

you to help the peOple in this neighbor- .
hood."

COUNCILMAN RICHARD Baker. a

supporter of the concept of inmate
halfway houses. said he also feels
there are “legitimate concerns" about
placmg the facility in that neighbor-
hood. As part of that problem. Baker
charged the Lansing Police Depart-
ment with a lack of protection for peo—
ple in that area.

"Part Of the problem is this. ' Baker
said. “We are not doing a good job in
that area now. Those people are con-
cerned about crime. and rightfully
so."

Councilwoman Lucile Belen said She
felt "fear" was the biggest stumbling
block to the plan.

But KaCirk insisted the program. in
the scope proposed. would work.

”It is just too bad that speCial use
permits have tO be something black

and white." Kacirk said. “In this wav,
we have more control than if we had
individual probation. We would like to
prove that it can be done. that we can
live in this neighborhood in peace."

The request for the special use per-
mit was referred to the committee on
phySical development.

 

 

By BUD LANG
Staff Writer

A prOposal to use a vacant motel at
501 E. Kalamazoo St. as an inmate
halfway house is all but dead.

The OlfiCial as should fall Monday
night. when the Lansmg City CounCil
considers a request tO issue a special
use permit for the prOpertyf The re-
queSI was filed by New Way In. a non-
profit organization specializing in
counseling for convicts serving the last
of their sentences.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON. the
physical development committee of
the council voted unanimously to place
the request on the agenda for council
action Monday night. But the commit-
tee also recommended that the permit
be denied.

The phySical development commit-
tee is chaired by Councilman Richard
J. Baker. Councilman Terry J. Mc-
Kane and Councilwoman Lucile Belen
also serve on that committee.

The action Thursday is only the lat-
est nail to be driven into the coffin of a
plan that originally would have housed
70 inmates in the 45room former mo-
tel.

ON OCT. I7. the city planning board
met to consider the permit request

and unanimously turned thumbs down
on the plan.

And at a public hearing on the pro—
ject. held Monday before the cny
couiiCil. the counCil “its besieged by
both reSidents and merchants of the
area. All spoke against the plan.

Raymond Kacirk. a Catholic priest
who directs New Way In; offered a
compromise plan. KaCIrk offered to
house only 3:3 inmates in the motel to
see how the program worked and
what. if any. effect there would be on
the neighborhood.

BUT AT the committee meeting
Thursday. even that offer was re-
jected.

Hl lltlttly' ‘3VPl‘l351Sltmnu-my for that
place.“ Miss Belen told KaCirk "i
move that we deny SUP-HHS."

SUl’167h is the legal title of New
Way ln's request for the speCial use
permit.

COUNCILMAN ROBERT J. Hull. in
whose 1st Ward the permit has be-
come an issue. also attended the meet-
ing. Not a member of the committee.
Hull did not vote on the permit. But he
did manage to make his feelings
known.

"I guess I would have to say that
there is a very clear consensus against
it in that neighborhood." Hull said.
"Based on that. I'm gomg to have to
vote to support my constituency."

(53')

£70c7‘: If};
rig-«Z.

Kacirk said after the meeting ih:
while he was disappOinted with it
setback. he felt both reSIdents an
merchants in the area have "re.~
fears" about the program in in.-
scope.

“\KlllL'I‘IIER THOSE fears are 'l
tifietl. i don't know." Kaciik :idtii-t
“But these guys are nothing like it:
stereotypes you St't‘ in \ltilt'lll mom
and (in leleusmtt."

Kticirk said llt‘ hasn't giyen up (r
the Concept of ti large facility tha
would allow the consolidation of twi
houses currently being operated li-
New way in. Additional plans for th-
Spartan Motel property (Bill I". Kala
nia/oo St.) had called for bringin.
more inmates into the program.

According to KtiCirk. New Way lt‘
Will have to study finances befori
looking to other property.

“I THINK the City of Lansing has ;~
wonderful start iii trying to protect ll
self." Kacirk said. “But we're really
not set back any farther than we were-
when we first proposed the laCIIIty

Kacirk said the average inmaio
stays in the program for two or thrru
TT»’tt‘.ll‘.\ before tie-ing released.

New \kay in contracts with the Do.-
partmeni of Corrections to help alle
\‘li'flt' r-wrcrowding in prisons.

Ccunci/ considers request

 

 

Jim

olfwoy house plotn

expected to be killed

By BUD LANG
Staff Writer

Plans to use the Spartan Motel.
501 E. Kalamazoo St.,‘for an in-
mate halfway house are expected
to come to an end when the Lan-
sing City Council meets tonight.

After suffering two major set-
backs. the prOposal filed b New
Way In to use the «15er acility
to house 70 inmates is expected to
be denied.

AT AN Oct. 17 meeting of the
City planning board. it was recom-
mended that a special use permit
for the facility be denied.

The request for that permit fell
into even deeper trouble at a city
council meeting Oct. 23. when a
group of area residents and mer-
chants told the council they did
not favor placing the facility in
the motel.

Then on Thursday. the physical
development committee of the
City council recommended that
the request for the permit be de-
nied at tonight‘s meeting.

AT THAT meeting. even Coun-
cilman Richard J. Baker. a
staunch supporter of corrections
halfway houses, agreed that the
permit should be denied.

New Way In contracts with. the
Michigan Department of Correc-

tions to house and Counsel inmates .

convicted of nony'iolent crimes.
Those inmates are nearing the

completion of their prescribed .

sentences.

At this time, New Way In Open
ates two halfway houses on Hills-
dale Street. Approval of the per-
mit would mean New Way In
could consolidate operations. and
increase the number of inmates
currently served by the program.

(5:)

Jo act: I978
:5

r-/

RAYMOND KACIRK, a Catho-
lic priest who directs the pro-
gram, has said he still h0pes to es
tablish a large facility somewhere
in the Lansing area, despite the
setbacks suffered with the Spar-
tan Motel plan.

 

 

r .g ' r

3 pc: rte it

By BUD LANG
Staff Writer

A plan tO use a downtown motel as a
halfway house for inmates has whim-
pered to an end.

The Lansing City Council voted
unanimously Monday night to deny a
special use permit to New Way In. a
nonprofit organization that provides
counseling for inmates on the last legs
of sentences for nonviolent crimes.

NEW WAY In. directed by Rav-
mond KaCirl-t. a Roman Catholic
priest. had requested the permit to use
the Spartan Motel. 501 E. Kalamazoo
St.. as a halfway house for about 70
inmates.

But Kacirk's plan was met with op-
posnion almost from the start. That
Opposition came from both residents
and merchants in the area of the
downtown motel.

But in voting the permit down.
CounCilman Richard]. Baker. 3 Stip-
porter of the concept of halfway
houses that supplement Department of
Correction’s programs. said he felt it
was “unfortunate" that a prOposal the
size Of the New Way In program had
to come before the council.

New Way In currently Operates two
inmate halfway houses on Hillsdale
Street in Lansing. The move for the
motel would have allowed that organi-
zation to consolidate both facilities and
increase the number of inmates being
served.

New Way In contracts with the De
partment of Corrections to provide the
counseling services. and supervised
living conditions. for the inmates.

BUT DESPITE their support for the
halfway house concept. most council-
members felt the SCOpe of the pro-
posed Operation was too large.

“I think the right deCIsion was
made." Hull said after the permit was
refused.

Hull said he could support another
halfway house in his ward if it were
more' compatible with the neighbor-
hood. adding that he felt the proposed
70 members ”exceeds the reasonable
limit."

MISS BELEN also said that while
she supports the concept, she felt I-{a-
Cirk's plan too large.

“I think the city has indicated that it
is interested in doing something for

_ h I _____ A O’A‘In'

fVIOf’Gf

ported halfway houses." Baker said.
"And I feel that the mood generated
by this rezoning and this speCial use
permit reflects poorly upon the City of
Lansing."

That ”mood“ was expressed at sev-
eral meetings before the permit re-
quest finally was turned down.

At an Oct. 17 meeting of the City
planning board. both residents and
merchants of the area Spoke against
the facility. The planning board unani-
mously recommended against the spe
Cial use permit.

AND AT an Oct. 23 meeting Of the
City council, that request was met with
even more opposition. Again. the op-
position came from area reSidents and
merchants.

But the death knell was sounded at
Thursday's meeting of the physical de-
veiIOpment committee of the City coun-
CI . C
At that meeting. liberal Councdman
Robert J. Hull spoke out against the
placement of the facility in his Ist
Ward. In addition. Baker also recom-
mended that the permit be denied.

THE REQUEST for the Special use
permit was voted out of the commit~
tee. with Baker, council Vice Presi-

dent Terry J. MCKane. and Council- '

"THIS COUNCIL has Ion SU - ucile E.
recommending denial gf the permit. just do not feel. with the neighbors

Belen. all

feeling the way they do. that it is a
good idea."

According to McKane. the large
number of inmates to be housed in the
facility may have frightened some
area peOple. .

“I THINK the size. and the neigh-
borhood. just weren‘t conducive to the
program." McKane said. “It is a large
area. each room has its ovm door.
There really are no controls over ac-
cess or leavmg the prOperty."

Kacirk has said he will continue to
try to develop a large inmate Counsel-
ing facility. either in Lansmg or the

immediate area.
In other business. the comet:

 

//
if I‘iOtjfee Of

(.53)

3f 0C1“. f9? 8’
9-!

 

Appendix 2

 

 

t‘\

SUP-l6-78

501 East Kalamazoo Street

September 5, l978

GENERAL INFORMATION:

Applicant:

Status Of Applicant:
Requested Action:

Purpose:

Existing Zoning:
Proposed Zoning:
Location:

Shape:

Existing Land Use:

Surrounding Land Use:

Surrounding Zoning:

thster Plan Designation:

Applicable Regulations:

....»

 

 

:fi1fi'
1f. .
. .545" '

.
_. A 4-: Hat. 9.1;.“

. ’ a" ‘ 'I 'J, ‘ ‘ - . . v .'. ‘ ..
19ft Iv N’. flng 1””.O'Va. If. ' , -g'_‘va -i r «("Aflld r'm‘g’i' e .'._v 0 . ... .k t. i “IN--
" I-\“‘ J; 3 . ' J '- {v T ‘ . 45:..." J‘I‘ch-fl .‘J ' E“ i“; .
I .. . .

New Way In, Incorporated
Represented by Fr. Raymond Kacirk
22l West washtenaw Street
Lansing, MI 48933

Optionee

Special Use Permit

Residential Rehabilitation Center to house a naximum
Of 70 ex-offenders.

“H“ Light Industrial District
Same with Special Use Permit

SOl East Kalamazoo Street
Irregular

Spartan Motel

North--Residential and commercial

South--Cormiercial '

East--Commercial and residential

West--Board of Water and Light

North--"H" Light Industrial

South--”H" Light Industrial and “D" Apartment

East--"H" Light Industrial

Nest-~"H" Light Industrial

Industrial

Section 36-39; Establishes use restrictions for the
“HW Light Indbstrial District.

 

Section 36-42(l2); Allows halfway houses in districts
irom which they are excluded by special permit.

 

Section 36-53; Establishes height and area restric-

 

tions for the "H" Light Industrial and "I” Heavy
Industrial Districts and prohibits the conversion or
erection Of any building in the "H" District for
dwelling purposes.

I.“ "-77;

 

-- 71.7w M? " '

' Wm? WI
T

4 -.7--"-_ ’V'F.".'"V 1a- - -”‘“V--'-~«mr r;-""
l f, _ -i . - d _ ..
‘ -\" . . . \- D . '

-.-—m— " "'
.—.~ ' w.....
o

 

-.o.:- . ,. '.
..‘.

‘I' 2".‘l‘:
._;.. -

‘. _
-.|..' 10' u.

I
4.,

. ‘ ‘ .

' . .
g a
4"'. . 'a ' \\
i ' , -

‘5‘-“

Ls}

__ --—————~—-——-—-——~_———7 v—

 

 

 

- . w ' W
ewmww: ~gnavs_swwmmurffnxnmwmfiulmmwm A 232::33
;' . .. '1'.“ 't h ‘ 'ii . “1 AA ..7 t _
,yn —. o:- ""

 

SUP-l6-78

September 5, l978

Page 2

Developer's Proposal: "There are probably some 49 to 50 Offenders on inmate

status at any time in the community. They reside
presently at 312 West Hillsdale, 3l0 Nest Hillsdale,
the Y.M.C.A., Buck and Mary's and the House oj\Commons.

Roi lemma-say 5:7 n 'cwiuwi'
n developing a re-entry treatment center at the

(103 L b'““lflw“3partan Motel, we will be able to unify in a single
setting. Our women have private or semi-private rooms
at the Y.M.C.A. but nO food service or community rooms
for themselves and their visitors. The programs on
Hillsdale have little privacy for sleeping and personal
needs and a number of "outsiders" coming into the
house for food service.

The Spartan Motel will improve the situation; semi-
private rooms for all with baths, improved food
service, community rooms and programming based on
groups Of 20 maximum. Ne project the numbers to be
sufficient to warrant this move and should be constant
for the foreseeable future." (Program information is
attached.)

Safety Inspection; On August ll, 1978, a team consisting of Building
Department, Planning Department and Fire Prevention
Bureau Officials inspected the premises for use as a
residential rehabilitation center to house a maximum
Of 70 adult ex-Offenders. The results of this
inspection are attached.

ANALYSIS:

Neighborhood Impact

 

The site is bounded on three sides by major streets and on the fourth by a
mixture of commercial and single through six family residences. With the site
oriented toward the arterials and away from the residential uses to the north,
the proposed use is not expected to adversely affect the adjacent uses. The
rehabilitation center, with strict controls on the residents and staff on site,
is expected to eliminate the negative impacts of 24 hour vehicular and pedestrian
traffic and activity generated by the existing motel. In addition, landscaping
and other site work proposed should improve the general appearance of the site.

 

 

IW W'W‘TI w‘mmmmu .. ...mW m

”MWHM

‘2’

SUP—lb-78 '
September 5, 1978 - . z
I Page 3

Concentration i

The facility is located more than ISOO feet from the nearest similar existing
facility and separated from the areas Of high concentration (River Island) by
the Grand River and Cedar Street. The facility is not expected to cause
excessive concentration of facilities in the neighborhood.

Eggility Size

 

Since the mid to late 60's and certainly in the 70's, there has been a national
unvement toward community based facilities for persons not yet ready to live on
their own, but not needing or actually being hampered by institutional treatment.
throughout the country community based "facilities vary in size form as few as
two or three, in the case of foster homes, to rare instances Of as many as 80

in large mansions. Most authorities feel, however, that 20 is an ideal popula-
tion so that an informed, close interaction among residents is possible within

a home-like setting." I This raises two questions about the proposed residen-
tial care facility;

«v ...-’9 v. n-

l) Can the facility effectively carry out its Objec'ives with a proposed
maximum capacity Of 70 persons?

jw”-‘- ‘1’ gag-- -

2) With this size facility, will it become a regional center, rather than
a facility designed to meet the needs of Lansing residents returning
from incarceration?

******

-."‘.-- ' .o-o .-

REGULAR MEETING
LANSING PLANNING BOARD
Tenth Floor, City Hall

October l7, l978

Hr. Gaus convened the meeting at 7:35 p.m. with eight members present;
Barnhart, Cornwell, Gaus, Horne, Morales, Nelson, Remick, Nieland -

Staff in Attendance: Fountain. Coscarelli, Spackman, Foulds (4)

Agenda: Cornwell moved and Remick supported approval, I APPROVED

There are no public hearings scheduled for this evening.

Members of the Audience Desiring to Address the Board:

‘ gardi SUP °0-78, \QDi Ea,t HaigLStreet, DaySCare Copter, OUGLt BARRQR
f 12 East in S *eet su :itte .eti 'ons O osin his dagsgar cent
:quest. These eti us can ained 0 si ature of ar resi nts. . .

Regarding SUP-l6-78, 50l East Kalamazoo Street--Rehabilitation Center,
GEORGE BRIHSOH, the Owner Of Curtis Drug Store, presented petitions containing
65 signatures in opposition to this request. He further stated; I don't think
this is wise because the city-is spending millions of dollars for the river walk
and this convict home is to be within l00 feet, so you're building a river walk
for convicts to inhabit. The downtown district has lost businesses and this
will send more away. Also, building the civic sports arena less than three blocks
away will not be congruous. Other people have called me that have worked all
their lives and have three or four houses, which are finally paid Off and used
for their income. When this is established I don't think any of the houses will
be able to be sold or rented or anything, it will be a gradual deterioration Of
the whole neighborhood. I purchased this drug store four or five years ago and
just can't afford to get another mortgage to relocate the store. Import Auto
has invested approximately $250,000. He took a gas station and has a thriving
business and it is unfair for someone to come along and say we don't care what
you.think, you're out of business.

 

 

JACK LESLR, member Of the Cherry Hill Association, 3l9 East Hillsdale. I have a
' sixteen unit apartment building that I live in and have since it was built. We
have two granddaughters who live there and I don't think it's wise to put this
mini-prison over there. He worked about four years to get our park rejuvenated
with a shelter, tennis courts and shuffleboard and I think if we allow this, it
is going to be a place for wines.

Hr. COrnwell asked if he is now affected by residents of the ”Y” and Hillsdale
homes. Mr. Leser said no, but with 70 we will probably run into problems. Mr.
Cornwell asked would he still object if the number were reduced and Mr. Leser

‘2'

Planning Board Minutes
October IT, 1976
Page 2

responded that after a young girl is hurt is too late to find out. I do not want
them pushed all into one neighborhood, we have some now and this will make it a
regular ghetto.

SOPHIA KOUTOUZUS, 310 East Hillsdale, related an experience of having a girl from
the ”Y” Halfway House staying at her house for a time, who only ended up back in
prison again for armed robbery. Further, she stated this instilled fear in her
because the girl seemed to hate the whole world and she may have been killed in
her own home. These people are allowed to be free in the neighborhoods. ‘They
are not minor offenders, they are criminals and we have enough around us now.

MORRIS GREEN, owner of property in the vicinity of Beech and Kalamazoo Street.
The conjecture of the New May In officials was that all of these criminals are
non—violent. After this is put there, maybe other types of criminals will be

put in. I think it's a great risk in this vicinity. Also, this is definitely
going to affect customer relations in many businesses.

JIM HOUGHTUN, owner of Lansing Transmission, spoke for himself and DON MCDANIEL,
owner of Import Auto. We have a lot of automobiles around; anywhere from 20 to
50. Liskey's will have the same or more and we have a problem of theft at times.
He have people who drop cars off in the morning, particularly women, that work
close enough to drop their car off and walk downtown. I feel that if this is

in the area, you gentlemen would not care to have your wife leave the car and

-walk down Larch or Kalamazoo. He have a concern of fear. We have enough problems

and I think the general feeling of doing business in the area is the same and I
don't think it's different with the residents.

ROBERT K. HILSOH, I own three homes and two pieces of property directly across
from this project. I live in Shaftsburg, l2570 South Shaftsburg Road, Perry.

I lived in Lansing 37 years and just moved out. I acquired a piece of property
so that I could have more frontage, in case something developed commercially.

He picked up a building permit for one of the others we are going to renovate,
which I will not do if this goes through. we rent primarily to ADC families with
small children and this will lower the comnunity. My son was Chief Prosecuting
Attorney up until the last election and his complaint was; when I put them away,
I meet them the next day in the grocery store. The ones that are sent down to

.Jackson are the worst and they don't have room for them. So, when they tell me

they are picking the cream of the crop to bring back, I'm not impressed. He
taxpayers may be the blame for this because we should have built two or three
prisons the way the population has increased.

NICK J. KOUTOUZDS, 3l0 East Hillsdale, the community has to defend itself. You
never put those kind of houses in t.e downtown. The city is spending money to
improve downtown, and with this group downtown, in the business district, close
to the city bus and the Capitol, I think it is not right and there are other
places in the city to do this.

Planning board Minutes
October l7, l978
Page 3

ED CARPENTER, owner of Liskey's at l24 South Larch Street. I am opposed and my
main personal reason is that I have been in the neighborhood since T960 and
watched the community and businesses going in and old houses torn down and I
think this might stop that progress. Ne have Michigan Avenue with the Rescue
Mission and a block away to put this kind of thing in, would be a big mistake.
I doubt that peeple would use the river walk; or send their daughters, sons or

other people down that walk knowing that just on the other side of the river
there could be problems. ~

The Chairman asked how many people in the audience are present because of this
case; thirteen people indicated interest.

No recess was taken by the Board. (56¢ “1"" Quit 2“ A! “T“!

BUSINESS SESSION:

 

Apprdval of Mjgutes
Remick oved for he apPIBXQlVCE tha\0:tobe 3, l9)8\min0tes as\R£éBtM and
ornwell upported,

Committee Rep rts:

 

   
 
 

   
  
 

Dr.
Mr.

IING AN ORDINANCE OMHITTEE: Dr.

2-78, 0 ibar Acres -Final Pl: .

 

 

DENIED

 

Planning Board Minutes
October l7, l978
Page 4

SUP-l6- It, EDI East Ka_l_amazoo Street Rehabilitation Center

 

The Committee recommends that the special use permit by New Nay In, Incorporated
to house a maximum of 70 ex—offenders on the property located at 50l East
Kalamazoo Street, commonly known as the Spartan Motel be denied.

The Committee believes that the number of persons to be housed in any one
facility should be limited to a lesser number and that the facilities should

be spread throughout the Tri-County area, as opposed to high concentration
within the city of Lansing.

The Committee believes that further studies should be conducted to look into
the possibility of additional locations with the thought of decentralizing
throughout the Tri-County area. The primary reason for wanting to locate the
entire program at one location was oriented toward closer management and

financial considerations, but the high concentration at one location is an
overriding factor.

Mr. Nelson moved for denial and Mr. Barnhart seconded, DENIED

SUP-20-78, l204 East Megn Street——Dangare Center

 
   
   
   
        
 
 
  
 
       
  
  

 
 
     
   
    
  
   

   
     
   
    
    

  

a special u e permit to perate

hild care c:nter from the p operty at l204 ast Main S eet be deni d.

   
  
  
 

is located wit in a reside: ial area an felt
ivity generates by this pro osed use wou d
'n the vicinity.'~ The Commit ee believes
that ope ting the c nter in the lat evening hours hould subjeghkghea residen
tial area . traffic and no, e that is not armally fo ; nd also
and open space; ould be minima Additionad parking
off of the all
. free flow of

traffic and a1
adverse ing conditions

r the deiial, Mrs. Horne seconded,

   

   
  
  

val of a speci»
in of the Grand- '

 
  

' th the

district and i ith the overa 1 development p ~n of

the area

also in conf ‘mance

Dr. Remick moved for appr0\ l and Mr. Cornwell seconded, ' APPROVED

 

Bibliography

 

Alonso, W., "A Theory of the Urban Land Market," The City, Murray
Stewart, Editor, Penguin Books, London, 1972. pp. 107-116.

Brunn, s. D., Geography and Politics lg America, New York: Harper and
Row, 1974, Chapter 5: Politics and Decision-Making, pp. 100-
130.

 

Christaller, Walter, "The Advantage of A Space Economical Theory For
The Practice of Regional Planning," Ekistic, 20 (119): p. 223—
227.

Dear, Michael J., "A Paradigm for Public Facility Location Theory,"
Stephen Gale and Eric G. Moore, eds., The Manipulated City, 1975.
pp. 286-291.

 

, "Spatial Externalities and Locational Conflict," Doreen
B. Massey, ed., London Papers lg Regional Science, 7, 1977,
PP- 152-167-

 

 

Fielding, G. J., "Transport Impact Research: Problems of Location
Decisions at the Community Level," The Annals 9: Regional Science,
1970. A (2): pp. 117-126.

 

 

Harvey, D., "Residential Location and Public Facilities," Stephen Gale
and Eric G. Moore. eds., The Magipulated City, 1975. pp. 271-276.

, "Social Processes, Spatial Form and the Redistribution
of Real Income in an Urban System," The City, Murray Stewart,
Editor, Penguin Books, London, 1972, pp. 310-312, 326-332.

 

9 "Society, the City and the Space—Economy of Urbanism,"
ASSOCiation.e£.Aeerican Geographers. (Resource Paper No. 18),
1972 9 PP. 25—28 0

 

 

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