‘ v. .,.o.:""‘ .. i :3. 1., & 2. : s 1.5? 3445471121 3 9,} ‘2 Jou- PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. To AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DAIEDUE DAIEDUE DAIEDUE 6/07 p:/CIRC/DateDue.indd-p.1 THE DYNAMIC SOCIAL I " ' ‘ tomti, {MLHICJAN SYSTEMS AND THE URBAN ARTIFACT FORMS FOR: Professors: Sandford S. Farness CHARLES W. BARR DONALD W. BRADLEY BY: Mr. S. KATCHAMAT UP 800, 5/1/723 fl‘ . G'r' “! 3‘}: , - 4. “ti .. 4'9 _ r ORGANIZED COURSE WORK OF PLAN B: credits 4 Urban Sociology Soc. 429 3 Social Organization and Administration Soc. 868 4 Community Resource Deve10pment R.D. 815 4 Special Problem U.P. 800 15 TOTAL CONTENTS: Parts: Pages: 1. IntrOductionOOO0.0.....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI 2: Analyses: 000000000000.0000000000000000...05.000000000000000.'1 The Impact of Social System vs. Social Organization and Urban Artifact Settlement: 1 - Family Institution O...O.....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.00.0... 3 - Economic Institution 5 - Science and Technology Institution ......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 9 - Education Institution , 0.0.0..........OOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0....11 — Religious Institution ......OOOOOOOOOOOOC0.00.00.00.000000012 - Health, Safety, and Welfare Institution 00.009000000000000014 - Government Institution 00009000000000.0000...00.0000000000016 -Conc1u81on O....O.......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.00000000000021 3. Selected MetrOpolis Comparison: .............................23 Comparative Urban Artifact Forms between the Bangkok and Chicago MetrOpolis from their Differentiation in Social Systems: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,23 - Development of Bangkok Metropolis .........................24 - Deve10pment of Chicago Metropolis ... ......................26 - Comparative Social Systems: ..... o.00000.000000000000000.0029 A) Family Institutions ..................................29 - BangkOk coco.........o.......o...o.......o......o.29 - Chicago 00000000000000.0.000000000000000000000000033 O PARTS: géggg; B) Economic Institutions ...... ..... ......... .... ......... 36 _ BangkOkoooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooo o ..... o oooooo 36 - Chicago 0000000000 coo-0000.00.00.00. 00000000000000 038 C) Science and Technology Institutions ..... . ..... . ....... 40 - Bangkok._;, 40 - Chicago cooooooooooooooooooooooooo ooooooo coo oooooo 44 D) Education InstitutionS.... .......... .......... ....... 47 - Bangkok......... - ChicagO.. ..... .. E) Religious InstitutionS........ ..... . ....... . ........ ..52 - Bangkok........ ..................... - Chicago. ..... o ooooooo o F) Health, Safety, and Welfare Institutions ... .......... 54 - BangROk 00000000000000 00000.! ooooo oooooooo 00000000 54 - Chicago . ................... ... ................... 56 G) Government Institutions ... ........................... 58 - BangROk o oooooooooooo oo ooooooo o ...... 0.0.0.000000058 _ Chicago 0 oooooooooooooo oocoo-000.000.000.000.0000060 Comparative Landuses .................. .......... ..... . ..... .62 - BangROk 0000000000000 coon ..... o 000000 oooooo 000000000 00062 - Chicago 0 000000000 o ooooo 000000 000000 o ccccc coo 0000000 00064 Conclusion ...... ............... .. ...... ....... 4. Syntheses .......... ........ .......... .... ...... .............66 Goal Policies .......... . ............ . ...... ......... ...... 66 PARTS: 5. Evaluation ....... ..... ..... . ........ . .......... ....... 6. Bibliography OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0.073 INTRODUCTION: It is quite clear that the deterioration of the environment has been occurring at an accelerated rate, especially in recent decades: This is because of the very rapid growth of the huamn pOpulation and its aggregation in large urban concentrations, and the explosive industrialization that is spreading to the developed and develOping countries. It is like wise being concentrated in and around the cities. Parallel to this urban and industrial concentration is a massive rural exodus, leading to under-occupation of rural areas and other adverse physical and social consequences. Disappearance of traditions and customary rites, as well as changes in the mode of life, bring about very important disturbances in every country around the world. Thus, unprecedented pressures have lent a sense of urgency to the deliberations of thinking conception as human needs multiply and re- sources for production to meet these needs seem more difficult to accomplish in developed, as well as develOping, countries. These changes are having many effects: pollution of air, water, and soil by human and industrial wastes; rapid destruction of natural ecosystems and widespread mismanagement of them; danger of local famines and malnutrition; threats to physical and mental health; decrease in the quality of life, such as the impact of poverty, illness, delinquency, housing, and crimes; and a general lack of planning to separate conflicting and incompatible land uses. Until this point in history, the nations of the world have lacked considered comprehensive policies, planning, design, and implementation for managing the natural and social environments. _ II - The slum dwellers and migrants in the industrialized countries are hardly better off. Although their calory intake may be higher in absolute terms, and housing and other essential amenities more easily accessible in their adopted towns, they remain beyond the reach of the economic levels at which they are compelled to exist. Also, the pOpulation of the already urban- ized countries have become highly mobile. Due to fundamental economic and social changes associated with the automation of industry, mechanization of agriculture, and the expansion of service sectors, the remaining rural people and those living in the stagnating small towns move to the great metropolitan belts, or they shift from one metropolis to another. From this point of view we can see that as conditions deteriorate indust- ries, business and higher income families will move to suburban communities in search of a more congenial environment; and the laboring migrant and new-comer will take over the decaying central areas abandoned by the more affluent citizens. This abandonment is the cause of the sprawling and scat- tered develOpment, which is the dominant form Of the present growth of the metropolitian regions. This growth pattern has many serious disadvantages: consumption of huge land areas; excessive costs in providing community ser— vices; traffic problems and lengthened journey to work; formless monotony and restriction of housing choice; land speculation and leap-frogging subdiv- ision development to threaten agricultural areas. We do not want our cities growing with the complexity of confusion and treating us like objects in the unbalanced-dynamic changes of social systems. This impringes upon the nature without the natural and human eco- systems. The prospective concepts are to conceive and impose a certain order to the society in terms of balanced socio-ecosystems. ANALYSES: The Impact of Social System vs. Social Organization and Urban Artifact Settlements Humanity is careless about many things, but the basic issues related to survival are never left to chance. They are provided for by great formal cultural structures known as institutions. Out of man's long past of trial and error all his social institutions have been built. Social institutions as formal cultural structures were devised to meet basic needs in social humanity by its social systems. The fulfillment of the most essential human needs is most fully guaranteed by organized cultural systems which man has carried forward from his past to constitute his unique social systems. Instit- utions are the better organized and more stable aspects of the culture. Since they emerge to meet basic human needs these needs are in some sense constant, and institutions become, in time, gigantic culture complexes. Whatever system one is viewing, whether it is the master system of soc- iety or any of its component sub-systems, the elements that constitute it as a social system and the processes that articulate it remain the same. The main factors which form a social system are the structure and function of the social system itself. The structure of anything consists of the relatively stable interrelations among its parts. Since a social system is composed of the interrelated acts of people, its structure must be sought in some degree of regularity or recurrence of these acts. The structure of a social system includes the following factors: — Subgroups of various types, interconnected by rational norms. - Roles of various types, within the large system and within the sub- groups. Each role system is also connected with others, of course, through rational norms. - Regulative norms governing subgroups and roles. ~ Cultural values. ~Any one of these elements - a type of subgroup, a role, a social norm, or value - may be called a partial structure. The function of a social system - the needs of the society which are the goals of the society and every social system must solve - involves four functional problems, as follows: The pattern maintenance and tension management Adaptation Goal attainment Integration The social system structure of every system does, to some extent, solve these problems. If it did not, the system would cease to exist as an indepen- dent or distinctive entity. When we say that the social structure solves problems we mean, of course, that action in conformity with a social norm or value makes some contribution toward meeting the needs of the system. When conformity to any partial structure makes such a combination, that structure is said to have a function for the system. All of these social systems which constitute social institutions influence social organizations and structures of people in the society. They are the dynamic factors which hmpringe upon the patterns and forms of the artifacts of human settlements, both vertical and horizontal shapes, lines, masses, patterns, and textures through the ages of human society. The following sign- ificant institutions are the most important ones to the growth and change of our cities from their survival mechanization in terms of a natural-social tie and line-administrative tie of organizations, and structures with their cultural values: Family Institution ~We traced the history of the family institution, indicating that the great variability in cultural systems exists. Human beings have formed many workable systems. We then traced the family institution in its four type- parts: attitudes, symbolic culture traits, utilitarian culture traits, codes, and ceremonies which show in each aspect the gradual shift from the instit- utional to the companionship type. With all its instability, the companion— ship family has much in its favor. We live in a society of pair relationships. With the increased anonymity of modern life, the increased mobility of the average person separating him from kinship ties and from local neighborhoods where his personality had its roots, every person, man or woman, seeks a deep and permanent emotional sec— urity in a mate. Community differentiation can be defined as the division of the popula- tion of a community into separate aggregates or groups which are different from one another in terms of speciable aspects that are accessible for the purpose of understanding. These differentiated aggregates or groups are functionally interdependent in such family institution of groups as follows: - Status and role in significant social institutions in the community, particularly the occupational role in the economy; the evidence of the importance of role differentiation in the sheer volume of occupations which exist in any metropolis and in the way in which the interrelations among them constitute a system of interdependent economic activities. This form of differentiation overlaps a real differentiation. Slums attract residents and workers whose occupations either are at the bottom of the occupational scale of prestige or are entirely outside the realm of legitimate, socially approved activities. Suburbs tradi- tionally have been inhabited by white-collar occupational groups. - The values, norms, beliefs, attitudes, and life styles are the keys to cultural differentiation. The key which usually has been ethnic group membership and race, such as the Negro-white relationship, obvious- ly still is crucial as a source of life style difference. The unique characteristics of suburban cultures are not the spatial environmental factors, such as many suburbs around large central cities which have distinctive social forms, their spatial organization which is less dense and more haphazard than cities, and amenities and facilities offered which are sometimes more luxurious and in other places less commodious than in big cities. The unique characteristics are instead the family, social class, and ethnic characteristics which the residents of the suburbs bring with them when they settle there. The neighboring habits, the values and interests, and the political process in different suburban communities show that they differ markedly depending upon whether their inhabitants are working class, lower-middle class, or upper-middle class. - Ranking in terms of income, prestige, or power assigned to the groups and aggregates formed around the other aspects of differentiation. A major characteristic of urban stratification is that city dwellers use symbols of status to define class membership. This is because social contacts do not provide sufficient time to acquire personal knowledge about all the peOple one sees or meets, which social classes are most easily recognizable through symbolic means, and what the content is of the symbols which urban residents employ in judging each other. - Another aspect the residents are alike is in terms of economics and racial characteristics, but are different in terms of family structure which, measured by fertilities, per cent of working women, and the per cent of single-family detached dwelling in an area, is a particular sensitive indicator of the degree of urbanization of a p0p- ulation. The large families with non-working mothers and living in a single family home (low—urbanization) are much more likely to be inter- ested and involved in neighborhood and local community life than from the smaller, apartment-dwelling family with working mothers (high-urban- ization). - Social class is the most important variable defining the culture and organization of social areas, including both the areas called suburban communities and the denser neighborhoods of the city. The strong mo- bility in social class represents the inevitable consequences of urban- ization. - The concentration of the present black people in the central city, their declining proportion in suburban areas. A wide variety of diffi- culties from which the non-white population suffers can be attributed ultimately to the prevailing pattern of residential segregation, includ- ing high rates of unemployment, poor education, disease and dilinquency, and the relative lack of political power of the blacks. Economic Institution The Economic Institution is concerned with getting and using material goods to meet man's basic needs and to satisfy his vanity. For these pur- poses the factory system, which uses with great efficiency machine power, labor, capital, market, production, and management have been developed in the Western world and the United States. Goods are produced in abundance and distributed widely, both geographically and throughout the different social strata. A counterpart of this efficiency of system is the gradual shift from self-employment to corporate employment, which has created new problems for youth entering the work world, has modified the philosophy of the worker, develoPed a new philosophy of leisure, and led to the organization of labor to protect the job, thus, matching the power of the corporate industrial organization in control of capital and management. - The concentration of people, plants, stores and service in a closely packed territory helps to lower production costs and make commodities available more cheaply and expeditiously to the consumer. The classi- fication of cities according to their economic specialization: commercial, industrial, political, social centers, and health resorts, etc. Commercial centers grow up from the impact of the market under the condit- ions which favor trade and communication. This also includes industrial cities and also frequently commercial cities because of the flow of communi- cation and traffic, but they also tend to emerge near supplies of raw mater- ials. Political centers are located near the center of accessibility for the majority of the population. The social centers and health resorts are found in locations which are attractive to tourists. Furthermore, there is still transportation, mining, and college towns which are different pat- terns of forms of the artifacts from the impact of economy. - Another aspect of the pattern of social organizations in horizontal ties that once held together the membership of the local community have been replaced by vertical bonds which extend through the centralized structure of large corporations, trades, unions, and professional asso- ciations to dominate the original towns or villages and become one part of the identity of the urban region. - The decentralization of economic activity from the city to the suburb has created a problem for the poor central city which affects drastically the social organization and the change of urban landuses. - There is some importance of organization congeries in the land market which affect the land uses of urban developments as follows: A) The first and perhaps the most important of these congeries is the real estate and building business. Since they know more about the land market of the city than comparable groups, it is suggested that the study of the real estate-building groups would provide more insight into the dynamics of landuse change than present studies which are based on the sub-social ecological process. The analysis of real estate organiza- tions is an especially good starting point to build a sociological eco- logy because these organizations interact with all of the other urban interests which are concerned with landuse. B) The second social congery which functions in the land market is the larger industries, business, and utilities. While they may not consume the greatest quantities of land, they do purchase the largest and most strategic parcels. Unknowingly their locational decisions tend to set the pattern of landuse for other economic and non—economic organ— izations. Most of the landuse decisions of these central industries and businesses are a response to peculiar historic circumstances in the community. Therefore, it would seem fruitless to describe a prior of the shape of the city as a series of rings, sector, or diamonds. C) The third social constellation in the land market is composed of individual home owners and other small consumers of land. In a sense their positions are tangential to the structure or important only under rather unusual circumstances. Most of their decisions on where to buy, when to buy, and what land to buy are fitted into administratered land market and are not, as many would assumer, individual, discrete, free, and unrelated. The social characteristics of the consumers, their econ— omic power, degree of organization, and relation to other segments of the community help to explain the roles they play in the market of land decisions. - One of the most important factors to force the urban expansion and changes is the shift from an agriculture to an industrial and service- oriented economy, increasing pOpulation growth, accelerating labor force demand, and the development of the automobile and the jet plane. The patterns of these developments reflect not only the underlying economic and demographic pressures but also the dominant consumer preferences of urban residents. Science and Technology Institution Science has made possible a technological age which readily permits converting natural objects into cultural objects of many forms and usages. Machines have replaced the labor of slaves and have given man an abundance of both leisure and goods. Technology has helped equalize the great gulf between the rich and the poor, the favored few and masses. 0n the other hand, machines tend to reduce many workers to the position of automations, who find zest in life only outside the work day. A technological civilization has forced revisions in habits of the individual and in the patterns of social institutions. It has made man change-minded and given him the tools where- by he can realize, in a short space of time, his dreams for improvement. They are as follows: - Transportation Transportation is the process that leads to the exchange of peOple, goods, and services. It integrates activities distributed at different points in the metropolitan region. Not only does transportation link preestablished sites but the development of new means of transportation is an important determinant in the location of urban settlements and landuses. A dramatic example of this impact is the proliferation of urban growth around free—way interchanges and air terminals, the con- temporary equivalent of the burgeoning settlements near railway stops. -10- As a result, an urban network can extend over an ever wider area with no loss of efficiency and coordination because of the advance in trans- portation technological planning and design. Meanwhile, the resident of a metrOpolis gains increasing locational freedom in deciding where to live and work. - Social Communication Social communication is the process of exchanging information within human groups. In many circumstances, communication can be sub- stituted for transportation as a force leading to coordination and inte— gration in the metrOpolitan region. If an individual can send a mess- age to a site, he may not have to go there in person. The modern urban community as a huge engine of communication, a device to enlarge the range and reduce the cost of individual and social choices. However, an individual can suffer from an excess of information, stimuli, and opportunity which is called communication overload. The fight to the suburbs is an available means for escaping a surfeit of stimuli. - Utility and Energy Systems The capacity of these systems determine the patterns, the scale, and the structure of the urban form in various aspects of design. This is from its functions and capacity of such systems available as electric- ity, gas, sanitary, storm water, water supply, oil, and other pipe line systems. - Building Materials The quality and capacity of building materials and facility equip- -11- ment, which determines the scale of the artifact form in height, length, and width, from its functions to be fitted to man, nature, and cultural values. These are represented in terms of character. Education Institution Education is as the institution which originated to transmit the cultural heritage. To this function has now been added many more, particularly those of giving an apprenticeship to vocational life and training the individual to make adjustment in a complex society. The school has had the shoulder for an increasing load, with the failure of other institutions, to meet specific needs of the individual. The school is the place to input means, instrument, tools or human capital with valuable aid in achieving certain value-goals-aid that presumably cannot be given equally well through any other contemporary type of specialized institution. Schools exhibit diverse characteristics from society to society, from community to community, and from period to period. They vary as contrasting conditions of local or national life thrust different com- plexes of problems on them, or as education through educators apply dif- ferent educational philOSOphies and techniques. One expects, therefore, that contemporary city schools of the democratic nation will differ in some respects from those of earlier, rural-dominated communities of the nation and those of nondemocratic civilizations. The age distribution of the population, economic trends, and pro- posals for residential development are related to school facilities. These facilities play a vital role in providing citizens with the educa- -12- tion and skills needed to meet the changing economic conditions. And they are essential to the maintenance of sound neighborhoods that will attract and retain families. Because the selection of homes often de- pends on how well the community is served by schools, the provision of high-quality schools, colleges, and libraries are more important to improving the city's whole environment and expanding human Opportunities. School locations depend upon the pattern of neighborhoods and communities, the interrelationships of schools to other facilities, and access by the transportation system. Various kinds of levels of schools should be Iceated together with parks and playgrounds to form useful and attractive centers of community life. Libraries need sites near business centers, elementary schools need locations that are protected from major traffic arteries, and high schools need sites served by public transportation. This is the basic factor in determining the de- sirability of any community for family life. Religious Institution The religious institutions are the cultural systems through which men cope with the powers that are conceived to control life and human destiny. The primitive sees spirit life in all objects - he believes in animism. Through various forms of magic, the primitive man tries to compel the good element to favor him, the evil eye to avoid him. The religious system becomes closely allied with the prevailing system of morals, that is, the realm of man's relationships with man. The church in its various cultural aspects, material and nonmaterial, has become the channel for religious expression, and by means of denomin- -13- ationalism reaches the various class strata at the level of their intel- lectual and aesthetic develOpment. Within a single metropolis, churches differ from one another in such matters as: Number and variety of acitvities undertaken Spatial distribution of members Socio-economic classes served, and Adaptation to contrasting types of neighborhoods. Some aspects of religions influence on social organizations and landuses are as follows: Religious group membership has tended to take up the role in cultural differentiation once played by ethnic factors. Former religious institutions had ownership and operation Of land by the religious body and the claim of the church or rel- igious body to the income Of the land. Religious beliefs affecting landuse practice in the society, such as taboo and for Other productions to be consumed. The sentimental and symbolism which inspired the community not to be changed. In general, the metropolitan growth usually em- phasizes the hegemony of market forces in shaping the pattern of urban activities, and land speculators, real estate developers, zoning board, and other powerful interests also influence the growth of cities and Operate in a context of social values and norms. Usually these values support the market mechanism, but sometimes the areas are treated in terms of its symbolic import- ance. Because of the sentimental feelings of the residents, the -14- low-rise housing and the gardens and other amenities are main- tained in the commons, and they want them as symbols. They do not want to change eventhough these areas are extremely valuable potential for more intensive develoPment and use in terms of the economy. - Some psychological ambivalence of some town, the residents praise rural virtues and disapprove of urban institutions at the same time that the influence of the city forces them to respect and ad- mire the competence of national organizations. The outcome is the surrender of local policies to the decision-making of the pro- gress and power of mass society in that area. - Some custom and habit from the belief and tradition which starts a rational decision and accepts a rule of the society such as taste, and custom of preference in various aspects of consumption. These will affect to other institutions and landuse changes, be- cause those values, norms, and belief systems dominate the alter- natives of utilization. Health, Safely, and Welfare Institutions Health, safely, and welfare institutions are rather new types of institutions developed to meet man's need for security in the economic and social world of urban-industrial civilization. No longer adequately protected by a primary group and by self-employment, the worker and his family and other socially inadequate groups must have their security under written by society through taxation. The end will not have been reached until health, education, and general welfare of children and youth are protected. In the field of medical administration one finds -15- an interesting example of unmet human needs providing the motive power for the extensive changes in the customary institutional procedures. Public safety and health standards are obviously basic essentials to improving the quality of life. The sense and the fact of personal security-freedom from criminal attack, prOperty damage and disease are necessary prerequisites for individual achievement and for a viable social order. - In view of the fundamental ineradicability of slum phenomena in human society, which should be considered the probable impact of urban renewal and redevelopment programs, generally these programs accomplish the redistribution of the slum pOpulation and slum areas to other parts of the urban community. The impact of the decentralization from the slums in the urban core causes the suburbanites to move out because they view- ed any threat to change their new community into one that resembles the city as a problem. They do not not want the low income groups to live in their community. They also wish to avoid the noise, dirt, and congestion which they associated with the central city. - In some cases the destruction of old neighborhoods apparently dim- inishes the capacity of the migrant to function effectively even though a reduction in population concertration has occurred. The advantages of greater spaciousness are outweighted by the costs involved in having abandoned or lost the familiar social networks and cultural life-styles that were developed in slum areas. The new, clean, and more spacious housing projects sOmetimes improve their physical health but is unlikely to reduce the incidence of social pathologies, such as neurosis, divorce, -l6- or delinquency. What seems to count among neighbors in the long run are the norms, values, and social characteristics they share in common rather than their physical proximity. The true significance of the physical environment is the way in which it encourages or enables desired patterns of behavior to deve10p when culture, social organizations, and attitudes of the users of these environments have already disposed them toward adOpting these patterns. - An attractive community must have adequate schools, parks, social centers, churches, and business centers, as well as good housing. The transportation system, in addition to providing an essential service for residents, changes the patterns of neighborhoods, thereby influencing the distribution of community facilities. Streets, expressways, and environmental health, as well as rail lines and social centers, are recognized boundaries of neighborhoods and communities generally es- tablished. Government Institution The government as the over-all agency of social control is the final arbitrator of man's disputes. It exists in all societies; in the prim- itive time only in the form of custom. In modern society, the gigantic web of government reaches from the locality to the nation, and must ultimately include the world. Government prohibits, restricts, promotes. In all these fields it is acting as an energy of social control in the interest of the citizen. We have seen in our time the expansion of government as the complexity of modern living has made greater and greater demands on regulative authority. We would also see the great expansion of welfare services on the part of -17- the government in response to demands of the cirizen, who is likely to criticize the cost of the government at the same time he demands increasing services of the government. The web of government is more complex than nec- essary and many small units of government should be abandoned in the interest of economy and efficiency. Government Operates through the political party which is so closely tied into the underworld at many points that too often the legal government is but the front for the underworld machine of pat- ronage, bribery, and graft. Civil service has been developed to improve the profession of government and make it serve the citizen better but the gOvernment as a competent pro- fession is still an ideal for the future. A modern device for extending pri- vileges in a democratic society is the income tax which equalizes the bene- fits of wealth by taking funds from those who have much and spending them for service and benefits for all. The government institution influences social organization and urban landuses as follows: - The government policies and restrictions in the framework of the constitution and the statute of the Federal and State governments have the power to legislate and relate to the control of landuses are: A) Real prOperty tax power B) Power of eminent domain for the public land C) Spending power D) Propriety E) Police power F) Zoning and ordinance G) Regulation for subdivision control H) Building codes and construction codes -13- All of these policies and regulations of the government are to direct landuse, such as the organization complex is comprised of the many local governmental agencies which deal with land as zoning boards, planning commission, school board, traffic commission, and other agencies. These organization complexes are loosely knit internally, for its segments often function at cross pruposes. Their regulations to other groups in the community vary with the political currents. Unlike other organizations, these government agencies are both consumers of land and mediators of conflicting landuse interests. Thus, political agencies do not only acquire land to placate private and public pressure, they are also called upon to resolve conflicts between different types of land consumers. Moreover, some of these govern— mental agencies try to fulfill a city plan which sets the expected pattern of the ecological develOpment of the city. Once identified, the problem is to find the nature of the social relationships among these government organizational complexes. We are just wondering if a stable pattern is discernable, how the pattern manifests itself in physical space, and in what direction the pattern emerging as a response to inter-institutional trends in the broader society. A Planning policy formulated for the benefit of a particular municipality may be harmful to other parts of the metrOpolis. Because that policy was formulated by an independent political jurisdiction, the develoPment of metropolitan areas has often produced conflicting planning objectives and especially in those areas containing large num- bers of government units which are physically and economically inter- dependent. «(V -19- Planning policy formulation is greatly affected by these inter- governmental relationships. The formal lines of communication and authority between the planning agency and the rest of the local govern- ment are greatly influenced by the State government. The Federal Gov- ernment has used grants to influence local planning policy, too. These formal relationships do affect the manner in which decisions about planning policy are made. - Government administration is the more important one to mechan- ize the policies to become reality in terms of implementation of plan- ning and design. The generation and management of conflict — either actual or potential - is a key aspect of the formulation of planning policy, involving a trans- formation Of human values into legally binding public policy. Since all groups and individuals in our society do not share common values, planning and politics cannot be separated. The precise manner in which the planner's technical and value judgments are transformed into public policy depends on which actors become involved in the decision ~making process, what stakes they have in the outcome of that process, the political resources which they possess, and the way in which they use them. The interaction of actors, stakes, resources, and strategies is greatly influenced by metrOpolitanism. We can conclude the administrative defects of issues of the government which affact the social organization and urban artifact forms as follows: - Irresponsibilities: corruption and no moral values and norms - Ineffectiveness A) Faults of organization 4‘fll -20- l) Multiplication of agencies in overlaping 2) Lack of organizational planning and no coordination 3) Failure to provide adequate staff and auxiliary service for Operating unit which lacks knowledge in using human resources. B) Over-centralization C) Failure to deligate authority D) Formalism or too strong in—line administrative arrangement which causes time waste in multiplication checks E) Lack of Planning 1) Policy planning 2) Administrative planning such as programs and agencies F) Personnel defects 1) Inadequate payrates 2) Improper allocation and utilization of personnel resources 3) Inadequate human capital or training 4) Preoccupation of civil servants with status and rights and privileges for personal benefits which cause in height of weight in organization burden. All of these defects affect the means of planning policies and admin- istrative mechanism and were regressed from attaining the goal's achievement for the public interests. The considerable evidence in the view that, for all in their inefficiency, metropolitan regions function with amazing resil- ience because it is not the time for the breaking point. Successful metro- politan planning must overcome provincial planning policy that is rooted in individual municipal goals and preference for localism, and the effective planning in a metropolis needs to be tied to a potent political base. The -21- base should be a government that is responsive to local needs and attitudes. From this point of view there should be a rationally constructed set of political institutions. Consequently, there has been a good deal of inter— est in the possibility of establishing legal and administrative structures with authority over the affairs of an entire region and responsive to the de- mands of a metropolitan electorate. Running through all these recommenda- ' tions is the premise that if somehow present units of government are brought together, if they can share resources and administrative responsibilities, the negative consequences of the forces now at work will be avoided and their impact guided into useful channels. All of these policies will make it possible for the prosperity of urban regions, the emergence of federal grant-in-aid programs, the reduction of municipal corruption, the continued attractiveness of central city loca- tions for business and residence, and the political involvement of the sub- urbanites in the local affairs. Each of these offers numerous benefits to the residents of urban communities. If such reorganization is not forth- coming, we have generally believed that these areas face governmental crises of substantial prOportions. To drift with the tide is to court political, financial, and administrative disaster for our urban governments. Conclusion We can comprehend that the problems in our cities today, with the pOpula- tion growth, creates the changes in the population composition, structure, and social disorganization and causes the variety of forms of the physical O settlements of human beings in such depressed and chaotic artifacts. This -22- also networks upon the nature and the society without a betterment of urban life around us. ‘These confusing phenomena are actually being caused by the unbal- anced planning and design of our dynamic social systems from their contents to those organizations and suborganizations called institutions to be con- sistent with the population growth and ecosystems of the nature in social organization and structure Of our society as a whole in terms of 'holistic goals. -23- SELECTED METROPOLIS COMPARISON: The Comparative Urban Artifact Forms between Bangkok MetrOpolis and Chicago MetrOpolis from Their Differentiation of Social Systems -24- THE DEVELOPMENT OF BANGKOK METROPOLIS ‘Bangkok was established by Rama I in 2325 B.E. (1782 A.D.). It was surrounded by fortified walls and gates which could be isolated from the enemy's attack, especially Burma, by the river in terms of political and military reasons on such a great swampy plain of the site. The contrast of the horizontal lines and masses of the functional, pleasant streets, paths, waterways, and white walls with the vertical lines and masses of monastery (wats), pagodas, gates, temples, and forths which culminated with the Grand Palace and represented as a walled city within the walled city. The inner citadel was the seat of the King and the religious center of the community. The growth of Bangkok proceeded slowly during the reigns of Rama II, 2352 - 2367 B.E. (1809-1824 A.D.), and Rama III, 2367-2394 B.E. (1824- 1851 A.D.), and the great emphasis was placed on the building of temples such as Wat Arun (The Temple of Dawn), Wat Yanawa, and Wat Bovornives. A new boundary line had to be set from the prospering growth of the city, even extending outside the walls under Rama IV when the city had reached an estimated pOpulation of 400,000 in 2394-2397 B.E. (1851-1854 A.D.). King MOngkut (or Rama IV) had a new city moat dug called Klong (canal) Padung Krung Kasem, which paralled in a wide curve of earlier moats: Klong Lord and Klong Amg. By the end of his reign, Bangkok almost tripled in the areas from the new great expansion of the boundaries. King Chulalongkorn (RamaV) made Bangkok become modern. He, with the conscious emphasis of modern technology on new read building, the railway systems, the Post and telegram service systems, and the tramway systems. All -25- of these facilities of networks and artifacts were organized during his reign 2411-2453 B.E. (1868-1910 A.D.). By the year of 2443 B.E. (1900 A.D.) the population of Bangkok was estimated at 600,000. During the reign of Rama VI, 2453-2468 B.E. (1910-1925 A.D.), a scheme of develOpment of the lower part of the Chao Phraya River Valley was introduced to implement along the river. At the same time, His Majesty presented Bangkok with parks such as Lumpini and Dusit Parks. In 2501 B.E. (1958 A.D.) the Bangkok Metropolis (including Thonburi, the old capital which was located across Bangkok on the west side of the Chao Phyaya River) enclosed some 173 square kilometers (67.6 square miles) with a population of 1,622,461. The character of Bangkok Metropolis was that of a rather sprawling city of its landuses. It lacked zoning organ— ization for its internal-mixed landuses of industrial, commercial, and re- sidential areas. Today, Bangkok is still the focal point of all Thailand. It serves as economic, cultural center, besides the political capital of Thailand. -26- THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHICAGO METROPOLIS Chicago, from its beginning, lured all manner of citizens to its swampy site and it became bigger from the following advantages of the location in 1830: The forests of Upper Michigan and Wisconsin supplied building materials for this section of Illinois. There were iron deposits in Minnesota and Michigan, all lying within sixty miles of Lake Superior or Lake Michigan and easily shipped to Chicago. The Eastern Interior Coal Field, mostly in Illinois, supplied fuel for Chicago homes and gave an impetus to expanding industries. The rich agricultural lands of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana raised crops virtually without cultivation. Farmers sent cattle and grain to Chicago for shipment. The city lay on a plain which offered no barrier to the laying out of streets in any direction. An unlimited supply of lake water at hand. Chicago was founded, according to good old custom, on a harbor at the foot of Lake Michigan that could be reached by sailing ships. But along in the 1840's a new form of transportation - the railroad - began to put itself across the country. The little port at the end of the lake seemed like a good rail terminus. It became a point of supply for the pioneers moving on west. More railroads began to stretch out from it - north through Wisconsin, south toward the Ohio River, Mississippi, and west to the Pacific Coast. The steam engine made it possible to bring in supplies for feeding -27- millions of pe0ple in one spot. Chicago became greater, and it sprawled on the crossroads of the nation. Soon it was enjoying the transplanted culture of the whole world. It did not have the least of troubles because of the fact that it was still young. Its growth had been unbelievable. In 1837 its population was 4,170; ten years later it was 16,859, and in 1860 it was 100,000. In 1870, it had grown to 306,000, and the tremendous expansion, the lusty spreading of elbows, went on and on. There were over a million people here in 1890. The population had increased to nearly 3,400,000 in 1940 and was slightly over 3,600,000 later. Chicago accepted the millions of people and became a miraculous center of commerce and industry. During the present century the main growth has been in the areas outside the city limits, in the surrounding suburbs. In the last quarter of the 19th century Chicago had develOped hap— hazardly into the industrial and transportation hub of the entire nation. The furious pace of this growth left no time for thoughts of beautifica- tion. Twenty-two years befOre the Exposition Opened, the city had been leveled by the Great Chicago fire. Faced with the problem of feeding and housing its already large pOpulation while preparing for fresh inroads of immigrants that would eventually double its size, Chicago had no choice but to throw up buildings with no thought for the future. The visible re- sults of this rapid and unplanned expansion were inescapable and people soon became accustomed to the resulting urban ugliness. Even the Exposition concepts inspired civic leaders with the idea of planning for a greater Chicago. In 1907 the Commercial Club of Chicago -28.. requested Daniel Hudson Burnham to prepare a comprehensive plan for the city. The city's problems are more than those that come with rapid growth. Despite all that has been done to meet bewildering changes, Chicago still shows many traces of its rapid and uneven growth. Yesterday's planning was not much changed in the reconstruction that followed the fire of 1871. There were problems that were suddenly thrust on the city by the quick tran- sition of changes in artifacts, network systems, and with stress and strain on social environments. It is still carrying for solution in order to keep pace as economic, social, and cultural center of the Midwest Region. -29- COMPARATIVE SOCIAL SYSTEMS Family Institutions Bangkok The population in Bangkok Metropolis was estimated at about 1,800,678 in 1960, and some characteristics of the pOpulation are as follows: Sex Composition and Age Groups by Percentage* School Age Working Age Elderly Age 1-14 15-24 25-59 60 and over Male 22 10 16 2 Female 19 ll 17 , 3 Total 3? 21 '33- 5 - Population Migration The number of population migrants who settled down in Bangkok Metropolis amounted to 532,400 from the period of the l949's-l956's. They came from the rural areas in order to find jobs in Bangkok, and the number of males was a little over females. - Population Distribution The highest density of the population was concentrated in the area of the central part of the city where there was the older section of Bangkok. on a small portion of the land. In 1956,67.6% of the population lived within municipalities who occupied 5.8% of the total area. The land area was about * City Planning Division of Bangkok Municipality: Bangkok Facts and Figures, 1969, Bangkok, pp.90. -30- 20 persons per rai, or 50 persons per acre, and 92% of the land in the area possessed less than 1 person per rai, or less than 2 % persons per acre. In Bangkok, the stratification of class systems is based upon the following criteria: family background, education, economic standing, political power and connection, and the outlook on life. The five broad classes can be isolated as: an aristocracy composed of descendants of royalty and the old nobility; an elite of the t0p political professional and business leaders; an upper middle class such as merchants, small bus- inessmen and white collar workers; a lower middle class'which consisted primarily of craftsmen and unskilled laborers, domestic servants, peddlers, and the like. The King is considered above any class system as well as the monks in the Buddhist Order rank high in society, but they do not fit into this people-class structure. Since then one of those status symbols, the practice of living in ex- tended family groups within the same compound has been followed in Bangkok. However, as with the loss of the economic base or wealth power of the aris- tocracy, this appears to be breaking down. The young have to go to seek the new places on their own and family organization follows a more western pat- tern. The physical pattern of Bangkok is reflected from the various social characteristic patterns outlined above. The Chinese people prefer to live in the central city where the trad- itional Chinese shOps, business practices and way of life still persist in two or three-story row buildings on the major streets. The interiors of the blocks are filled with individual houses which the Thai peOple prefer. This -31- type of pattern eliminates the transportation problems but the higher in- come peOple still prefer to live in the suburb area which formed to the east and the north parts of Bangkok area. The low income people live den— sely in the central city and some areas which are close to the commercial or industrial areas. There is no evidence of residential segregation re- flecting from the differentiation of class and racial system. - Labor Force In the Bangkok Metroplois the total labor force was employed with an estimation of about 516,000. This was about 95.5% from the gross labor force of 540,000 in 1958, and 53.4% of all persons 15 years old and a little over the school age group were in the labor force. This was about 33% of the total pOpulation in the Bangkok Metropolis in the labor force. _32- ”600701, SMICILLIVC) ' €ocial Class §< Principal OCCMPCULW’) 1‘ -Kayi’ anq Social Class V- Aristocmcy — o 'I 5 «WT & - 77431.0ng , the m Upper—Middle 1:1 Ooh/1656 Class ;- Weslcm eV/ _ LOW/0V agile / IJ ‘”" Class '_ Ans'rocmcy 2 descazdmd’s of Voyala'y,mzd Fnc old mobilily Elite: 75p polih‘cal, pmfiessiona’,amd Cotsifless Lander/5 Upper Middle C(ass : VLIZI'C/i'ml/ITEE) 5mm” brsimcss mam, can/rd urn/1 1' f6 - CO/[mr war/Rafe A Lower Middle Class : Charger/mar, {Jailed laborers LOW/6V Class; Lmskifled laborer/5) dowrcaiiceSX/rvamfs,[Ufcidlera (t/Md H16 IIL