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LIBRARY Michigan State University PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 5/08 KzlProj/AccsPreleIRCIDaIeDue.indd A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE LEUCOCYTE CONTENT OF THE BLOOD OF DAIRY CALVES. .‘ A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE LEUCOCYTE CORTEFT OF THE BLOOD OF DAIRY CALVES. THESIS. Submitted to the faculty of the Michigan State College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by]; VVE Charlee'W%chIntyre yaw-03‘" 1926. THESIS ATK‘HC'LT ‘DWVEKTT The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to C. F. Huffman, Research Assistant in Dairy Husbandry, whose timely advice and assistance in planning and conducting the experimental work, and friendly criticism of the manuscript have aided materially in the writing of this thesis. The author, likewise, wishes to express his gratitude to Professor 0. E. Reed, Head of the Dairy Department, for his timely advice and suggestions in the conduct of this work. The author also appreciates the aid given him by Doctor F. W. Chamberlain, Professor of Comparative Anatomy, in the microscopic determinations. 102538) QOF COKTTYTS , Introduction General Discussion and Review of Literature 1. Definition and Discussion A. Origin of Leucocytes B. Function of Leucccytes C. Action of Leucocytes in Metabolism D. Normal Leucocyte Count of Bovine Blood 11. Leucocytosis, Leuoopenia and Factors Causing Them A. Causes of Leucocytosis (1) Pathological causes (2) Artificial Causes of Leucocytosis (a) Injections (3) Changes in Leucocyte Count Due to Normal Conditions (a) Digestive Leucocytosis (b) Effect of Diet on the Leucooyte Count (0) Parturition and.the Leucooyte Count (d) Heat and Cold and Leuoocyte Count (6) Light Rays and the Leucocyte Count (f) Exercise and Position and Leucocyte Count 111. Summary of Review of Literature Experimental Work '1. Object of Experiment 11. Plan of Experiment III.Method of Procedure A. Choice of Animals B. Choice of Feeds 11 11 14 14 18 18 S4 35 37 37 C. D. Preparation of Feeds Care, Shelter and Feeding methods E. Collection of Experimental Data (1) beighing Keasurements Recor Healt Colle d of Feed h Observations otion of Blood Samples Autopsy of Animals IV. Experimental Data A. B. Co} D. Calves 0-31, 0-40, 0-42, c-ss, 0-54 and 0—62 (1) (2) Calf (1) I2) Calf (1) (2) Calf (1) (2) Notes and Observations Blood Count Tables (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 0-16 Notes Table 6-22 Notes Table 0-25 Notes Table 0-40 0-42 0-55 0-54 0-62 and Observations of C-16's Blood Count and Observations of 0-22'3 Blood Count and Observations of 0-25'3 Blood Count 39 4O 4O 4O 4O 41 41 41 42 43 4s 44 45 46 47 48 so 50 50 51 52 53 54 r. G. I. J. Calves C-18, 0-19, 0-20 and 0-21 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Blood Count Tables (a) 0-18 (b) 0-19 (c) 0-20 (d) 0-21 Calves 0-27, 0-58, 0-60, 0-61 and 0-64 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Blood Count Tables (a) 0-27 (b) 0-58 (c) C-60 (d) 0-61 (6) 0-64 Calves 0-52 and 0—57 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Blood Count Tables (a) 0—52 (b) 0-57 Calf 0-28 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Table of C-26's Blood Count Calf 0-30 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Table of C-SO's Blood Count Calf 0-36 54 58 58 59 6O 61 62 63 64 64 65 66 67 '67 68 58 68 68 69 K. L. M. N. 0. (1) Notes and Observations (2) Table of 0-36'8 Blood Count Calves 0-51, 0-55, 0-56, and 0-63 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Blood Count Tables (a) 0-51 (b) 0-55 (0) 0-56 (d) 0-65 Calves 0-44 and 0-45 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Blood Count Tables (3) 0-44 (b) 0-45 Calves 0-35, 0-57, 0-38, 0-39, 0-46 and 0-50 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Blood Count Tables (a) 0-35 (b) 0-37 (0) 0-38 (d) 0-39 (9) 0-46 (r) 0-50 Calf 0-33 (1) Notes and Observations (2) Table of 0-32'8 Blood Count Calf 0-43 69 70 7O 71 71 72 73 74 74 75 78 80 80 81 83 84 86 88 89 90 91 90 91 (1) (2) Notes and Observations Table of C-43's Blood Count P. Calf 0-47 (1) (2) Notes and Observations Table of C-47's Blood Count q, Calf 0-49 (1) (2) Notes and Observations Table of C-49's Blood Count R. Seasonal Variation Conclusions Bibliography Appendix 1. Tables A. B. C. D. Table I Table II Table III Table IV 91 92 93 93 95 95 95 96 103 104 la la 3a 4a 6a INTRODUCTION. Nutrition is a very important factor in the health and.we11 being of all animals. Any deleterious effect of diet upon the health is manifest by a change, either permanent or temporary, in the appearance, composition, or functioning of some organ or tissue of the animal body. Pathological conditions are also manifest by changes in the appearance, composition, or functioning of some part of the body. Leucocytes, the body's first defense against infection, are the most readily affected by disease. The ingestion of food causes a temporary change in the leucocyte count of human blood. Disease and infection, also cause an increase in the leucocyte count in the blood of animals. Nutrition affects an animal's power to overcome disease. It is possible that diet may affect the leucocyte count of the blood. I It was planned in this experiment to determine what effect the diet of an animal, may have on the leucocyte content of the blood of dairy cattle. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND EVIEW OF LITERATURE Leucccytes of the blood are on important link in the disease re- sisting mechanism of animals and are closely associated with the body's power to resist disease. In human blood the number varies greatly from pathological and dietary factors and it is altogether probable that the same holds true With “€310 e Definition and Discuss ion Leucocytes are snail, colorless, smebcid cell moses found in the bloodstream and tissues of the higher animals. Leucocytes found in the body very in sise, activity, and function. the American Medical Dictionary (Doriand) gives the following types: (1) Snail mononuclesr leucocytes or lymphocytes, possessing a relatively large nucleus; (2) Large mononuclesr leucccytes containing a large round or ovsl nucleus surrounded by s. sons of protOplssm; (5) Transitions]. mono- muclesr leucocytes having e. horseshoe-shaped nucleus; (4) The polymorpho- nuclesr leucocytes or pclynuclesr neutrsphil leucocytes, finely granular oxyphil cells with an irregularly shaped nucleus 3 (5) nosinOphil leuco- cytes, coarsely granular eosinophil cells with s lobed nucleus; (6) hec- phil leucocytes or mast cells, having their origin in lymphoid tissue and found only rsrely in the blood; (7) llyelocytes, or arrow-cells, occurring in bone narrow, but found in the blood only in pathologic conditions. Burnett (l) and Bailey (2) gave the same classification. Lsucocytes have their origin in the embryonic stage along with other tissues of the blood. There are two important theories as to the origin of leucocytes: (3) the polyphylitic and the mon0phylitic theories. According to the polyplwlitic theory the lymphocytes originate in the lymphoid organs while the other leucocytes originate in connective tissue, liver, spleen, and marrow. In adult life, however, they are formed in the narrow. According to the monophylitic theory, the mesodermic tissue of the embryo gives rise to cells called mesoblasts. Some of these later develop into erythrocytes and others which remain undifferentiated not only through- out pre-natal life but also during post-natal and adult life and retain the power of later differentiating into either erythrocytes, leucocytes or lymphocytes. Weidenneioh,(ll9) a supporter of this theory, states that the mother cell remains undifferentiated throughout adult life and constant- ly gives rise to more leucocytes to replace those being worn out and des- troyed. Morphologically, this mother cell is apparently identical with the lymphocyte. Lymphocytes, according to MacCallum (4) undoubtedly arise or are pro- (mood. in the lymph nodes, wherever they occur in the body. The lympho- cytes are then turned into the blood stream either. venuous or arterial. Bone-nrrow, spleen and possibly thymus probably play some part in their production, but it is still an uncertainity as to how large a part each one plays. Leuoocytes never take part in the formtion of fixed tissue but are found in practically all tissue of the body in pester or lesser numbers, (5) but as described above, leucocytes probably arise from fixed tissue. Function 2_f_ Leucocytes Knowledge concerning the function of leucocytes is far from com- plete), but they probably act as defensive agents of the body against disease an infections. Leucocytes are phagocytes or "tranzp cells" (6) adventitious in nature and very readily pass to sites of inflammation where they are instrumental in combating infection. Both Marchand (6) and Hetchnikoff (7) agree that the movement of leucocytes is due chiefly to chemicotactic influences. It is‘ohiefly the polymorpho-nuclear neu- trophils that are concerned in phagocytosis. (8) Infections of all sorts'cause a regeneration of great intensity of leucocytes. The type of leucocyte produced to the greatest extent varies with the infection or disease. (9) Polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes are the ones usually shoving greatest increase in numbers bringing with them an increase in the number of melocytes. But some infections, as typhoid fever, cause an increase in the mono nuclears, this, probably due to a specific chemiotactic influence. It is difficult to produce an increase of the polymorphs with typhoid fever. According to Murphy (10) lympho- cytes or small mononuclears show a relative and occasionally an absolute increase in numbers during typhoid fever. Apparently this type of leuco- cyte is of greatest value in antagonising this type of an infection. He also found that animals deprived of their lymphocytes by exposure to x-rays, were much more susceptible to tuberculosis than normal animals. In another test he found that implanted tumors grew rapidly in animals without lymphocytes but that normal animals readily destroyed the im- planted tumors. m function of the polymorphc nuclears is the engulfing of bacteria and other injurious substances, and also producing a proteolytic ferment which acts best in an alkaline medium. These cells appear in greatest numbers in response to an invasion of bacteria or an infection. (11) ' IacOallum (ll) therefore, concludes that the regeneration of white ‘ cells or leucocytes is a selective process, and that the blood forming organs respond very promptly in the production of leucocytes. There is one difference, however, in the regeneration of the white and red cells. Iith leucocytes the action is to flood the blood stream with an abnornlly large number of shite cells rather than to merely replace the wasted or worn out cells as is the case in the regeneration of the red ccrpuscles. Petterscn (12) says that contrary to the opinion of some, the action of leucocytes is not restricted to attacking and destroying only dead or dying bacteria, but that the leucocytes of the animal body are also capa- ble of destroying living bacteria which have the ability to propagate. Re also points out that negative results obtained in vitro do not warrant the conclusion that no bactericidal capacity exists even in vivo. His results showed that leucocytes of a guinea pig were able to destroy B. Bubtilis without the aid of the serum. huts and Spin-an (is) state that the leucocytic reaction in in- fection and intoxication is‘characterised at first by a hypclsucocytcsis of short duration, which corresponds to the period of invasion. we is succeeded by a mer-lsucocytcsis, during which stage the products des- tined for elimination are collected by certain forms of leucocytes all! conducted to the excretory organs. 1!. Pettersson (14) states that his work shows that leucocytes have a bactericidal action. Locording to Kobsarenko (15) the leucocytes cf the horse possess the property of neutralising diphtheria toxin. This is not dependent upon the physics-chemical properties of their prctcplasm but on their vital ( activity. These leucocytes are capable neither of absorbing or neutralise- ing tetanus'tcxins.‘ The leucocytes of the rabbit include 15 - 20 per cent of ncrcphages possessing this property, but the effect produced is not unload. ' Action 3_i_’_ Lsucccztes _i_n_ letabolisn Very little is known of the function of leucocytes in aetabolism. Ieevsne and Keyers (16) found that leucocytes turned hexoses into lac- tic acid. This is apparently the final product of the reaction, since lac- tic acid reamins unchanged in the presence of leucocytes. The quantity of lactic acid produced is proportional to the quantity of sugar which disap-l.‘ peered. Leucocytes acting on glucose, smnnose, fructose and galactose pro- duced my lactic acid. Lsucocytes also produced lactic acid from methyl glyexal. ‘ In a later experiment than the above, Levene and layers (17) reported that leucocytes practically free from bacteria were found to change sugars into msthyl-glycxal, and this in turn into lactic acid. By substituting glucose derivatives for glucose it sas found that glycclytic enzymes of aninl tissue had no effect on those hexoses in which one or more hydro— gen atone had been replaced by other radicles. Lsucccytes are small white ameboid cells found both in the blood stream and scattefithrcughout the body .tissue. They probably origimte in the embryo from the "blood spots“ found in the ”area vasoulosa" but in adult life from the spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Their chief function is to protect the aninal body from bacterial infection and from toxins. Leucocytes may possibly have some function in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates but this is doubtful. Normal Leucoczte Count of. Bovine Blood Like most biological factors the number of leucocytes in the blood shows‘great individual variation. h. u. Feinblatt (20) states that the lcucccyte count varies greatly due to saw factors. Even the drinking of a glass of milk my give a 100 per cent increase. Single counts, he says are not reliable for diagnosis, but a number of counts giving a curve my be reliable, but this question requires more work. P. J. Du- 'Tait (18) states that the total leucocytes in healthy growing cattle nor-ally vary between 5,000 and 10,000 with an average of 3,000 per cubic millimeter. About 49 per cent of these he finds are lymphocytes. Com- pared with hu-n blood, ox blood shows a higher percentage of lymphocytes. The blood of calves usually has a higher leucocyte count than nature in- dividuals, the leucocyte content norumlly reaching 12,000 - 15,000 per cubic millimeter and containing more lymphocytes, often as high as 80 per cent of the total lsucocyte count being of this type. hmtt (19) gives the total leucocyte count of cattle as found by Starch as follows: Bulls, 7,800; oxen, 9,400; cows,~8,200; young cattle, 11,600; and calves 15,700 per cubic millimeter. Hibbard and Real (19) found a lsucocyte content of 8,950 per cubic millimeter for young cattle and Dimock and Thompson (19) found a total leucocyte count of 6,500 per cubic millimeter of blood for cattle of all ages. Bastrom (21) states that the leucocyte count varies in different parts of the circulatory system. sells (22) found the count varied between the sides of the heart, being higher in the right than in the left ventricle. Semakine (118) on the other hand, found the leucocyte count practical- ly the same in all parts of the circulatory system. He contrasts his work with that of Reeder and Schultz and others, who disagreed with him. Sema- kine (118) gives the explanation that the other investigators obtained theirblood samples from dead animals while he obtained hie from living aninmls or imediately after the death of the animals. His conclusions were that in living animals the count was the same in all parts of the cir- culatory system but the count did not rennin uniform after the death of the mind. Her and Peterson (24) say there is a variation in leucocyte count in blood drawn tron different regions of the body. 011 the other hand, Eller- smn and Brlandsen found no variation in 110 double examinations from 64 women. Apparently the evidence is in favor of the conclusion that the leucocytie content of the blood is fairly constant throughout the body. Utendorfer (23) gives the fcllosing data as a reallt of his work with leucocytes of cattle: The number of leucocytes in the blood of cattle varies with age, being the highest in calves and young cattle. Sen and castration apparently have no influence on the number of white cells in the blood. There is no loucocytosis in cattle during digestion or preg- nancy. Yard (26) gives a normal variation of 5,000 in the leucocyte count of sun with a "daily curve”. The leucocytic content of the blood is low- estdn morning-end highest (about five o'clock in the afternoon. The count increases after each meal except the last one and then gradually falls off during the period of rest or night. In general then we may say the leucocyte content of bovine blood Isl-ally ranges from 5,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter with an average of 0,000. The leucocyte count of calves and young cattle probably is from 2,000 to 5,000 higher normally than the normal level of the count in nature aninls. {he leucocyte count is subject to rather wide variations. Leucocytosis, LeucOpenia, and Factors Causing Them There are various types of leucocytosis but the American Radical Dic- tionary defines lsucocytosis as “a temporary increase in the number of leucocytes in the blood”. Since the chief function of the leucocytes. is the defense of the body sainst bacterial invasion an). infection and toxic actions of various sub- stances, there is no doubt a very definite relation between lsucocytosis and disease resistance. Causes .93. Leucocflosis here are may factors which cause leucocytesis of greater or less duration and varying intensity. Ihe causes vary from a mere change in position of the body to fatal infections and diseases. levy and Basel Eppler (117) concluded that leucocytosis may be due to a chemical condition of the body. Urea, oreatinin or amino acids my, by their diuretic salt action, reduce the 320 reserve of the body and pro- duce a colloidal upset and increased protein metabolismvith a resulting leucocytosis, but the diuretic salts themselves exerting no direct influence on the white cells. The leucocytcsis induced indicates a postive chemo- tropism, exerted by some unidentified part of the protein molecule. Di- gestive leucocytosis points to the above conclusion. Leucccytosis fro. ansoular exertion is accounanied by an increased metabolism and points to the above conclusion. In bacterial infection there is a modification of the body colloids and water, causing a Iater shortage. in experimental lsucocytoeis results frm an acute water shortage with a corresponding increase in body tempera»- ture and non protein, and blood nitrogen, and has m points in com with the physiological increase in count of digestive leucocytosis (and leuco- cytosis from exercise. The causes of leucocytosis my arbitrarily be grouped under experi- mental leucocytosis and leucocytcsis from natural causes. The latter my be again subdivided into leucocytosis nor-any occurring and leucocytosis due to pathological conditions. LeucOpenia is defined by the American medical Dictionary as ”a de- fioiency in the anchor of leucocytes in the blood or a hypoleucooytcsis'. hemopenie because of its intieet. connect ion with leucocytosis and the. causes of leucocytosis will be discussed with it an its causes. The causes of leucopenia may be divided into the same general clause or groups as the canses of hyper leucocytosis. 10 Wells (28) gave the following discussion of leucocytosis and leuco- penia,'. . I There are two theories pertaining to the mechanism of leucopeniae (1) Actual destrubtmn; of the white cells. (Lowit) (29) and (2) a withdrawal. of the cells from circulation into the capillaries of interml organs. (Goldscheider and Jacobs) (30). Leucocytosis of course would be the appo- site action of the two above theories. In support of the first theory, an intravenous injection in rabbits of dead bacteria caused leuc0psnia (chiefly of polymorphs) followed by leucocytosis. Sections of the spleen showed marked hyperemia;- of bone mar- row, hyperemia and an increased leucoblastio activity. The amount of ma- terial used in the injection did not appear to be a factor. Goldscheider and Jacobs, (30) theory of repellant chemiotaxis of in- Jected proteins in the blood probably explains the leucOpenia insnediately following the injection. No doubt forcing the white cells out of the peri- pheral circulation. It my also account for the increase in white cells in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Wells on the other land says it is postive chemiotaxis. The dead bac- tsria of the injected material are filtered from blood stream in the spleen and liver, and since the polymorphs are chiefly concerned in phagocytic activity they are drawn to these organs, and the decrease in the white cells during the period of leucOpenia is almost entirely in polymorphs. The other types remining practically normal throughout. The hyper-leucocytosis which follued the period of leucopenia, is probably caused by a discharge of the leucocytes back into the peripheral blood stream. from the liver and spleen, where they had withdrawn during leucOpsnia. 11 Causes 2f Leucogflosis (mar Bird 3222) Pathologcal .0223. Chief among the causes of leucocytosis are the colleen infectious diseases. Findlay (27) found that both pellagra and beriberi cause an increase in the white cells content of the blood. Both of these diseases are "vi- tamin deficiency ” or nutritional diseases, according to the American“ liedieel Dictionary. Johnson (31) reported that in at least 45 out of 50 cases, leucocytosis is present in tuberculosis, and always, if cavities are present and the vital resistance of the patient is low. luller and Reed (32) reported that hyperlcucocytosis accompanies tu- berculosis and lobar pneumonia. The leucocytosis increases with the sever- ity of the disease. llurrel (33) reported cases of spleenic leukemia which terminated in pulmomry tuberculosis. The white cell count reached the enormous figure of 695,000 per cubic millimeter of blood. hldwin and Wilder (34) reported a case of tuberculosis with hid: lymocyte count. ' The other types of leucocytes remainednorsnl or below norul. The lymph glands were enlarged. The erythrocyte count as low. On December let the leucocyte count reached a million and on December 10th death occurred. Utendorfer (23) however, reports that leucocytosis appears dnring tuberculosis, but contrary to hcldvin a vilder, he states that the relative importance of the various types of leucocytes does not change. He found that Just before death from tuberculosis the white cell count falls until below nor-ml. Tuberculin, he found, also causes lcucocytosis in cows. 12 Tuberculosis and tuberculin both cause fever in cows. The fever thus caused, he states, probably induces the loucocytosis which follows, there- by giving the animal greater resistance with which to ward off the attack. Bonnenberg and Bedermann (35) reported that as the abscess develops in appendicitis the leucocyte curve increases. Bushnell (36) gives the same results. - According to Long-ridge (37), except in (1) mild catarrhal variety (2) fulninating appendicitis, where resistance of patient is too feeble to react to toxemia, and (3) where an abscess is of some standing and is thoroughly walled off, leucocytosis accompanies appendicitis in greater or less dome, depending on the virulence of the case. It is character- ised by an increase of the polymorphs nuclears out of proportion to the total count. Thayer of Johns Hopkins University (38) found a very marked cosine- philio leucocytosis in cases of trichinosis. sometimes as high as as per cent of total white count. Polymorphs decreased and lull and large mo- nuclears same or lower in count than normally. Brown's work (39) substan- tiated the work of Thayer on trichinosis. Both men found a high total white cell count due largely to the increase in eoeinophile, the other types decreasing in number. lorse (40) found a hyper leucocytcsis in both diphtheria and pneu- monia but alsomewhat higher count in diphtheria than pneumonia. Leucocy- tosis was severer in acute cases than in mild cases. Gray (41) reported lsucocytosis among soldiers in the following eases: (1) Blight leucocytosis in patients with ”irritable heart”; (2) types classed as "constitutional inferiors" have a high leucocyts count; (3) lymphocytosis in patients with "irritable hearts". 13 File' (42) reported that lsucocytosis always accompanied diphtheria. The lsucocytic content of the blood increases with the severity of the disease and decreases during convalescence until a normal condition is mind. Mr (120) found a decrease in neutrOphiles in cases of sunllpox but an increase in total leucocytic count. lieunier (43) found hyper-lsucocytosis as one of the first symptoms of snooping cough in every one of 102 cases. Rogers (44) found that lsucocytosis always acconpanies Asiatic cholera. The intensity of lsucocytosis increases with the severity of the attack. The leucocyte count very often reaches 40,000 per cubic millimeter of blood. Charles (45) found that in llalta fever the polymorphonuclears were nearly absent, only the lumphocytes showing an increase. In other types of fever there was no such absence of polymorphs. He also found that inflam- Iations caused by injections induced lsucocytosis. Saldinka (46) found extreme lsucocytosis always accompanied cancer. Other investigators also reported lsucocytosis accompamring cancer. Hone, . however, reported cases of cancer without lsucocytosis. . Head (47) reported extreme lsucocytosis in dogs affected with septic infection, often reaching the extent of 400 per cent above nornml. Capps (48) reported presence of lsucocytosis in cases of gastric ulcer but in onlytwo out of five cases of gastric catarrh. He reported lsuco- cytosis in cases of cancer but no digestive lsucocytosis in 15 out of 17 cases of cancer of the stomch. hfkagel (49) stated that lsucocytosis accompanies or is found in all infectious diseases except typhoid «fever, unless an abscess, peritonitis or l4 mlaria is present along with the typhoid fever as a complication. mssel (50) announced that lsucocytosis in typhoid fever indicates perforation. In uncomplicated cases of typhoid fever the count is usually norml. In 37 examinations he found that it ranged from 2,000 to 12,000 per cubicmillimster. ‘ Nageli (51) found that no lsucocytosis accompanies typhoid fever, but rather as the disease progresses leuc0penia develops. it the beginning of the disease the percentage of sosinophils increases but soon becomes normal in number. Bryant (52) substantiates the work of Hagsli. From the above it appears that lsucocytosis is present in all infec- tions diseases except typhoid fever. Leucocytosis is also present in pel- lagra and beriberi, both of which are nutritional diseases. Artificial Causes 3}: Leucocytosis yections Muir (103) found that subcutaneous and intra-peritoneal in- jections of Staphylococcus pyogenes in rabbits caused an inmediate leuco- penia, followed by lsucocytosis in the case of intraperitoneal injection. Muir stated that his results agreed with the results Goldscheider and Jacobs obtained with intravenous injections of proteins. With the sub- cutaneous injection, leucopenia was not as well defined as it was in the intraperitoneal injection. . Wells (104) injected dead bacteria into splenectomissd and non-sple- nectomised rabbits. In both cases leucOpenia followed the injection in a very short time. The leucopenia in a few hours was followed by a marked lsucocytosis. There was a slight tendency toward an increase in count following splenectonw. 15 Pepper and Miller (110) produced leucOpenia in rabbits by the injec- tion of living or dead typhoid bacilli into the peripheral circulation. Leucopenia is followed by a subsequent lsucocytosis. ' Webb (105) gave dogs anaphylactic treatments with horse serum. Blood counts from capillaries, liver, portal, intestinal, and kidney blood all showed loucopenia comparable to the leucopenia of the peripheral blood. Sections of these organs showed no aggregation of leucocytes. Lsucopenia was present in spleenic blood, the bone narrow was deprived of its circu- latory leucocytes to the same extent as the peripheral blood. He could not show that the leucocytes were actually destroyed in leucopsnia. He also found that the pulmonary vein contained fewer leucocytes than the pulmonary artery during the anaphylactic shock. Sections of the lugs at the same time showed enormous quantities of polymorphs crowding the capillaries of the pulmonary organs. Roemer (106) was able to produce lsucocytosis by the injection of Bushner's protein into the circulation of rabbits, using eight cc. of a 10 per cent solution. The number of leucocytes per cubic millimeter of blood increased about threefold. One injection caused lsucocytosis with the cells unevenly distributed and collected in small nasses. Repeated injections in- creased the number of the msses of cells. The increase was found only in venous blood and lsucocytosis disappeared when the protein action ceased. Itassabliere and Richet (107) were able to produce lsucocytosis by in— traperitoneal injection. of peptone which persisted for two and one-half months. The amount injected had little or no effect on intensity or dura- tion of the lsucocytosis. 16 HOOper, Robscheit and Whipple (68) found that hemoglobin exerted no marked effect on the leucocyte count whether administered orally, intra- venously, or intraperitonsally. Lassabliere and Rechet (108) found that a lsucocytosisgfas induced by intraperitoneal injections of muscle serum.diluted in 7.5’NaC1 solution and that this lsucocytosis was independent of the amount injected. They found that the effect of the muscle serum.wus due to a heat coagulable protein. They thought that ordinary toxin effects from.small doses are corrected by the nervous system'but that leucocytes are not controlled by the nervous system, which accounts for lsucocytosis after very small doses. Gray (41) found a marked lsucocytosis after the injection of epineph- rin.in men. This increase in.white cell count was much greater in.patients with a positive reaction. than in.men who did not respond to the drug. He found no greater variation in the differential formula after the injection than.was found in the same subjects before the injection. Barthelot and Betrand (109) gave guinea pigs intraperitoneal injections of allantoin and found it to increase the animals' resistance to local in- fection.dus to lsucocytosis. The action of allantoin.in.promoting cuatri- cation is due in part, at least, to the favorable action of the substance on.phpgocytosis. Castrin (102) injected 1 mg. of adrenaline into a man.and within.30 minutes he found a marked increase in both lymphocytes and polymorphonup clear leucocytes. Hhtigon.(lll) produced lsucocytosis by the subcutaneous injection of one mg. of adrenaline. The first hour showed an increase of lymphocytes, 17 the second hour a decrease in lymphocytes but an increase of neutrOphils. He found it usually required six hours for the count to again become normal. With a double dose (two mg.) he found that lsucocytosis persisted twice as long. Harvey (112) produced almost insnediate lsucocytosis by injections of pilocarpin, muscarine, and barium chloride. None of these had any effect when administered orally. Shaw (113) was able to produce leucocytosis in only eight of fifteen cats by intravenous injections of sodium cinnamate. Animals were anaesthe- tised with other before blood was drawn from the juglar vein. Total count did not change in the remaining seven animals, but the percentages of the various types changed. Lisin (114) found that intravenous injections of soluble mercury salts led to various leucocytic changes: either hyper leucocytosis and hypo-leu- cocytosis, or an increase of polymorphs or eosinOphils may result. Sub- cutaneous injections had little effect on the leucocytes. Mercury prob- ably has no specific effect on the leucocyte count of the blood. Lassabliere and Rechet (115) found that intraperitoneal injections of one cc. of .7 per cent NaCl solution was followed by leucocytosis to the extent of 14,500 per cubic millimeter of blood. A similar injection of one cc. of prepeptone gave an average lsucocytosis of 18,800 per cubic millimeter. Bastrom (21) found that an injection of NaHCOs was followed by in- crease in white cell count in heart blood. He accounted for this increase 18 by a simultaneous decrease in the number of white cells in the cutaneous vessels and in the liver and spleen. ‘ Acids, Bastrom found had the opposite effect, that is a decrease in, the white cell count in the heart blood and an increase in the liver, spleen and cutaneous blood vessels. He attributes leucocytosis to a re- distribution of the leucocytes: in the body due to a change in their ad- hesive power which is strengthened by acids and weakened by alkalies. Margaretta Levy (116) was able to produce leucocytosis by single in- jections of radium. Small doses had much greater effect, preportionately than large doses. Changes in Leucocyje Count due 1:2 Normal Conditions Digestive Leucocyjosis Digestive leucocytosis is a temporary leucocy- tosis occurring normally after eating a meal. ' Cabot (Chemical examination of the Blood 1900) (. 53) classes the in- crease of white cells during digestion as polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. Ehrlich and Logarus (53) claimed the relative pr0portions did not change. iseoli (53) described a digestive leucocytosis which he considered, like '- leucocytosis of infection, as due to a chemiotactic influence exerted up- on the white cells. Pohl (53) claims there is an excess of leucocytes in the veins during digestion, not an increase in leucocytes of the body. According to Kroluntsky (54) digestive leucocytosis is the second am of blood reaction during digestion and is due to absorption of di- gested mterial which reaches the liver by way of the portal vein and then excites the liver to the production of ant i-leucocytolysins; the 19'. latter neutralizes the leucocytolysins secreted by the spleen and thus cause the appearance of hyper-leucocytosis. This sequence is readily produced by intra rectal injection of amino acid. In an earlier paper Kroluntsky (55) obtained very similar results with the intrarectal in- jection of nutritive liquids either before or after the ingestion of food. The decrease in leucocytes (due to increased secretion of leucocytolysins): ' imediately after physical excitation or ingestion of food after an intra-e rectal injection, indicates the existence of a functional relation (through the nervous system or otherwise) between the spleen and bone manow, where- by (the latter is excited to the product ion of leucocytes to repair the loss occasioned by theleucocytolysins originating in the former. Manoukhine (56) criticized Kroluntsky's technique and interpretation of results. He says leucocytolysis (due to leucocytolysins produced in the spleen and appearing in the blood) is of initial occurrence; this is followed by leucocytosis (occasioned by the neutralizing action on the leucocytolysins of the anti-leucocytolysins produced by the liver) and the latter is in turn replaced by a leucocytolysis. This entire sequence (simultaneous leucocyte count and determination of leucocytolytic power of the serum)was observed within two hours after an intrarectal injection of 20 cc. of a one per cent Witte peptone solution in a dog. Claude, Santinoise and Schiff (57) substantiated the work of Krolunt- sky in that they believed digestive leucocytosis follwoing a meal is due to a functional relation between the liver and the vago-sympathetic tone. Gelstein (58) advanced the theory that digestive leucocytosis depends not only on the motor and secretory functions of the stomach and intestines but also on the functional capacity of the bone marrow in producing leuco- cytOBe 2O Voronoff and Riskin (59) working with dogs and men during fasting and absolute rest found the leucocyte count to vary during the day, the changes being different in different individuals. The count increased at the usual meal hour showing a "habitual leucocytosis". An exaggerated leucocytosis appeared in dogs under certain external stimuli associated with sham feeding. This leucocytosis was found to be due to a conditional reflex. The alleged digestive leucocytosis is evi— dently not a constant reaction from absorption of products of digestion and secretion but is a conditional reflex reaction, in this same way. Van Leeuwen, Bien and Vsreksmp (60) worked.with humans and found that within one to two minutes after a meal there was a sharp fall in the lan- cocyte count of the blood, but a rise again in ten to twenty minutes. Oc- casionnlly a second full occurred in thirty to fifty minutes and a second, slow but gradual rise in the leucocyte curve. Quite often the "curve" after a meal varies greatly from the curve v minute intervals described above. They found that the counts at twentd _on the same patient after eating the some food on different days, usuvlly gave somewhat different and occasionally widely divergent results. Gottiche and‘flaltner (61) worked with fortyafive children. They made three or four counts in order to control their results, but found no constant variation in the leucocyte count before old after meals. They found the var'ation equally as great after reels as before meals. They concluded, therefore, that a genuine alimentary leucocytosis did not exist. They may have erred in censidering only the variation rather than the number showing an increase in leucocyte count after a meal as over and against those showing a decrease in leucocyte count after a meal. 21 According to Bro din and Saint Girons (62) the leucocyte count rennins fairly constant during fasting, but immediately after the ingestion of food _ the leucocyte count falls and then it increases, the largest number being found at from two to three hours after ingestion, then a. second fall and an- other increase, reaching 9. second maximum in from four to six hours. They also found that the intensity of digestive leucocytosis varied with the kind of food ingested. Raw eggs and potatoes, ranked about the same. boiled milk slightly more in its effect and much greater effect from the juice of raw meat than from the three foods named above. Raw meat exerts a greater in- fluence on the count than does cooked meat. Usually there _is an abrupt fall in the count after the maximum is reached which occurs in about five hours. The work of Goodallfiulland and Paton (63) agreed with the work of Bradin and Saint Giron throughout. Therefore, we may say that digestive leucocytosis is a temporary in- crease in the leucocyte count of the blood probably due to a combination of a. functional or conditional reflex action on the nervous system due to the physical presence of food in the stomach and a chemiotactic influence of some nature exerted by the food in the stomach on the blood itself. The Effect of; Diet on the Leucocyte Count Howe and Hawk (64) recorded an increase of the polymorphonuclears, followed by a. drop below nomal at the end of seven days in fasting men. The Opposite course held for lymphocytes. The taking of food of any form tended to return the count to its normal condition. In dogs they obtained the same results except no initial rise in polymorphsbut animmediate de- 22 crease. Brodin and Saint Giron (62) reported the leucocyte count as con- stant during fasting. Whipple, HOOper and Robscheit (65) found that during fasting there was no regeneration of blood in anemic dogs. There was in one group merely a maintenance and no increase in the leucocyte count. Age of the animal was no factor. In their second trial (66) they found a great variation in leu—. cocyte count of anemic dogs during fasting. In no case was there a regener- ation of the blood on an increase in white cell count, but rather a decrease. In some the decrease was small but in other individuals it amounted to a fifty per cent decrease from the original count. In all the results given above it was found that immediately upon the ingestion of food after a period of fasting there was an increase in the leucocyte count, either returning to the normal condition or causing leuco- cytosis. Goodall, Gulland and Paton (69) fed dogs meat and water after fasting and found an immediate leucocytosis produced. They concluded it to be di- gestive leucocytosis. Fasting, then, probably does not greatly affect the leucocyte count, except in cases of prolonged fasting where it reduces the count. The inp crease in leucocyte count following the end of the period of fasting is probably digestiye leucocytosis. Brinchman (70) found that feeding fresh.ox spleen caused a reduction of the leucocyte count in both guinea pigs and rabbits. NO such.reduction of white cell count occurred in animals fed an equal amount of fresh raw meat in which the iron content had been adjusted to that of ox spleen. In anemic animals spleen acts like other iron preparations, decreasing the destruction and favoring the regeneration of blood cells. Leaks (71), on the other hand, found that a marked leucocytosis fol- lowed the oral administration of the combined extracts of spleen and red bone marrow to either dogs or rabbits. The increase amounted to fifty per cent in rabbits. The higher count was maintained as long as the daily ad- ministration of the extracts was continued. Whipple, H00per and Robscheit (65) produced secondary anemia in dogs by drawing a certain per cent of their blood, in order to produce the same degree of anemia in all animals, then worked on the effects of various feeds on the regeneration of the blood and on the leucocyte count. - During fasting there was no regeneration, merely a maintenance of the leucocyte count, but when the dogs were fed meat there was an immediate rise in white cell count which usually rose above normal limits. The rate of in- crease in the leucocyte count was increased when a larger quantity of meat was added to the diet. In a second experiment with dogs with experimentally induced anemia, Whipple, HOOper and Robscheit (66) found a decrease in leucocyte count due to fasting. When the animals were fed a diet of yeast, bread and milk there was produced a change in the leucocyte count of the animals' blood but the results varied too much to draw any definite conclusions. About an equal number showed a slight increase and a slight decrease in leucocyte count. Sugar feeding following both fasting and a bread and milk diet, invariably gave a decrease in white cell count. If the sugar diet was followed by a meat diet there was another rise in count immediately following the feeding of the meat ration which continued while the meat was fed. In a third experiment along the lines of the first two, Hooper, Whipple and Robscheit (67) found that the leucocyte count of dogs varied greatly on a bread and milk diet. If the dogs received an unlimited amount of bread and milk after a period of restricted bread and milk feeding their leucocyte count would increase. The animals varied in reaction to a mixed diet containing meat, after a period of bread and milk feeding. an of the dogs on the mixed diet over two days showed a constant or an increased leu- cocyte count. Of the animals on the mixed diet only one day, some showed a slight lowering of leucocyte count and the others showed an increase over the previous day's leucocyte count. - With two dogs a cracker meal, lard and butter diet gave an increased white cell count over the count while on a bread and milk diet, the addi- tion of milk powder to the ration gave no further increase in the leucocyte count. Cracker meal, alfalfa meal, lard and butter, fed for only one day, gave an increase in the count over the bread and milk diet but not enough greater than the count while on butter, lard and cracker meal diet, to war- rant drawing any very definite conclusions. In another case the alfalfa meal, cracker meal, lard and butter combination gave a slight decrease in count after the change from a bread and milk diet. The feeding of boiled rice, potatoes and milk to three dogs after a bread and milk diet showed a decrease of approximately fifty per cent in the leucocyte count. In a fourth animal the count remained practically un- changed at first, then a drop in count, and in a fifth there was a slight rise in count, then a drOp to slightly below the count on the bread and milk diet. These animals were next placed on a mixed diet, which inunedi- 25 ately raised their leucocyte count, and then returned to the rice-potato- milk diet. When.returned to the rice-potato-milk diet, four of them showed a drop in.count ranging from 25 to 75 per cent of the original count. The one showing a slight increase at first in the first trial varied greatly in leucocyte count in this trial. It alternately showed a count higher, then a count lower than.the count while on the mixed diet,.finally becoming’near- ly constant at a count approximately the same as the count it had while on the mdxed diet. One dog, fed bread and milk, gave a normal leucocyte count in anemic condition. On changing its diet to include cats/sugar and glucose there was a fall in its leucocyte count. .A second change to include casein and cane sugar in the diet gave a very decided second dr0p in the leucocyte count. The same diet with.an increased amount of casein gave a small in» ‘ crease in the leucocytic content of the blood. .A diet of sugar, casein, lard and butter caused a very decided increase in the count and an increase in the casein content of the feed at this point caused the count to remain constant atday or two followed by a drOp in the count. Gliadin in the ra- tion instead of casein, gave no change in the count after a bread and milk diet. In.another trial (67) they found that in all their animals except two, a lean.meat diet following a diet of bread and milk caused an increase in the leucocyte count of the blood. In these two cases the count was abnorm~ ally high at the time the diet was changed, being 45,000 and 26,000 per cubic millimeter of blood, respectively. .1 mdxed diet following'the diet of lean meat gave a decrease in white cell count. 26 Pure diets of heart or liver tissue gave a lower blood leucocyte count when following a bread and milk diet. A mixed meat and vegetable diet following these diets gave an increased count. Liver tissue added to the bread and milk diet increased the leucocyte count. Liver tissue and beef extract with bread, milk and sugar in various combinations gave no conclusive results as to their effect on leucocyte count. When.fed after a bread.and milk diet, the count in nearly all cases remained es- sentially the same. The changes were no greater than a normal variation in the leucocyte count of an animal's blood from.day to day on.a bread and milk diet. Using a procedure similar to the one used in the preceding work, Whipple, H00per and Robscheit (68) found that iron in the form of Bland's pills had no influence on the leucocyte count of dogs. Hemoglobin.ad- ministered orally exerted no influence on the leucocyte count of dog's blood. Goodall and Paton (72) produced leucocytosis in.small animals by feeding high.protein diets. The animals were killed and autOpsied. The leucocytosis was not permanent, lasting only while the high protein.diet was fed. Julia Jenks (73) working with rats along the line that HOOper, Whip- ple and Robscheit worked with dogs, found that any diet permitted greater regeneration of blood after artificial anemia than could be attained dur- ing fasting. Proteins supported a more rapid regeneration than either car- bohydrates or fats as a sole nutrient. Diets of vitamin-rich food supported a more speedy regeneration of blood than any other diet containing only 27 one food factor. While she does not give any data concerning the changes in leucocyte count it is probable that the count follows the blood regen- eration curve rather closely as it did in the work of Whipple, Hooper and Robscheit. That is, diets permittirg rapid regeneration of blood allow an increase in the leucocyte count and those not supporting blood regeneration cause no change, or a drop in the leucocyte count. Heintz and Welker (74) found that the ingestion of three yeast cakes ‘ daily by normal humans induced a decided leucocytosis, which continued as long as the yeast was ingested. Cramer (75) found that rats on a vitamin free diet had leucOpenia. Bats on a diet poor in vitamin 3 showed leucOpenia. Rate on diets low in A and B showed no different results from those on diet low in B. A norml leucocyte count was found in rats on a diet deficient in vitamin A, but with an abundance of B. Feeding vitamin B in the form of yeast after caus- ing leucopenia by its deficiency, immediately causes a return to the normal "count level". Dr. Cramer then concluded that the effect of vitamin-rich diets in causing leucocytosis (chiefly lymphocytosis) was due to a stimulation of the functional activity of lymphoid tissue and that this is associated with more rapid growth and a general improvement in condition. Mitchell (76) found that bottle fed babies do not constantly show leu- cocytosis, but that more show leucOpenia. This decrease is greatest from one to two and one half hours after taking milk when the count tends to be- come normal again. When a rise in count does occur it is usually immedi- ately after feeding and begins to decline within thirty mirmtes after tak— (C H ‘ ing the milk, Crying, struggling or cooling the part of the body from which the blood is drawn increases the count. Adelsburger (77) reported that after taking its mother's milk, infants show immediate leucopenia. Artifical food mixtures cause or induce leucocytosis. The changes in leucocyte count nere not influ- enced by the bacterial flora of the milk ingested. These results are in direct contradiction of the results reported by'Nitchell. Liotta (78) use able to induce a slight leucocytosis in guinea pigs by feeding them a diet of cats until they were reduced to scurvy. Puxeddu (79) was able to show that sodium bicarbonate taken orally, even while fastiig caused leucopenia in addition to its indirect effect by reducing the hydrochloric acid of the stomach. He also found that hydrochloric acid taken while fasting induced leucocytosiS. Pagniez and Plichet found that the ingestion of EO~150 cc. of 0.4 per cent hydrochloric acid caused leucocytosis in normal subjects. This increase in leucocyte count is quite analogoug in degree and in duration to that observed after the ingestion of a protein rich meal. A patient suffering from gastric neoplasm and showing marked achlorhydria, and who usually reacted with leucopenia after a protein meal (milk) showed a distinct leucocytosis after the ingestion of hydrochloric acid. This led Pagniez and Plichet to believe that the secretion and absorption of hydrochloric acid during digestion furnishes at least one factor in the mechanism of alimentary leucocytosis. Ciaccio (81) also found that leucocytosis occurred in thirty minutes after the introduction of hydrochloric acid into the stomach of a fostin dog, reaching a maximum in about one hour, then diminishing and disappear- 29 ing between the second sndpfifth hours. In some individuals leucocytosis was preceded by leucopenis. Cisccio believed that digestive leucocytosis then was not due to the digestion of proteins but to the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach during digestion. ' Seyderhelm (82) and Hsmonn reported that ether, (CHCl3) chloroform, ethyl bromide, chloral hydrate, urethan, alcohol, sulfonsl and morphine when administered orally to rabbits in quantities to cause nercosis, also cause leucocytosis. The degree of leucocytosis depends upon the severity of the narcosis. Seapolamine, does not cause narcosis, neitherdoes it cause leucocytosis. They concluded that the leucocytosis was in response to the toxin effects of the drug or chemical rather than a. reaction to the so-called fatigue leucocytosis as indicated by the correlation between the production of narcosis and leucocytosis. Adelsberger (77) found that the application of concentrated salt so- lutions to the intestines led to leucocytosis. After the feeding there is a. great individual variation as to the time of the appearance of the leucocytosis, but it usually occurs in from two to three hours. According to Dixon (83) colchicin taken orally causes leucOpenie. at first, chiefly of the polymorphonuclesrs, then a rise in count to above normal number, eusing leucocytosis. The cells increased in number and became swollen. ;. Colchicin causes a slow death unless given in increasing- ly large doses. De Rengi and Boeri (84) found that calomel, sublimete, magiesium, sulphate, podOphyllin and croton when introduced into the intestine cause an increase in the leucocytes throughout the system. However, they were 5O unable to demonstrate any protective action against disease by this leu- cocytosis. . Schwartz (85) took thirty patients suffering with various diseases and treated them for thirty days with amounts of silicon dioxide mineral water. In every case there was a decided increase in the leucocytic content of the ' blood. He attributed this leucocytosis to the mineral water. According to hoth (86) quinine given in single doses acted as follows: (1) Preliminary leucocytosis appeared shortly after drug is given and is probably caused by a contraction of the spleen and other tissue. (2) Len- cepenia followed in one to two hours. (3) A secondary leucocytosis was very ' marked. If administered to a dog for a long period the blood picture is es- sentially the same, but death results. High protein diets cause greater leucocytosis than other types of diets. Any diet after fasting will increase the leucocyte count. In fasting the count usually remains about constant or may decrease. Pure diets of liver or spleen tissue cause leucOpenia. l-Iany drugs taken orally cause leucocy- tosis. Any causing narcosis cause leucocytosis. Parturition and the Leucocyte Count Baer (87) found leucocytosis during pregnancy, appearing during the ninth month and increasing until after parturition. Leucocytosis was more marked in primiparas than in secundiparss and slight in women who have borne more than three children. The maxim of the curve was reached the first day of puerperium, after which there was a rapid and constant decline to 31 about the tenth day when the count was again normal. Leucocytosis he found was increased by a duration of labor beyond twenty-four hours. The onset of lactation did not affect the count except in primi- paras, on the fourth day there was a slight elevation in count over the count of the preceding day. Age was no factor except in primiparas. WOmsn.twenty years old or younger in primipara showed greater leucocyto- sis than any other group. Hofbaurr (88) claimed that there is a distinct leucocytosis during and after parturition, up to twelve hours when the count began to gradu» ally dr0p to normal again. Henderson (89) gave the normal leucocyte count of women as 8,000; immediately after parturition as 21,000; and 12,000 at the end of five days after parturition. Hibbard and White (90) found leucocytosis present in.over 75 per cent of all labor cases. Leucocytosis was more frequent and higher in.primip- ara than in other cases. During convalescence the count fell, rapddly at first, and then slower until the leucocytic content of the blood was again normal. About the seventh day they found there was usually a small secondary rise in.the count. They found the count to be universally higher in young'women.during puerperium, regardless of the number of children.pre- (viously borne by them. Hibbard and White (90) found that the count me.» creased as the labor advanced, being highest at the completion of labor. They found that breast inflammation even though mild causes an im- mediate leucocytosis, so a leucocyte count is of no value in the diagnosis of a breast abscess. 52 All authorities agree that there is a decided leucocytosis during primipara and secundipara but that it is much less severe in polypara and less severe in in older women than in young women, and that preg- nancy does not cause leucocytosis. Leucocytosis due to parturition usually disappears in from five to twelve days after labor is complete. Heat and Cold and Leucocyje Count Lapinski and Svenson (91) found that cold baths temporarily increased the leucocyte count in humans. Thayer (92) also found a very distinct in- crease in leucocyte count as early as thirty minutes after a cold bath. Hames (95) worked with 29 humans. He found an increase in leucocyte count from 3,000 to 5,000 or more per cubic millimeter of blood in every case, fifteen minutes after natural or induced sweating. In some cases ‘the increase amounted to 100 per cent. One half hour after being wiped dry and being transferred to a fresh bed, their leucocyte counts were back to normal. Apparently a change of external temperature, surrounding the body to either extreme, hot or cold, induces temporary leucocytosis. Light Rays and the leucocyte Count Orr (94) found no constant difference in the leucocytecounts of. pa- tients located in the ward and those treated in the open air with only their faces exposed. Patients suffering from fever and having leucocytosis in the ward showed a slight decrease in leucocyte count when treated in the open air with only their faces exposed. The lowering of the leucocyte 35 count was probably due to the alleviation of the fever and not to the ex-- posure. Taylor (95) reported that theexposure of white men to the tropical sun tended to increase the number of lymphocytes in their blood resulting in lymphocytosis. He compared the action.of the sun.on men to the action of x-rays on.small animals. He ascribes the action.to the ultra-violet light or ray, which is rather high in the trepical sun. Aschenhein (96) subjected 51 patients to a leucocyte count before and after one hour's exposure of the naked body to the direct action.of the sun's light. In 80 per cent of the cases he found there was a general leup cocytosis in the peripheral blood, a relative increase in lymphocytes and a decrease in polymorphs. Lymphocytosis is regarded by many authors as a defensive reaction.against tuberculosis. Aschenhein suggest that this may account for the favorable action of sunlight in combating tuberculosis. Campbell and Hill (97) found that ultra-violet rays markedly increased the leucocytic content of frog's blood. Clark (98) obtained the following results by direct radiation on rab- bit's ears of light from.an.iron.arc. (1) Region of ultra violet light has no effect on absolute number of polymorphs ( wave shorter than 300 microns) but produces a marked lymphocytosis which lasted about three weeks. (2) The near ultra violet light (350 - 390 microns) has a marked depressing effect on the lymphocytes and to a less degree on the polymorphonuclears. (3) The region.between 450 - 650 microns has a stimulating action on both, and (4) the wave lengths longer than 650 microns (red and infra-red light) produce no effect on blood beyond the immediate drop in lymphocytes which 34 occurs upon exposure to light of any kind. mattrom.and Russ (99) exposed white rats to "soft Xérays" (low penetrating power) for twelve minutes. At the end of that time they found that leucOpenia to the extent of 50 per cent or more had resulted. Exposure to B rays for 54 minutes also produced leucOpenia, but to a slightly less degree than the "soft Xpray", probably due to its lower penetrating power. Buchanan (100) used X-ray treatment for leukemia and found an im- mediate and rapid reduction.in the leucocyte count. Others not mentioned here noted the same results. Buchanan ascribed the lowering of the count to (l) inhibiting of over production of leucocytes by the red bone-marrow and (2) a destructive influence on.the white cells themselves. Cramer (75) found that xprays destroyed the circulating lymphocytes. ' Sunlight then increases the leucocyte count but exposure to Xerays and B ray lowered the white cell count, being especially effective in destroying the circulating lymphocytes. Exercise and Position and Leucocyte Count Jorgensen (101) found the leucocyte count of man to be higher when reclining than when erect. In some cases the involved increase in count may be as high as 100 per cent. The high count remains practically con» stant as long as the position is maintained. The change in count occurred whether the change in position.was affected immediately or gradually. Castrien (102) reported that a marked increase in lymphocytes and polynuclears followed muscular exertion resulting in.an increase of the 35 total white cell count. This Castrein attributed to the driving out of the leucocytes from the blood forming organs. Wry _o_£ Review 33. Literature Leucocytes are small colorless phagocytic cells found in blood and body tissues, whose chief function is the defense of the body against bacterial invasion. They have their origin in the red bone marrow and the lymph nodes. There are several types of leucocytes, each type ap- parently having a specific function in combating disease. The number of leucocytes normally found in cows' blood varies from 5,000 to l0,000 with an average of 8,000 per cubic millimeter of blood in mature cattle. Sex and castration have no influence on the number. Young cattle have a higher leucocyte count than mature animals, 13,000 per cubic millimeter being about the average for calves at birth but 15,000 is considered normal. The count normally decreases during the night and increases during the day, being greatest around five o'clock. It increases after each meal except the last one of the day. . Among the natural causes (causes occurring in nature) of leucocytosis, disease is probably the most important from a health standpoint. If an animal becomes infected with either a local infection or an in- fectious disease there follows a preliminary leucOpenia which corresponds to the period of invasion of the organism. In all cases of infection and all diseases, except typhoid fever, there follows a gradual increase in leucocyte count, or leucocytosis. This indicates that the animal body is resisting the disease. In typhoid fever there follows a continued fall in total white cell count but the per cent of eosinophils increases. Leucocytosis in typhoid indicates perforation. Digestive leucocytosis occurs after the ingestion of food of any kind. It appears to be due to a combination of chemical stimulation and a physical stimulation due to the presence of food in the stomach. It appears to be a precaution of nature against dangerous bacteria which may gain entrace to the body by way of the digestive tract. Diet also affects the leucocyte count. Foods high in protein or acid in nature tend to raise the count. Pregnancy does not affect the leucocyte count but parturition causes leucocytosis. Either extreme heat or cold on the body surface causes leucocytosis. Xpray and B ray causes leucopenia and ultra-violet ray tends to in- crease the white cell count. Sunlight on the body, or exposure to trOpic- al weather all tend to increase the leucocyte count. ZMusoular exertion increases the count. There is also an increase in man's blood upon reclining. Since some foods, sunlight, all infectious diseases, and some nutri— tional diseases cause a change in the leucocyte count of humans, it is very probable that feed will also affect the count of bovine blood. 37 mmzmiznznm 3.70mi. OBJECT OF EECPERILIEIIT Authorities agree that pathological conditions affect the leucocyte count of the blood. Several investigators found that diet affected the white cell count of the blood of rats. Investigators agree that ingestion of food causes a digestive leuco- cytosis, which varies in duration and intensity with the type of food in- gested. In the course of experiments conducted by the Department of Dairy Husbandry, leucocyte counts were made in gathering data on the various animals on experiment. These counts showed variations much greater than should be found in normal animals on a normal diet. The object of this experiment is to determine the effect 3f different rations on the leucocyte count of the blood of dairy cattle. PLAN OF EXPERIMENT 1. It is planned to feed rations restricted in quality and quantity of roughage in order to study their effect, if any, on the leucocyte count of the animals' blood. 2. The rations fed in some cases will develop nutritional diseases and disorders. Where these develop the basal ration.will be supplemented in an attempt to cure the disease. It is planned to use as many calves on as widely varying rations as possible in order to study the variations caused in leucocyte count by a change in, or restriction of roughage. 38 A leucocyte count of the animals' blood will be taken each week or oftener if the condition of the animal warrants it. This will be done in orderato get a "leucocyte curve" rather than individual counts. Determinations will also be made of the blood calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, carbon dioxide, non-protein nitrogen. A study will also be made to determine if there is a seasonal varia- tion in the leucocyte count of an animal's blood irregardless of other con-g dit ions . Observations regarding health and appearance of the animals will be made from time to time. MismIOD OF PROCEDURE Choice 23 Animals Grade Holstein, Jersey, and Brown Swiss calves were used in this experiment. The rations fed consisted of the following feeds: (1) whole milk from Holstein herd, (2) skim milk from mixed dairy herd, (3) powdered calcium carbonate ,acid phosphate ,sodium carbonate, tri-calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate,iron oxide all chemically pure, (4) finely ground limestone rock, raw rock phosphate, bone meal, commercial grades, (5) precipitated bone meal, (6) syrup of iron phosphate U. S. P., (7) alfalfa meal, finely powdered green alfalfa leaves, (8) cat hulls, outer covering of the cat grain, (9) wheat straw, (10) wheat bran, (11) Norwegian cod liver oil, (12) oxidized Norwegian cod liver oil, (13) tanlmge, sixty per cent protein, (14) blood meal, eighty per cent protein, (15) flowers of 59 sulphur, (16) pure corn starch, (17) alfalfa tea, the water extract of alfalfa hay, (18) alfalfa mineral mixture, composed of finely powdered chemically pure minerals. Preparation 33 Feeds Oxidized cod liver oil was prepared by passing air through cod liver oil heated to a temperature of one hundred and forty degrees Centigrade for a period of twelve hours. The alfalfa tea, was the water extract of alfalfa hay prepared by leaching the dried green alfalfa hay with luke warm water for twentyafour hours. - The alfalfa mineral mixture was prepared by the tabulated amounts of finely powdered materials: 1,565.0 gr. Casein' 56.0 Na2.H P04 26.6 ‘ Na 01 47.5 ms H 003 162.0 K2 $04 26.4 K 005 282.2 Ca 003 140.0 mg 003 The syrup of iron phosphate was made by dissolving eight and six tenths grams of iron wire in sixtybtwo and five tenths cubic centimeters of phosphoric acid diluted with sixty-two and five tenths cubic centimet- ers of distilled water. The resulting solution.was then filtered into seven.hundred cubic centimeters of U. S. P. syrup and made up to one liter by adding distilled water. Ears, Shelter 1111; Feeding Methods The animals were under the care of a competent feeder under the super- visien.of the men in charge of the experiment. The animals were sheltered in the experimental barn. They were all kept and fed in individual stalls and allowed to exercise in a lot which was free of all edible material. In all except a few noted cases the animals were bedded on shavings. The animals had free access to water in the exercise lot. The animals were fed regularly twice daily. IMilk scales, graduated in tenths of one pound, were used in.weighing all milk and concentrates. Silage and dry roughage were weighed on.a larger set of pound scales. Supplements as, cod liver oil, oxidized cod liver oil, raw linseed oil, paraffin oil and syrup of iron phosphate were measured in a cylinder graduated in cubic centimeters. Ferric oxide and minerals of its nature fed in small amounts were weighed on small gram balances. All feeds used as supplements to milk were stirred into it well before feeding. .Haterials used as supplements to the grain ration.were mixed with it before feeding. weighing All animals on the experiment were weighed when started and at inter- vals of ten.days thereafter. At the end of each thirty days, the animals were weighed on three consecutive days. The average of the three were tak- en as the animal's true weight. All weighings were made early in the morn- ing'before feeding or watering. measurements The following measurements of each animal were taken the first of each month: highest point at the withers and height at the rump, depth and wi th of chest, width of barrel, hooks and thurls, the circumference of chest and barrel, the length of rump and length from hook point to point of shoulder. Record .93. Feed The feeder kept a permanent record of all feed given each animal at each feeding period. Health Observations All symptoms of sickness and disease were recorded each day in a book provided for that purpose. Collection of Blood Samples Blood samples were taken regularly each week for blood cell counts. A sample was taken simultaneously for chemical analysis. The blood was drawn from the juglar vein without stasis. The blood for the blood cell counts was allowed to flow freely into the palm of the hand, which had pre- viously been washed and dried with alcohol. From.the hand five tenths of a cubic millimeter of blood was drawn into a Spencer blood counting pip- ette and diluted with Toisson's Fluid (appendix) giving a dilution of 1:200. Toisson's fluid stains the leucocytes a deep blue and leaves the erythrocytes unstained, thus permdtting both types of blood cells to be counted from the same sample. After thoroughly mixing with the diluting fluid a sample of the diluted blood is placed on a Spencer-Thoma-Ziess haemacytometer to be counted. The Spencer-Thoma-Ziess haemacytometer is ruled into four hundred squares measuring one-twentieth of a millimeter on the side. The film of blood in the counting chamber is one tenth of a millimeter thick, after the cover glass is in place. The haemocytometer is then placed under the microsc0pe and the cells counted under "high power" lens. The leucocytes in the entire four hundred squares were counted and the total multiplied by two thousand to obtain the leucocyte count per 42 cubic millimeter of blood. For the red cell count only the cells in twenty-five squares in each corner of the ruled area or one hundred of the four hundred squares were counted and the total multiplied by eight thousand to obtain the red cell content of one cubic millimeter of blood. The samples of blood drawn for chemical analysis were drawn from the juglar vein into a special tube under paraffin oil with lithium citrate as an anti- coagulant. The chemical analyses were run by the Department of Experiment Station Chemistry. Autopsy 93 Animals All animals that died or were killed were autOpsied by the Depart- ment of Animal Pathology. EXPERIl’ENTAL DATA A description of the calves used in this experiment will be found_ in Table Number I of the appendix. Tables showing the leucocyte count of the blood of each animal and the ration of each animal from time to time, as well as other information about the animal, will be found with the discussion of each animal. In Table Number In on page 43 of the appendix will be found a tabu- latedresume of the results of the experiment. 2:33.. 2:22. as. gas. 222. sag-23 These grade Holstein (0-51, 0-42, 0-53, C-54, C-62) and Jersey (0-40) calves were placed on a diet of whole milk at birth. Shavings were used f or bedding. Notes and Observations Rene of these calves made normal growth after threemonths of age. They were all in poor physical condition.and showed lack of pr0per nutri- tion. 0-31 died in convulsions at 175 days, 0-42 at 348 days and 0-54 at 173 days of age. 0-40 died from.paralysis at 465 days of age and 0-53 died at night at the end of 272 days, probably in a convulsion. 0-62 is 186 days old and still alive, but is in poor physical condition. 0-31 gave a leucocyte curve above the normal level. 0-40 gave alter- nate periods of high and normal counts but no counts were below normal. The leucocyte count of the blood of calf 0-42 was normal most of the time. 0-53 showed alternate periods of normal and high leucocyte counts. The blood of 0-54 was normal in respect to leucocytes up to 89 days of age, at which time the count increased and continued a little above normal un- til the animal died in a convulsion at which time the leucocyte count was normal again. 0-31 Holstein Bull Calf Born 7-7-24 Date Age Ration ' Count 10-21-24 105 Whole Milk 23,000 12- 3-24 149 28,000 12-10-24 156 10,000 12-15-24 161 24,000 12-29-24 175 35,000 12-29-24 175 Died in convulsion 0-40 Jersey Bull Born 11-14-24 Date Age Ration Count 1-10-25 57 Whole Milk 14,000 7-7-25 255 8,000 7-15-25 241 8,000 7-21-25 249 , 12,000 7-28-25 6 255 50,000 8- 4-25 255 24,000 8-12-25 271 14,000 8-20-25 279 22,000 8-25-25 285 15,000 9- 4-25 ' 294 18,000 9-10-25 500 10,000 9-16-25 505 5,000 10-21-25 541 12,000 10-28-25 548 15,000 11- 4-25 555 8,000 11-11-25 552 8,000 11-18-25 559 5,000 11-28-25 579 12,000 12- 2-25 585 15,000 12- 9-25 590 25,000 12-15-25 597 25,000 12-25-25 404 22,000 1- 5-25 . 418 8,000 1-15-25 427 8,000 0-40 (Cont inued) Date Age Ration Count 1-20-26 432 Whole Milk 18,000 1-23-26 435 18,000 1-29-26 441 20,000 2- 6-26 449 18,000 2-12-26 455 24,000 2-17-26 460 14,000 2-19-25 452 ' 12,000 2-22-26 465 Died paralyzed ’ 0-42 Holstein Heifer Born 1-3-25 Date age Ration Count 7- 7-25 185 Whole Milk . 8,000 7-13-25 191 8,000 7-21-25 199 8,000 7-28-25 206 22,000 8- 4-25 213 10,000 8-11-25 220 14,000 8-18-25 227 22,000 8-19-25 228 14,000 8-20-25 _ 229 10,000 I-21-25 230 16,000 8-26-25 236 24,000 9- 4-25 244 8,000 9-10-25 250 15,000 0—42 (Continued) Date Age Ration Count 9-15-25 255 Whole Kilk 12,000 10- 7-25 277 16,000 10-21-25 291 10,000 10-28-25 298 - 15,000 11- 4-25 305 12,000 11-11-25 312 8,000 11-18-25 319 4,000 11-25-25 525 8,000_ 12-2-25 333 8,000 12- 8-25 339 4,000 12-16-25 347 10,000 12-17-25 348 Died in convulsion 0-53 Holstein Bull Calf Born 5-17-25 Date Age Ration Count 6-25-25 39 Whole Milk 16,000 7- 7-25 51 10,000 7-13-25 57 14,000 7-21-25 65 24,000 7-28-25 72 20,000 8- 4-25 79 12,000 8-20-25 95 ' 12,000 8-26-25 101 14,000 9- 4-25 110 16,000 9-10-25 116 22,000 Date 9-16-25- 10-14-25 10-21-25 10-28-25 11-5-25 11-11-25 11-18-25 11-25-25 11-28-25 12-3-25 12-10-25 12-17-25 1-6-26 1-16-26 1-22-26 1-27-26 2-6-26 2-12-26 2-13-26 Date 6-25-25 7-7-25 7-13-25 7-21—25 122 150 15? 164 172 178 185 192 195 200 207 214 234 244 250 255 265 271 272 56 68 74 82 0-53 (Continued) Ration Whote Milk Died 0-54 Holstein Bull Calf Born 4-30-25 Ration Whole Milk Count 20,000 12,000 8,000 22,000 18,000 12,000 12,000 2,000 16,000 10,000 24,000 20,000 24,000 12,000 16,000 10,000 12,000 5,000 Count 4,000 8,000 8,000 10,000 47 Date 7-28-25 8-4-25 8-13-25 8-19-25 8-27-25 9-17-25 10-20-25 Date 12-2-25 12-9-25 12—16-25 12-23-25 1—8-26 1-16-26 1-22-26 1-27-26 2-3-26 2-10-26 2-17-26 2—24-26 3-5-26 3-12-26 3-19-26 3-26-26 89 96 105 111 119 140 173 26 33 49 57 63 68 75 82 89 96 105 112 119 126 0-54 (Continued) Ration Who 1 e 15.1 11: Died in Convu1sion C-62 Holstein Bull Calf Born 11-20-25 Ration Whole Edlk Count 22,000 14,000 22,000 16,000 12,000 14,000 10,000 Count 6,000 3,000 6,000 6,000 10,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 6,000 20,000 4,000 10,000 14,000 4,000 6,000 12,000 48 Date 4-1-26 4-9-26 4-16—26 4-25-26 4—50-26 0-62 has shown a nearly normal leucocyte curve with only five points of the curve above the normal limits and four below the normal limit. Therefore, in the group on whole milk alone, two animals showed an increased leucocytic blood content, three which had alternate periods of high and normal counts, and two which were 154 161 181 186 C-63 (Continued) Ration Whole Milk Count 26,000 14,000 4,000 8,000 8,000 14,000 8,000 49 normal at first but were above normal as the experiment advanced. In cases where the animals' leucocyte count fell in the range of normality the count was usually near the upper limits of the range rather than the average or the lower limit of a normal count. Calf 0-16. This calf was placed on a ration free from grass or hay. At the age of 190 days, the first blood count was taken, the last one at 706 days. During this time, the ration was varied somewhat. Whole milk, skimmilk, cod liver oil, alfalfa mineral mix, b1ood meal, '=7svrup of iron phosphate, sodium chloride and oathulls were fed during the-experiment. She was bedded with shavings. Notes and Observations. Except for a very few instances, this animal showed a high leucocyte count and of these all except the last one, which was six thousand.per cubic millimeter, were above the average for normal bovine blood. This animal was suffering from depraved appetite over the entire period covered by the blood counts and was still afflicted with the disease when dropped from this experiment. The mineral supplements were used in attempt to alleviate this con- dition but all attempts were unsuccessful. In October 1924, the animal develOped an emaciated and run down condition. Consequently, half of the skimmilk of the ration was replaced by whole milk at this time. The animal was muzzled while in the exercise lot but not in the barn. During the winter months, this animal consumed about four pounds, daily, of the shavings used for bedding. It is obvious that the high count and depraved appetite were neither due to an absence of minerals or a lack of roughage or volume in the ration. 0-16 Holstein Heifer born 10-13-23 Date Age Ration Count 4-20-24 190 Whole milk, alfalfa mineral, 21,000 cod liver oil 5.20-24 220 41,000 51 0-16 (continued) Date Age Ration Count Whole milk, alfalfa mineral 7-14—24 275 cod liver oil 23,000 8-7-24 299 7-29-24 blood meal added 8,000 8-28-24 syrup of iron phosphate added 9-15-24 skimmilk added 10-21-24 313 11,000 12-1-24 415 12-26-24 whole and skimmilk and 18,000 syrup of iron phosphate 1-20-25 465 16,000 1-31-25 476 4—25-25 skimmilk discontinued 18,000 7-17-25 640 7-17-25 oat hulls added 10,000. 8-20-25 677 12,000 9-10-25 698 24,000 9-18-25 706 6,000 Calf 0-22. A grade Holstein calf born December 15, 1923, was placed on a whole milk and alfalfa tea diet. The ration was varied later according to the condition of the animal. Whole and skimmilk, alfalfa tea, cod liver oil, wood ashes, tankage, syrup of iron phosphate, wheat bran and iron oxide were fed. Shavings were used for bedding. Mani Observations. 0-22 was 122 days 'of age when first bled for blood count and 635 days old when taken off experiment. This animal's leucocyte count was above the average for bovine blood in all cases and above normal limits in all except three instances. 0-22 was on a diet similar to that fed 0-16. 0-22 deve10ped de- praved appetite about June 6, 1924, and her leucocyte count was 52 higher before this date than after it. On December 5, 1924, 0-22 was down in her stall unable to rise, due to a weakened condition. The blood count at this time was no higher than it had been.previously. The following day, however, she was able to get on her feet without assistance, but walked with diffi- culty. This animal showed a high leucocyte count without roughage. This animal did not eat shavings, but develOped a craving for hair. In may, 1925, she regurgitated three hair bflllSQ 0-22 Holstein Heifer Born 12-17-23 Date Age Ration Count 4-15-24 122 Whole milk and alfalfa tea 34,000 5-20-24 15? 145,000 6-24-24 192 6-11-24 wood ashes added 35,000 6-25-24 tankage added 7-14-24 212 God liver oil added 10,000 8-7-24 236 ‘ 15,000 10-22-24 312 8-28-24 syrup of iron phosphate 23,000 added 9-17-24 whole and skimmilk added half and half 12-1-24 352 11,000 12-5-24 356 16,000 1-20-25 402 Wheat bran added 20,000 12-26-24 syrup of iron phosphate discontinued 1-15-25 wood ashed discontinued 1-25-25 cod liver oil " 1.51-25 413 4-25-25 no skim, all whole milk 23,000 6-23-25 iron oxide added 55 0-22:{Continued). Date Age Ration Count 7-20-25 - 583 _s,ooo 8-17-25 611 15,000 9-10-25 635 ' 15,000 Calf 0-25. A grade Jersey heifer born.April 1, 1924, was placed on a whole milk ration. She was bled first at 49 days of age and continued on the experiment until she died in a convulsion August 5, 1925. The diet varied from time to time, depending on the condition of the calf. Whole milk, oxidized cod liver oil, un- oxidized cod liver oil, bone flour, bone meal, syrup of iron phosphate, alfalfa meal and wheat bran were fed during the exper- iment . Shavings were used for bedding. Notes and Observations. 0-25 showed a leucocyte curve very similar to 0-16 and 0-22, her white cell count being the average or above during the experiment and in all except four cases it was higher than the limits of a normal white cell count. This heifer also deve10ped a depraved appetite, but it apparently did not affect the leucocyte count. On December 15, 1924, she was placed on a diet of whole milk and wheat bran which ameliorated the depraved appetite, but did not appreciably affect the leucocy- tic content of the blood. On August 5, 1925, this calf died in a convulsion. The leucocyte count was exceedingly high on August 1, being 38,000 per cubic millemeter. 0-16, 0-22, 0-25 receiving very similar rations, all without hay or grass, showed a leucocyte count almost uniformly above the limit of normal variation. Date 5-20-24 6-24—24 8-7-24 9-8-24 10-9-24 10-21-24 12-1-24 12-15-24 1-7-25 1-31-25 2-7-25 2-12-25 7-10-25 8-1-25 8-5—25 Age 49 84 128 160 191 C-25 Jersey Heifer Born 4-1-25. Ration 17110 1‘3 mi 1k 6-9-24 cod liver oil Oxidized cod liver oil for cod liver oil 7-19-24 bone flour added 8-28-24 syrup of iron phosphate added, cod liver oil discontinued Alfalfa meal added, bone flour stepped Alfalfa meal stapped, wheat bran added Died convulsion 0-18, 0-19, 0-20 and 0-21. Count 28,000 17,000 14,000 31,000 25,000 25,000 8,000 2,000 20,000 16,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 38,000 These four grade Holsteins were born November 6, hovember 8, Hovember 24 and December 17, 1923, respectively. They were raised under practically the same conditions until four months of age. During this period their ration consisted of whole milk, skimmilk, corn, oats and timothy hay [ad libitum). At the end of four months they were placed on a ration of timothy hay (one pound daily), potatoes Ltd a grain mixture of the followilg composition: 150,0} howiny 100.0% distillers grain 50.0% wheat bran 25.0% cotton seed meal 2.0% sodium chloride 1.0} sodiun phosphate 1.0% di-sodium phosphate 0.5% magnesium carbonate 0.5f magnesium phosphate 0.25; potassium chloride 0.25; potassium carbonate 20.0 grams iron lactate Heifers 0-18 and C-20 received the above grain mixture and five pounds of potatoes in addition to the one round of timothy hay. The amount of grain was increased until the animals were getting eight pounds daily. 0-19 and 0-21 received the sane rations except that three per cent of the grain mixture consisted of calcium carbonate. Shavings were used for bedding. Notes and ObservatiOns. These animals were bled the first time after being on this ration from three to five months, depending on the animals. All of them had depraved appetite at the time of the first bleeding, August 11, 1924. All four of the aninmls showed an abnormal leucocyte count at this time but 0-18 and C-20, (n (:1 the calves receiving a basal ration low in calcium showed a much higher count than either calf receiving calcium carbonate. The counts taken later however, do not indicate that the cal- cium carbonate has any effect in keeping the leucocyte count 10W. This ration was adequate in every respect except an abundance of well cured hay. The leucocyte count was abnormally high in all four animals, except one or two counts on three of the animals, C-18 being above normal in every instance. C-18 Holstein Heifer Born 11-6-23. Date Age Ration Count 8-11-24 279 Grain, timothy and potatoes 42,000 9-26-24 325 ’ 27,000 10-23-24 552 18,000 12.2-24 592 21,000 12-15-24 405 . 18,000 1-20-25 441 16,000 7-13-25 615 16,000 8-18-25 651 28,000 9-10-25 674 12,000 0-19 Holstein Heifer Born 11-24-23. Date Age Ration Count 8-11-24 261 Grain (CaCoz), timothy and 24,000 potatoes 9-25-24 30? 13,000 C-19 (Continued). 5? Date Age Ration Count 10-23-24 334 Grain (Ca0o3), timothy and potatoes 32,000 12-2-24 374 25,000 12-15-24 587 28 ,000 12-17-24 309 22,000 1-7-25 410 22,000 1-20-25 423 22,000 7-10-25 594 12,000 7-29-25 613 34,000 8-18-25 33 20,000 9-10-25 656 12,000 1-7-26 775 6,000 C-20 Holstein Heifer Born 11-8-25. Date Age Eat ion Count 8-11-24 25? Grain, timothy and Potatoes. 103,000 Same as C-18. NO Ca 003. 10-23-24 330 27,000 12-2-24 370 11,000 12-15-24 583 16,000 1-20-25 419 28,000 7-13-25 593 8,000 8-20-25 631 4,000 9-15-25 657 “18,000 0-21 Holstein Heifer Born 12—17-23. Date Age Ration Count 8-11-24 250 Grain, timothy and potatoes 19,000 (5; Ca 005). Same as C-19. 10-24-24 314 42,000 12—2—24 353 17,000 1-20-25 402 50,000 7-13-25 576 18,000 8-20-25 614 20,000 9-13—25 658 20,000 11-10-25 696 12,000 11-13-25 699 6,000 11-25-25 711 8,000 Died 11-28-25 0-27, 0-56, 0.60, C-61 and 0-64. These are grade Holsteins, except C-64, which is a Holstein, Brown-Swiss cross. C-27, 0-58, 0-60 and C-61 are bull claves, and C-64 is a heifer calf. 0-27 and C-64 were fed a ration of whole milk and syrup of iron phosphate. The others were fed a normal ration of whole milk or skimmilk, corn and oats, alfalfa hay and cod liver oil until from three to four months of age. At this time they were placed on the experiment with a diet of whole milk and syrup of iron phosphate. Shavings were used for bedding. Notes and Observations. None of these calves showed depraved appetite. The leucocyte count of C-27's blood was continually high, both before and after feeding syrup of iron phosphate,with an occasional normal count. The leucocytes in the blood of 0-58 varied greatly but the count usually remained within the "normal limits", occasion- ally going below normal, as well as above. C-60 showed a high leucocytic blood content,continua11y. C-61 acted in much the same manner as C-58, giving both high and low leucocyte counts, but having a normal count the majority ot the tine. C-64 shows a normal leucocyte count in every instance, save on.march 31, 1926 when it rose to 20,000 per cubic millimeter of blood and may 22, 1926 when it again reached the same figure. C-27 Holstein Bull Calf Born 5-8-24. Date Age Ration Count 8-18-24 102 Whole milk, syrup of iron phOSphate 51,000 10-22-24 167 20,000 12-1-24 20? 10,000 12-10-24 216 12,000 1-7-25 244 26,000 1-51-25 268 30,000 2-7-25 275 910,000 7-10-25 428 16,000 7-27-25 445 7-15-25 syrup of iron phosphate 18,000 discontinued 8-1-25 450 2 6 ,000 8-6-25 455 32,000 Date 8-7-25 8-8-25 8-10-25 9-10-25 9-18-25 5-5-26 3-20-26 Date 8-28-25 9-2-25 9-8-25 10-9-25 10-12-25 10-22-25 10-28-25 11-6-25 11-20-25 12-3-25 12—11-25 12-17-25 1-11-26 Age 456 457 666 681 Age 11 42 45 7O 84 97 105 111 156 0-27 (Continued). Ration Whole milk 9-20-25 alfalfa added 12-21-25 " stepped 2-9-26 syrup added again Hilled(Butcher) C-58 Holstein Bull Calf Born 8-28-25. Ration Whole milk Cod liver oil and alfalfa added Skim for Whole milk Corn and oats added Whole for skimmilk. Syrup of iron phosphate added Whole milk and syrup of iron phosphate sole diet Count 22,000 24,000 6,000 12,000 24,000 16,000 Count 8,000 24,000 6,000 14,000 8,000 5,000 20,000 8,000 ~ 10,000 60 Date 1-18-26 1-25-26 2-10-26 2-17-26 2-24-26 3-3-26 3-10-26 3-17-26 5-24-26 3-31-26 4-7-26 4-14-26 4-21-26 4-28-26 5-12-26 5-20-26 5-25-26 Date 10-7-25 10-12-25 11-6-25 Age 145 150 166 173 180 187 194 201 208 215 229 236 243 257 265 270 C-58 (Continued). Ration Whole milk and syrup of iron phOSphate C-60 Holstein Bull Calf Born 10-7-25. Age 0 50 Ration T111016 milk Cod liver oil added Alfalfa added Count 14,000 6,000 8,000 6,000 16,000 2,000 8,000 12,000 12,000 2,000 112,000 10,000 5,000 4,000 4,000 10,000 5,000 Count 10,000 16,000 61 Date 11-20-25 12-1-25 12-4-25 12-11-25 12-51-25 1-11-26 1-18-26 1-25-26 1-28-26 Date 11-6-25 11-11-25 12-4-25 1-10-26 1-11-26 1-18-26 1-25-26 2-9-26 2-10-26 2-17-26 55 58 65 85 86 105 110 115 Age 28 65 66 73 80 95 96 105 C-60 (Continued). Ration Whole milk, cod liver oil and alfalfa Corn and oats added Syrup of iron phosphate added, alfalfa discontinued Died pneumonia and kidney trouble C-61 Holstein Bull Calf Born 11-6-25 Ration Whole milk Cod liver oil and alfalfa added Skim for whole milk, corn and oats added Whole milk and iron phosphate sole diet Count 14,000 16,000 10,000 18,000 16,000 10,000 Count 14,000 2,000 15,000 . 4,000 4,000 12,000 6,000 62 C-6l (Continued). Date Age Ration Count 2-24-26 110 fihole milk and iron phosphate 12,000 3-3-26 117 12,000 3-10-26 124 8,000 3-17-26 131 12,000 3-24-26 138 14,000 3-31-26 145 16,000 4—7-26 152 2,000 4-14-26 159 8,000 4-21-26 166 8,000 4-28-26 173 16,000 4-30-26 175 8,000 5-12-26 187 p 14,000 5-20-26 195 4,000 5-25-26 200 10,000 C-64 Brown-Swiss Heifer Born 2-22-26. Date Age Ration Count 3-3-26 9 Whole milk, syrup of iron phosphate 14,000 3-12-26 18 8,000 3-19-26 25 6,000 3-24-26 30 4,000 3-31-26 37 20,000 4-7-26 44 12,000 4-16-26 53 12,000 64 C-64 (Continued). Date Age Ration Count 4-21-26 58 Whole milk, syrup of iron phosphate 12,000 4-28-26 65 8,000 5-12-26 79 10,000 5-22-26 89 20,000 C-52, C-57 . These grade Holstein calves were placed on a whole milk ration. Later the whole milk was supplemented with a mineral mixture con- taining managanese,iron, fluoride, silicon and aluminum. Ferric oxide was added to the ration some time later than the above mentioned mineral mixture. Shavings were used for bedding. Notes and Observations. Neither of these calves deve10ped normally and lacked vitality. C-52 deve10ped depraved appetite, manifested by chewing wood. C-52 did not show a high leucocyte count until thirty-seven days of age. The leucocyte count continued high until the mineral mixture was added, when it reached a normal level and continued so with an occasional count slightly above normal, until the animal died of convulsions at two hundred seventy-six days of age. 0-57 unlike C-52, had no period of high leucocytic blood count. The leucocyte count of this aninal's blood was practically normal after the mineral was added. It is possible, then, that this min- eral mixture may tend to keep the leucocyte count down in the ab- sence of grass or hay. 0-52 Holstein Heifer Born 6-14-25. Date Age Ration Count 6-25-25 11 Whole milk 9,000 7-7-25 23 10,000 7-14-25 30 8,000 7-21-25 37 18,000 7-28-25 44 16,000 8-4-25 , 51 24,000 8-11-25 58 14,000 8-20-25 67 20,000 8-26-25 73 22,000 9-2-25 80 Ninerals added (manganese,iron fluoride, silicon and aluminum 9-4-25 82 14,000 9-10-25 88 -10,000 9-16-25 94 14,000 10-21-25 129 8,000 10-28-25 136 14,000 11-4-25 143 Iron oxide added . 12,000 11-11-25 150 2,000 11-18-25 157 18,000 11-25-25 164 6,000 12-2-25 171 . 10,000 12-10-25 179 16,000 12—16-25 185 16,000 12.25-25 192 6,000 Date 1-6-26 1-16-26 1-22-26 1-27-26 2-6-26 2-12-26 2919-26 2-26-26 3-5-26 3-12-26 3-17-26 Date 8-19-25 8-28-25 9-2-25 9-17-25 10-15-25 10-22-25 10-29-25 11-5-25 11-13-25 264 271 276 C-52 (Continued). Ration Died in convulsion C-57 Holstein Heifer Born 8-11-25 Age 8 17 37 65 72 79 86 94 Ration Whole milk Kinerals added (manganese.iron, fluoride, silicon and aluminum) Count 4,000 10,000 10,000 14,000 14,000 16,000 6,000 6,000 14,000 6,000 Count 16,000 16,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 4,000 6,000 3,000 66 C-57 (Continued) Date Age Ration Count 11-19-25 100 Whole milk, minerals 16,000 11-25-25 106 12,000 12-2-25 113 Ferric oxide added 12-3-25 114 . 4,000 12—10-25 121 8,000 1-6-26 148 14,000 1-16-26 158 18,000 1-23-26 165 4,000 1-27-26 169 10,000 2-6-26 179 8,000 2-12-26 185 10,000 2-19-26 192 16,000 2-26-26 199 Died in convulsion C-28 This grade Holstein bull calf received a diet of whole milk supplemented with flowers of sulphur. Shavings were used for bedding. Notes and Observations. This calf showed a continual high leup cocyte count and died in a convulsion at two hundred twenty-eight days of age. C-28 also showed depraved appetite. C-28 Holstein Bull Calf Born 5-11-24. Date Age Ration Count 5-20-24 9 Whole milk 33,000 6-24-24 34 27,000 7-17-24 Sulphur added 8-18-24 99 11,000 10-9-24 151 17,000 10-22-24 164 13,000 12-3-24 206 30,000 12-22-24 225 22,000 ' 12-25-24 228 Died in convulsion C-50 This grade Holstein bull calf born 6-13-24, received a ration of whole milk and raw linseed oil as a supplement. Shavings were used for bedding. This calf did not develop well and was killed at four hundred sixty-five days of age. The blood of C-30 was continually high in leucocytes, at only two points did the count come within the range of normality and these two counts were 11,000 and 10,000 per cubic millimeter respectively. He also developed depraved appetite. 0-30 Holstein Dull Calf Born 6-13-24. Date Age Ration Count 8~18~24 65 Whole milk, raw linseed oil 21,000 10-21-24 130 11,000 68 Date Age 12-4-24 174 12—10-24 182 1-10-25 211 1-31-25 232 7-9-25 391 7-13-25 395 7-16-25 398 7-23-25 405 7-30-25 412 8-6-25 419 8-13-25 426 8-27-25 440 9-21-25 465 C-36 This grade Holstein bull calf was born September 2, 1924. and received a varying diet up to February 5, 1925. Whole milk, C-30 (Continued.) Ration Whole milk, raw linseed oil Killed by Butcher Count 32,000 26,000 14,000 18,000 18,000 16,000 20,000 10,000 14,000 14,000 30,000 20,000 skimmilk, corn, oats, oat hulls and bone meal were fed. On February 5, 1925, at one hundred fifty-six days of age, he was placed on a diet of whole milk, bone meal and cod liver oil. Shavings were used for bedding. Notes and Observ ations. C-36 did not deveIOp norunlly and was 69 in poor physical condition when.he died at the end of one hundred sixty-five days. 70 C-36 Holstein Bull Calf Born 9-2-24. Date Age Ration Count 10-22-24 50 Kilk, skimmilk, corn and oats 11,000 12-4-24 93 20,000 12-6-24 95 Oats for corn and oats 1-5-25 125 Oats and hulls for oats 1-10-25 130 24,000 1-15-25 No Gets. Done meal added and whole for skimmilk. 1-22-25 142 30,000 1-26-25 146 28,000 2-5-25 156 Cotton seed oil added 2-7-25 158 22,000 2-12-25 163 20,000 2-14-25 _165 Died during night. The first blood count of this animal, taken at fifty days of age, while on a normal ration, was normal but every count thereafter was for above normal. This animal also showed de- praved appetite. C-28, 0-30, and C-36, all on a whole milk diet with various supplements, but no roughage, show an abnormal leucocytic blood content. 0.51, 0-55, C-56, C-63. These grade Holstein calves were placed on a ration of whole milk, cod liver oil and alfalfa hay. Corn and cats were added as soon as the calves would eat them. Shavings were used for beddi 0'. 71 Notes and Observations. These calves all deve10ped normally. Each of these animals were normal in respect to the number of leucocytes in the blood. C-5l Holstein Bull Calf Born 5-28-25. Date Age Ration Count 7-9-25 42 Whole milk, cod liver oil, 18,000 alfalfa 7-16-25 49 10,000 7-25-25 56 12,000 7-27-25 60 Skim for whole milk, corn and oats added 7-30-25 63 16,000 8-5-25 69 - 8,000 8-19-25 83 14,000 8—28-25 92 6,000 9-2-25 97 Cod liver oil discontinued 9-14-25 109 6,000 10-15-25 140 8,000 10-29-25 154 10,000 11-6-25 152 Cod liver oil added 11-13—25 169 4,000 11-27-25 183 ' ‘ 10,000 12-1-25 187 Cod liver oil discontinued 12-4-25 190 6,000 12-6-25 192 Skimmilk, corn and oats discon- tinued. Grain, silage and alfalfa sole diet 12-17-25 203 8,000 C-51 (Continued). Date Age Ration Count 1-11-26 228 Grain, silage and alfalfa 12,000 1-25-26 242 6,000 300% corn 1 100% oats ; ) grain mix 100% cotton seed meal) 1% salt ; C-55 Holstein Heifer Born 7-5-25 Date Lge Ration Count 7-5-25 0 Whole milk, cod liver oil and 15,000 alfalfa ad libitum 7-17-25 14 6,000 7-23-25 20 8,000 7-31-25 28 20,000 8-7-25 35 14,000 8-13-25 41 Died C-56 Holstein Heifer Born 8-11-25 Date Age Ration Count 8-11-25 0 Whole milk 28,000 8-23-25 11 Alfalfa added 8-27-25 15 4,000 9.4.25 23 22,000 C-56 (Continued). Ration Whole milk, alfalfa. oil added Corn and oats added. oil discontinued. Cod liver oil added. Taken off experiment. C-65 Cod liver Cod liver Io appetite. Holstein Bull Calf Born l-8-26. Date Age 9-5-25 24 10-2-°5 51 10-9-25 58 10-22-25 71 10-27-25 76 11-6-25 86 11-20-25 100 12-3-25 113 Date Age 1-8-26 0 2-5-26 26 2-12-26 55 2-19-26 42 2-26-26 49 5-5-26 56 3-12-26 65 3-19-26 70 3-26-26 77 4-1-26 85 4-9-26 91 Ration Whole milk, cod liver oil and alfalfa Corn and oats added Count 10,000 4,000 8,000 4,000 12,000 Count 16,000 10,000 20,000 12,000 20,000 8,000 24,000 4,000 26,000 14,000 16,000 73 C-63 (Continued). Date Age Ration 4-16-26 98 Whole milk, cod liver oil, alfalfa, corn and oats 4-23-26 105 4-30-26 112 5-19-26 151 5~22—26 134 5-26-26 158 0-44,,C-45. Count 5,000 6,000 6,000 4,000 14,000 12,000 These grade Holstein'bull calves received whole milk, skimmilk, calcium carbonate, cod liver oil, alfalfa hay, corn, oats, wheat straw, a grain mixture, gluten feed and corn distiller's grain, according to the growth and con- dition of the calf, until approximately two hundred and thirty days of age. wheat straw and the following'grain mixture: Corn 200% Corn distiller's grain 100% Diamond gluten feed 400% Salt 1% Shavings were used for bedding. Notes and Observations. became very stiff in his legs and walked only with difficulty. At about nine months of age he became totally blind. {either calf deve10ped well. They were then placed on a ration of C-44 C-45 was also stiff jointed and walked with difficulty. About the time C-44 became blind, C-45 lost his appetite and 74 75 became blind. During a period of about six weeks, while receiving a ration of grain, straw and skimmilk, both calves showed a high leucocytic blood content. Corn, oats and gluten feed with no skimmilk was then substituted for the grain mixture. For this period the count was practically normal. The calves were next changed to the grain mixture with no skimmilk. 0n.this diet the leucocyte counts varied con- siderably. These two calves did not show leucocytosis on a con- centrate ration void of hay or green feed when no milk was fed, but there was a leucocytosis when skimmilk was in the ration. C-44 Holstein Bull Calf Born 3-27-25. Date Age Ration Count 5-28-25 1 Whole milk, calcium carbonate, 14,000 cod liver oil and alfalfa. 4-11-25 15 Skim for whole milk. 6-24-25 89 Corn, oats and wheat straw added, alfalfa discontinued. 6-27-25 92 Calcium carbonate and cod liver oil discontinued. 7-8-25 105 6,000 7-15-25 110 8,000 7-22-25 117 20,000 8-11-25 8-17-25 8—25-25 9-8-25 9-12-25 9-14-25 10—2-25 10-12-25 10-19-25 10-27-25 11-2-25 11-9-25 11-12-25 11-16-25 11-25-25 12-1-25 12-9-25 12-17-25 12-22—25 121 124 131 171 189 199 206 214 220 227 230 234 243 249 265 270 C-44 (Continued). Ration Count Corn and oats discontinued. Grain mixture added. 22,000 14,000 24,000 20,000 24,000 12,000 Grain mix discontinued, gluten, corn and oats added. 18,000 Skimmilk discontinued 8,000 16,000 4,000 6,000 10,000 Grain mix for corn, oats and gluten 6,000 6,000 18,000 6,000 6,000 28,000 76 Date 1-8-26 1-15-26 1-29-26 2—10-26 2-17-26 2-24-26 3-5-26 3—10-26 3-17-26 5-24-26 5-31-25 4-7-26 4-9-26 414-25 4-21-26 4-25-25 4-28.26 4-30-26 5-12-26 5-19-26 5-25-26 Age 287 294 299 308 320 352 369 378 383 390 392 397 399 411 418 424 C-44 (Continued). Ration Count 6,000 15,000 8,000 24,000 14,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 12,000 10,000 6,000 10,000 14,000 18,000 8,000 20,000 8,000 10,000 6,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 77 78 Grain llix. Corn 2 parts Corn distiller's grain l " Diamond gluten 4 " r7 1,0 85.1113 C-45 Holstein Bull Calf Bonn 3-29-25. Date 5—29625 5-5-25 5-11-25 6-24-25 7-8-25 7-15-25 7-22-25 7-29—25 8-5-25 8-17-25 8-25-25 9-8-25 9-11-25 9-14-25 10-2-25 10-12—25 Age 0 37 43 87 101 108 115 141 149 163 166 169 187 197 Ration Count Whole milk, calcium carbonate, cod 16,000 liver oil and alfalfa Corn and oats added Skim for whole milk Corn gluten added, wheat straw for alfalfa. Calcium carbonate and cod liver oil discontinued. 8,000 Corn distiller's grain for gluten 12,000 10,000 Grain mix, skimmilk and straw sole 16,000 diet 12,000 20,000 16,000 8,000 Corn gluten, corn and oats for grain mixture. 6,000 No milk 4,000 0-45 (Continued). Date Age Ration Count 10-19-25 204 4.000 10-27-25 212 6,000 11-2-25 218 4,000 11—9-25 225 4,000 11-12-25 228 Grain mix for gluten, corn and oats 11-16-25 232 Grain mix and straw sole diet 10,000 11-25-25 241 6,000 11-27-25 243 6,000 12-1-25 247 4,000 12-9-25 255 . 10,000 12—17-25 253 8,000 12—22—25 268 4,000 1-8-26 285 12,000 1—15-26 292 4,000 1—20-26 29? 10,000 1-23-26 300 2,000 1-29-26 306 18,000 2n10-26 318 4,000 Taken off due to poor condition. 0n verge of pneumonia. Did not eat. Grain Pix. Corn 2 parts Corn distiller's grain 1 " Dia. gluten 4 " 1% salt 8O c-ssL 0-57; 0-38, 0-39, 0-45 and 0-50. These grade Holstein heifers were fed a normal ration consisting of whole milk, skimmilk, calcium carbonate, cod liver oil, alfalfa hay, corn and oats until they were approx- imately ninety days old. At this time C-35, C-46, C-50 and C-38 were placed on a ration of wheat straw, silage and the following grain mixture: 300% corn (yellow) 100} oats 100} cotton seed meal 5% salt C-37 and C—39 received the same basal ration plus 33 of the grain mixture as magnesium phosphate. Shavings were used for bedding. Notes and Observations. These six calves all develOped normally and were in excellent condition at the time they were placed on the restricted ration, containing no hay. Soon after being placed on the restricted diet, 0-35, C-57, C-38 and C-39 showed signs of depraved appetite which lasted only a short time. C-46 deve10ped irritability which has persisted to the present time. 0-50 was irritable, but not so much so as 0-46. All of these calves showed normal leucocyte counts up to three months of age, the count usually being higher in younger calves than in calves nearer maturity. When placed on the restricted diet without hay or milk, C-35, C-37, C-38 and C-39 showed leuCOpenia for a period of approximately two months, then an increase in leucocyte count to above normal. This leucocytosis persisted for a period 81 ranging close to two months, when the leucocyte content of their blood again became normal. The blood count then re- mained normal in these animals as long as they were continued on the experiment. The leucocyte count of 0-46 and C-50 did not vary from the normal constituency to any appreciable degree. These two showed a steady lonering of the leucocyte count as their age increased. C-35 Holstein Heifer Born 8-19-24. Date Age Ration Count 8-19-24 0 whole milk (birth) ' 22,000 9-6-24 Calcium carbonate and cod liver 011 added 10.23-24 65 10,000 10-14-24 56 Skim for whole milk, corn.and oats added 11-26-24 99 Calcium carbonate and cod liver oil discontinued, alfalfa added 12-4-24 107 10,000 1-3-25 137 Straw ad libitum 1-10-25 144 Alfalfa discontinued 8,000 3-1-25 194 Grain mix, silage and straw sole diet 5-5-25 260 6,000 5-20-25 274 4,000 5-26-25 280 12,000 6-11-25 296 10,000 7-6-25 321 10,000 7-13-25 528 12,000 Date 7-20-25 7-20-25 7-27-25 8-3-25 8-11-25 8-21—25 8—26-25 9-5—25 9-15—25 9-18-25 10-16—25 10-30-25 11-13-25 11-28-25 12-18-25 557 367 572 390 895 423 457 451 466 486 0-35 (Continued). Ration (8:30 It. It.) (8:30 P. M.) (8:30 P. M.) Grain Mix. 500# corn 100# oats 100# cotton seed meal 5# salt Count 40,000 22,000 24,000 30,000 18,000 24,000 16,000 22,000 2,000 12,000 6,000 10,000 2,000 2,000 15,000 82 Date 9-20-24 10-7—24 10-27-24 11-7-24 12-4-24 12-10-24 12-26-24 1-10-25 2-9-25 4—1-25 5—10—25 5-26-25 6—11—25 7-6—25 7-13-25 7-20-25 7-27-25 8-3-25 8-11-25 8-21-25 8-26—25 9-5-25 9-13-25 C-37 Holstein Heifer Born 9-20-24. Age 0 17 97 112 142 193 242 264 289 296 303 310 317 335 340 350 358 Ration Count Whole milk 14,000 Calcium carbonate and cod liver oil added Skim for whole milk. Corn, oats and alfalfa added 14,000 14,000 8,000 Calcium carbonate and cod liver oil discontinued 12,000 Magnesium phosphate added. ‘Jheat straw for alfalfa Grain mix, silage and straw sole diet (wheat) 6,000 8,000 18,000 14,000 8,000 20,000 20,000 28,000 18,000 22,000 24,000 20,000 14,000 83 Date 9-18—25 10-14—25 10-30-25 11-14-25 11-28—25 12-18-25 4—9-26 4-14—26 4-15—26 4-16-26 9-26—24 9-29—24 11—6—24 11-7-24 Age 1 4 0-37 (Continued). Ration Count Grain mix, silage and.wheat straw 26,000 16,000 6,000 6,000 12,000 4,000 22,000 3:888 8,000 Grain Mix. 300# corn 100# oats 100# cotton seed meal 5* salt 3% magnesium phosphate C—38 Holstein Heifer Born 9-25-24. Ration Count Whole milk ' 9,000 Cod liver oil and calcium carbon— ate added Skim for whole milm, corn and oats added 10,000 84 Date 11-26—24 12-3-24 12-26—24 1—10-24 2-9-25 5—26—25 6-11—25 7-6-25 7—13-25 7—26-26 7-27-25 8-3—25 8-11—25 8—21-25 8—26-25 9-5-25 9-13-25 9-18—25 10-16-25 10—30-25 11-14-25 11-28-25 92 107 137 194 320 330 335 345 353 358 386 400 415 429 —38 (Continued). Ration Count A falfa added 10,000 Calcium carbonate and cod liver oil discontinued 8,000 Wheat straw for alfalfa Grain, straw and silage sole diet 5,000 8,000 8,000 20,000 6,000 8,000 22,000 16,000 20,000 14,000 22,000 16,000 12,000 10,000 Date 12-18-25 3—15—26 3-28-26 Date 11-7—24 11-10-24 11-26-24 12-3-Q4 12-26-24 1-10-25 2—9-25 4—7-25 5-20-25 5-26—25 6-11-25 C-38 (Continued). A30 Ration 449 Grain, straw and silage 549 Died after calving ‘ Gruin Nix. 300% dorn 100$ outs 100% cotton seed meal 5% salt Identical with C—35. C-39 Holstein Heifer Born 9-36-24. Age Ration 42 Skimmilk, calcium carbonate and cod liver oil 45 Corn and oats added 61 Alfalfa added 91 Calcium curbonate and cod liver oil discontinued 136 Nagnesium phosphate added. Wheat straw for alfalfa 193 Silage, wheat straw and grain sole diet Count 4,000 8,000 Count 8,000 8,000 18,000 14,000 8,000 6,000 66 C-39 (Continued). Date Age Ration Count 7-6-25 283 Silage, wheat straw and gr;in mix 8,000 V—l3-25 290 10,000 7-20-25 297 22,000 7—27-25 304 20,000 8-3—25 311 36,000 8-11-25 319 20,000 8-21—3 339 22,000 8-26—25 334 18,000 9—5-35 344 10,000 9-13—25 352 . 8,000 9-18-25 35? 10,000 10-14—25 383 8,000 10-30-25 399 - 22,000 11-14-25 414 16,000 11-28—25 437 8,000 12-18-35 448 6,000 Grain Fix. 3003 corn lOO# oats 100# cotton seed meal 5# salt 3; magnesium phoslhate Identical with C-37. 8-6-25 8-38-25 9—16-25 9-29-25 10-15-35 10-30-25 11-13-25 11-27-25 0‘46. Holstein Heifer Born 3-29—25. 44 102 109 116 152 171 184 200 215 229 Ration Whole milk, calcium carbonate and cod liver oil, alfalfa, corn and oats Skim for whole milk Skimmilk, grain mix, silage and wheat straw sole diet Skinrii 11:: discontinued Grain Mix. 300% corn 100? oats 100# cotton seed meal 1% salt Same as C-35. Still alive. Count 38,000 4,000 18,000 14,000 16,000 8,000 14,000 4,000 5,000 14,000 10,000 12,000 88 5—25—25 6-27-25 7-9-25 7-15-25 7-16—25 lOrl5-25 10-29-25 11-13-25 11527-25 11-29-25 12-10—25 C” 50 o Holstein Heifer Born 5—32-85. Age 54 55 62 69 78 89 98 116 133 146 160 175 189 191 Ration Whole milk Whole milk, cod liver oil, alfalfa Skim for whole milk Corn and outs added Wheat straw for alfalfa Corn, oats and skimilk discon- tinued. Silage and grain added Grain Mix. 300% corn 100# oats 100% cotton seed meal 1% salt. Count 4,000 18,000 14,000 10,000 15,000 6,000 15,000 15,000 4,000 18,000 10,000 12,000 4,000 14,000 89 9-32. 90. A Holstein bull calf born July 22, 1924 and placed on a ration of whole milk, skimmilk, cod liver oil, calcium car- bonate, corn, oats and alfalfa. 0-32. Holstein Bull Calf Born 7-22-24. Date Age 7-24-24 2 8-18—24 27 8-18-24 27 9-17-24 10-27-24 11-16-24 1-7-25 169 2—7-25 200 2-12-25 205 6-21—25 7-10—25 553 7-23—25 365 7-29-25 572 8-7-25 8-27-25 401 9—11-25 416 9-17-25 422 9-27-25 432 Ration Whole milk, cod liver oil, cal- cium carbonate (Scours) Skim for whole milk, corn and oats and alfalfa added Cod liver oil end calcium car- bonate discontinued N0 roughage Oats for cats and corn Corn and oats for cats Cotton seed meal, no milk Died in lot - nephritis Count 20,000 15,000 33,000 28,000 12,000 24,000 22,000 20,000 40,000 18,000 45,000 22,000 91 The ration of this animal was gradually changed until it consisted of corn and oats, and cotton seed meal, with no hay or roughage. ShavingS'were used for bedding. Noteg and Observations. This calf showed a continually high leucocyte content from birth until death, which occured from nephritis at 432 days of age. This calf showed no depraved appetite, but after being placed on concentrates alone, it was in poor condition, his legs being very stiff and his coat rough. This calf had sev- eral convulsions, some of which were very severe. 9:31.. A.Holstein bull calf born January 12, 1925. This calf received a normal ration of whole milk, corn, oats, alfalfa, cod liver oil and calcium carbonate until 103 days of age. At this time, it was changed to a diet of corn and oats, wheat straw, cotton seed meal and whole milk. The whole milk was taken from the ration three months later. shavings were used for bedding. Notes and Observations.. This calf showed no depraved appetite. The leucocyte count was continually high, reaching a normal level in only a few single counts. It finally died in the exercise lot, probably due to a convulsion. Date 1-12-25 1-15—25 4—1-25 4-25—25 7—8—25 7-15-25 7w22-25 7-29—25 8-5—25 8-11-25 8-17-25 8-24-25 9-8-25 9-14-25 9-29—25 10-3-25 10-7—25 10—9-25 10—19-25 10-27-25 11-3-25 11-9-25 11-16-25 11-18-25 C-43 Holstein Bull Calf Born 1-12-25. age 19 103 177 184 191 198 205 211 217 224 239 245 260 264 268 270 280 288 295 301 508 Ration ‘Whole milk Calcium carbonate and cod liver oil added. Alfalfa ad libitum Corn and oats added Calcium carbonate and cod liver oil discontinued. Cotton seed meal added. Wheat straw for alfalfa. Milk discontinued Count 20,000 10,000 12,000 18,000 15,000 34,000 32,000 30,000 28,000 8,000 15,000 14,000 24,000 20,000 12,000 4,000 24,000 6,000 14,000 14,000 6,000 92 C-43 (Continued). Date Age Ration Count 11-27—25 319 10,000 12—1-25 323 20,000 12—8-25 330 20,000 12-15-25 337 20,000 12-22-25 344 16,000 1-2-26 355 Died in lot after struggling. Probably had convulsion. 9-47. This grade Jersey bull born.Narch 51, 1925, was placed on . a normal ration the same as 0-43 received until ninety days of I age, when it was placed on skimmilk, corn, oats, wheat straw and cotton seed meal. The skimmilk was discontinued three months later. Shavings were used for bedding. ,1_\I_9_t_§_s_ and Observations, This calf, like C-43, showed no depraved appetite, but was very stiff in the legs, especially so the last month of life. This calf also showed a high leucocyte count. The count -was not exceedingly high, but it was most always above normal. C-47 Jersey Bull Calf Born 5-31—25. Date Age Ration Count Whole milk Skimmilk, calcium carbonate, cod liver oil, alfalfa, and corn and oats. 6-29-25 90 Skimmilk, cotton seed.meal, corn and oats and wheat straw Date 7-8-25 7-15—25 7-22—25 . 7-29-25 8-5-25 8-11—25 8-17-25 8-25-25 9—8-25 9-14-25 10-2- 25 10—12-25 10—27-25 11-2-25 11-9—25 11-16-25 11-27-25 12-1-25 12-8-25 12-15-25 12-22—25 1-8-26 1-9-26 Age 99 105 113 120 127 133 139 147 161 167 135 195 210 216 223 230 241 245 252 259 266 283 284 0-47 (Continued). Ration Died. of stomach. Skimmilk discontinued Scarred tissue pylori: and Count 10,000 16,000 24,000 16,000 4,000 16,000 24,000 22,000 20,000 12,000 5,000 10,000 6,000 12,000 12,000 14,000 22,000 30,000 15,000 12,000 15,000 94 9:19.. This Holstein bull was born may 11, 1925 and received the same ration as 0-43. Shavings were used for bedding. ,flgtg§.§gd Obsegggtions. This calf showed no depraved appetite, but like C-32, 0-43 and 0-47, it showed a blood high in leucocytes. It was also stiff and sore in his leg Joints, and died when three hundred and one days old. 0—49 Holstein Bull Calf Born 5-11-26. Date Age Ration Count 5—12—25 1 Whole milk, cod liver oil, 2,000 alfalfa 7-9—25 69 Corn and oats added 8,000 7—16-25 66 20,000 7-23-25 73 18,000 7-29-25 79 6,000 8-5-25 86 12,000 8-11-26 92 Wheat straw for alfalfa 18,000 8-12-25 93 Cotton seed meal added. No cod liver oil 8-18-25 99 22,000 8—26-25 107 24,000 9-17-25 129 'Whole milk discontinued 18,000 9—29-25 141 16,000 10—3—25 145 18,000 10-7-25 149 16,000 10-9-25 151 ' 20,000 10-22-26 164 6,000 11-5-25 178 14,000 96 0-49 (Continued). Date Age Ration Count 11-10—25 183 6,000 11-27-25 300 28,000 11-28-25 301 Died §easonal Iggigtion. About July 20, 1925, the white cell count of animals 0-35, 0-37, 0-38, 0-39, 0-40, C-42, C-43, C-44, 0-45, C-47, 0-49, C-52, C-53 and C-54 showed an increase that persisted. The counts of 0-46 showed an irregular variation, as was the case with C-50, C-51 and 0-55. In other words, fourteen ani- mals showed a definite increase while four showed no definite variation. During September animals C-16, C-lB, C-19, 0-21, C-25, 0-27, 0-28, 0-30, C-32, C-35, 0-37, C-ZB, C—39, C-40, C-42, C-43, 0-44, C-45, 0-46, C-47, C-49, C-50, 0-51, 0-52, C-53, 0-56, C-57 and 0—58 had a lower leucocyte count than during the preceding month of August. In some of these animals the leucocyte count increased in October over the September fig- ures, but usually remained below the August figures. Twentybeight animals showed less leucocytes in the blood during the fall or the month of September, while only three animals, C—ZO, C-22 and C-54 showed no definite change or an increase. It is interesting to note here that animals, on which data is available, show an increase in leucocyte count in 97 July and a decrease in leucocyte count in September. Exposure of human beings to the direct sunlight (96) or the tropical sun (95) will increase the leucocyte count of their blood. A possible explanation of this phenomena, then, is the more concentrated rays of the sun during the summer months. Diggugsion of Experimental Results, The effect of certain rations on the leucocyte, as found in this experiment is shown in Table III on page of the appendix. 0f six animals on a whole milk diet, 0-31, 0—53, and 0—64 had a high leucocyte count, 0-40 and 0-53 with alter- nate periods when the count was high and normal. 0-42 was normal most of the time, but with a number of high counts, which indicated a tendency to leucocytosis. 0-62 had a normal leucocyte count with several counts both above and below normal. In the next group, 0-16 received.whole milk and skim- milk with various supplements as cod liver oil, alfalfa mineral mixture, blood meal, syrup of iron phosphate, sodium chloride and cat hulls. This animal showed continual leup cocytosis. 0—22 received a ration very similar to that of animal 0-16 which contained at different times whole milk, skimmilk, alfalfa tea, wood ashes, tankags, syrup of iron phosphate, 98 cod liver oil and wheat bran. This animal also showed leucocytosis the same as 0-16. 0-25 received a ration of whole milk, oxidized cod liver oil, unoxidized cod liver oil, syrup of iron phosphate, alfalfa meal, bone flour and.wheat bran. This animal also showed lsucocytosis. 0-16, 0—22 and 0-25 also showed depraved appetite. 6-18 and 0-20 received potatoes, grain and one pound of timothy hay, while 0-19 and 0-21 received the same ration plus the addition of three per cent calcium carbonate, to the grain ration. These four animals all deve10ped depraved appetites and showed leucocytosis. . The results with syrup of iron phosphate were contradictory. 0f the animals receiving'whole milk and this supplement, 0-27 and 0-60 showed leucocytosis while 0-58, 0-61 and 6-64 all continued to have a normal leucocyte count. None of this group evidenced depraved appetite. 0-52 and 0-57 received whole milk and a mineral mixture containing iron, manganese, fluorine, aluminum and silicon. 0—52 developed depraved appetite, but 0-57 did not, neither I however developed leucocytosis. 0-28 developed both leucocytosis and depraved appetite on a ration of whole milk and flowers of sulphur. 0-30 was given.whole milk.and raw linseed oil. This calf developed both depraved appetite and leucocytosis. 0-56 at first received a ration of whole milk, corn and oats and showed a normal blood count, but when placed on whole 99 milk, bone meal and cod liver oil he developed leucocytosis. Calves 0—51, 0-55, 0-56 and 0-63 received a normal ration of'whole milk, cod liver oil, alfalfa hay, corn and oats, and silage in C—51's ration. These calves developed normally and had a normal leucocyte count. 0-44 and 0-45 received a rather varied ration containing at different times, whole milk, skimmilk, calcium carbonate, cod liver oil, alfalfa hay, corn, oats, wheat straw, a grain mixture, gluten feed and corn distillers grain. Neither calf developed well, due to the unpalatibility of the feed, after being placed en the restricted ration. Both calves became very stiff and lame. 0-45 lost his appe- tite and was taken off the experiment. 0-44 did not eat well and became totally blind. When first placed on a ration of wheat straw and the grain mixture, they were receiving skim- milk and showed leucocytosis. The grain mixture was changed to corn, oats and gluten feed (lower in protein than the grain mixture), and a normal leucocyte count resulted. These calves when again placed on wheat straw and the old grain mixture received no skimmilk. During this feeding period the blood count of both calves varied considerably, but could not be called leucocytosis. 0-35, 0-38, 0-46 and 0-50 all received a ration of silage, wheat straw and a grain mixture. 0-37 and 0-39 received the same ration except that the grain mixture contained three per cent magnesium phosphate. 100 All of these calves gave a normal leucocyte count until placed on the above ration at three months of age. 0-35, 0-37, 0-38 and 0-39 showed leucopenia the first two months on this ration. The second two months, however, they showed leucocyb tosis which was followed by normal counts. These four animals all developed depraved appetites before or about the time the leucocyte counts increased. The leucocyte count of the blood of 0-46 and 0-50 re- mained normal. They were not on the restricted rations as long as the preceding four animals. They did not develop depraved appetite. 0-32 received a varied ration but was finally placed on corn, oats and cotton seed meal. This calf showed leucocy- tosis on.whole milk, corn and oats. It also showed distinct leucocytosis on corn, oats and cotton seed meal. 0-43, 0-47 and 0-49 received a normal ration until they were placed on corn, oats, cotton seed meal, wheat straw and skimmilk at approximately three months of age. The skim-O milk was taken from.the ration a short time later. None of these three calves developed depraved appetite, but all of them showed leucocytosis on the restricted concentrate ration without hay or silage. According to Table IV on page 6a of the appendix, three animals on milk alone show distinct leucocytosis and four were variable in leucocyte counts. Two of these four had periods of leucocytosis alternating'with periods when their counts were normal. The remaining two cases were normal the 101 majority of the time, but had occasional high counts, with one of these showing some low counts. 0! three calves on whole milk‘with grain supplements without hay or grass, all showed leucocytosis. Five calves received whole milk and syrup of iron phosphate. Three of these continued to have a normal leu- cocyte count, while the other two manifested leucocytosis. These results are not conclusive either way. Two animals that received whole milk and a mineral mixture containing several elements gave only a normal leucocyte count. Three calves which received flowers of sulphur, raw linseed oil and bone meal respectively, with whole milk, all showed leucocytosis. Four other calves receiving a normal ration of whole milk, alfalfa hay, cod liver oil and corn and oats gave only normal blood counts. Two calves received skimmilk, wheat straw and corn and oats gave normal leucocyte counts. These same calves showed leucocytosis when a high protein grain mixture was substituted for the corn and oats, but when the milk was taken from their ration and they received only wheat straw and the grain mixu ture their blood count varied, being normal one time and high at another. or all cases receiving milk, either whole or skim, and various supplements other than hay, thirteen animals showed leucocytosis, seven animals a normal leucocyte count, and six 102 animals showed considerable variation. Of these six, all of them tended to be high, having normal or high counts with few or no low leucocyte counts. In agreement with this, three calves that received milk, corn, oats and alfalfa hay, all gave a continued normal leucocyte count. Four cases are noted of calves receiving potatoes, grain and one pound of timothy hay daily. These calves all showed leucocytosis. Four others are listed which received corn, oats, cotton seed meal and wheat straw. These all developed leucocytosis. 0f seven others that received a normal grain mixture, wheat straw and silage, three gave normal counts and four varied. These four showed.leuoopenia when first placed on this ration. This period of leucopenia was followed by a two month period when the animals showed leucocytosis. The count then became normal and continued normal as long as they were on the experiment. Fifteen cases of depraved appetite are listed. Ten of these showed distinct leucocytosis, one a normal count and the remaining four varied. The four that varied.had a low count ‘when the depraved appetite deve10ped, but later the count be- came abnormally high. With only two cases listed, both of them showed a higher count with calcium carbonate in their ration than did either of two other calves on the same ration minus the calcium car- bonate. The data available on seasonal variation in the leucocyte 103 count of bovine blood shows that in July fourteen animals showed an increase in the number of leucocytes in the blood over the preceding month. Four animals showed no definite variation, that is, they remained the same or the counts were too variable in one or both months to make an accurate comparison possible. For the autumn months there are twentybeight animals showing a fall in the leucocytic content of the blood dur- ing September and only three animals which either showed an increase or no definite change. These animals were under abnormal conditions, but there probably is a seasonal variation in the leucocyte count of the blood. Qonglgsions. l. Leucocytosis occurs in calves raised on milk alone, and milk with various supplements other than hay, grass or silage. 2. Lsucocytosis occurs in calves fed a ration.without hay, grass or silage. 3. 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Vol. 18, p. 1531. (Original: Arch. EXP. Pharm. Vbl. 100, p. 322-34.) Dr. W. E. Dixon - Lancet. 701. 2, (1904), p. 1784. De Rengi and Boeri - Journal American Medical Ass'n. Vbl. 32, (1899), p. 507. S. Schwarz - Chemical Abstracts. Vol. 6, p. 2648. G. B. Roth - Chemical Abstracts. Vol. 7, p. 650. Journal or Pharm. 701. 4, p. 167-65. Baer - Journal American Medical Ass'n. Vol. 57, (1916). p. 1553.- Hofbaurr - Zur Physiologie des puerpericums Henderson - Journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Dr. C. M. Hibbard and Dr. F. W. White.- Journal Exp. Medicine. Vol. 3, p. 639. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 105. 104. 111 Lapenski and Svenson - JOurnal American Medical Ass'n. Vol. 33, p. 280. Dr. Thayer - Lancet. 701. 2, (1893), p. 45. W. Hames - Journal American medical Ass'n. Vol. 37, p. 1072. Orr - Journal American Medical Ass'n. . Vol. 59, (1912), p. 746. H. D. Taylor, M. D. - Journal Experimental Medicine. Vol. 29, (1919), p. 41. 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Date Last count Age . Calf No, fig; Born 91! 911 9_I;__ __g;_;_ Died C-16 F 10—13-23 4-20-24 9-18—25 190 706 0-18 F 11-6-23 8—11-24 9-10-25 279 674 10-27-25 K 0-19 1" 11-24-23 8-11-24 1-7-26 261 765 2—24—26 K 0-20 3' 11-8-23 8—11-24 9-16-25 257 657 2-6-26 0-21 F 12-16-23 8-11-24 11-25-25 240 711 11-28-25 C-22 F 12—15-23 4—15—24 9-10-25 122 635 0-25 F 4-1-24 5—20-24 8-5-25 49 491 8-5-25-491 , Killed 0-27 1! 5—8-24 8-18-24 3-5-26 . 102 681 5-20-26-681 0-28 M 5—11-24 5-20-24 12-22—24 9 228 12-25-24 0-30 M 6-13-24 8-18-24 8—27—25 65 440 9—21-25 K 0-31 M 7-7-24 10-21—24 12-29-24 106 175 12229-24 C-32 1! 7-22-24 7-24-24 9-17-25 2 422 9-27-25-432 C-35 F 8-19-24 8-19—24 12—18—25 0 486 0-36 M 9-2-24 10-22—24 2-12-25 50 163 2—14-25-165 0-37 1" 9-20—24 9-20-24 4-16-26 0 575 0-38 1“ 9-25-24 9-26—24 5-15-26 1 556 3-28-26-549 0-39 F 9-26-24 11-7—24 12—18-25 61 479 0-40 M 11-14-24 1-10-25 2—19-26 57 462 2-22-26-465 C-42 H 1—3-25 7-7-25 12-16-25 185 347 12-17-25-548 C-43 M 1-12-25 1-12-25 12-22-25 0 344 1-2-26-355 C-44 M 3-27-25 3—28-25 5-25—26 1 424 Off Exp. 0-45 M 3-29-25 3-29—25 2-11-26 0 318 2—10-26 Killed 3-20-26 C-46 B 3-29—25 3-29-25 11-27-25 0 243 0-47 11 3-31-25 7-8-25 1-8-26 99 283 1-9-26-284 0-49 M 5-11-25 5—12-25 11-27-25 1 200 11-28-25—201 C-50 1‘ 5-22-25 5-22-25 12-10-25 0 202 081! N00 0-51 C-52 0—53 0-54 0-55 0-56 0-57 0-58 0-60 0-61 0-62 0-63 0-64 C-65 P-1 P-2 86: Born 35% E "I M’ M’ I: fig E: 5-28-25 6-14-25 5—17-25 4-30-25 7-5—25 8-11-25 8-11—25 8-28-25 10-7-25 11-6—25 11-20-25 1-8-26 2n22-26 First Count Date On 9-9-25 6-25-25 6-25—25 6-25-25 7-3-25 8-11-25 8-19-25 8-28-25 10-7-25 11-6-25 12—2—25 1-8-26 3—3-26 I. (Continued). Last Count Date On Off 1-25-26 41 3-12-26 11 2-12-26 39 10-20-25 56 8-7-25 0 12-5-25 0 2-19-26 8 5-25-26 0 1-25—26 0 5-25-26 0 5-25—26 12 5-26-26 0 5-22—26 9 Age Off 242 271 271 173 35 113 192 270 110 200 186 138 89 Died Age 3-17-26 276 2-13—26 272 10-20-26 175 8-13-25 41 2-9-26 181 2-26-26 199 Pneumonia 1-28-26 113 Butcher 6-9-20 152 11o Toisson's Fluid. Sodium Sulphate (KaBSO4) Sodium chloride (NaCL) Glycerin, neutral Distilled HBO Methyl violet 53 83mms 1 N 30 cc. 160 cc. 0025 grams Calf No. 0—31 0-54 C-40 0-42 C-53 'C-62 0-16 0-27 0-58 0-60 0-61 0—64 0-52 0-57 111. Diet Vhole milk 1' OI H II M H H M Whole milk. ments (D.A.) Various supple— " n n It Whole milk. ments (D.A.) Varied supple- Whole milk. Corn and oats. 4a Count Leucocytosis N Alternate high and normal. Hormal most of time. Some high. Alternate high and normal. Eormal with high and low points. Leucocytosis N 7' Grain, potatoes, 1% timothy (DA) “ Grain, potatoes, 1# timothy, 08005 (DA) Grain, potatoes, 1# timothy (DA) n w n n n esco3 (A) Whole milk, syrup of iron phos- phate - I. N I! n n " n n n N I. I! Whole milk, mineral mix (DA) I. n I! It 7! Normal Leucocytosis Normal Calf No. 0-28 C-3O C-44 0-45 0-35 c-45 0.50 0-32 c-4s 0-47 0-49 5a 111 (Continued). Diet Count Whole milk, flowers of sulphur (DA) Leucocytosis Whole milk, raw linseed 011 (DA) " Whole milk, cod liver oil, bone meal, " (DA) Whole milk, cod liver oil, alfalfa, Normal corn and oats N N N 01 It n N n n n n n " n n silage Skimi 1k, wheat straw, grain mix Leucocytosis " " " corn and oats Normal Wheat straw, grain mix Variable Wheat straw, silage, grain (DA) Low leuco-normal 7‘ fl 7! H and M3P04 (DA) n n n Wheat straw, silage, grain (DA) n n u H M N n I! N N and. ligPO4 Wheat straw, silage, grain Normal N N H '7 Corn, oats, cotton seed meal Leuoocytosis Cotton seed meal, corn and oats, " wheat straw N I! N N N n N n n n IV. Ration High Whole milk 2 (minerals Whole milk and supplements( or 3 (grain Whole milk, syrup of iron phosphate 2 Whole milk, mineral mixture,(manganese, silicon, fluorine, iron, aluminum) Whole milk, sulphur, raw linseed oil, bone meal 3 Whole milk, alfalfa, cod liver oil, corn and oats Skimmilk, wheat straw, grain mix 2 " " , corn & oats Wheat straw, grain mix Potatoes, grain, 1# timothy 4 Wheat straw, grain mix, silage Corn, oats, cotton seed meal, wheat straw 4 Depraved appetite ’ 10 Ca003 2 Count 6a Normal Low Variation Increase in count in July No definite change Decrease in September No definite change 14 28 4 4 - 10w - high normal 4 - low - high 7 z. .: '. t it." 5”!" a.” J... 5 ;, '°‘., I..:I,' .7 I.' V“..'I Ir‘ ‘1"? '.ub'.rr‘t"r.’-, "Mn” .9 x. .' - I" “ 4W. . | .l' .1 7"7‘ : "‘H'. I '- :1. .-' 1 I7~'- . ' o“‘l\(I' ' ’ . v ‘ v - , I I 1. l ‘ ’ . - k . ' - . . , 7 ‘ p. . . . . , . . . . . .- 7 . .5 . ' i. I. ' . . . . I . , . > I - . . I , . -- . . . \' . 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'. _ . 1'. . v " . .— o . ~, - -‘ ' ,: . ‘ ‘. I . . - - o , . a I _ v ' , - , , . .. - - . 4 I . ‘ ‘ I . . . ’ , 4 -r .'. . I s ,c a . . . . . - . .. . _ - . , . . . , . I. 7 . — , ; . - . . ' . a .- ' . ' .. . I . . ." ’_ . . .II V . . O . C a l-‘ . ' - ‘ ’ - ' — g . n > ‘ .. .._ ’ _, - , - ' - - . ‘ . ' . ' -. .. .- .l p . - . - 4 . _ a ' . ‘ -. . ..-a _-I , .- .- -‘ I -Iv -- -' - _ ‘ ' . . ~ _ ._. I. ' . . . --.7 ~ 7 - ‘.- . ‘ , . _ ' . - . ' ,. ' ' . -‘ 3' . ' ‘ ' . .I- - .‘ ’ -. ’ I ' ‘. - a. ' _- ' , ' -vl ' . .. I_ ' - a - , 't. ,' . ' ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ ' , ’ .f- - 7- u ' ' ' l ‘ .':‘~.' '-' t". ' - '.‘ - '1' '. . '. " ' v _ ' . - - . .. J v _ .I . I'. . ,- u. . ',, . ' , . . . . ' - - - - . — -' ' . - , . - . . . . . . - . .. , - -- - .. I . - - - , . ‘ ’_ ' ‘b ‘ ~> O - . I _-l i O, I. — I l. : '. ‘ l _ t . . ' -~ . ‘ . - f - , ' . ' ' ' . , " - — .~ : ~ _r . ' " , ‘ ‘_ . .. . ' . - . - ' ‘ - .‘ I . , ‘ .. _ . . . . 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' -. v ‘. -.. f . ’ , ._ , _-. . . ~ _ _ . . . ‘ - . _ . . .7 - . , ' - I . .c ‘ ' 0 ' - ' . I '. . . . . ‘ . . a . ' — ‘ , a . _ . . ". . . . . I . I . o . . I _ .I . . . . . _ . _ . . ' - _ . ‘ v ’ . - a . .' ~> . ' — . - ' , , - 9 . ' ' n d " O o ' n c ' o I . - . , . - -I - . '7 , . , ’ .. . . . . , . I . . 1 I I. a . .' a ‘ <. . I _ v . - - r _. . f . . . _ ' ' , ' _- ~ . - . - .- , . ‘ . .’ . I . l - h - a . . . _ , .' . .‘ n ' c .‘7 _ - I . I 4 _ . . I - . . -. I , . . _ '. _, . . . - . —‘ ’ h a I . _ ' ‘ . . n ‘ J ‘ ’ , - . - ' ' '. . _ I n’ . - I ' -' ' _ . , ’I I ,' . ’ . r . . - . , _. _ . ' I . I .‘ .‘u — " I ' I - ' r ' . ~ , - - ' . . . ' ' l i - ‘ , . - . ‘. _ I ' ‘ ‘ . D l ' r. . - I I _- . . . . I ' ' . . ‘ . ' ‘ u . .- .- ‘ __‘_ _ - . I - ' I _ - - . . . . ' . . ' . , . . - , ' , . _ ‘ . ' I ' . I , . . ,_ . .. 4L. , - e ' I :4 I ' . I ‘ _ . 0 ' 9 .‘ I, _ . V . ~ ' . . . . . I . ' ~_ . , ‘ v ' r ' v , - I . I . . . . . - , . ' g. . ch. ' I , . I \ . \'_I' ' ' 7 ' ‘ ~~'. ' l ' ' ‘ . - ' A y u - \ ‘l - - . _ q 1‘ I . . . 1 - ‘ I- . < . «- O 9‘ V o . ( . . '1. I I ..§. 9 m. o - n . “ 1 ‘- ' » ._ _fl‘ ; . l . ~'.‘ - ,, . _- “‘6‘ - . \ V a . ." ~ _ . . ‘0 I'.‘