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J LIBRARY

Michigan State
University

 

A.STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE BIRTflqRAIE OF
CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK IN THE
STATE OF TENNESSEE, 1944-1954

by

Jessie Carney Smith

A.THESIS

Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan
State university of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

.MASTER OF ARTS IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Department of Foundations of Education

1955

PW-a

 

9-v2¢~)‘7
1}.)43I

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of
Miss Ann Dillon, Director of Statistical Services, Ten-
nessee Department of Public Health, Nashville, who pro-
vided data and other materials in her department, and
personal suggestions in the compilation of material for
the writing of this investigation.

Further, the writer is indebted and grateful to
Dr. Augustus C. Blanks, Professor of Psychology, Fisk
University, Nashville, Tennessee, for his guidance,
supervision and close attention in the analyzation of
data and completion of the writing of this study.

Personal thanks are extended to Dr. S. O. Roberts,
Head of the Department of Psychology and Child Develop-
ment, Fisk University, for his helpful suggestions in
the selection of the title of this study, gathering of
data and final procedures.

Special and personal thanks are also extended to
my husband, without whose patience, sympathetic under-
standing and assistance throughout the entire period
in which I have been studying the termination of this

project could not have been reached.

(3

 

TABLE

I.

11.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.................
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Review of Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . e
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subjects, Data and Procedure . . . . . . . . .

RESULTS OOOOOCCOOOOOOOOOOOO

A Distribution of Births in Wedlock and out of
Wedlock in Tennessee 0 o o e o o e o o e e e

A Distribution of Negro Births in wedlock and
out of Wedlock in Tennessee . . . . . . . .

A.Distribution of White Births in Wedlock and
out of'Wedlock in Tennessee . . . . . . . .

Percentage Distribution of Negro and White
Children Born out of Wedlock in Tennessee .

.Age Distribution of Unwed Negro and White
Mothers’lg44OOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

Age Distribution of unwed Negro and White
Mothers, 1946 e e o o o o o e o e o o e o 0

Age Distribution of Unwed Negro and White
“Others, 1948 e o o o o e e o o o o e e o 0

.Age Distribution of Unwed Negro and White
“Others, 1950 o o e e o o o e o o o o o e e

Age Distribution of Unwed Negro and White
“OLhGPS, 1952 o e e e o,o o o o e e o o e 0

Age Distribution of Unwed Negro and White
MOLhCTS, 1954 o e e o e o o o e e o o o o 0

PAGE

GQGN

11

ll

13

14

15

l7

17

20

22

22

25

,.—~

 

CHAPTER PAGE

.Age Distribution of Negro and White Unwed
Mothers, 1944~1954 e o o e o o O o o o o 27

Distribution of Negro Births in Wedlock and
out of Wedlock in the Urban and Rural
Community a e o e o o o e o o o o o o o 27

Distribution of White Births in Wedlock and
out of wedlock in the Urban and Rural
Community o o e e e o e o o o e o o o e 31

Number and Percentage of Negro and White
Children Born out of wedlock in Tennes-
833, 1944.1954 o o e o o o e o o e e o o 33
III. INTERPRETAIION AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . 36
The Trend in Births out of wedlock . . . . 36

Distribution of Negro Children Born in and
out Of wedIOCk, 1944-19“ 0 Q o o o Q Q 37

Distribution of White Children Born in and
out Of WCdIOCk, 1944-1954 0 a o e o o o 38

Age Distribution of Unwed Negro and White
Mothers, 1944-1954 e o e e o o o e e o 38

Distribution of Births out of Wedlock in

the Urban and Rural Community . . . . . 4O
Racial Distribution of Births out of Wed-

lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . o e ... 43
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . e e o o . e a 45
Summary o o o o e e o o o o o e o o o o e 45
C0flClfl81038 o e e o e e e o e e e e o o o 50

BIBLIOWAPHYOOOOOOOOOOO00.... 51

U I O
D I Q
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'13

TABLE
I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

LIST OF TABLES

Distribution of Children Born out of wed-
lock in Tennessee, 1944-1954 . . . . . . .

Distribution of Negro Children Born out of
Wedlock in Tennessee, 1944-1954 . . . . .

Distribution of White Children Born out of
Wedlch In Tennessee, 1944-1954 a Q Q o o

The t Ratio of the Difference Between the
Percentage of 2493 unwed Negro Mothers and
1292 Unwed White Mothers in Tennessee at
Respective Age Categories, 1944 . . . . .

The t Ratio of the Difference Between the
Percentage of 2114 unwed Negro Mothers and
1381 unwed White Mothers in Tennessee at
Respective Age Categories, 1946 . . . . .

The t Ratio of the Difference Between the
Percentage of 2728 unwed Negro Mothers and
1392 unwed White Mothers in Tennessee at
Respective Age Categories, 1948 . . . . .

The t Ratio of the Difference Between the
Percentage of 3294 Unwed Negro Mothers and
1386 unwed White Mothers in Tennessee at
Respective‘Age Categories, 1950 . . . . .

The t Ratio of the Difference Between the
Percentage of 3462 unwed Negro Mothers and
1420 Unwed White Mothers in Tennessee at
Respective Age Categories, 1952 . . . . .

The t Ratio of the Difference Between the
Percentage of 4401 Unwed Negro Mothers and
1609 Unwed White Mothers in Tennessee at
Respective Age Categories, 1954

Total Number of Negro and White Unwed Mothers

in Tennessee at Respective Age Categories,
1944-1954

PAGE

12

13

15

18

19

21

23

24

26

28

TABLE
XI.

XII.

XIII.

PAGE

A.t Ratio Comparison of the Number and Per—

centage of Urban and Rural Negro Births
out of Wedlock in.Tennessee, 1944-1954 . . 30

A.t Ratio Comparison of the Number and Per~

centage of Urban and Rural White Births
out of Wedlock in Tennessee, 1944-1954 . . 32

t Ratio Comparison of the Number and Peru
centage of Negro and White Children Born
out of Wedlock in Tennessee, 1944-1954 . . 34

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. A.Percentage Distribution of Negro and White
Children Born out of Wedlock in the State
of Tennessee, 1944-1954 . . . . . . . . . . l6

2. A.Percentage Distribution of unwed Negro and
White Mothers at Respective Age Categories,
Tennessee, At Sample Years Between 1944-
1954....00000000000.... 29

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Studies of children born out of wedlock show that
these births vary with the socio-economic status of the
persons concerned and coexists with other social prob-
lems.

”Children born out of wedlock are confronted with
many serious hazards . . . The infant mortality rate
among them is from two to three times higher than among
children born in wedlock. Most of them are deprived of
normal family life, and their histories as a rule show
repeated changes from one caretaker to another."

.As 'illegitimacy' is frequently associated with in-
fanticide, abortion, premature births, stillbirths, and
promiscuity, the problem of births out of wedlock becomes
a concern of health authorities and those interested in
the well-being of the general population. The problem
is of interest in the field of child development because
it creates the social setting in which a child lives and
‘will grow from infancy to maturity.

In many cases the unwed mother who comes to the at-

tention of various agencies working with this problem is

 

L1
James H. S. Bossard, The Sociolo of Child Develo
ment (Nevaork: Harper and Brothers, lgABT, p. 37 .

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herself a child. Not only is she unable to provide for
the maintenance of her offspring, but she is in need of
training and reeducation before she can be expected to
assume the responsibilities of adult life. Any attempt
to help children develop socially has to be founded on

a philosophy which expresses the framework within which
these attempts will be made. It requires further the
ability to identify those in need of help and their readi-
ness to use such help. Only when this has been done can
we proceed to help each child develop socially and in the
direction he has chosen.

Wise and adequate parenthood requires that parents
assume the responsibility for child development, creating
the necessary opportunities for their children to grow
into healthy and happy adults, for every child needs the

security and love of a normal family.

name;

It is the purpose of this investigation to determine
the extent to which births out of wedlock in the State of
Tennessee have increased or decreased over the period 1944-
1954.

More specifically, information was sought relative

to the age of the mother, the race of the children born

out of wedlock and the urban and rural community with
respect to the following questions: (1) What is the
trend in terms of the frequency of births out of wed-
lock in the State of Tennessee over the eleven-year
period? (2) What is the age distribution of the mothers
of these children born out of wedlock? (3) What is the
distribution of births out of wedlock with respect to
urban and/or rural community? (4) Is there a significant

racial difference in births out of wedlock over the period?
Review 2£_Literature

To protect children born out of wedlock, important
data are confidential and, therefore, inaccessible to in»
vestigators interested in making a systematic study. The
subject of 'illegitimacy', if and when discussed, is often
couched in legal and moral terms. ‘Very little empirical
data have been assembled on the problem because of the
difficulties in obtaining significant data.

Trigg's 1950 study on 'illegitimacy' has a direct re~
lationship to this investigation. It was the aim of her
investigation ”to isolate some of the cultural-social
factors that are associated with illegitimacy."2 The
'_—-—2—_—_—_—-

Martelle D. Trigg, ”An Analysis of Illegitimacy by
Natural Areas in Memphis, Tennessee, 1950" (unpublished

Master's thesis, Fisk university, Nashville, Tennessee,
1950), p. l.

PH

PW

4

ecological approach was used in this study because it was
felt that such an approach would have more objective data
which permits statistical analysis.‘ This approach would
also tend to distribute "illegitimacy“ adeording to the
natural areas where cultural forces producing the problem
could be described and analyzed statistically. Therefore
in using census tract data the following hypothesis was
formed: 'Certain groups of census tracts have higher rates
of illegitimacy than others and that census tracts with
high rates of illegitimacy are different quantitatively
in their attributes of socio-economic factors from others
with lower rates of illegitimacy."

Following this approach the rates of births out of
‘wedlock were computed for the city of Memphis by census
tracts. Memphis is divided into 90 small geographical
units for the purpose of census enumeration. Of the 90
census tracts in Memphis, 49 had ten or more live births
during 1950 and those tracts were used in the analysis of
social factors associated with births out of wedlock.
Tracts having less than ten live births were omitted be-
cause it was felt that they would present an unrealistic

picture of the situation. The rate of ”illegitimacy'for

——r——— .
Ibid., p. 10.

slim

each census tract was computed by dividing the number
of births out of wedlock by the number of live births
and multiplying by 1000. These rates were then correu
lated with other social data such as population distri-
bution, marital status, sex ratio, occupation, income,
contract monthly rent and education.

Q, the coefficient of association, was then computed
in order to measure the closeness of the association be-
tween the rate of births out of wedlock and the social-
economic factors involved. By using Q, it was possible
to determine the existence of association, and the nature
of the association.

The proportion of Negro men and women in the labor
force who were engaged in professional and/or managerial
occupations were computed and natural divisions obtained.
Other associated factors were then measured against these
natural areas and generalizations drawn as to the validity
of the groupings and distribution of births out of wedlock
over the city of Memphis. Analyses were made keeping in
mind the social and economic status of the group.

The data for this studwaere obtained from the United
States Bureau of Census and from the Bureau of Vital Sta-
tistics of Memphis and Shelby County Health Department.
From the United States Census Bureau came 1950 statistics

1‘

 

 

 

of population for Memphis, Tennessee by Census Tracts,
including the population by age, sex and race, marital
status of the subjects, sex ratio, occupational groupings,
school grade completed, contract monthly rent, average
income, and so forth. A serious limitation of this study
‘was made by the existing pattern of segregation in Memphis
--which made it difficult to isolate the natural areas of
a city.

The findings of this study were: ”(1) In general,
the higher the percentage of professional and managerial
persons the lower the rate of illegitimacy; (2) median
income became lower as the per cent of professional and
managerial persons became lower; (3) median rentals be-
came lower as the per cent in professional and managerial
classes decreased; (4) as to education, as per cent of
professional and managerial classes decreased so did the
median school years completed.'4

The major conclusion drawn from this presentation is
that "Illegitimacy has nothing to do with race but it is
the product of social conditions such as obtained in the
slum areas of a city; those cultural factors and forces
Operate to keep the individual in the lower class status
and produce other facts of social disorganization as well

as illegitimacy.'5

 

4
Ibid., p. 46.
5

Ibid., p. 47.

at I-

Definition 2;.Terms

 

For this study the term “Born out of Wedlock" will
carry the same meaning as ”illegitimate”. The writer
chose this term because she felt that the term “ille-
gitimate', in reference to unwed mothers, is stigma-
tizing in nature and should be deleted.

The following definitions of terms have also been
selected:

Iillegitimate - Any child born to a woman who has
never been legally married or who has been widowed, di-
vorced or separated (by continental limits or incarcer-
ation) sufficiently long to exclude the husband from
being the father of the child.

"L115.§i£th.- The birth of a child who shows evi-
dence of life after the child is entirely outside of the
mother.

f§2£21.Community'- That area of a county included in
incorporated cities of less than 10,000 population.

#1123 Community - That area of a county included in
incorporated cities of 10,000 or more population.

"1133;.Statistics - The collection of vital records
(births, deaths, stillbirths, adoptions, legitimations,
marriages and divorces), their preservation for use and
Ithe preparation and compilation of data for public health

purpose.”

""'1T"""“

Tennessee Department of Public Health, Re istration
Manual (Nashville: Division of Vital Statistics, 1937), p. 2.

,i

{I

(Q

,1

Subjects, Data and Procedure

Sublects

The subjects of this investigation were the total
number of live births of children born in wedlock and
out of wedlock to residents of the State of Tennessee

in 1944, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1952 and 1954.
Data

The data for this study were obtained from the files
of the Director of Statistical Services, Tennessee De-
partment of Public Health, Nashville, Tennessee. These
data included the age of the mothers of children born
out of wedlock, the race of the children born in and out
of wedlock, and the status of the community, that is,
whether the community was urban or rural. ‘Data for the
years 1944, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1952 and 1954 were used
because the writer felt that samplings from these years
would be sufficient to determine the pattern of distri-
bution of births out of wedlock over the eleven-year

pCPIOdo

Procedure
The procedures used in gathering and analyzing data

and testing the results of these data were as follows:

 

 

l. The total number of Negro and white children
born in Tennessee in 1944, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1952 and
1954 were recorded from charts in the files of the Ten-
nessee Department of Vital Statistics. The total number
of Negro and white children born in and out of wedlock
in urban and rural communities in Tennessee during these
years were recorded. Charts also provided the age cate-
gories of the unwed Negro and white mothers at the time
children were born to them.

2. After the data were gathered, percentages of
births out of wedlock were determined. Percentages were
calculated for the Negro and white children born out of
wedlock. The status of the community, that is, whether
urban or rural, was determined for Negro and white chil-
dren born in and out of wedlock, and percentages of Negro
and white births out of wedlock were calculated. The t
ratio was then computed to determine whether or not the
difference between the percentages was a real difference
or a difference that could be attributed to chance.

Percentages were then calculated for the ages of the
Negro unwed mothers and white unwed mothers at the various
age categories and t ratios computed for each age cate-
gory to determine whether or not the difference between
the percentages at each age category was a real difference

or a difference that could be attributed to chance.

10

3. Appropriate graphic methods were then employed

to bring out the full meaning of these data.

CHAPTER 11
RESULTS

A Distribution 21; Births _i_r_1_ Wedlock _a_1_1_d_
out of Wedlock in Tennessee,
124177.223.ET1§9J 19.5.25qu on

Table 1, page 12, shows that there has been a
steady increase in the total number of births in Ten-
nessee for each of the six years selected, except in
1950 when there was a slight drop in the total. In
respect to the number of children born out of wedlock
in Tennessee during this period, there has also been
a steady increase except for the year 1946. In 1946
there was a slight drop in the number born out of wed-
lock, even though the total number of births were in-
creasing. There was a drop in the total number of
births in 1950 but there was also a rise in the number
born out of wedlock in that year.

In respect to the percentage of children born out
of wedlock as compared to the total number of births,
there has been a steady increase in the percentage, ex-
cept for the years 1946 and 1948 when the percentage
dropped slightly. It is significant to note that there
was an increase in the total number of births in Ten-

nessee in these years.

TABLE I

DISTRIBUTION or CHILDREN BORN our or WEDLOCK IN
TENNESSEE, 1944, 1946, 194e, 1950, 1952 and 1954

12

 

 

 

—‘_-'“
_—-‘_‘

 

Born Out Percent
Year Total Births of wedlock Out of Wedlock
1944 67100 3790 5.6
1946 75839 3502 4.6
1948 81490 4124 4.0
1950 80559 4680 5.8
1952 81750 4886 6.0
1954 85401 6012 7.0

 

 

A.Distribution of Neggo Births in‘Wedlock and out Of
Wed oc 48,

anennessge,a_T§W
Table 11, below, shows that there has been a steady
increase in the total number of Negro children born out
of wedlock in Tennessee in 1944, 1946, 194a, 1950, 1952
and 1954. Further, it shows that there has been a steady
increase in the number Of Negro children born out of wed-
lock in Tennessee during the six years selected, except
for the year 1946. In 1946 there was a drop in the number
born out of wedlock. Percentages in this table show that
even though there was a drop in the number Of births out
of wedlock in 1946, the percentage was lower in 1948 than
in 1946.
TABLE 11

DISTRIBUTION OF NEGRO CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK IN
TENNESSEE, 1944, 1946, 194a, 1950, 1952 and 1954

 

‘—

Total Ne ro Births Percentage Born
Year In WedIocE Out of WedIocR Out of Wedlock

 

 

 

 

 

1944 10731 2493 23.2
1946 11588 2114 18.2
1948 14480 2728 18.1
1950 16006 3294 20.6
1952 16406 3462 21.1
1954 17907 4401 24.6

 

 

14

It is significant to note that there was a decrease
in the percentage Of Negro children born out Of wedlock
in 1946 and 1948 while the number born out of wedlock
decreased only in 1946, and the total number Of births

were steadily increasing.

A.Distribution Of White Births in Wedlock and out Of
'- ed oc n-TefiHEEEeE:—T§44:_1946:-I§4§:_'-—_'-_'
fl—m EL
Table 111, page 15, shows that there has been a
steady increase in the total number of white children
born in Tennessee in 1944 through 1948, but the number
dropped in 1950 and increased in 1952. It was not until
1954 that the figure exceeded that Of 1948.
In regard to the number Of white children born
out of wedlock in Tennessee in the six years selected,
there has been a steady increase during the period, ex-
cept for the year 1950. In 1950 the number Of white
children born out Of wedlock dropped. It should be
pointed out here that there was also a decrease in the
total number of white births in that year.
The percentage of white children born out of wed-
lock shows no appreciable increase Or decrease during

the years selected. The percentage was higher in 1944

[I

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15
than in 1946, 1948, 1950 and 1952, even though figures
show an increase in total white births up through 1948.

TABLE III

DISTRIBUTION OF VH ITE CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK IN
TENNESSEE, 1944, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1952 and 1954

 

 

 

 

Total White Births Percentage Born
Year Tfi—Wédlock Out Of_WEETOE§ Out of wedlock
1944 56357 1292 2.3
1946 64234 1381 2.1
1948 67006 1392 2.1
1950 64541 1386 2.1
1952 65334 1420 2.2
1954 67492 1609 2.4

 

 

 

 

 

A Percentage Distribution 23: Negro and White Children
Born on §zg‘——_'

3?:Wedlocfi’in Tennessee, 1 , 1 ,

_" _ Wa'T—e, 50,79T—M 54

Figure 1, page 16, gives a graphic picture of the
Negro and white children born out of wedlock during the

selected years Of study.

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§£3_Dlstribution_ Of Unwed Ne ro and White
‘ Mothers in Tennessee 944——

Table IV, page 18, shows that in 1944 more unwed
Negro mothers gave birth to children while between the
ages 15-19 than they did at any other age category.
more'white unwed mothers also gave birth to children
while between the ages 15-19 than at any other age cate-
gory. It is significant to note that the percentage,
of white unwed mothers giving birth at this age cate-
gory is higher than the percentage of Negro unwed mothers
giving birth at this age category. The t ratio is sig-
nificant at all age categories except in the category

in which the age Of the unwed mother is unknown.

Age Distribution Of UnwedN and White
Mothers in Tennessee

 

 

Table V, page 19, shows that in 1946 more Negro
unwed mothers gave birth to children while between the
ages 15-19. More white unwed mothers also gave birth
while between the ages 15-19; however, the percentage
was less for the white than for the Negro unwed mothers.

It is significant to point out that the percentage

of white unwed mothers in the 20-24 age category was

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couaaauaaauucH caoam a nude on» may some» soonest no “so nae.» no
mo Ion oocu 93>; omuudoouum sm<

.m .m uawwmao

 

 

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wmmzhcl Omomz QMBZD nm¢~ k0 m0<hzmummm mmh ZMmmam muzmmmmmun mmh m0 OHH<m u mmh

>H m4m<h

19

 

 

 

 

acaoaoaamu. saa> 5.N on. H a N caocxa:
samuacaamam so: NN.0 00. No.0 50.0 00.0 \nw
acaoauuamam 00a 0 0 0 a H Nanow
scmouuaamam no; 0.” 00. a 0 w 00:00
acmuauaamu. no: 0 0 0 0 0 enson
uaaoaeaama. zao> ¢.n 50. N as Na 0NunN
uaauaeaama. aao> 0N.H0 N0. 0” 00 0N «NuoN
aaaoauaama. ma0> 00.0" 00. 0a 50 50 manna
Namuaeacmam sac» _ 00.” an. a N N ¢~u0_
mucous.“ noumuaooua 3GB 0.5.»? .5230!

casuaauaaauuaH annex s no.0 one one aces» xuoauos co one noaaa no
no ton and» my: 3m omaacoouom . om<

0m ow tachmmm

J. [1'1

 

 

 

 

—

can .mmnmoomhkd m2 m>HHUmmwmm H4 mmwmmzzmb 2H wéhg H.533 QMBZD won.“ 024
was: Ommmz REP—,5 $2M m0 mghzmommm HZ. zmmgmm BzmmmmmHa 8.: m0 OHS u 8:.

> 33H

20

only slightly lower than it was for the 15-19 age cate-
gory, and significantly higher than the percentage of
Negro unwed mothers in the 20-24 age category.

The t ratio is significant at all age categories
except the 30-34, 35-39, 40-44 and 45% categories, when
there is no significant difference between the percent-

BQGSe

59; Distribution _o_f_ M Ne ro and M
Mothers in.Tennessee, _2EET

Table VI, page 21, shows that in 1948 more Negro
unwed mothers gave birth to children while between the
ages 15-19. More white unwed mothers also gave birth
while between the ages 15-19 and the percentage was
also higher than that of Negro unwed mothers at this
age category. The t ratio is very significant at all
age categories except the 35-39, 40-44, 45/ and age
unknown categories, when there is no significant dif-

ference in the t ratio.

/‘

21

 

 

 

 

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00000000000 sec 00.0 e”. N.0 0.0 e0.0 ‘00

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eeeeaeaema» 00: 5e.“ 00. a w 0 00:00

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neeoueaemae mee> . 00.0 00. 0 0a N0 0Nu0N
eeeuausemae see> N0.5 00. 5 00 0N eNsoN
aeeoaeaemae he.» 50.0N N0. 0 00 00 00:00
seeoaaaemum mae> 00.0 N0. N N . e «0.0—
uoeeuou noaeucooeoq sums; oumoz eonuoa

ceaseeeeeeeeeH oaeem » .000 one on» cause scene»; 00 see geese 00
mo sun oocu mca>~m omeucoouem ~94

 

om .m luommma

owmn smasaomhko 84 msmbommwflm H< mummMZZMH 2H mmMmHOE 9:; mg Nana oz<
mammhoz Omémz QMBZD munN m0 mu<Hzmummm mxh ZMMBHmm mozmmmmmna mmh m0 OHH<m a mmh

H>_MAm<h

22

§g__Distribution of 92122 Ne ro and £2133.
Mothers in Tennessee, 9

Table VII, page 23, shows that in 1950 more unwed
Negro mothers gave birth to children while between the
ages l5-19 than at any other age category. At this age
category more white unwed mothers also gave birth to
children than at any other age category. The percentage
of unwed Negro mothers giving birth at this age category
was higher than the percentage of unwed white mothers
giving birth at this age category. The t ratio is very
significant at all age categories except the 30-34, 35-
39, 45/ and age unknown categories when the t ratio shows

no significant difference between the percentages.

Age Distribution of thedN rag and Whit
Mothers in Tennessee

 

 

Table VIII, page 24, shows that in 1952 more Negro
unwed mothers gave birth to children while between the
ages 15-19 than at any other age category. Further, the
table shows that more unwed white mothers gave birth to
children while between the ages l5-19 than they did at
any other age category.

It is significant to note that the percentage of
unwed Negro mothers giving birth at this age category

is higher than the percentage of unwed white mothers

I.

23

 

 

 

 

bemoacaamun soc 00.0 0N. N.0 0.0 0.0 arouse:
seauacaemem so: 0 0 no.0 0.0 no.0 \nw
ucwomumcmum huo> coon mo. n N u «wtow
scmoueacmau so: 0 0 0 0 w 00:00
vengeance“. son 0 0 0 a a «0:0»
accouuuamuu buo> «m.~ en. a wa nu mulnu
venomuuemae zuo> No.0 0.. n an mu wunou
“caucuses“. at.» a~.a no. a an as manna
unmounucmmm has» ¢¢.n mm. u w n v~to~
oocoeou momuucooeoa 00mg? osmoz cacao!

consensuaeoscm oanmm a name any was some» suede»: 00 ago eaten e0
. ho Ion ooeo mem>um omaaeooeom ew<

J? OM OM 'h.mmmn

 

 

 

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HH> mAm<H

L4-

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Z4

 

 

 

 

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aoaoaeaaoam soc N~.o no. ”0.0 50.0 00.0 \no
nououesooan boo o o o N N oouoo
acuoaeaooaa son 0 o o o o onunn
nomoaceooan so: nN.~ do. n a 0 «nuon
oomoaeeaonu no: 0 o 0 on on oNanN
.ooaoaeaeoan zeo> oo.n no. n nn nN «NuoN
soooaceaoea neo> 0N.n do. 0 on on onuns
soaoacaeoan new» oo.n an. N a n ofiaon
oocoeou oomuaeooeoa oNHmB oemozx nonuofl

ooanaaoaoaooon canoe a seen on» on» noose xoo_oos no use sauna e0
90 non ooeo mcm>wm omaaeoouom om<

.m .m’ seehhmwx

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mmmxhoz OmOmz QQBZD Nmfin m0 mo<hzmommm mmb zmm35mm muzmmmmmma mmh m0 OHH<m a mmb

HHH>.mAm<h

c
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I
.
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I I I I

25

giving birth at this age category. The t ratio is very
significant at the 10-14, 15-19 and 20-24 age categories.
The t ratio at each of the remaining categories, that is,
25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45% and age unknown categories,

shows no significant difference between the percentages.

533 Distribution _o_i_‘_ M Egg and M
Mothers in Tennessee, .l__

Table IX, page 26, shows that in 1954 more unwed
Negro mothers gave birth to children while between the
ages 15-19 than they did at any other age category. It
also shows that more white unwed mothers gave birth to
children while between the ages 15-19. The percentage
of Negro unwed mothers giving birth at this age category
is higher than the percentage of white unwed mothers
giving birth at this age category.

It is significant to note that the t ratio of the
percentage of Negro and white unwed mothers in the 15-19
age category shows no significant difference between the
percentages. The t ratio is very significant at the 20-
24, 25-29 and 40-44 age categories.

Z6

 

 

 

 

 

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soooaoeoon. so: 0~.0 Ha. n0.o N.0 no.0 Xno
nanoseaooau sco> on.N an. H N _ ownoo
soouaonooan so: on.“ 00. a n a onunn
somoacaoosn s00 o o o o 0 onion
nomoacnooam new» oo.N 00. N n“ on oNnnN
scwoncuoonm sao> no.N on. N on . 0N oNaoN
soausoaooan soc HN.~ N0. a on on manna
soooacsooam so: 0 o o N N onsofl
ounces.“ mommucooeon 323 cam oz cocuoa

coasasoeoaosan 000nm s -000 «as on» cases xooHooe no use aspen co
no son 00:0 053 a omwucoouom om<

e 0M Ihommmfl

 

 

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mmmmhg Omomz QMBZD dowv m0 modhzmummm 8.2. szmm SZEmLmHQ 8.; m0 Our—Rm a 9.2.

XH mums“.

27

Age Distribution 2£_Ne to and White Unwed Mothers in

Tennessee, 4, 1946 1945
1950, 1532 and l§54

Table X, page 28, shows that during the years 1944,
1946, 1948, 1950, 1952 and 1954 more Negro unwed mothers
gave birth to children while between the ages 15-19.

More white unwed mothers also gave birth while in the
15-19 age category, but the number of Negro unwed mothers
in this age category is greater than the number for white
unwed mothers in this age category. Table VI, page 20
shows that the year 1948 was the only year in which the
number of white unwed mothers in the l5-19 age category
exceeds the number of Negro unwed mothers in this age
category.

Figure 2, page 29, gives a graphic picture of the
age distribution of Negro and white unwed mothers in

Tennessee in 1944, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1952 and 1954.

Distribution of Ne ro Births 12_Wedlock and
out of WedTBc n the Urban and Rural

Communit in Tennessee 1944, 1946,
194%, 1930, 1952 and 1954
Table x1, page 30, shows that there has been a
steady increase in the number of Negro births in urban

communities in Tennessee for each of the six years se-

lected. The number of rural births have also increased

k-fi

P"!

i"
/I
1

l .
1'

A9

TABLE X

TOTAL NUMBER OF NEGRO AND WHITE UNWED MOTHERS IN
TENNESSEE AT RESPECTIVE AGE CATEGORIES
1944-1954

 

 

 

 

 

Total number giving

 

 

 

Age of mother birth out of wgglock Total
Negro White
10-14 557 144 701
15-19 7758 3279 11037
20-24 4922 2802 7724
25-29 2518 1165 3683
30-34 1524 598 2122
35-39 921 334 1255
40-44 237 119 356
45,4 12 10 22
Unknown 43 29 72
Total 18492 8480 26972

 

 

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30

 

 

 

 

 

 

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no

 

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OM OM 'MHQ

 

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f.

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31

for each of the six years, except in 1952 when the
number dropped to less than that of 1948. In respect
to the percentage of Negro children born out of wed-
lock, with incidence to the status of the community,
the table shows that in 1944 more Negro children were
born out of wedlock in the urban community than in the
rural community. The percentage was higher in the
urban community in 1954 than it was in any other year
in either the rural or urban community.

In 1946 more Negro births out of wedlock came
from rural communities than urban communities. The per-
centage of rural Negro births out of wedlock was higher
in 1946 than in any other year in the rural community
alone.

The t ratio scores are very significant for the
years 1944, 1946 and 1954; in 1948, 1950 and 1952 there
is no significant difference between the percentages

born in the urban and rural community.

Distribution of White Births Ln Wedlock Lnd
Out'g£_WedlocK l_ the Urban Lnd Rural*
1 44,

Community in 9Tennessee 1943,
1948,L 1952 Lnd 1954

 

Table X11, page 32, shows that there has been a

steady increase in the number of white births in urban

32

 

 

an.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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scausaaams. has» n.nn 5N. n“ N as non« snows Nnma
oaaoaeacaa. has» a.» an. n ”N wN names owns" onmfi
saaosaaama. mao> s.sn om. as N HN mNNNn been" mama
oaausasama. mao> 0.0 an. 0N N NN manna among mead
sauuaascms. has» c.5N an. as as «N magma ooNnH «eon

oodouom nomuucoo Nahum amneb madam ammu: a
cemuauoeauooca omuam sumo anon on» meadow: ho use unuuwm aao>

» .ns aooasua ”chasm oases oases a. honey:

ho oocuuou Ho omaacoouom
.wmw.mx memo
anmsaaems .mmwmmzzma 2H xoonoms mo poo mmemam

mHHIB A<mDm 02¢ z<mmD m0 ma<azm0mmm n24 mmmzbz MIR #0 zOmHm<m200 OHH<N u.<

HHX mgm<b

33

communities in Tennessee for each of the six years se-
lected. The number of rural births out of wedlock has
fluctuated during the period and was lower in 1952 than
it was in any other year.

In relation to the percentage of white children
born out of wedlock, with incidence to the status of the
community, the number in the urban community has been
consistently higher than the number in the rural com-
munity. However, the percentage of white children born
in urban communities show no appreciable increase or de-
crease over the period. The percentage was lower in
1952 than at any other one of the six years selected.

In respect to the rural white births out of wed-
lock, more children were born in rural communities in
1950 than in any other of the selected years.

The t ratio of the difference between the number
and percentage of urban and-rural whites born out of wed-
lock in Tennessee for sample years between 1944 and 1954

is very significant in each of the years.

Number and Percentage 22 Negro and White Children
Born out of Wedlock|ig,Tennessee, 1944,
1"‘3‘94 ,‘Ts4TT‘, 950, 1952 and 1954

 

Table XIII, page 34, shows that there has been

a steady increase in the number of Negro children born

>4

/‘

34

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

scausosama» zaa> m.aa Nn. NN N nN waao Nomaa was“
samosasamam sau> n.mn Nn. ma N “N «mane moses Nam"
namescacma. sao> n.ao an. as N "N asnao cocoa onma
ocmosescma. sas> o.on No. on N an ocean oases mama
samuaoscma. saa> N.m« no. on N as «NNao coma“ mama
scaoaascmam sau> N.a¢ aw. "N N NN annon anaoa wean

cocoon“ nommucoo some; oamoz oumna oumoz
comumuoaauoucm odomm luau soon on» xoonoos naunum any»

a emu cooyuom ho poo unuomm ho ponesz

mo somehow we unannooeom
.m .m Jam!

 

 

sawduswma .mmmmmzzme 2H xoonoma no 920 szm
zmmonamu meazs az< omomz mo mq<e2momma oz< mmmzpz man no zOmHmeazoo oHa<m a.<

HHHX uqm<8

0"!

ill

kw

F's

'II.

35

in wedlock in Tennessee for each of the years selected,
except 1948, when there was a slight decrease in the
number. There was an increase in the number of white
children born in wedlock in Tennessee for the years

1944, 1946 and 1948. In 1950 the number decreased and
‘was still lower in 1952 than it was in 1948. More white
children were born in Tennessee in 1954 than in any other
year selected.

In respect to the percentage of Negro births out
wedlock in Tennessee during this period, the percentage
has been consistently higher than that of the white, and
was higher in 1954 than in any other year. The percent-
age of white births out of wedlock in Tennessee showsno
appreciable increase or decrease throughout the period.
The t ratio scores are very significant for each of the

years selected during the period 1944-1954.

(‘

CHAPTER III
INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

The foregoing presentation has shown the extent
to which births out of wedlock in the State of Tennes-
see have increased over the period 1944~1954. On the
basis of the findings, the investigator returns to in-
terpret and discuss the questions previously asked.

The Trend of Births Out of Wedlock in
-—_'-_—_Tefine33337—1§§§§I§;_. _—

In respect to the trend in terms of the frequency
of births out of wedlock in Tennessee at sample years
between 1944 and 1954, there has been a steady increase
in these births, along with an increase in the number
of births in wedlock. However, there was a slight de-
crease in total births in 1950 and a decrease in the
number born out of wedlock in 1946.

The steady trend of births out of wedlock in Ten-
nessee during this period is not unusual in compari-
son with the number of children born out of wedlock in
the United States each year. Thornhill states that
”150,000 mothers each year give birth to a child out

Pa

1'

37

of wedlock."7

It is expected, then, that a certain
number of the births in this country will be out of
wedlock. The Division of Vital Statistics in Tennessee
finds that I'nearly 5,000 illegitimate children are born
in Tennessee each year."8 The problem is a serious one

for the entire country, Just as it is a serious one for

the State of Tennessee.

A.Distribution of Ne ro Children Born in Wedlock and
'- 923.22' 33100 12f??fifi€§§é3:‘1§§§9____ ‘-_—
Findings show that the number of Negro children
born out of wedlock increased with the total number of
Negro births in Tennessee over the period of study, ex-3
cept in 1946 when there was a decrease in the number
born out of wedlock. The percentage of Negro children
born out of wedlock decreased in 1946 and 1948 but
continued to increase after those years.
The fact that most Negroes in Tennessee are forced
to live in poor social environments where conditions
are conducive to social disorganization may account for

the high percentage of their children born out of wedlock.

 

-—-__7

Margaret A. Thornhill, "unprotected Adoptions,”
Children ‘Vol. 2, No. 5, united States Department of
HeaIth, Education and Welfare (Washington: Government
Printing Office, 1955), p. 181.

8
"The Twenty-Third Child," Tennessee
Public welfare Record, Vol. XVII (Nashville: State of

Tennessee, I934}, p. 63.

,1

._

38

A.Distribution of White Children Born in Wedlock Lnd
melmnmefigg __

While the percentage of white children born out
of wedlock has increased each year, the percentage was
consistently below 3 per cent. It is possible that
the pattern of racial segregation in Tennessee accounts
for the significant differences between the percentages
of Negro and wiite children born out of wedlock.

The number of play or amusement areas provided for
Negroes is very limited, and little outlet is provided
for the social development of Tennessee's Negro children.
It is possible also that the number of play or amusement

areas provided for white children is also insufficient.

 

With respect to the age distribution of Negro and
white mothers in Tennessee, the greatest number of un-
‘wed mothers gave birth to children while theyvmre be-
tween the ages 15-19. This age category proves to be
the most difficult age for young girls in Tennessee, re-

gardless of their racial status.

39

The age category at which more young girls find
insecurity, unrest and promiscuity is 15-19, at which
time it is the responsibility of parents, teachers and
the community to provide careful attention and guidance.

This problem is not limited to Tennessee alone:
Thornhill states that "Some 62,000 mothers under 20
years of age give birth to a child out of wedlock each
year."9 The unmarried girl has a real problem to face:
she is physiologically ready for sexual activity, but
socially immature. Society has imposed certain restric-
tions which prevent her from outwardly acting as she
would like to act.

The unmarried girl also faces the problem of ade-
quate medical care. When she suspects that she is
pregnant she may refuse to face the possibility and post-
pone confirmation by medical examination as long as
possible. Adequate prenatal care would aid in the pre-
vention of (1) congenital disease transmission: (2)
continuing pregnancy when measles have possibly occurred
in the first three months of gestation, thereby elimi-
nating maldevelopment of the infant and (3) the con-
tinuation of pregnancy in a female whose physical make-up
is incompatible with pregnancy.

?
Thornhill, 22, cit., pp. 181-184.

40

The girl's first step toward advice or help is a
vital one. Her actions are controlled to a large ex-
tent by the degree of her desire to keep the condition
secret and/or her desire to change the condition because
of the inadequacy of her sex education.

Breckenridge and Lee suggest that ”Adolescent
children should have some concrete knowledge of the
anatomy and physiology of the sexual mechanism of their
own sex and of the opposite sex. Without such basic
facts the young person is handicapped in his social and
emotional experience, being far more likely to make

mistakes through ignorance than through knowledge."10

Qistribution of Births Out of Wedlock

in Urban and Rural Communities
— ETeHHEsE‘E‘é'TmM-L
Statistics show that there has been a greater in-

crease in the number of urban births in Tennessee than
in rural births. There is no definite trend with respect
to the percentage of Negro children born out of wedlock
in urban and rural communities. These findings show that
Negro births out of wedlock are not greatly affected by

the status of the community.

—Tfi—_"

Marian Breckenridge and Vincent Lee, Child Develop-
ment (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1950), p. 5Il.

41

The percentage of white births out of wedlock
during this period shows a definite trend in an increase
in the urban births. Throughout the six years in study,
the percentage of white urban births were consistently
higher than the percentage of white rural births. There
is no definite trend in the percentage of white rural
births out of wedlock, as shown by the fluctuating per-
centages over the period.

Breckenridge and Lee state that "One of the most
striking contrasts in type of environment in which children
live is that between urban and rural. Whereas the country
is typified by physical isolation, the city is crowded;
in the country the family is a center of many activities;
in cities associations of many kind supplant functions
of the family."11 These findings by Breckenridge and
Lee indicate that the reasons for such a high percentage
of births out of wedlock in the urban community are due
to (l) crowded living conditions; (2) slum areas which
are conducive to social disorganization, and (3) disso-

ciation of the family group.

 

11
Ibid., pp. 231—232.

}-

42

Racial Distribution of Births Out of Wedlock

-—— _I_l_ TennessE-ELELE — _——

There has been a very significant racial difference
in the birth-rate of children born out of wedlock in
Tennessee over the period of study, with incidence to
community status and age of the mother.

Trigg suggested in her study that although per-
centages of Negro children born out of wedlock were higher
than the percentage of white children born out of wedlock,
the fact was not conditioned by race, but is the product
of certain social conditions such as obtained in the slum
areas of a city: those cultural factors and forces operate
to keep the individual in the lower class status and pro-
duce other facts of social disorganization as births out
of wedlock. The investigator found it impossible to
Justify Trigg's suggestion because of the lack of certain
confidential facts on the intimate lives of the subjects
which would have given insight into many aspects of the
problem.

It is,therefore, theorized that the significant
racial difference in the birth-rate of children born out
of wedlock in Tennessee over the period 1944-1954 is due
largely to (1) poor living conditions for Negro families;
(2) inadequate recreational facilities for the social
development of Negro children, and (3) inadequate sex

education on the part of adults and children.

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43
Recommendations

In view of the findings of this investigation, the
writer makes the following recommendations to the State
of Tennessee:

1. That increased sex education be provided for
all adults and children of the state, and that this sex
education include the introduction and use of contra-
ceptive techniques. These contraceptive techniques would
be introduced through public health agencies and schools
to children, at the onset of puberty, and also to adults.

2. That the State Board of Education enforce existing
laws of school attendance, and provide inservice training
for teachers in the guidance and counseling of adolescents
according to their particular problems.

3. That the State Recreation Commission provide
increased recreational facilities for the residents of
Tennessee, and the use of the facilities be carefully
supervised and include wholesome recreation.

4. That the slum areas provided for a sizeable
number of residents of the state be demolished and ade-
quate and increased housing projects constructed, which
would include recreational facilities for the total family

group.

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44

5. That increased services be provided for its
unwed mothers, with immediate and special attention
given to its unwed Negro mothers in view of the high
incidence of births among them.

5. That the word "illegitimate" be deleted in use
in reference to children born out of wedlock because of

its stigmatizing nature.

Limitations

This study was limited to the years 1944, 1946,
1948, 1950, 1952 and 1954 because the investigator
felt that samplings of these years would be sufficient
to determine the birth-rate of children born out of
wedlock in Tennessee from 1944 to 1954, with incidence
to the age of mother, race, and status of the community.

A.serious limitation was imposed on this study by
the lack of data on the economic background of the un-
'wed mothers. This limitation made it impossible to
determine the effect of the economic status of families
on the birth-rate of children out of wedlock. Tennessee

offers no source for gathering such data.

f‘

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary

It was the aim of this investigation to determine
the extent to which births out of wedlock have increased
or decreased over the period 1944-1954.

Findings show that the problem of births out of
wedlock in the State of Tennessee is a very serious one.
Trigg suggested in a study related to the problem that
the high rate of "illegitimacy" is due to conditions
found in the social environment of the individual and
that the slum conditions of the city were conducive to
social disorganization of this type.

Further, Trigg pointed out that births out of wed-
lock have nothing to do with race but is the product
of certain social conditions.

The problem is the responsibility of the community,
teachers and parents, to be faced on the level of their
own planning. Most children who are born out of wedlock
are deprived of normal family life, and their histories
often show repeated changes from one caretaker to another.

Every child needs the love and security of a normal family,

46

yet many of these children born out of wedlock are sent
to orphan homes and never provided with this particular
security and love.

The unwed mother-to-be needs adequate medical at-
tention and shelter, and she is under serious pressure.
She has her own inner feelings that she must live with
as well as the outward reactions of society. In many
cases she is herself a child, unable to provide for
the maintenance of her offspring, but in need of training
and reeducation before she can be expected to assume
the responsibilities of adult life.

On the basis of the findings in this investigation,
the writer returns to answer the questions previously
asked.

1. With respect to the trend in terms of the fre-
quency of births out of wedlock in the State of Tennessee
over the period 1944-1954, samplings from the years 1944,
1946, 1948, 1950, 1952 and 1954 show that the trend is
relatively steady. There has been an increase in the
number, except in 1946, when there was a slight decrease;
however, there is no appreciable increase or decrease in
the frequency of the births out of wedlock.

(a) With respect to the trend in terms of the
frequency of Negro births out of wedlock

in the State of Tennessee over the selected

,‘Q

How

47

period, there has been an increase in
the number, except in 1948, when there
was a slight decrease. The percentages
show a significant decrease in 1946
and 1948: however, they show no appre-
ciable increase thereafter.

(b) With respect to the trend in terms of
the frequency of white births out of
wedlock in the State of Tennessee over
the selected period, there has been a
slight increase in the number, except
in 1950, when there was a slight de-
crease. The percentages show no
appreciable increase or decrease in
births out of wedlock in the sample
years.

2. With respect to the age distribution of the
unwed mothers in the State of Tennessee from 1944 to
1954, findings show that more Negro and white unwed
mothers give birth to children while they are between
the ages 15-19. t Ratio scores show significant dif-
ferences at each age category except at the following:

(a) in 1944 there is no significant dif-
ference between the percentage of Negro
and white unwed mothers whose ages are

unknown.

(b)

(C)

(d)

(e)

(f)

48

In 1946 there is no significant dif-
ference between the percentages of Negro
and white unwed mothers between the ages
30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45/ and the age un-
known category.

In 1948 there is no significant dif-
ference between the percentage of Negro
and white unwed mothers between the ages
35-39, 40-44, 45/ and the age unknown
category.

In 1950 there is no significant dif-
ference between the percentage of Negro
and white unwed mothers between the ages
30~34, 35-39, 45/ and the age unknown
category.

In 1952 there is no significant dif-
ference between the percentage of Negro
and white unwed mothers between the ages
25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45% and the
age unknown category.

In 1954 there is no significant dif-
ference between the percentage of Negro
and white unwed mothers between the ages
10414, 15-19, 30-34, 35-39, 45} and the

age unknown category.

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49

3. The distribution of births out of wedlock with
respect to urban and/or rural community shows that in
the sample years there is no significant difference be-
tween the percentage of Negro births born in urban and
rural communities, except in 1944, 1946 and 1954. In
1944 and 1954 more Negro births out of wedlock are in
the urban community, and in 1946 more Negro births out
of wedlock are in the rural community.

Further, it has been found that during the period
1944-1954, more white children born out of wedlock come
from urban communities rather than rural communities.

With respect to the distribution of total births
in the State of Tennessee during the selected period,
more children are born in the urban community in each
of the selected years.

4. With respect to the racial difference in births
out of wedlock over the period, findings show that there
is a significant racial difference between Negro and white
births out of wedlock. The number and percentage of
Negro births out of wedlock are significantly higher
than the number and percentage of white births out of

wedlock in each of the years selected.

' ‘

1“

50

Conclusions

 

On the basis of the findings in this investigation,
the writer makes the following conclusions:

1. The trend in terms of the frequency of births
out of wedlock in the State of Tennessee over the period
1944-1954 is relatively steady, and shows no appreciable
increase or decrease.

2. The age distribution of these unwed mothers
shows that more unwed mothers give birth to children
while they are between the ages 15-19.

3. The distribution of births out of wedlock with
respect to urban and/or rural community shows that more
births out of wedlock are in the urban rather than the
rural community.

4. There is a significant racial difference in
births out of wedlock in Tennessee over the period, with

percentages being significantly higher for Negroes.

.4

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Breckenridge, Marian E. and Lee, Vincent B. Child
Development. Second edition. Philadelphia:
We Be Saunders, 19500

Bossard, James H. S. The Sociology QEDChild Developr
ment. New York: Harper and Brothers, 19 .

Davis Kingsley. Human Society. New York: The Mac-
’millan Company, I9 .

Gesell, Arnold and Amatruda, Catherine S. Develop-
mental Diagnosos. New Yerk: Harper an Brothers,

 

I952.
Havighurst, Robert J. Human Develgpment and Education.
New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 3.

Meek, Lois Hayden. The Personal-Social Development of

Boys and Girls. New York: Progressive EducatTEn
Association, Committee on Workshops, 1940.

Redl, Fritz and Wattenberg, William M. Mental Hygiene
12,Teaching. New Yerk: Harcourt, Brace and
Company, 951.

Thorpe, Louis P. Child Psychology and Development.
' New York: The Rona d Press, I946.

Weaver, Wallace M. Social Problems. New York: Sloane
Associates, 19 l.

Periodicals

Adams, Alf, “Accent on Children", The Tennessee Planner
XV, Number 5. Nashville: The Tennessee State
Planning Commission, 1955.

Cottle, William C., "Helping the Child Develop Socially",
Education, Vol. 74. Hingham: The Palmer Company,
3" Q

P‘s

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..

Irv

Levy, Dorothy, "A.Follow-up-Study of unmarried Mothers '
Social Casework XXXVI, Number 1. (January, 1955).

Miller, Vallie S., "Gains, Trends and Goals in Adoption
Services", Tennessee Public Welfare Record XVI,

Number 1. (FeBruary, I953).

Thornhill, Margaret A., "Unprotected.Adoptions“, Children,
11, Number 5. Washington: U. S. Department of
Health, Education and Welfare, U. 5. Government
Printing Office, 1955.

"The Twenty-Third Child,“ Tennessee Public
Welfare Record XVII, Number 4. Nashville: Depart-
ment of Public Welfare, 1954.

Waring, Ethel 8., "Principles for Child Guidance", Cornell
Extension Bulletin 420. Revised edition. Ithaca:
New Y0rk State College of Home Economics, 1950.

 

Unpublished Material

Dillow, Edna Williams. "Contributing Factors to Marriages
Among School Age Children in Nashville, Tennessee."
Unpublished Master's thesis, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, 1949.

Tennessee Department of Health. ”Annual Bulletin of Vital
Statistics". Nashville: State of Tennessee, Depart-
ment of Public Health, 1953.

Tennessee Department of Public Health. "Registration
Manual.” Nashville: Division of Vital Statistics,
1947.

Trigg, Martelle D. “An Analysis of Illegitimacy by Natural
Areas in Memphis, Tennessee.” Unpublished Master's
thesis, Fisk University, Nashville, 1950.

I,

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