‘11! o.‘...‘ 5.0. or. .‘v o s H.” 1.. - x “I... 3...!“ 3...; t INC“ .29 2.... . ... .. 3...: . ma. “.2 .Q a r . F x: :3? ,' ' O I . Jr”: ("5;- \.‘3E “‘54: . x .. q. .1 ’91- . . ..\ .. 1.... 1...). “L M? a. w. w...“ N. [has *IQ.O a." V ..~ who..' (4.. a ”JV/i 4 o» t). “Ad . L. . {u .\ ‘1‘. .0}! 1W». 8 4. I rm g. .9 v... . .. .3. r44 3.8% .fi :4. 7-3.. 5...... v...‘ \v I.‘ at.- O ‘5 ‘ 9’: A— “ Flu... fl .. ' Om‘afim .aczb «MI. I 1x. 3.: L 9‘ Tu .24. IL...‘ “flux Pa Q54 96 ‘9‘. '9 -" J . T!"- 2. 51'". of” QR . u H.‘ A.“ .. ‘QUM rd ..- "‘x:on~ a” 3" 5 U Jub- us. {A , A“ ..~ hr .3 .7. s, ” flu ’J.‘ a - H 322::E;5:;3:224:52___ IHESIS LIBRARY Michigan State University ABSMCT THE MALLOPHAGL (INSEOTA) IWES'IING SEVERAL ANATI'IDAE (AVES) SPECIES IN MICHIGAN by David B. Crockett A collection was made of MalIOphaga infesting several species of Anatidae in Michigan. Fifty-two ducks of six species (£15.52. M. 36293, A. rubnpgs, _A_. carolinensig, A. discors, Em mm. m cucullatus) yielded 217 lice of four species (Anaticola M- 30933 (Scapoli, 1763), Anatoecush dentatus (Scapoli, 1763), Amtoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818) andhinoton guerguednlae (Linnaeus, 1758)). A new Mallophaga collecting technique was used. ‘Ihe method con- sisted of etlwl acetate vapors contained in a polyethylene bag in which the duck was placed. After three to five minutes exposure to the vapors, the bird was removed and the Mallophaga brushed frcm its feathers. Written descriptions and whole-animal illustrations for each species of Mallophaga, and a brief description of each genus represented, are included. Ihere is a discussion of the reasons why the author is considering placing Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763) as a synonym of Anatoecus icterodes (Mtzsch, 1818). Statistical analysis of the data gave a k coefficient of 1.05, indicating a relatively high degree of aggregation of lice on ducks. he mean number of lies per duck was 14.2; the variance was 20.7. ‘Jhere was an indication that female Mallards and Wood Ducks had a lower David B. Crockett irequency of Mleophaga infestation than did males of these species, but the Ghi-sqmre value was 2.7 (uncorrected) and a probability of 0.08, and a Chi-square of 1.6 (with Yates' correction for continuity) and a probability of 0.22. THE MAILOPHAGA (INSECTA) INFESTING SEVERAL ANATIDAE (AVES) SPECIES IN MICHIGAN w David B. Crockett ATHESIS amnitted to Michigan State University in partial mm of the requirements for the degree of MASTERCFSCIEME lbpartment of Entanology 1961; ACKNWLENE‘ENTS It is with much appreciation that I acknowledge the guidance, assistance and encouragement given me by the members of my grammate committee, Doctors Roger A. Heapingarner, Gordon E. Guyer, George J. Wallace and Roland L. Fischer. Ihe patience and constant guidance provided by Dr. Fischer, nw major professor, is especially acknowl- edged. Dr. Theresa Clay very kindly determined my MallOphaga specimens by canpm'ison with speciJnem in the British Museum (Natural History) collections. I am also indebted to Miss Clay for her answers to 11V nary questions on the details of MallOphagan taxonomy, morphology and biology. Iwish alsotothankDr. C. T. mackandhis staff atRose Lake Wildlife Experiment Station for their help and the use of the station facilities during the field collection aspects of this study. Dr. William E. Miller gave me considerable help and many suggestions concerning the statistical analyses I have used in this work. Finally, and certainly not least, I thank W wife, Sonic, for her constant encouraganent and deep understanding during this study, which was concurrent with our courtship. TABLE 0? CONTENTS Admawledgmnte List of tables List of figm‘es Introduction Methods and. materials General morphology The head Preantennal region Postarrtennal region Ghaetotaaq The abdanen The taxa Subarder Amblycera Genus Irinoton Nitzsch, 1818 'h'inoton flrgEemflae (Linnaeus, 1758) Siborder Ischnocera Germs Anaticola Clay, 1936 Anaticola crassicornis (Scapoli, 1763) Genus Anatoecus earnings, 1916 Anatoecus dentatus (ScOpoli, 1763) Anatoecus icterodes (Mtzsch, 1818) Host-parasite analysis Conclusions Literature cited iv \oszoxmmmwl-id LISTCFIABLES Table l. Ganparative ranges of penis lengths of several species of Anaticola. 18 Table 2. Abundance of uninfested male and female Mallards and Wood mcks. 31 iv Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure h. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. LIST CF FIGURES Frequency distrihrtim of the number of Mallophaga on ducks. Anaticola crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763). Comparison of antennal sexual dimorptdsm in Anatic'ola crassicornis (ScOpoli). Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763). Anatoecus icterodss (Nitzsch, 1818). Ganparison of distal portions of male genitalia. (A). Anatoecus dentatus and (B). Anatoecus icterodes. 'I‘rinoton flrglgdnlae (Linnaeus, 1758). 29 37 38 39 to INTRODUCTION Bantu October, 1962, a collection of MalIOphaga fran various wild waterfowl. was made at Rose Lake Wildlife thperiment Station, Michigan Department of Conservation, near East Lansing, Michigan. Fifty-two ducks of six species were examined. A total of 217 Mallophaga repre- senting four species in three genera were collected. The species of ducks were: Mallard, ammm; Black Duck, Ages; rum-lee Brewster; (keen-winged Teal, 5133 carolinensis (kaolin; Blue- winged Teal, Lass; discors Linnaeus; Hood Duck, _L‘I._J_:_ m (Linnaeus); and flooded Merganser, We cucullatus (Linnaeus). The species of MalIOphaga represented included: Anaticola crassicornis (Scapoli, 1763), Anatoecue dentatus (Scapoli, 1763), Anatoecus icterodes (Mtzsch, 1818), and h'inoton mueMae (Linnaeus, 1758). The collection was sent to Dr. “meresa Clay for detenunation, because adequate determined material is unavailable in the United States. M and Hopkins, over the past fifteen years, have established neotypes for many species in cases where the original types and paratypes were known to have been lost or destroyed (mostly (hiring World War II). Slhe majority of these neotypes are now in the British Museum (Natural Histo- ry) in London. In March, 1961;, I was able to visit the British Museum for five days. 11‘. clay discussed with me sane of the specimens in my collec- tion; and amered mam questions which provicbd a background for the taxonomic interpretations contained in this stuw. My interpretations of the collection under stuck here are not necessarily those of Misc 1 2 Clay. For mmple, I Suggest placing two species in synommy. Miss Clsyprefers to considerthemas 13cc species, mfl orastwo species-groups. Several general comments apply to the host records following the description of each species of Malloghaga. Both Malccmson (1960) and Ensrson (1962) gave host records, but they were not clear in their papers about the geoyaphic locality of the record. There are no indications whether the Mallophaga were collected in North America, or were collected outside of North America fran hosts which have been known to occur in North merica. All of Peters' (1928) records were from £1110. Further, Halcanson gave no literature citations to the sources of the records he gave. hereon, who follows Keler's (191:6) classification of Anatoecus in which nearly every papulation from a different species of duck is a separate subspecies, listed host records for each subspecies of MaJJOphaga. These have been lumped together at the species-level in this study, because I believe subspecific separa- tion in the genus Anatoecus is unjusfified at this time. Ems statistical aspects of this study are introduced only to give indications of certain trends manifested by the data -- not to prove awthing conclusively. New more data and specimens will be required before definite taxonomic and statistical conclusions can be ch‘awn. Revisions of most duck-infesting Maillophagan genera are needed to clarify the eynorwnw of these groups before stuck of their biolog' and population dynamics is attempted. Very inadequate -- in many cases useless - original descriptions are the rule rather than the exception in the dmk-infesting groups of Mallophaga. MOB LNDMA'IEMALS A new collecting method was used in this study. he method con- sisted of ethyl acetate vapors contained in a polyethylene bag in which the bird was placed. 'nle vapors were introduced into the bag via etlyl acetate saturated cotton balls. After three to five minutes exposure tothevapors, thebirdwas renoved toawhite enamllabcratorypan where the feathers were brushed with a stiff-bristliled artist's all brush. Hallophaga dislodged by the brushing were then recovered fran the pan and stored in 95% etlwl alcohol, each bird's ectoparasites in a separate vial. All specimens were mounted on microscope slides. Adult lice are usually heavily chitinized and darkly pignented, and often require considerable clearing. Irmature Ha‘IlOphaga are lightly chi.tini.zed and almost transparent, and therefore med no clearing. me immatures were mounted directly from 95% etlyl alcohol into Diaphane. Adult specimens were taken fran 95% through 70$ to 50% to 35% etlwl alcohols with ten minutes at each step. 'Ihey were then transfer- red to a cold 10% sodium rydrcxide (NaOH) solution for 2; hours, or until sufficiently cleared. Particles of dirt and. feathers adhering to the specimen were then removed. The specimens were then taken back to 95% ethyl alcohol by successive 15 minute stages in 35% ethyl alcohol, 50% glacial acetic acid alcohol, 50% and 70% ethyl alcohols. After an additional rinse in 95% et‘ryl alcohol, each specimen was mounted in Inaphans on standard glass microscOpe slides. Twelve nul- ldmeter round glass cover slips were used, except in cases of large 3 specimens when 22 m. round glass cover slips were more satisfactory. me slides were then dried in 95-105° F. heat in an electric laboratory oven for one week. A plesiotype was established for each species of MaJlOphaga in the collection. 'lhe specimen was micrOprojected onto tracing paper, and the major features were outlined in pencil. After corrections were trade, the tracing was tramferred to smooth surface white Strathmcre drawing paper on a light table. To obtain synmetry in the dorsal and ventral views, the tracing was reversed and the other view then trans- ferred to the drawing paper. Detail drawirgs (figures 3 and 6) were done with the use of a camera lucida attachment on the microscOpe. Details were then added in pencil, and the drawing was completed and rendered with India irk. Inking errors were covered with Pelican Graphic mite ink. Each drawing was photographically reproduced and reduced to six inches overall length: approximately a one-half repro- duction reduction ratio. ‘lhe use of a phase contrast microscOpe, at 100 and 1:00 magnifi- cations, facilitated observation of setae and other ndrnlte structures. Mandibles and their adjacent major supporting structures are shown from the dorsal aspect 9311. All whole-animl drawings otherwise depict the dorsumonthelefthalfandthe venter onthe right. GENERAL MGPHQWY A (If the two MaJlOphagan suborders, Amblycera and Ischnocera, the latter is the more advanced and couples: in morphological modifications. file descriptive terndnology applied to the mnblycera is similar to that used throughout the remainder of the class Insecta. Ischnoceran termi- nology, however, contains terms exclusive to this suborder of lice, or only infrequently used in other orders. Therefore, only those terms applied to the Ischnocera have been dealt with in detail. Aw terms not mentioned here are either used in their general entomological nearing, or are applicable only to imignificant details. Much of the following discussion is based on Clay (1951). The Head Preantennal m A sclerotized band, the marginal gazing, forms the subfrontel rim of the preantennal region in primitive fcms. This carina may be mod- ified by inflection of the medial anterior margin, leaving a trans- lucid anterior margin, or m m. Lateral and anterior carinal interruptions are further modifications. A lateral interruption creates, posteriorly, a W gall-n3 extending from the inter- ruption caudad to the preantennal nodus, and a W m anteriorly extending forward to the antercmedial interruption. The M, mm transverses the head predorsally. This suture may be absent, or may be discontinuous and represented only by two lateral sutures. In more modified forms, the suture arises at the distal end of either the interrupted marginal carina or the post- marglml carina. The sclerotized predorsum, anteriorly interrupting the marginal carina and delineated posteriorly by the dorsal preantennal suture, is the £03351 anterior 21316.. lids plate has a ventral component, the ventral anterior pl_a_tg, which may be fused throughout its length, or only at its praximl end, to the dorsal plate. Both plates may be variously modified in shape and thickness. Continuous with the marginal. carina and the mandibular framework is a thickening, the ventral __ca.l_'i_._n_a_, to which the Evinus, a manbra- nous lobe is attached. Primitively, the ventral carina forms a can- plete semicircle forward of the mandibular framework. Although various modifications of the ventral carina may be found in the order Ischnocera, the most cannon is a medial interruption by the ventral Wm which extends forward from the distal ends of the ventral carina to, or nearly to, the complete marginal carina. ‘lhe ventral. calina may be thickened or flattened laterad, and may be con- tinued forward as the ventral preantennal suture if the latter is also thickened. The ventral carina may be fused to the anterior, sometimes infracted, ends of the premarginal carina if the marginal carina is incanplete. Postantennal m An endocarina, the moral _;_cui_n_a, utends fran the occipital margin of the head across the tenple, beccming continuous with either the mantennal gaging, a heavily sclerotized internal thickening just anterior of the antennal fossa, or the supraorbital margin. 'Ihe temp- oral carina may be absent, or it may merge with the inner surface of the dorsal sclerotization and thus be visible only near the occipital margin. Mosing the temples is a thickened rim, the margnal temporal m which may be irregularly thickemd. A thickening ahead of the eyeistheggocularnggg; behindtheeye, apostocularm andon the occipital margin, the occigtal 92993. The mstantennal m either extends across the temples or appears as a lateral suture . Extending orad from the occipital margin, or near it, to the mandibular framework is the occigtal , _ca_ri__na_. The posterior tentorial pits are always associated with this carina. m All or ary of the head setae may be greatly elongated or reduced to stout spines, or reduced to microchaetae so that they are often difficult to find. Sane species may have additional setae on the dorsum of the head so arranged that it is no longer possible to identi- fy the prindtive ones to which names have been given. Abnormally, any of the setae may be duplicated in a specimen, often only on one side of the head. Five pairs of setae on the head are always present and quite constant in position throughout the suborder Ischnocera. These five consist of the moonsl gets (pc.s.), which arises ventrally just anterior to the come. Also ventrally, the mandibular _s_e_t_§ (md.s.) is on or near the outer surface of the mat-fibular framework. In sane cases this seta has been lateroverted, and actually arises on the ventral margn of the come. me WEE (pa.s.) arises usually from the anterodorsal margin of the antennal fossa. Dorsocaudad of the preantennal nodns is the mtnodal gets (pn.s.). there there is a poetentennal dorsal suture this seta lies in or near the suture.- Ch the dorsum of the eye low is the gc_ul___ar.§_ej_;a_ (0.8.). Three anterior 9333 (a.s.l-3) may be marginal or suhnarginal on the dorsum or venter. there the dorsal preantennal suture interrupts the marginal carina, the first anterior seta is often (but not always) assodated with the pdnt of interruption, dther marginally or sub- marginalJy on the dorsum or more rarely on the venter. “men the dorsal suture does not interrupt the marginal carina, the first anterior seta is near the pdnt where the carinal interruption usually occurs. In the putative head, the ventral submargnal _s_e_t.a_e_ (v.sm.s.l-2) are a pair of setae arising on, or below, the venter of the marginal carina. In the spedalized head the outer of this pair (v.sm.s.1) usually lies on the marginal carina and the inner (v.sm.s.2) just laterad of the ventral anterior plate. This latter seta may be minute and difficult to see . The positions of the anterior‘ventral §_e_ta_e_ (a.v.s.1-3) seen to depend on the head shape. In the modified head, the first anterior ventral seta (a.v.s.1) is the outer, or marginal, seta of the anterior setae, and is assodated with the anterior setae. Posterolaterad of the ventral suhnarginal setae (v.sm.s.1-2) are the second and third anterior ventral setae (a.v.s.2-3). These three setae (a.v.s.1-3) often form a characteristic group assodated with, and laterad of, the ventral carina, when the latter is modified. In some cases the outer two (a.v.s.1-2) are close together and arise just anterior to the pre- conal seta. In other imtances, all anterior ventral setae mar be grouped much nearer the front of the head, or a.v.s.1-2 may arise near the conus and a.v.s.3 near the anterior margin of the head. A single sets, the $913.21; W59}; (d.sm.s.), is located dorsmledially either on the marginal carina or just ventrad of it. Ventrad of the dorsal. submargmal seta, the anterior 99.1229}. 533a; (a.d.s.) is ccnmonly assodated with the dorsal preantennal suture when this is present. Hith modified heads, this seta often arises either in the suture or on its posterior margin; or it may arise postsuturally or be highly variable in relation to the suture. Although always present, the margnal floral seta-g (m.t.s.1-x) are quite variable in number, position and size. They may arise dorsally, ventrally or marginally. lhe first temporal seta is usually ventrocaudad of the eye, although it may arise on the venter of the lens, or even considerably postocularly. 'Jhe remaining temporal setae usually are a small ventral seta (m.t.s.2), two dorsal macrochaetae and two maller setae on the ocdpital margin. Dorsonediad of the occipital margin is the single post-Moral 9.932 (Pt.s.). The Abdomen In the male genitalia of acne spedes, an effractor is present. This is a structure on the endaneral plate and anterior to the para- 1118198. THEM The order MaJlOphaga is generally separated into two major sub- orders: knblycera and Ischnocera. A third suborder, Rhynchophthinna, has one monotypic family, Hammtmyzidae, the spades of which infest only mammals. ‘Jhe suborder Amblycera may be characterized largely as follows: Meso-metanotum distinct; antennae concealed and clavate; labial pelpi present; mandibles holdzontal; and crOp simlile. llle germs Trinoton is the only member of this suborder represented in this stuck, am is in the family Menoponidae. In contrast, the suborder Ischnocera may be characterized as follows: Meso-metanotmn fused into a pterothorax; antennae exposed and not clavate; labial palpi absent; mandibles vertical; and crop an esOphageal diverticulum. Toe other two genera, Anaticola and Anatcecus, represented in this study are meubers of the family milepteridae and belong to this suborder. Suborder Amblyoera Family Menoponidae Genus Trinoton Nitzsch, 1818 Trinoton Nitzsch, 1818. Germar's Mag. Ent. 3: 300. Type spades: (by monotypy) Liotheum (Trinoton) comurcatum Mtssch, 1818. ninotm Bannister, 1838. Handb. Ent. 2: tho. Enendation (i.e., m m) for Trinoton Nitzsch, 1818. 10 ZL'I. Trinotion Perry, 1876. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverpool 30: mac. (Misprint). Ewiggglla Eichler, 19m. Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 102: 126. Type spades: Trinoton femoratumvPiaget. Distinguished by large size (h-6 run. length); triangular head; distinctly lobate and posteriorly raised temporal margin. Mesothorax large. 'I'rinoton W (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figure 7) Pediculus flrglgdnlae Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Natr., ed. 10: 612. mm for Redi's Pollino del' arzavola o farquetola. ME Degeer, 1778. Men. met. Ins. 7: 77, pl. 1:, fig. 12 ('2). lrinoton mac—um Kolenati, 18h6. Melet. Eat. 5: 138, pl. 19, fig. 5 (‘2). Egg: Very broadly triangular, two-thirds as long as broad. Temples greatly expanded laterally. (bestow: Tue transverse rows of small setae on venter of anterior margn, a cluster of postocular hairs on anterior margin of tanporal marginal carina. Six setae laterad on tenporal marginal ca'dna: anteri- or and third setae moderately long; second, fifth and sixth extranely long; and fourth long. Twolong setae on anterior edge of ocdpital man between temporal carina and medial line. Gular area outlined by 1.2 double or triple rows of short stout setae. m: Prothorax subtriargular with base antericrly; lateral margins very broadly produced over base of foreleg, with three stout setae on anterolateral margin, and seven long setae on posterolateral margin. Tho small peg-like setae arranged side by side on prothorax dorsum. Posterior dorsal margin of prothorax with one short and four long setae. Prothoraac venter with heavily sclerotized and pigmented V-shapad stern- ite. Posterior margin of "V" with ten moderately long setae; mmerous stout short setae in area anterior to this margin. Mesothoradc margin rounded anterolatarally, nearly transverse posteriorly. Metathorax twice length of mesothorax, and broader. Leg: Anterior margin of hind tibia with dense row of twenty nearly equally long setae; posterior ‘mardn with double row of short setae. Anterior margin of hind fanur with ten long setae; posterior margin with nine long to moderately long setae; and venter of femora with brush of numerous fine, short setae. Abdanen: (blong; greatest width at segment IV; segments III-VIII with rericulus near lateral dorsal margin. Segnents III, IV, IX and X with brushes of numerous fine, short setae on ventral surfaces. Other abdominal chaetotazy as in Figure 7. HOST RECGIDS Malcanson (1960) listed __ln_a_§ We Linn., _A_. m Brewster, _A_. strapgra Linn., Museum (Gnelin), m afflds (Eyton), Mergu_§pme§anear Linn. and g. serrator Linn. as hosts. Peters (1928) gives as hosts: Chenicaerulescens (Linn. ), Anas W i. m A. 9.6.112 um. Mail-9.1.22: (Linn. ). it anemone. Etna m (Linn. ), m afflds, Melanitta degandi (Bonaparte), 13 m manner, fl. eerrator and, probably in error, Padlcepg swims (Liam). Emerson (1962) lists the following hosts:r 9995 W .4.- a°_\r*ao A~ mum. mm. mm (Limo), Oldemia m (um) and 1.4.9.232 senator. Material collected in this study included: six adults of undeter- mined sex and nine imnatures frcm six male and two female £213}:- m two adults of undetemined em: fran an £13; whims of un- detemined seen; one adult of undetermined sex from a male Ana}; £22};- _n_e_ns_i_s_; one actht of undetermimd sea: and two immatures from two fanale inns; discors. Other material, hinoton sp., comprised one adult female and nine imnatures frcm two male and three female gm. DESCRIPI‘IVE ANALYSIS According to Clay and HOpldns (1960), the guergygchflae group can be separated into two subgroups on the basis of chaetotaxy; guerfldnlae being found on A_r_x_a_s_ and related genera, and anserinum (J. C. Fabricius, 1805) on 532.2 and related genera. The primary characters distinguish- ing 'h'inoton gmmdulae fran 2. anserimxm are the fewer hairs in the brushes on the third femora and fourth sternites and on the genital region of the male flrfldulae. A less significant distinction between the females is the possession in ‘_1‘_. anserinum of a thickening, indis- tinct in outline, in the dorsal wall of the genital chamber which pro- jects below the vulva (Clay and Hopkins, 1960). his tlfickerdng may be obscured in specimens treated with sodium twdroadde. ‘ me plesiotype selected for Figure 7 (slide mamber DEG-Mu l) was collected from m carolinensis. No specimens frcm the type host, £23 crecca, were available for illustration. Of the possible hosts in the genus Anas (A. discors, ;. rubrime, and _A_. W) than which 11: specimens were available, A. carolinensis was chosen as the plesiotype host for two reasons. First, _A_. carolinensis is superficially closer tothe type host (5. 933993) thanis _L_. mbripgs org. We, both in toms of size and presumed phylogenetic position (Delacom and Mayr, 1915). Second, the range of Ag carolinemis is closer to that of _A_. m than to that of i- discors (A.O.U., 1957). me effect of any subspecific variations between MallOphaga of two different host species would be reduced by the above manner of plesiotype selection. Suborder Ischnocera Family PhilOpteridae Gems Anaticola Clay, 1936 Anaticola Clay, 1936. Proc. 2001. Soc. Lond. 1935: 617. Type species: Esthiopterum crassicorne (ScOpoli). Species elongated and of medium size (3-5 mm. length). Head characterized by clypeus narrowly rounded anteriorly; anterior plate sexually dimorphic, in females semilunate, with two pustulated setae on dorsum anterior to oral fossa. Antenna five-Jointed: normal in female; basal segment enlarged and third segment produced laterad apically in male. Prothorax small, sides slightly convex. Pterothorax longer and slightly wider than prothorax. Abdomen elongated, first segment small. Spiracles present on segments II-VII. Clay and Hopkins (1951:) smnarized the intrageneric characteristics of taxonomic value as follows: All the specimens of Anaticola iron the Anserifomes examined are very similar, having male genitalia differing only in prOportions of the various stmcturea, and in the chaatotaxy of the genital region of the female. 15 Anaticola crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763) (Homes 2 - 3) Pediculus crassicornis Scopoli, 1763. Entanologia Carm- olica : 383. Host: (Anas Boschas) = £19.32. W, Linn. Pediculus ;_an_a_ti_._s_ Schrank, 1781. Enum. Ins. Austr. Indig. : 503. Host: (Ame Boschas, varietas fera) 2 £23; 2. M- m Linnaeus. Podiculus W J. c. Fabricius, 1791:. Ent. Syst. Suppl. : 571. Host: (Anas Boschas) 7- _An_§§ 3. W Linn. Philmterus swans Nitzsch, 1818. Gemar's Mag. Ent. 3: 292. Nanen novum for Pediculus anatis Fabricius. He___g__.d: Sexually dimorphic; narrowly ovate; well sclerotized; length about one-and-one-half times width; greatest width immediately post- ocularly. Margiml carina strongly sclerotized laterally, incompletely interrupted by preantennal suwre. Dorsal preantennal suture a lateral slit in the male, a transverse suture with posteromedial prolongation in female. Dorsal anterior plate well chitinized, senilunate in female, concave-concave in male. Ralvinus a simple lobe with groove medially. Postantennal region with teunples slightly amended; marginal temporal carina heavily sclerotized; temporal carina extending forward toward mandibular articulations as. occipital margin. Gular plate distinct, well-sclerotized and roundly sagittate. Antenna five-segmented, seam.- ally dimorphic (as shown in Figure 3); fande normal, male with basal l6 segnent greatly elongated and third segment laterally produced apically. diatom: Dorsum of preantennal region with three marginal setae, the posterior one long. Anterior dorsal setae in wide pustule of postero- medial prolongation of dorsal preantennal suture in female. Preantennal seta small. Venter of preantennal region with three anterior and. two posterior setae. Postantenml region with a dorsal temporal seta; three marginal temporal setae with third extremely long; and ocular seta on dorsum of eye lens. m: Pr0thorax small, sclerotized lightly dorsally and heavily laterally. Posterior and lateral margins of prothorax heavily sclero- tized. Pterothorax longer than broad, sclerotized heavily laterad and lightly mediad; dorsal posterior margin with six long setae. Ptero- sternum with one small seta anteriorly and one posteriorly. Abdanen: Elongated, widest at segment IV. Pleura strongly sclerotized; spiracles on segments II-VII. Sternum I in both sexes small, laterally compressed and continuous with pterosternum. HOST REIHRDS Malcanson (1960) listed m bernicla (Linn. ), £135; platxglggchos Linn. , _A_. rubrims Brewster, m americana (Gmelin), M albeola (Iinn.), WW (Iinn.), m Jamaicansis (Cknelin), Mmerganser Iinn. and lg. serrator Linn. as hosts. Peters (1928) gives as hosts: All”; W _A_. rubriEs, A. stream Linn, 5. “618cm Linn-a 1481.22 22.2.».1222 (limo), .12. w hangs some Linn., m affinis (By-ton), Emmerganser andfl. m. He listed this Ma110phagan species as EsthiOpterum crassicorne (ScOpoli). Ehnerson (1962) lists the following hosts: as; gamma, .1}.- strem, .A_. acuta Linn., é. creoca Linn., Mareca m Etna 17 9.31223; Ema (Iinn.), mm (NJ: .4: ______,affird.s M islandica (Cinelin), mm Sanateria molllssima (Iinn.), g. spectabilis (Linn.), Melanitta r_t_z_s_c_a_ (Linn. ), g. M (Bonaparte), g. pgrfldllata (Linn. ), Oidemia alga (Linn.) and M serrator. Material collected in this stucw consisted of: 13 males, 18 fe- males and 25 inmatures fran 8 male and )4 female _A_n_a_s_ gatmwos; 5 fanales and 2 immatures frcm one male, and one of undetermined sex, .4292 rubripes; one immature from a fanale w carolinensijs; and two fanales and two immatures from two fenale £9.33; discors. Other material, Anaticola sp., canprised 37 males, 31 females and 1h immatures frcm 11 male and 8 female .435 m. DESCRIPI‘IVE ANALYSIS Species of the genus Anaticola are very similar. Anaticola 933.:- sicornis is distinguished fran A. mergserrati (DeGeer, 1778) (which should perhaps be considered as a subspecies of 5. crassicorrgg) only by the narrower marginal carinae of the head and the shorter penis (Clay and Hapkins, 1951:). (See table 1 for comparison of penis lengths of several species of Anaticola.) Anaticola crassicornis is separable from A. anseris (Linn.) by the characters of the anterior region of the head and the shorter penis (Clay and Hapkins, 1951). A- crassicornis also tends to have a greater number of setae on the genital region of the male and on the vulva of the female than anseris, according to Clay and Hopkins (1951:) . uIllIl II III- .Jll‘l [I |l(.l‘ ll'l‘t..llll‘l‘ [l.l|lll . III [II IIIIIIII‘IIIII [ll 18 ‘Ihble l. Canparative ranges of penis lengths of several spades of Anaticola. (Data from Clay and HOpkins, 1951 and 19510. Range of penis lengths, in mm. cies (mmber of specimens in brackets) é- crassicornis 0.13 - 0.16 (9) A. mergserrati 0.20 - 0.23 (10) 0.27 (3) '5 E3— Ill I'll . . A ll Illa! If! ‘lll‘lll‘lllll't‘l‘l'l‘ l..|I.£.IIII..II“. llllll‘ll‘fl! I!!!“ lllll‘ll).ll.ll1l) 19 Gems Anatoecus Cummings, 1916 Anatoecus Ginsungs, 1916. Proc. 2001. Soc. Lond. 1916: 653. 'Jype species: "Amtoecus icterodes Mitzsch." Distinguished on the head by the characteristic elation of the clypeus; the presence of two small peg-like setae dorsally, one each side of posterior apex of dorsal anterior plate; and the rather short antennae. The dorsal chaetotaxy of the head is a generic character. Abdanen characterized by the lateral tergite forms, winch in segment I meet each other in the medial line, and leave an uncovered median field in subsequent sections except the last. In male gemtalia, parameres are fused distally with the pseudOpenis. Forms of endaneral plate, pseudOpenis, sac, vesicula searinalis and extremely short w are good generic characters. The numbers of this genus are remarkably uniform, and the species presumably all closely related. Anatoecus dentatus (Scapoli, 1763) (Figures 3: 6A) Pedioulus dentatus» Scopoli, 1763. "Entomologia Carriolica" : 383. Host: Anas presumably (p. W,Iinn.). MALE gag: albtriangulm'; nearly as wide as long. Clypous produced, sani- orbicular. Marginal carina interrupted anteromediad and laterad. Pre- margnal carina anterior-1y infracted, extending posteranediad, fusing Ii.‘ I. [I I!“ 20 with ventral carina opposite lateral interruption of marginal cut-in. Postnarginal carina forms preantennal nodns posterodorsally and fuses with ventral carina to form mandibular framework posteroventrally. I-hralim margin complete fmm near anterior and of postnarginal carina. Dorsal. preantennal suture extends from anterior end of postmarginal carina generally postemmedially joining longimdinal mediodorsal suture opposite anterior margin of antennal fossa. Anterior plate with two components; anterior dorsal plate orbicular to hexagonal except at confluence with ventral plate . Sclerotisation on each laterodorsal margin of dorsal plate extends dersoposteromedially, fusing into heavily sclerotized retrorse process rounded apically. Ventral anterior plate margin flattened anteriorly, laterally slightly concave, and rounded and slightly thickened posteriorly. Anterior half ventral carina sub- parallel, distally fused with infracted end of pranarginal carina; posterior half ventral carina extends posterolaterally toward conus. Pulvinus attached perourrently laterad. Iabrum, in posterior margin of - pulvirms, bowed forward mediad. Temporal carina extends forward from occipital margin, fuses with internal surface of dorsum posterior of preantennal nodus. Antenna five-jointed; second segment twice, and apical segment one-and—one-half times, length of third or fourth seg- ments. m: Prothorax obcordate . Pterothorax suboonical, dorsum channelled medially, posterior margin arouate. Abdomen: Obtusely ovate. First and last segnents with pigmented sclero- tisation reaching the median dorsally. Dorsum first segnent smelled medially. Anterior half first sealant fasciate on dorsum. Other seg- ments heavily pimnted laterad; reniculate dorsally, hepaticoform \Iull Ill! .lllll [I'll-II. III I."l|\[{llrlll~(.[ 21 ventrally: posterior segnents laterally less piguented and more variable in fem. Cheetotfl: Not diamostic on specific level. FINALE ‘ Females and immatures have not been assigned to described males. See Descriptive Analysis. HOST RECORDS Malcomson (1960) listed 3% bernicla (Linn.), £125 rubrims Brewster, é. strgera Iinn., A. carolinensis (lnelln, A. W Linn., £229.82 (Limo): an: "swim (W): i- .mar__fla (Um): i- gEE-Eg (W11), 32% 1333112 (111111.), Santeria 8136me (13:111.), M cueullatus (Linn.) and 319.252 _me_r_ganser Linn. as hosts. Peters (1928) gave as hosts: _;_An_a_s_ mbripgs, A. W Linn., a- assume flew so ans: 8 mama-“'2. (mm-L 9E9}. Jamaicansis (Guelin), Lem cuoullatms, m serrator Iinn., and (probably in error) M melanotos (Vieillot). Busrson (1962) listed the following hosts: 3% lmsis (Bechstein), __.W1r° mums-la (mm-L new mm (Hm-t answers» a. was (ram-t mm Pomm stellari (Pallas), Santeria mollissina (Linn. ), Melanitta fuses (Linn.) and Magma. Of the material examined in this stuchr, two males were collected nmmefmalemWommdeh‘mamalegm undamalefmamalegm WIVEANAHSB Winthegemsmatoecusispartimlarlydifficultbecanse thespeciesgroupedinthegemsareveryoloselyrelnted. After- 22 attanpflngtomaveltteeynowoftMsgrow, mayandncpldns (1951) stated: “... pending redescription of the amorous species that havebeendesclibedfrandnckswe areunable to suggestwhichnmnes are synonym of Anatoeals dentatus (Scopoli).u And they mention flirtlnr (Clay and Hopkins, 1960), "as it is impossible to tell fran the earlier descriptions to which group a name refers, it is necessary to fix the names arbitrarily for the two types." 'me two types referred to are _A_. dentatus and A... icterodes. Because these two tam pose special problans within the gems, and because they are the only representatives ofthegemsinthisstldy, theyshallbedealtvdthinsane detail. here. At the present time, I am not convinced that _A_. dentatus and _A_. icterodes are truly separate and distinct species. I an considering placing Anatoecus dentatus, flail-9.99 as a synonym of Anatoecus icterodes (Nitssch, 1818). The reasom I would consider icterodes as the senior synonym will be discussed later. Ommings (1916) established Philom icterodes Mtzsch as the type species of Anatoecus, but did not mention dmtatus Scopoli. He did, however, recognize two distinct forms of male genitalia in the genus: those possessing an "effractor", and those without. Figure 6 illus- trates the terminal.- portions of the two male genitalia types. According to Clay and Hopkins (1960), in a discussion of the morpholog and chaetotazy of 5. icterocbs, "most of [these] characters are also found inthedentatusgroup andcannotbeusedtodistinguishthetwoepeoiee; theseareapparentlyseparable onlycnthe characters of themale geni- talia." filth the exception of the genitalia, all male specimens of Anatoecus dentatls and}: icterodes inthis stuchere foundto be 23 essentially similar in all observable clnracteristics; the observed variations between specimens of dentams or icterodes were equal to, or greater than, the observed variations between the two tan. Clay and Hopldm (1951) desimted Anatoecus dentatus as the mine for specimens in vhich the male possesses an efi'ractor. There is no statanent, apparently, in the literature as to what function the ef- fractor serves, or that it is even a "reproductively isolating " factor. Itmybepointedmtheaethattheefmctorisnotapartofthe extrudable portion of the male copulatory apparatus. Therefore, it seals highly unlikely that the effractor, or lack of an attractor, is a physical barrier to successful copulation. If "reproductive isola- tion"isusedas thecriterionfortheseparationofspecies, themere presence or absence of an erfractor is a. rather weak morphological Justification for the separation of the two tan in question here. hereon (1962) and Clay and Hopkins (1951, 1952, 1960) mention that all examined dicks normlly have taro species of Anatoecus -- one species ulth the males possessim an attractor, and the other without. No date in the present stuck refute or substantiate their statemnts, but no other genus of duck-infesting lice regularly has more than one species npresentedonaxyhost duck. mlyinratherrareinstances do two closelyrelatedanimalspedes ofthesamegems ocmpycontimouslythe same muohabdtat; and when this syntopy does occur, one or both species umallymanifests sane differencefranthe other species intents of moaphology, habit“ preference, food requirements, life cycle, etc. It is perhaps presumptuous to assume, without proof, that Anatoecus . dentetus andé. icterodes do comprise anenmpleoi‘ syntopy. It seems likelythattnatoeous is representednonnfllyonsnyindividualhostby 214 only one species, as is the case with other chok-infesting genera. then, and if, Lnatoecus dentatus is placed in synomny with A. icterodes , the latter must be considered the senior synonym. In 1763, Scopoli used the name Pediculus dentatus in reference to what, solely on the basis of the description of the animal's appearance, could be either an Anatoecus or a irinotcn. His desigiation of the length of denta‘tm (given as roughly the equivalent of l;% m. ), however, limits thedescriptiontothatofa'frinoton. Denmr, in 181:2, (M Britannica : 102) placed Pediculus dentatus Scopoli, 1763, in synormy with Docgphorus icterodes ultzsch, 1818, and appended a question mark. Dem apparently overlooked the importance of the length designation, and gave the length of icterodes as about 2 m. M, in 1871;, (Insecta. m : ll.5) removed the questionmark, thus completing the errorin synonyw. Although dentatus Scopoli, 1763, may be a m m for Trimetg, it is certainly not an available name for Anatoecus. Clay and Hopkins (1951) erected a neotype for Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763). They, also, had overlooked the importance of the length designation. then theirer bmghtto theirattention, they stated (Ciayand Hopkins, 1958) their intention of asking the International Comission on Zoological Nanenclahire to validate their neotype. Regardless of the decision of the Camission, Anatoecue dengtns (Scopoli, 1763) repre- sents a “dentification according to Article 1.9 of the International Code of Zoological Nunencleture. If dentatus and icterodes are the same species, Article 23 (e)(ii) of the Code would have to be followed. his Article is the so-celled Law of Priority which states: A species-group tam fond w the union 25 of two or more species-group tan takes the oldest v_§l____.id name along those of its cosponents, (italics added). A misidentification, such as dentetus Scopon, 1763 is when placed in Anatoecus, consti‘hltes an iwalid name. this error should not be contamied, if an opportunity arises (such as placing denta‘bis in synonym with icterodes) to ramve the error. Therefore, when, and if, Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763) and Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818) are determined to be the same species, Anatoecus icterodes (m.tzsch, 1818) would be the senior syno- nym and A. derrtatus (Scopoli, 1763) the junior synonym. As stated in the descriptions, females of Anatoecus denta‘his and _A_. icterodes have not been assigned to their respective males. Fanales of these species have been collected. Ten are represented in this study. (Represented also are ‘ten male Anatoecus dentams and 5. Lots}: gig, three echlts of undetemined sex, and one imatme). Anatoecus icterodes (Nitssch, 1818) (Flames 5, 63) Docgphorus icterodes Nitzsch, 1818. Germar's Mag. lint. 3: 290. m m for "Degeer vii. t. h. f. 11;." Host: m serrator Linnaeus. Nims fuliguli Danmr, 1852. List hit. Animals in Brit. 1411s., II; mm 3 130 Halon mom for gem icterodes Nitzsch, 1818. Pediculus Em, 1818 (neg J. C. Fabricius, 1781). Bonaterre's Encycl. lbthod. 21:: 128, pl. 251;, fig. 2. Nmen novum for De Gear's pl. h, fig. 11:. Host: Margy serrator Linnaeus. MALE :55}: Subtriangulm‘; nearly as wide as long. Glypeus produced, sani- orbiculnr. Marginal carina interrupted anteranedad and laterad. R's- margiml carina anteriorly infracted, extending posteronediad, msing with ventral carina apposite lateral inten'upuon or marginal carina. Postnarginal carina fame preantennal nodus posterodorsally and fuses with ventral carina to form mandibular framework posteroventrally. I-yaline margin couplets frcm near anteaior end of postmarginal carina. Dorsal. preantennal suture extends from anterior end of postmargiml cerina generally posteromedially Joining longitudiml mediodorsal sutu‘e apposite anterior margin of antenml fossa. Anterior plate with two canponents; anterior dorsal plate articular to hemgonal except at con- fluence with ventral plate. Sclerouzamon on each laterodorssl margin of dorsal plate extends dorsoposteranedially, fusing into heavily sclerotized retrorse process rounded apically. Ventral anterior plate margin flattened anteriorly, laterally slightly concave, and rounded and slightly thickened posteriorly. Anterior hm ventral carina subparal- lel, distinctly fused 21th infracted end of marginal carim; poster- ior half ventral carina extends posterolaterally toward corms. mum attached percurrently laterad. Iabrim, in posterior margin of pulvinus, bowed forward mediad. Temporal carina extends forward fron occipital margin, fuses with internal elm-face of dorsum posterior of preantennal nodus. Antenna five-Junted; second segnent twice, and apical segnent om-andpons-hslf times, length of third or fourth segnents. m: Prothorax obcordate. Pterothorax subconical, dorsum channelled medially, posterior margin arcuate. Abdansn: flitusely ovate. First and last sements with pignented 27 sclerotization reaching the median dorsally. Dorsum first segnent channelled. medally. Anterior half first seguent fasciate on dorsum. Other segnents heavily pignented laterad; reniculate dorsally, hepati- coform ventrally; posterior segments laterally less pignented and more variable in form. (bestow: Not fiagnosflc on the species level. FEMALE Females and inmatures not assigned to described males. See Descriptive Analysis below. HOST REGCRDS Malcanson (1960) listed only m serrator Iinn. as host. Peters (1928) did not list Anatoecus icterodes. Enerson (1962) listed the following hosts: M almfrons (Scopoli), 5. 31133;, QEMborea (Panes), Ann; M Linn., Etula m (Linn. ), m americana (Evton), A. m (Linn. ), _A_. affine (Eyton), _A_. fulifla (Linn), m MIL—1.9. (111111.), Sanateria mollissima (Lirm. ), m mgganser Lim. and g. serrator. Material exardnsd in this stucv included five males i‘ran om female andhvomalegggW andoramalefranamalegm. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS For cements on Anatoecus icterodes, see the Descriptive Analysis for Anatoecus dentatus on page 21. To smnarize those cannents here, I an considerim placing 5. dentatus, 213531-529; as a synorym of A. icterodes (Mtzsoh, 1818). Except for the lack of an effractor in the male genitalia, Anatoecus icterodes is apparently the morphological equivalent of Anatoecus dentatus. Figure 63 illustrates the terminal portion of the male genitalia of Anatoecus icterodes. HOST-PARASITE ANALYSIS An attempt was made in the collection of MaJlOphaga to treat all. «lacks in the same manner and to search for lice fran each bird with equal effort. It is assumed that not all. lice fran am given host were collected. No study was made of the efficiency of the collecting method used. Rumination of 52 ducks of six species yielded a total of 217 Mallophaga. me duck had 21 lice; and ten ducks had no lice. Figure 1 shows the frequency distributions of Mallephaga on ducks. All ducks, regm'dless of species or soon, are treated statistically here (somept where otherwise noted) as one sample because of the relatively small sample size. he mean nunber of lice per duck was h.2; the standard deviation was h.5; and the variance was 20.7. If the distribution of lies on ducks were due solely to chance, the variance and the mean should be about the same. The variance, in this case, is 34.96 times larger than the mean -- a difference signifying aggregation. Apparent- ly, some ducks are particularly favored by nature with more lice than others, or conversely, sane ducks are especiallv favored with fewer or no lice. mob aggregated dstxibutions are often characterized statistically by the negative unmial distribution. “Dds collection of lice is assmed to be negative annual in form Almost all insect populations are of this fem. Aggregative tendencies in pepulations m be measured by a coefficient termed "k". Waters (1959) and 31.138 (1958) have sum- marized the derivation and uses of k as a measure of aggregation in 28 29 fin. Ida < 06 Xe aria u ow? n3 $93.3? Winn t6 hexkehfikefi items emit w. mew. 30 insects. The manent method of canputing 1: was used in tlns study, and. gave a k value for these data of 1.05. is k approaches 0, the aggrega- tive tendency is increasing. As it approaches infinity (in practice amthing over 15 or 20), the aggregative tendency disappears and a randan distribution is approached. A k coefficient of 1.05 is indica- tive of considerable aggregation. Casual observation of the data suggested that perhaps female Hood Ducks and Mallards had a lower frequency of Mallophaga infestation than did males of these species. Table 2 shows the percentages of uninfected ducks. Data for Mallards and Wood Ducks were canbined to increase the sample size. Other host species were excluded from this analysis be- cause their small sample sizes and uneven distributions of sexes were considered inadequate for statistical purposes. The Chi-square test for dgxiflcance was used, both with and with- out Iates' correction for continuity. This correction is used when the total frequency, N, is greater than to and when the class with the low- est observed frequency is 10 or less. In this case, N equalled 141 and the class with the lowest observed frequency was 2. lherefore, Chi- squares were computed both with and without correction. The uncorrected value was 2.7, with a probability of 0.08 that this value is due solely to chance. With Yates' correction for continuity, the Chi-square value was 1.6, with a probability of 0.22 that this value is due solely to chance. The true Gui-square value lies sanewhere between the corrected and uncorrected values computed. the corrected value underestimates the true value more severely than the uncorrected value overestimates it, due to the nature of Yates' correction for continuity. Neither value meets the 0.05 figmficance level standard, but there is at least an Table 3. Abundance of uninfested male and female Mallards and Wood Ducks. Numbers in brackets are the actual numbers of ducks involved: infested on left, min- fested on right. Brooms of uninfested ducks cies Males Females Mallard ll. (8-1) 25 (6-2) WoodDuck 8 (11-1) 33 (8-1:) 32 indication that fewer female than male Mallards and Wood Ducks are infested with one or more MaJlOphaga. CONCLUSI ONS The new MaJlOphaga collecting technique described beiefly here proved applicable to the mass-collecting of lice fran dead or living birds in the field. Generic revisions of Anaticola and Anatoecus, and redescriptions of their respectives species, are needed. The original species des- criptions in these genera are, for the most part, useless. Pendirg study of additional material, I am considering placing Anatoecus dentatus (Scapoli, 1763) as a synonym of Anatoecus icterodes (m.tzsch, 1818). Demonstration of an effractorial cline, overwhelming statistical data that these two taxa represent samples drawn fran the same pepulation, or proof of successful reproduction between the two tan would provide the required evidence for placing these two taxa in gym. Data in this stuchr were insufficient to establish conspeci- ficity in this case. Premenary statistical evidence indicates that the species of Mallephaga studied here are quite aggregative in their distribution on ducks, and that apparently fewer female Mallards and Wood Ducks are infested with MaJlOphaga than are males of these species. 33 LITERATURE CITED American Q‘nithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list of North American birds. 5th ed. American Orrithologists' Union. Ithaca, NJ. 691 pp. Elise, C. I. 1958. line analysis of insect counts as negative binarial distributions. Proc. Tenth Intern. Congr. Entomol. 2: 1015- 1032. Clay, T. C. 1951. An introduction to a classification of the avian Ischnocera (MaJlOphaga): Part I. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. Land. 102 : 17h-19h . Clay, T. 0., and G. H. E. Hopkins. 1950. The early literature on Mallophaga. Part I, 1758-1762. Bul. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). Fm'banol. 1: 223-272. 1951. The early literature on MaJlOphaga. Part II, 1763- 1775. Bul. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist). Entanol. 2: 1—37. 1951;. me early literature on Mallophaga. Part III, 1776- 1786. Bul. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Pfi.st.). Entomol. 3: 223-266. 1958. Pediculus dentatus Scopoli, 1763. Entanologist 91: 268—269. 1960. lhe early literature on MaJlOphaga. Part IV, 1787- 1818. Bill. Brit. Mus. (Nat. that“). W. 9: 1-61. Gratings, B. F. 1916. Studies on the Anoplura and Mallophaga, being a repm'tuponacollectionfranthemamals andbirdsinthe Society's Gardens. Part II. Proc. 2001. $00. Land. 1916: 610-693. til In!" 1‘ ill ‘41. {III I i\ 'Ilv I. I‘ I (I'll If . | it t l [ (III all... ‘ III: I I '1 (I 35 Delacour, J., and E. Mayr. 19145. The family Anatidae. mean 30.1. 57: 3-35. Moreen, K. C. 1962. A tentative list of Ma110phaga'for North knerican birds (North of Hoodoo). 1).:ng Proving Ground. Dugway, Utah. 217 pp. Hopkins, 0. H. E., and 1'. may. 1952. a check list of the genera and species of Mallophaga. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist). London. 362 pp. Keler, s. 191:6. Mallofilagen-Sympsis. VIII. Genus Anatoecus. Tijdschr. Ent. 87: 7h-76. Malcanson, R. 0. 1960. Mallephaga fran birds of North America. Wilson an. 72: 182-197. ' Peters, H. s. 1928. Mallophaga fran (hie birds. 0110 J. Sci. 28: 215-228. Waters, W. E. 1959. A quantitative measure of aggregation in insects. J. Econ. Entanol. 52: 1180-1181:. a”: -_ -' ‘. z .I _ . u .. 2". "_ '1. . . 1', I ‘.~ . ‘5 ~ ~ . ' -, . . ,- . . . 5-, . r . n; ‘ l *. : . ._ ".4: . ‘ I." '-,_'"~ fl 0 . .‘ Ir ' M.) .' , 1.‘ , .1 ,‘ ‘1 -‘ Z ‘ '3'! . 1‘ ' ,' l"" _ I’e. x,” - t‘ i". -' _ ‘3. a ”u"! - .‘fi'n. . :' ~ . .._-. ' n ’ '. _‘ e ‘ "~ 30‘: 'j.‘ . ‘ ”.3: ’31:. . ." a " . »>. 4 I .. e ' . , e ‘- r . ‘ A‘.‘.' . .;7' ‘r I - _. . 'f- ‘ I.‘ .1‘ ,-:'.,.'.A.. “‘j; :- q ,4 . w ."v‘; , ', . k 4“" my T-r-v-f ‘ Figure 2. Anaticola crassicornis (Scapoli, 1763). Plesiotype, slide number DEC-23: 1, adult male, fran female Mallard (Anas Esq-Emacs Iinnaeus). 37 Figure 3. Comparison of antennal sexual dimorphism in Anaticola crassicornis (ScOpoli, 1763). A). Male. B). Female. 38 Figm'e h. Anatoecus dentatus (Scapoli, 1763). Plesiotype, slide number BBC-19: 1, adult male, fran fanale Mallard (Lia: W litmus)- 11!. III: ;. I tell .I'I «Ill-I ' 39 ‘( Figure 5. Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818). Plesiotype, slide number DEC-10: 11, adult male, from male Mallard (Anas plaMchos Linnaeus). to 1 ‘ - " 3-" 1'.) - '3 .'.' '3 ., ' 0. ~ ~. 4 f . s r I. ' o 9 ’. f . g: ' '- C' - _ . ..‘ . l-n - 3 ‘l ‘ I ! i ' a ' ‘ .." I} '._ . '~_ ' .V ' . ‘- 0 , I I. .’ A ‘_I '10:. .‘., 1‘" '..‘ . I \ . , 1 . -"..— , f? 2.. ' ; .e"' '1': ‘0, v 1"“ -'. :.'1'- - 0.1: I: .. s q. . .51. , .’ ~ '53. ' 9‘ N \ Figure 6. Comparison of distal portion of male genitalia of A). Anatoecus dentat‘ué (Scapoli, 1763), and B). Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818 ) . Figure 7. Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758). s 55"}; . :‘s’ "~° “3’ '1,..,.,\ \ ".3, f3! 37"“:- ; ;_'.- - ‘ u I” J "LT-".1144 .a i"; .' ' ' V ' .' I", (I l ' \ I 'I, I ‘ ‘1" 3"» ‘ {I i"i";.. ’1: . ‘ .“ ".. "' ". .._ ' ’ . ‘- '. .' I I 1"“ . . \ . . . . / . 3:...1 3;. I: '1‘". J' $ «a ~ as, . the. . a .. ’ I I HI‘II’II'I :. - ‘ \ ‘.'.I.I.II1‘I:J. i ‘1‘ ‘I u I 1) ';!:.-,.I".'.¥£II "Y \‘ ttII‘I ' . ‘I:.‘:§I;I:." "" ‘0". ”1”) ‘ . 'I I“I';tI‘I\‘\|‘g"' {Ft .II“\ \2 I 'I‘IHIII:‘I‘\’ "I . ., I -- . '4‘ "um: I F‘ . - I Plesi otype , slide number DEC-MI: 1, adult male, from male Green-winged Teal (Anas carolinensis Cmelin). ROOM USE 0M)! 1 ‘3 _ ~ «\E‘SJ'” ! h . ; . V . RI‘ . I: "J .. "Hat .0 _ j .I a . 1.. is