-' ‘ "* ‘———.—v v *— v— ' . .0 o ' 0‘ I . Q o . .. i‘ . , . . I ~ . n - . . ‘ . . THE EFFECT OF ROXARSCME WTTH 0R WITHOUT ZINC BACITR‘ACIN 0N. BOQY WEIGHT GAIN, "FEED CONVERSION, SHANK COLOR AND LIVABIUTY 0F BROILER TYPE CHICKS Thesis for the Degree of M. S: MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY- ALSOBAYEL ABDULLAH 1975 JHESIS ‘3 The: NS' BOOK BINDERY INC LIBRARY amoms iPIlllIMIL Inclin- ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF ROXARSONE WITH OR WITHOUT ZINC BACITRACIN ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN, FEED CONVERSION, SHANK COLOR AND LIVABILITY OF BROILER TYPE CHICKS by Alsobayel Abdullah A 2 X 4 factorial experiment was conducted over a period of seven weeks. The experiment consisted of 16 experimental treatments with three replicates in each. In each replicate, there were 40 male and 40 female com- mercially hatched broiler type one-day-old chicks. The experiment was performed in order to investigate the effect of varying levels of Roxarsone, with or without zinc bacitracin, on final aVerage body weight gains, final average feed conversion, shank color, and livabil- ity. The different experimental groups received the same basal diet supplemented with varying leVels of Roxarsone with or without zinc bacitracin. At the end of the exper- imental period, data obtained were subjected to statisti- cal analysis. Alsobayel Abdullah Roxarsone, with or without zinc bacitracin, did not significantly improve the final average body weight gains (pen weights) or final average body weight gains (individual birds) or livability. On the other hand, the experimental groups which had received 30 or 45 grams/ton Roxarsone with 50 grams/ton zinc bacitracin in their diets, were significantly improved in their feed conversion over the control. In respect to shank pigmen- tation, the inclusion of Roxarsone alone in the diet did not significantly improve shank pigmentation. In con- trast, zinc bacitracin significantly improved shank pig- mentation, when it was added to the diet at the level of 30 grams or more per ton. However, both of the drugs, when they were added together to the diet, zinc bacitra— cin at the level of 10 grams per ton and Roxarsone at the level of 30 grams/ton or more, did significantly improve the shank pigmentation, which suggests a positive syner- gistic effect between both upon shank pigmentation, at this level. THE EFFECT OF ROXARSONE WITH OR WITHOUT ZINC BACITRACIN ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN, FEED CONVERSION, SHANK COLOR AND LIVABILITY OF BROILER TYPE CHICKS by Alsobayel Abdullah A Thesis Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Poultry Science 1975 - ‘h—h_ u . .- m- ‘— ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4; i“ To: Dr. T. H. Coleman, whose suggestions were most help- ful and whose association will be a pleasant exper- ience of my stay at Michigan State University. Dr. J. C. Flegal for the guidance and advice that made this work possible. Michigan State University, Department of Poultry Science for the use of the farm facilities. Dr. T. H. Coleman, Dr. J. C. Flegal, and Dr. H. C. Zindel for the constructive review of this manuscript. My friends and the graduate students in the Poultry Science Department for their help on the farm. ii LIST OF TABLES. INTRODUCTION. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. PROCEDURE RESULTS . 0 DISCUSSION. CONCLUSION. LITERATURE CITED. APPENDIX. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 0 O O O O O O O O O I O O O 0 1V 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O 4 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 9 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 23 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 28 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 33 O O O O O O O O O O O O O . O 35 0 O O O O O O O O O O I O O O 38 iii LI ST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Roxarsone and Zinc Bacitracin Levels in the Experimental Rations. . . . . . . . . . . . ll 2. Analysis of Variance of Final Average Body Weight Gain of Broilers Used in the ” Experiment. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 13 3. Final Average Body Weight Gain in Kilos of the Different Experimental Groups Indicat- ing Also the Levels of Roxarsone and Zinc Bacitracin Added to the Basal Diet Used in the Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l4 4. Analysis of Variance of Individual Body Weight Gain of Broilers Used in the Experi- ment for the Last Three Weeks of the Exper- imental Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5. Final Average Body Weight Gain in Kilos of the Individual Birds Weighed at 4 Weeks of Age Taken from the Different Experimental Treatments Indicating the Levels of Roxar- sone and Zinc Bacitracin in their Diets . . l6 6. Analysis of Variance of Final Average Feed Conversion of Broilers Used in the Experiment 0 O O O O O O O I O O O O O 0 O 0 l7 7. Final Average Feed Conversion of the Differ- ent Experimental Groups Indicating the Levels of Roxarsone and Zinc Bacitracin Added to the Basal Diet Used in the Ex- periment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 iv LIST OF TABLES (cont'd.) Table Page 8. Analysis of Variance of Individual Shank Color of Broilers Used in the Experiment, at the End of the Experimental Period. . . 19 9. Average Shank Color of the Birds Measured from the Different Experimental Groups at the End of the Experiment in the Roche Color Fan Units, Indicating the Levels of Roxarsone and Zinc Bacitracin Used in Their Diets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 10. Analysis of Variance of Final Average Mor- tality of Broilers Used in the Experiment. 21 11. Final Average Mortality of the Different Experimental Groups in Percent Indicating the Levels of Roxarsone and Zinc Bacitra- cin Added to the Basal Diet Used in the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Appendix 1. Composition of the basal diet used in the experiment in pounds . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2. Nutrient composition of the basal diet used in the experiment based on calculated analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 INTRODUCTION Organic arsenic compounds widely used as chemi- cal additives in poultry rations are 3-nitro—4-hydroxy- phenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone),.p-amino phenyl-arsonic acid (arsanilic acid), and sodium arsanilate. Evidence is at hand which indicates that certain organic arsenicals have anticoccidial activity and may influence growth, feed conversion, feathering, and pigmen- tation in poultry and may result in a decrease in mortal— ity and greater uniformity of size of individual birds. Most investigators have found that the mode of action of active arsenic compounds in promoting growth is similar to that of antibiotics, but only insofar as both influence microorganism population in the intestine. The kinds of microorganisms that are affected is still questionable. However, several other organic compounds are used to prevent or control coccidiosis, blackhead, and other diseases. The organic arsenic compounds mentioned above have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug l Administration (Feed Additive Compendium, 1972) for growth promotion, improved feed conversion, and improved pigmentation. For growth promotion, the usual dietary levels are 90 grams arsanilic acid or sodium arsenilate per ton of feed, or 45 grams of the 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-phenlarsonic acid per ton. Caution is needed when arsenicals are used in the feed because the margin of safety is rather low. Five times the effective level has been shown to reduce growth and to be toxic. The arsenicals have been found to be highly effec- tive in counteracting the toxicity of selenium; therefore, they have a special value in feeds that contain excessive selenium. When arsenicals are fed, there is likely to be some arsenic deposited in edible tissues. For this rea- son, a withdrawal period of five days is required before the birds may be slaughtered for human consumption. It is claimed that antibioitics and arsenicals might have an additive effect, or synergetic effect in stimulating growth, improving feed conversion, and pig- mentation. However, their stimulating properties have been reported when chicks were grown under subOptimal conditions in respect to the ration fed and/or the environment. When a well-balanced ration was fed and a clean environment was used, there was no positive effect noticed from either one or both. The purpose of the studies reported herein was to determine the effect of Roxarsone in combination with, or without, Baciferm (zinc bacitracin), and with Amprol Hi-E (Amprolium and Ethopabate), on the average final body weight, final feed conversion, livability, and shank color of groups of broilers and on individual body weight gains of equal numbers of selected individuals from each treatment. Another goal was to establish efficacy for clear- ance of Amprol Hi-E in combination with Baciferm (with or without Roxarsone) in broiler feeds. The experiment was performed under conditions which were roughly equivalent to those usually found in commercial broiler production, in respect to square inches/bird floor space, bird num- bers, and the type of ration used. These studies were conducted January 24th through March 13th, 1975 at the Michigan State University Poultry Science Department Research and Teaching Center. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Roxarsone (3-nitro+4—hydroxy-phenylarsonic acid) is frequently added to poultry feeds. It has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Feed Additive Compendium, 1972) for growth promotion, improved feed efficiency, and for anticoccidial activity against E. tenella and E. acervulina. According to Morehouse and Mayfield (1946) Roxar— sone had a remarkable growth stimulation property on chickens and turkeys. Bird, Croschke, and Rubin (1948) reported that the growth of chickens fed diets high in soybean meal and deficient in the unknown dietary factor found in fish meal and in cow manure was improved by the addition to the diet of .005 percent Roxarsone. More- house (l949) reported that the growth rate of chickens and turkeys receiving 3-nitro—4-hydroxypheny1-arsonic acid in their feed or drinking water was greater than that of their controls, and he found that the effective concentration limits administered in the feed were 0.00661 to 0.00925 with an Optimum concentration of 4 about 0.009 percent. He also mentioned that the compound was more effective during the early part of the growing period than when the treatment was started during the later part of the growing period. He also reported that feed was utilized more efficiently by turkeys that re- ceived 3-nitro—4-hydroxy—phenyl-arsonic acid than by their controls. In the same report, he indicated that pullets which received 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-phenyl-arsonic acid at .0025 percent in their drinking water came into egg production earlier than their controls. Scott and Glista (1950) reported that the arsonic acids at the level of 0.01 percent in the diet produced only a tran- sitory growth increase, lasting for the first few weeks of the chicken's life. In the report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry (1950), it was stated that the effects of vitamin B aureomycin, and arsonic acid 12' appeared to be additive. Combs and Laurent (1953) ob- tained improved growth and a slight reduction in mortal— ity when arsonic acid or its sodium salt was added to a practical broiler ration which contained animal protein and an atibiotic. Carpenter (1951) stated that 3-nitro4 4-hydroxy-phenylarsonic acid had shown a marked growth stimulating property for swine. Elam gt_al. (1953) re- ported that both arsanilic acid and antibiotics stimu- lated chick growth and lowered the total number of clos- tridia in the feces. Abbott gt_al. (1954) stated that arsanilic acid and penicillin stimulated growth of chicks. Combs gt_al. (1954) suggested that a relationship exists between arsanilic acid and certain unidentified growth factors supplied by fish products. They found that the addition of either fish meal or fish solubles to the ra- tion failed to stimulate growth unless arsanilic acid was included. These authors also suggested that orally ad- ministered arsanilic acid increased the dietary require- ment for unidentified growth factors present in fish pro- ducts. Milligan, Wilcke, Marr, and Bethke (1955) obtained an improvement in average final weight, improvement in market grades, and very slight improvement in feed effi— ciency and pigmentation by supplementation of commercial- type broiler diets that contained effective levels of antibiotics with 0.005 percent arsonic acid. Goates gt El. (1955) found that both arsanilic acid and penicillin lowered intestinal weights of chicks reared on infected premises. Pope and Schaible (1958) reported that arsanilic acid increased egg production significantly only when added to a low protein laying ration. Morrison gg_§;. (1954) showed that both penicillin and 3-nitro-4- hydroxy-phenylarsonic acid caused highly significant growth stimulation of chicks in an old environment, but not in a new environment. Wisman (1960) reported that a growth response of chicks to arsanilic acid was dependent upon the presence of fish meal or fish solubles in the ration. Anderson §E_al. (1952) stated that highly signif— icant increases in the weight of female turkey poults were obtained by inclusion in the diet of magnesium 4- hydroxy-phenylarsonic acid and Roxarsone. He added that, by the addition of terramycin alone or in combination with any phenyl-arsonic derivatives, a highly significant increase in weight gain accompanied by a slight improve- ment in feed conversion resulted. Kowalski and Reid (1969) stated in a preliminary report that Roxarsone has an anti-c0ccidial activity against E. brunetti of Roxar- sone and they suggested that some production increases obtained, in the field use of Roxarsone, may be due to its anti-coccidial activity against E. brunetti. They also suggested that this efficacy may appear as an additive effect in coccidiosis prevention, when Roxarsone is used in combination with other anti-coccidial agents. In contrast to the preceding information, some investigators failed to show any stimulating prOperties of organic arsenic compounds with or without the combin- ation of antibiotics. According to Elam gE_§1. (1953), a combination of arsanilic acid and antibiotic was shown to be no more beneficial than either alone. Frost §E_§l. (1953; 1955) were unable to demonstrate any growth stimulation from arsanilic acid in low-vitamin B rations and pointed out 12 that arsonic acids apparently do not spare vitamin B12 as do antibiotics. McDonald (1955) reported that arsanilic acid failed to stimulate growth under conditions where a response to penicillin was obtained. Summers §E_§l. (1959) reported no increased rate of growth from either fish meal or meat meal when added to a ration that con- tained penicillin and 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-pheny1arsonic acid but found a fairly consistent response to fish solubles. Lillie gt_al. (1957) failed to show any in- fluence of arsanilic acid upon egg production, fertility, or hatchability. PROCEDURE A 2 x 4 factorial experiment was conducted with varying levels of Roxarsone with or without varying levels of zinc bacitracin fed for seven weeks. This ex- periment was composed of 16 experimental groups of sexed chicks, maintained in floor pen units with wood shavings litter. Gas heated brooders were used, and for the first two weeks of the experimental period flat type feeders and jar-waterers were employed, then replaced by hanging feeders and automatic waterers. There were three repli- cates of each experimental treatment. Each experimental group consisted of 40 male and 40 female Hubbard strain one day old commercially hatched broiler type chicks. Control replicates were offered the basal ration while the experimental groups were given the basal diet to which varying levels of Roxarsone with or without zinc bacitracin had been added. Feed consisted of a commer— cial broiler ration (Appendix Table 1) fed ad libitum. Feed for each group was mixed at the Michigan State Uni- versity Poultry Farm and weighed at the beginning and 9 10 the end of the experimental period and feed consumption and mortality were recorded. The basal diet was adequate in all known nutri- ents required in commercial broiler production, based on calculated analysis (Appendix Table 2). All experimental rations contained Amprolium at 0.0125 percent of the ra— tion and Ethopabate at 0.004 percent of the ration. The different treatments contained varying levels of Roxar- sone and zinc bacitracin, as seen in Table 1. All of the experimental groups were weighed at the beginning and end of the experimental period, and vaccinated twice, on the second and on the fourth week of the experimental period, against Newcastle and Bron- chitis. At the end of the fourth week, 5 males and 5 females from each experimental group were individually weighed, leg banded, and reweighed at the end of the ex— periment, but the number was reduced to 3 males and 3 females from each experimental group and its replicates for statistical reasons, since some of the birds lost their legbands or died before the experiment was com- pleted. The shank color of 5 males and 5 females from each experimental group was measured, using the Roche Color Fan, at the end of the experimental period. 11 Table l.--Roxarsone and Zinc Bacitracin levels in the experimental rations Treatments Rogjizgne Zinc gjiizracin 1 00 oo 2 15 oo 3 30 00 4 45 00 5 00 10 6 15 10 7 30 10 8 45 10 9 00 30 10 15 30 11 30 30 12 45 3O 13 00 50 14 15 50 15 30 50 16 45 50 12 The collected data were subjected to a Variance analysis (Computer Center of Michigan State University) using "Analysis of Variance Program" from STAT Agricul- tural Experiment Station Statistical Program, on the Con- trol Data Corporation 6500 at Michigan State University. Through this kind of analysis, the anslysis of variance for the following characteristics was obtained: Final average body weight gain (pen weights) (Table 2); final individual body weight gain (individual birds) (Table 4); final average feed conversion (Table 6); individual shank color (Table 8); and mortality (Table 10). Taken from the computer sheets, Tables 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 show the final averages of the above mentioned characteristics for the different experimental treatments. Next, Dun- net‘s test (1955) was employed to determine which treat- ments were significantly different at the .05 and .01 levels of probability, using the mean square of error. Final average body weight, and individual body weight gains are expressed in kilos. 'Feed conversion is expressed as the ratio of feed intake to the body weight gain, the shank color is expressed in Roche Color Fan units, and mortality is expressed as a percent of the total housed chicks in each pen. 13 unmoemeemem seemee.. unmowmwcmfimt oommammm. we Hmuoa momoamoo. smmmmmmo. .mm Houum HMDUHmmm «taco. ommNmo.¢ nmmmmmao. 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(a) Final average body weight gain (pen weights) According to the F-test, the experimental groups which had received only zinc bacitracin in their diets were significantly higher in their final body weight gains than their control. In addition, the final average weight gain of the birds which had received Roxarsone with zinc bacitracin was significantly larger (p < .01) than that of their control. In contrast, the experimen- tal groups which had received only Roxarsone in their diets did not show any significant improvement over the control (Table 2). On the other hand, Dunnet's test 23 24 indicated that no one of the experimental groups was sig- nificantly better in final average body weight gain than the control (Table 3). (b) Final average body weight gain (individual birds) When the data on the broilers which had been weighed individually at the end of the fourth week and again at the end of the experiment were analyzed, it was found that the final average body weight gains were sig- nificantly larger (p < .01) for the experimental groups which had received either Roxarsone or zinc bacitracin or both in their diets, than for the control as indicated by F-test (Table 4). According to Dunnet's test, final average body weight gain of the experimental group which had received 50 grams of zinc bacitracin/ton in its diet was significantly less than that of the control. On the other hand, the final average body weight gains of the other treatments were not significantly higher than that of the control as indicated by Dunnet's test (Table 5). (c) Final average feed conversion The F-test showed that the experimental groups which had received only Roxarsone in their diets were 25 significantly better in their final feed conversion than was their control (Table 6). None of the other experi- mental groups was statistically different from the control in this respect. On the other hand, Dunnet's test (Table 7) indicated that the final average feed conversion of the experimental groups which had received 30 grams of Roxarsone and 50 grams of zinc bacitracin/ton in their diet was significantly (p < .05) better than that of the control. The experimental groups which had received 45 grams of Roxarsone and 50 grams of zinc bacitracin/ton in their diet were significantly (p < .01) better in their feed conversion than the control. (d) Shank Color According to the F-test, the experimental groups which had received Roxarsone only in their diets were significantly improved (p < .05) in their shank pigmenta- tion compared with their control. Shank pigmentation of the experimental groups which had received zinc bacitra- cin alone, or with Roxarsone, in their diets was signifi- cantly (p < .01) improved over that of the control (Table 8). Dunnet's test indicated that all of the experimental groups which had received 30 grams/ton or more zinc 26 bacitracin with or without Roxarsone were significantly (p < .01) improved in their shank color compared with that of the control except for the experimental group which had received 30 grams zinc bacitracin/ton without Roxarsone which was significantly improved (p < .05) in their shank color compared with their control. The ex- perimental groups which had received 15 grams Roxarsone only, or 30 grams and more Roxarsone with 10 grams zinc bacitracin/ton in their diets were significantly (p < .01) improved in their shank pigmentation over thier control (Table 9). (e) Sex differences The inclusion of Roxarsone with or without zinc bacitracin in the experimental diet did not result in any significant improvement of one sex over the other in re- spect to the final average body weight gain or shank pig- mentation as indicated by the F-test (Tables 4 and 8). (f) Livability According to the F-test (Table 10) and Dunnet's test (Table 11), there was no significant improvement in the livability of the different experimental groups over 27 their control, when Roxarsone with or without zinc baci— tracin was added to the experimental diets. DISCUSS ION From the result reported herein, Roxarsone, with or without zinc bacitracin, when supplemented to the diet of commercially hatched broiler type chicks did not re- sult in any significant improvement in final average body weight gains (pen weights) compared with that of the con- trol. This might be due to the Optimal conditions under which the chicks have been grown in respect to the envi- ronment, the type of ration being fed and to the manager- ial procedure. However, the final average body weight gains (individual birds) of the birds which had received a diet supplemented with 50 grams/ton zinc bacitracin and no Roxarsone were significantly less than that of control which might be due to experimental error. In contrast to this result, Morehouse gt_gl. 1946, and Morehouse 1949, have reported that accelerated growth rate has been ob- tained when Roxarsone was fed in a growing chicks ration. The same positive effect has been indicated by Milligan gt_al. 1955, when arsonic acid was included in a commer- cial type broiler diet containing an effective level of 28 Jill all-l 29 antibiotics. In this study, feed conversion was signifi- cantly improved when the diet had been supplemented with 30 grams/ton Roxarsone and 50 grams/ton zinc bacitracin and showed a highly significant improvement when 45 grams/ ton Roxarsone and 50 grams/ton zinc bacitracin were in- cluded in the diet, which suggests that Roxarsone, with zinc bacitracin, had a positive and synergistic effect upon feed conversion, when each ton of the diet included 30 grams or more/ton Roxarsone and 50 grams/ton zinc bacitracin. In respect to shank pigmentation, the study reported herein showed that Roxarsone did not signifi- cantly improve shank pigmentation, except for the experi- mental group which had received 15 grams/ton Roxarsone only in their diet. This result was probably due to ex- perimental error, since the experimental groups which had received 30 grams and 45 grams/ton Roxarsone alone in their diets did not show any significant improvement in their shank pigmentation. On the other hand, zinc baci- tracin alone, when added to the diet at the level of 30 grams or more per ton, resulted in a significant improve- ment in shank pigmentation. However, when zinc bacitracin was supplemented to the diet at the level of 10 grams/ton, 30 no significant improvement in shank pigmentation was seen unless Roxarsone was also added at the level of 30 grams or more per ton. This result suggests that Roxarsone when supplemented alone to the diet did not significantly improve shank pigmentation. In contrast, zinc bacitracin when added to the diet at the level of 30 grams or more/ ton, with or without Roxarsone, did improve shank pigmen- tation. However, there was no positive synergistic effect between Roxarsone and zinc bacitracin when the zinc baci- tracin level in the diet was 30 grams or more per ton, with the same result when the Roxarsone level in the diet was less than 30 grams/ton, and the level of zinc bacitra- cin was 10 grams/ton. On the other hand, there was a pos- itive synergistic effect between the two drugs, when the level sf Roxarsone was 30 grams or more/ton and the level of zinc bacitracin was 10 grams/ton of feed. However, this result in respect to feed conversion and shank pig- mentation does agree with that of Milligan, who has indi- cated that the inclusion of arsonic acid in a broiler diet that contained an effective level of antibiotic had significantly improved feed conversion and shank pigmen- tation. In addition, the inclusion of Roxarsone with or without zinc bacitracin did not significantly improve the 31 livability of experimental birds; also it did not result in any significant sex differences in respect to the final average body weight gain or shank pigmentation. However, the response to arsenicals is sometimes variable depending obviously upon environment and type of ration being supplemented. For example, Harrison gt;al. (1954) showed that both penicillin and Roxarsone caused highly significant growth stimulation in broilers in an old en- vironment but not in those in a new environment. Some anticoccidial activity against E. tenella due to the feeding of Roxarsone also appears to be well-established (Morehouse and McKay, 1951). The result of the experiment reported herein shows that Roxarsone when added to the diet alone had no beneficial effect upon body weight gain, feed conversion, shank pigmentation and livability of broilers. This re- sult does not agree with that of many investigators. On the other,hand Roxarsone with zinc bacitracin when added to the experimental diet at certain levels resulted in a significant improvement in feed conversion and in shank pigmentation, which supports the hypothesis that Roxar- sone and antibiotic have an additive positive effect upon feed conversion and shank pigmentation. In addition, 32 when both of the druggs were added to the diet of broilers, no significant improvement in body weight or livability was obtained. CONCLUSIONS A) The inclusion of Roxarsone, with or without zinc bacitracin, in the diet of broiler type chicks from one day of age to seven weeks did not significantly im- prove the final average body weight gains (pen weights) or the final average body weight gains (individual birds) over their control, which might be due to the Optimal conditions under which the chicks were grown. B) The experimental groups which had received the diet supplemented with 30 grams/ton Roxarsone and 50 grams/ton zinc bacitracin showed a significant improve- ment, and the experimental group which had received 45 grams/ton Roxarsone and 50 grams/ton zinc bacitracin in their diet showed a highly significant improvement, in their feed conversion over the control, which suggests a positive synergistic effect Of Roxarsone and zinc baci- tracin upon feed conversion of growing chicks. C) Roxarsone did not produce any significant im- provement in shank pigmentation, when it was supplemented without zinc bacitracin to the broiler diet. In contrast, 33 34 zinc bacitracin when added at the level of 30 grams or more per ton in the diet with or without Roxarsone, im- proved shank pigmentation. When zinc bacitracin was added to the diet at the level of 10 grams/ton, it re- sulted in a significant improvement in shank pigmentation only when Roxarsone was added at the level of 30 grams or more per ton in the same diet. Therefore, it is con- cluded that there was a positive synergistic effect be- tween Roxarsone and zinc bacitracin on this trait only when the level of zinc bacitracin was less than 30 grams/ ton and that of Roxarsone was 30 grams or more per ton in the diet. D) Roxarsone with or without zinc bacitracin, when added to the broilers' diet did not significantly improve the livability. LITERATURE CITED LITERATURE CITED Abbott, O. J., H. R. Bird and W. W. Cravens, 1954. Effects of dietary arsenilic acid in chicks. Poultry Sci., 33:1245-1253. Agricultural Research Administration. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1950. Areomycin stimulates growth in chickens. Pp. 27-28. Anderson, G. W., J. D. Cunningham and S. J. Slinger, 1952. 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Possible mechanisms involved in growth promoting responses obtained from anti- biotics. J. Nutr. 49:307-316. 35 36 Feed Additive Compendium, 1972. Roxarsone. Miller Pub- lishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Page 324. Frost, D. V. and H. C. Spruth, 1953. Further studies on arsanilic acid and related compounts in nutrition. Poultry Sci., 32:900. Frost, D. V., L. C. Overby and H. C. Spruth, 1955. Studies with arsanilic acid and related compounds. Jo Agr. FOOd Chemo, 36234-2430 Goates, M. W., M. K. Davies and S. K. Kon, 1955. The effect of antibiotics on the intestine of the ChiCko Brit. J. Of NUtr., 9:110-1190 Kowalski, L. M. and W. M. Reid, 1969. Efficacy of Roxar- sone against E. brunetti infection. Poultry Sci., 48:1831. Kowalski, L. M. and W. M. Reid, 1972. Roxarsone efficacy against E. brunetti, Poultry Sci., 51:1586-1589. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore and C. A. Denton, 1957. Effect of arsenical, fat and antibiotic upon the reproductive performance of chickens. Poultry Sci., 36:755. McDonald, M. W., 1955. A failure of chickens to respond to arsanilic acid. Poultry Science, 34:55-56. Milligan, J. L., H. L. Wilcke, J. E. Marr and R. M. Bethke, 1955. Arsonic acid in commercial broiler rations. Poultry Sci., 34:794—798. Morehouse, N. F. and O. J. Mayfield, 1946. The effect Of some arylarsonic acids on experimental coccidiosis infections in chickens. J. Parasitol., 32:20-24. Morehouse, N. F., 1949. Accelerated growth in chickens and turkeys produced by 3-nitro-4—hydroxy- phenylarsonic acid. Poultry Sci., 28:375-384. Morehouse, N. F. and F. M. McKay, 1951. On the chemothera- peutic action of 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-phenylarsonic acid against the coccidium E. tenella in chickens. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 58:507-516. 37 Morrison, A. B., W. G. Hunsaker and J. R. Aitken, 1954. Influence of environment on the response of chicks to growth stimulants. Poultry Sci., 33: 491. Pope, C. W. and P. J. Schaible, 1958. Effect of arsanilic acid in low and normal protein mashes upon egg production. Poultry Science, 37:1234. Scott, H. M. and W. A. Glista, 1950. The effect of aureo- mycin and arsonic acids on chick growth. Poultry Sci., 29:921-922. Summers, J. D., W. F. Pepper and S. J. Slinger, 1959. Sources of unidentified factors for practical poultry diet: The value of fish meals, meat meals and fish solubles for chicks and broilers. Poultry Sci., 38:816-825. Wisman, E. L., 1960. Chick growth response to fish by- products and arsanilic acid. Poultry Sci., 39: 1141-1148. APPENDIX Appendix Table l.--Composition of the basal diet used in the experiment in pounds Ingredient Pounds Soybean meal, 49% protein 251.25 Corn, ground yellow 575.00 Fish, meal 60% 15.00 Meat and bone meal 50% 40.00 Whey 15.00 Corn gluten meal 40.00 Dicalcium phosphate 5.00 Limestone 7.50 Salt 4.00 Vit. premix 5003 6.25 Fat 40.00 Methionine .50 Coccidiostat. (Ampro Hi. E.) .50 38 Appendix Table 2.--Nutrient composition of the basal diet used in the experiment based on calculated analysis Nutrient % Protein 22.41 Fat 7.09 Fiber 2.19 Calcium .98 PhOSphorus .58 Arginine 1.65 Glycine 1.30 Methionine .43 Cystine .38 Lysine 1.18 Tryptophan .28 Metablizable energy Cal/lb 1483.18 39 BR ”WIT TILT M "M! Tu Tm“