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Michigan State
University

 

Suggested Curriculum for
Ag. Engineering in Pakistan

by

RAFIQ AHEAD

A REPORT on Special Problem of A. E. 811

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfullment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCITECE

Department of Agricultural Engineering

4’ ’ x» «71/
2C 770)
’ r/' i '; /

ABSTRACT

The primary objective of this paper was to propose a curriculum for
s 8.8. Degree in Agricultural Engineering in Pakistan. The introduction
also explains the reason why Agricultural Engineering is needed in Pakistan.
The work of writing has been carried out by the following manners:

1. Consulting different curriculums of various universities.
2. Consulting different Text Books.

3. By discussion with some Professors at M.S.U. in the concerned
field.

The curriculum shows first the courses which for the first two years are
studied by every engineering student together and these courses exist
presently in the Engineering Colleges. After this, it shows the suggested
courses in Agricultural Engineering which will be taught exclusively by the
Department of Agricultural Engineering. These courses have been explained
in detail in their Theory and Lab work.

Approved

 

 

..e‘

AGTIJOI-lEDCT“ FEET S

The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Dr. C. J.
Hackson of the Agricultural Engineering Department under whose in—

Spirational guidance, constant supervision and unfailing interest this
paper was written.

He also wishes to thank Dr. M. L. Esmay, Dr. F. W. Baker, Dr. B. A.
Stout and Professor E. H. Kidder of the Department of Agricultural

Engineering for giving their precious time in discussing the courses in
their areas with him.

Finally, recognition and appreciation is expressed to those who
contributed in one way or another to this paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC

INTRODUCTION 0 o o s s O o o o o o 0 O s o s

IST YEAR ENGINEERING COURSES . . . . . . . .

SECOND YEAR ENGINEERING COURSES . . . . . .

THIRD YEAR AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING COURSES

FINAL YEAR AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING COURSES

PAGE

11

COURSES IN DETAIL FOR THIRD YEAR AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 12

COURSES IN DETAIL FOR FINAL YEAR AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 31

 

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II‘ITRODUCTICN

 

The physical basis for the economic develOpment of the country
is found in its land, water, mineral resources, its productive
capacity in food and raw materials and in the factors of climate and
terrain which condition their use. These resources are wide in
variety and the environmental factors present great contrast.

1. The Land area of Pakistan is a little over 230 million acres.
About 85 percent of the total area lies in West Pakistan but a quarter
of its land is classified as unavailable for cultivation because of
water logging and salinity and some climatic factors where irrigation
is not available. Less than one seventh of East Pakistan's area is
also classified as unavailable of cultivation because of floods.
Slightly less than four percent of the country is forest and of this
area more than half is in East Pakistan.

2. .Iggggin, East Pakistan is a flat deltic plain laced by a dense
network of water courses with shifting and unstable beds. Annual'
floods of varying intensities are a normal feature of about 1/3 of the
cultivated area. Average yearly rain fall of 76 inches is unevenly
distributed. About five-sixth of this torrential rain fell comes during
four or five monsoon months.

;.

In West Pakistan the annual rain fall varies from 30 to 40 inches
in the Northern tracts and dwindles to 5 inches in the Southern plains.
Extensive upland desert and mountain areas are barren with wide ranges
in temperature, low humidity and strong winds.

3. Productivity. In east Pakistan the pressure of pepulation on
the land is severe and little additional acreage is avialable for
cultivation. lence, the key problem in East Pakistan is "How to increase
Productivity".

 

In West Pakistan there are still large areas to be brought under
cultivation through extended irrigation facilities and mechanized
farming. Alternating floods and drought; and salinity from sea water
are the problems in East Pakistan. Water-logging and salinity threaten
the soil in many areas of West Pakistan. Erosion also takes a heavy
toll in West Pakistan. Principal crops of East Pakistan are rice, jute,
tea and sugar cane and those of West Pakistan are wheat, cotton, rice
and sugar cane. For a country which is in the development state, these
sources need to be developed efficiently. To get maximum economical
production modern means of automated mechanical production may be em-
ployed. To employ this modern means, peOple with the "know how“ and
technically skilled are required. For producing such skilled peOple
In need to set up Ag. Engineering Departments in various universities.

Our government is realizing the importance of this branch of Sci-
ence and the need for improved practices. In the following lines, I
will quote a paragraph from our “SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN" which empha-
sizes on Agricultural Science and Ag. Engineering for maximum econ-
omical production.

2

The key inputs of production which are water, improved
seeds, improved implements, fertilizers and plant pro-
tection, will have to be provided in suitable quan-
tities and at the right time. However, simpler and low-
cost cultural practices deserve recognition in a pro~
gram of this type. Through land preparation, mulching,
line sowing, weeding and other labor-intensive practices
of known value should be encouraged. In this process

an extraordinary burden will be placed on the technical
and information services. Each village in the selected
districts should have at least one demonstration plot
with sufficient variety of practices to show what is
practicable and what is not.

Along with the above mentioned practices, simpler and lower cost
practices cannot be ignored because all of the land is not in big tracts
to practice large machine operations on the whole of the crop producing
land. Still in the near future there will be enough land to be operated
by machinery economically. Primary objectives of the three five year
plans is to make the country self-sufficient in food grains and to im-
prove the dietry standards and standards of living. To improve the
standard of living requires low prices of different food items pro~
cessed by the food industry and making a sufficient supply of it.

This requires the deveIOpment of land which is not yet under cultiva-
tion and which is very difficult to accomplish on a large scale with-
out the use of agriculture machinery. This also involves the develop~
ment of the existing irrigation system and eXploring new irrigation
canals for the new developing land. The rainfall is not sufficient
for the existing crOps in West Pakistan and therefore it requires
efficient irrigation system.

After independence in 1947 uptil now our country did not think
seriously to develop this branch of Science although the Science of
Agriculture has been promoted by establishing Agricultural Universities
and Colleges. But now it is being realized that Ag. Engineering is also
an important branch of Engineering and plays a very important role in
the deve10pment of a country.

The student who gets a B.S. Degree in Agricultural Engineering can
work in the following areas:

 

1. Extension Servigg. The extension service is needed by the
people working on the farm because they know very little about mechanized
farming. They are doubtful about the economical use of farm machinery
in the first place and, therefore, they need someone to tell them about
the working and benefits derived from the farm machinery. Our govern—
ment is now beginning to set up Farm Machinery Work Shops in each dis~
trict. Agricultural Engineers will be required in each of the district
work shops. District agricultural engineers can do the job of extension
service by giving information to the man on the farm and demonstrating
practically the working of farm equipment.

‘ 2. .Egodulndustry. In the near future we will need Agricultural
Engineers working in food industry. Even at present there are lots of

 

 

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opportunities for Agricultural Engineers in the fruit and vegetable
canning industry and dairy industry.

3. Farm Hachinerg‘pesign and Production Industry. In the very
near future, we are starting to build small farm tractors and other
equipment which can be used by small land owners. Our government
will help the small land owner to buy these equipments in the form
of Government Subsidies. Agricultural Engineers will be needed in
the area of design and production and also in the area of teaching
this side of Ag. Engineering.

4. Government Department of Agriculture. An Agricultural
Engineer will find a job in this department working in the area of
soil, water, irrigation and as a maintenance engineer.

 

In this humble effort of mine, I will try to set up a curriculum
for the B.S. Degree in Agricultural Engineering for a four year course,
I will try to cover all the four important areas of Agricultural Engine-
ering mentioned above in which an Agricultural Engineer can work.

The curriculum should meet the following requirements:

1. It should be for Agricultural Engineering undergraduate courses
in an Engineering College.

2. It should be such that can he taught by the joint efforts of
Eng. College and Agricultural College.

3. It should be flexible so as to meet the demand of Agriculture
on the farm in the various fields of Agricultural Engineering.

4. The curriculum should also meet the demand of the food industry
in the area of heat transfer which will need Ag. Engineers in the future.

5. The curriculum should also meet the demand in Crop Processing
and Storage, of which there is shortage in our country and much of the
crops are wasted due to lack of storage facilities.

6. The curriculum should also be able to give adequate under~
standing of the machinery used in agriculture.

7. The curriculum should be sound and dependable so as to fulfill
the need as the other curriculums of other branches of Eng.

8. Meet the needs of people presently engaged in the agriculture
industry.

CURRICULUM

 

The set up of our universities is such that we have a session of
nine months. The session starts from September 1 and ends on June 15
each year. There is only one final exam in May and those who could not

appear in the exam of May due to some reason, they are given a chance
to appear in September.- The curriculum of first and second year engi~
neering is the same and for these two years all engineering students
take the same courses. In the third year of engineering some of the
courses are separate and in the fourth year all the branches of engi-
eering have almost separate courses.

Classes meet six days a week and the session starts from September
15 up to April 15. Average number of weeks for the whole session is
25.

Students' background of education consists of ten years of schooling
in primary and secondary high school. After ten years schooling, two
years of college is compulsory with physics, mathematics, English and
chemistry before joining Engineering College. Selection of students
is done on merit basis.

The course work in this report has been divided into four parts

for the lat year, 2nd year, 3rd year and 4th year, respectively.
Each part is preceded by a table which shows the subject to be taught,
time and points allocated to each subject. The details of each table

content is being given in the pages followed.

‘v .I. .‘sli I-

‘.I.O I.

MathematicszE. (lOll

Complex numbers and their graphical representation: relation between
exponential, trignometric, hyperbolic and logrithmic functions. Appli-
cation of derivative; tangents and normals. Polar co-ordinates; simple
polar curves; parametric curves; Haclaurins and Taylors series. Maxims
and minima; integration; definite integrals; centroids and moment of
inertia of pnane areas and of simple solids.

 

Applied Mechanics: E. (102)

Statics; forces acting at a point; parallel forces: preperties of
couples; simple structures; simple stresses and strains; strength of
been; bending moments and shearing forces.

Dynamics: work, energy and power; friction; velocity and acceleration;
inertia; angular momentum; fly wheel; transmission of motion by belt,
rcpe, chain and toothed wheels.

 

Physics; E. (103)

General physics; heat; sound; light.

Magnetism and electricity; magnetism; electrostatics; current elec-
tricity; electronics.

 

Chemistry; B. (104)

Water and metallic corrosion; fuels and combustion; lubricants;
chemistry of iron; paints and varnishes; organic plastics; cement and
refractories; glass; atomic structure and radio activity.

 

geometrical Drawings; E. (105)

Projection of points, lines and solids in simple positions; first
and third angle projections; projection of curves and curved surfaces:
sections of solids; tangent planes of surfaces and interpenetration of
solids; deve10pment of surfaces; isometric and pictorial projections
of solid figures.

 

Engineering Drawing;¥E. (1061

Planning a drawing; representation of rivets, riveted joints, screw
fastenings and screw systems, keys, cotters and pulleys; assembly
drawings of the objects selected from: bearings, wall brackets, pipes
and pipe fittings, shaft couplings, pistons, cylinders, piston rods, con—
necting rods, valves, eccentrics, Sthfialg boxes.

 

Work Shop Practice; N.E. (131)
Materials in engineering production, reading a machine drawing;
pattern making; bench work; Smith's work; elementary machine shop.

Surveying: C.E. (lll)
Chain surveying: compass surveying; plane table surveying; theodolite
traversing; leveling and controlling; surveying computations.

Eng lish¢1§umani£ie§24.EL_JL§1$L
Importance of written and spoken works; the organization of material
and the logical presentation of facts and opinion in speech and writing;
preparation of short Speeches and the conduct of debates; the common
mistakes and difficulties encountered by the students in expressing him-
self in a language not his mother tongue.

 

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Mathematics; E. (201)

Determinants; areas of surfaces and volumes of solids of revol-
ution and their centroids; double and triple integrals; fourier series,
and harmonic analysis; laws of graphs and methods of least square as
applied to determination of unknowns; common and parabolic catenary;
differential equations; second order differential equation; standard
form, and special forms; definition and proof of the theorem of virtual
work.

 

Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures; C.E. (le)

Strength of materials; stresses and strains; nature and properties
of engineering materials, stresses and strains in cylinders and pipes;
bending moments and shearing force diagrams for simple cases of canti-
levers and simply supported beams; bending theory and assumptions;
derivation of flexure formula; bending stress and section modulus;
deflection of beams; development of Torsion formula for circular shafts,
solid and hollow.

Theory of structure; rolling loads; single concentrated load,
uniformly distributed loads longer than span and shorter than span.

Two concentrated loads travelling at a fixed distance apart; several
point load; influence lines for a series of travelling loads at filed
distance apart; influence lines for reactions and for girders with floor
beams. Framed structure and mass structures redundancy and analysis of
forces in determinate fromes; axial loading of columns; Euler's

formula for long columns; Rankine's formula; Johnson’s parabolic formula.

Fluid Mechanics; C.E. (212)

Static Pressure due to liquids; hydro-static force on areas;
gauges; stability of floating bodies, gravity dams; laminar and turbulent
flow of water; Bernoullis equation: forced vortex; dynamic similarity
and models; measurements of flow of water by Pitot tube, orifice,
nozzels; venturimeters, weirs,'f1uid friction through pipes; Froude's
number; hydraulic gradient; loss of head due to friction; Reynold's
experiments on flow through pipes; fluid viscosity; boundary flow
through tubes.

Engg_Drawing;_E. (202)

Drawings and assemblies of valves, engine and machine parts, boiler
fittings; locomotive and internal combustion engine details; practice
drawings of miscellaneous equipment as screw jack, vice, friction clutch
and force pump. Selected exercises from building and plant layout,
structural joints and architectural drafting without design calculations.

heat Engines and Elements of Thermodynamics;_H.E. (2311

Theory applied to I.C. Engines; pressure, volume and temperature
measurement; laws of thermodynamics: gas equation; work done under
different methods of expansion of gases; air, otto, diesel and dual
combustion cycles, I.C. engine classification. Steam Boilers and
boiler auxiliaries; prOperties of steam; use of steam tables; p.v.
diagrams; introduction to entrspy; performance curves of steam engines;
history and deve10pment of steam turbine, impulse and reaction turbine;
use of compressed air and types of air compressors. Single stage, multi-
stage reciprocating compressors. Introduction to air conditioning and

refrigeration.

Mechanismfignd Theory of Machine; H.E. (233)

Velocity and acceleration diagrams; slider chain mechanism;
angular acceleration of a link; types and characteristics of cams;
cam shapes to give a required motion with and without roller follower;
simple and compound gear trains; prOperties of involute and cycloidal
teeth; balancing of rotating masses in one plane, in parallel planes;
torsional vibrations of simple uniform and stepped shafts with a
single inertia system; friction of pivots, collars, thrust bearings,
plate and cone clutch. Transmission of energy by belts, rapes, chains
and screw threads. Centrifugal and inertia governors.

 

 

 

Electrical Technology; E.E. (22L;

Fundamentals of electrical concepts and units; conductors and
insulators; laws of electrical circuits and their application to series,
parallel and series parallel circuits; electromagnetic induction and
electromotive force. A.C. Circuits; voltage and current equations,
effective and average values: vector representation of voltages and
currents: sinosidal voltage applied to R, L and C circuits; electrical

measurements: operating principle of moving coil indicating instru—
' ment; meaSurement of resistance by ammeter-voltmeter method; wheat
stone bridge; preperties of common types of conducting, insulating
and magnetic materials. D.C. Machines: principle and construction:
E.M.F., speed and torque equations; machine losses and efficiency;
D.C. motor starter. Principle, construction, E.M.F. equation of an
'alternator. Principle, construction, E.M.F. equation, current and volt-
age ratio, no load vector diagrams, efficiency and losses of a single
phase transformer.. Principal, construction of an induction motor; cage
and slip ring rotors: slip and efficiency calculations. Construction
of lead acid and alkaline batteries; method of charging, common fault
and remedies.

 

Work ShopflPractice II; M.E. (233)

Description of various machine tools, lathes, drilling machine,
grinding, shaping and milling machine; description of various tool
fixtures and appliances; simple pattern formation of sheet metal, bending,
seaming, soldering and brazing; electric and gas welding apparatus.

Use and description of foundry furnaces such as cupola, ordinary furnace
or crucible for ferrous and non~ferrous metal, oil fired tilting furnace;
classification of sands; bonding properties of sand: preparation of
sands for foundry work; preparation of moulds and melting materials:

use and description of electrician tools; classification of house wiring,
power wiring; testing of house wiring.

 

Emmanities: E. (2031

Deve10pment of science and technology; Greek Science; Greek and
Roman engineering and technology: the rise of Astrology and Alchemy;
Muslim contribution to medieval advancement of maths, astronomy, physics,
chemistry and Optics; medieval technology and engineering: Isaac Newton
and the impact of his findings in physics and other fields; heat and
steam engine; astronomy in 19th century: impact of steel and electricity
on the world; physics in the 20th century; Einstein; develOpment of
technology during and post world War II; radio, radar and radio
astronomy.

 

 

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Hydraulics and Hydraulichachinery; C.E. (311)

_ uniform flow in Open channels; Chezy's and Manning's formula;
critical depths of flow in rectangular and non-rectangular channels;
non-uniform flow in Open channels, energy equation; surface of curva-
ture in varied flow; hydraulic jump. Discharge with varying heads

in unsteady flow; velocity of pressure waves; valve Opening and closing;
water hammer; laminar boundary layer; friction dray of laminar bound-
sry layer; friction in turbuletn boundary layer; friction drag in
transition region, boundary layer separation; pressure drag on two and
three dimensional bodies; lift and drag diagrams; theory of propeller
prOpulsion. Compressible Fluids; basic gas laws; types of flow;
application of continuity; energy and momentum equations; flow of gases
through nozzles, pipes and ducts; impulse and momentum; dynamic force on
stationary body and a body in translation; reaction of jet and jet
propulsion; reciprocating and centrifugal pumps; reaction and impulse
turbines; brief description of tube well and air lift pumps.

Advanced Strength_of Materials and Theory of Structure;gC.E. (3121

Compound Stresses and Strains; principle planes and principle
stresses in a general two dimensional system; general two dimensional
strains; Mohr's circle for compound stresses and strains; theories of
failure under compound stresses and their application to combined
direct, bending and shear stresses. Stresses and Deflection in Beams
and Shafts; harder cases of bending moment and shear force diagrams;
unsymmetrical bending, deflection of beams and shafts under load;
application of area moment; conjugate beam and step function beams,
curved beams; principals of reinforced concrete beam design, slabs,
columns and foundations; elementry idea of concrete mix design;
preperties, uses and testing of materials of construction; standard
specification of metals and non-metals; introduction to the study of
experimental stress analysis. .

Earth Pressure; Rankines and Columbs' wedge theory; earth pressure
on retaining wall with or without surcharge; stability of walls and
masonary dams; Analytical and graphical methods of finding deflections
for pin-joined frames; castigliano's theorems; Clark-Maxwell's reciprocal
theorem. Frames with one or two redundancies; the trussed beam; light
suspension bridges anchor cables; three hinged stiffening girders.
Analysis of three-hinged arches of segmental and parabolic shape for
B.H.; S.F. and Thurst; influence lines; temperature effects.

Engineering Geology; E. (3021
Physical Geology; origin and composition of the earth's crust;
study of rocks and rock forming minerals; rock weathering and formation
of soils; igneous intrusive action; volcanic action; geological structures;
rock folding, faulting and joining; significance of bedding; the work of
erosion by water, ice, wind and sea. The stratified sedimentary rocks
and their distribution; the occurrence and use of fossils; stratigraphy
of Pakistan. Construction and use of geological maps and sections;
Applied Geology; outline of geology of coal, petroleum, and natural
gas; soils, soil sampling and soil mechanics; clays, brick making, port—
land and other cements; foundation investigations; influence of ground
water on foundation design; landslides; dam sites; tunnels and currings
in variable strata geological conditions in road and railway construction;

 

 

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canals, harbors and coastal protections; applications of geology in earth
quake districts and regions subject to permanently frozen ground.

Basics of Agr. Machinery and Agr. Power;gA.E. (341)
Explained Later in Detail.

 

§oil and water Conservation and Crop Production; ACE. (351)

 

Soils; soil genesis; physical preperties of mineral soils, soil
colloids; soil air; soil water; soil reaction.

Soil Conservation; modern concept of soil conservation; climate
and erosion; rain fall penetration; flood control; erosion problem of
Pakistan.

Control measures; proper land use; crOp rotation and crop fallow;
stubble mulch farming; contouring; terracing; gully control; vegetated
outlets and water courses. Embankments and reservoirs; farm drainage;
crop production of wheat, rice, corn, sugar cane, cotton, tobacco.

Farm Irrigation- A. E. 13421
Explained Later in Detail.

 

FunctionalgPlanningof Farm Structures and Material of Construction; A.E.
i343}
Explained Later in Detail.

Afarm Processing, Different Modes of Heat Transfer and_1heir Use in Farm
Processing; A.E. (394)
Explained Later in Detail.

 

_ Introduction to Engg Economics; E. (BOQL
Basic Concepts; micro and macro economics; static and dynamics.
Demand and Supply Analysis; price; the market; demand; consumer's
demand; indifference curve analysis; equilibrium of the firm; com—
. petitive industry; competitive equilibrium; monoply; laws of return;
"the pricing factors of production. Honey and banking; international
trade and balance of payments; public finance. -

.‘s‘

L4

‘lip.

{I ll

ll

gydraulic Stguctural Design; C.E._j§llz

Design and Construction details of earth dams; design and con—
struction details of low and high gravity dams including the design
of spillways. Design of sluices, weirs and irrigation channel; design
of irrigation channels including transitions. Design of acqueducts,
super passage, and syphon.

Soil Physics and Drainage; A.E. (461)
Explained Later in Detail.

Hydrology;gC.E. (4121

The atmosphere, its temperature, pressure and circulation.
Precipitation; evaporation; run off and stream flow; flood routing;
application of statistical analysis to hydrology.

Advanced Study of_Agr. Machinery and Agr. Power; A.E. (942)
Explained Later in Detail.

Water Supply and Sanitiation; C.E. (913)

Estimation of water requirements and supply; general procedure in
water works design; distribution of water; pumps; filtrations; disin-
fection; sanitary engineering; principal of sewage disposal.

Rural Electrification; A.E. (441;
Explained Later in Detail.

Reinforced Concrete; C.E. (hlél

Properties of concrete; beams and slabs; shear reinforcement;
flanged beams; columns; concern footing; combined bending and direct
stress; typical R.C.C. structures; prestressed concrete.

Humanities; E. (AOlL
Engineer and his education; success in the engineer profession;
the engineer at work; personal and ethical relations.

Project and Thesis; A.B. L445)
.Explained Later in Detail.

12

OUTLINE OF A.E. COURSES IN DETAIL

Basics of Agr. Machinery and Agr. Power A.E. 341

Prerequisite — M.E. 231

 

Text Usgg_- Principal of Farm Machinery by Bainer, Kepner and Berger
Farm Gas Engines and Tractors by Jones-

figfigrence - Equipment for Rice Production prepared by B. A. Stout
under P.A.O.

Sample_guiz is for the evaluation of sesaional marks and may take place
each month or each after two months.

 

OUTLINE OF THE THEORY COURSE

 

Part (A)

Machine Elements. The language of machinery: elements of mechanical
principles: materials of machine construction; heat treated material.

 

Principles of Power Transmission and Measurement. Definition of terms;
power measuring devices and their theory of Operation.

 

Soil Conditioning. Tilling, cultivating and fertilizing machinery;
functional requirements; efficiency of performance.

 

Crop Planting. Types of crap planters; functional requirements of
procession planting; efficiency of performance.

 

Crop Nurturing. Mechanical, chemical and heat control of weeds; advantages
of each; problems in efficient use of such machinery.

 

Crop Harvesting. The agronomic and live stock requirements for crap
harvesters; harvesting efficiency, its significance and method of mea—
suring it.

 

Cost of Using Machinery. Fundamentals of cost calculation; basic as-
sumptions made in determining farm Operating costs; techniques in
synthesizing total cost of using field machinery.

Selection and Hanagement. Factors affecting capacity of field machinery;
relationship of capacity to cost of Operation.

 

Part (B)

 

Internal Combustion Engine. Its thermodynamics.

The Air Standarad Cycle. Otto and diesel and the actual deviation from
the air standarad cycle.

 

 

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Tractor,_Car and Truck Fuels. Their characteristics, their differences
and their basis of differences.

 

Carburation. Principals of carburation; miature proportioning by a
simple carburetor; fuel supply to the carburetor; carburetor types and
construction. The desired goals and the limitations in actual practice.

 

Lubrication of the I.C. Engine. Theory of lubrication; types of lubri-
cant; their characteristics and limitations.

Tractor Ignition Systems. Battery and magneto ignition systems; their
theory and construction.

Tractor Electrical System. Generator control techniques.

nger Transmission. Clutches; gearing; belt pulleys; draw bar, P.T.0.
and hydraulic units. Performance and measurement of power.

 

Stability and Tractigg. Inter-relationship of traction and stability:
mechanics of steering.

 

levies. andfiuiaz ea.

OUTLINE OF LABORATORY WORK

 

Part (A)

Use of an Qperator's Manual and Service Manual for a field machine;
getting acquainted with its contents.

 

Critical Evaluation OimxilléfiéiflfthOdfl including adjustment and Opera-
tion of mold board plows, disc plows, rotary tillers and rice tillage.

Grain Drill Calibration; testing the accuracy of a grain drill'a rate
of seeding; evaluation of errors in the rate of study.

 

Study_of Corn and Cotton Picker Machines; study of construction and
adjustment; methods of testing efficiency of harvesting of a picker.

 

Crop»Cutting_Mechsnism; study of their design differences; their functional
requirements and their performance.

 

§mall Grain Combines like Wheat and Rice; study of construction and their
adjustments; construction of flow chart; method of testing harvesting
efficiency of the combine.

 

Study of Planting_of Wheat, Rice and Corn.

 

 

Crop Sprayingflfiquipmentj study of construction, Operation and adjust-
ments of various types of sprayers.

 

Capacity of Pield_fiachines; problems in fundamental factors affecting
the capacity of field machinery.

.\

14

Part (B)

Valve Timigg, The theory and technique of timing the valves of
internal combustion engine.

 

Ignition System. Theory of Operation and practice in timing the
ignition system (battery and magneto).

 

Batterthhargi g Systems. A detailed study of various generator
control systems for maintaining battery charge.

Tractor Hydraulic Systems. Study of the design, Operation and adjust-
ment of basic types of tractor hydraulic control units.

 

Power Managemegg, A problem in the selection of a sufficient and
economic power unit for a specified requirement.

Engine Fuel Economy Tests. The relationship between carburetor
adjustment and fuel efficiency.

 

‘flgasuremgnt of Belt Horse Power by means of pony-brake dynamometer.

15

SAMPLE QUIZ

 

Time - One Hour Total Points - 50

Poingg
15

15

20

Time - Two

Poingg
15

15

20

15

20

1.

2.

3.

1.

3.

Distinguish between (a) white or chilled cast iron and
malleable cast iron, (b) carbon steel and alloy steel.

Briefly describe two types of powered rotary tillers
discussing their advantages and limitations.

Compute the crank shaft-rear~axle speed ratio to give
speeds of 2, 4.5 and 15 m.p.h. for a tractor having an
engine speed of 2000 r.p.m. and rear wheels that are
46 inches in diameter.

SAMPLE FIN-AL EYJ‘W

 

Hours Total Points - 100

a. Derive the formula for the theoretical capacity of a
machine in acres/hour.

b. Define the formula to include time lost and length of
the day and restate in actual acres/day.

How much additional weight is needed on the rear wheels of
a tractor to obtain 400 lbs. additional draw bar pull when
the coefficient of rolling resistance between the rubber
tires and ground is 0.65?

Considering the question from an Operating cost standpoint,
set down the figures and prove which of these two "combines”
the farmer should buy i.e. (a) a 12 ft. self-prOpelled
combine which costs $3,000 or (b) a 6 ft. P.T.O. driven
combine which costs $950. The farmer will have about 200
acres a year to combine. Make your assumptions as to

travel speed, labor cost, tractor use, etc: the total annual
fixed cost in percent of first coat for the two combines can
be assumed to be 14 percent for the 12 ft. and 18 percent
for the 6 ft. combine.

What are the three types of engine lubricating oils and how
are the following improved in lubricating oils?

(a) Higher oxidation stability.

(b) Corrosive resistance.

(c) Antifoaming characteristics.

a. What is a high speed engine and what are its distinguishing
characteristics.

b. Calculate the poinds of air required per hour by a four
cylinder, four stroke engine with a 4 inch bore and 5 inch
stroke if Operated at 1000 r.p.m. and a volumetric efficiency

15

16

of 90 percent.

Briefly discuss the possibilities and limitations of a
hydro-kinetic torque converter diaplacing the conventional
change speed box on a farm tractor.

l7

FARM IRRIGATION

 

General Information

 

13§Eg_~ (a) Irrigation Principles and Practices by
Orson W. Israelsen and Vaughan E. Hansen
(b) Sprinkler Irrigation by

Guy 0. Woodward

 

References — Irricetion Engineering by Ivan E. Honk, Vol. I and II.

Quiz is to be scheduled after each one month or each two months
for the evaluation of sessional marks.

OUTLINE OFW'I'Iil-‘ORY C213“. 81!

 

 

Conveyance of Irrigation Water. Hydraulics of flow of irrigation
water by pipe and Open channel or a ditch. Location, layout and
planning of farm irrigation ditches; lining canals; materials of

lining; water conveyance structure.

water Measuremegg, Flow through an orifice; flow through a weir:

 

effect of boundary form on coefficient of discharge; design and
layout of farm irrigation water measuring devices such as weirs;
parshsll flume.

wells for Irrigation wateg. Drilling methods and equipment; well
casing perforations and screens; development of wells by pumping,
surging and compressed air; water yields of wells; confined and

unconfined wells; draw-down discharge relations; design of wells.

 

Izgmgg.‘ Power requirements and pumping plant efficiencies; pump
characteristics; types of pujps; friction losses in pump systems;
selection of power plant; irrigation pumping costs.

Methods of Irrigation. Surface irrigation by flooding from field
ditches: furrow irrigation; analysis of time to cover a given area
with water; sub-surface irrigation; sprinkling irrigation; layout
and design of the different systems.

 

Measurement of Soil4§gi§gn£g. Drilling holes and obtaining soil
samples: gravimetric determination of moisture; tensiometers.

 

Flow of Water into and Through the Soil. Energy in flowing water;

 

piezometric measurement of pressure heads, in saturated soils; soil

permeability measurement; intake characteristics of soils, mea-
suring intake ratio.

Salt Problems. Salinity; sources and accumulation of salts; move-
ment of salts in soils; management of a high water table; reclam-
stion and management of saline and alkali soils; saline water for
irrigation; sources of salinity in water.

 

 

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Consumptive use of Rater. Conditions affecting consumptive use of 3
water; direct measurement of consumptive use; climate and plant
physiology related to consumptive use.

When to Irrigate_snd Quantitygof Water Needed for Irrigation. 4
Fall, winter and Spring irrigation; limiting soil moisture conditions;
available water supply; soil moisture removal by plant roots; ef-
fect of moisture content on rate of removal of soil moisture:

effect of stage of growth on irrigation practice; frequency of
irrigation; depth of water to be applied during irrigation.

 

Irrigation Efficiencigg. Water conveyance and water application 2

 

efficiencies; water use, water storage efficiencies; water
distribution efficiency; consumptive use efficiency.

Sprinkler Irrigation. Types of sprinkler systems; sprinklers, 4

 

nozzles; sprinkler laterals; couplers, fittings, valves, regulators
and gauges: primers; portable main line and burried main line;
pumping equipment for sprinkler irrigation; system control equip-
ment; design of sprinkler system.

Planning; Qperatipn and Maintenance of Farmmgprinkler System. 4

 

 

 

Inventory of farm resources; determination of farm Operations;
design procedure: required Operating instructions for system
users; installation assistance; soil moisture control; main~
tenance of sprinkler irrigation equipment; some special uses of
sprinkler irrigation equipment.

Review and Quizzes. 4

 

OUTLINE OF LABORATORY WORK

 

Studying characteristics of flow of discharge with respect to 2
head in feet through (a) different types of orifices (b) dif~
ferent types of weirs.

Measuring discharge by means of Parshall Flume. Also studying 2
the division of irrigation water.

Complete survey, design and recommendations if any for an (a) 8
Open ditch irrigation system of a particular area (b) a conduit
irrigation system.

Study of different types of pumps used in irrigation. 2

Studying the pump characteristics as B.H.P., efficiency and head 2
characteristics.

Comparison of the costs involved in irrigation by pumping and 2
irrigation by open ditch system.

A problem on design and study of the water yield of an irrigation 2
well.

9.

10.

110'

19

A tour of the irrigation systems prevalent in the area

Study of the soil moisture tension with respect to soil moisture
content (Z of dryweight) based on the capillary action of water.

A problem on the consumptive use of water based on inflow and
outflow of different areas.

Complete study and design of sprinkler system.

Total Hours

Is

75

20

SAHPLE our;

Time - One Hour Total Points - 50
linings.
15 l. a. Define irrigation and discuss various methods of irrigation.

15

20

2.

b. ist six good arguments for linning canals.

a. Discuss (1) deep-well turbine pumps, (ii) submersible
turbine pumps. Discuss their construction and working.

b. What B.H.P. will be required to pump 500 g.p.m. against
200 p.s.i. when the pump efficiency is 701.

a. List six methods of determining soil moisture content and
discuss two of the methods which seem most important to you.
b. What suction pressure are you going to recommend through a
pipe of 5 centimeters in diameter and a tensile force Of

75.6 dynes/cm.

SANPLE OF FINAL EXAM

 

Time - 2% Hours Marks - 100

Note - Each Question Carries Equal Marks.

Points
18

10

““505

10

10

UIUI

1.

3.

a. An Open ditch with a 4 ft. bottom and 1:1 side carries
water to a culvert at 90 cfs. with a velocity of 2 ft. per
sec. An open ditch with a 5' bottom and a 2:1 side slepe
carries the water away from the culvert in the discharge
side at a velocity of 3' per sec. What diameter of
virified clay pipe is needed if the culvert length is fifty
feet?

b. You must select a measuring device to measure the flow in
a canal carrying about 500 cfs on a 0.012 grade. The canal
carries some sediment and bed load. List 5 measuring devices
in order of best suitability.

a. Discuss development of wells.

b. Discuss flexible tubing for conveying water.

c. what are piezometers and why are they used?

d. Discuss infiltration and water movement during irrigation.

a. Determine the height of capillary rise in a tube where the
angle of contact is 135 degrees and the surface tension is
0.075 gm/cm. The specific gravity of the liquid is 1.0 and the
diameter of the tube is 0.2 ems.

b. For the same tube what would be the height of rise if the
angle of contact is 90 degrees.

a. Define consumptive use.

b. Discuss the tank and lysimeter method of measuring consumptive
use.

c. Discuss consumptive use by natural vegetation.

d. Discuss climate and plant physiology as related to consumptive
use a

 

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a. Discuss a non-saline alkali soil.

b. List five factors which affect the frequency of irrigation.
c. List ten particular advantages that sprinkler irrigation
has over surface methods.

d. Discuss the border strip method of irrigation.

 

22

MATERIAL or CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTIONAL
PLANNING or FARM srgucruprs_ra.s. 343

 

GESERAL INFORMATION

Prerequisit - H.E. 231

 

Test - Farm Structures by
Barre and Sammet

References - (a) Farm Building Design by Neubauer and Walker

(b) Ashre Guide and Data Book

(c) Heat and Moisture Data for Poultry Housing by
Longhouse, Ota and Ashbay, Agr. Engineering
Journal, Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 567—576. Sept. 196

(d) Design Analysis for Poultry House Ventilation,
M. L. Esmay, Agr. Engg. Journal, Vol. 41, No. 9,
pp. 576-578. Sept. 196

 

Quiz may be given after one or two months each for the evaluation
of sessional work.

OUTLI§§_QF THEORY COURSE

 

Selection of Materialsuigwfiglgtign to Use. Durability, hardness,
toughness, resilience, wear resistance, workability, thermal
characteristics, ease of cleaning, acoustical properties.

 

Materials and Methods 9: Egg. (Wood, concrete, masonary) Growth
defects and seasoning defects of wood; lumber grades: manufactured
lumber: cement; aggregates; mixing of water; time of mixing, curing,
forms and placing; masonary materials; mortar and joints; types of
masonary units.

 

Surfacigg_yaterials Detailigg, Wall coverings as insulating boards,
gypsum wall boards, plywood, cement asbestos boards, plaster, roofing
materials as wood shingles, cement asbestos roofing, bituminous
roofing; flashing flooring wood, concrete, stone, composition flooring,
detailing.

_Iypes of Structural Frames, Esgigaging_Loads and Stress Analysis. Bean
and post, truss, arches; rigid frame, silos, retaining wall, light
timber framing, bracing framed structure; estimating dead load, line
loads, wind loads, liquid pressure, pressure in granular material,
pressure in deep bins. Conditions for equilibrium in stress analysis,

\ the free body diagram, determining kind of stress, determinate and

indeterminate structures, stress computations, graphic methods.

Heat and Heatfiigansfer. Conduction, radiation and convection; pro-
duction of heat.

 

Air—Water Vapor Hixtures. Gas Equation, characteristics of air-vapor
mixtures, relation between degree of saturation and relative humidity,
psychrometric chart, enthalpy, cooling in adiabatic evaporation.

 

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10.

ll.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

23

Heat Flow Thgough Walls and Estimating Heat Load. Conductance,

 

combined conductance coefficient; heat load, design temperatures;
solar radiation, sensible heat, seasonal heat load; degree day.

Condensation in Walla. Temperature gradient, surface condensation;

 

condensation in building walls, control of condensation; vapor

,resistance required in vapor barrier.

Ventilation. Estimating quantity of air flow; heat balance in

 

ventilation; ventilation systems, natural ventilation; forced draft
systems. '

Physiologic Reactions of Animals to Ambient Temperature and Relative
Fumidi_y, Homeothermic processes, physiologic response to change
in environmental temperature.

 

Dairy Building. Functional planning, environment, sanitation,

 

space requirement; insulation and ventilation, water supply.

Poultry Housing. Functional planning, production practices, environ-

 

ment, space requirements, arrangement of space, insulation and

'ventilation, other considerations.

.Storage Of Pruit,_Vegetable_§ropsm§nd Grains. Heat production of

 

stored products, economic aspects of storage, characteristics of
common storage, refrigerated storage, temperature and relative
humidity; refrigerating load, analysis of refrigerating load,
modified atmosphere storage, air movement, storage management;
destructive agents of grain storage, respiration of grains, moisture
and temperature changes in stored grains, moisture properties of
grains, conditioning moist grains, storage structures.

Farm Houses. Functional Planning; organization and space arrange-
ment; space requirement; site planning and orientation; general
characteristics of the house.

 

Estimating Constructionfiposgg, Preliminary estimates: detailed

 

-cost estimates.

Some Economic Aspects of Farm Buildings. Interpretation of Censes
values and expenditures for farm buildings; expenditure for farm '
buildings; depreciation of farm buildings and appraisal of present
value; annual cost of the building; Optimum investment in farm
buildings.

 

Aggilding and Farmstead Planning_for Process Efficiency. Aids to
planning for process efficiency; consideration in planning studies;
farmstead planning.

 

 

,Quizzes and Review.

 

.-£_

11.
12.

13.

24

OUTLINE or Lagpnnroar was;

Study of the use of local materials and a trip to the local
materials yard.

Problems on heat transfer.

Problems on air—vapor mixtures and construction of psychrometric
chart.

Calculation of heat flow through walls and estimating heat loads.
Problems on temperature gradients and condensation in walls

Design of wall sections to lower loss or gain of heat and to prevent
condensation on surfaces and interior of walls.

Ventilation cumputation.

Designing and planning a dairy barn for cow and calf housing.
Planning and designing a poultry house.

Prepare floor plan for dwelling.

Computations on cost estimates.

Study and problems on grain storage.

Floor plan and flow diagram for a small milk plant.

SAMPLE LAB. Paongts

 

. A calf housing facility has 22 calves (average weight is 150 pounds).

The calf housing facility is 28' x 36' with an 8' ceiling.. The ceiling has

6 inches of fill insulation and the side walls have s 2" blanket. The
Optimum conditions are 55° and 65% R. H. The sensible heat production for

100 lbs. B. U. at 55° equals 225 BTU/Hr. -. c

a. How much air must be moved to remove the moisture when outside temperature

is 30°F and 701 R. H.

b. What is the amount of air needed to maintain the desired room temperature.

25

smms QUIZ

 

Time - One Hour Total Points — 50
Points
15 1. What type of defects can you imagine in wood and what is

the reason. Please explain.

Define ambient temperature and coeff of thermal capacity.

 

15 2.
Ice weighing 25 lbs. and at a temperature of 20°F is heated
to 609?. At which temperature is 10 lbs. of water evaporated?
How much heat must be supplied in this process?
Heat of vaporization is 97° BTU/lb.

20 3. One pound of dry air contains 0.05 lbs. of water vapor. The
temperature of the mixture is 1100?. The pressure is 14.7
lbs./sq. inch absolute. Compute the partial pressure of water
vapor. Determine the relative humidity.

SAMPLE op FINALJXAM
Time - 2 Hours Total Points - 100
Points

20 1. What is Basel Energy Metabolism and shat is the effect of
environmental temp on the productivity of poultry.

20 2. Discuss five functional requirements of a dairy barn. Also
discuss pen versus stall barn.

20 3. Explain and discuss five important methods of preservation
of stored crops.

20 4. Discuss at least four methods of conditioning the grain in
the farm storage for removing the excess moisture.

20 5. (Open book)

A wall constructed of 3/4" mood lath and plaster (resistance -
0. ‘0); 3 5/8" air space (resistance - 0. 90); 3/b" fir sheathing
and building paper plus lap siding (resistance - 2.0) has an
inside surface resistance of 0.60 and an outside surface
resistance oof 0.10. If the inside temp is 70°F and the outside
temp is 10° I, what will be the temp of the inside surface of the
‘vallf What maximum relative humidity would be permissible as-
suming that no condensation will take place on the wall surface
.t Chit tulip.

l.

5.

26
DIFFERENT MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER AND
FARM PROCESSING A.E. 344
GENERAL INFORMATION

Prerequisit - C.E. 212

 

Texts - (a) Heat Transfer by J. P. Holman
(b) Drying Farm Crops by Carl W. Hall
(c) Methods and Equipment for Rice Testing by P.A.0.
(d) Equipment for the Processing of Rice by P.A.0.

References - (a) Engineering for Dairy and Food Products
by Arthur W. Farrell
(b) Thermodynamics for Engineers
by Doolittle '

OUTLINE OF COURSE

 

Introduction. Conduction heat transfer, thermal conductivity, 1
convection heat transfer, radiation heat transfer, dimensions and
units.

 

§teady~State_§onduc£ion, One Dimension. The plane wall: radial 2
system cylinders; plane wall with heat sources: cylinder with
heat sources; conduction-convection systems: fins.

 

 

Steadz:Stagenggndnotionlmggo_§imgnsion. Introduction; mathematical”3
analysis of two-dimensional heat conduction.

Unsteady-State Heat Conduction. Dumped-heat—capacity system; trsn- 3
sient heat flow in a semi-infinite plate; convection boundary
conditions.

 

Principles of Convection. Viscous flow, inviscid flow: laminar 6
boundary layer on a flat plate; energy equation of the boundary
layer; thermal boundary layer: relation between fluid friction

and heat transfer; turbulent boundary-layer heat transfer; heat
transfer in laminar tube flow: turbulent flow in a tube; heat
transfer in high speed flow.

EmRiElEfilM£9§NE£§££i£fil relations for forced-Convection heat Transfer.3
Empirical relations for pipe and tube flow; flow across cylinders
and spheres; flow across tube banks; liquid-metal heat transfer.

 

Natural—Convection System. Free-convection heat transfer on a 3

 

. vertical flat plate; free convection from vertical planes and

cylinders: free convection from horizontal cylinders; free con-
vection from horizontal square plates.

Radiation Heat Transfer. Physical mechanism: radiation properties;4
radiation shape factor; relation between shape factors: heat ex-
change between nonblack bodies; infinite parallel planes; radiation
shields; radiation heat exchange through an absorbing and trans-
mitting medium.

 

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10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

27

Condensation and Boiling Heat Transfer. Condensation hest~ 2
transfer phenomena; boiling heat—transfer; simplified relations
for boiling heat-transfer with water.

 

§§§§7Trans§g£. Fick's Law of Diffusion; mass—transfer coef— 2
ficient.

ngrigeration. Carnot cycle for refrigeration; vapor compression 3
refrigeration; the actual vapor compression system; refrigerants;
water-vapor refrigeration system: absorption system.

gasZEapor Mixtures. Definitions; psychrometric charts; humid- 2
ification and dehumidification; cooling by evaporation.

 

Equilibrium Moisture Content. M.C. versus R.H.; determination 2
of vapor pressure; determination of equilibrium moisture content;
maintaining R.E. with a saturated salt solution or acid solution;
heat of vaporization.

 

HQIEEPEE_§E§iI§NEE¥§EPEEMQRQQKES and Effects. Moisture migration; 2
moisture content; temperature changes; prevention of moisture
accumulation; heat transfer; transient heat transfer: periodic
temperature variations; calculation of temperature in bin.

 

Theory of Drying. Rate periods of drying; determining periods of 4

 

drying, thin layer drying: deep layer drying; application of

‘Hukill's analysis to drying; use of paychrometrio chart for analyzing

drying. ' ~

Principles of Aiggggvggggt, Radial and axial flow fans; general 3

 

fan principles; duct, floor and bin design; effect of material on

.air flow; measurement of static pressure: determining air flow

from static pressure data.

§ystems for Grain ggd_§§r Corp Qrving. Natural ventilation of 3
ear corn; cribbing ear corn; forced air drying of grain; fan
selection; method of air distribution; storage of grains and
shelled corn; forced air drying of ear corn; use of heated forced
air for grain and ear corn drying; coat of handling and forced

air drying of grain and ear corn; aeration or mechanical cooling;
farm and commercial storages.

 

Systgm§_jp£;§aymprying. Field curing, crushing hay; reapiration 3
and mold growth; long, chOpped and baled hay; designing a barn
hay dryer; management of a hay dryer.

D52.figgndensed_gnd~§gapgrated Milk Processing. Pasteurization, 4

 

.homogenization, cream separation and other dairy products.

Frozen Food Processing, Fruits and vegetables; meats and poultry 6
packaging, rates of freezing, computation of live refrigeration
loads. '

 

21.

22.

ll.

12.

13.

28

Zflfifllg§£fifiliREHIQEEElQEEEJQE,Rice- Determination of foreign 4
matter; determining moisture content; determining the purity

of rice varieties; determining the milling quality of rice;

drying paddy samples.

Egyiew and Quizzes. 4

 

Total Number of Hours 67

merger: or mag-gems?

 

Determining the heating and cooling constants for a given piece 2
of metal. Investigation of rate of cooling and time of one-
half response by the use of potentiometer.

Problem. Analogy between cooling and drying. Newton's Law 2
of Cooling. Drying lay and rate of drying as related to
moisture content and vapor pressure difference.

Determining the drying constants for a grain sample. Rate of 2
drying, time of one-half response and vapor pressure of grain.

Moisture Determination. Comparision of results obtained from 2
various types of equipment available.

Determining the temperature, pressure and moisture gradients 4
under actual drying conditions. Determining the effect of rate
of air flow on power requirement.

Field trip to a government controlled farm to observe mow hay 2
drying system. Inspection of hay cured by various drying methods.
Discuss production results from feeding mow dried hay with dairy
Operator.

Problgm, Application of theoretical drying curves to field 2
conditions. Determining rates of drying in various zones in

deep layer drying. Estimation of drying time. Moisture

content of each layer.

Determining the moisture content of rice. 3
Inspection trip to a rice milling factory. 2
' Inspection trip to a fruit and vegetable canning factory and a 2

visit to cold storage.

Preparation of a report on personal investigation of any phase of 4
processing farm products.

Inspection trip to a dairy to observe pasteurization, bottling, 2
homogenization, butter and cheese preparation.

Problem. Floor lay out of a small processing plant. Unit ._4
processes and cost analysis.

Total Hours 33

Total Lab and Theory Hours .100

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29

SAHPLE LABORATORY EXERCISE
Object - To determine the drying constant for ground shelled corn.
Materials - Drying oven, balance, drying pan, thermometer, ground corn.

grogggugg - Weigh out 250 grams of ground corn. Place stock in drying
pan suspended in the oven from the balance. Record the stock weight
and oven temperature every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes. Then
every 10 minutes for the next 90 minutes. At the end of the two hour
period leave the scales stock and oven undisturbed. The final reading
will be made before the next lecture and the observation will be given
to the students.
Determine vapor pressure of room and oven.

fieport — Shall be a complete lab report in style. Plot on cartesian
coordinates the weight of the sample against time. Plot on semi~log
paper the percent moisture dry basis against time.

Guestions - 1. What is the times of one-half and one-fourth reaponse?

2. Determine the \ value in the equation

H- Pie - (Mo - Me) 2“

3. What is the rate of drying when the corn has reached 10 per—
cent moisture dry basis?

4. What is the vapor pressure of the corn after 15 minutes of
drying? ‘

ens-ms Qty;

 

Time - One Hour 7 Total Points - 50

Points
15 l. Dcve10p the equation for conductive heat transfer in one
direction, i.e. 2

.7» T ..1.....'_f.
A: 1 3t

What assumptions are made in deveIOping this differential
equation.

15 2. Discuss the difference between forced and natural convection
heat transfer in terms of:
(i) The B.L. thickness (temp and velocity)
(ii) The B.L. profiles (velocity and temp)
(iii) The dimensionless numbers determining the heat transfer

20 3. (Open book) Find the rate of heat loss per lineal foot from
a 2 inch bare nominal steam pipe with a surface temp of 330°F
in a room at 70°F and 14.7 P.S.I. The Crashof-Prandtal
number product is greater than 104 and less than 109.

30

SAIG’LE FINAL BEN-Y

Time - Two Hours Total Points - 100

3.9.13.9!
20

15

20

20

25

Develop an expression for temp distribution for a cylinder
with a heat source and under steady state conduction.

A steel ball 2 inches in diameter, initially at a uniform
temp of 850°F is suddenly placed in a liquid in which the
temp is maintained at 200°F. The convection heat - transfer
coeff is 2 BTU/hr—FtZ—F. Density is 490 lbs. m/ft3 and

c - 0.11 BTUllbn oF. Calculate the time required for the
ball to attain a temp of 3000?.

Discuss the importance of a high carotene content in hay and
the effect of the different systems of hay curing on the
carotene content.

(Open book) Two parallel plates 6 by 8 ft.are spaced 5 ft.
apart. One plate is maintained at 12000? and the other at
500°F. The emissivities of the plates are 0.1 and 0.4,
respectively. The plates are located in a very large room,
the walls of which are maintained at 1400?. The plates
exchange heat with each other and with the room. Find the
total heat loat by the hotter plate.

Refrigerant F-12 enters a condenser at 120 p.e.i. and 130°F

and leaves at 80°F. It enters the eXpanaion valve at 76°F

and leaves the evaporator at 25 p.s.i. and 20°F. Cooling water
flows through the condenser at the rate of 1240 1ba./min., its
temp increasing from 76°F to 88°F. Also 98 percent of the heat
removed from the refrigerant in the condenser is removed by

the water. Because of heat leakage into the evaporator, the
net tonnage is 98.8 percent of the gross tonnage produced by
the refrigerant. Determine the net tonnage.

"h

5.

l.

31

SOIL PHYSICS AND DRAINAGE A.E. 441
GENERAL INFORMATION

Prerequisit -

 

Texts - (a) Soil Physics by Baver
(b) Engineering for Agricultural Drainage by Roe and Ayres

References — (a) Procedures for Testing Soils, Sponsored by
A.S.T.H. Committee

 

Quizzes ~ To be given after each month or after each two months
for the evaluation of seasional work.

OUTLINE OF THEORY COURSE

 

Soil Physics

Soil as a Diaperse System. The relation of surface to particle 2

 

size; clay — the active soil fraction; surface behavior of clay
particles.

The Mechanical Composition of Soils. Preparation and fractionation 4
of sample by different methods; Stoke's Law analysis based on
complete separation of particles; analysis based upon the size
distribution of soil particles; pipette and hydrometer methods.

 

Physical Behavior of Soil-Water Systems. The viscosity of col- 4
loidal clays: factors affecting viscosity of clays; the swelling

of colloidal clays; soil consistency; consistency of moist and wet
soils: plasticity; methods for determining soil plasticity.

 

ggiwlfigg‘tgg. Concepts of soil water; capillary potential; total 6
potential: free energy concept; movement of water in the soil;

hydraulic concept in moisture movement: water movement in saturated
soils: hydraulic conductivity; permeability: movement of water in"

vapor phase; soil factors affecting evaporation; soil moisture constants;
determination of soil moisture by various methods.

§gil_§emperature. Sources and amount of heat: heat capacity of soils 2
heat conductance and flow in soils: soil factors affecting heat
conductance: daily and seasonal changes in soil temperature.

Physical Properties of Soilsflapd Tillag_, Soil tilth: measurement 4
of tilth; plowing and the physics of plow action; preparing seed
bed: cultivation; the compaction problem in soil tillage.

 

Drainage

Water Properties of Soils. Soil permeability; quantitative deter— 2

 

--——--...-.. ..

minations of permeability: field measurement; direct and indirect
measurement in laboratory; field measurements of "p" below shallow

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water tables; forms of soil water; soil moisture characteristics;
infiltration.

{EéiE_E§11 and Run Off. Precipitation characteristics; pre- 4
cipitation cycles; long—time records essential; measurement of

rain fall; run off; evaporation; transpiration; deep seepage;

factors influencing run off; large, medium and small agricultural
water shed.

 

Major Types of Drains and Drainage Problems. Open channel type; 2
subsurface drains; some special types of drains; drainage problems.

 

 

Design of Qpen Digches, Factors in design; drainage surveys; 4
equipment for drainage surveys; analysis of leading design factors;
required capacity of the ditch; the drainage coefficient and its
selection; Sutton's curves; the outlet; safe velocities of flow in
Open ditches; shape of cross-section of Open ditches; side slopes;
the roughness factor; character of the local rain fall; size, shape
and topography of water sheds.

 

Location and Design of Under DrainsL_ Out let; depth of outlet 6
channel; pumping outlets for tile drains; classes of tile lines;

 

; laying out tile drains; gradient for the drains; length of tile
M lines; drainage coefficient "D" for the tile drainage; design of.

tile drainage; design of mains and sub mains; design of lateral
systena; influence of the soil factor in tile drainage. Depth
and spacing of tile drains on flat lands; special structures.

Drain Tiles.' Classes of drain tiles; established sizes of drain 2
tiles; kinds of drain tiles; special requirements for drain tile;
action of soil sulfates on concrete; acid action on drain tiles;
requisites for drain tile installation.

 

Drainage of Irrigated hands. The functions of drainage on irrigated 4
lands; high water table; seriousness of the seepage problem; control
of high water table and alkali; canal linings, leaching and tile
drainage and pumping for drainage; technical design of drainage of
irrigated lands; illustrative random project.

 

"Eeview and Quizzes.' 5

 

sac-ms LABomrogg

 

Preparing soil samples for mechanical analysis. 2
Determination of field moisture equivalent of soils 4
Tests for shrinkage factors determination of soils. 4
Determination of Specific gravity of soils. 2
Tests for moisture-density relations of soils. 4

Separation and fractionation of clays and the associated material A
from soils.

33

 

 

infiltration.

7. Determination of density of soils in place by use of sand. 2
8. Determination of permeability and capillarity of soils and soil 4
mixtures.
Drainage
1. Plan and design Open ditch drainage. lO
2. Reconnaissance survey for tile drainage (field). 2
3. Final survey for tile drainage (field). 2
4. Plan and design a tile drainage system. 6
5. Calculate and plot hydrograph and mass run off curves for 3 ._1
small water shed.
Total Hours 100
mm: QUIZ
Time - One Hour Total Points - 50
Points
15 1. What is meant by "analyses based upon separation of
particles and analyses based upon the size distribution of
particles of soil"? Discuss both shortly explaining how
they are achieved.
15 2. What are the factors which affect viscosity of clays? Prove
your answer by drawing some curves showing the effect.
20 3. List the three forms of soil moisture and under each outline
the characteristics that pertain to it.
guns FINAL EXAM
Time - Two Hours Total Points - 100
Points
20 1. a. List and describe shortly the factors which affect the
conductance of heat in soils.
b. Draw three curves each for (i) bare soil (ii) grass covered
soil, to show the daily temperature changes of (1) air (ii)
surface (iii) at a distance of approximately 4 inches inside
the surface.
20 2. What are the ideal conditions for the preparation of seed beds?
Discuss at least five of them.
15 3. List and discuss the factors which influence the rate of

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4o

34

List the surveys that are necessary in planning a tile
drainage system and itemize the information sought and
work done in each.

(Open book)

The main ditch of an Open ditch drainage system in Central
Mississippi Basin empties into a small solugh that is to be
excavated into a reservoir which can be of any depth desired.
Design the ditch on the basis of the following information:

a. Ditch is 8 miles long and has a bottom slope of 2 feet
per mile when it is 10 feet deep at the discharge end.

b. an n of .035 is applicable.

c. Soil type is sandy loam. Use side slopes and a velocity
recommended for the soil.

d. Use a run-off based on Sutton's curve.

e. System drains an area of 60 sq. miles.

1.

3.

7.

35
ADV‘"CCD 5Tbm uY 0F ACP. HACTWI L\Y AND
ASIA. PO‘YTLK AeEo 442
GENERAL I} iFORhATIO"

Prerequifiit — A.E. 341

 

Texts - (a) Principles of Farm Machinery by Bainer, Kepner, Berger

(b) Elements of Internal Combustion Engines by A. R. Rogowski

Refegences - (a) Farm Gas Engines and Tractors by Jones

 

(b) Xechanical Engineering handbook

ovum: CF nztgnr coursr

 

Part (A)

Tillage Force Analysis and Ritching, Multiple support force measuring

 

 

devices: draft measurement; verticle and horizontal hitching; hitches
for mounted implements.

Holdboard Type‘Toqls. Functions and mechanics of tillage; moldhoards

 

under various soil conditions: pulverizing: turning and inversion.
Forces acting upon a plow bottom: draft of plows. «

ngk Tools. Standard disk plows: soil reactions on plow discs;'

hitching of trailed disc plows; disc barrows, forces acting upon a
disc barrow; couples acting on disk-barrow gangs; penetration of
disk harrows.

Miscellaneous Tillage Eauipgggg, Rotary tillers, chisels and sub-

 

sellers; blade-type subsurface tillers; field cultivators; rod
weeders; spike and spring-tooth harrows: rotary hoes and treaders;
rollers and packers.

Growth Establishmenthflanters. Plant population requirement;

 

plant surface profiles; mechanical functions of a seeding machine;
seed metering devices: furrow Openers; covering devices; solid
planting; row crop planting: row crop drilling; check row planting:
hill dropping: transplanting. Application of manure; comercial
fertilizers; placement of commercial fertilizers; application of
dry comercial.’ fertilisers. .

ggpwth Protection Sprayers. Methods of controlling weeds; row

 

crop cultivation and its equipment: flame weeding; plant thinning;
spraying and dusting; atomizing devices; pumps for spreyers;
agitation of spray materials. Field Sprayers; ground-rig dusters.

lggggjgmL§y§£gm Compgggpts. Transport wheels: wagons and trailers;

mechanical unloading; tractor—mounted loaders.

rlA

 

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10.

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12.

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4.

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36

Harvesting and Preparation for Storage of Fogggc Crops and
Kinemggics of Reciprocating Parts. Hay harvesting methods; mowing;
hay crushers; raking; types of side delivery rakes; desirable
raking characteristics; analysis of raking action for finger—
wheal rake; comparison of typical rakes; baling. Forage chop-
ping and handling; basic components of choppers; gathering units;
feed mechanisms; cutter head; chapping length; feed interference;
elevating efficiency; distribution of power requirements; cut-
ting, friction and kinetic energies; capacity of forage chappers;
forage blowers.

Grain and Seed Harvesting, Harvesting and threshing methods;
functional elements of a combine; flow path of material; types and
sources of seed loss; cutting and conveying; threshing effect-
iveness; cylinder adjustment; separating and cleaning; performance
of separating and cleaning units; power requirements of a combine;
rice harvesting.

Corn Picking and Shelligg. Types of machines; functional elements
of corn harvesters; gathering devices and snapping units; types of
snapping rolls; adjustments of snapping rolls; bushing units;

I shelling and cleaning unit; field losses with corn harvestors;

application of harvesting methods.

Harvesting of Other Crops. Mechanical cotton pickers; picker
arrangements and basic requirements; mechanical strippers; factors
affecting mechanical harvesting; effects and costs of mechanical
harvesting; potato harvesting; sugar beet harvesting.

 

Seed Cleaning_and Sorting. Screens; pocket type separators; in-
clined belts; spiral cones; separation on the basis of specific
gravity; aspirating column; sorting on the basis of surface char»
acteriatico.

Part (B)

Physical Principles. Fundamental quantities; the gas laws; forms
of energy; non-flow processes; flow processes; power and efficiency.

The Air-Cycle and Fuel-Air—Cycle Approximation. Construction of
fusléair charts; effect of engine variable.

The Actual Engine Cycle. Time required for combustion; effect of
engine variables on flame speed. Other actual cycle losses. Power
and efficiency of the actual cycle.

Engine Friction. Total engine friction. piston friction. Bearing
and auxiliary friction. Pumping friction; important properties of
0110 ‘

Detonation. The importance of detonation; theory of detonation;
results of detonation; effect of engine variables on detonation.
Detonation rating of fuels; detonation control; recognition of
detonation. Preignition.

7.

10.

11.

12.

13.

37

Air Capacity. Estimation of air capacity; effect of engine
variables on volumetric efficiency. Combined static and dynamic
effects.

Fuel-Air-Ratio Requirements and Carburetors. Steady running re-
quirements. Transient requirements. Distribution. Mixture
control. The injection carburetor.

Spark Ignition. Requirements for ignition. Preignition. Ignition
timing. Spark plugs. Standard battery ignition system. Magneto
ignition system.

 

Heat Rejection and Cooling. Heat transfer theory. Effect of
operating conditions. Temperature gradients in engine parts.
Cooling.

:ggmpression-Ignition Engines. Stages of combustion. Effect of
operating variables. Fuel injection. Combustion chambers.
Operation and performance.

 

lye-Stroke Engines. Two-stroke-engine types. Two-stroke air capacity.

Performance and Superchagging. Efficiency output. The performance
map super charging.

Quizzes and Review.

 

OUTLINE OF LABORATORY
Part (A)
To describe the shape of the moldboard and the performance in the
field of two plow bottoms of different shape and Operated at two
different speeds.

To make a force analysis on a plow as used in field with right rear
wheel in furrow with the help of a dynamometer.

Callibration of a seed metering device.

To determine the influence of speed on planting accuracy in a corn
planter.

Study of different types of seed metering devices.

Problem. Study of a grain combine and its system analysis.

Problem. Study of a corn harvesting combine and its system

analysis.

To determine the influence of inclination and inlet length on
auger capacity.

38

Part (B)

Dismantling various parts of the engine and then assembling the
engine properly and see that the engine runs preperly.

Study of the carburetter and its assembly.

Study of the battery and magneto ignition systems.

Study of spark advance on the engine.

Study of different types of cooling systems for engines.

' Engine trouble shooting .

Performance characteristics of the engine including:

a.
b.
Ce
d.
.0
f.

3.

I.R.P. by means of an indicator divice.
B.H.P.

I.M.!.P.

B.M.E.P.

Thermal efficiency.

Specific fuel consumption.

Mechanical efficiency.

SAfiPLE LABORATOPY

 

An engine does not start. Find out the cause of trouble.

Procedure - Check if:

a.
b.
C.
d.
O.
f.
g.
h.
1.
j.
k.

Gasoline in carburetor or fuel pump not Operating.
Spark plugs or fuel injector defective.
Wrong kind of fuel.

Fuel valve closed.

Fuel line closed.

Carburetor overchoked or float stuck.
Defective magneto or viring.

Engine speed control lever not advanced.
water in fuel supply.

Gear engaged.

Improper timing.

39

SAMPLE QUIZ

 

Time - One Hour ‘ Total Points - 50

Points ' '
15 1. What is the reaction of the following soils to moldboard plow

15 2.
20 3.
Time - Two

Points
20 l.
20 2.
20 3.
20 4.

under the prevailing soil conditions! -
a. Hard cemented soils

be 83m .Ode

c. Packed or cemented surface.

d. Freshly plowed soil.

e. Push soils.

Mention three types Of seed metering devices and the method
for adjusting the seed rate. Explain the working of one of
the devices.

The total draft of a four bottom 16 inch moldboard plow when
plowing 7 inch deep at 3.5 m.p.h. was 3400 lbs. Calculate
a. The unit draft in p.s.i.

b. Actual horse power requirement.

c. If the field efficiency is 80 percent, what is the rate
of work in acres/hour.

SAMPLE FINAL EXAM

 

Hours Total Points - 100
Write True or False

 

a. . A disc plow pulverizes hard ground more readily
than the moldboard plow.

b. . Individual plow bottom release is very important

on five-bottom plows.

c. . The average knife velocity during the cutting

part Of the stroke is less than the average velocity during

the stroke.

d. . The threshing in an ordinary combine is accomplished
mainly by cylinder and concave.

Discuss five major Operations performed by a combine and what
are the factors on which threshing effectiveness depends.

An engine is used on a job requiring 150 B.H.P. The mechan-
ical efficiency of the engine is 80 percent and the engine
uses 110 lbs./hour under the condition of operation. A
design improvement is made which reduces the engine friction
by 7 H.P. Assuming the indicated thermal efficiency to be
the same, how many pounds of fuel per hour will be saved?

A two cylinder engine has a total displacement Of 300 cubic
inches; runs at 2300 r.p.m. and develOps 120 i.h.p.

20

40

a. What will be the total displacement of a similiar engine
with six cylinders which will deliver the same i.h.p?
b. At what r.p.m. will it operate?

Draw five curves of H.P. versus road speed in m.p.h. for a
typical automotive vehicle under the following gear ratio
and throttle openings at a particular engine r.p.m.

a. Extra high gear ratio and full throttle.

b. Low gear ratio and full throttle.

c. Normal gear ratio and full throttle.

d. Normal gearratio and part throttle.

e. B.H.P. versus piston speed in feet/minute.

3.

41

RUFAL ELECTRIFICATION A.E. 443
GENERAL INFORMATION
Total hours per week for lab. and theory - 3
Total number of weeks per year - 25

Prerequisit -

 

Texts - Farm Electrification by Robert H. Brown

References - (a) Farm Stead Wiring Hand Book

(b) Wiring Manual for Home and Farm

A quiz may be fiven after each month or after each two months
depending upon the instructor, for the evaluation of the sessional
work.

CU'rLIm: OF mags? COURSE

Ceneration1_Distribugion of Power and the Electric Bill. Principles
of distribution and terminology; transmission of electricity; use

of energy by the electrical appliances; units of electrical energy;
figuring the electric bill.

 

Electric Wiring. Circuit tracing; schematic ciagrams; series and

 

parallel circuits; wiring diagrams; wiring principles for various
outlets; reasons for grounding; ground connections; wiring mater-
ials for bonding; disigning the wiring for the dairy barn; design—
ing the wiring system for the poultry farm. Electrical planning
for the farm shop: electric wiring for the pump house.

Electricity for the_§a§m‘§g§idgngg, Planning the outlets; branch

 

circuits required; selection of the service~entrance switch, number
of branch circuits required and its ampere and wattage capacity;
protection of the branch circuits; wiring supplies for the residence;
modifying the existing wiring system.

Farm Stead DiSEELEHEiQQi§X§EEE- Electric power requirement of var-
ious vuildings; type of distribution centers; locating the electrical
load center; selection of the preper size wire for feeder lines.

 

Electricitygfor_Light. Light, lumens, foot candles: quality of light;

 

lighting methods; lighting design; lighting the farm home.

Electrical Controls for Farm Use. Switches; relays; push buttons,

 

 

magnetic starting switch; reduced voltage starter; thermostat;
pressure switch; solenoid valve.

Electrical Use for Heating and Coolingvgn the Farm. Heat and energy;

eH'——.

 

electric heating elements; infra red lamps; electrical heating equip-
ment; calculation of space heat losses; heat for farm applications;
refrigeration principles; calculation of product and space load;

 

 

10.

11.

10.
ll.

12.

13.

42

determining the size of the refrigerating unit; forced ventilation;
ventilation requirements and practices.

Farm Electric motors. Theory and Operation of single phase motors;
motor performance and selection according to the requirement; motor
overload protection.

 

'glectrigigy for the Ruralupater Supply. Source of water and require-
ment of water: pumping fundamentals; operating principles of water
pumps; pump selection; electrical features of water system.

 

 

Electricigyflfgrfl§pegial Equipment. Dairy farm equipment, electric
fences; ensillage cutters and feed grinders; elevators; poultry
farm equipment.

 

 

Review and Quigggg.

OUTLINE OF LABOPATORY

 

Inspection, indentificetion and classification of electrical
wiring fixtures and devices.

Design and layout of farm house wiring installation.
Design and layout of farm stead wiring installation.

Inspection of electric motors and electric motor control and over—
load devices.

Performance tests of electric motors.

Inapection of water system equipment and give a report on the work-
ing principles of one of the pumps.

Farm stead water pump performance tests.

Farm stead water system design.

a. Farm house plumbing.

b. Exterior plumbing

Inspection of lighting equipment.

Performance tests of selected lighting equipment.
Inspection of farm stead refrigerating equipment.
Performance tests of refrigerating equipment.

a. Home freezers.

b. Milk coolers.

Design and layout of a forced warm air heating system.

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SAHPLE QUIZ

 

Time — One Hour 4 Total Points — 50
Poingg
15 1. a. A certain motor has a power factor of 0.8 and is con-

15 2.
20 3.
Time - Two

Points
20 l.
20 2.
20 3.
20 4.

nected to 230 volts. The input current is 4.0 amp. Cal-
culate the power input.

b. The electric motor of a certain desk fan is rated for
1/12 H.P. If the energy cost is 2¢ per Kwhr, what is the
cost of Operating this fan for 8 hours?

A pull chain lighting receptacle is installed over a sink.

A wall switch controls a ceiling light in the same room.

It is desired to eliminate the pull chain and control both
lights from the one wall switch.

a. Draw the wiring diagram as it might be at present; then
draw a second diagram for the proposed change in the wiring.
b. In the original wiring, how could one determine which out-
let box contained the cable from the source.

 

(Open book)

A feeder line is to be constructed to serve a 6900 watt load.
The length of run is 175 ft. The load is expected to use
300 Kwhr/month. Considering the initial cost of the wire
and the killowatt hours lost in the lines, choose the wire
size and the corresponding percentage voltage drop most
practical for this application.

app}; FINAL rm:

 

Hours Total Points - 100

How many lumens pass through a spherical area of 0.3 m2 having
a radius of 4 m if an 800 candle source is at the center?

A proposed cooler for eggs is 6 by 6 by 8 ft. high. It has
4 inches of cork insulation. The refrigeration system must
be capable of lowering the temperature of 180 lbs. of eggs
from 100°? to 40°F in 1 hour. The room temperature is to be
40°F. What size refrigeration unit is needed if it is to
operate 16 hours out of 24 hours?

Specific heat of eggs above freezing - 0.76, sp heat of eggs
below freezing - 0.4.

The input to an electric motor is 5 Kw at a power factor of
0.8. The motor is connected to a 240V source and the voltage
drOp to the motor is 2 percent. What is the resistance of
each conductor?

It is desired to control the Operation of a 1/3 H.P. motor

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44

according to temperature in space. In addition it is desired
to stop the motor if the pressure inside a certain gas line
exceeds a safe valve. Show the schematic diagram for this
arrangement. Use a type of pressure switch having contacts
which are normally closed but Open when the pressure is too
high .

Sketch typical performance curves of total head versus
capacity for:

a. A centrifugal pump.

b. A piston—type pump.

c. A geer~type pump.

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45

PROJECT AND THESIS A.E. 444

References — (a) A. E. Hand Book by Richey, Jacobson, Hall

(b) M. E. Handbook
(c) Ashre Guide for a Refrigeration, Air Conditioning
and Ventillation.

SAVPLE PROJECTS

 

rice sampling machine.
rice shelling machine . n
forced air ventillated grain storage bin.

gravity air ventillated grain storage bin.

 

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MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIB

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3 1293

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30fl6 0290