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A STUBY OF SOME $ACTOR5
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CCNTAMINATIQN OF NEW YORK

{QRESSED POUNRY

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This is to certify that the
thesis entitled

A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING
DETERIORATION AND CONTAMINATION
OF NFL? YORK DRESSED POULTRY

presented by

william A. Aho

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Master Of__S§_iens_&_degree inmmflusbandry

meta

Major professor
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A S'IUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING
DETERIORA'IIQVI AND CONTAMIN‘A'EEON
OF NEW YCRK DRESSED POULTRY

3!

William 8. A110
.9,”

A THESIS
Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of
(MASTER or semen)
Department of Poultry Husbmdry

1948

1’H125’1‘5

H26 H1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to express his appreciation to Associate
Professor .T. A. Davidson and Professor 0. G. Card of the Poultry
Husbandry Deportment, Drx'w. L. Mailmann of the Department.of
Bacteriology and Public Health, and Dr. Pauline Paul of the Foods
and Nutrition Department of Michigan State College, for their

edsice, assistance and cooperation.in this cork.

216848

TABLE. OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION......'.............
LITERATUREREVIEW ................
A. Effect of Bile on Quality of Poultry Meet

1. Functions of Gall Bladder end Bile .

II. Control of Bile Sta-ins . . . . . . .

B. Bacterial Contamination of Poultry . . . .
C. Quaternary Amenium Compounds . . . . . .
n.0rganolepticTests... .... .. . ..
REASCNS FOR UNDERTAKING EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . .

MATERIALS AND EXPERIBEN'IRL PROCEDURE . . . e . e .

EXPERIWTAL RESULTS . . . . . e . . . . . . . e .
nmwssm O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O
SWY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O

BIBuomAPHY O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O

Page

15

33

37

A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING DETERIORAIION AND
CONTfiMINATION'OF NEW YORK DRESSED POULJRY
INTRODUCTION

Present day marketing channels for poultry neat require a large
portion of it to pass through a number of distribution, storage and
processing points before it is in the hands of the consumer. Poultry
neat, like all perishable food deteriorates shile in transit from
producer to consumer.

The marketing of poultry neat is unique in that, unlike other
seats, a large percentage of it is stored and.shipped.with the en-
trails intact. This factor complicates the problem.of quality pre-
servation, since there is the possible external bacterial contamina-
tion, fat rancidity and internal deterioration to consider.

Stewart, Love and Morr (1941) noticed in their experiments.sith
storage chickens thetUNew'York dressed birds hung in the air at
35° Fahrenheit begun deteriorative changes within.eight hours after
killing. The first evidence of deterioration was the appearance of
a bile stain on the liver, shich eventually showed.on edible portions
near the gall bladder.

Bickerson.and Fitzgerald (1939) discovered that 'greenstruck
poultry' was caused by hydrogen sulfide, produced by bacterial
action in the intestine. They also reported that off-flasors occur-
ring in the region of the vent or kidney may be due to decomposed
products that.efruse from the intestines.

Preservation of quality is a question of'whether the consumer
eats the meet or it is claimed by the bacteria. Poultry is usually

either canned or frozen as a means of preservation. Pressing

New York dressed poultry is a more recent method of preservation,
and it retains more of the original quality under proper storage
conditions than does canning.

Freezing of poultry meat presents problems, such as dessication
and fat rancidity which are the most troublesome. Usually freezing
accomplishes the purpose of protecting the meat from bacterial action.
Freezing is primarily a bacteriostatic action, in that it prevents
further multiplication of bacteria, but has very slight killing
effect in short holdings. The original contamination sill multiple
rapidly after the bird is thawed, thereby necessitating rapid.move-

ment on the part of the dealer and consumer.

LITERA'IURE REVIEW

A. Efggt of Bile on Quality of Poultry Heat
New York dressed poultry shes held at a temperature of about

 

35° Fahrenheit during the chilling period develop bile stains on the
liver sithin eight hours according to Stewart, Love and Herr (1941).
mess stains extend to surrounding areas within three days.

I. Emotions of Call Bladhr and Bile

Haven (1928) in explaining the action of bile relates that,
”the physiological value of bile is probably of importance both as
a mdium of excretion and as a digestive secretion. .... is a di-
gestive secretion the most important function attributed to the bile
is the part it takes in the digestion and absorption of fats. It
accelerates greatly the action of the lipase of pancreactic Juice in
splitting the fate to fatty acids and glycerin, and it aids materially
in the absorption of the products of this hydrolysis. The action of
bile my be referred directly to the fact that bile acids serve as a
solvent for the fate and fatty acids.’

Best and nylon (1945) state, In» on. as it leaves the liver
floss into the hepatic duct and thence into the common bile duct.
During fasting its entrance into the duodenum is blocked by the
sphincter of Oddi ehich remains tonically contracted. As the bile
assimilates within the duct its pressure rises, and reaching a height
of from 50 to 70 m of water forces its say along the cystic duct
into the gall bladder. Curing fasting therefore the viscus becomes
gradually distended with retained bile."

reek, 0m and Summon (1947) state, “more appear to be at
least too mecinnism active in gall bladder emptying. One of these

involves the contraction of the gall bladder and the other the tone

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of the sphincter of Oddi at the entrance of the common bile duct into
the intestine. Cream or egg yolk cause an emptying of the gall bladder
apparently by indhcing:an active contraction of this organ, probably
accompanied by a.relaxation of the sphincter at the same time. The
active agent is the free fatty acid liberated.on digestion of these
foods. .... The contraction is apparently brought about through lib-
eration from the intestinal mucosa of a hormone, cholecystokinin,
whose chemical nature is not yet determined. .... Magnesium sulfate
promotes evacuation by causing a dilation of the sphincter."
II. Control of Bile Stains

Mae andruikolaicznk (1942) in attempting to control bile stains
by feeding;fat enriched diets, prior to killing, concluded that, 'the
presence of post mortem surface discoloration.on the liver or on the
right abdominal wall would suggest that the bile m, in post mortem
state behaves as a.semd-pormaable membrane. Observation.substantiates
that size of the gall bladder, as determined by its contents and the
length of the-storage period, appears to determine the extent.and
intensity of visible stainingx' They found that the gall bladder
could be partially depleted, and the liver stain reduced, if 25 per-
cent refined.cottonseed.oil.was included in the final feeding the day
before being slaughtered. They suggest armors specific study to
coordinate the rates of digestion of the different classes of stock
with time of feeding and the level of oil fed for. the most efficient
application of the method.in general practice. Jensen (1945) shows
the influence of withholding feed prior to dresshng on the weight of
the liver and gall bladded. (Ibble I). It is highly probable that
bile stains could be eliminated entirely, were the exact conditions

known for bile depletion at the time of dressing.

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13818“ I

Relation Beteeen line of Dressing After Feeding and
Height of Gall Bladder

 

 

Time Interval Weight of gall bladder with bile
Between firinal' Broiler Ase. Light Roasters Ave.
sad and Dressing (5 head) (5 head)

HOURS ' GRAMS GRAMS
0 0.92 1.28
1/6 0.98 1.12
2 0.62 0.40

4 0.42 0.60

6 0.42. 0.70

8 0.82 --

12 1.28 1.58
24 0.75 1.66

 

 

 

 

B. Bacterial Contamination of Poultry

Contamination of New York dressed birds is usually confined to
the skin. 'me bacteria penetrating the muscle. only after prolonged
storage at high temperatures. Lockheed and.Landerkin (1955) took
bacterial counts of New York dressed feel and found that the muscle
was for all practical purposes quite free of micro-organises. (Table II).
may perceived a decided odor shes the count had risen to 2,500,000 per
square cententimeter of skin but the flesh was still edible. From
their work it can be seen that surface contamination is a controlling

factor in respect to quality of New York dressed birds.

113L311

Sumry of Bacterial Counts from Skin Surface and
Inner Breast Muscle of 144 Birds

 

 

 

 

 

 

Btorago l Jtored at 30° F. 3to~ed at 32° F.
Period No. _Bractel;ial Counts No. Bacterial JCounts
. Dag ird4s_ Skip” cle' Birds Skin” sole”
1 16 3,380 32 -- -- «-
2 16 20 ,400 27 16 30 , 300 32
4 16 551,800 121 16 2,021,000 376
6 16 5,635,000 776 16 7,396,000 1,880
8 16 749204000 I 672 16 25,300,000 290_

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Jensen (1945) observed. that ants-marten starvation increased the
pH of the post-mortem dark meat and therefore he believed this would
encourage pester bacterial growth. Actually lower bacterial counts
were present after starring than feeding up to the time of killing.
(m1. III). He also believes that, 'management of the birds prior
to dressing with regards to sanitation of the range, coops or better-
ies may influence the number and kinds of bacteria contained on the

skin at the mount of dressing.‘

TABLEIII

Effect of Withholding Feed Prior to Dressing on
Bacterial Growth Par Gram of Skin, White Meat, and Dark Meat

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fluilability of Days held Average bacterial count per gram
Feed Prior at 10° C. of tissue based on two birds
to greasing (50° F.) Skin Dark Meat [hits Meat
Available 1 2 , 500 215 155
Available 3 646 , 000 500 350
LMIAhIC 6 4,700,000 39,000 2,000
Available 9 24 ,000 , 000 78 ,000 35 ,000
ithhcld 24 1111. 1 750 235 260
lthheld 24 hrs. 3 11,500 13,550 100
1thh01d 24 hrs. 6 725,000 14,000 200
1th1‘B1d 24 hrs. 9 1915004000 183,000 lOLQOO

 

 

 

 

How to reduce bacterial counts on dressed birds, was a problem
studied by Gunderson, Schwartz and Rose. (1946). They took compara-
tive counts with spot plates* of utensils, equipment and poultry.
water samples were analyzed by standard methods. The principal
sources of contamination found in processing lies York dressed poultry
were scalding tanks, wash tanks and rent leakage.

Sheet and Stewart (1942) indicate tint birds cooled in a (20 per-
cent solution) brine spray here very little bacterial multiplication
' Spot plates are shallow, agar filled aluminum pans 16 sq. cm. in

area and 1 cm. deep. They were sterilized in petri dishes filled
aseptically with a sterile culture.

because of the unfavorable brine medium.and low temperature. Other
investigators, Cook (1939), Stewart, Hanson and Lowe (1941) confirm
the idea that chilling tanks held at low temperatures (about 32°
Fahrenheit) are effective in reducing bacterial counts.

Freezing of poultry meat does not eliminate bacteria. Low tem-
peratures slow biological processes and actually extend the life of
an organism. Heines (1935) reports that quick freezing does not
kill bacteria extensively but that temperatures ranging just below
freezing are the most germicidal.

6. WW

Use of'various germicides in ice for preservation.of foods was
- reported by Jensen (1945). He investigated chlorine, asochloramide,
katadyn silver, succinyl peroxide, calcium or sodium.propionate ice
and levulinic acid ice. Tarr and Sunderland.(1938) report the use
of salt brine and.benzoic acid for preservation of fish in ice.

Quaternary ammonium compounds have not been used directly on
food products as a.germicide, but they have been found.to be effec-
tive es germicides with very low toxicity. Hallmann and Churchill
(1946) used these compounds to sanitize coolers and found them to be
effective. They give some general characteristics which make them
effective: (a) one to one thousand (191000) or greater use dilutions
are relatively non-toxic, (b9 they are cationic therefore good.sur-
face tension depressants, (c) and they will act in low temperatures.

Other investigators have found that quaternary ammonium.com-
pounds are effective gsrmdcides, Domagk (1935), Dunn (1937) and
Boogerheide (1945).

HcCulloch (1947) reports that, *bacterial populations exposed

to quaternary ammonium compounds revealed a very high initial velocity

of disinfection, followed by a rapidly «creasing value of the ve-
locity constantd' Ridenour and Armbruster (1948) found that, ‘a
persistent feature that seen: to be simificant eith some of the
quaternary amnoniums is that, in relation to chlorine the germicidal
efficiency, toesrd apparently more resisteble organism drops rapidly."
D. Eggnog-leans Tests

Organoleptic tests are used by tin food teclmologist to determine
quality of foods. Questions have arisen as to their accuracy. Grist
and Seaton (1931) concluded, 'that the ordinary tasting-panel method
as tested by the criterion of correlation in trials by duplication,
is questionable. Either its improvement or its abandomnt appears
to he necessary and imperatire.‘I

have and Stewart (1947) relate that, 'subjective tests m,
in the expression of opinion, the qualities of food as they make
their impression individually and collectively on the sensory organs.
they are subjective because the individual is required to go through
a mental process in giving his opinion as to qualitative and manti-
tative value of the characteristic or characteristics under study.‘
they classified subjective tests into teo categories (a) preference
tests, and (b) difference tests. hue and Stevart are of the opinion
that if your testing panels are selected carefully end a minim
miner ef variables enter into your test, subjective tests are quite
reliable.

Other investigators have used the organoleptic test in research
eork with poultry meats, Belle Love (1939) , end Nickerson and
Fitzgerald (1939).

RMSCNS FOR WHENG EXPEfiIMENT

'Ihe centralization of population necessitates longer channels
of food distribution. 11118 results in quality deterioration due to
more and'delayed delivery of perishable foods. This is especially
true of poultry since it is processed in an environment share heavy
bacterial contamination is possible. Scalding tanks operate at a
temperature of 131° Fahrenheit or beles (semi-scalding). 'Ihe poultry
remains in the scald tank such a short time and the temperature of
the eater is so lee tint there is little pasteurising effect. The
chilling tanks and rinse waters add to the contamination. When
poultry is held at nob-core temperatures bacterial multiplication is
arrested, but temperatures above 32° Iahrenheit permit rapid mlti-
plicetion of bacteria. A large percentage of poultry meat is held
et temperatures above 32° rahrenheit during some portion of its
journey in trade ctnnnels.

Starvation may influence surface contamination since the diges-
tive tract contains less uterial and possibly there is less chance
for leakage from the vent and mouth. Starving birds sill eliminate
decropping birds after pocessing.

Bile stains on liver and adjacent areas lover the quality of
poultry meat. he and Hikolaicsuk (1942) secured significant results
from feeding a 25 percent oil containing feed on depletion of bile
from the. gall bladder.

lherefore, it see apparent that a test attempting to control
bacterial mltiplication vith a non toxic disinfectant could be
desirable. Bile depletion, another quality control problem could be
studied concurrently since bile stain is an internal deterioration

and could have no effect on surface contamination.

10

mmm END mmxmm PRCIIEXDURE

Sixty-four birds sore used in this uperinnnt. 'nmey were see
cured from the college flock end from a local dressing plant. The
birds acre ”fowl" ranging from 3.1 pounds to 7.1 pounds, consisting
of Rhoda Island Beds, Single Comb Hhite Leghorns, White Plymouth
Rocks and Barred Plymouth Rocks. no bird was selected that appeared
enciated or otherwise in poor condition.
W

Bacteria counts were taken on a comparative basis similar to
the method used by Gunderson et a1 (1945). Instead of spot plates
of surface area, scabs of a 2 square inch area were taken. In alumi-
num sheet, Iith a out out one by two inches, sas placed over the area
to be nabbed. Sterile swabs sere used and then put into a each
bottle containing 10 cc. of saline solution. 'lhe samples were plated
as soon as possible. Samples sere plated in tryptone glucose am
and incubated at 37° Centigrade for 48 hours.

nilutions of 1-4000 and 1-3000 Iere nude of the quaternary
caesium compound, by putting distilled water in a 5 gallon earthen
sare crock and adding the quantity of tn quaternary amnium com-
pound to mice the desired dilution. The birds were imersed in the
solution for appruimtely five seconds.

he birds were injected with 10 cc. of cottonseed oil thirty
mimtea before killing, since preliminary tests, on broilers, had
indicated that thirty minutes could be the approximate tine required
fortheoiltoaffectthegallbladder. Theoilsaesarmedina
eater bath before injection so that it see less viscous and near the
body temperature of the bird.

A representative sample of each group was taken to the Home
Economics Department and prepared for organoleptic tests under the
direction of Dr. Pauline Paul. a taste panel consisting of three
Isabel‘s from the Poultry Husbandry Department and three members from
the Hon Economics Department scored the birds for aroma, flavor,
tenderness and juiceness.
garimnt ;

floaty-four birds were selected at random from a cooling rack
of a local dressing plant and used in this experiment. The birds
were divided into four groups of six birds each. Ike groups were
dipped in a 1-4000 dilution of a commercial quaternary emonium com-
pound called 'Roccal". Two groups were left as controls. Swabs for
bacterial counts sere taken of each bird at this time. nus trial
mas run for the purpose of studying the effect of a quatermry
ammonium on the surface bacterial counts of foul, both at freesing
temperatures and at 33° Fahrenheit.

troupe 1 end 2 more paired to determine the effect of quaternary
ammonium compound at 33° Fahrenheit. Group 2 sea dipped in the
quaternary amnion and Group 1 was used as a control. Groups 1
and 2 underwent numerous temperature changes to increase the rigor
of the test. may were frozen immediately after dressing and held
for 99 days under varying conditions. During this storage period
they more defrosted bride in a salt-in refrigerator hold at an
average 33° rahrenheit. Stabs sere taken from each chicken, each
time that. they care defrosted, and plated to determine the bacterial
counts.

Mp: 3 and 4 mere paired to determine tb effect of quaternary

amoniun on surface contamination of stored poultry at 4° Fahrenheit.

12

Group 4 was dipped in.quaternary ammonium compound and Group 3 see
used as the control. They were frozen immediately after dressing
(July 24) and kept at -4° Fahrenlnit until the and of the experi-
mental period for that experiment (Octobeer). Swabs for bacterial
eounts were taken at the beginning and at the end of the experiment.
The birds were examined at the and of the experiment for bile stains
and organoleptic tests-were conducted on representive samples.
;:§22riment ;;

Thenty birds secured.from.the college flock were used in this
experiment. They were divided.into four groups of five birds each.
Groups 1 and 2 were starved for 12 hours and oil was injected into
the gissards prior to killing. Groups 3 ended were considered as
controls for Groups 1 and.2; they were left on feed.until slaughtered,
and were not oil-injected. The groups were paired so as to make
possible a study of the effect of bile depletion and its relation-
ship to bile stains.

The groups to be given oil were taken off feed.12 hours prior
to killing. Thirty minutes before killing they'sere given 10 cc.
of cottonseed oil, injected into the gizsard, with a catheter.
on birds were killed by sticking, dipped into water (130° Fahrenheit)
for 25 seconds, pihked on.a mechanical picker and then rinsed.sith
cold water from a.hose. They were then hung on a rack to drain, and
swabs were taken at that time. Groups 2 and 4 were dipped in a
quaternary ammonium campound after being rinsed.

The birds were killed on August.28 and hung in a walk-in.cooler
held at an average temperature of 35° Fahrenheit for 13 days. After
13 days they'sere frozen and.stored at -4° Fahrenheit until the end

of the experiment (October 7). Bacterial counts were taken on the

13

first two days and then on the last day that they were held et 33°
Fahrenheit. On September 11 they were out up and examined for bile
stains and external deterioration. 'Ihe gall bladders and livers
were weighed and representative samples were cooked for organoleptio
tests.

figment 11;

Twenty birds secured from the college flock were divided into
four groups. The treatment leading up to and the processing was
identical with groups in Experiment II. After dressing the birds
were put into e ~40 Fahrenheit freezer and held there until the end
of the experiment (August 8 to October 14). Bacterial counts were
taken on the day of killing, immediately after withdrawal from the
freezer, and 24 hours after removal from the freezer then they were
completely thned. The carcasses in this trial were examined exter-
nally and internally for stains and deterioration and then cut up.
Liver and, gall bladder night: were taken. Orgenoleptio tests of

eemplee were .eondueted for thie emerimeht.

SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTflLnIREATMENT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

p23 :32”an Experiment 11 J Experiment III

1 (1) 5 birds (1) 5 birds (1) 5 birds
(2) Controls for (2) Starved 12 hrs. (2) Starved 12 hrs.
Group 2 (3) Oil-injected (3) Oil-injected
(3) Frozen and de- (4) Stored at 33°F. (4) Stored et .40 F.
frosted repeatedly for 13 days (5) Secured from
(4) Secured from (5) Secured from honey flock
commercial plant college flock
(5) ExPerimental
time 99 days

2 (l) 6 birds (1) 5 birds (1) 5 birds
(2) Treated with (2) Starved 12 hrs. (2) Sterved 12 hrs.
quaternary ammonium (3) Oil-injected (3) Oil-injected
(3) Frozen and de- (4) Treated with (4) Stored at 4" F.
frosted repeatedly quaternary emmonium (5) Secured from
(4) Secured from (5) Stored at 33°F. college flock
oonmroial plant for 13 days (’6) Treated with
(5) Experimental (6) Secured from (quaternary ammonium
time 99 days college fleck

3 (l) 6 birds (1) 5 birde‘ (1 5 birds
(2) Controls for (2) Full feed (a Full feed
Group 3 (:5) Stored at 33°F. (3) Stored at 4° 15'.
(3) Stored at .2o°c. or 13 days (4) Secured from
(4) Secured Iron 4) Secured tron Paollege flock
commercial plant ollege flock
(5) Experimental
time 99 days

4 (1) 6 birds 1) 5 birds (1) 5 birds
(2) 'I‘reated with a) run feed (2) Full feed
quaternary ammonium 3) Stored at 33°F. (3) Stored at -4° F.
(3) Stored at -20°C. or 13 days (4) Treated nith
(4) Secured from 4) Treated with quaternary ammonium
eomereial plant eaternary admonium (5) Secured from
(5) Experimental ti 5) Secured from
99 days ollege flock

 

 

 

14

15

EXPERIIENTAL RESULTS
prerimant I - Groups 1 and 2
Contamination
Birds were secured for this experiment from a commercial plant.
Group 2 birds were dipped in a quaternary ammonium compound and

Group 1 birds were held as controls.

TRBLE IV

Bacterial Counts of Groups 1 and 2, Experiment I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bird L Bacterial Counts
no. I 2443;; 3 Aug 4 Ag; 15 Sept. 15 Sept. 21 Oct.
Group 1. Controls '
1 10,000 500 1,500 15,000 5,000 5,000
2 11,500 400 200 7,000 4,500 1,800
3 21,000 2,000 200 5,000 15,000 16,800
4 89 ,000 700 7,000 25, 000 25,000 2,000
5 5,000 4,000 700 12,500 4,900 7,300
a 5mm 6.000 7.000 15,000 4,500 #800
Logrgg: 29,250 2,283 13,766 13,416 2,816 5,450
Group 2. Quaternary Ammonium
1 5,000 3,500 3,000 5,000 300 1,400
2 57,000 1,500 400 500 0 000
3 13,000 400 1,000 100 300 600
4 5,000 0 4,000 5,500 1,500 1,000
5 4,500 670 10,000 5,500 5,500 3,900
6 19,000 400 500 4,500 500 300
Aggragg ,fi154750 11045 3,150 3,150 1,350 1,350

 

Table IV records the bacterial counts taken from different areas

of the carcass on the days indicated.

A two square inch area was

 

 

i

16

swabbed. A large drop in bacterial count was noticed from the initial
count, and no appreciable increase in bacterial numbers was noticed
from tb second count to the final count. One reason for the relative-
1y static count may no that the walk-in refrigerator in which the birds
were periodically defrosted had a. mean temperature of 33° Fahrenheit
and the air was kept in constant motion with a fan. It is possible
that bacterial counts of New York dressed birds may vary for differnt
skin areas. In every count, with the exception of the August 4 count,
the average number of bacteria was lower when the birds had been dipped
in the quaternary ammonium compound. The initial bacterial count for
the control birds was larger than for the treated birds.

A bacterial sample was taken on October 20 but was not included
with the data in Table IV because of the complete absence of bacteria
in the quaternary amonium compound dipped group. The birds at this
time were in a frozen condition, and the swab technique my have

failed to pick up the micro-organisms.

Experiment I - (roups 3 and 4
Contamination

Group 4 was dipped in a quaternary ammonium compound and Group 3
was the control. Table V shows the bacterial counts of the three
samples taken. The initial counts were high, with counts of the con-
trols being much higher than the counts of the treated. 111088 birds
were frozen shortly after dressing and only three bacterial counts
were taken during the experimental time. The October 20 bacterial
count was low and again it may be attributed to the failure of the
swab technique to pick up the bacteria from the unthawed skin. The

average counts for the treated birds were lower in each instance.

17

B is Stains in‘EXQeriment I
Although the birds in this experiment were primarily used to

study the effect of quaternary ammonium campound on the bacterial
count, observations of bile stains were made. A bile stain was found
on the abdominal wall in only one case and the majority of the bile
stains were limited to small areas on the liver. Prompt cooling and

freezing of the birds may explain the relatively minor bile stains.

'1an V

Bacterial Counts of Groups 3 and 4, EXperiment I

 

 

 

 

 

‘Bird 1_ Bacterial Counts
No. 1 23 gel; 20 October 21 October
Group 3. Controls
7 140,000 1,800 12,200
8 30,000 --- 800
9 75,000 1,100 6,300
10 35,000 2,100 17,200
11 20,000 200 32,000
+___l(2 77,000 600 4.400
I# veragg 62,833 1L160 42,150

 

 

Group 4. Quaternary Ammonium

 

 

 

 

 

 

7 100,000 0 1,600
a 60,000 300 1,900
9 9,000 200 4,400

10 1,000 1,000 ---
11 60,000 500 3,300
r_gp;__ . 6,000 ' 0 7,600
were 09,666 333 3,760

 

18

Liver stains were scored from.l to 4, with 1 representing a liver
with insignificant stain and 4 as a large liver stain. The average
scores were as follows: Group 1, 3.3; Group 2, 3.0; Group 3, 3.0;
and Group 4, 2.8. Body stains were indicated with a score of 5.
(Table 7-4).
Orgggoleptig meats of:§;periment_;

Table 7-3 records the results of the organoleptic tests conduct-
ed on birds from Experiment I. or a maximum possible score of 7,
the majority of the birds averaged about 5. A score of 3 or less

usually indicates an unacceptable product.

TABDRCVeA

Bird weights, Gall Bladder weights, Bile Stains of Birds

In,ExperimsntII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bird Bird Wts. Gall Bladder Ute. Bile Stain Scores
No. (lbs), (grams) Liver Body_,
Group 1. Controls
1 4.4 2.7 4 5
2 3.8 1.6 4 0
3 4.3 3.0 3 0
4 5.2 2.1 3 0
5 4.4 1.0 3 0
6 5.0 2.1 3 0.
Avggage 4.5 2.0 3.5
Graup 2. Quaternary Amonium Compound
1 4.5 1.8 4 0
2 4.1 2.2 3 0
3 4.3 0.8 3 0
4 4.7 1.1 3 0
5 4.1 0.5 3 0
6 4.4 0.6 2 0
Average;_ 4.3 1.1 3.0
Group 3. Controls
7 4.7 1.4 3 0
8 4.4 3.4 3 0
9 4.4 1.8 3 0
10 3.7 1.0 3 0
11 4.0 1.6 3 0
12 3,3 2,; 3 0
Averagg, 4.0 1.8 3.0
Group 4. Quaternary Ammonium:Compound
7 5.1 3.7 3 0
8 5.1 1.6 3 0
9 4.1 1.4 3 0
10 4.4 1.4 1 0
11 5.2 2.9 3 0
12 5.5 2.3 4 0
vera 4.9 2.2 2.8

 

 

 

 

 

1. Insignificant stain on liver
2. Very slight stain on liver

3. Slight stain on liver
4. Large stain on liver

5. Body stain

 

19

TlBLBiYeB

Organoleptic Theta of‘Bxperiment I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I lhite Meat
(Group Aroma Flasor- Plawor- Juiciness Tenderness General

No. Skin Lean. Concl

Av. Iv. Av. Av. Av. Av.
1 5.5 4.2 4.7 4.8 5.5 4.5
2 6.2 3.8 4.7 4.2 5.0 4.8
3 5.3 4.2 4.8 3.7 4.5 4.7
4 6.0 6.0 5.8 4.2 5.3 5.7

Bark Meat
1 4.7 3.7 5.0 4.3 5.5 4.7
2 5.3 4.0 4.8 4.5 5.5 4.8
3 5.3 4.2 4.8 4.2 4.3 4.3
4 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.2 5.0 5.0
Broth
krona Flavor

Fat Fat
1 5.3 5.7
2 5.0 4.7
3 4.8 4.5
4 5.7 5.3

 

maximum possible score is 7, e.sc0re of 3 or less usually
indicates an unacceptable product.

 

21

Experiment II
denounces

Two groups in this trial were treated.with the quaternary ammo-
nium compound and two groups were not. Table‘VI gives the actual
bacterial counts of the four groups on three different days. These
birds were kept at an average temperature of 33° Fahrenheit over a
period of 13 days. The initial counts were much lower in

Experiment II thin in.E:periment I.

ISBLG‘VI
Bacterial Counts of Birds in Experiment II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Bird No. I Bacterial Counts
I 28_§ugust 29 August 11.September
Group 1. Oil-injected, Starved
1203 300 5 ,500 8,500
LG (1) 4,000 28,000 600
882 500 1,500 6,300
983 900 1,850 3,100
433 3,650 ,_1,200 2,600
wares! 1,970 7,610 4,220
Group 2. Oil-indected, Starved, Quaternary Ammonium.Treated
1257 100 35,000 700
1155 100 11,600 700
546 700 3,750 3,800
LG (2) 2,000 1,400 2,000
1196 2,500 100 5,800
,rAjeragg _1, 080 10 . 370 2 , 600
Group 3. Controls, Full Feed
LG (3) 5,200 3,500 5,000
872 1,000 4,100 5,700
109 4,200 2,000 7,400
106 2,000 600 26,000
71 1,500 3,800 18,300
verage 2,780 2,800 12,480
Group 4. Controls, Full Feed, Quaternary Ammonium Treated
69 500 1,000 21,000
62 100 1,000 2,700
110 100 100 6,000
111 0 8,000 3,300
122 0 14,000 1,300
vera 140 4,820 11,720

 

 

 

 

 

 

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22

The birds in.this trial were dressed in the Poultry Department's
poultry products laboratory, where it may be expected that the counts
would normally be lower since fewer birds were scalded in.the same
water and each bird was separately rinsed. In all groups the final
count was greater than the initial count. The average bacterial
counts from the quaternary amonium compound treated birds were gen-
erally lower than those untreated, with the exception of the August 29
counts. 'lhe difference was never great. In comparing Group 1
(starved) with Group 3 (fed.until time of slaughter) the average
bacterial count was slightly in favor of the starved group. In corn-
paring Group 2 with Group 4 the average bacterial count was slightly
in favor of the starved gasp.

‘gile Depletion inggzperimsnt;;;

In an effort to study the correlation between the weights of the
birds and the size of the gall bladder a scatter-gram was made with
body weights on the 1 code and gall bladder weights on the y axis.
Little correlation was noted between these factors. (Table VI-B).

Bile stains were limited to the liver on all birds with the ex-
ception of one bird in Group 1. The gall bladder of one bird in
Group 2 was corapletely depleted and no bile stain was evident. Groups
3 and 4 (not treated.with oil) had six birds with bile stains extend-
ing to the abdominal wall. The average bile stain scores for the
livers were: Group 1, 4.0; Group 2, 2.8; Group 3, 4.0; and Group 4,
4.0. (Table VI-A). Average gall bladder weights were less in oil-in-
Jeoted groups.
mnptiglests

Birds from all groups tested were acceptable except for a slightly

below average return from Group 4, which was low in juiciness. (Table VI-C).

Bo Wei ts
Loss in body weight from the time they were starved to slaught-

ering averaged 0.2 of e pound in Group 1, 0.4 of e pound in Group 2,

0.1 of a. pound in Group 3, and 0.1 of e pound in Group 4.

There

was e slightly greater average loss in the starved groups than that

found in the groups from which feed was not withhold. (Table VI-A).

11318 VI-A

Bird Weights, Gall Bladder Weights and Bile Steins
Experiment II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bird Kt. Before Wt. Before fit. of Bile Stein Scores
Ho. Starving Slaughter Gall Bladder Liver Body
Lbs. L129 Grams
C‘moup l. Oil-injected, Starved
1203 5.5 5.0 1.6 4 0
LG (1) 3.1 3.0 0.4 4 0
882 5.2 5.0 1.2 4 0
983 6.9 6.6 2.2 4 0
433 4.2 4.0 1.1 4 5
Y 1‘ C 4.9 407 1.3 4.0 1
Group 2. Oil-injected, Quaternary Amoniun Compound Rooted
1257 5.3 5.1 1.3 4 0
1155 4.0 3.8 1.0 4 0
546 5.4 5.1 1.2 2 0
LG (2) 3.3 3.0 1.2 3 0
__]_._1_L96 4.2 4.0 l 0.9 1 L
4.4 4.0 1.12 2.8 0
Group 3. Controls, Full Feed
872 5.4 5.4 1.7 4 0
109 4.0 4.0 1.5 4 0
106 4.4 4.3 3.5 4 0
, 71 3.9 3.8 1.0 4 5
‘5va 4.2 4.1 31.9 4.0 1
Group 4. Controls, Full Feed, Quaternary Ammonim Compound Rooted
69 4.0 4.0 1.7 4 0
62 4.7 4.6 2.0 4 5
110 4.4 4.2 1.4 4 5
111 4.5 4.3 1.6 4 5
122 4.3 4.2 2.5 4 5
4.3 4.2 1.3 4.0 4.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. The gall bladder was empty and no stain visible-

 

2. Very slight stein in liver
3. Slight stain on liver

4. Large liver stains

5. Body stains

 

3.3

3.6

3.9

5
b.

,4
Q

3"
\

BODY WEIGHTS
5»
§

6.0

6.3

6.6

6.9

.4

TABLE Vldb

CORRELATION 0F BCDY WEIGHTS 70
CALL BLADDER “176/475

GALL BLADDER WEIGHTS

.7 /.0 [.3 [.6 l9 2.] 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6

 

 

I l I I] I I l I

O
0

I

 

 

TABLE VI-C

Organoleptio Tests of Experiment II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

White Meat
Group Aroma. Flavor Planer Juiciness Thnderness General
No. Skin Lean Concl.
Av. Av. Av. Av. AV. AV.
1 5.3 4.2 4.5 3.8 5.7 4.7
2 5.7 5.5 5.5 3.7 5.3 5.2
3 6.0 5.3 5.3 3.7 5.2 5.2
4 5.5 5.2 5.7 3.2 5.5 5.2
Dark_geat
l 4.8 3.8 4.0 3.3 5.2 4.3
2 5.5 4.7 4.3 3.8 5.0 4.7
3 5.8 4.2 5.2 4.8 5.0 4.7
4 4.8 4.2 4.25 3.8 5.0 4.7
Broth
Flavor
Fat
1 5.4 5.3
2 5.6 6.0
3 4.8 5.5
4 5.4 5.3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maximum.possible score is 7, a score of 3 or less usually
indicates an.unacceptable product.

 

26

Experiment III
Contamination
The groups were treated with a quaternary ammonium compound
and two groups mere not. Table‘VII shows the actual bacterial counts
on the four groups.on three different days. These birds were stored

at an average temperature of -4° Fahrenheit. In all cases the average

TABLE‘VII

Bacterial Counts of Birds in Experiment III

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ird.No. Bacterial Counts
8 August 13 October 14 October
Group 1. Oil-injected, Starved
8769 8,300 100 5,600
8792 7,400 50 7,000
8 3,700 150 5,600
8668 6,800 620 7,000
8751 7,300 410 5,500
were 6,700 266 6,140
Group Oil-injected, Starved, Quaternary.1mmonium Compound
8684 500 90 16,000
9057 1,950 320 600
127 800 160 6,300
133 6,300 110 800
134 3,100 240 2,300
We 2, 500 184 5 ,220
Group 3. Controls, Full Feed
195 4,900 140 2,000
8821 16,000 3,680 1,200
198 9,500 1,440 53,000
8871 1,300 80 58,400
8820 9,000 240 30,400
verage 8,140 1,116 25,100
Group 4. Control, Fu11.Feed, Quaternary Ammonium.Compound
8715 850 90 1,400
197 0 290 500
6292 2,150 360 1,000
8859 1,100 90 1,500
8694 700 30 60,000
Vere e 960 172 12,650

 

 

 

 

 

27

bacterial counts of the treated.groups were lover than those of the
untreated groups. There were some increases in bacterial numbers
from.the initial to the final count. The starved groups had slightly
lover counts than the unstarved groups.

TlBLE'VII-A

Bird Weights, Gall Bladder Weights, Bile Stains
Experiment III

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.Bird No. Ht. Before fit. at Wt. of Bile Stain Scores
Starving Killing Gall Bladder Liver Body
Lbs. Lbs. m
Group 1. Oil-injected, Starved
8769 5.1 4.9 3.3 3 0
8792 7.1 6.8 2.6 2 0
8 5.9 5.6 1.7 2 0
8668 5.8 5.4 2.0 3 0
8751 6.2 6.0 1.5 7;, 0
lvggggg 6.0 5.7 2.2 2.2
Group 2. Oil-injected, Starved, Quaternary Ammonium Compound
8684 5.0 4.8 0.2 1 0
9057 6.4 6.2 2.0 4 5
127 4.8 4.7 2.7 3 0
133 4.7 4.6 2.2 2 0
.134 3.3 3.3 2.2 3 0
Ave e 4.8 4.7 1.8 2.6 1
Group 3. Controls, Full Feed
195 4.1 4.0 3.6 3 0
8821 4.2 4.1 1.8 1 0
198 6.1 5.9 2.1 4 0
8871 5.9 5.8 2.7 3 0
8820 6.4 6.1 2.2 3 0
”average ‘ .5.3 5.1 2.4 2.8
Group 4. Control, Full Feed, Quaternary Amenium Compound
8715 ' 6.8 6.5 1.9 3 0
197 4.0 3.9 2.4 1 0
6292 5.5 5.5 3.0 2 0
8859 5.2 5.2 2.3 1 0
8694 6.2 6.1 2.9 l 0
Averag! 5.5 5.4 2.5 1.6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l. Insignificant stain on liver
2. Very slight stain.on liver
3. Slight stain on liver

4. Large liver stain

5. Body stadn '

TABLE VII-B

Organoleptic Tests of Experiment III

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

White Meat
Group Aroma. Flavor' Flavor _ Juiciness Tenderness General

No. Skin Lean Concl.

,év. Av. Av. Av. Av. Av.
1 5.7 4.0 5.2 3.2 4.7 4.0
2. 5.8 4.3 5.7 3.8 4.8 4.6
3 6.2 5.2 5.7 4.0 5.0 4.8
4 6.2 4.5 4.7 3.3 4.8 4.2

Dargfueot
1 5.7 4.6 5.3 3.8 4.5 4.4
2 5.7 4.6 4.5 3.7 5.0 4.2
3 5.5 4.2 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.4
4 6.0 4.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.8
Broth

Aroma Flavor

Fat Fat ,4
1 5.4 5.2
2 5.6 6.0
3 4.8 5.5
4 5.4 5.3

 

 

 

 

Maximum.poseible score is 7, a score of 3 or less usually
indicates an unacceptable product.

 

29

Bile Stains inggxperiment III

311. stains were slight in experiment III. In one instance the
stain affected the body abdominal wall. The stains in the remaining
birds were localized on the liver, and in most cases were relatively
small. Average bile stain scores of the liver were as follows:
Group 1, 2.2; Group 2, 2.6; Group 3, 2.8; Group 4, 1.6. The average
gall bladder weight of the treatedxbirds were lower than those in
the untreated birds.
Body Weights of @riment III

The average loss in weight for the starved.groups was: Group 1,
0.3; Group 2, 0.1. The average loss in weight for the groups that
did not have feed withheld from them was: Group 3, 0.2; Group 4, 0.1.
Water was available for all groups until time of slaughter. (Table VII-A).
Orgggoleptic Tests

Organoleptic tests were favorable in all groups, with the excep-
tion of juiciness in Groups 1, 2 and 3. (Table VII-B).
Statistical Analysis

The data were analyzed.statistically by Fisher's method of var-
iance. (Fisher, 1930). Six of the 21 observations showed some degree
of significance between the bacterial counts of the birds treated
with quaternary ammonium compound and those that were untreated. Three
of these were found in Experiment I, one in Experiment II and.two in
Experiment II. Two experiments were conducted on depletion of bile
from the gall bladder. Experiment II showed some degree of signifi-

cance and EIperiment II was not significant. (Tables VIII, IX, and x).

TRBLE VIII

Statistical Analysis and Significance of Bacteria1.Counts
Between Birds Dipped.in.Quaternary Ammonium Compound and Controls

Experiment I - Groups 1 and 2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date of Sum of S uares Degrees of tJValue
‘ Counts Checks Quats Freedom
24 July 1,036,525 442,205 10 .779'
30 August 570,100 147,089 10 1.200”
4 August 10,082 12,641 10 .080'
15 September 135,625 8,785 10 3.025**
.16 September 93,951 3,293 10 2. 360"
20 October ---------- -- -----
21 October 35,501 1,926 10 1.65 *
Experiment I - Groups 3 and 4
23 July 33,679 17,346 10 .667”
20 October' 926 138 10 3.82 "'
21 October 152,837 9,418 10 1.895‘

 

' Not Significant

" Slightly Significant to Significant
"' Significant to Highly Significant

 

.a--v

—q...

TBBLE IX

Statistica1.Ana1ysis and Significance of Bacterial Counts
Between Birds Dipped in Quaternary Ammonium Compound and Controls

EXperiment II - Groups 1 and 2

 

 

 

Date of Sum of Squares Degrees of t-Value
, Counts Checks Quats Freedom
11 September 12,867 5,306 8 .943*
29 August 8,213,625 13,755,925 8 .333'
28 August 310,225 107,600 8 .978”

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment II - Groups 3 and 4

 

28 August 5,193 27 8 3.21 "'
29 August 4,786 26,201 8 .727'
11 September 112,314 121,858 8 .248”

 

 

 

 

 

Statistical analysis and Significance of Gall Bladder Weights
0f Birds Oil-Injected.and.Controls

Groups 1 a 2 vs. 3 d 4

 

 

 

1 1,659 3,929 l 18 2.495».

 

 

 

' Not Significant
'9 Slightly Significant to Significant
"' Significant to Highly Significant

TflBLE X

Statistical Analysis and Significance of Bacterial Counts
Between Birds Dipped in Quaternary Ammonium Compound.and Controls

Experiment III - Groups 1 and.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date of Sum of Squares _,_ Degrees of t4Value
Counts Checks Quats Freedom

8 August 23,687 5,380 8 3.185'*'
13 October 5,875 2,058 8 .805“
i4 October 19,097 30,198 8 .335*

Experiment III - Groups 3 and 4

8 August 45,295 675 8 2.890'*
13 October 156,996 2,308 8 1,365”
14 October 721,312 360,546 8 .958'

 

0f Birds Oil-Injected and Controls

Groups 1 a 2 vs. 3.3 4

Statistical.£na1ysis and Significance of Gall Bladder Weights

 

4,780 6,481 18

 

 

 

 

 

1.40 '

 

 

’ Not Significant
'9 Significant
"* Significant.to Highly Significant

33

DISCUSSION
Contamination

It would appear from.the data collected that there is a possi-
bility of controlling bacterial multiplication by using quaternary
ammonium compounds. The concentrations of disinfectant used in.this
experiment were low enough so as not to cause toxic effects. The
duration of the treatment was slight (about 5 seconds). If greater
concentrations and longer exposure times were employed when dipping
birds, the results might be more favorable. 0f the 21 observations
made between the treated and untreated groups, six showed significant
decreases in bacterial counts.

In these experiments no appreciable increases in bacterial counts
were noticed on birds held at 33° Fahrenheit for 13 days, and no slime
formation or off-odors developed. Birds that were repeatedly frozen
and defrosted at 33° Fahrenheit gave similar bacterial counts, as the
above mentioned birds, indicating that very little multiplication
bacteria occur under the conditions of this experiment. Lockheed and
Landerkin (1935) found that bacterial counts increased from 30,300
to 25,300,000 in eight days on New York dressed.birds held at 32°
Fahrenheit (1 on skin area). In accord with Jensen (1945) bacterial
counts were lower when the birds were starved before slaughtering.

Birds secured from the commercial dressing plant had higher
initial counts than birds dressed at the Poultry Department's poultry
products laboratory. The percent reduction was greater on carcasses
with heavier contamination when the quaternary ammonium compound was
used than on the lighter contaminated birds.) The dipping of birds
in greater concentrations of quaternary ammonium.compounds may

possibly prove more valuable on carcasses held at higher temperatures.

54

Further work will be necessary to substantiate this statement.

Organoleptic tests were conducted by having a taste panel score
stewed portions of the experimental birds. The birds were cooked
without the usual spices and salt used in home cooking. These tests
indicated nasapparent off-odors or flavors of the quaternary ammonium
compound, in dilutions used in this experiment. This may indicate
that greater concentrations might be used without affecting consumer
acceptance.
Oil Injection

Maw and Nikolaiczuk (1942) stated that, "size of the gall
bladder, as determined by its contents and the length of the storage
appears to determine the extent and intensity of visible staining.“
Experiment II where Groups 1 and 2 received 10 cc oil injected.into
the giazard 30 minutes before slaughter, the mean gall bladder
weights were smaller than in Groups 3 and.4 which were untreated.
The carcasses in this trial were held at an average 53° Fahrenheit
for 13 days during which time intense staining should have developed
normally. Stewart, Lowe and Morr (1941) noticed bile stains on.areas
around the breast and.side of New York dressed birds in three days
at 35° Fahrenheit. Groups 1 and 2 except for one bird, had only
liver stains whereas Groups 3 and.4 had.six:birds that deve10ped
body stains along with liver stains, indicating that the oil injec-
tion was of some benefit in the reduction of bile stains. The gall
bladder of one bird in Group 2 was depleted.of bile entirely and.com-
pletely free of stains. There were differences in average liver
stain scores in.favor of the starved and oil injected birds over those
left on feed until time of slaughter. This suggests that there may be

a physiological time to slaughter, after oil injection, when the gall

35

bladder is completely evacuated. More work on time of treatment
before slaughter is necessary as well as dosages in relation to body
weight.

Jensen (1945) states that starved.birds have lower-bacteria counts
but that increased size of gall bladders of starved birds cause stain-
ing. In this experiment the birds in.Experiment II, Groups 1 and 2
were starved for 12 hours, but with.the oil injection.staining and
average gall bladder'weights were less than full fed birds of
Groups 3 ended.

In.Experiment III when the birds were prepared.in.a.similar
manner as in Experiment II but were frozen immediately, there was
little evidence of bile stains in any group. The mean weights of the
gall bladders and.'Fisher's tavalue' for them indicate that there was
little difference in the weights of the gall bladders between oil in-
jected groups and full fed groups. In six.birds stains were so slight
that they were hardly distinquishable. Four of these were in.the full
fed groups and two in.the oil injected groups. This would indicate
that prompt freezing of poultry will reduce the extent of staining
and that temperatures above freezing hasten the development of bile
stains.

In preliminary work, with fryers that were injected with large
dosages of cottonseed oil, the oil effused through the skin.sufficient-
ly to coat the skin of the birds. This coating of oil may offer some
antioxidant value since it is high in.Vitamin B. It may also have
some bearing on the presence of bacteria. This phenomena should be
investigated further.‘

Organoleptic tests indicated that none of the bile stains were

great enough, under conditions of this experiment, to render the meat

36

unacceptable. The length of storage may not have been an adequate
test of the prevention of rancidity.

Loss of weight in the starved birds was not appreciably greater
than loss of weight of birds from.which feed was not withheld. Water
was available at all times for both groups until the time of slaughter,
and this may explahn the small weight losses.

A few birds that were supposedly starved were noted with full
crops. Upon examination the crops were found to be full of feathers.

Feather eating by starved birds can cause darkened crap areas.

SUMMARY

Sixty-four birds were used.in these experiments to study the
effect of dipping New York dressed birds in a quaternary ammonium
compound, and the effect of injecting cottonseed oil prior to
killing.

Six of the 21 samples taken showed some significance in re-
ducing bacterial numbers under varying conditions of storage. No
appreciable increases were noted in bacterial numbers under the
storage conditions of this experiment. Organoleptic tests showed
all groups acceptable.

Average gall bladder weights were smaller in the oil injected
groups than in the groups not treated.with oil, and in one experi—
ment stored at 33° Fahrenheit showed 'significant t-values" while
the one experiment stored at -20° Centigrade was not “significant”.

Loss in weight was very small in both the starved and unstarved
groups, indicating that if birds have sufficient water the loss in
weight will be slight.

The results of this experiment indicate that there is a possi-
bility of reducing contamination on New York dressed birds with
quaternary ammonium compounds. More work must be done to determine
the concentrations and length of immersion times. Bile stain scores
(liver) were slightly lower when the birds were starved.and given
cottonseed.oil thirty minutes before slaughtering. Depletion of the

gall bladder by use of oil seems feasible.

BIBLIOGMPHY

Best, 0. H. , 1945. Physiological Basis pg Medical Practice. The
Williams and Wilkins 00., Baltimore, Md. pp. 473.

Grist, I. W. and H. L. Seaton, 1941. Reliability of organoleptic
test. PoodRes. 6(5):529-536.

Cook, W. H., 1939. Precooling of poultry. Food Res. 4:245-258.

Domagk, G., 1935. A new class of disinfectants. Deutsche med.
Wehnschr, 61:829 (as quoted from Roccal - Death to Bacteria,
Winthrop Chemical Co. bul.)

Dunn, o. 0., 1936. A mixture of high molecular alkyl-dimethy-benzyl-
ammonium chloride as an antiseptic. Pro. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med.
35:427-429.

, 1937. Antiseptic and germicidal properties of alkyl-
dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride. Am. J. Hyg. 26:46-52.

Fisher, R. A. , 1930. Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Third
Ed., Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and London, England. pp. 139.

Gunderson, n. F., 1946. How much dressed poultry is as clean as it
looks. U. 3. Egg & Poul. Mag. 5:10, 389-390.

Haines, R. 8., 1935. The freezing and death of bacteria. Great
Britain Food Invest. Bd. Rpt., London, England. (as quoted Rom
Microbiology 3; Meats, L. B. Jensen, 1945).

Hawk, P. 8., Bernard L. Deer and W. H. Summerson, 1947. Practical
Phygiologcal Chemistry. The Blakiston 00., Philadelphia and
Toronto. pp. 369.

Hoogerheide, J. 0., 1945. The germicidal properties of certain
quaternary monium salts with special reference to Cetyl-trimethyl-
ammonium bromide. I. Bact., 49:277.

Howell, H. W., 1928. 5 Text Book 3; Physiology. W. B. Saunders 00.,
Philadelphia. pp. 835-838.

Jensen, L. B., 1945. Microbiology _o_f_’ Meats. The Garrad Press, Champaign,
Ill. pp. 201’2310

Lockhead, A. G. and C. G. Landerkin, 1935. Bacterial studies of dressed
poultry. Sci. Agr. , 15:765-770.

Lowe, B., 1939. Effect of drawing before freezing on the palatability
of poultry. Seventh World's Poul. Cong. pp. 500-503.

Lowe, B. and G. F. Stewart, 1947. Subjective and objective tests as
food research tools with special reference to poultry meat. Food
Tech. 1:30-38.

39

Mallmann, W. L. and E. 3. Churchill, 1946. The control of micro-
organisms in food storage. Refr. Engr. 51(6):523-528, 552-553.

Mae, W. A. and N. Nikolaiczuk, 1942. A bile depletion method to
eliminate liver stain in stored dressed poultry. U. 8. Egg & Poul.
Mag. 48:275-278.

McCulloch, E. 0., 1947. False disinfection velocity curves produced
by quaternary ammonium compounds. Science 105 :480.

flickerson, J. T. R. and G. A. Fitzgerald, 1939. Problems arising
during holding of poultry prior to evisceration and freezing.
Seventh World's Poul. Cong. pp. 506-509.

Ridenour, G. M. and E. H. Armbruster, 1948. Some factors affecting
the properties of quaternary ammonium compounds as sanitizers.

Stewart, G. F., B. Lowe and M. Morr, 1941. Post-mortem changes in
New York dressed poultry at 35° F. U. S. Egg & Poul. Mag.
47:541-544, 571-572.

Sweet, M. H. and G. F. Stewart, 1942. Refrigerated brine sprays for
cooling dressed poultry. U. 3. Egg & Poul. Mag. 48:5 pp. 261-265.

Terr, H. L. A. and P. 5. Sunderland, 1938. Keeping quality of lightly
smoked fish. Pacific Fish Expt. Sta., Prince Rupert, B. 0. Prog.
Rpt. 37:7-11. (as quoted from Jensen's Microbiology _c_>_f_ Meats, 1945)

 

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