LAND DEVELOPMENT AND USE PROBLEMS
IN PUERTO RICO WITH PARTECULAR
REFERENCE TO TWO SELECTED AREAS

Thesis for flu Dam» of M. 5.
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

Saivador E. Alemany
1952

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C C O O O O C C . ..

CHAPTER I

Introdugtiog

 

Puerto Rico is one of the most densely populated areas in the
world, and has only a for natural resources. Thus the problem of better
land utilization and development will play a prominent role, if tn» prem
sent standards of living are to be improved, or at least maintaineu.

Trends of continuous increase in population can be foreseen. The
more people there are, the greater will be the social problems. And the
greater will be the responsibility of every one concerned to play his
own part, and play it with finesse and devotion, if any degree of
desirable social welfare is to be attained.

To have a better idea of the present stage of the problem, let
us use the words of Chancellor Benitez of the University of Puerto Rico.1

The population density of Puerto Rico is over six hundred
persons per square mile, fifteen times greater than that of the
United States. Population pressure in the United States would
begin to compare'with that of Puerto Rico if all the people of
the world-«over two billion men, women and children-«landed
there overnight and if, by the same nocturnal magic, all avail-
able mineral resources were eliminated, heavy industry'dis-
appeared, and agriculture became the main source of employment.
I do not say that mainland ingenuity would be incapable of
solving such a riddle. The solution.might be so adequate and
audacious as to keep under control unemployment, illiteracy,
and disease and at the same time foster production, efficiency,
and democracy.

— ----¢-—‘9"

lPerloff, Harvey 8., guerto Rico's Econonic Future: A St
in _Planned Development The University of Cthago Press, oh.cabo,
llLinois, l9SJ, page v.

 

 

 

hi: 144.5 stetement 3.:t15.ni-ie'.-;, emery eilurt .LIA {4-6 Lucia Liu. {,4 ’2“;
is;mtu problems euuuiu center arounq tww lDEViEaCLB feCLe - fligu even
uiatiun uenSity ano a predominant dependence upon agricuiture in rue

Puerto Rican ecunomy.

The Island and Its Preblem

 

Popuiation density ggr 52 once not mean poor stenoerue at i;:;

Tue important t.iug to coneicer in any lend ecunowic study is men ic re~
- 2 . . . .

iaticn to Land, not in relation to the space, or a given area fiflyruiw“
in terms of a surveying unit. Sc, in looking to the ruerto Riitfl are
tie“ a reiationenip of man to researces ano tne environment Wituifl w;
men is unfolding will be more weeninufai.

Due to Lack of data wnicn near on the existing reiatiensuire x\

r

tween men and resources, the so coiled men-lend ratio,5 we will be
forced to use the conventional data as obtained from Cereus meteriai
end other sources.

In View of this fact we nave to tninK of the problem in terws

of i,900,000 acres of lanc in farms out or 2,10U,QUU acres for tne

 

2“ . n . . .. .. . . . .
lhe term land in tnis Qiesertation 18 used in a broad sense.

It includes the natural properties that are associated with it an
teat affect the productivity of Land as much.

siy, xicnard T., and flenrwein, George 5., Land Eremumive,
rne nacmiilan Company, New York, 19u0, pp 18-22.

 

whole island. But, of the total acres in farms, only 1,350,000 acres
are tillabla. This is explained by the fact that about 70 percent of
the island is hilly and mountainous.u Furthermore, we have to consider
the low-productive capacity of the highly weathered, leached, and eroded
soils of the tropics and subtropics, as compared to the rich soils of
the different agricultural areas found in temperate zones.

A broad interpretation of marginality is employed by these
estimates and they are somawhat optimistic as compared to the figures
given by the Soil Conservation Service which extends the margin only to
1,000,000 tillable acres.‘ The latter figure approximates the amount of
land actually in cropland. Thus, Puerto Rico has (as of mid-19b?) 0.55
acres of tillable 1and.for every person. This compares with about
three acres in cultivation per person in the United States-~a highly
industrialized country, with much less dependency on agriculture.5

The situation is therefore self explanatory and considered more
critical when we remember that the niggardliness of the material environ«
ment is accentuated by a lack of understanding, knowledge and attitudes.

Climate in tropical and subtropical areas is in many ways an
asset as it provides a full growing year that enables full exploitation

throughout the year when the conditions are favorable for that ex-

 

' ‘.~"”~VO

uRivera, Santos Luis, Paper given at the Conference on World
Land Tenure Problems on Tbnure Innovations and Agrin:ltura1 Production

in Pucrto Rico, University of Wisconsin, Madison,'siscon81n, OctOber E
to November 9, 1951, p 2.

 

Psrloff,‘23. 223., p h7.

p-

ploitation. It permits the growing of many complementary products,
grown only in these regions, which will mean greater purchasing power
as compared to other products grown on more fertile soils but under
different climatic conditions. 0n the other hand it may also be a
liability, as there are many diseases and pests common under tropical
conditions affecting both plants and animals as well. This does not
mention the effect of climate on the activities of man. According to
Huntington, "climatic conditions have a direct influence on man himself
as a factor of production.”

In view of all these facts presented, Puerto Rico is faced with
the problem of increasing its productive potential to provide for the need;
of a fast growing population. According to Renne a per capita increase
in the economic supply of land may be accomplished in the following ways:

1. By bringing new areas into production;

2. By utilizing 1and.more intensively;

3. By the removal of drawbacks or hindrances to make the best

possible use of the area and obtain the greatest output;

h. By controlling consumption of products so that people will

desire what the earth can produce most readily;

5. By reducing rate of population increase through birth control

and other devices;

6. By controlling foreign trade to reduce exports of agricul~

tural or industrial products to other nations or increase

6Huntingtcn, Ellsworth, 01171112321311 and Climate, Third «1..

Yale University Press, New Haven, l9fh, Chapter VII.

 

V’l

imports of such products from abroad, thus increasing the
economic supply of land.

At her present stage of economic develOpment this is not an
easy task, as many of the possibilities which may be true for other
countries are out of consideration for Puerto Rico.

There are not many areas into which production can be extended
and be profitably accomplished, after providing for the many develop-
mental costs involved.

The second alternative, that of intensifying land use,has already
been tried. EVen under the present conditions, however, there is a great
deal to be done. Some phases of agriculture, particularly sugar cane
growing, arecxumnuisdon an intensive basis. But, even here the lack of
input-output data that will help or guide our steps in the proportioninq
of the parts for a more efficient production of the whole for the benefit
of the greatest number is apparent. Under the Island conditions it is
of utmost importance to consider that this intensification should con-
sider the conservation? problem and that "application of 'know-how' is
necessary to solve permanently the problem associated with the impact

of population pressure against the food supply.”9

7Renne, Rolland R., Land Economics, Harper and Brothers, New

York, l9h7, p 23.

8The term conservation has been used loosely hut in this dis-

sertation we specifically refer to it as presented by Heady, who refers
to conservation as a."maintenance of a production function over time."

9Barlowe, Raleigh, "Population Pressure and Food Production
Potentialities," Lend Economics, XXV, pp 227-239, 19h9.

- " m e u 5. 1 .4: ou~~ 3 l. . ‘v1 ‘ 1a ,

" ¥;' . 4 .. l'i '1 (if? .' .11).” 4- .‘f' “‘42.": 1 .; i m, ‘53-. .4--
(‘Jiii 3;; grist)”: if! i 1.3”" 1:9 11"" tx"~‘.".’3 Lei. ta“ ,..'of.v,,;5‘a’., '11:ng 5-; z?‘«,‘;“;“'. ‘5‘ .5.-
futnre. impossis is centered on present insuns and mud r lei- c;+1
adf.alr1ffi 1w». ‘9‘ :8 hf SQCI'51‘11'idfj", Hui. 22f 91'2“ if, 1;:‘19‘1‘2'1. ”1*“ a; 1%.?"
away-save £52.i',.ce's:ue.134r. In ‘31» scene .r-m‘o-r‘ P-ariYPLL a1i‘é3wasu'..,e..‘i,l;n .1 l
;w55;b1e 4nd farther uev»lo "Mn: .Hd creation of utility, if fi”¢5‘k 3i
advances at a slow and siu‘gisu rats. Further development can n-V r
“e atcalnea flith a Complete or eVen partial dinrw"er" of this Cuhc~. .
53.1}(3’3 0.11‘ eCtzuthiC envirornuverl‘i; is 'ijii'uiu’l end everchn 511:1 , in u?" 4'21"
to keep pace With .-i itution1l arM thhNV¢UELLol an vancement thrz;
must be an equal or greater ds5ree oi dBVeio went with due cons coin
of this criterlon.

The remaining three ways in which the economic sapply of i.nn
can he rationalized, as outlined in Jug four and five, are more Aw.;~
net .lv ccnxlected "it” institutional aspects, mostly of social ens
grilltical origin. If {my 1.1;. :Iuan-mt is to be ei Cine :1 “3"”; tire in
ii will come with the passe; e of time and the evolution of preseut
id as, thoughts, beliefs, and sets of Values. 1118 will require a
5 eat deal of cooperation between the economist and sociologist. ii
will undoubtedly be a figli where much has to be done if meny of the
ba 51c problems of underdeveioueu c0u12trieS are to te solves. T: f pl.

he a proper matter for some other study and herein there will

emphasis on
The

sun: tne 5011 can most readily

, v -‘ +.. -
vb "H r.|)14

matter of controlling consump
produce does not

“ areas truat are mainiy‘

the de ails relevant to this studtv.

eion so that people
naVe in};

:rjf‘UCQU't',‘ r43}. 5- , 1'

mmntary products. The orientation in this problem should rovolve
around an exchange favorable to the Island. Or, in othor words, the
important consideration for the Island is to produce the products that
will buy the most, even though in terms of physical production those
products may not be the best adapted or most productive. With that
premiss in mind the trend should be toward specialization, as specialu
ized products have a greater command of economic goods and services in
the market.

Many of the agricultural economies of western Europe and the
Channel Islands have developed and raised their standards above those
of many'countrics'which have larger assets and vast amounts of natural
resources. Thus, the problem.may be approached by adequate planning
and mutual understanding between planners and private entrepreneurs.

A reduction in the rate of population increase will undoubtedly
relieve some of the population pressure, particularly when we consider
the high natural rate of population increase.10 This will be something
to be decided.by the people themselves. The masses are the ultimate
judges of their own destiny. But, for a decision of this kind, where
soul and.mind debate over this struggle, a high degree of education is
unavoidable to provide the people with the proper tools to critically
evaluate and make the proper decision that will carry them across life

with the hope of a better future. This task, indeed, will be very dif-

0

Pucrto Rico had.a birth rate of hl per 1,000 population.
Since 1900, it has never been below 38 per 1,000 population, making
it one of the highest in the world.

ficult for a country mostly of Catholic origin and under these cir-
cumstances, "the best way to secure this end can come through voluntary
reductions in fertility rates."

In commenting about the sixth way of rationalizing the economic
supply of land, it should be mentioned that Puerto Rico does not have
direct control, as this policy is administered through the Federal
Government. Nevertheless, we should not overlook the fact that one of
the regulations of the United States Tariff System12 and the Sugar Act13
has placed Puerto Rico in a favorable position for sugar cane production.
This factor has resulted in an extreme emphasis upon this industry at the
expense of some other enterprises that merit attention if the goal is to
secure a more flexible and stabilized economy. It is not implied by
any means that the sugar cane industry should not be the revolving core
of the Island economy. It is the main industry as a result of excellent
environment as far as climate, soils, and economic conditions are con-
cerned. But, disregard of sound land utilization for the sake of fol-
lowing the trend in sugar cane expansion will hinder the future develop-
ment and stabilization of a more balanced economy.

The Sugar Act of l9h8, passed by the United States Congress,

re-established quotas for a fiveqyear period. Puerto Rico has been

11
Barlowe, 923 333., p 238.

12Puerto Rico, being one of the domestic sugar producing areas,
enjoys a protective tariff on sugar sold on the mainland.

13Under the Sugar Act, Puerto Rican sugar cane growers receive

due compensation if there is compliance with this law.

assigned a basic quota of 913,090 short tons but usually gets so ion
crease in toe reallccetion du; to failures of other domestic areas to
fulfill their requirements.ih

By 1953 there will be an increase in this quote, but the fact
that deserves reCognition is that the sugar industry is revolving in
an artificial price medium created by the protective tariff and the
compensatory payments to sugar cane growers. Ihe absence of these
artificial supports Would create a competitiVe advantage for the low
cost producing areas. The task then is to orient the agricultural pron
duction with due consideration of this limitation. This job would be
easier if alternatives for shifting resources were favorable. but,
ironically enough, production of other agricultural preducts is hinoervd
by the lack of an adequate marketing structure, lack of credit facillolu,
and related problems.

The local market is easily flooded due to a very low purchasing
power. Products that could make a better transformation of natural
resources possible have to be disregarded for the lack of demand and
absence of a better marketing system. Under these circumstances there
will be a conflict of interests between the private entrepreneurs and
the economist as to Which direction to channel the expansion of agri-
cultural production. Once the purcnssing power is increuseu the taek

of expansion into other crops or enterprLSes will so on shootnly gnu Lu;

\J

 

 

!
lu
Witt, Lawrence d., decent Devfilugfirnfs in United 31st 3
Sugar Policies, Michigan Agricultural taperiment station uusrterly

 

 

bulletin, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp ZOu-Zln, NUVember 19h8.

10

task of compromising will be made easier as profits will be good enough
to compensate for a conversion or higher degree of diversification.
"Raising the living standards of the nation and increasing the
per capita consumption of farm products do not depend upon the smooth
functioning of agriculture alone. The problem is one which brings up
for consideration the satisfactory functioning of the entire economic
system. If agriculture is to be restored to lasting prosperity, there
must be an increase in the purchasing power of the general public."15
The problem will be to organize a developmental program in the manufact-
uring industries to go along in a parallel way with agriculture. mere.-
fore, one will benefit from the other and will be conducive to a more
efficient utilization and significant increase in productivity in one

as well as in the other.

£3938 Stugiggu

 

In this study special reference is made to twu selected areas.
The relative location of the trio areas on the Island is indicated in
Figure I. They are the municipality or Jayuya which is located in the
coffee growing region and the municipality of Aguadilla which is found
in the sugar cane growing belt.

They are not typically representative, but this could hardly
be said of any other two municipalities corresponding to both regions.

They will be helpful, however, in the presentation of land use patterns

1
gGruchy, Allan 0., Modern Economic Thought: The Amcricag

Contribution, Prentice Hall, Naiflowrk, 19117, p 3155.

 

 

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regrcseutative of the mentioneu regions.

Climatically and edaghologically they are different. Their
main sources of agricultural incomes are different. Coffee is the maix
product of Jayuya, and sugar cane for Aguadilla. This is a typical
case for Fuerto Rico where despite short distances,16 wide differences
are encountered. This is to be expected due to the great variability
of island climates, accentuated by a great many differences in geolog—
ical and topographical ccnditions which reflect themselves in the forna«
tion of a wide variety of soils.

Aguadilla is located in the northwestern corner of the Island
with a sub-humid climate and Jayuya is in the rainy region of the interw
ior of the Island.

Even though there is wide variation in soil, topographic and
climatic conditions between these municipalities, the patterns of land
utilization shew certain similarities. Some are due to the wide adapt-
ation to varied conditions, characteristic of some of the tropical pro—
ducts as is the case of the minor crops. ther similarities are due to
the effect of institutional and economic factors. In this comyarison
there is a beautiful example of how these types of factors have causes
the expansion of a crop-—sugar cane in this case-to lands which can
be considered climatically, topographically and edaphologically sub-

marginal.

 

16
There are approximately b0 air miles between Jayuya and
Aguadilla.

.~.‘-..:1. ..' . .1 1'. .7 .. . .. :1 ,. .

(.1 Lb {Hitlgtiufi s i {1...} (yolks..- :..3: u tilr‘i!‘ '6‘; .FC ’. at “J 1 $.‘UJ-J. cifit.

' I . ' ‘ 'l " .' ' ‘ V "‘ . " r" 1 V ‘v I: a' '1 ‘L <Qr . ’ VI.“ ' ' . - -., l ' 4- u “ 'I" 1 "
growiues the tests upun anion all. agricuivuial laud utilisation lenhbo
’v ‘0 ' r ‘ ' .14 .o x —‘ - I”, -J, . ,.' J ..

The stage of cultural, SOCldl, and economic aovar cezent is or

pr1'orHiAI im z-crter.ce in the estailis:1nent cf the land utiliz“+io ci*v

 

tern. The same kinds of soils are used differentl throuchout the w.r a:
y e
On the Subuhumid Cheruczem lands of India the hfliii' pea a“
raises cotton. On similar lands in Africa the Bugauoa ha tiv
raise cattle. In northeastern Australia the natives left tLe
sub-humid ChernOZem lands untilied and virtually unused prior

to the arrival of Europeans. In our country these same lands

provide the most productive areas for commercial wheat farming

and cotton production that the continent possesses. It

seem, then, that there is no one use to WfllCh land can or

should be out. The economy of the culture determines what

constitutes optimum use, and even optimum use varies with

fluctuations in economic Conditions.

It is true that land utilization is grcatly affected by tne
economy of the culture, but not less true that any evaluation of a lens
utilization pattern has to be Judbec,aiter the definite inclusion of the
economic factor. Once the La'abllillPS and capacity of a given tyze
of soil under given conditions of climate are determined, the next step
will be to proceed to analyze the economic factor with the differer-t
alternatives. The best land utilization, than, will be that which re~
turns the most, measured in economic terms, provided the future pro-
ductive capacity of lead is not endantered. In cases of extreme pop»

17_. '

United States Des“ tment of Agriculture, Yea; book of Agri-
culture, l9ul, Climate ano.Man, United :tates Government Printing Cff.te,

 

Vashington, D. 0., pp lEl-IEB.

18

up

lbido, p 1220

I
A!"

ulation pressure and relative scarcity of land, social incomesla could
also be included.

The problem, as in the case of Puerto Rico, will mainly consist
in the elaboration of such tools or methods which will orient toward a
more sound land utilization taking in consideration the economic and
social returns. Once the right direction is established, planning can
be conducted along those lines taking in consideration the future
political and economic changes.

With such criteria in mind the task of evaluating the land
utilization pattern of a region should be easier and goals or objectives

for the future can be established.

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to present a critical analysis
of the land use and doveIOpment problems as they impinge on the Pusrto
Rican economy. Not only can they be presented to demonstrate the
seriousness of the problems, but some light will be thrown as a help
in their understanding.

The objectives may be summarized as following:

1. To discuss the uneven contribution of the different agri-

cultural areas to the economy of the Island. Effects,

trends, and potentialities will also be included.

 

lgsocial income is to include incomes that may not result in

higher not returns per sore but will provide better distribution of gross
returns, and all others that result in a gain for society. Such could
be the case in high labor requiring crops as well as those which help

in building up the fertility level of the soil.

{a 1&1 pp} A cui- LA? (itceubi'fij‘ c; fi-\ '11:; dry-.73 Lanai“?b.3931;

“ - -‘ O ' '. ~ I VA ' i ' n“; ‘ ’«u ‘ .-| J‘ ‘ . "- ‘- 1-»: ‘ I,» 3“
a L.udLu:; iii-«i; Cue J.»x.-Ja inf: \e.‘ tut. 'JliLJon-d 4.0 1.10m; 1

L-

" .— .‘ . , . ,— . p" "- = .- .45. . ‘— " ‘vn I. v v: \ - t"otv'7‘
,3. LC: 68L61‘15.i118 Mb“: {3'363 U; [-6 ”*2: (.UiLui was {1 dub h. Lu:

preventicn cf laud misuses.

a. To preaeui tnc marketing stricture cf the Islamu c

17.5.1.1

“a

determine its ef"ect on efficient lama utilizatiun.

Tue meniioned objectives should not be considered as an attam;

to discuss, analyze ana present all of hue problems affecting

develoPmunt and utilization in Puerto micU. Shortage of time

lack of adequate data will limit the study in this scape, and

all of the facts having full bearing can be presented.

Generulizafiiona will be made for the Island, and for coffee

and sugar cane graying regiuns. As such, they will not have dgpli-

cation for individual problem areas. The coffee and sugar reg

iOfiS

will, gencraiiy speaking, be represented by the municipalities of

gguadilla and Jayuya as far as lane use is Cuucerned.

Individual péublam areas, or problem& at the farm level, cuuju

be covered by some otnxr study with guod passibilitius of obtainiLg

adaptable or flexible farm munb'emeut and planning éCUHWCS accuruiu=

their necessities. Such a study would consider the gcaition en

iallties of the farm or the urea in the developmsntbi scheme.

:9

In this study emphasis will be made on thu possibilitieu kf

further development of both areas for Higher production and better

utilization of natural resources. Hewever, the analysis fill] not rest

yC, t4: .

i

1.6

only on information drawn from the specific area, but also other sourcs is

vmich bear on the matter will be utilized as well.

17

CHAPTER II

Setting the Framework

 

Location

Puerto Rico lies at the eastern extreme of the West Indies
group known as the groater.Lntillea, which includes Cuba, Jamaica,
Hispaniolia (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). The island is nearly
rectangular and at its greatest dimension is 113 miles in an east-west
direcuion. The average width north and south is about Ll miles. In-
cluding all the small islands under its jurisdiction, Puerto Rico has
an area of approximately 3,1435 square milos.1

It. has an approximate latitude of 18° north and about 66°
west, longitude. Ito position in the Caribbean area can be clearly
seen by referring to Figure II, page 18, and its position in the
Western World by referring to Figure III, page 18.

Puerto Rico is approximately 1600 miles southeast of New York,
one thousand miles from Miami, sixty-five miles east of the nearest
part of the Dominican Republic, and four hundred and fifty'milos north

of Venezuela.

Histogx

On his second voyage to the Now‘World, Columbus discovered the

island (November 19, 1&93) and took possession of it in the name of Spain.

__—_

lfloborts, R. 0., 3011 Survey of warm Rico, United States
Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant. Industry, Series 1936, No. 8,
Governnant Printing Office, Washington, D. 0., 19h2, p 2.

 

 

E

  

 

   

 

 

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V, ‘i ‘ .1. fr'f.‘

 

 

 

 

 

19

For four centuries Puerto Rico remained a part of the Spanish
empire. In 1812, it was declared to be a province of Spain on an
equal basis with the provinces in the Iberian peninsula. In 1897, the
island was granted a self-government constitution and it became a
virtual dominion.

The United States occupied Puerto Rico on October 18, 1898,
during the Spanish-Anerican War. Spain ceded sovereignity over Puerto
Rice to the United States under the Treaty of Paris, proclaimed April 11,
1899. In that way Spain lost her last foothold in the Western Hemisphere.

From 1898 to 1900 Puerto Rico was administered by the War Depart-
ment. In 1900 a civilian government was organized in accordance with
the provisions of the Fraker Act. In 1917 this Act was superseded by
the Jones Act under which the present government of Puerto Rico is
organized. Under tints Act all Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the
United States.

In 19146 President Truman appointed the first island-born Puerto
Rican as Chief Executive (Govemor) of the Island. Next year the
Organic Act was liberalized to permit the election of governor by the
people and in 19149 the first governor was elected.

Another grant of greater autonomr came in 1950 when President
Truman signed a Congressional Act authorizing Puerto Rico to draft
its own constitution providing for full Puerto Rican control of in-
sular political affairs. Under this Constitution Puerto Rico became
the Commalth of Puerto Rico, with full control upon its insular

affairs, as of July 25, 1952.

Physics-l and Clirgfticfisgrggion of_the Island

 

 

Pfivsiogrephic Description

Puerto Rico may be divided roughly into three principal
physiographic divisions, each having its own geologic relationships.
The most extensive division consists of the complex mountain ranges.
The coastal plains, and the Elflié plains complete the group of three.2

The island.is divided into a southern and a northern part by
an eastewest mountain range, the crest of which is somewhat toward the
south. This can be better observed by referring to Figure IV, page 21.
This figure is a cross sectional representation of Puerto Rico showing
configuration and the respective land uses.

To the south of the crest the relief is rugged and.it is char-
acterized by steep slopes. There are many ridges and.ravines and it is
common to find abrupt waterfalls, The north side of the crest, and
extending toward the coastal plains, gradually becomes less rough.
Cascades and waterfalls are also fbund.on this side of the crest.

This extensive physiographic division is characterized by steep
soil-covered slopes,/\-shaped.ridges, and Veshaped ravines that grad-
ually change toward the coastal plains and interior valleys, to gently
rolling hills and sloping ravines. The hills and mountain ranges do
not have a unifbrm definite trend as do the hills in the coastal plain
along the northern coast, but they have been deeply disected.by'a

dendritic system.of stream development, and.many of the divides are

2Ibid., p 3.

 

 

 

 

 

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22

separated by gorge-like valleys ranging from 500 to 1,000 feet in depth.
Many excellent dam sites for hydroelectric plants occur along the rapid-
flowing rock-bottom mountain streams.3

ecologically the mountain ranges are of volcanic origin. The
most abundant and widely distributed rocks are tuffs and shales. Due
to a low content of quarts the weathering of these rocks produces a
soil that is high in clay, medium low in silt, and low in sand.

Granite ranks next in extent to tufts and shales, with ser-
pentine predominating on the western part of the island. The granite
produces friable soils, subject to erosion and usually requires con-
tinuous fertilization. Soils produced from serpentine rocks are very
resistant to erosion but are not too fertile.

The coastal plains parallel nearly the entire coast line. They
occupy a much more extensive area on the north than on the south, and
only occupy a very few square miles on the east and west coasts.

The region at its maximum elevation is only 1,500 feet above
sea level, but some of the roughest spots are found in this section
due to caves and sinkholes caused by underground solution. The parent
material is limestone and according to its composition distinct topo-
graphical belts are formed.

The 2% plains include the level alluvial flood plains, the
lagoon deposits, and the elevated beach sands. The flat alluvial flood
plains occupy the largest area and comprise the most valuable agri-

cultural land. The soils are developed from transported material and,

31bide, p 70

23

therefore, range in texture from coarse sands to clay. They occur at
very low elevations, generally not more than 10 feet above sea level.
The lagoon deposits are found on the coastal lowlands. hey are
not too good for agricultural purposes, as they are generally either
under water or the drainage problem is too great. A sandy beach is
found almost along the entire coast line. It ranges from a few feet

wide to more than a mile. It also lacks agricultural importance.
Q13. mate LRainfallL Temperature, and Hurricanes)

Puerto Rico, as could.be expected, has an oceanic climate, under
which ideal rainfall conditions would be thought to prevail. But, in
this case, due to its topographical configuration there are wide varia-
tions in the amount of rainfall that falls in the different regions of the
island. .1 clearer picture can be obtained by referring to Figure V, page
2h, for an observation of the many geographic regions which are present,
although the area is quite limited.

The average annual precipitation ranges from less than 30 inches
in the southwestern part of the island to nearly 200 inches on the highest

peaks in Sierra de Luquillo.5

 

This would mean more for agricultural purposes if interpreted

in terms of effective precipitation, as the amount of water left to be

 

Egg. , p 1h.

51bid., p 1:7. Climate and Man, Yearbook of Agriculture of 19141,
reports a maximum annual precipitation of 136 inches and a minimum of
27 inches. There is not much difference, however, between these data

and those reported by Roberts and others.

I):

P. .

t.

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25

used by crops is dependent upon the temperature, wind, and type of
soil. This is even more important when the intensity of rainfall is
considered, as well as its distribution.

There are no definite seasons in Puerto Rico as far as rainfall
distribution is concerned. There is a rairor period from May to November
characterized by intensive rains and a dry season during the other six
months.

The mean winter temperature of the northern and eastern coastal
towns 18 about 75° F. and the mean sinner temperature about 80° I". Mean
temperatures are probably 2° or 3° higher on the drier southern coast
in both seasons. In the mountains, temperatures average from 5 to 10
degrees lower.6

Another climatic factor that has greatly affected Puerto Rico,
and one not often thought of, are the hurricanes. But they, without
any doubt, have been a hazard in the agricultural development of the
island, particularly in the coffee region. Violent storms of this type
visit some part of the island about every seven to ten years, and hurri-
canes of less intensity come more frequently.7 These storms are violent

enough to destroy most forests, crops, and buildings in their path.

Soils

 

Such a wide variation in climate, relief, parent material and

the native vegetation has brought about the development of a broad soils

 

6
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Op. Cit., p 221.

71mm, p 223.

M
(3-.

complex. "Many of the world's great soil groups are represented in
Puerto Rico by some of the 115 soil series (including 352 soil types
and phases). This is an unusually large number of soils for an area
smaller than some of the western counties in continental United States."8

Variability is the rule, not the exception. Since soils are the
most important part of the physical setting within inich land use oper-
ates, we should account for the factors that have direct influence on
the variable pattern of soil formation in Puerto Rico.

The native vegetation ranges from the desert shrub type to the
typical rain forest type. The elevation ranges from sea level to h,398

feet above sea level on Cerro de Punta south of Juyuya. Ihe relief

 

varies from level to precipitous. The age of the soils ranges from
that of the recent alluvial deposits along streams and.young soils on
steep slopes to that of the very old soils developed on nearly flat
remnants of ancient plateaus. The parent material has been produced
from.different kinds of rocks. Climate and its variabilities have
already been presented.

Soil scientists will be more interested in soils from an
agrological or edaphological point of view. The economist'vill look
to it as land-—as a factor of production. Once the characteristics
and capabilities of that land are interpreted by the soil scientist
they are passed on to the agricultural economist, who with the object-
ive of a more efficient utilisation investigates the alternatives, and

proceeds in the proportioning of those factors for the accomplishment

 

8
Roberts, QE' cit., p 171.

of that end.

To both, it is of primary importance to know the productive
capacity of the soil-it represents a milestone and it is a good
starting point in the process of utilization.

Information of this kind on Puerto Rico is presented in Table
I, page 28. It represents an inventory of the productive ability of
the soils in the areas included. As this type of general information
fits the purpose of the study, specific information in regard to the
minor units used in soil classification has been disregarded.9

The unit used in measuring the productive capacity of the
soils is reported in the tables as the productivity ratings. A clear
understanding of this concept must be secured in order to make it more
useful for economic studies and.meaningful to the eyes of all agricul-
tural workers.

All relevant facts to this item will hereby be included, as
presented by Roberts and others.10

The ratings compare the productivity of each of the soil
types or other mapping units on the island for a given crop to

a standard, namely, 100. This standard represents the average

acre yield obtained from the most productive soil type or types

producing the given crop under current practices. A soil with
an index of 50 produces an acre yield of about one-half of
that produced by the soil having the standard index. In some
instances, owing to irrigation or very favorable conditions

for the growth of certain crops, some soils have an index
exceeding 100.

 

911' specific information is desired refer to the Soil Survey of
Eperto Rico, pp 392-h07, where specific information on productivity
ratings of_soil series, types, and phases is given.

 

IOROberts, 02 e Cite, p 198-1409.

rd

Table I: Soil Areas of Puerto Rico, By Geological Formations, Force;
of Total Area, and average ProductiVity Rating for Eacn Formation

m
—-:

 

 

 

Average
Geological Formation Area in Percent Producttvity
__“___a ”uh-“ gouge 1* or Total. Ratingz “M“

Hills and Mountains 1,5h0,608 71.2 7.?
Inner Plains 10h,320 h.3 3.6
Terraces 86,656 h.0 3.8
Alluvial Fans 35,136 1.6 2.2
Flood Plains 153,923 7.1 2.6
Flood Plains and Coastal Plains 28,22h 1.3 2.5
Coastal Plains 12h,800 5.8 5.8
Coastal lowlands 61,056 2.8 5.8
Swamps 30,336 .123! 1:2
Total All Formations 2,165,056 100.0 6.6

——————_— — ——--——— vv— —”:.4.

1One cuerda equals .9712 of an acre.

2
Most productive soil has a productivity rating of 1 and the
least productive of 10.

Source: Colon-Torres, 3., Soils of Puerto Rico Classified RZ,G’°1‘ ‘~
Formations, Series Tvpes and Phases, with Prodn.:ctivitv Raf _g
of Each Based on Inherent Qualities _of the Land, Area and Percaint
of Total Area, Jniversity of Puerto Rico Agricultural ExperimeM
Station, Mimeographed Reoort No. 19, November l9hl.

 

 

 

The factors influenCing the productiVity of wellcuanageo
land are mainly those of climate, soil andz‘elief; and all
are concerned in the determination of the productivity ratings.
Crop yields from well—managed farms furnish the best available
surmation of the factors contributing to Soil productivity,
and therefore they have been made the bases, so far as infor-
mation is available, for the determination of the indexes.
Some soils, such as the Toe, 001030, San Anton, and Aitura
are used almost entirely for the production of sugar cane.
Those soils are the most productive for many crops, but they
are rated only for sugar cane. Most of them undoubtedly Vania
have a rating far exceeding 100 for many truck crops, such as
ZEEEEEE’ beans, pigeonpeas and'bananas, but as these crops can
not compete'with cane on this valuable productive land they
are not grown, and therefore any rating given crops other than
sugar cane on this land would be estimated.

The roost productive land has a rating of l, and the least
productive rates 10. It must be clearly understood that the
productivity ratings are not to be intez‘preted directly into
specific land values. The intention is to confine attention
to essentially permanent factors of productivity and not to
include transitory economic considerations.

Information is also given in terms of approximate yield for

11

each ratim in the §__c_il 3133:2231 oLfiem Rico. It will serve to

make comparisons, particularly at the farmer level and he will be in
a position to recognise where he stands as compared to the other grower:-
or conditions.

In assessing the productive capacity of the island soils it can
be noticed that the most extensive area is the least productive with
an average productivity of 7.7. It is only exceeded by the area in

Wang’s with an average productivity of 9.9, only .1 from the non-pro-

<1uctive category. As far as amount of area is concerned the soils of

fl

lllni‘ormation is also presented on page 1:10 of the preceeding
SOurce regarding the numerical acre yields that have been set up as
standards of 100 when applied to the soil types of significant acreaées
that produce the highest yields of a specific crop.

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Tania Ii: Soil Areas of Puerto Rico, By Productlnty fi&"t.izwg, M Li"...
Par'c-ax‘e‘t of Tatal Are-.3

_-- - A ‘. ‘- v.“ '— .———- ——¢'* it ."-

 

 

 

 

 

_._——‘__ .— ————-

 

 

Productivity Area in Percent CumulatLve
_Rgting Cuerdwsl _cif Total Wrcm‘we:fl

1 129,152 6.0 6.0

2 36,976 2.2 8.2

3 136,768 w 6.3 114.5

1. 129,02h 6.0 20.5

5 167,936 7.7 28.2

6 293,183.; 13.5 ILL?

7 358,656 16.6 58.3

8 399,680 18.5 76.8

9 113,600 5.2 82.3
Total all 2,165,056 100.30 190.00

5011 Areas-6.6

 

lone cuerda equals .9712 of an acre

Source: Colon-Torres, 3., Soils of Puerto Rico C1assified by Geo-
lcgical F's.runnitm:3L Seriestges and PhasesLnth Drougwfijiti
Ratjgg of Plain Based on Inherent QdaliLies of the Laww 1; 12-34
and Percent of Total Area, University of Puerto Rico Agricul-
tural Ekperiment Station, theographed Report no. 19, November,

l9h1.

 

 

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The progress of this industry was very eiou ”Pij :0 iyuu due
to lack of an adeQuete system of transoortation, and innrricient and
small sugar mills. These inadequecies did not gernit enootn osv:tel
accxmulat-ion for the development of both the agricultural 31M.) moat-r
fecturing phase of this industry.

, 17 .

Tobacco became a commercial crop in 1&37. This is an agri-
cultural industry that has varied‘widely in Puerto Rico. It hes con-
tributed to the value of products exported from a low of b.hh percent
in 1895 to the highest of 19.32 percent in 1921. In l9hé, it constir
tuted 13.25 percent of the value of the Puerto Rican exports.la C“rr§:‘
it is the second most important EgrunfimiCGI enterprise.

In 1755, the cultivation Of coffee ‘85 begunlr) and under Spanish
domination it rapidly grew to be the island's most important agriculfior.‘
product. However, this industry has become reistively unimportant in
export channels in recent years.

The peak in coffee production came in 1895-96, when 55,000,0fla
pounds were exported and amounted to 60.30 percent of the Puerto Hicen
exports. Until that time the industry had enjoyed a steady growih, but
it declined to 19.56 percent of total export in 1901 and b.77 by 1e21.5;
Since then it has never contributed as much as one percent of toe value

of products exported. In 19b6, there was no exportation at all and sine:

 

”Office Of the Gover’mmnt of Puerto Rico, germ Rico, 01"?"‘cn
Puerto Rico in'Washington, Washington, D. 0., January I, 1951. e 9..

Q
luPerloff, 02o Citog p 1363“13?0

1' . . M .
9Office of the Government of Puerto Rico, Uo. c1t., p 9.
- M

20 - , A
Perloff, Op. cit., p 93, iBO-lj7.

Q

wen u; wncvu' there Rafi cof‘ee leit for exportation it. was a negligiaic

anuount. The production for 19549‘1’950 moulded to 25,M,0‘~4‘0 WWI”.

Effect of Physical Envi rongwn‘t

 

The early period in Puerto Rican Agriculture was characterized
by the production of subsistence crops, with very little product-ion £24”
export. 1110 island had few precious metals, and as early as 1570 its
gold deposits appeared exhausted and mining ceased.

At that time the only plentiful resource was land. Mineral
resources were scarce and of low quality. However, there were abmzoant
quantities of limestone, sand, and clay of various kinds adapted to
the manufacture of ceramics and construction materials. The sources
of power were not plentiful, although, the potentialities for a hydro-
electric development are great.

In the early stages of development. “know-how" was lacking and
the capital requirements were so great as to discourage the utilization
of the existing resources by manufacturing enterprises.

There were fertile valleys in the coastal areas and very good
conditions for the agricultural exploitation. The interior of the 15.13:“:
provided good climatic conditions for the growth of coffee and tobacco.
Tne alluvial valleys were generally dedicated to sugar cane, and in the
areas where rainfall was insufficient for cane, cattle were raised on
an excellent pasture. Therefore, under these circumstances, Puerto

Rico grew and developed into an agricultural economy.

 

210ffico cf the Government of Puerto Rico, Or. it., p s.

Under these circmmatances where there was not too much gold
to be mined and lacking almost all of the other natural resources for
industrialization, the settlers divert-ed tower-d agriculture.

The conditions for this kind of exploitation were auspicious
in the early stages. There were enough lands that were endowed with
the physical and climatic characteristics for growing products with
foreign demand. Sugar was grown in the coastal valleys, and coffee
and tobacco in the cooler uplands.

The pattern of agricultural development was greatly affected
during early stages by the extension of the transportation facilities,
which to some extent was influenced by the topographical features.

After the improved transportation system was developed, the different
regions specialized in the products of greatest economic advantage, inn
stead of producing the product best suited to the earlier transportation
facilities.

In Puerto Rico, as well as in other aréas of complementary
production, there is basic agreement with the Von Thunen theory of
agricultural enterprise location. As Renne asserts: ”In agricultural
production, geographical position of agricultural land relative to
available transportation, cities, and Consuming centers plays an im»
portant part in determining the types of farm products to he raised in
different areas."22

In accord.with.this idea, coffee growing was developed in the

interior of the island where modern transportation facilities were

22
Renne, 92° cit., p 195.

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II] rHT" LC} :1 “(:63 (.1 .Lbft 1 .‘EJ‘- Q :1)» _.L'»'J..‘»‘3:Z‘ v.7"? E) {Etc}: 1}. I‘VbF-I‘U

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{4'-

"s'riuxé'flfi it is CDIIS.
rcagcts gruwn in buth Cbb s are Ji£1¢refiu.
In Fuerfo iicc as transnmrtaaian PXjanCEQ, sugar rune h,\ 9;:
JXParded. Cuffxe has no:trectsd because tug c n+9 b¢?m .xmr agg,‘
{4&1 n 0? Sada? C“ne f0” Cuffec H8 Yne Vormvr gaifiwu an HC'Hchprw‘

ecunwmzc gosztlxa 1n vumwérlhnn to awe 1¢1Ler. TJE ascrc no 'H cw;

.-

 

U‘r't: " - 10K
¢bLU., H ¢jt.

 

.j ‘3";

pronoun-on has been one to me dESIJ‘uCthB arrests of the hurricane-i,
declining producuvity of tne 80118, and some other {actors with. a
nigner degree of relevancy tnan that brought about by substitution.

Tney will be discussed under the next heading as they belong to a air-

ferent category.
Eng-:1: mic and Political Changes as an Influengg

Physical, biological, and climatic factors have been of im-
portance in the agricultural development of the island, but by far the
most important have been the economic and political.

Puerto Rico under Spanish domination was highly dependent upon
coffee. Under American domination its agriculture has grown, with suga:
becoming the major cash crop.

During the last decade of Spanish rule, around 70,000 tons of
Sager were produced per year. Twenty years after the introduction oi“
american capital, sugar production was increased to 500,000 tuna annu—
Elly. Since 1910, the annual production has been above 1,000,0uu tuna.

This was to be expected due to the high exchange value that
Sugar has enjoyed. Zimmerman estimated that the proceeds of the sale
or Puerto Rican sugar extracted from the cane grown in one acre hougnt,
in terms of mm, oats, rice, wheat, dried beans, and potatoes, the
pr°duce of 8.2 acres in the United Statemzh

An acre of sugar cane whose product is sold in the inter-

national market will not have such a high buying capacity. But Puerto
\

Zimxermaxm, Erich 3L, "Staff Report to the Interdepartmm-ta-
3“,

gcmx‘klttee on Puerto Rico," Nasmngton, D. 0., Deptember, 9.5.): some...»
~" “Dried, pp 79-51.

gs

Risen sugar producers do enjoy a protective tariff and com coaster?
payments under the Sugar Act of 19nd.

On the other side of the picture is the coffee industry, pr; 3
to the change of government that took place officially on December 10,
1898,25 when Spain ceded sovereignty over Puerto Rico to the United
States, coffee was the leading agricultural industry. As a result of
this change there was a shift in markets for Puerto Rican coffee. The
high—quality Puerto Rican coffee had been sold at a premium in European
markets where the tastes demanded stronger coffee varieties. The United
States then came to be the first market-by virtue of the political
change- but it did not have a high demand for this kind of coffee.
Americans were accustomed to less strong varieties proouced in Soutn
American countries which had practical control of this market.

At the same time a severe hurricananwept the Puerto Rican Coffuu
producing area. Production declined rapidly as plantations were damaged.

Other factors of an economic nature also developed favorabl
conditions for sugar, and conditions for coffee production became less
favorable. Coffee did not enjoy a protective tariff or compensatory
payments as did sugar. The sugar industry also enjoyed better credit
facilities, security of market, and a better marketing structure which use
counted for a gradual conversion of resources fromone industry to the
other. In consequence there was a gradual shift in importance frnn

coffee to sugar.

5 . .
Office of the Government of Puerto Rico, Op. Cit., p 13.

l r"
11C

Pooulation
M ”-—H or.

v

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.J" 9.4 m-‘mv- m "“-*-- D- fies—v-.. -'._.rvr'v-m

In studying the island's problems, a careful examination of the
Puerto Rican population is necessany. In this study it is of part’oulnv
importance for two reasons. First, it provides one of the production
factors-labor; and second, the relationships among men and the use the"
they make of land determine the stage of agricultural development and
patterns of land utilization.

In this section, therefore, facts and characteristics of pop-
ulation which impinge upon land utilization and development will be
presented.

According to the 1950 census, Puerto Rico has a population of
2,210,7032 in an area of 3,h35 square miles. That represents a popu-
lation density of approxnnately 6th persons per square mile.

Nevertheless, as we study the areas, different distributions of
population can be observed, consequently a difference in impact of
population pressure on the land. Jayuya, the selected municipality
of the coffee growing region, has a population of 15,1132? in an area
of L52 square miles. That represents a population density of 336 per
26

U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1?th
?gpulation Census,,idvagge Resorts, Washington, D. 6., May 15, 19:8,

-

Series PC-ll.

A municipality is approximately the same as a county in the
United Std, es .

8The Economic Development Administration and the Da;qrtneut u:
Ag'iculture and Commerce, Annual_Book of Stéél§§39§.?§_:BQ?§Q"53?99
VLSC&1 Year 1939-1950, San Juan PuertoRico, Seccivn de Pubilcccioozs
Irnorasns, DHLMI‘tQJRQX'éh) {119 Instruccion, f.) 10

 

Q

quare mile. 0n the )Lhnr Hand, Aguauilza, the sugar MLuJHPVna L'r».

'1.".
‘~ ii

“

with an area of 31 square miLes supports a yfiuuluhluu of Lu,:€7,
vulcn gives a populatLon dentity of 1, 21:7 oer square mile This dif-
ference will Show not only when urban Looulation is connidereo, but alfiw
when Lhe number of rural inhabitants per square mile are compared. Tue
rural population density for Jayuya is only 28h as compared to 705 for
Aguadilla. The difference in rural pepulation density as would be ex-
pected is not so great as the urban density difference, but the figures
do snon'the difference in population pressure to which the land has
been subjected. In comparing the growth of population of both munici-
palities and Puerto Rico, the following table can be observed.

Table III: Population Increaee in Puerto Rico, Aguauilla and Juguyufi
Between l9hD and 1950

v _— gm 'Jfi‘nr-ng-I ‘— _. -x-Q .. up": n—I...-.-_.a"
_—-— w — ‘—"‘—=—————- w— ‘ get-'1'" ’j“m-;-— rma-J” "-vow. v

 

 

 

 

Percent of Increqu

 

Area - A 19:13 ___]::_?j39 1:35;} t.g__19’€a: 9.- w
Puerto Rico 1,869,255 2,205,393 16.0
Aguadilla 3u,956 h3,7h8 25.2
Jayuya 1h,589 15,062 3.2

 

Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1LLJ_:y:L”
lation Census Pre11minary Reports, Washington, D. C., Augue' 4,
193U, Sexies PC-L, no. E}

 

Definite trends can be observed in the distribution of a po,wm
Lation that has been increasing at a more or less uniform rate durLu;

the last fifty years. The percent increase has fluctuated around 18

 

 

P. - “11" .u". {U‘Q'

_— ‘_—. _._.ku

2° .
Bureau of the Census, 92f £13., P.C. 11, No. S.

percwm‘. for Lane 18.1mm a.» a «now, ruin ’Jur‘j little veri {Lion in
eéoti'mr .ilrection. See Table "1, page £5.

When Specific regions are studied, interesting characteristics
can be observed.

The municipalities of the coffee crowing region snow very little
increase in pogulation, if any, and generally their population has dex-
creasod. The municipalities in the sugar cane growxng region Show an
increase fluctuating between 10.3 and 25.2 percent, as presented by
Tables IV and V, page h3. A higher percentage increase in Aguadilla,
as computed to the average for Puerto Rico, may be explained by the fact
that many moved there to work in the construction of an air base, union
provided a great deal of employment. The movement was greater during 15s
late 30's and early hO's. The comparatively high population increase of
the Island when taken as a whole is accounted for by a considerable in-

- . . - 30 . .
crease in the metropolitan area and relatlvelg h1g1; increase, m large
cities and towns that have militany installations nearby, and where the
employment opportunities are somewhat better. The urbanization movement
nas been tremendous and in many cases facilities have been outgrown.
_ 31
The 1950 Census Reports state:

As at other censuses of Puerto Rico the rural population

in 1950 exceeded the urban population. The urban population,

however, has been increasing at a more rapid rate than the

rural population in every intercensal period since 1599. Tue

1950 urban population between 19h0 and 1950 accounted for go

percent of the increase in the total population of Puerto
Rico and represented a gain of 58.0 percent over the 193)

)OMetropolitan area is to include the cagital city and the
I‘aei gnboring towns .

.1.
Bureau of too Census, 9p. git., Series PC-ll, Lo. 9.

TaoLe IV:

 

_‘-—

m - fl“- .“l r ~--‘_ "w- —

>~‘*
u—m‘m” - unna- ~—

 

: I -—- a.’.”

Population Change Figures by Rfigioflfi, 1940 to 1950

 

“i‘dwl... Q." who. a 1*

 

u-u- ‘1‘ w A. -.

 

Pf} { 351’ 1+ or inc 1'!" «33:?

 

chfee Growi.ig RC -gi.n 1930 1993 1;4J t” 1’”'___‘J
Jayuya 1h,589 15 062 3.2
Adjuntas 22,556 22,515 *-O.6
Lara: 29,9lh 29,921 ....
0 2:3 .i 22,906 19,523 -15.2
5w LC 0 7,"?h 7,353 ~h.8

wo-

* A minus sign denotes a decrease; percent not shown where less then r.;.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: U. 5. Bureau of the Census, PTr-llmrlval‘l Gaunt s_,__ll_7_th Pooul iii}:
angus, August 1, 1950, Series PC-h, No. 5.

Table V: Pop.ulation Change Figures by Regions, l9wO to lySO. _

Sugar Cane Percent of Increase

Growing Region l9h0 1990 19u0 to 1950

Aguadille 3h,956 h3,748 25.2

Canny 18 , 92 20 ,865 10.3

Hayaguez 76,h87 87,038 15.8

Guayanilla 15,h89 17,373 11.5

Helga-0&0 29,833 343,965 17.2

Source: U. 5. Bureau of the Census, Freumni Cc“_vgt._3,__l?tri____r Po uia ;

-‘n—

Census, August 1, 1950, Series PC-u, no. 5.

no

uroan populatlon of boo,j:i. in two muzLCLgulltleo, UQLAH.
and filQ Pleuras tno population more tnan doubled oVor Lno
lawyear potion. Pne comOLned galn of San Juan, Pence, and
Rlu Pieuras accountad 1or well over tno too fifths of the
increase ln population or Puerto Rico.

Thus, has higher increase of populatior in urban centers and

large cities is mainly responsible for tne 18 percent population lHCFHAL

for all the Island.
These population changes in the different regions indicate flhé
internal migration in the Island. If only the natural increase is CuJ

sidered, there should be higher population increase, particularly in

the coffee growing region. Therefore, it snowo the lack of opportunltr

A

and failure of the land to provide an adequate suatainmont for a faSl
increasing population, which constantly adds new laborers into an AA”
ready flooded market.

The population of Puerto Rico has more than doubled during tun
last fifty years. It is, undoubtedly, one of the fastest iflCrfiéblrg
populations in the World. Table VI presents its growtn since l?oS up
to the 1950 census with the respective increases over the proceding
censuses. This fast and contlnuous increase in population has re—
sulted from a high birth rate and a low death rate in recent coconut,

due to the improvement of public healtn facilities. Thus, it presento

V

an idoa about what could be done in the oo~called "underdeveloped ornux~

with nlgn mortality rates.
What about the future? How will the population picture look
in 1933? This is prosentod in tne IUllUHiUc table, Table VLE,;~;V u;,

v 'I : OI I. 'o . J o 5‘ ‘ " ~ a. w ‘ . D -. . “‘ '_- .. : .; V I‘ ' “ . < I‘ ‘
Why“? Fab duayted Irom Dose—3r tub, Cab LC 0 tut-lb Matt: on x'awrto :1; (:0.

 

\

Under fine given assumptions and conoloerlng too difzaront rots:

17

I
'\
«3/

incie V;: FQyuLALlon of Puerto Mice and Angual flute of luffdaga,
1755 to 1950

In v-‘v-fl.’ -- ‘_ -— -—
_ 1“.“

 

W ,, p . , r'WQ. Hi " r :‘
1:18;. {Pi-£319 Lin-t!“ F’I‘e {Te-44.1129 hens ‘1
j .
cerav vg- P--w1 *: a r-r‘ F ”
;~L:n 2.15 L , 41‘ u H“ L1“. 5.0 ,3 h -'._;_' .1631" ,‘f ‘75???) 1',
_._—=___ ‘fifl'n Arum—-A“‘.

 

 

~, u Wm M ~ v, ' ., . .-
19f?) 2 "3-)? ,JJ'3 3J0, 11¢) lb 0U

35’7"]- U9:

f».

H
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c -
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A
:r
‘O
"3
.3.
H
H
V
F .-
V.
(,5
Cr
‘3
U
n)
V“
5'1

193s (Decembar L) 1,723,535 7 ,u“1 1x.o

hr.
\0

1933 (April 1) 1,533,913 2hh,10h 's.&

1920 (Januani 1) 1,299,839 181,797 1;.3

1399 (November 10)

1587

kl
CI,
~1
—4

953,2h3

798,565

731,6L5

15h,678
66,917

las,5aa

 

130’ 583,308 155,39h Jd.z
15am uL7,91h 117,80; ,;.7
1832 333,051 10y,LS9 »;,g
131: 220,892 6§,h¢z g¢.1
L800 lS§,h26 69,176 i 1.;
ITYS 73,253 45,;1r ,‘.;
1?o§ £5,883 .w---- H,,,
,

bource: Dascartes, 5. L., Bagic Statistic; an Puerto Rico, OffLC€ “3
MW' - n a... '5'"

- -. , . x *‘ng‘t-fi-“Tr-r“ pun-1 -
rucrto hico, fiflbfliugtun, D. 6., LEuU, Katie Ind, p )0

._ Q .'~ .-‘~ ‘1 ., ,...._’ ‘ ‘- v v._; “ I»__I
I‘LL” VL1= ibrulotlcn hatlr *e> fur Run:tc ring, xuua

‘I'w‘u “‘*----L~W“-M-_-‘u *u-w¢m--~u§‘§ne '--‘-‘P‘_d—“—-Q.-E .-.'—¢u**‘-_; o
v“-..—"—.Ul - ‘b’fi-n‘-r"..f" ‘.. “--.‘_~... 'unw

 

 

 

, ‘ Eaiiwatcd far_1950 E? Cvnszs Lure's u
“C Lap 1' “an.--“ H— h-Ema. ' ‘7 r-vw
Factorfi ’ 19LO - High _ _Eedium. _ Law
_ ‘ '- - P- r-HH ‘- ‘ ,' . v“! -- :T ' ”3 ~
I PCHULQIIUD 1,8{7rfff D 3,153’LLK.) d,Cv‘f,b\h) 2’JUeLjL-kxif

II Determined by

\u
CD
0
\I
n. .-
(Q
C
O
M1
\0
O
I"
:8?
.
-J

Birth rate of:

 

Death rate of: 18.h lh,1 18.3 23.2
I11 Rates based on
Fertility Factor: As at The 19L8 as in
present "low" northweste:'
fertility Lurnpe
rate* 187S~19wr
Mortality Factvr: As in Midpoint As at
érizuna between prcsenb
and "high"
New and "low”
Hexico
fiigration Factor: No net em— Net Net
migration emigraiiuu emigratign
of 3,000 of 6,CJU
per year per year
*Based on 19; 9 birth rate of 39.8, since 19u0 rate of Tactually is
lower.

A

Source: DeSCaltes, S. L., Basic u*a?ibv*cs on Puerto Rios, Cffjce u:

-1-‘.“w

Puerto Rico, Washington, D. 0., 1740, 'Iqble 1-5, p L.

ul‘oCl...rLg yi-‘(HL‘EILLTJU gi'i'fich, LL bfizfl'W-S 1' 111'. 9'1?)an 1m;fia91*bezza;e uf 3:. px'arjnt'r‘»,
xhicn is aircaoy SEPinS. In Lue light of the figures prwuented, one
cuneideratiun must be given to the population problem in piannimg the

I'.|- ‘. ' ‘ <o , ; y..—4 -.~ ~J
I “tore GGVQIMH Mal-1L of tut: lblalsuo
Uomoarison With Cthor Countries

How does the population growtn situation compare witn QLhar
countries? This is illustrated by Tabie VIlI, page LB. It couio in-
clude more countries and areaa. With such variability the population

characteristics of the island will easily stand out, and itx peculiar-

‘f
itias can not be easily overloohec. The table will, nevertualess,

serve to snow how Puerto Rico compares with other countrieo deiUg
similar problems, and countries with low poyulation dens ties. Tnuo,
it can be observed that the island stands highest in birth rates -
oniy to be exceeded by’a few countries in some years, 1.9. MexiCc. Two
deatn rate shows a sneafiy decline, reaching 12.b per thcuaand inhabit-
ants in 1950.

This high birth rate accompanied by'a 10w death rate has made
one Island one of the most aensely populated areas of the world. By
referring to Table IX, page L9, 3 compariaon can be established witn
other countries and areas.

One of the faccs tnat bears directly on nocio~c6onooic oiudlct
is the relationship of population to the kind and amount of pruduttiVu

—~——— _._... w W' m.” rim“;

2
For a wider comparison with other countries and areas rafar
to Deucarteb, Banic Statistics on Puerto Rico, Tobi» Inli, 95 9-31.

\o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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I IL‘WL_ --L.' RAJ- L" 3" ”“113. .b!’\.1-’ U. U0, ‘v/b.;~"§ .-UJ C .Lw-‘U, L" U.

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Lu.t,'.»{:"m.) sun’- .iv‘”~\’ .. 4V, “3,, ‘3 .3/"-—;”’-: ,‘k'a

L

labor producea by this population ry'tne given Cunngtrons. This 13
where the unceroeVHloped anc.overoopu1atad couutrjea demonstrate thfiir
fleafifl95b93 as Comyared to induatrializaa ano developed areas.

This is shown by Table 1, page 51, where toe is} no EOPUmeLQL
is compared by age groups to the Uuiued SLates. 1c cinariy smows Law?
Puerto Rico has a higher percentage of its population in Lao unprow
ductive age groups as Compared with the United States. Knotty Rico
has 15 percent of its population unoer 5 years, 13.5 percent beLWrfih
5-9, and 12.2 between lu—lh years of age as compared to 5.;, 8.1, and
8.9 for the Unlted States, respectiveLy, It does mean that at a pivot
time, a nigher parcentage of the United States population is cggabot
of performing productive work, as compared to the population of Euuru;

PLiCOO
Migratory Movawuut

PTeVious mention has been made of the internal migratory muvww
went occuring in the Island, from rural to urb&n areas, and Irom an &i
towns to the large urban areas. There is also a great deel of migrav
tion from the Island to the mainland. Usually the migrania setilc Lg
New York where there is a large Puerto Rican neighborhooa. Tue i;v:o;
standards of this group are not at all desirable and further CILWui.{
of tnis nelghkorhcod souuld be controlled for Social, economic, dhd

.'_

cultural motives.)

 

——_———vw—'—u '

a

i

J - - - a u A '
Alers Montaivo hanuel, To“ Puarto Rican Migrants c: Eon
Errk thv: ‘émStugzmgimggumie. Uuyublished‘m.A. LheJLE, Gfiluugro

Univ6rolby, 1951.

 

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ACCUI'ULKS u.) u. "5. 1.1.1.1 nabs”: , .» u. r: .z. . , ‘ 1.1;). (:8 h": 11: an. 1 cm. (A V:

ping" -hilu Lite I'edmn‘.‘ In? 1.11:: iher‘to timer-m, 11.131511 Lug-:1 “g, "Jul 1'01”! "1.1.3;
Laue 1.11:5?1 fro-.1» 1.1.6. :1c:...:+14‘1—«’1, Mu? 1.11.11 I); 1.1.: river «2:11.151‘5', 311:1 .
Hurrah 0.!" u’..:21*::mt.;.L-r.- giant tm‘s :‘..:2‘-.~.""ii 1:2; "1.1.1: «2.1;; .1413 “1.95.12: 1.41:?
cw- Cluiled $119!. 4.4m.— (zrucxzsl forte: 1.1: nut.» .‘ai 2115 La: no: - «a L . 5 u. . . L
Ccuuitlons. Recent years Show record bLVHFJdu Siguv¢5 in r gard L;

the :‘1-1gan'i'1e1’ of peat :‘gm «Ii—avi: :13 the Island. Fair 1: c.'..<«1;:7'”:1 pi (:i 3 ruin?

.o Table XI, Hue $52,111:.icn shcws the: '7.” at. Zucr‘escsAL in {.”"“l...‘t‘,;‘.:.i! 3.:5‘5'JL51
the country after World an: [1.

Migration 18 0:36: of (am-.- (LLffer‘a-rlf 3121315 DJ WLLLH‘. ‘LIx-rl."L..-L.c.i.j (a:
pressure can be eased, but if this “5bxurazn Ls but kc}: aria Led LL:
solution could be worse than the prob;em 1thclf. ;:L«~xu: , at Lab preaer
time measures are being taken Le uirfgu‘i‘. "57:15.- 11:.s.-:L‘:-ut.s sag-1.1m; in to 1.1m.
United States to situations and areas where they ufll‘ have bfiitbr
9gpcrtunities. Navertncless, there 13 mucn room for impruVemrnt. 1.13
infit deserves special attention, as it may be a very efficient tool
1n the betterment and reconstruction of the Puer? o u1cen SLLUaziwu.

The aiza cf‘:hia mavemEBb can be better uncerstood if Wu cun-
sider that in 39h? the unempw vymaz"1t f' 315a he: (1,065 ,uL L“ a Inbw:

M. 5 . . .
for; e 01 030,0wU. It snOULn ae furtnar mentioned that during Lbs

\A)

war and tan LLaeLatP 1.20:5‘ m- gag-1551 the juccme 01‘ the ’r”‘um‘t::\ 3:112:11:

people re ache-1 ita hig nest peak, although it is relatively low by

 

 

 

3h
Milk, C. Wright, 81.. 1.1., 3:13:53rm Ric m J‘_11rm~'{, Lazy?"
uBrother3, New York, 1950, p u}.

5 , .
(ff ice of the Govcrrauezit of Pueri 0 3*; L0, f» “1' L -1.

'4‘ -a_l K). 'I’
M

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n"! - . 7 -‘ 0 ‘¢‘. ‘ ’ ‘ :1. v". E ' ~ ‘ ~ ‘ - h ‘ A ’ ’ a I ’
;r‘0:-.‘ ‘L: ink-"9“}. ’5! ."UH-s’; “‘1'.°""3>& "13rd 1:491"; ”1, "z =;I'«U 1"? 3!

.I

.‘.. -,1" 13:} Lu 21,915!

 

 

 

 

 

1"“‘nfidié 2:::v~
d um W1 i. Inc ”.13 O ‘tgyug Ca n “.33
“r; "5
1 219-121) 2'),£)‘; 17’;‘4L ‘1’)“;
g, ‘ 4‘._ ~
1’ $14-1.IJLd If,y‘JJ “I, jy‘n', '7’ 19‘

1929-1933 96,333 101,319 u,gcg
193u-1933 102,686 111,005 8,379
1939-l9h3 0,351 132,167 11,81g
l9h4 22,h1§ 29,9éh 7,;gh
19:5 22,727 37
19h6 u5,3aa 69,613 23,?25
19h? 101,119 l}d,16é 55,ag1

19h6 loh.h91 134,322 25, 21

‘fotal 975,053 1,177,375 2‘J,;ua

—_ - ‘- ~-'M .“

Source: Office of me Gover'nrmnt or Puerto Rico, Puerto {tic-o, Offim;
of the Government of Puertu Rico, flaming“, u. 0., 1'1" 5.,

a "1“

United Stateb ataguixuf.‘ C5 ayrll iypu there‘wwre inL,:JU um"

U?

euwluyed, out after the Korcda uuLbrcak in: Sltaamion improveu graduiy.

Laud Utilizsiidn

-» » ”-0- -- ‘m‘

 

La'n-d use in Puel'm lace h.gi."\ {1.4L}?;j,‘.'5 I;(f-j’.‘; :Z‘fl CV’5.‘5F‘.::~1‘:M‘IC:.L‘ ' twat"

l

‘1 ~ - .,‘.,~ ’ " \‘u“"‘ ‘ 1,‘4.. H"
tern. In LE3}: mere were anly «amt, 1&1, m} MAL-.vs.-..4A., usuc: uU-‘

 

vation, ana tne graater &u:unt Was occu>19d by minor craps. As the

1
§

yeara passes, land under culL1Vatlun increased to 189,0¢0 cgéruas L“

1862, ana.to 282,090 in 1530. The increa¢c was mustLy deVutea Lo are
. . "a 39
grow;ng of hue magor crops, cozxee and sugar.

The cuuuqes in use of chp land can be betLer observea L/
referring to Tabla XII, page Sh. It ShOWb no" land used fur crcys aka
not changed appreciab;y in fine last few decauas, even thougn there nus
been substitution of one crap for another. It can be fluted nun 546a:
cane producuian mas increaned tr¢mcuduusl”. There has alas been a
very wide fluctuation in tha number of 2233323 used for any single
crop. Some of the fluctuations anew a steady trend, wh;1e in other;
tnere is a haphazard fluctuation as a response to eacnomic and i:;fi;~
tu‘tioual Chéu‘lg 9:? o

jéOffica of the unwernmenb of Puerto R;co, 93. 2i3., 9 ul.

J7Puerto Rica Planning, Urbanizing and Zoning BOiPd, E¢s~;rrc

USVaLummpnt of Pugrto Rico, Office of the Governor, San Juan, #ueIL,

ma 4..-”.-

thQ’ 1251, p 7.

.1}: _ ‘ ~ -
“VOHe cuerda equaxs .97Ld of an acre.

‘7‘

I \ . " -. -.. :4» - 1!. "
EBI‘LUIX , 99.10 C» 1's , D J-' ‘1'“.
fl

c 0' . I . . . up- 0 ‘ 5" v‘ c \I.‘ y 'w ¢-. _‘.‘ . g h ' ‘.
Tab1¢ n11: Cu~agah 1n MAM of Crop udnd lcr rrlnt1 a. U70,a t; buu- 2
Y“ -1A ‘7’ I :a'qlvt/‘J R ’3‘.

 

 

 

 

 

_ ‘- vv .* u -—-—-v “u- C‘£“ -“' m.“ m ‘ - ‘- -Mm
‘ l.’-'_'fh _ ..- - '1' .
Crop 19,2 3;:; 37;? 3933 3,,; ;.§:
324.2 Cane 115,523 227,215 237,755 215,151 229,?i; ,21,
‘ ‘ a a. “. ‘.' fl ’ “:C. "~‘. 9 '

Tubacco 22,1h2 39,00’ 52,9h7 h5,?20 28,58h 22,;s;

Cotton 1,525 2,790 10,282 31 3,921 2,3,.

Dry Beans 11,593 15,095 c.) ,11‘5 25,232 31,513} 3.35,; ; 2
Corn 27,203 21,656 32,309 25,295 32,25? 22,:;;
91g 902'! Fees 3 a 8. 18,;490 27,342 r’_,‘«,( 4:;
Sweetpotatoes a 22,313 33,913 31,759 33,990 23,§j2

Yams a a 7,229 11,h68 12,311 12,2;-

Tanniers a a 17,332 20,085 2h,189 21,3,5
Total 010,272 600,0h9 628,;24 629,15,

 

Ong cuerda equals .9712 of an acre.
aNot. availabla.

b“ . . , -
not consiuarlng pigeon peas for 1929.

Source: Bureau of tne Cerxsus, U. 5. Depart.ueut f Commerce, Preliw;ns:,
1950 Canada of Agriculture, Farm Census Snows Chaqggs in §U“15
Rico, Series AC SOul, p h.

 

Hill, E. 8., and mscartes, S. L., An tcunarnc 13:18 mm“.-. :32:

w ‘9
.

Agricultural Reswarch in Fue.r Hi ca, Bulletin 51;+ un1Vc22113

"s."

of PuerCo Rico Agr1un1bqr21 qu‘rlmfidt Statiun, le30

 

 

 

 

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fade All; 3 U36 Uf LOJUJ , IZ‘LRT’ Ll} 11101.) , 1‘fo
CEfiE§5§ ______
_JLL‘ 3 Au?- !s r f “ '5" A:

Total area in farms 1,907,009 103.00
Total area in crops 90L,853 37.30
Clear permanent gaatares 503,L§5 29.30
NOoded pastures 160,910 8.h0
Waste land, roads, fences,

buildings, guanps, etc. 28b,1§3 1h.93

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tgble XIV: Distributiun of Area Under Cultivation Acmcrdiag Lo Crops
in Puerto Rico - 1950
Cuerdaxl
_w. Use Number PPPCPDtagE mum.
Sugar Cafic h09,612 L5oh
Coffee 173,2h7 19.2
Ballanas 61,238 008
Sweet Potatoes hS,Luo 5.0
Com 37,015 m.
Tobacco 35,028 5.9
Plantains 29,173 3.2
Taniera 25,799 2.9
Coconuta 15,030 1.7
Yc'fiils 13,003 1.5
Fineapples 3,93% .5
Cotton 3,9346 oh
Other Crops 53,73' “-3
Tetal 901,853 100.0U

One "cuerda" is equal to

source:

.9712 of an acre.

Agriculture and Commerce of Puerto Rico.

The Bureau of £grlcultural iconomics of the Daynrtment er

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00-": W'O-Q'fia“. w—o- w-

Crops
Sugar Cane 2'.2£
Cane and Cuconute .3;
Cane and Grapefruits .05
Cebe and Kinur Oregs inter» .2-

planted
Coffee 390 Finer Crops, l.b3
aujacvnt Plots
Cuffee with Bananas, Oranges .hj
a Hi} i‘ 01" it) t
Coffee with.uincr Crops
Coffee
fojee, Bananas, Orayges
Ccffee in Ferest
Ccconuts

FA
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b.

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Coauuuts end Feature 1.4L
CuCunuLs and Minor Craps .35
Plantains -
Bananas -—
Plentains ant Bananas -

Gl‘tq';efruit and Pasture
C()Lt.('.in
Cotton Interplanted

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an.n>
he

L

Truck Greys .3}
Hinor Craps 3.07
ulnar Crops, Pahture, Brush b.3j

and Forea t- Flolza
Total in Crops h2.§9

Pasture and Harvested Forage
Rotation Pasture .11
Harvested Forage Grassrs .éS
Improved Natural Pasture .22
Unimgroved Natural Pasture 8.56
Brush Pasture 1?.Lé
'hoUdland Pasture __“K

{\(‘ulliuiued (J1 fCIlj‘iOVi’EuE ,‘vag‘P‘;

- f k‘ at.“
Pfirflffltégf
C-f Tc £511

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man—.m' m - “fiflm u"“”———oc. C. —t ‘~.'—.—c——-—.-—.-. -.—.-.-~—.—-—.4-— ”—-—- n -- .n ..
F-u wu-‘vwv r?" -. ~-----—x..~.'-n'-‘-v--- - 5-“ d...C-F‘—A--"7-- --.------ ‘ -. *2" W. .‘r‘...”‘ ”u.“- no D. _-l'
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m. -Ld»... A8 1.. 1
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renterwae 8 ”BULL... L: J... I 6:1 031:...ng‘3.‘ J». a" 4.?
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hurl?“ U38 Hi Tut-d4. CUCI‘HC‘S" 0f Loved. .Lu
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'CHHPI Clef: " "Cue rugs" "L, girl.”
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Forest and Brush
FOPHSL 901]- 2,10L lt‘oE
Brush b.72 1,069 :.r

 

 

Total 13.63 5,190 20.20 -,s~

Public Land
County and atate .24 3 . ..

Federal Proeerty .33 70 -- ;,
Cemetery .ll 25 -~ ii
military Reservation 1h.16 3,260 -« if

-II"—-— *‘I- * m

Urban Land -— g/ .35

Wasteland 1.30

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GRAND TOTAL 100.00 23,066 100.00 3 ,,H,

 

(-~) Not present.

l/'One cuerda is equal to .9712 of an acre.
-’ \V 1

g] not reporteu.

Source: Data collected by the Rural Land Utilization DiVisicn of the
Department of Agriculture and Commerce.

:0; ‘ a
L.

:‘ITC w.2Ud.suL.'..Ld hucd .JL . 'v-“vlzh-‘9 Hubs}. Ado-L ‘11.? c“:1 1,51.“ cu; (do; £.~“'.LL’!_-

.- -

. . _ ' ' 4" . '4'" .. y .' . .~ n 4 ~ 9 I‘.
.1“.- 131.42.00 va'ufi'e‘. 1.5 .-~_o:r;rhhat 516“ V2909) kit‘J‘Le-NL) ‘J‘ (70"“323fi13‘9‘ 1”

{W

3:01”
the Islanu, but ugu.uilla uaa only 32.59 ycrcent of ;is land undo? crop9.
Hovercr, thio figure would undoubtedly be hidher, if it Wore not for
tue fact that the military reservation was incluoeu when calcula‘iog
the total area for tn: mmicigmlity. This Will tend to lth soza‘<cwi;:;t
the accuracy of the estimates. In the acnence of tnis institutional
factor limiting agricultural use, tue pureentageo for many crops couid
have been greater as this area was brought Auto consxooratipu. harry-
toolesa, for Comparcfi3% gurposes this weaxness can be Oifiregurucd.

Ebth area: rank about the same in pasture and harvested forage,
but are lower than the average for the Island. As it could be exyecteu
Jayuya shows a higher percentage in forest and brush. This type r;
vegetation has more favorable Conditions for better growth in Juguyn
than Aguadilla. The topography also has to be Conaidercu, as armaa
union othorwisc could be cultivated are left untouched due to tncir
rugged relief. As far as land used for service purposes is cuncermwd,
a factual comparison can not be made, as information on this typo of
land use nae not boon reported in many cases. However, it is reoccu-
able to expect tuatyAguadilla provides more and better facilitles
because of the requirements of its larger population. Aguadillu, to"
signs having a stratogic position which stimulated the Feoerul Govern»
ment to improve its tranSportatiou and community services, nag bEwh
aided by the factors of location and accessibility, as oomyuzeu to

and some other areas of the mountainous part of Puerto hicc.

a)

Jaguy

. V I ‘ I
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L L. V 1 1r ”LO...“ chu -4-4'7, an \d. an 2411'. .J .11, .44.. x. ¢—rL £4.45; 6. - .. t ,
- ‘ .. ~~. ‘ 1 , - .

.~ .', n ‘ .- , ~‘ . ‘* I , . -' -.‘.- - _‘ 1 v..‘._

(.. 3:14;.-. In A. L..~.1.,.l‘_ . d an ard' ; L (“‘3 0' dc! Jy-g , cu .u A .‘l [Belief u “.85 q : 19.1 1. wwé

~ - - . n _. q _, M ._ .. .: ,..1. . - * .-\ ._ -... .... .fl
‘I‘ei‘i’iu.'~: énl‘$&.5 Lt lb Gunman Lu .42!» BL ar unav- u.t‘?1'“15~1 bot} hfix. ;‘..'... u
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environmental conditions are not gums enouga to pruvfiue fgr a wig;
enougu return using a Single crog - SUgar cane. fiance, tn: furnar L“

‘

the hope of betner exploitatiun cl his soil resugsces, uses auabner

¢ 0
A.

crop to go togutner with sugar cane. H15 Lu many cages re5ul‘s 1"
a Vary svuxd 14nd utilization process, as nigner returns are obialusg
per unit of area without endangering tne future productive caganity uf
the soil. In cases “have flaxibiliby and some degree of di92rszflw
cation is de51red, it also has wise application. This will rexuli

in a lower, but more stable income.

Sugar cane is the main cash crop in Aguadilla and this CTUE
occupies around 28.5 percent of the total area, as Cump¢rmd tn 6.9
percent for Jaguya. In both ca3c3 came with game other Cray 13f.1r
planted are considered under cue same Category, for arriving at the
total percentage of the area which is planted to cane. On the Gifluf
hand, Juyuya's mgin cash crop is coffee, but sugar can: has nvmrxrv'lj
importance in tnls area also. The same can not be said of the enfiee
grown in Aguadilla which there lacks commercial impcrtance. 1c “55:3
the terminology of the ecologist it could be said tgat Cuffeu is Quci
a "FCliQUC" in that area. The extensiun of the area in which rnf‘we
15 grcwn in J¢yU'a adds up to 33.5 parceut, wnun the different c,hn

:inatluaa uf Cuzfee and otnar crops are put togciher. The 6- “no

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. ' —.-,. -: 3‘ ’ " y“ ‘ "- -. — '~ ”.4 p- rv {w ‘ ‘0 ‘rY‘ ‘ I - L" Q A
than n: urt‘L LLa. Ab fer. 11$ Unf- V'flhtfifu . k’rct 3 DIX)“ ), 0,511"! “Li... ‘ .fl'“ t“: “7’:

tlm+s as mucn. T035 13 due to hfi“ rant that in tulS municigaiigy
there is a bettnr msruct far milk; tusrefcre, Lhfl daLryng entwvgré5g
in Aguaailla can he carried on more intunsivnly. It will be law, h_vw
ever, if concerted with the milk‘sird areas. The irrag'ux‘tarxt fact 19:14.
shows this breakdown is the high propurtimu of area in low qgalzny
pastures; flamely, brush mastura and unimnroved pasture.

Tnere is not much dlfierence whaq comgariqg tne sxfien:1nu uf
brusu in both areas. TVLS is not the case when for:sts av» cousj¢ur~é
and a3 exyectsd there is almost twice as much forest 1: deuya as in
Agaadilla. Tnis consitlnn has been favored by a beneficial clifiate
and w;.1(ag1‘a§.sh;vf .

For lack of available information it will be impossible to
make 3 Comparison of public land in Loth municipalities, HquVHr,
there l3 an outstanding fact twat must not be DVarlookeu as it La-
ginges airecLly on develogment and unlll"ation. mentinn 18 to be
sane in regard to the military reservdtlon located in nguadllla. it
has been a major factor in the developmental orgaxizatlan cf the
municipality and neignburing communities. To the extent bust it n¢.::
depaaus upun tne amount and degree of utilization of the civilian re~
Suurces. It mas been a source of emplflyment and a market fur many
of the products locally grown. It has undoubtedLy been an lmgxrtaut

lactar in the betterment of the liVing Conditians Ln the Cvmflufiatfiq

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Innerrnt fr(0nctLVLiy Actug] 31913
.1; tag .43." acre fut: _. M w... ~=
Cowgact Soils:
Almirante Clay 33 2c
Vega Alta Clay 3} Z"
Vega Alta Clay 10am 35 26 to ‘1

Friahle Soils:

Coto Clay 39 J0

Espincsa clay and sandy clay 31 28
Vega Alta Sandy clvy 10am 3} 26 ta ,1

Very Friable Soils:

Vega Alta fine sandy loan 18 lb

napineba loam 3¢nd 18 12 ta

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llnhereut productivity of thepe soils :as eatablishcé dgring
IQJO, Soil Survey of the Island, conducted jULupLy by hue Federal anu
scalar Gavernmentb.

Actual yLEiUb on Laese soils were attained by innurtxuaId&

132 farmers in the area.

Source: Batchtlder, Om. Ci .,p 118.

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7‘

readjustment 13 made. ine intensiricanion wnll be necmss&ry in gravy
to prevont a raouction in sugar production. That can be accomplisnau
with toe help of higher lime and fertilizer a“plications, hottur care
varieties, better cultivation practices and impvatmflnt of extraction
grocess in the sugar mill. This program and all others ianlving fh;
devalopmont of land and shifting lane uses almost invariably involve Ln»
expenditure of time, labor and capital as well as management and forn—
sight. Therefore, if they are to work it will take time, oaniaura,
guidance, research, and a great deal of cooperation and coordination
bfitween the agencies involved in the process of planning for a better
and more scientific agriculture. Such a scneme wilL serve as a miie-
stone in the organization of the Island's future agriculture,to aartw

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ially cope with the needs of a rapidly increasing population.

D? V“; L :‘vfiéu!’ ‘L of Ute-v Sufi 9‘3 Gmw mg Ragia'fi';

 

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The coffee growing region has 300,0o6 persons dependiog direotz;
or indircctLy upon the coffee industry. As shown in Table 1V tho Jop~
ulatiou has remained static between 1950 to 135” even thou gn unpuiahim:

increasu occurs normally tnrouguout the area. Moreover, population

 

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sole of yerforugng. By ooing so the nofiural haiaoce 13 pvt uistucvw-

O
1‘
'T)
9‘

and soil productivify is thus mafintaLned. The best congerveo Build oc

the Islam) are found under coffee plantations, tnorefore, prmary ar+~
ion snoulo be given to the growth of thls crop in a very intenHiVe Wag,
Pasture and forage are also suitable for steep and slopy arcafi gzke Ln»
typiCal of this regioz. Livestock can tnus be adVauLagwuuoly proouCro,
as liVfibtoCk production is very important to Puerto Rico; in any GeVqutw
mental scneme this enterprise nas to be consiaurcd for more than one
reason. The importance of pasture improvement in this rugipu 2;}? pc
two—rolotto provide for the marketing of a proauct - pasture ano for '#
crows - in a more efficient manner tuun would nave been usualLy acccm
lished, and to provide sound soil conservation through adBQUaia uhgiw
izahion.

Lack of Input-Outgob Stuoies in <n Agrarlon E? nomy Pi~ggtg

.
4“.

~—

 

 

Wiih Overflowuloiicn

 

t-l

Farm production Consists in briugtgg tna necessogy Logan;
together in such a way that the physical proceaoes of nature hrwpg :ue
outputs needed or desired. The amount or the groportioniug of Lhc _vu~
auction factors mqy not always be the most apgropriate for an eigxcze;k

utilization and adequate exploit4tion of

(«‘-

,.- ‘ (..| . '..g".’ V... W,.‘
#118 t’v'tazflLl.d.LlULUb yd-J‘if'; 1.4

bf the factors used in production.

Inouts are the factors used in production or Luv ouwfi
12:3 ‘0dgCthl‘1 {£30181} 1"5 0

repreueur, it he is Lo be successrni, must select from
the many dilfereut alternaLLVes that organization which pays best.
finat pays best at any giVen time unguads upon the response in onysicai
cutout to the cr anges in the production process, and upon the cnang;ng
prices of the Various inputs and outputs. Therefore, in actual grOn
auction he is confronted Constantly with the problem: how much does
it pay to use? How many men or machines? How much fertilizer? an”
12

mucn feed? and many ct her relveant questions. Since there are many
questions to be answered, there are many variables to be determined.
Therefore, for any efficient process there must be a great deal of
research employed, tied with a great amount of ingenuity in the pro-
ce es of finding the proper combinations and amounts of oroduction
factors essential for more efficient utilization.

This is of particular imoortahce in Puerto Rico where tne
pooulation pre sure is Sicb that agricultuxe has to be conducted on
an intensive basis if any socio-economic progress is to be mane.
Under these circumstances an inventory has to be made of the aSSvie
available for production purposes. There is on the Island an excescihu
amount of only one resource - labor. The relative scarcity of the
other resources is high as compared to the existing labor. in:r~1orr,
with the Island conditions sound utilization is more inser1t5.ve tn ih

selective, in order to get the most out of whateVer is available.

 

—_.... _———- ;n‘r~

12
Jensen. Einar, at. al., innt+mfi“tf”t Pelciiotthiye *3 $11;

ficoduci on, United States Durdxtm~nt of agriculture,“ Jiulhvmgn, J. 0.,
Technical Bulletin, No. 815, l9n2, p 2.

 

 

i". ’ Aw; biotic: s o: c;l:i.1;e.-"-L if‘Cic'L-iora and c. I.I’ztv_~"r;":.'-v':; '-\;..£"

-1
-q

"'-‘ 4 '- ~-.;»>*‘~ :.~ ' 1 . 'dr r '.‘ 1 :i ‘ 1'
’?.bt;{.*!1, LI’zLJo‘tlfliUi-iilt L‘t:b”.tk".'3} hill. piij a. V81") -,)1.;,.um.it. ICJu-l'.

fortunately, net much of this kind of research ht: been conducted on

‘

-- - .‘ \ ‘ rr .r -§ a ' 4" -a u" i ‘ :vr- ‘ ~ \ ‘ -~‘"' ‘1‘1 0“
ruerto flico. Stagnation in tnis Iieio subsests slow auo sluggit

c
J)

\
H

movement toWards higner and tore efficient oroductiou.

' .. 4 n: : .v. ' ,-‘I
intensiiiration of lgricuitur

Intensificatirn refers to the application of great giantities
of capital and labor per unit of land. kany of tne agricultural enter-

prises of Puerto Rico are cultivated on an inteasive basis. This is

q n
. .-
. K. -
‘1‘ f. . I

true of the sugar cane industry where in many regions arouno s433.o0‘
are agent to grow a "cuerda" of sugar cane. Only truck croos may as
cultivated on a more intensive basis. Input-output studies will more
than pay for tnemselves if properly oriented. Furtna more, tuey are
of paramount imgortauce in the efficient allocation of resources, sari»
icularly when their relative scarcity is greater and a high properlitfl
of them is utilized per unit of production.
This kind of study requires some Special skill, but they are

successful enough in tnat they Consider both the technical and Bflunumzt

aspects of production.
As Jensen, et. al. assert:

Universidad de Puerto nico, Estacion uxperimental Agricola}

 

 

 

 

‘- 5-“ . ‘. '- -.'.. ‘.1 1 n. ;- ., - " -. '

Jo‘oar owe-1:130 OE: LCQnuJLL d, Tait-i115 Dec-stir: 1‘: u; this {11:11 as tum 0 me Cars .~~.-. :5 or;
"n V '3 0'; " fl - we . --- - a‘ - c- ‘ ' p- ' I -' ' _.T‘ n _.‘n ‘ _,_ " O _ - , "3"""""5" -'
E.oqucgiCu us Cans en Euexto riso, nio rieuras, knertc also ivwfi~ O.

U-Om‘— I l-
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if“. {a

1.14

Jensen, at. al., 22. Cit., s 3.

-—— “

of inguts LC ut.a wi Ll dctermjne the intenoity of use to be cacr TC

in Figure VI wuich was adaptEQ from Fairchild.

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L;'%. D“CJ 'L"Ch!uk}§; iILZUJIM¢11;51, #05331 fir wiiii;urlccs :1:‘
cost factorfi anu products, t: p.; n.ost chnomical merged gr ,ru*
dictivn unuir V¢.ryinJ (m1 Vhfl--vubv- can be learneg ahJ :;a
for it pays to go as conciticns c.1ange. As a ruieg it :3 Lair
easy to obtain large CPU? V19 US UV 139 lkvibi use c1 ier.
il1zers, but a farmer must ask: Dgcs it pay? ingut-putyut 1m»
i'czm 6 ion WLJI enable grad“ ers to seiect the moat ecoxsu-u '
practices unser char gigr pric» conci inns, end thus to Jflxreu,
their net returns.

Inc ubicct cl inuut-cutpuf research in €512 1u3;‘ Luau to 'u
furnish mere eccurate and complete basic knowledge c.f hgfi
yield per acre, proauctien per animal; or quality 1 yrutddh, 1;
affected by Changes in metnods of producticn and rates of «pi
cacion of the input eldments and to ascertain by economic dhm3y2
sis haw the relaticnsnips affect organization and adjuaiemfii
of production.

‘
:1 I. 1”

R61atiunsnips cf outputs to inputs ezxgst Ingcical r in} ¢v’*»

the differerzt sa.le and ecuummic c; r161tions. This can he utéCrUafi

3K

I

16

He comments:

A given relationship of cutput to ingut exists any.«;c c lJ
as is shown on the curve. At a low price of output per inuu Mt
production will be at 0A inguts with an output equal to Lug
area Ofibh. Nita a higner yricc, iuyuts Will incraase LU 0b
and output frcm the urvb 0151 Lu Gfiffi, an increase of Am: -
Finally with a very high pricw for cunput in rel: tsun to inuut,
0C inUuLS will be used, ca.usir.g an 1nCrWase in CFQQCCLLUL Cf
outuut cf the area TSL C or a total area cf (nib C.

 

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I

"110 any CUL‘VB Mun-ifw‘: C;’3i.§.ii.1.3;.i.;..4;. i-lij‘SjL'S“ :.{LJLA.;1,_"J;";_;"'- .1»?
“31.45 ruse, i.;;:-.'.:v is :.- I.--<J.,‘_..?';’-~ oi" 71:5."'i.:7.u11 E'Lny‘PLChn Futurism} pi),

Where regsruiews u: tnv ratio xf yrices of Ohiyilm to gnuuist
no :‘ux'tz-t-r “amuqc'titgn

r; c Ar." (14. \‘l‘ e .

C49]: {Chit uiMCt’ ‘tv'W Tin L157,“ 11'1;'-‘Lfi;&2' for;

Trvrds end P teuiinaities in Intensififiéiit“

In the previous section there was a short theoret Cal fiiseukmz
on inyut—output studies and intensification. This section deals must};
with the relationships of these the aspects with a proctLCsi eppiitori-»
necessary for any efficient utilization of the soil resources.

Puerto Rico will have to, and profitably can, intensify its
agricultural production. However, in doing this a more accurate meayiry~
ment of its soils resources and potentialities is mandatory. This can
be very well done by a soil testing division. It will be able to hely
the farmer, or Specialist in determining how high are the inputs sveiim
able in terms of nutrients. From there it would be easy to asters we
hOW'much should be added to attain certain cesirable level of producimz.
if it is necessary.

This soil testing could serve a good many purgoses which are
essential for an adequate land develcpment toward higher intensiiiosi;um
thCh pPBSHntS itself as one of great Lossihilities in the future dwchfi
ment of the Island's agriculture. The objectives to which this divis:
can serve, are the following:

1. To avoid wastes in fertilization.

2. Help in the determination of the most profitable rate of

fertilizer to be used.

'
U

3. To stenqardize areas of similar fertiljt~ aLd flSFUMVJic

"' "““‘.~-"~-~‘ “.. ... . . ""‘ ‘ 5
Lu“: V-LV‘iIJ—GLLLS‘ 1V1. tilt? SilligblillCéd/Luh C11 .i‘fittfh r":

.-.' HL- 3-9": ”-Iftl‘u. ' ‘L H” ‘.v‘HiIo

Mo 1 (a 4.341;:— FUR-Pl RIP“? 1- 371(2'; v.1..1 it)“. L. 'i“ u;‘ Him: Afr-fila‘RJl 3
Witt; “I? lt'nfrlj":'.-(‘-i:5f.;'11?“ '11.»; £0.10 .. in sf '~ .:1 inure t: ~1l-lulw.’ l
E'lfiofi‘dct LUSO

5. To provide a mar; accurate inventory of soil yronuetiv:

resources.
c. To characterize areas that should receive similar bull
management and agricultural treatment.
The advantages of such a prcqram in Puerto Rico can not be
overlooxeu. This can be better understoon when the state of depletiy

\

o: the lslano soils and the high amount of lertilizers Spent is couu

sidered. Amount spent for fertilizers in Puerto Rico's farming is ail;
‘. l7 . , . . 1. _
SBCUUd to the expenses due to labor. The high eXpenuitures realiaeu
in fertilizer utilization can be observed by referring to Table Killi,
page 6h. These figures show that the annual expenditure {or ieriliLZL-
increased from $L3 million to $17 million over a space of one year.
Provjeing there is no drastic change in the economic conditio 5, art
amount of this annual outlay for fertilizer can be expected to ruutuel

increase.

The soil testing program can be carried on with on insigmiiican.

cost Us the public, as in Michigan, but the benefits obtained will ;e
considerable. That has been the exterience of the different stutrs ~;

the hainland that use it, not to syeak of the countries of gestezn

Europe Which carry on their farming on a highly intensified we), the"?-

 

i? .p

FuPlfo, 91;. L11 L., D LUS.

.Umdwm: wudmu hmco esp ma menu Awnam ecu Mo mmauausa pom .:0H¢wam acme”

var HE «an: .noaqu km and an. o moiaomooa «updaedvflpm: 0 :me exam ms. 0 m.mEa‘mm um mam
- - . H . .u - r +. . . .

;uesmfln Hausa may .Umzfimupo we we: bazuo wiouu guwuwwqu mag you hmuflaflpumm mag Ho mafia» mna \N

.moLmEEoo vcm weapavowuwa
w; ee25unemoa we» mo moflpumm :aflaowanCH pwuflaapumm cam vmwm no smmhzm map mo neuwumm Mascud \H

 

94.25.54w mmmfimm 0868.3» 30ng H3 2.
\M 32% \m 3.x .350
\m mafifl \M 93.2 mmhoo
am. SQRN \M 48;: 8.6 .33
udwyMI " flawlomma 63Hm> «GWIOJQH
cram mzoe fiwom mace alouo

 

 

 

 

 

melogmfl we mgmww muomflm .mgoeo pampmmwwa esp how nuwawaflvpmw Mo madam “hHH>x mfinxk

I V ' ' I "’ ' T' I |~ ' ‘ ‘w‘. ‘ '- 2 ’l "' . . ._. , 't .- " T . ,- .
L- . T‘ C( ';:~\AL‘,..lf.é d Val! Ut- '(11.Lb .1 _..l1‘.bl 75.3.; 5.1. 9.5)“. L ___ , 1.1.}: ”A.“ ‘3 ‘5}. _‘ 7‘;

e: '_ t- "'L *- I‘léxtldh.

 

 

 

 

 

Cultural practices and metnoos of uti.lizat on are meterniweo
Ly wary factors, namely: (1) customs, habits and traditions, ac}
degree of knowledge and farming education, (3 ) pz"sical and c.in t~c

organization, (h) echomic condition of the entrepreneur, and gone

‘ Y

others wnjcn have a more iuoirect effect. however, unoer coruitiuno
of extreme relative scArcity the economic Condition of the operator

expflts ,rimery CODtPOl over all othvr lfiliurtri S‘faCLuP$.1‘"E.HVIf Ir

C

under tmz::e Couoitions tie oeoircoie de5r es of ;du C‘i LOU ‘5 n;Ver 5L"
Leioeo, as the assets never allow for anytnjng more than a bare .iv1*r.

Trexefoxe unoer the meotioneo frkmewcrk emu in toe :truavle to now»
3 _.o

f.

living tnere is considerable preference or yresent over future lHC-Per,

the i‘érflzflr being mainly in .erested in realizing an anUmt, many tiuv:

at, or a littl-e above a sub “lb ‘teoce leVul. This is «Syecially Ltd“

of‘meny of the farmers of the interior of the island and S;m~

of Luv
coastal areas. It has imiv vitacly lt:Q to the adopt i of poor ;rerai.'

in erUUCtiCH, and inefficiefit land uti".zation.

AS ARZAILQ, at. 61. lHClcetez .

The iressure of pouula.ion has forced the cultithion of
lead with very steep slo pes where erosion is very severe. DI

", ’v

the let d in farm. Lrswze arc over a million acres wit; I: firvv

‘ H-.A..;

a

or more of top soil re.z wov oby erosion. A large pert of z.e

 

18 -

{‘62 bz'lb , t, ‘4. (-1.. ’ ‘uil Q C: t . , p ; .
.— a-II— _ .—

. s .. - .
.. T 1 ' ' “ . .t, ‘ I A. . ‘ : l '. J $3.6 ', ' O I
w . u '4 ‘ v
_ _ . - .*- . I ‘ , \A. ' ‘ ‘
Ant") \A4 {‘1‘ .L - d ":‘3."-‘,' ‘4 f -‘.|..’ ‘12; LHDA‘ \; fl" : H «- - :' ‘ ‘ 7' ‘ A
' . ' I
" ‘l .L C v 3 U: 0

0 ‘V T \. ‘ o . . - '1 - h r '1 . ‘ . ,, I
‘LM‘ the 01. .ngl‘ohf} r C “ll ou.‘ :11 :24 '11 t? 3.56.) “at. KIA-3.) Icidupzd
»*

r.‘ .=_ .. .. .0 ., -.'. ,‘ .

hue w~ter nbscrL. L5 <hJ .t- n.2715 v .-Ci..y 3i AMS, .1 .wr

luau uriia, Luis rezgczng Jurtncr Luwir grviugtLve uu,a¢itj.

Furtherfinrfis, «11*: Lw -( 41 duty" 1519.3 COJc‘I‘ r."1.'iLs.1:i‘3 '4 -.‘<‘_‘-..1 I‘llii
\

off 11 riihfaii nxca hes reaaitnu in the car“aixg warm in?«
‘E‘trearrs of labia uneurzts; of to; sail WILiCil are iep Usitéeu as
silt back 01‘ Hams. Tue r. id run off alno resumit L

uneven flew hf «ctr: irfi.o reserv>ins anu a con5e;uen: aca*cit;

of irrigation Water during tne dry aeasuu.

{11:11.15}, true. {Lt-91‘ ‘51? -L JlC£"l r: FOI‘ tad” .LQ.L'.'.'1 Itcz‘s 'Utjr'n git-.526“ A"..
in regard to the ‘ezioum ans of ere: Sign gnu related yrobleAs. Inge
m Llama t9 .55' Cunruectei Witt: the 'f‘lLT WM 101 '1 ciicoes £1061 In, 11.,4‘, n.2,

“I tue Luna.

C

Cunservntinn should we rmnh~~‘43d, net only 01 iarm ng1 re«
&;urc:s, but ctler closulgr rel ten re source a such as fUFTntS. iraw

suctivity will thus be maintained uver a low; yeriou 9f tiwd. in“;

‘r,

snoulu be an CVer—aii COASUFVHLLUH prugram'Witn the adacat19'u1 age

' “ .-.u ' ‘ ..- -\ ' T . ,.— 2‘ T v 1' . - \ ‘: 0'. . ,- . - .1 ‘ I 4.‘,’ . . ._ - .
inC;:.4..i.Ilg L1,? Demure-J Qz‘uoiea .3110 3,1 ‘Ciiit. ems» Like tun'hg .1; wt; .A
R ’- r e
L, «H

Wltu the cu~r3uaL b'”ner and "uohuro"hv type 9f “wrjculture.

 

ual is a very Lm;n.udtt Incl in Puerto 10 o. lnaia~
originate use 1n Its production M'y cauze fernst and 5031 auter urw

.‘L‘ ‘5-
“. .A.-"l.

"I, " u u 'I.‘ ,- f. ' w. " '\~ 1, . ' _. . .. .‘J . u . ...v
LAMAULU ujtl‘: 1;}. sibrlbLlALLlfe ls tub} I'lcn'nd blV‘F-l ‘.IU Lil": .33“

Q a. ‘
- . , .-O 1'- - r-v - ‘ . 1 ' ,‘ ‘3 V T' “ ' _. _‘ _ ‘ fi ,
1 1': ~-“J ‘3“ D * “'in ‘31 U“: 4-5-14' L1 FJJ‘ at Hui uBI‘S. .L E 0‘:le b u-b U- 5-.2'2
. I
emf“: \zn ..

‘\

. ‘.L‘ ~.. '.;,.. ' , ‘ .._: ,,..“ - fl, . " L
'ble hubfitbufiufie) in a Certain UaLLn of LQHU luv twg ‘n h
~ - . .‘ . - A ~
8 yrdcticcs oi Cuuuerv tie; v4 i«rt4

V
9 without the ube of adequat.
ten:nce. vnc n the 5011 is not
r area. fly uuing so thk From

.J'YD'IIAICLIVE Rent/L175! 2,1195; 'il'J'J'“ 5"?
Ll??? ..AI‘L“1’t1_-":1.L (i if}?

n .\
LJKA‘J . m . .

V a.. '4

(I

\-
It I.“ - '. w I A. iv '1“ ,'. ‘ .. - V I
uangerea Ln Sucn «1 N43; tnezt it xvii; tea-1.9 3-'€&«3"o {' rv- '1—3 gt W“

\ . ' I .
‘ -.\ - c ‘ - . v: I"; ~., 9’] '4‘ - ‘Uv , “'7“:
'J-th . ._" infifi IL 5)‘~A“ U\.‘L’ J.... A.J,J VGJ ).r“.-:.
-q-mM

-W”-u AIMQCL—‘vc‘ ‘.H‘o-= s.

- ~ I . _» ~. "‘2" o ,l’ _ _. ' ; . AA‘IQ' -- 1;," ‘
arcugnt anger cue mentgon d cultuzc. ¢u15 JWVUflfifit was £11m34fifi‘k3

~.'.*... .. . .c..1- . . L'. ..._’=7._.;, -
C¢‘-h1.}=’tr'l 1y :1 gum} crrmt fitr'43v238 fur Him. 1=mmmy, ‘3.\C*~;;...n_-zzc -!.:-‘

Infini facili£ies, certainty and good returns in the investorcxy.

3—" - . r‘ . ,.. y" '5‘ - . 9” ' 1 ' 5 , ‘ .1!" ~ ‘ ‘ ‘- ' ' ‘ I: ‘
1.1.6:.fa‘ f. {Ire ’ {HAIL-J .1 a.f.1T-‘3I';‘ .L t .L t) b.it7 ‘L' £58 {)1 é:(.'1173&; Li's ‘.A: ‘51.; '

\!.. .' .1“ 4;. ‘,
«Ala/:3 ta (.4- ‘-.' {-

gastry and expanding tncir acreage under s¢rar Cane.
better auaytfid soils to this c:Op were already growing it, so cx&#n«
Slun took place along the hillsides of the Coastal plains anu in the
mduntaincus reglon. Batcnelacr has called this expansion 1n can v..;,
3e made of the Nurtnwwatern subnhumLa plain of Puerto Rico:
disregard of tne unsuithbiiity Of this crcp to Lucga laudn.“

As the prublem seemed so serious he selected a farm to b;auy
this problem more closely. Busides i11us£rating the inadequacv cf
land utilizatlwn the fullowjng quotation also snows some of the anti”?
prublems relatea with the matter.

Batcnelder asserts:

The farm presents all cf the characteristics and evils of

sqgar culture along the karst area of the bubhumia slain.
Formewiy, the sandy clay soils of LhfiS scction were cultiw
vated in minor fond crops and a littlc ccffee by Luv 15 1:; a
of twenty-two tenant wage-laborers. Apyrcxgmatciy thirtncu
years ago these families were mqud cut when tue owner am~
olded to plant cane. Now only tnree families rematn.

Zl
BatcneLuar, “u. Cit., p 133~lfibo

l'x'.

.".I/- Fi+'
V’c'. V-V.

 

' . . .. ‘ .- x,— >',.« a» ,, . ~1 _ " ».
dumb. Lanna: -L..:.=H.:a h‘..C inlet 49-14.!” Lin-Uri.- a...-.L.. “mum

J ¢‘.‘;--s~ r“ t ‘-Q :32";- .é‘-‘: List" by). -. Us”??? ‘9.“ “Hus " u (41“?!
C( wt, “'9'": :‘wlrly GEE-.3 8'10" l‘iCh 111 (.‘Y‘G'J-“LC C(i-ltf.%.?.".'1... ginor-
C‘Vt';, '5‘le ll'l'Oct‘ Cifl-IQPIUTL luff. .J-l)>.':..t:;‘."u.li'li-, )‘legdifi inn-V”:
chainisneu rapiuiy.

Tnis explanation is bcautifuliy orescntcd by Tabié XIX,
page 89, (adopted from Batchelder's dissertation).
Toe cc'zagsie’ae :1Li.553flt of sugar cane mid-'33: "Lina-e Conditio- s
is obvious as shown by the figures presented on Table XIX. batcwuiuur

F

. ‘ _ 4
lurcncr CJfiEQLtS:

Even though this farmer uses 200 to hOO pounds more let!»
ilizer than is the common practice elsewhere on Lao giain,
his yields are rapidly approaching the point Inere the hill-
siues viii have to be retired from cultiVution. krcsont yiwLu-
on the steeg 510pes and alnwst marginal in relation of cc»?
to profit. Previously, the acreage in hill cane was about
one third greater, but witnin the short Span of thirteen
years some of tnosc lands have been retired from cultivation
and are now in brush pasture.

After su~ar cultivation tnese lands are unfit for an“
5 : J
renumerative ldnd use. doii erosion proceeds at aucn a
prodigious rate, tnat rock exposure muy increas: iron eicwqi
percent of the total area to OVcr fifty percent in five ywaLo
Ihis is a man made disruption of the environment or "uibciimax”
as it is known in plant ecology. As expected, aii kinds of Wocnu;hgs
grasses and a great many undesirable weeds take over. sven hardy
shrubs and forest species fail to tirive under tho disturbed natxrul
nabitat.

These facts as presented by Batchelder are also true of mod;
other areas, particularly in the interior of the Island. Hownvor,

it is not implied that sugdr cane can not be profitably gr(wa in thLS

region. In fact many of the sugar cane growers of the interior have

 

23 . _
li.3';.‘1o ’ P 1,330

 

 

 

 

1‘ 4:; ‘p ;-;;,x;; C‘1'1fi- I} #4115 L " 'L "1‘: ”1 ‘.‘Z‘ i” 1.". W3 1:;‘~ ~ Li ~" ~“" - 9 '3 ‘
13f $w~?#nwi Smilflfifi
.- ”fl-“- ‘1“ —...—«-—--n. u“‘--—-—‘m it"s.)— up -m-vw
W".". m“ “CI-mi: ”- mm - - ”‘ ”Ma—1'" VIP m. - *' ‘W ’ .
' . , ‘ ‘ cl I I. ' r . r' “\ L. p ‘ g f f, -, . r‘ ‘ z . ~.4 Ifiu't - -'
excl ion cl be; 211 boltugc I“'~§a-(.c=.l. arm: ULU. w.“ a filing . rim: ..1

‘ a 7 "IC". ‘ ‘ I I" ‘> ‘1.

L0 .13 I.” l I; 98 L. " J‘ L., ' _4" ,..j --‘
w‘vr— — __
Fiifl. 2'1 1.4 baud cisy if) 3'») ~ 1'

52 i. A , 1,\1 file ,

I
2’3, well

C11" 3 Luci-C1, no
stones

U
\

Basin Floors 30 Plastic clay L2 ;
soil, slope,
7-120, ace-
quately drained,
S QTY"?- 8 L0 1‘1 US ,
rock outcrOps
13% of total
area

Hill Slayes

’-4
C13
' 3
,2
_ s
’3
r.‘
J"
a:

soil, 3c 20 L:

cessLley urginud
very stony, rook
L} ‘1 ‘1le IT )L', 1.1-53?

of to tal area

 

 

*Average yields are given in tons Wr acxe.

 

 

 

ultzra" the initial crop, is en.ruct rizcd

because it is cultivated 16 months and fortil zed twlce
case, 1630 pounds), n.e:ea3 ratoons aie marvestea in 12 mmfitr'
receive only one fertilization (l,2}3 youuds

i/

f"
QUUI‘

0
m
0'

Betcheldcr, £2. Cit., p 132.

'..'t:t,c¢'t'.-I' Pat .14.? L. 27.9. dint/j i‘.';.‘:fl‘§l'o a: tune Cay: 103,19; 1:35.)... fill-"Sc: .3494}: ”5.3%;
b: {funzfifl in marginal lands. Inc it ortsnt LflLHfl t: Consiuyn Alli
m: Ln LVi-i-Q Liz»: regetl'tiurz of Czasrtr‘ 1,3,»: Lin-1 one u sf: qua, Ltd. 3.:-

L5 ,svnnpo the tlmc to uevise $ufl¢ kind of $35L¢m or mtincu to (rtw“

L .‘

13.13.10") Liitf .5fo b25011. : .LDJ 01‘ 1151.11.33 in SLié-jar (Jain: é’fili--.'.Anu11..-ilo $.11" -.'.l'.')

is utterminea land use regulation or recommeuiutions may be out tu~uu;n
,. 9 Irving: - ' f’ .._1 “_. _ 40th '.- ""U-""""‘r p. a”. ‘

fly ’.hf: r1115 Lil u.»u:1.1. uI‘ in Qr'Uu “Harms 1151 la), E's-e Lllbll‘Jlu qr c',.L‘.“.Lr
hCLLUQo

5uciety must be pxotcctvd f.cn devbf lop M his that may ycoviue

 

Lculurary ber13f its for the indiViuual, but which unduruin: ths YGSwuii?
base and enuanger social ob: wivhs tramwnucusly. Linuses ami pmu?
cuitiuation practiCes will get to these extr mes if not yroyovly
watchvo. If inure is to be furtncr lama uevelnpwuut, it filll auty
comm through better utilisation und butter cultural groutices.
_Egck Ll‘ium3-AJ;-*m E%;rketiAti éirvurtw n

It seems that marketing and .anu utilization sun uuvaingudhi
(C. :uuciated in Luz-2 a5, ritultur l o::-wu;iz:itio:z. but, mill-nut; .1;
furbncr from the truth. Thtra Can be no bKaQuaim 31H” hiillbmtqu
qr uuleogxent if there is not an ipnxopriater1~gu M5 structure
Lw conglcmsnt Lne oroduction grccwcs.

”markets are e::;eutjal iv mc~“rmic grojtn, .u; to 4‘. u

2h

:VZWDU "1 CCLBS Inarnets.1f thore is economic growth and tmcvc
are markets the alternatives of utilization are broader, providixi

 

23.4 _ .
Ivorian“, L. J., bible. of Iv rigs-at umvu'rnu w! '1;- tr..- :13," ,2:

-nfl-M -w-— m I.~- wfi'ww

 

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"lm- J I~9m_'.- ' 3

"I u " " ’V ‘. I‘-' \ ‘. ~ I. . . re: "v 1 '5". aw ,. . - ‘ - _ . _ .
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I

 

 

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1.4 -'_._ LII a_‘.'.‘ , $1.“,— I-lL‘- L- 1.“.3":fn’ L? J‘— i E' ng

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etables, but the marketing facilities nave been imageQuaLe add urT;
a fa;r cegrae 01 success has been atta1uuj in the graducticu 9f taut?
crops. These kinds of croys are highly reccmvnuatlg for the Islzmd

as it would take care of some of the labor excess.

§
{3
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The marketing of localiy produced foodstuffs has t;-'
iaec by a very slow progr as in the auoption of techrivues wuicn ;n~
crazee the efflciency in markening. There is also a lack of a4equetu
facilitLes for handling the frebh crops at all levels frcm the lfifmhf

2§
to tne camsmwl‘.

The introduction of equimmeut, standardizatiun mrinuCu, gr glv;
grocedures, assembly cegturs, trana:ortatjon facilitias, processinr,
and general organization of the marketing structure of the Islénd WIT:
undoubtedly incruase the saldbiljty of agricultural products, yariiuu. r
fruits and vegetables.

The canning and processing factories will he indisyensable 13
any aevelopmgnt.of the system for the following reasons; zamefy:

1. They will take care of tne excess producticn in gerinnc ::
good production to anid eXCGSSlVB price reductiona wxicn #1:;
otherwise curtail bust land utilization by reducirg proa.rmga

incentives.

2. To take care of an excess supply in case of an ififififfui’7

Irv-.1
.,‘

in the flow of products along the marketing 11hr. 2.15 pr” 3i”

 

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hating CuflyerdtiVC. doweVer, one must remember tfidb mare than a”
eccncmic need is necessary for Lhe estaolishment of cooperatiVe
sysiens or crganizatisus. A great deal of educatiun in the organi-
zation and operation cf cooperative systems has to be attained if
actual develoyment is to be aCComplished. any efforts made will
sore than pay for tnueeelves, as wavy of the marketing problems car

be successfully asyroacbed by a cooperative system.

The lsland marketing structure is greatly hindered by a 1;Cn
of knowledge, lack of capital, lack of adequate information anu
credit. Monopolistic practices are also used to a certain extent
by the intermediaries of agricultural products. Progress in the mar»
keting field will never be attained if it continues to be plagued with
these hazards. Good cooperative marketing organizations will very
well help, in the extermination of factors retarding progress and gVN~
venLing the improvement of tne system. success has been accomplisnec
With the crops already mentioned and extension to other crops will
be desirable. The farmers, by pooling their scant resources,
can establisn efficient organizations which will greatly Contribuce
to the expansion of the overall marketing structure. This will unw
doubtedly'result in an increase of the economic incentives which wili

certainly bring sound land utilization.

?he mountaineus paxt of Puerto Rico is int certion Luat sites
the Coffee of the island. it has been for the west part, due to an
adaptation to the sails and climate conditions of the region. fit.‘fi*;'V'.':T‘,
lack of improved transoortation facilities has had a great deal to oz
with the development of this industry in this region, particularly in
its early develoymezzt. The nature and durability of Coffee:- bears
made possible its transportation for long distances on pack anitais,
wnicn WaS the only transportation means available when the farms
were far row the roaus. Therefore, the farm owner of the mountains
was foICed to keep mules and horses for tne transportation of its
dear product.

As the years went by and as the road system of tJB interior
of the Island was extended their number started to decrease as tueir
usefulness went down. At present the number of pack animals has been
reduced, but as yet there are more than half of the amount that was
reported in 1910.

Thus, land Which could have been devoted to Some QEUCF use
has to be kept for providing the feed (pasture and forage) for tuezfi
animals. Therefore, as the road system expands more of these axing s
are displaced and the lands released for other uses. In the light
of these facts it can be seen how the transportation system may
modify the use WhiCh is made of land. Further extension of this djébnq
may permit the keeping of more dairy livestock in place of pack unju~:
This substitution in uses will undoubtedly be of great benefit me t.e

entreyreneur, as well as to society in general.

b.LJ' :44; i J

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-- . v‘. ’ ' ‘ ' ' -'.., v A
r. , .. 54 "' r? U: .,.. i"! fit _1'.‘5
umav‘.-J. - L

. q

1318 C! Dir? cwaia cha the laad utvrlunment and LLLLigliw N
prng’xmhi :10?! gm m-«arathm in Parts; Riv»... LL :5 Ignagzsteimficl 1.1;.5, in»;
cav"»63* ix Lupwuylete as anve are maay silk? rslevufit urzgru G twat
have direct or indirect effects cn and davelnpmant and urilézatiu .
The objective is Lnat this cuaptwr prcswrta an idea of no; 5‘5: u:
the probleas a? land use and deve.htvant are baiai aafifhug‘ai in
Traffic) Rico.

Since l9u3 great progress has haen attaiqad on tha 151: a: LL
counficLion With tne orga..jzation and edizicatiun of plans man fifpfifbfl¥.
fur the ecun<mic recona Lruu LLon and upvuLuu: LC of the country. 3;”
greatest progress has been in the dalinaation of a system to Ehhr7ecu

Lam cuuditions and the degree of Svcial and economic au“HPPh'u1 wuir

~1"

fJ-
m
(I
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0:?
Ir

about by a mure efficient nrganization. Progrezs as messgr a
by phySLCal output has not be-.:1as great, but it can not be Cunaid.-

3511;; L1 by we; nwwtso

During florid fiat II the assei s of Law IaLuLfir Government grue‘

ncvaasea. Ta make a more efficient allocatLon of the revenue colt;
the Puerto Lco flanuin" Board was created. Tue prlnfiigel Tauntiuu LL
tu;s Board is to estLbli.sh 'nd maintain, in coopkraLiuu witu {m9 BLVPLL
cf Lhe Budget, a plan for th-e ex menalture fif tne Insular GOVfirumwav
Lucawe. :ue Buavd reviews all prepo"eu gubLLc improvements “-0rst
and in addition, exercises control 0f Lne sut ”‘VJuLUH and an

".
1v ~ .‘
L. MAJEH ML

11?“: ,1?) rLr‘3Y85 .

(‘ 1’ L
‘ pal-.4 ‘ I- ‘4 4 ., 1‘ L L H. J» ‘ ' - ‘ v K \ ’ U ’ A I. I4
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1' " .._ '~‘ ' 1‘ I' ‘1‘ ’ 5 ‘3 +‘g1jV T l ' t: 4 u" H i P1}: \ {7" ‘ .r/“5 "H' ‘1. ‘ ‘3 2 )‘J- ‘» '1 V I‘ '~.-‘ ': ' Y
L . ”11‘4. - 1.. J VAL .1 La ‘ v ~ -‘ I My : J 1. . ~- d _: . ‘1‘.» _ {'5— a "z r ‘J .‘ ‘.4 ~ '. ‘.J’ A s.’ .1 . ‘

'JY-t“. 17‘P‘ffifi‘ri‘urifini‘. and bug: 13'].,-'~.1.£,- (if 1,119 6"”!1; :LJLC Cr I’d81_‘1,..§' of {figé‘tfl‘if’ $1-".

In a pLaca like ?uerLo Rica, whicn is exfrwwnlg uVHrggyg;gLec,
and not endow wad With raw materialS that make manufacturing and iauuav.
ization gussLb19, pLLnuing Ls fiSbvfltldl. Svua oLJer servicfis sh uL: "

,‘.“.A —. ‘9 "- . 9‘ ”k '. .' ‘=.-. ,.,‘$ L.,".J ':.. . ._...;\-
aumLulbLerud by Law -¢Q1mmiwp LnL.11-;r L» -3; Lsnu angn Lo an chz-

3’:
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:JB,L‘.? ‘ubLufllL’uLJQ'l U1 EC‘JVLKAJLLC L"l)()t§.'3 6.3.111 b=;.TVLC¢:~ .

:finnvd u.’

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4

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Plannang in Lne Island is runductw:

11125 005.111. barviatees and ‘JBVE'JSLOITHHHLC gem-mes are afltiinib ‘L.".:"£‘.d by 1&4:

£0113:Ln2 pabiic corporatiuu331

l. Lana ALLhnvztj, Lo carny out a pFUdefi of ldHU re: w., L:
ugwm the "SOC‘i-Acr‘a" 15w, wuLcn lLerifns cox‘gu‘c‘gts‘: Lana

San or control in 560 acred;

2. Puerto Rico AgrLculLural Cumpahy, to stimuLate Law a -mmvr;J:
developmwmt of the Isla:11d agricultural resgur sec;

3. Econam c DEVEEOPWSHL “LuLnLHuruuLuu, La :5313L ervkLL Lu
prisca in eatabLis s‘xing or exp nding busineas and inaumL»y
Puerto fiic;;

b. GOVernmenL DBVBTQQment Bank for Tuerto 3130, Lu make gnrrz.
meat funds an fiLable luv the aneuuragemunt of ind‘mstwv uuL
to act aa a c antral financial ";79r1cy for L? 18 InS Mia fiwd
;ent, Lne public cor-o.dv13nq and tue “UP‘C'EAliiitf

‘

~:=.-~ . -V,,.‘. - . ,_.u. .' .- - .. -- .
U114»)! t:A.L\:':‘C.- .o 1%!szlc {3: b!1(1tl Lida-1L, 111).:‘Jt (fin/br- Qr v. Lf!“ t1!“ “duh/y. _' --:,‘«.

1
‘v' a _ ,_.fl. ,. 3" , '1‘, .7 u r “. ‘ _r . - .‘
'* ‘ “‘“J ‘3’: V'ULVEA‘W” 1' “lid .A' Li J .A-s’od L114“ ml 8 .1.er Lluuwl.

,1 - . '~.‘, , o \ l . v -' ' u. , t' i .Q ‘.' v
A o .5421 ‘uw: .-.*. .-- y‘n‘ -zu L.” .. 1.in , LU _ I ‘3..th- u" b' ’. ”vhk m2“; HI. '4
I
5

15.;-~...-u-;: 'hn‘ovzs' .-..1..-:‘.u,.‘l 401‘ -:")*t..'l‘ am} iK‘x“L..v;:'-.“i.»l=oru.

JC‘SUL 101' the: Lawl .aLA'LL‘An'Lty, flatter 'ZLP-‘auuj‘itt‘b Aut.uv)n'.‘.i.j, don-’1

I -- . .‘ 4' ~. . ! _ .' . S '\ . . ' \ ‘Ca ‘ «. -u u. A. _ .. , . ' '3“ . .V
out: L’ucu‘oJ IuLCU n51 .LLJLLu-I u‘LL ‘JU‘51:JLJl3' LIA-3'. ell-“CL UJ. out’otfi :JI‘ubI‘uJo 0!:

l. ' (19' .1. o-* r-‘ Ht, -“"""  "I: "'«'n" T ‘ -- ..- {’th ‘rui ! .1-.
and -JEL-IHJIHIM. and u 1.1..LudulJFl Lb 1...*_l:;,l'-:\,(.. ‘0 one: thaw... . L gnu -.za' . .

Lnu;rcct actions dfzuot one ydrcnaoing power of the conaugvrb bwo the

~ .q. .- ,. ...l . .o“.. -’_fi ' , §.- ‘ 1. ‘ ‘ '3'.“ '\I .1 , .‘ :‘-Q ~' - y \
:ubLKcLng 5L! ULMJ b, tau-9.1. «“1 Wot .Louui hoLL.:..:‘.¢L,LJu «mu m: J!:L.~p;'kr:h .1.

.. .- ~- ‘ .

"pp *I . r I I‘ x v r n.'rv~

, “ -ml: :1. L1 ‘ L L...¢.‘.1 ‘ ‘ P u;.- ‘1
.._. -- “ .fi‘fi-‘u’- u .._".‘h‘ .._—1r;-

 

No sound laud aeveiopfieut can be accompllsneu «non cue Lama Ln

noL used in an adoguate manner, and NHuu nan-resogrce maladjubtmenLa

SILLStoo

The local stuonnts of economic and social Problems, bfing ask:

of this fact, ocCLoed to start a program anCh will load to more

1

efficient land utilizatlon. So the rural land utilization pragran a:

any oLner program of the same Kind, has toe ObeCClVE of clasoszLug

SYSLHmdoiCally land resourcea in such a way toot man can ego;ly unuuxw

\

stand its fundamental characteristics and utilize them moSL intellim

2

gently and effectively in satisfying his ndnbs. Tneveforu, the first

soap in a staqy of the kind Should be a sorvey or boLn geograanch

and economic nature, in order to obtain an inventory of the lino caym

abilities and resouFch.

"Geograyhic surveying includes the observing and resoru mg of

facts 9a the character and distribution of tme osws man is mafiiug of

_4

-. . .. .. - . 1 . .- ~¢ . ,
_ ;‘ .._.gnu [.t L1’.'_ ..r'L’x. “.5 IN.- J. {2.} L1“, . .gerLLAl 1: a.. (LA-:3 Y?‘ ('~"1--"" ,-. V~. .

Lin-i. .LJ I} 3. 1 u'g" 1.1 D"; (J; 'u-C‘J'Lff-HTJ C (3.1" {V "U I‘ 2?- , {53”

pink-rt)" sew-bilgliufi Ham»: firmw-
- J

Lu g94uv* rush infarmmt1ou. Th9] were Lw muanem9uL tun infurugt;ui
ubtathd on a. jiiCc l and use CUSFnCtETIStLCS gathered by tau gfiogern ;
SusfiybPS.

The lama use and £38 physical cnaractvristlcs of the laid up?»
surve"ed, on thu vasis cf the un_t~azea meLnod, using a fxavtional
Code bystem of mutation of the field data. It includes the mmppgng of
the lama use, degree of slaye, soil clafises, conuLLiun of uraznagL,
waunt of erosLon, dngree of Stanxness, and amount of rock exyawure.
in Puerto Rico the size of the uwit area (uLLlSst in tnd surveyLng
pracemure) ranges frem many acres on level land along the coafii, in

'\

. ' ‘.

can acre in tne cent ral part of Lne Islcnd. Buildznys, str

1

A.

.11

‘ ' ’\ ~ . 1 . :4
«was and obuer PGLBVBHt features were mapped ultn symaoxs.

W
J

This fractional mutation sysbem has the advanLage tnat a grew
deal of information can be obtained without slowing down the survanmy
yPOCEduPuoo The numerator of the fracticnal notation rearenunts tun
use of land and the denominator S‘JLILlEO tn c1.ractnr15tlcs L1 hue

land. Tae land characteristlcs incluued in the data recorded on fi~;.

1 an Donild R., The Dev~1.59ment of nevcrd.nuc 3u*vvv TJCLniPUG‘
“Eu: .._-2...;

.
—.- ”.._—.an - '- c—o-I -- H..- -- ‘J—h-“w. ‘Sr ’1 A: .n -M

372."? f9”. .3.t'..l L” “d C1? PS? :1Cc L: 2’11 1: J‘ £‘-..'":: :97: Ema-1‘ Lt; J-J 1. 2, uninjug Jud“;
in.J. f 5313, Nurthwestern University, EVAnston, Illinois, 1956, p 2.

 

['.se in Puerto Riem, Q;eech Grv

_.m L““‘

 

 

Rico, Rafael, SdrVny1n3 Lagd
livered by the Chairman of Puerto flico Fla axing Boaxd Lo the hDSuC‘

0 .'\

iatiun cf National Geugraphers, Gainsvian , Flwrica, lyfll.

Lu-

‘sos in ‘39 aural land GlLssaflcatian Prograu hrfi tauga {Hwt are
realzly rLCLgnizcd w‘vn oosereq Lnu Last are slynlfiicsnt f;r Chh3ldrfh
atlon of the uses which man makes of thc land. Ike categor.u3 and
Classes of préSefit land uses emgloyeo in the classification, are sut-
flciently detailed to portray accurately the use of all tn» rural

land of the Islanrz, and to focus attention on tne ms trrution of co.»—
mercxal crops and commercial dairying in the overall lama use ,attslu.;

Land use in Puerto Rico is classified into the following eight

*3"

.ajcr categories:

1. Qgpoocd Land - Land in which produce is marvestea for hlflwh
consumption and is broken down into h3 crops or comb;nstrrr
of croys.

2. Pasture and HBPVQStfid Forage Guggg - Land devoted to the

 

growth of grasses for animal consumption. This innluuws
natural pasture, improved pasture, harvested forage grass,
and others.

3. Forget and EVLfih Land - All areas in trees whether plantvu

 

or part of the natural Vegetation. It also incluges brush,
hick consists of trees below 10 feet in height. Land
considered as woodland pasture was mapped within class 2

under the category of pasture and harvested forago grass.

b. NonmProdugtjve Land - Land‘without any agricultural pro-

 

'1'.

auction value. nis ldfld may or mqy not be suitable for

Dyer, L3. Cit., p 87-111.

5100', on. Cit., upeecn Delivered to the Nnijnva; “sslrlg‘

_._-—

.‘JJi-"f ”I‘ve Krilv‘r‘ ..‘Jff, but 61. ril’frcf‘dL ..c act) 1 f»:’Uk..;..-.'.'s"1

 

 

 

 

 

V‘T‘LuCO

D. fid?ut_§oleC ¢.¢ G;HL;W:piifi?fViE:;E133 - ibis caLugorg,
as it imglltfi, luulcabea clot: uSvd for publzc and commuultg
aarViCeo. Ubuglly it CULRFJScfi Swall tracts or plot: 1“.
fall into sevHu claaiig.

(:1. gas-fr}: Ti—ch'l klfll!;a L'29. - Tu: SLX’J) Catugclz'j ul‘ lam; but

 

incluues roux anu minvrdl resourc:s Which are being rnMHVeu
ram the lénd. Abandoncd mines and Quarrico are inclunw*
in nun-yrouuctive Juno.

7. Lrban and Manufacturing Land - Land in Vulco cities auo

 

towns are located. It also includos tracts outalue :ne
urban area devoted to any manufacturing actlvit.es. 1115
Category is divsrfin Into seVen 0153383.

8. hiSCelldbrouS Land - Fedtures of land ube which uu nut

 

fall into any of the above mentioned categories, are ra-
Corded in the map by means Of letters, and in some Cascs
by numbers in audition to letters.

When the pgysiCal and the eConomlc datacre audad to th« land
use luzormatlon a vary uetailed and complete information :u'arolng
lane utilization, as well as its gctentlalities, will undoubtculy cc
obtained. Without any doubt tuls information will serve a: o milenb.

An agricultural plannlng. Syecifically the objectives of ulnaaszltg

land may be grouped into eight major categorlub.

harms-7, (_‘fi. Cit” p 3'0. l
L —

i * \ , ,
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‘ u. v . . . .
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. ‘ I v \ .. .' : .- ‘ 0 I - Q. -,.' t y - ‘1‘.’ ,. V N; V-.
). Rwaunvg thetnjyxuzdti nrgwlesL H 3.4n Uf_burJ,h.vnp2

1 - . '. .
m9HLAL mardiceh;

b. Guidance in tn» distribution of ciblgc aid, par;;vulwx‘;
frJeral ind state suLVenLions and public relief u£ lfiCé‘
areas;

5. Guidance in determinl 3 sound real estate 1:921:75.sz anti
borrowing policies;

6. Equalization of land aSSessment for taxation gurgssvsz

7. Guicance in neVslopivg and awninisteri ; programs fa“ jaw

proved ianu utilizetion practices, soil conservation aid
erosion control medsures, and similar practices;
8. Guidance in developing souni farm management po'iCivs e.q
organizing tne most effactive type and size of onvratigg
as it can be OuSQFVEd land classifications have multiple and
highly beneficial uses. However, there will be little accdmylisnwu 31
there is not an adequate interpretation of the economic factor. va~
this is interpreted and translated into simple terminolcgy, uhi9rfitn1u«
able by the farmers and in terms of the n; ads of the country, grog-2b.;
land development and utilization can be extectou.

At prQSeut this program is being carried on by the aural Lazu

.c

ttiliZation DiVision of t;s Deyirtmeut of Agriculture aid cuiie2c~.

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Puerto nice it must be Concluded that tag per cagita economic supply

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,2]

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oi lauc.snou1u be increases. Luis emu Can tact be securcu On Inc 13.».

by making a r65HJu5Lmufit of the insular agriculture so Lhct pVth re»

gion contributes accorcjmr to its productive Capabilities anu potnut-

U

ialities. The precance of tnjs conoitiou has been help'd by too cuss

factors not have faVured the establishment of a mcnoculture economy ~

hosed on sugar cane. If scourity, stability and increased agriCulL
producnivity is to be attained, all steys should be orientau towuru
a uigner degree of diversification, without endangering the welfarc
and prDCJCLiVGHcSS of hue sugar Cane inaustry “Lien is the backbcxe

of the Islund economy.

Unuer these Conditioné land has to be developru uuu utiiiZsu

gquerly'and effectively, particularly when it is concidered that

insular population Continues to increase at a very fast rate. Thwreu

fore, it is essential that land be utilized more intcnSiVeLy and that

better production and conservation practices be utilized for the
attainment of this end. In order to obtain the besn production

practices, input-output studies should be conducted as they are inc

best guide in indicating the proper combination and the right amount

of resources utilized in producing. Thus, the capabilities or re—
sources will be uSed to the extent of tuoir potentialities without

baiug unefficient.

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Cen be handled and mauaged according to yrice flotixetions, future
expectations and other factors that influeLCe and justify the given
practice or system of cultivation.

If land use problems are going to be studied under couoitions
of extreme population pressure and lack of adequate resources, land
nae to be described in terms of its orcouctiva potential character-
istics. Tnis will facilitate the treatment of the different agriculw
’ural regions as far as application of methodology is concerned, so
that every area, region or farm is used for what is most capable anu
best suited for. By ; wwering the folio“ing question in the specific
situation, a basis will be obtained for judging tce patterns o. ixuu

utilization. Are those patterns of land utiiizetion the best from the

standpoint of efficient r.source utiliZotion and social returns?

Gemerelizations can thus be made according to the area or
region. Individual farmer problems snd.specific groblez areas ”cold
be covered by some other study with the possibil;ij of getting adept-
able and flexible farm management and planning scnemes accordifig to to:
needs of the areas and systems of farming.

In promoting sound and efficient land utilization as deter—
mined by research and present land use analysis, the educational

asyect should be emphasized. It should be toe duty of all agricai*';A

workers to orient the farmer as to the proper things to he done, r5

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he givuu to the Ountcrvation aagact.

Agrirultoral production it not Ctmglfitc until an inflame is
vetgiz,u. tuis income *ugcnus to a great extent upon the efficient;
axc avaiinciiity of Lac marketing proceaurhs accessdry L0 Couutct
lroduct frcm the faimer to in” Couaumer. in Puerto hico LL: MVfb
gating structure is not to accqtots for toe auquate diatributiuu oi
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Lu be improved.

Unocr Lne l5lcnd conditions or high relative searcity, nothing

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