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h

 

 

 

 

Thislstoeertifgthatthe

thesis entitled

Studies on the digestibility of orchard grass with

dairy cattle.

presented by

Ray L. Ely

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

ELL—degree inn—Dem.

(u: 2%

8101' pn‘ 'Issor

 

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ll~1fll. (s |tl (I, I'Ji Ail.‘ )l'iull4ll.

STUDIES ON THE DIGESTIBILITY 0F ORCHARD GRASS
WITH DAIRY CATTLE

I. A comparison of several teemiques for determining digestibil-
ity coefficients with dairy cattle.

11. Studies on the composition of lignin isolated from orchard
grass hay cut at four stages of maturity and from the corres-
ponding feces.

III. A study of the crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract frectiens

of orchard grass hay and the digestibility of some of the cen-
stituents by milking cows. *

by
Ray Es 31y

A THESIS
Presented to the Greduete School of Michigan State College of
Agriculture and Applied Science in partial mlfillnent
cf the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR or PHILOSOPHY ‘ “  ‘1

Dairy Department
Eest Lansing, Michigen
1952

THESXS

ACKNOWIEDGMENTS

The writer wishes to express his most sincere appreciation
to Dr. c. F. Hufhnn, Research Professor in Dairy Husbandry, and
to Dr. L. A. Moore, Head of the Division of Nutrition and Physi-
elogy, Bureau of Dairy Industry, Belts'ville, Maryland, for their
inspiration and cocperation in flue planning of this investigation;
for their advice and criticisms during the preparation of this
manuscript; and for providing the necessary facilities for the
conduct of these studies. The author likewise wishes to express
his appreciation to Mr. E. A. Kane and Mr. I. C. cho'bson,
Chemists, Bureau of Dairy Industry, for their interest and aid
with certain of the chsmioal analyses. Gratitude is also ex-
pressed to Dr. Earl Weaver, Head, Dairy Department, for his
interest and encouragement during the course of these studies.

.‘V’El.“2{‘

‘) ‘1' (JG. ) a} I

FORWARD

The results reported.in this thesis were secured fron.inwest-
igations conducted over a period of the past three years.

In order to simplify presentation, the results have been
divided into three parts. Part I was an intestigaticn of several
different techniques for determining the digestibility coefficients
of forage for dairy cattle studied with orchard grass hay out at
four stages of'nsturity; Part II was a study of the digestibility
of lignin in orchard grass hays out at various stages of'naturity
and an.ineestigation of the composition of the lignin isolated
fren.these orchard grass bays and the corresponding feces. In
Part III a more detailed analysis was:made of the crude fiber and
nitrogenpfree extract fractions and the digestibility of the

various constituents reperted.

STUDIES ON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF‘ORCHARD

GRASS WITH DAIRY CATTLE

By

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the Schoel of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State Oollege of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Dairy Department
1952

Approved (.7 . i M7M

STUDIES ON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF ORCHARD GRASS

WITH DAIRY CATTLE

A comparison of several techniques for determining digestibility
coefficients with dairy cattle was made with four stages of orchard
grass hay fed to three milking cows. Digestibility coefficients cal-
culated by the conventional ten day consumption-excretion ratios were
compared with the coefficients calculated by the chromium, ligiin
and plant pigment ratio techniques with the total collection samples
and also with partial collections or "grab' samples.

Comparable digestion coefficients were secured with the standard
ten day consumption-excretion method and the chromium and plant pig-
ment ratio techniques. Digestion coefficients calculated by the
crude lignin and the corrected lignin ratio techniques using the
total fecal collection samples were both significantly lower than
the digestion coefficients calculated by the standard consumption-
excretion method.

Digestibilities of the various constituents in the four stages
of orchard grass hay of increasing maturity were; dry matter, 69.0,
70.4, 63.9 and 59.4 percent; protein, 65.7, 60.7, 55.4 and 54.3 per-
cent; crude fiber, 82.5, 78.6, 72.0 and 69.1 percent; and nitrogen-
free extract, 69.3, 74.7, 68.0 and 57.3 percent, respectively.

The apparent digestion coefficients of lignin in the orchard
grass hays fed ranged from 3.8 to 16.0 percent. The lignin isolated
from the four stages of orchard grass of increasing maturity had
nitrogen contents of 4.25, 74.16, 3.53 and 2.41 percent. The average
nitrogen contents of the limn isolated from the corresponding
feces were 5.19, 4.13, 3.62 and 2.91 percent.

The benzoic acid excretion in the urine per 100 grams of lignin
fed was lower when feeding the most mature hay then when feeding the
other three less mature hays. There was no relation between the diges-
tion coefficients of lignin and the urinary excretion of benzcic acid.

The total methoxyl content of the hay fed was lower than the to-
tal methoxyl content of the corresponding feces on a dry matter basis.
The methoxyl contents of the lignin isolated from the various hays
was higher than the methcxyl contents of the lignin isolated from
the corresponding feces.

Digestibility of the total methcxyl content and the non-lignin
methoxyl content of the ration decreased with increasing maturity of
the orchard grass hay. Digestion of the lignin methcxyl groups ranged
from 20.3 to 31.6 percent and showed no consistent trend in relation
to the stage of maturity of the hay fed.

A more detailed system of analysis that included determinations
of the starch, sugars, organic acids, pentosans, alpha cellulose, and
lignin on the orchard grass hays and the corresponding feces was used
to study the constituents of the crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract
fractions.

This system of analysis accounted for a greater percentage of the
dry matter ef the immature orchard grass hay than with the more mature
orchard grass hay. Higher percentages of the dry matter were also de-
termined in the feces of animals fed the imature orchard grass hay
than in the feces of animals fed the mature orchard grass hay. con-
siderably higher percentages of the total dry matter of feces were
determined by this systcn of analysis than were determined Iith the
same analytical techniques on the forage fed these animals.

TABIE OF CONTENTS

PART I.

A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING DIGESTIBILITY

COEFFICIENTS WITH DAIRY CATTLE.
INTRODUCTION
REV IEW OF LITERATURE

DIGESTION TRIAL TECHNIQUES

Total Fecal Collection Technique
Chromic Oxide Ratio Technique
Lignin Ratio Technique

Indigo stible Protein Ratio Technique
Iron Ratio Technique

Silica Ratio Technique

Plant Pigment Ratio Technique

Other Digestion Trial Techniques

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DIGESTIBILITY 0F ROUGHAGES

Effect of Crude Fiber on Digestibility
Effect of Cellulose Content on Digestibility
Effect of lignin Content on Digestibility
Effect of Methoxyl Content of Plants on Digestibility
Effect of Stage of Maturity on Digestibility
Effect of Plant Ash on Digestibility
Associative Effect of Feeds ani Digestibility
Effect of Antibiotics on Digestibility

SUWARX OF THE REVIEW OF LITERATURE

PLAN OF EXPERIMENT AND METHODS USED

ERERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SUWARY

LITERATURE CITED

03H

PART II
STUDIES ON THE COMPOSITION OF LIGNIN ISOLATED FROM ORCHARD GRASS
HAY CUT AT FOUR STAGES OF.MATURITY AND FROM THE CORRESPONDING FECES.

INTRODUCTION 97

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 99

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 100

SUMMARY 104

LITERATURE CITED 106

TABLES 110
PART III

.A STUDY OF THE CRUDE FIBER‘KND‘NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT FRACTIONS OF
ORCHARD GRASS HAY AND THE DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME OF THE CONSTITUENTS
BY MILKING COWS.

INTRODUCTION 116
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 120
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION , 121
SUMMARY 126

TABLES 133

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digestible mut1;'ent c3ntemt of 0 given fee“ fur sneeifie 811n£13 anger
certain ce,trollod cehditions or uglor Videlg Vflr irx co sit'ens. For

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snaciss of sniwsls to Getermine tie Vfilue

1n Qrteerfl4Ld tie nutr1t1ve value of mart:
cludsd.ifl ft the nrec 'Jite o; FP’IITTTE; avers

given feed to pvrticular staples of thrt

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2 Etc 45 percent of the withi

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rahite
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20 to 55 percent associated with samples of feed

8530--

and 10 to 25 percent associated with the trial. They pointed out that
average digestion coefficients should be adjusted for the proximate com-
position of the particular sample being used. They also suggested that
a greater amount of the variance could be related to composition of the
feed if other nutrients, in addition to those determined in the usual
proximate analysis, were ascertained.

Interest in the so-called inert material 'ratio techniques" of

determining the digestibility of th various constituents of feed has
been stimulated largely 03 the fact that it will permit digestion trial
studies to be nude under the same conditions and with the same animals
that would normally be Used for the feed investigated. Furttermore,

addition of an inert material to the daily ration of a grazing animfll

3!

would Permit calculation of the daily dry matter excretion from grab"

samples collected at convenient intervals. The determination of the
concentreticn of an inert nnturvllg—occurring constituent of the feed

on teth tLe feud find eces sfnnles would ncrmit 9 cnlculetion of the

. .. .-.t . v'-- 5. 1- ° .. ° .1 ..i , ..- .1",... D i 1. -
dr, mt‘ser inse e of tne Tnlmpl studied n-u calculfi.:sn oi the or

L

w . o r o, r - r i _,.r- ',.. .L,
Tue use of the inert nsteriel retio technicue for OGtClmlnlnu the

digestibility of a feed or retion would fecilitate studies of various

feeds With different snecies and under widely verging conditions the

d’

are not readily feasible with the conventional total fecal collection
technique, if direct comparisons could be established between these

methods.

‘Il ‘: \ I ‘1’ ‘Il I\[|)|\\l’l!l|ll'll[[ m I. .II . .

35113:; or L111: 1:117:13
D 1131:1131: T‘s-111:1: 1:32:13 1111713

Total Fecal Collection Tectnique

 

 

Diwestion trial techniques involving the total collection of feces

over a specified period of tize while the animals are on a constant feed

ntake 211d ce.lculation of the digestibi lit 3' of the various nutrients from
the nutrient intake-excretion rutio's have changed but little since tlei 1r
adOption by Henneberg and Stohmann (91)

The length of the collection yeriod in digestion trials using total
fecal collections for securing satisfzxctory di3estibi1ity coefficients is
still a controver31ul subject. Relatively few comn0.rison ms of t}.e acczracv
of dlfferent lengths of trials have been made. Kamilton, Kitchell and
Kammlade (66) used collection periods of five or six days and stated that
they were too short for accurate results with steers. Schneider and
~cr (lCEl mzde a study of the length of 9 d? esticn trial on

J.- ‘. . --. .1 . ry—‘~‘ “ , ‘ ... .‘.- »~ 1. -. - ql~ ‘. , ‘
epncrenc Ql‘CSclullltr. inc] used at 129st a RC“: n1eiin1n11» neviod Cum

- 4—. —.- 1 0" -s ~ . a , . . -s ‘ v —. ‘. , : “'1 p
re 11-11115: 4‘. ft #019 I169? 1.19111tnzzr 111.10 l..v<:l (11.1112011- "1t11 111 per levels (.1

nutrition. fley founl the greatest error in CFlculPtirg the ligestion
Coef'licjo 'Ls ""16 4‘1"» irl‘C ‘lq1it; 171 +119 "1" -t'tj o f: "'3 c:1:rott"i 1“rich
nts ncr‘ p: n1u1ccd 8b lo" 1rtritifln€l V4"' t6.: :0) lfVClQ. 1‘6; louwd
4511: li‘f Show coefficients 17122.“ ft I1:Z;;t;-x.'":,r 1:,7113’36'T1iw'u trifil (7113:. 311:1}: OJ

- -- u - - 1- -— n r d J..-_- -\——~-
19 some 9CCMFQCJ as resulus item L ”'011 -

19L1-dCJ A":‘te_tuue t":fil. ?e ilt n, -itclcll, Kick Cid Germrn (37) LfCi
a tch~bnf collrcti.n pcxioi for sie‘n “31 e fGa"“cH-u collect'on nrxiod
for steers preceded b; severe 1rmals o? nrcliui1'r/ Te din . ootolo (17“)
91:01 ten-11?”; collec""-_o:1 nrri-ézis ore-ceded 11“.. keg—11117;: h1‘01i;1_i"15’r;7 periods

1vi+fl1 31 (~‘. :11 all? lTn.1 SJ. F”) rizr: ”-31,; hr”31iuflinf:‘; TV“Fi£%}S Pix} fcnirte111n

1.2.

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rJ call-cc-ou p<1ioos 1019 used h; nunlord et El. \127) in dimestion
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‘q‘d ; Pl.llm1n91f oo-ioec 91o 1‘n—efil callec -~n ficfluhs Wit-

'A.

I
0

72'4- -~ 1‘ ,.° .1 ..-. .°.. , _‘ - 1,"- Pl: ..
“coders. I ose t1ials no hot 1ve HAUL lu1ufwf71wn on the FClQTIV‘ 9e~
.-« 3:?) u - D #7 . -“n -q .— ‘I ..L‘ D - W _ _ I _‘ _‘ I “'1 c _ . -‘ _ 0

cu. c; 01 o111e1ent LQMQVLS o1 col1ectiln‘ne11~'° Luce the trial" are
" ’ ' ‘ . \ .~L v- ... I "N

Ant Ull9LvlJ co nccuoln.

a

, ..1 ' "‘. ..-. '75 ‘ v,” n. . w.- ‘e " I ‘ "‘" ‘ "
"Ples find Uliusnon (111' LFVU 1ecen:lg Len Ltfid on t e ’tlativc

.~

c

0

,+

'3 .‘Q‘\ ‘-.‘- n s - . ’1 . ‘-\ 1 "v . 'V '
eccuieo, o1 seven- and ted-dc: colloe

.. 2.. .‘ _- . m” *1 1 , = ' ' ._ .r ,. .1 . 1: - ”-1-.- - .. . °4_.
;L_11 SJPCf7o Julflf cflicuijn/31 COC 12U2101'S u: ffifi;fl103t oo5€?F£iullli' ijjl
l.’ 1‘

3
‘

the d2t1 socurcu from seven— 01d te ~dPJ collectiJH nrriuds Wir‘ 27 in-

*v

1:“. ~ .3, ‘ . . ,. ~.
Ulv nod-'1 431-3318. TAO do Let; 1.1;.

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7:1
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‘Q r 77: " v "-v .
C11 1.1.4511. 8 S‘T‘VQQ-uif» (191100-
.1
..fi—‘~",,' ._4. n ., ._.._- '11)" o . -. ,1. '. 4&1: .-
.c Sulllblfihu lor “PMJ Studios 01 ine1en, dl~CSoLu11ioJ

- ‘_l

'1. -. l . . — ' p? ‘- 1:1:.L". ‘11 -.. ' - .2-. ‘- ... .0
Since t1e. lepcrsed tuet n1un a n0331ole CACCPtlun 1n tne case 01

.-'—L. e .— D -- -_.. .J- 3‘ ..w - 3‘ — : -. - ° , f‘ " '
1 111.1131 -1 F01.- e r“ 11 " :3 N‘ u" I-c' coll/=0 -1 1m. harlot. “V“ .1001 1 101011‘36
., .11.. ' . . ,. 4.1 1.. 1 -- - 1-.'..:-. .- 19'
Cwnf‘fli C ole 111 accu' 5‘1!” cu 1111a; +0f—u“ . UT) --1 :L .1011 D01 1 1'1 .
C TUEIC “217“ n¢+i récjni EC

 

C}
('1‘
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Cr
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C
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T
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I 1
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L. 1
0
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(i‘
Ho
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y—A
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(‘3
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I

the addition of knotn Run:

“'1'... " ., ,.-. . -_ ‘0 11. .-_.°, --°~ :- 4.1, .- .. .l-‘..... . 1., ...
lILLiilqu t‘ic L<)le€.tra ultdll ()A C!" )AHACI KIAILQ .Lll . C I «S'.‘.1Ult.‘;_.l TCK‘IAS L2") 9—1104
1-1 ' , . w - ..n . .2‘ ' :. v. n 1 .
c113 metezial to scgve as an inicx o1 diysttloillfif. iue use Cl CuthlC

. 'H v “‘ a. p,- . a‘ -- . ‘-~.— “ ‘ .- n w-v:
cx1de as an “wort ‘ ucex seostxuce v-5 filst Dronosed uJ nuin (So “no

fol chromium oxide imnrebnfltc< in blotter newer 9rd reported recovcrios

‘ ' “" D, :-‘ : ‘ (\“fi.f‘ .-.: ' .*-‘ lffi N I‘ ‘. f p L 1 ‘. 1" '4 ‘.
93.1 UCFU bl; 11.71 all 811,911+; V1“; 1.71-4.01]: 11!. 2A) 8-71.1 11.111.111.18. A DI 10f (.t:S(,I 11‘)-

F5)

0

1

{I

.: .. « ‘ :‘,.1 . ~ ~s -» . ~r. " -: ~‘ .1 -1 ~ 2 e --v ~-, -. ‘,‘ .' . I” 1
t-un of nuln'fi anionic chine “no 0 tor teenniquc ”as n olisu d in nu 1-vn

,
g!

‘ - 'I“ 'r“ ...J .o_ .f‘ 11. I‘ n“ -‘ . . . . :-- ‘- . J-
Lu Lu n, Linlen figu “ordgcluc (ol). lu1S 1cnurt @1463 retner connlecc
Ir . ,.

1: ,.°\ r-L' 1. - .L- -- .0 .- .f. 1,:- '1 ._.—...: .z-‘1.1.,

QlCCUSclOnS (J). 14.0 DI '7')" Ff.” $1.011 Lu :(. (11.1 ‘11.! ' U CECIL? US$131 Uni, 11.1A111 \jf

I 3 ‘ A ~ .. ’- ' . . - . -‘|r\ - --- r1: . . -. ~_ '0 . ‘ y :- . _"V': '. .-
foeo, coll «oven 11 feces 93d t1; ente-nnuct1wn e1 cu1ou-uw VA; 9 11

_. ‘ 1 l..- .‘ "' V- J .. "

J.-‘ nil; u‘)“, ;-¢t‘J'.Cll , 1-1(31‘- a. ‘J GP]. A .9 ‘1. (97) J (J‘ “(1 ‘ '\ (i C [.eC'JC" +1 "'3‘-

- 1‘ a _, ....o . V; -.--.... ~. ~. . . -
Urn”; 1.1.x: 64.10..“ch axide rhi‘i!) Mair-..-um. Pun “EKG t'J’SCl fnual coll'fuiz’iilorx

' 'V . . . ‘ ,‘l -L.‘

..J “ml thfiu shed), T‘n.»n\...od am (.2011 ac gti-zsn WW" ""15‘ Vince A? ‘5‘ 1'0. d." '5:
;~ 1: ‘ r\'l j.“ '1-vv“l' L:
Ur Lulib'r.‘ ...—J- ka11- ‘t \i.‘ '1.

H . .. ,- ‘ I. _° 1. I, .‘I _ _ . _ .

o?4' .uc+). ILS‘luS wy+¢ n c;r0“ c u 2.0 Lnfiwo t9; ”‘nvn L-vc

‘1. , ., , . L _, 1-. , _ 1 . _ ’ u, -. ,. -- a :1, ..
Moon 101‘ mfod 1.10.0 1ekmru-V1‘» u“.- xmmrses '1 , ”hooxsnn 931d L‘L‘Cunl‘_;._99;1

d

~M - ._1- .. .. — . ~ .. - ~~ .. ...-‘
(1’4“1 "’1‘“ LUIPCS: Lg; Li‘y; c9000-‘Jx-‘Il 9.':'1-..uo..0 (102,193) U33- new”; ‘0"

“ ‘L'R - "‘ .— "-' ' "'1 -‘ 04., Q! .~ ‘x ~ . : ‘ -.-- ‘ {—
Vabd; ‘~'~5'~'~ U=' @1018“,le Emu ulexSSOiL 7le I‘.1J.;.L1.;"I.-u-S (.11).

‘ '1" -\"€ 1'2. ‘ \.; - .. ‘ I? a...‘";‘ n“ I 14“” I . .“ ‘VH' ‘--‘ ' ‘ 1 p‘ '
b J‘».‘Llil(-“l- 4: (1») P__".L L U0. x}, (11(4) 1.:J“ .11. S‘.r_1-__JLQ; L] T ULS:,U'1, 1:1.“101—1 9‘“; b9. -

31

./(-\ ‘- ... c n 1,. 3 g , . ‘ .‘ 1
\n,), a; u. Q;-u...;.1w §»l, 02;-rpasy‘1 fawn“ .. g"; afll (lg \ 13311-1 S' 9 T) n,G ‘1 rncg;

r“ ‘ : " ’ I P "“L -w ‘ . J- ~'w- w r‘. . ~— ‘ :. - ~ ’ -—L I . 1"
nanny-um: \ld‘ 0x .3 14:1 (n-1s1s 1,01: .1! lo ‘I ‘. ns’fil g. CuCLf‘w :- 2.; ,s ‘31.,“
v x
‘ - ... D . ,- .,‘ ., ‘ ‘. .. 0 .,~ w -.. ,_,_2 y u 3-. . 5- _ . ..‘I
8;..9-1'7 SiLU cal #0.", Lu?“ +ILC‘ 01.11 01-10 03.3.0.9 “(S 5"- J01}. .1'. 9 13:” J? u (,fh'm _:_e .

L.‘.. +34 J w ., ‘ _ ' ‘ -_ ‘ _y_. C. ‘. 1“.
uva L, riot 9nd 1‘: pC-rceu Lore‘zsc-«l 003522.4'1‘3210113 1n the six;) no 1 f0

.. ‘ “.1”. ‘~- -. s'x- '-!—.. an . i ‘ - - .,-.~. -« .‘v:
.../3“.- c--0m\--d fie PUS;1~1112.(' u; zotmtmn .U swim: u_:_'_.;.e .le ‘17,..0 (14-02"

ror‘ co L' <01; and boom (in-3) Izmir.) 9. direct 001.1739 risen sf five sli-

-‘ ' 15.. .,. W. .v..°-. . .. .. .. ‘...
"'15:; ir ~ totaL IGURI 041404.021 team’s. due on sazmles mmose..vli1g-

1-., ‘1 ”an... . f». n... ,. . : . ; . - 1.1 ,_
wizal eu-glclu..1.m of.“ Law: “a-.. 01218. ;;LJ.S Isis Jase bi) swims 43.9 1..-

diutxtow 1..CF‘14I.\_1~71 8.3:: i301}: 21.1.: to Cli.;.'li‘=;'.“",rj i311" errur‘s (1‘16.- 3‘0 swirling;
‘.’.':‘ilt-; sixth-inf; the errors auc- t; ‘7:- Jlr."i'.1;:')._‘.,s 13911;" cc);.max‘<;el. I’KC res-72711.3
of 5311‘ iglvvsfiffion sing... r1 'b’f'E +7039 1":0‘0 11;) 37";;.‘:7.:-‘§c931i, «.if‘f'orr‘uges
(”*“V‘ ; ‘J‘lc llgefiggh" C-Jff?i(;’70;.“;3 c;“;;":“"'r_~:‘L b: 4110 4.,qu C. )139CJTL’H'
1;:CL...>«1 $113. tiwto SOUUA‘CJ by" ‘e (21-2‘..:;;;i«;; (1:275:10 r-f‘ffi‘io p:‘:>(>r_‘.“_rc. Logan’bsics

A ‘-. ‘I .‘ ‘. -. ‘—-. 3 ~ ",~~ -- .- ... ,1 .. r- . V‘ ._. .‘.!.
‘u l. K'AAL Uta]. Kr Odhllan fly“). ’3 J, 141:1,(11 5.73111 . (/3.L.. C .113 1 O “P ,1, L10-.. I}.

‘J
’11} ~- p ‘ -‘ V. 1 \ '9‘ , nu : W L— — . ‘- §v-. I. ~~ - «
“:9; "‘ 4-1.0 L. l. o; 11.1.1 .221. L'.‘ 3.. “ 7 .‘ TY“ en‘s 1.1;}? 1‘3 .133 1 11:01:43 L...“
1 3 .: ' . 1 ..‘ ,w , a ' 3 “‘fi . W: ~
'hcheLL Lin) 9 19111 LrLapi '19.; .93 Lurlnu, ,L >Ln- 11; o .LLLBJ .-.11 8:11 tn- 1

- - ,1. .. _._ r -_1. .-. ., 0..-- w ._ .- .1. 1,
.0 gl'flLn 1:". sum; 9:.Luu 12.8 47.3.. 13¢. CHIS 19‘1014!;]_ 01w :iU.C.;_.’..9-.C‘L'

b—

..', ..‘-. . -" : ..- . .. a .L‘- V'. .. . 1 J-.. .7
bJFONlb oxide “011d or 1“0 930.9 0. .Lu c-3u1uu“ Bret. -1fleu

'L" 1 w .1..- . .2. L.
._Luxi 4:10 US$11 EDIT-111 l‘r --_|I.lo

~- . .,_- - ....° . ... .\ 1 -.. ., ~- . . L .0
Lu;.*‘9 1 .SonS O f 3.. 1. «J a- “J. tun-'15 of 3991.10. 1: 9U! S' 1‘ h“ To 0 3.111.?) S 7.8
_ '2 L
L" . A Q n ‘: , L', : v ,.‘ r ‘ .' .. L‘ ,, .-’ 1
We 1..:wz4c.9'co 0.431118 pl ..95‘8 of We 1192,11) 7 Dr._mcdm cs: D~‘l"31.0;.19.1 1“; W1 :11

\

tue use of chomlc 0.1u0 .

‘

Variialc rc:c ovrr

1..).

es of chomic oxide from sheep were secured by
Crannton 2.nd L10"J (15) ITLth diffc rent netho$s of Suministra imp 0T th

_‘ ‘.__O OW R 1 . _c_ 0_ [yo . V_, 1 .-.- _ ' __ .
chrumlc OKluO, Lut tLelr resuIJS 1hcheie” that t-e chrumjc oLifie may 1e

-‘ V-l - W.‘ ‘ 0 :-‘° - fl " ..r ."‘:~ I: ~' 0 . ‘. “ .
agelzetelJ used Ln uefezuuulnb fLe dlbosfiu- _fiJ o. a 3400? raflloh, pro-

0
.r'fi

1 .1 . ”0,1 .
VLueu .i.c~ 0.11. Chic 01.3.49 09:1

Le pr euixed'with ground roi:1 in file r9340n,
but Lot wh-u it is Liven senarn*elg as v98 ROCCSCCTJ on em e“.1r017
roug19.e r8*iun. This is shown in +Le following table from.Carpfion and
Lloyd (45) wie;e fLe chromic oxide on tke roughage alone rafion was fed
as a conceLtra+ed pell at (s. ecp land 2) 31d on the raVQEQ a plus grain
ration +39 0 r'mic ovidc vrs mixed wifh the grain (9190p 5 ani 4).

Table 1

'n . ",. P- ° .‘
hecover; hf Chronic L£1.19,

 

Sheon PAtion EGCO'v'cry ( )

 

 

CE erI Mil/...L P01]-9+S 85

H
’r I
k
c.
b
O
...

2 101.9}: a .."3 + 01.; “I Lima poll 6‘: 87
' .— . . fl . . Q . ‘ ~ .- -.‘- -. v:
6 Innigfiip + bzaln + Chlmmflufl 98

9 + grain + C1,? mium 99

 

lFrom CI‘P..-’;_I_’\.Ufl FILL-1 L103}. (’15).

n4-

." l I .v p. ' ‘ . ..-, 1 ‘ .... _ _. ..-, .7 ’ . ,., ..L. "M.: .' L... ., DD: 3 .' .. ‘ ,
1”*3 “a; ?‘*fi1‘111 LA?49 w ‘ V 14¢ u 1” ALI » ca0.. n.92-s .L+”inL

\
a w

L, ..J.

0
-\

-..

«L‘ .
u;

l;- r E: z'ni “oat (l

p—I

Hm?“ cw”) calf/'00 7"11rl +1 t": {b1 1‘ \‘yl": " ('3 ": ‘jn ""‘C’ “."" '
<‘k’ .4 ~1ka . \ '1 v-v 4-..}. VA V -J LLL,I;1;-..(J \,l)....\‘.~..' 'I‘ k. ' .L Jx'ajl

i.’

‘. 1

t’ v '4 ‘ ." o" ‘ 1 L » '..' ‘- ' . ) Mar. -“
‘3 want; rule to fine 1101.52.64 LL; 0111.ka 0-1-310

3’3
.3
1...!
‘3
+
:5
’T
:d
m
F4
O
:3
:1.
O
.-J
y
-:
.;I
‘73
IPJ
{:1
r

‘n " ~’. ‘, -l-" ‘ J— . r ~ : u o ‘ I‘ 1- ‘v I < —.u- -. * - - h. / ‘ \ r’ . p ‘ ‘
unue .uu‘.c lQCUM11 ICUOLfKNLtry(jl9flh-Oilzidl L10 u \2J:'. It 1‘:1 'a-c ,lu
..c .- v u I a. u L
... ‘ 1-~1-~. 4-.-1, '9 ‘ - ‘~ .~ fl- . —., a l I‘-‘ -- ~~ .1 ~ -.‘-
fln plus Cniuhlum {ported .: vr9;fifiun 9L3 Llouu (LE) vu-1; Le CULnrle l

—‘ .. -1- D 1‘... .. ., V ,W .. -.. ‘ ..: ~. 7,, ..- .: 1-
to 4-0 mfituud of leuu1n3 eumln Cu b; h9g6 6+ 91. (103) alt [cums VLJCL 91$

' ., r: . ~. ‘ - 1 -. __-;- v 3.2,“; ..L‘...1 ... .°
L911 (J.) felfi tuff *uL Cafimfllu “Al- 1;u-ut.0r mu Inn “:9 sxr0110r

‘ _. P 'i ’3 . 3 x 1 ‘ o .‘ .~ -" ’ _§ . _o o ' _
to the tUtJL leurl Lolchfilun Luiuul 2-xcc .fi :9 nut 1L

1- - - 4-: - 6 °.. ‘- Yr'"... ._... -n o . - .'.1 1 " .1-.J. D J-” J- " ‘ .~--l-
VJ V2‘19.LuuL 1n th uVlLJ stLgf u; loses wallem. Le nLa.cl --r. “gvuu
4-, c(;. - ~-r—‘-‘ 4-". 1 g .01 nu. w-‘av. . 1.6 '3" 4“ f"‘.’ :-- °:-u- ..r pry-L- 11 (~51:-« n1"
v.-C ~J<v .LiLC U‘U ; "JV ‘J ()VILL'$ L slur. U4 “£IU" .1. _‘ {AL AL‘. -V..k.L -Lfil L. ._.-‘5 1'.'T)‘. (-. UCLI €D-H‘ . ‘L‘oL‘l‘ ~-\' L}

'7 , ,. 5 . .1. ' - .V ' ’v 0 I " I .. _ ‘ . _ ' 4..-.1- ' .~ , .'.‘ . _' . .A. ., ‘... ,' ,4.
( l 2 (.‘LI ..I.C- Lil'u‘Ll d: 1 F) 1,44. Jll T..U ,C-Li'r F. t]. 123-. ‘13 'y’C‘ ' #LJLIJH)‘; C-S J.Tl ()‘ltj CMCl ...;.;CIL“
o . _

‘9’

(1'

fi'ryfi TTS 9

.
J... a.

bad

Cd ap“crdiL. to the ingicafcr JOEHC; . L; £013 +
(OLElRIu. rclsfjJHL'Lctangx'Ego c}awumic oxide FLfi fixz'voyious IsrtriCLis ill
tin“- z‘i’lfiun 921d fears, s; flint F- 'Vf.1‘i»“‘-.".;i0;’l in fewest mirr-ift I on 45“”) suc-
cesuive usjn warld mat eggoct the calcrltted diLCSTiJllfuiCS. Recent
dst: of Lcuc, JCCQLSun and Loure (10;) Slovtd a ijiflti’l 1L fine coLccn~
trst'vn of CLanjc guide in iu€iviguel .cssa as c} feces tirfiu,10vt a 23-
horr period which dues Rafi rqroo ”5E1 Jarl'q (G?) scnuunfiion fikfit tlerc
v93 2 consfifint rclffiiqn letveLn fine Cironic oxide and five VFT1OES con-
stituents in the feces.

Lb or
dine daxs wfls_su.

— . ‘1‘" «1 ‘—.-. - 'v - ' l‘ ' -: - ". - s ‘I " "‘ " v -"v 1‘" '
35:19 r’Jth LIL? hit-u-” iii," ILL-3f 9' (3:15. tili‘flw? 1000.8 COILOL-tlvh 1.11.111 LHUI‘

-,. :3. -. -...°r..n ,r .. . x h,~-J-~
lzu'llwlu‘uf‘l Cc) f8 {3.1.1.1111 a0 (104/8 mile 13f. zC(-{‘.1JC:: '1 PtJ-fihfvt r..- 1011:» of

.' v 4-. . Jun : -'--. - - f» “I »~ I v- F‘ ‘ I 1 .. 1". '\ m.‘ . ‘ ' V' ‘L‘ . \ "
fC'Jd Cu‘lue-LLELLIZJ v.81; “391:1“. VJ. CJ;£lIlu Ct OAILC. J...:C- QVCI CUE: C.‘-CTC VIC/n “'31
‘ -.. ". .'- 1. “L, A _ 1. ., 2" ‘ .. ..' -_..: ‘ ...”, ' ‘l -' Q '2‘
09/ was calculvxcu t; “c 12.61 pr us 01 CLIOLQC pl- 0 .”10H 5 9..u per-
II

1

VL (. 3 '4 ... ...- . a :10“ 1 - _. V‘ _ ' ., - A, -~ _ ”In ,‘ ““9,“
0-3. a. the afloalt CuuSJhOu. olncc t,o -uuhu .ne 1.00%035 L1 c rWum&1

J
‘4
J-

‘
—..L

d

F:

o : :I‘ ‘ 4“ -'- ‘ ‘0 '1' \n
f—---— S—LJ‘LJ L. ‘3 f‘lll‘)1v1;1u (1,;

,
'._---' v 11~~ ,7 " -v- .1--. ..4- . -" 4"“ n-;1 '31 -r - I. W * ‘ ~. "
(‘-L.‘ ‘34 LL LMLL L'JM1\._ bJ 4:. _"I) WC L b0;; u \-I_~_ ,_.C Vii-1.16. ALLOOJ T): J RAJ LtC UL 4:1.‘131t. S TU J (35.1
‘ O V ~ 0 N c

h ' 4' , ‘ I- :- y. ‘ _ ‘n' .

.>"f‘u L.“ ‘C .d " CLLOLLIU C‘ 1 9 _1-\,J.x,fi‘:03' I, UN 0 .49 + e @914) (11‘1“ “At T‘ f‘ 1 LS
”fin ’1 _o _ _,__°.1 - 1 0 _I _ ‘ . fi . 1 3 . . ~ 1,1, , I .-1
.ca utvffi,_u1-lCJ as cue -ct51 incsl coLlOcchun nec.oc. Iu¢v Elsa Con-

“ -..L . ‘ a ‘ _ ..' _- a .0 _ _ ,_ o v 0 ~ 1-
u!.1<,.,c-«l 45.10:; Cl-znr‘nm..cn‘:s T'r-t 111w: cam: 11v. "2:13.11 {pm-u: a '€-l‘-'zc-'1 4:119 faces
- fl .
‘ ’-‘ ' V" ‘L‘. “‘ - J-n «" -. -‘ . - ‘- - ‘
from Cf,“ co; c.ut was CLCl~ 'd aarih; the gem PuJ fuffl file fbccs f,9t

." -. L J.— ‘ .2 ‘ . .. ‘ 1 . _' ‘. ..‘ ~ . ‘ J.— I‘,‘ , n . ‘ . ‘ R: a! . —
I'VE; 0 CAL: (-2 J5"; um-I‘lu 43.0 f0-;.10‘."_ -1“) 111 , 41‘... 3.40 , 1 91;}.(1 t.;€.:' 1.51310: of
’ L, I.’

9n; ni;Li fcccc, ELL '€“c fiat alvrfs Li_Ko" *ur one thaw tuc 0* or r.d
sufivevtcd thfi th nar+ieL tol‘nctlcn a? feces Sfigplrs he done fTrc: Loni
tie cxrtire "cf-chu~L1’fi.

Ch“ (4?, '"1"p1'1;, “A“ 91%; t FLL U‘le \37} 113,J *1 C N‘JWULic 0-3JV‘ rfifw<1
LCCLAifUC Lo s£cdd t1, d' or jlilifiy o; Caro ewe L' ‘0"? .~‘ 05+: fCJ
dried wrasss. .‘fifi’: arms 4:19 2+.“1 “no 1 ccllcv“ an ’rechni we v.9 (:oyn'mc'
wffih file chromium rnfiu feaniqno. RTOg mixn: wifk fhe cancenfir to pur—
ticn of £10 rfifiiuu of lactcfiing 302%», 10?.0, ?9.1, 99.1 9L1 96.0 percent
of the cLlonic cxid; fofl TTS reccvc ed in tle Je"cs in four cxhcriments
with four difjeregt QUPfP. ”he oppfirent digestibility of carote;e by the

094:, V339 Ilcterrilmd b I 4:04:91 001190’312; n in lue‘hr‘lxvlisru crates arid 9.13:) I?"
tLe curoALu rftio techninue. 3; the totul colleciion techpique the di-
cstibilitics of carotene in faur acats mere 68.7, 32.7, c1.8 and

merceut. The CCrrcsnonling di'esfluilitics obtained from the 53:1c feces

saLplefi by tVe chromic ozi&o rptio bcfiLOd ware C7.., 62.9, 61.9 and 59.0

percent.

Eriksscnk C3 ) Comp910d+ufic diLOS"ifln coefficfcnts ohfoinofl Lv +ne
tal fecal collection mcho* in diEanemce trials wifh_mtfiiers with those

calcwlatcd for cows b;r +‘e chrom um rrtio technique 9nd Concluded tuft t 0

total collncticu method have the most r0 Mli m1 r sults.

(O

~—1_. fl ‘ ‘ I ‘. . . . r- . ‘

Loin (50/ repor Ht d twat tgo c-1om1um ratio thhOi of calcul€t1uj the
dluestion 006 “1 W1 of feeds wken using a two dry collection period
gave as accurate coef?icicnts ts tie total 011Cotiun hotbed in a scvcv

i n

‘ 11" - -. fi-‘ ---, ‘fi V ? V : -: \ .r\ .. , . , .
1t c!y pCilUy. “gels 01 31d g-viite (17, cclcdleted Q‘M€9+10n cc—

1‘ ‘ ~ . w. . fl ‘ 1 ' A‘.‘ ~ ~'- I . v- ' .
1-9 CLZ‘JMTUA-l 1.9-th Dl’uCCLJ..C 911:1 1.1uul ' 19 11124-1‘9113 COLS‘AIITF-

.L~. -.- . ‘- 0 '\ _ .‘ . . .- ...‘I a ‘ I _- ‘
U1uu-excrenti rxxflitics orxffixa some sewnles colicQted_sl.+fit-Lf; :11te1vels
fl ‘ ‘ fl ‘ .L‘ . o \ .~;‘ _. _. 3 _' ' o 1 )
iron three Ina-els over 5 p0 r10 of 4a HPQS. iue ewe1cde ULL§V+lun (0-

{J

efficients of the 2 periods were nearly tie strc

-

calowlation. The digestion coeff1cicmts calculated b7 the totel collection

and one chrom.ium zotio techninucs rosoeoiiVCl" 1m e;01‘LP-1‘iiC u9£50r 71.7

. 7 n
GHQ 71. LC

‘ I‘

1ctein, 74.5 ah’ 74.1; etler extract, 7(). l t;d 39.6; nitro en—

'3

free extract, 77.2 93* 76.8; end crude fiber, 53.7 and 52.9. They furtLer
showed that the averere dinestion coefficient was independent of
len th of the collec+ mi n period (two to ten deys) but that the standard

deviation decreased rapidly with increased length of the period.

‘J
-..

 

11 min B: tio Tec:1niqne

LL Nnin as been quite widely stUdied during tize pest few years silce
if it could be established that it is an indiiestible substance, it would
also meet the requirements of being a natural constituent of the plant
material.

Lignin has been reported to be irdig stible by steers (46); by cows
on a mixed feed and by sheep on dried Sudan grass (62); y cows on al-
falfa hay (84); by sheep (83}; by sheen on mixed feeds (1"9); by slecp
on Korefn lCSUedeza hay out it four stames of mrturit L7 (11% by steers
on pasture forage (69); by cows on a rrtion of lealfa silage, corn sileyc
add grain, and also on a ration of elffl If a hfi , corn silage and grPin

(1C5); and by cows fed wheat Stra w (CC).

10

Swift 33.3}! (178) had 16 trials usin. s} eep on mi: {ed retions and

P,“
i.)

1 0

compared the d15estitility coefficients calculated by the lignin ratio
method with the conventional total collection method and found the two to
check very closely and standard errors of t31 digestion coefficients de—
termined by the tuo methods vere of the same 5eeL1er91. ms5nitUde.

Forbes and Garrigus (70) used the 115nin r?tio to fin 2v to stud: the

di5-s tibilitJ of pasture fora5es b; steers and wethers. The evera5e re-

(4‘
y.

covery of 115nin in seven di5estion "531 ‘With steers was 102 :.7 percent.
Comparisons of the dry matter intckes 8nd the digestibiliti
of the dry matter as calculated by the lignin retio m.thcd and the plant
pi;xent ratio - towed extreue V9.rietions in the stuly reported tr Cook rid

ore-e OJHSUmetion as determined b1 the lifnir ratio tech—

- . \
k) . .4- .— . -- .__ ._.; t ‘J .I ;_’. _ - .-

.11

Harris (40).
nique, however, 95reed closely with the calculated dry wetter intaxes
commonly accepted for the various sizes of sheep. In addition, the cel-
culeted di5e stibilitg of the ds; met;er o3 ‘ne use of tfe 115nin rPUio

‘ ‘N‘. .5 u .r-H 1 1 “\ 7 w . 1 V v -<- “ A -= - 1' " ‘ A. -‘.‘ '
tCUuulqhe compared fivozaolj witn the lesults ootr_ntl VJ otLe; lflVCSti-

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‘etors on Similfir fore es. This w“s not trU with all s
for calculations made by t.e plant 915me1t ratio technique.

Ellis Latronc 9nd Lfiynnrd (52} determined di5estibility coefficients
by the conventional total J9ecnl collection technique and also 1y the 115nin
ratio technique usin; various rations with cows, rethits end sheen. 1ney
secured very close cFecks oetween the t"0'methuds for di5ostihility of the
dry matter and the other feed constituent.. They further showed very
small dailj Virications in the liJ in content of feces from three sheep
fed timothy hay, which would mfke tb e sno~,-ned collection period of the
pzrtinl fecal collection techniqve sntisi‘: cto-r J.

~- ‘ 1‘: .. . ..-_ 1.1. ' ”5' H 1 _
ncle, D"UCH;1 and LUlfmaJ (94) pionosed test 1: “1n be deed so an

indicator for tie study of oi estibilit? in the romen SiiC9 lijiin did

- A

1. _. .- . :. " , . . 1 . .
.e 9pe1eoleo15 cl osted in ,me ruuen even tl'ou'l totel

-‘nlltf cf li 21i11 rnn3in5

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from no etive values to £9 heroent vere renerted L; Furres end Swift

4 I \ O : .
orLCs and Gerri us (70/ repoz rted 9. totel of 70 5r9z1xg 913 to th

‘ O

steers end wethers usimg the li51in ratio teoLuique and conducted heri Clo

t'lels in l‘ ostion stells using out forflJe and tot° l Fecal collections
to conFiRm tie reliabilitg of the li5rin retio tezlnique. Tue e.vele o

. , ._ h o 0 _‘ . o _ _ '._ ‘- .9 . L.‘ ~ I r .,
leoowezy o1 llinn from Steels fed 1A tte dig“? iwn stalls “”3 103 + 5'8

percent, 9nd from lambs the evnrs5o recove1; vms 111 + 8.7 percent. lhey

$.10

' ' .. ,‘ 3. .\ ,.
nycsr1 stem +.: not.<vnl cou-

(J

did not present data, ELt steted that they
tert of he fore5e lignin Rid the Faces lignin tut co ld not accouLt For
the Slinhtly hj_gl leg everics ctual gdnhfpl.)nq of the di5eotibili+j

coefficients theinod be tie CCHVGflinu?1 metILQd e.nd tie licuin rrtio

~- - r. - -s . ~ 1 .-’ 1 - . V‘- -Q1 1' -q'-\: ..Au "1 , ‘ v.- \v
method age mode In e ltter newer o» :o1oes 91d :011l5ys (Ii) fro vely
.. ll

500d 9,:eearr t betvern tie two methods ere evident. Di notion coef1ioionts
obtained for li5uin b5 tVO totel collection t obniquo were low extent for
hi5}1 1ab°tlve cor “"icients in four trielt Witfi "ttfiers rdlei W “h mod
eLevioi5o.

Lfirthfill (11¢) used tfic li5uiu ratio metKC' to studj the diJC stibilit:

, .r‘ _ , q ‘. T . . . ,‘ _ .1 ‘- ,1 . | . U. -4 ‘4. Wu? ‘. .‘
oi -QutUSQLS of uaJ in v9-1nus a can o1 t1e digestive t1eco of tnO Sdnbpo

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lepln lsulrtnu LAOJ Lori on Jlel.el an .9 n0 nnrgngv 0; lbs WP u»t a?
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a&uch.ues when “rontnd $¢Zn nlfiLOUOvzeuo in 913°11, 0L” 1“ “LL 1901 “01
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flank, pug no ciaggz *4 fine he.uule CULfnmfi o; ¢1szn 16019 ml 110A 166,8
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Es Cumnnreq to +H?L 18u19+9d £13m lur°.o\. ~4ruce film 69.1;Qu8 kzl) Au nu
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. o ..1 .. 1 A-” n 1 . .1 ° m° n -..L
co flaunt o;.<3r4uo 1J.'le 8.51 neat :fe» 11‘”: +5“ (vuxww 119.311'n rvr*.v?go UJL
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the ssrtbntlun t45fi #MG EJLIUUQQOVS r991guo as a nr +91“. Lwfl lehblhfll
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Jr‘ycr (TC) prcpfizzni libnixs fret... 8. z:.:;..l:€=r 75‘ Emma]- LII‘Psms 12:1“- lemmas

1“,. n,1.,._‘.,+: ,°4_~ i-fi.._;. .1~. L - .. - V - .‘v ..

uJ ,4-.k.~4. . L. “.03 7f?! -1. U.l.LJ .0. 1..Ln.€t11. 1-10. TWI‘CTJQL ‘34‘410-..° Ltt§1+°1ufld .22 LI‘CkPJ
'.':1-.ich Lmj’ Bolt yrs 1134.: due +0 cl)1;"C-'1_...i:._r.'3+i)2: ‘."'_"_’c‘;‘. prrxtoins, 1711‘: 900.331 tn
‘9 a cL€rgcterisfiig oumhono;* of th: lifiuin Mulrsulu 1+301f. The; halievcd
thfit +Le cuusfn a; a? +Lc gifraQfla ugp+nwfi 35 +L¢ir 1i;nin nrcpérFL1Qns
frun €20 s"g£ 015L+ Lnfiosinl it my snur*iun ex*r¢m%inns s nnurfol +‘nir
uniniin. TLn; 913w rLgchd mficf of Is rrwfnin fr?» +Lo plant u9+fi?i?l

L tre 9431,1214: ”1*th xerur -“'i1'.:*':o Ssnlitzgf; 311117313. 7.0 or 1,33 43 ..‘3 9.04-5.03 of ncvwoin
in $11214”) }.v\1rOQ.113LiU uni} .J"_f-’7“O e"+“°v+“;‘ ' 43‘ fl 1'1 ‘ it 9: L- .011: 1 'F.€‘"3
fidc 1*udiA from plrnis V7~94 +-v"9 wr’ligirqr; £VOCHNFTTQ slu"r1 “*rr-v -
mqtclj fihe same nitrndbn COL*OL; es tLQfi Drum @193: xfifiori“1 ”fich did not
rQCQiJ? it. D: "a; 9L1 g9 evr (5;) L'Jrol'gni 11 ”*v rflpfru*iogr flow

a 3°h‘12 q? Luli_m ne“onkn “4+U Pfirfifig 93&4u~ huar“lg-° ”'l ”’+“""“”‘d

45.3.“- bursosi u f‘ ‘3 \.1','n"mr!: (~31 “90+: ‘9 J C 9'. crlc‘L."'+t‘n‘ *2 H ty:-l..i“.°-
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11.0% p1":':1‘.i.iousr 8-5.1 CDEHLJ‘L’NL '21 One 1"; _;‘:;'e<~. "'1 +1 +ic Lin-MVP”; :wa “Fr:
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for tTthprLLS Lin“kol Fnlv in file afiso 0? 15_Lin n:cnared 9cucrdinU f0
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t1°‘.«‘p+op‘:;9:1€-;. 21.909 rcS‘.;_.‘-:s 103C; wrap-7);": +0 Fm- (:0.].c‘3.1:..*':ixm a? prntein
equivvlen‘: 37);.1 +31". nifiro In resiévris 71:1 +3.9 15. train. Titans: "hi “Psalm":l‘mLL
(179') cazjrwreal. +3.1: '..':I‘mfi: 9:1{1 {Talia-'3 ( 79:, Cr“ ‘hfi'rr': 0nd LJWV-‘rwrd ('25),
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of ”"c\ ‘~x«l*n +fo ~ .n v« “. + ”1.nw-. .-~ m~ - ,-. A ~
“ML . thh, .V .L 199 :u_,.w no (11:, s LJ.4-1r, 9L1L. ;J47 11";fi”1.;;P].JS
03%Ciufid wjfh £30 xcfhfil O7 Ellis, Lntycxe 0 d -9;£'rd “fird 9n rnriflfilr
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hihLe: +Ta» +In¢n of +10 gt+L.d o? ;“Fu93 n d {o 7iuc. “TO‘ 9 nroficin
murzeLLiga 59;%‘r Wis UCPG +'n réfi11£p a? + c ¥wu iéLL ‘2 Th3? 024“"?"710.
glduns ab; 3r ¢fT3T¥ (179) erf‘nr sVaxrfl +L’+ 9L4} I J:~1;33¥62 Tran
urtfie liULin iST1ff<3 ffgm nlnnfi roforifll 9~l ffffl ?rcr9 CLufiCier F‘ifii—
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fio€r, “9 a (0LEfiX9Li x 3? +thr, fsr +L0 calculsfiigg n? fgrn o divcsfibil-
*fiu. EL: firinLipel c "a +°dn “C ffi‘q +9nkrififn Jur nns+"”n Si 'sfikilif:

sfivdiLs is tLafi if elimihe+os a lflrje nort 0? +39 nPs+ “e s°mhlinfi error.

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in tkc L&:0Llfl+iuf a? food 45%910 or (ides*{hili*f c? ”09*fi39 bv +70 ni+:g-
503 023*cufi fi;d 8%111 secure éffifififif 9~r~rpcg #301 me; be a%fininod T;
otLCLnfs to earple +Lc prszcd forQQQ.

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of the 930““t of pratnin in tke ford e. nofifi Fbrhes \C?) 91d Blaxte; and

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The hrs 95 15L: réfias fur +IL cvluulfi*iug a? diUFGtiLilitL'of f‘a7s

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‘50.], S DIV/T303104 1;) f DC; “01.“, < 1.1) Q Md L ‘I..L_f_{.l fk) 99 w: 2.1.“: £.(, ... )1. 1.1)]: \ 01 119.111

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Q1 Q§t_b;$l‘: 01 fag nrrtn4a o tvldcd if file ar'“ TPTUU +ergniovn to En

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v .‘ ....- O‘. ...-I,

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~+f£lbmf01 tLlS to lLCuhpthO reucver; 0P fifle are“ ogfnr nPSSifia farcush

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tuO «wfifih '19 fragt. ..-.-57..L‘.177 9.1-a1 guitlman \120) :80 iron Pm Stalin? rf'fios

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Ln Bu “(‘0011-.m--. Int; 399111;» PM “0 +7.!) (3.0+n..".:.1;'.e 437‘s: r; 0.94:1?

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it‘lity for tln Dro+ein cf +Le r9*inns fad aJreed very closely wifh there

a “ . - 1 . ‘, not. _ . L “_.‘ -.- _ ‘ _‘ 1 § 1“ .r . _ " _
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Vtror Eng

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my. Fun \102, 1U:) CC]i1T‘§‘.I".L my? 11%;. rr‘tlm t0(;_1.1';,;mie 17:... L 41:2 $4.91’1._19.l“¢

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“-9 vl‘d'j 4.41 S g): (AA ”‘3 8.7101? 91-! ‘0! L1'.‘.€....u S I";+.-Jl 17 s- eon, 1193-...k‘, +.C‘ 1Ln,4.-.14_1 '0’]. :1“le
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ban. “0.1.43 ()L 4:40 .Le( (L3. ‘31“ 1 ICE. LC _Lh¢;‘\.,.e 1.4;; to '79 S..C‘1_?U “V" a. 1\,-'L L .'. ()1H 5. 1‘0-

‘

Lentiou for tie 14-iflv Dfififlu Hf ovnr 20 merceht of ¥Hc 1ron inhesVed to
an iron recovery in the feces of CV”? 40 mercenfi in excess 01 'LC+ ieréficd.

.L‘n,

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In 51x cases, lag“ llun wts exprctel tgan in euuea nu; n

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11231; 13:93 excreted +7.49); 1.1909430!” {.12 lCu +9.1 ’t'.‘ bu--i,l..ln,,8 4' t he 11 J11

: . ,“ . ° ‘ , , .. 31..- : 4.7 -».- : r _ 7?. fl-.‘ _-.. 1 r,
rFtLU tebuhlghe w99 rot ausntablc Lur use wkp_ ;uminawt8. gutiuvu ”59)

w o 1 ‘ r. n u o _ .0 . a ‘ ‘ _ ' _ .. _._ ' -_.1 0 LU» . .|___- .1
stuuleg tLe rttn o; 4¢63510u 14 tLe zumeu b; dSiub 1&0 llvd LPJLQ topm-
nicue Qgi beligvoi tlst ifi served as a hood indiuxtor Bar sfiudfiing #20
rate or deostiqn. Lila, Lunu9n end guffnan \94) studied fihe runen di—

‘

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684.1011 0; slfahfi. $92.7 4: +2.20 1.1.0:: 3;, ll‘ms. 1‘1" ,108 9nd :nJuml. -..sO 1“???“
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S vae C;SO SCCJBOH u» u axe 9M4 JLlLUCA (F?) ubkflhfig IC—

c¢v0rios of th iron oxide were very 13w.

17

Holler, Breedlovo and likely (90) used the normal iron content of a
ration as the indicator substance for determining the digestibility of

rations for rate.

Silica Ratio Techni que

 

1'he silica ratio technique for the determination of digestibility
of feeds has utilised both tho naturally-contained silica and also
added amounts of silica.

Gallup (77) used tho silica ratio technique with rats on a diet con-
taining one percent of added silica and secured results which checked
closely with those obtained by standard methods. Gallup and Kuhlnan (80)
used cows on a ration which contained approximately three percent of
naturally-occurring silica and 0.6 percent of added iron oxide and secured
rosults which indicated that the silica naturally contained in the feed
was superior to iron oxide as an indicator substance in digestion trials.
a later trial with mung bean silage was conducted by Gallup and Kuhlnan
(81). This mung bean silage contained approximately 20 percent of silica
which was more than six times the concentration previously used. 'l'hey
found the silica ratio technique unsatisfactory because the ratio of food
constituent to silica ratio of the feed varied from day to day. The ratio
of feces constituents to silica content showed such wide variations during
a 24-hour period that random sampling of the feces was not justifiable.
lhile they did not deternino the cause of tbse variations, they postulated
that they could be due to an uneven distribution of the silica in the feed
and also to stratification and loss of silica in its passage through tin
intestinal tract. Gallup, Hobbs and Briggs (79) made a study of a series
of rations using steers and sheep for comparison of the silica ratio tech-
nique with the standard nethod and for calculation of silica recovery. The
recovery of ingested silica was practically quantitative when the steers
wore in stanchions and the feces collected seminanually. When the steers

18

wcre in dry lot and tLe feces collected in canvas sacks, the average ex-
cretion of focal silica excccicd the calculated intake by about 1U percent.
”hen the steers were on costure, fecal silica excretion was as p rcent

her flan the calculated ir;
t3 the grazinp aninals. in th shrew trials in rotabolfisn crc+es, fecal
sflica content svcrcécl 107 percent of tie calculated irt"kc. Th“; felt

J—‘.. . ‘» .' -. . . 1 1‘ ‘c . l 3 . . . .. ' ..
cast COHEOhILatLJr 00cm rod wv-n the feces wore QJhCnec to bflrh dust during

Liqrc is adantfiblo t, digestiju +rinls w t“ stocrs P"i s'0 n 1? t‘n ra-
COVGBJ of silica is rossunnbly clcre tn 1WU ncrccrt. Lxfirs precauthHS
Ore atjflrnntly necessary in usinf the silica r¢tio incbnicue tn loan con-

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! I‘ - g - -‘ J-a'r mt' - ' Q ku ‘ ' n Q . ' f "F. .- '.

Veltlfibal tut l collection m chad. -lnd Ible 39919 cl ccltfiin ocJuctisns
‘a .2 ' .r..!..' . .L‘ .-.~ .~. - ,-:.. s ‘ ..-. .. .. - x

to the sili~9 10410 ac,nmu, SmCM as t c v*119.lun in t.e chUXClQ Values

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1: Licl‘; 959 fully z‘c(3.~n.-'c;'s.l:1c in tic Towns 13‘s tic Sim) Q'.1‘v’flif9.‘|€3 F’s ot‘r-cr
LgfiuhgllJ-UQChfIiJJ Eccd c astituents in thst, is siditio: to dctcvuinin;
the divertiLiliL' cf +.n fool s,aJicc, Llc; "i1 81%: W‘rnit tn indirect
hCOSurCQCMt of tlu questitg of pasturc Ecrlagc cumstmcd by r9211; ”himdlg.
ILC first rcLHrt of an indi;fififiihlo plant pi newt or grcun of “5 m uts
was mrde by hcifi st 91. (luF, 153) usinfi -fi ncrcc t a stone cs tlc sclvcnt
V ”— — 3 ‘.
for extrfctinb tlc FlJMCHt or piQLCLtS frum the 90d 9vd feces. th.
Lethcd v;ll he referred t3 as tlc plagt pignipt ratio toaniquc. Latin?-

' 4 ‘_ ’- '. I . '. . _ O ‘ O ...- Q '
tlchs of tug ounccstrsticn of ulnnt n1 Lent nrcscrt 1n the ?F percent

.. + 1 y+‘ .+ . +1 n A w * u . « hr‘ 0 ‘ -----
sceiuhe eiozccss cf s.c iccu 9nd inccs a- e huUO ircm tge fmuunL Of li¢ht
I '1 . ‘ ‘ ‘. Q‘L' V: aw' 'wr- ' ' -. . ‘ .
abSmrlGu cg tyc ulchCu eitiicts at 408 Mllllhicrflhs V??? leuptu nainr a
k.)

Ecckmann poctrsphctcnnter.

Tic rcccverg of tie extrncted plant pifinents in the feces were very
close to 100 perceat in all of tac uc+n~~sls s tuJ_icd 93d tie calculated
di~ostion coefficients 1rcm tgc plant pidmcnt revise slnwbd excellent

. .A, .:+~ 1“ ,,1-.. r . . ,~ . - a z w
aQICCMQut Viv” too Go“ estlunnl tutsl ftccl callcnii u; tOCuHWQLC. Cou-

.' ya .. - i 1 u ' 1 H J I H r~aw h. 1 ~- ~-~ J , —
paliscus atrc nccc bc .0911 flelu-CMICQ is”, viva-Cuzcl “9;, OVCh-urlcd
v ... 1.. - ., .9 ° 2' . «1 ,-.., w ,- . .‘ ‘1 . .-

Lads Hay-czun Sll?h93 lfiuino LlUicr lfi;, "nu t_zcc stc as of nas31"c

e o f . / n‘ I e - O
1110 hclu oi 9-. \lfic) did nut retort on tho i;:c tLtf of the pi want

or pigments tuat taro rtspcusiblc for tic liwfit obscrttiou at $0? nilli

W‘cr0;,, fifiej felt tiff one Substnfice VTs lsr C17 rCfifiUTRih-O for the

SESurption chfrvcc.

.’ ',,' 1 .L '1 "“ ° 1*: ‘ 1, __~, I _ ,1 ' g .. _ - ‘1
mcCullou a, “1110: 9nd ;?st13 (l?;‘ u'v~ MKJQ Pptlic9tion cf the

(3

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filafib v1 went lEth technique dasc-1u€d by hand ct 91. (15C) fur siud iv
a o- ...4 C U

1_ .__ '1 ‘ J 0‘ 1 _e e - e 1 - 0 __ _ _-
tue SCQSJNUL cscnbes in the d; cstllilltv of t-c dry matter and nrctcin

s.) v 4.
An e I" ‘A‘ .1...‘ ‘1 1 -= ‘. a... \ ‘ ‘1‘~.""‘ q ‘ "‘ x I, “"-‘ ‘ J‘
U1 Enact;1e 14:. alt! gleCfCCLXVAtJ V9131Aig siiku1c 01 [Axscgszc “Juic.c, In.c

did not a 9 cnmnfirison with 933 cthcr method of dctcrultini digeshiLil~

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TCQC9.I‘C.1 c011; ”“l’j'i’”. 9?:(1 Tll"(.:-UUSQ‘1 PVT-‘4' 471%” pip-a 43 TN "17101: .1 I“ {.10 91‘? yam °1k11d
4. .A. .. ‘

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rcnlacc the li fill r9t10 technique. Cock and :9rr1. K4“; mfc“ 9 direfif
“.1 ‘ O A ‘1 O "H : _ O «R a 1-1, r‘ . 1 a- ‘ O \_V_ _ ". -.. ‘ 1,. o .‘ J.“ -\ ,
CumUfiilSun cf the 71.~~n rfltlv “LLJvd 54L tic nlcut nljucs; 1f-10 L9-Juw

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{43.1.1313 chCIl xm+LrJl SHOUT.) £"JI‘OZCJL U11 J .Lu'.) J.I)L.n.y0 ST‘C‘CZ‘S 1'] 71L)?ts..'!‘S‘L"}I“'l

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Y = plf‘ht ti._;.".1‘t -;;‘,:r*:o‘1":. rm:- 11:15}: 31‘ fig." 1:.9"<".:nr c." m, cw,» : ;")_“"f 5 v.
I = nlnnt p*v.nflL ch‘fizt hr? u-ifi a? F¢n91 fir“ g9%*o .
Q.silr*47tfi fie d5f”WJ;;1firs °;uufi7n+€rnd .1.H"xuflu;: s” fili; IV"‘uT
Inga-9 +35% 19 Cugfi¢""?10 fa +Kfifi :cfufillt rrzol 3' ‘76 “diLP‘ fiLis
~J . y 1... .1 ",
“Lifted 91.31;“ off“? 9-; 0--;cnllc~“+ whims of c1359“: ‘1-” 9.. 1"‘rm-c'c-c »’:¢t",..;c (win.—
centratlun of plinf piumcnh in +50 fart”? UULST,uu 914:13 53 "L91yulw¢
the feces up} 93“ 13149- ..I.e eerI‘PtiJr. hid C”? "3-. (157, 17") 1mm,- 9157'.)
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f. ‘r-.0 V a n V r. 1 ‘. ' ‘ 7
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\.. gLT‘ S {’L (111‘ O ! L - ‘\—.L T)! l 11", I‘.' .L L ’,|- \a|L\- J (.4 Kit: 9 ()1 S if, h ‘11.) ‘.l ..“AA \IA L: r.C
C' ‘ ' \‘(-r\ O D ~r‘. (‘ 1 f‘. 3|“ V‘ ‘52} 1‘ 1 :- ‘- ~ .~ 1 {i , .~\ - f‘ -: 1--. ~-~ - n . . ‘ '1'“ (W -.-\ - .' 1 1 h ‘
\.(.Js4L J90 ~- I . .L‘q u . ‘ v 41 v‘xA. b..L.LJ (.3 11. -J ..‘.';~-'Ju..'v.._ .'-J.. ..-? u~_.”.u.il QIU.‘ " I) \.-._L- I
...,n 3...”... 4. ’-’_A7\ ‘r. - ._.,- Ov'- ‘ n,.:.~‘.‘.__(.‘ ".n- .2: ....-o.-1:.;__- .- . , . ..Ltw
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v'. -‘....C 1-./... LAD .C‘;::1.L‘? luv}? ,. r I“. u 9 '3~¢f‘-.--_._.. J Y":-.).,{"u1"."'7 JAV'VL 12‘3““
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DL‘J. v... J.L€‘1 “-4.1, ...L )..'...H 1 (1‘))" 1 37) 64-; r. 4--.C‘ k; 1"I'J.C .L A “(~ A. f: “‘1' 3.1.‘3 '- ".’"q C) '..
, x 0 ' . ._ VV ,1 ° _ _l_ '. ' ‘ _ _ . _L _ Ch _‘ 5 .
l v - 'V -\ A n . 1 s n - 4- ‘- ‘0 1(34" I -. ‘L ‘
J“ 1U 1"; L’."..“ 5"; n+il-.-fi ( . "l ‘J ““4. -Lxl'l C‘-1-L 1 :‘qi‘l I’.‘ (A: " A. ’1‘ 7‘. ...- \I C'('1 RIC. ' N. -) l CrLt .el
. 1‘. . .. '1: .. r... ~,.4_ ... .2 ..1 - ‘.: U ,. *.~.4_-.. ...‘.I..3-.:.. ‘ -
Lb'L'LLX'hJSC ("k Lfii.yu.i.ll mm) ‘--L- ~AC‘LJ.....L'UU- "J ‘*v'~(: 1 r: 1. Ltd. a u'. L L). l L'a—AJJ-A' L. “’
h . a - ‘ ‘l a ,1\ a - fl 1 3 ‘ 3 1_' .r ' H ‘ —. ‘ . J j
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U1 ‘ .L‘h v.11}. ..I“) ...q‘: .'l 1‘“ (”IV), -‘u _, ‘7— ' '_ - -1 ‘ “-43... _ \"...‘ 1‘. a) .-.-.1...'. :5 f.‘
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C‘ O I. 0 '. .I ‘ ~ _ ‘ ._ v V ' ' ‘ )‘ ~~r ‘r 6
+329”; Jul '93. Lag-.." +-. C J... “S . "4.14... ' U + .n ". .1. ‘ ._.". CC;UU.1 -. .. 0.)
V 'J L’ 0/ ’
.1 4- L— 1° ....1.° .. ..2 2 ‘-~.._;_ h. .2 -- I: ‘ - t‘r~..- U n4- 0 4.‘ .
MC ‘y‘h' (ll-1:1 L" (4.1 r: s? .4: -)'| ‘r 4..- (i .‘_ ._..-C 5".‘3'1. , -. q 11“, A4 - .él ‘ l ‘-" - V '0- "A'C
U k.) k.)
. -- ‘ r'.’ - a 3 n~- -— - .-.. ‘ r '3 n j ~- J- J-~ -,. ’c‘ . - r ~v — J—« .
(’1‘4110 J :‘ Jr‘l‘ (E A L... 0 yr. IL 1 n 1—‘ lr‘L ’ 'LLQ. (I .LO') f--(.‘ -I-An; e 4,}-‘-'v' [~10 " k?‘ ' '~ V‘- l
... ».-- . n 1.: . . . : . .t-‘ 'u.-. 1 . .* ‘ .1 . .v. N 4: : . In.
n '1‘ .b'.).~.. . 1-1,. {..J J.-‘.. -.'..L.il Ff}. . 29d. _.'._.'. ‘ .-- - “7&1; -.' 9 CS; W‘J.‘ HA7 :- - t." u. F41 .Lq 113.: v
L . ‘J
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L": 1L3- .LAL .....‘3 (v' wJC Lita/5.1:.
.' ’1orr\ - ".1. ,‘ -" “-2 92-:1.‘1:4. - -,J‘-"':.,.'.n-J- 1‘. ~. .19 (“1‘40
!.'J\)\4_‘l ll \_~‘- . I 1 Ch~f gtC-‘L‘. ‘..;.C K‘J. I.) '.‘s.| J .‘_i. A." ‘_,-._!\. __'_ _;_ I... . AL‘I ill ', -C \‘o‘ k« 4..,
f" ‘ —. . ... . 1 A, ,~ ~ n A r7 ' r " -"'- 4- D -- 4- (.-L 4-1
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I — I Q ~ c ‘
. .L (‘I 1. . ' . P,‘ - - . 1. f '9 r' .4 1 f ‘ . a . ~-‘ 4.. .—- ._ J—
r- r $9 -. f: ...?‘cJIl‘E. $1.0. V...’ 1““1‘11‘.‘ .. L... “SHEA K-» . "‘7‘ 1 m“. \ -. . ‘9
U A.

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,er cununflt u; “so 19,1.

v.1" a . -... -'- J. r 1 .'.' . ‘ ° ,. .L": ‘ v.. ,. . an: ,.- u A 4- .. "3 -" '-
.LJ..~(.1 bgl. f.‘ IL; duh). I--C C¢.‘-UOS a! liq“ i.h)-’- :.(5JCLL~S 0' r-.'I.i\..ér JCS. iJ-J-v'ils V1.9

A \ ‘ fl .' ‘ 1 .‘ ‘ _ L-. ‘ ‘ Q L1 I. ‘1 I P
\53, has Csihhlat-i fo‘mulfis LJF Qfiurmutluf 1.2 ChZJUu CFULValCNt uf

' 1 1 " -‘ ’- I (‘fi (I. I - .-’ .1 . ‘ ~\-‘ 1 «-,-- .
f‘l f9u..o.-.:.L.-. Hub (.1) £0111.“ 8. (.JJLO COLLOLC. .- L211

LC‘THeazl tic: CfLAlO lifbcz' cpxlte.fi: “4‘ filkaé-‘x/Lli‘zr. -3211. .E' S 91ml Sl-"p°a
tic relviiun between ]i min cuntent agd &i¢es+lb;‘if" segucl more n rhea
than thWOuH crude filer and diLCFfiiLilifig.

Lellsworth (9U) used the publislnd rcsu ts of igccfiiLility trials
L; of er Turknrs +u slaw a ling' rclfiti n lctreen t7o rchCgfrgc of oruio
fiber znd tnn digestibi;i,J of fihc ur “mic LCtLCT WT feeding snuffr. fl

li1_c':.r Misti-3:1 was also eshzblislei 1.;r:*.L.7.-'9c~rw tie S'*':‘:*ci. C"_uii9.7(.‘1'.t of” r??—
knre Lfirbflge ELd tho crch '1er cc tenh. The relafiio; hoitcru stare r-
quiv‘lcnt apd cruie ‘iler fur fi Tide r2; 3 cf bacfi.re aficcics 'Td F1L€r
Cghfcgts could f0 expressed bf tic SQUCpion, Stirch fituivalcnt = 73.5C -
0.3”1, WLQre

K = th porccm“age of crufie Titer.

bimilff results v9“c rcnvrtcfi E; Lr-rl ($9, 100} usix; file r¢sv1ts of
nrcviogslj c,‘duvcrd dipCC¥3Gh trial: fa nogngro fTe Tibfir c;r+e t Hf
Lays with file diwcctibilitics. Ln fqumd “ na_afiivc corrolstiou Lctwoan
tTc Evicr conic.“ Sufi flc Si efltjtilitioc Pf + c 1330. 44019311 (11, 1r,

23.11.4153‘511111117" o 13.731311-111 (17, 1.1) ': 1.2!T7'?1’."; 53:? 'If‘-',"_ 9511.111 7.“? :j}j'. ...9“'?.'- .31

t1"? 7.18 Uictlc in (III'I‘Cl‘Qd'CL ”iris 47‘ 47.: ’3 '..‘U-‘_._.1 ‘-.'..‘.1 «.-.;jh'fi ‘17 1.1:;- 13" 964"" 31" ‘7
- U _ - v

3'0"- 3?’ " 2:53 01' 83190 b‘z'u'min, 0501' c--";. ."3, .LLTE'JJ-ILTL --'."1":e of, 1:". To

1""714“; " J 11".".‘. "C; 1 "'4‘""' "‘1' 4" :2 --,-- ‘r- “-“w ' V—n '- " “a - .- ?-'- - f‘

- I . . .. k' ..a.._«./ J. .-~. ..L (J. 'u'Lv _J .I. u- I (:"" . ; U L .1 ...1 “LL”, .«tl’? u C! ()J.
913.123, 1: -u'C., 91.”: ;'—':..'L_.-,':Z.J 1 T'A’tzzfds‘ "1.1.. 'T;_T_.;-:.II,TJ 3:1 ‘11"): :1, ’7". 3.19.. ,0
as ‘1';‘. It? cry?) 35.1.1"? (1' frat iii-“1.1“ .C‘Cd the .11.. 7°" 13.”. 3.11%.; of.‘ 91.1 {'39
111?.‘C-1‘ic71o9, tlmt of 451.1; ~1‘._,~'«--.*.'.' .' "*7. A“: u'«..»'v’-=‘°';.. ”L2"! 0.7]. fix 011:1; Increame
..f 011; “'rcm ‘1': i351 urai (: I‘i‘r‘: \3.-_'*_.r2: -':..

Isrfifcld“: 6’5 1.21. (172} 31.1w" ,1 ratcfi t1; CI-."..1~L; off 1:: 1;..-“ 00131 1.1.”,
pig-:1t-dsff'13 Furl 34."..1110 film." m1 do x'3'2.;;'-r~7"'773117:; (.117 432.; my huf'C'EFI‘ an“ the
1"?{71911 5.;d I'J'J. 1:1 '51": art-.10 .1777 ”1‘ {5.2-S as ("J-1'20. ' «0319191131 ;.':.":71 dfdcs‘zjii].
it"- c:£‘ 1%! c 31‘“; ...:cth: 9-; 4:.‘c c... '3 Et1;.;1;":<: ..‘3147701. I; 11 ...-.1, c: 1—
1.12% "I :1 1‘04. r". .3 it'r‘r" tlfi‘t" 3.1.11 s7nr‘.‘?"fcl,_" 5' 1.7:. '71'...c"_;.' '1'. is"? .'L..f‘1 .r:;.::e
Iran the li 637;: 1111' (:93. 7"-‘“¢‘ 7: ' h 17*?9‘1 :0 .’_) "It :17. ":f‘."'_1.'_1’.'7:r

. g u. u . L1 ’ .4 11
if tip. 1:1, ..."":'.“1' it“: 'f".‘w..-[; t; 11 «.w ".14.; Cr. ~11-“ "in“; fruit/1‘2. “1:110 12:". of
113,328.;211 t ".1.”'._L‘7':Q.«_.r"1';r13 320-1 (..L' 1": 57.7.1 '3 Nu-»

11:1": 5.: Cm. Edi?“ 11;.- C :7 " u: ’51}: "r.- "f": ....- "71...: (h- 13.”). ’7 >;" '11"?
die": vm'ic. . "it. if.” W-m"- :r: ...? PE .-.-"3, J50. "iv “v 1':*':.'.1_'z. I‘m}. " ‘ of: 1‘
C..'~i-.1‘u.-;. --‘7'. frilhrfi. 1;:-:cls.:-.r (7’, i“, 13‘ 1-"3 h,.'-,T‘-i*¥m}. L1”: 0 (“07‘4” 5.1:
)*.1. la'v'cl .1." .-""-...’.1‘ 1., 20.5.01 3;; 9. *‘-"'.;'_<'1-.:'L.° Ti: "..'.'2.'_.!‘ is ‘2‘.) LC 1.1'ii.:1_';2.f
-crt 1751919 fig. ..0 ‘LClifiz‘wf {'119 (3741'. 22.: lax-"Cl 13.2" (:r‘ 17¢ fi‘mz‘ ’: 1.. 1.3.-
{1"CC . 1° to *3 p": “011" “ .17. 71.1.1.4” OJ: t1“: 1:1 (1:1 ‘;.-'T":_17.ll;‘_'tr 451‘...an oz‘o
v<1ucs cro _L£ fined L; difgcrcuc , fit in Q’sirab10 k‘nt 10% fib¢ b9991 9;?
4.31.0 Sufi»? <,;;.e...*:°.r' ‘TfLQns 6;)-..1‘“ .-1 “131.9 ft“ 1. 2.10% tr: 0. n1‘:1".n"1 9512:}. f‘ilmu
Axclssan (17) h:s also oknorad %Le relfi‘Lve Ohilltics of fhe pi , harse,
c...t'1;le 9:1”. S..een 41-3 51...;053’5 ‘51:: 0113521313 3.;n'b’ser HP :11: “‘34:: 01 Ed sf'r.)‘.'7°.rl 11‘ "‘3
With $7-9? flnu cqfiblc the djqcutibili+y féll as fi‘fi 35.79 3130“ igc‘nnsed

idl J‘c dictu :fLa r:]13t*In Ifi"w~?ei *Cc:tii;¢r%fi?gili+y of‘. 19 or f“;ic :;I.+<p

:;;1 tie (Jb: -1.” GI ‘JYU.{3 filcc‘ i::*? 9 rfiifi_r1 fif’tuffill’ '141 SIGCT‘ is CIJt L

in {33.9 Gaufi .1911, .L ' pIOQ. — 0.03.1, "'1ICL"? i if: 4C“;- _-,.»;"»";..’-1'11i"3b_5 1-)? ff."

org, 4-1L: glib-3: ”ml X. i: be '9er:: $9,}.- «.).‘I‘_ .zraI‘I. 9.1L"? "3; “3:70 Calf ...
Ifirdfcldfi “f ”L. (l~1} cwxfucucd a ecdwg~ cxficriuznfi Vifil fiiPCereyt

._.... .. .

le=cls of cruic fiLLr in file r‘fiun of dTir= COTS. L¥L¢r cuLfiUNC'fig 0? Ike

ritiflul bllweéfiille IX5JfOiFL‘LJL tut”? Ifi__~r*lilc -art;1r;tc, :wvrc hcwrh nfn—

Stu t. Fuuv diff?"egfi rcuiJIu were fcfl, "9 follovn; A'W £1.30 puu~ds 0f

7'0. t")111‘n'.‘.8

. fl “n .2 .
UL ;. i “1.9.?

' ‘u 1 ‘. “4' " " I -, .5 .-~. -'<) A, .V : ”w 'a'l.’ ‘- -.r- r. as ,- -- I. ~- '
H1. .SS 3.11; ha. K133 57.40. D ’.2. ,1.- .'.L~ 1;'T‘....C. 1‘ Dr <9. . ‘ .~ I‘.1‘ L3 “Io-'32; J ”14-1%-1w3 Of
1., I‘ ‘1 " ‘L ‘ ‘ : 11. 1 _ -.L ,9, ..I, ., .‘ q - g l...‘. ~ A w . ,
Plfiv9¢d Gnu tuvfi; 1L 9: 1U19 hwylhua JI an L:fic uv 'JJH ?lgr3fh10 plan:
0
" 2-‘ f ‘ . 1 A 1 "P' , \I' .- 1 .5 . .... ~9~ - f-I l~r ~ ~ »
SQJ' L'C’"" Ull lar'aL, Jujau 134;": .L, _LL._ (1 L;.€;u l I ML: LLUJAMPLiccT. I; 0 Elm. L,‘ .'_ I .-It...(.' (1);-”
J» '- , f‘ ‘ . . " .. . ‘ -. .' ., .. .. .'.. \ n ,~ . . ., :..r, ”F r. 1 w _ .
1614p 01. 45:! TIC- 1u-.21‘ J. ".‘3; 1..?! .I. I U'-‘1.v""-~-°‘,9 DJ 0.3.; 1'19 II..-9I‘ T as ‘C l.\J..Lt.“s-'?‘I:
‘ r." '7 " '! r“ ‘ '1 .. , I ‘ n 1 4' ~ ., I‘ ,v, riI no ‘ _ 4-x .
A, zJL.I; :3, .Ln'. ,3 ‘4, 1..].; 5’1" y, L .C name)” 11:“) eHIev Of ...-Me level
.h -. ‘ “.‘l .' — .1 _.., 1 ..2'1 .. _v-_- _ ..-, 1,' 1., F, '11.. __ .
U). CLHAQ J u-"I‘ 4.1,. {CI}; fund. 14- U“, 344,}. FL‘1\’\1"_‘LI\IJ_\I;1 ..IIHS .Li. 11_LJ f? .J.'.LJ._!.(I 'j’lL.
- .1 — ‘ u - l‘ n . ‘ ‘ q ~ ‘ —' l. . “-1 . -.. A n q ‘ h-o ... I I, _ -_‘ x f ‘ , . 1' -:' i g -I L
.u1CIL the CI Lu) J .L I_ , 1' (,u . ’21“, L); L .41: 1. e‘wJ. ”3.3 J..LI.(J 1 {“2136} 3 H J 9 la T‘C‘! CCILU,

a urnh in mi L pIquuLLgn occurred. T?e 9VC38;0 hiLlJ 4 percnut Jag
correc“ci milk praancfiimn per cow for 12 weeLs was 2C.6 pmuude on rctiun
A, 21.7 poqnls on r iiqn E, 93.} pwuuls on rhtiv1 C, P;& 33.9 DULRCS on
rgfliog D. "LctL2r okLcr Cixuiuefiiowe if Iced: niijfi Law” a different
optimum level of crufle Sibcr ix fi‘w rafiun use moi Tfi¢¢ sLuvnh

L?L0astfir (11) gave analytxcfiT “n& u; estihilltv fiat; for 11 SHOUL-
lerd; “ecwis tux} ;if: r2» JLCI; u. Li;;t1W, I30111110:62 PUG. crky’e fWRM‘r {C11 Ifwi
& dapressin eff.ct unuq fihc divcsbibllit; of or;?vic maufier n3 r awn Lg
5L6 correlation cochIQiOvts Q? —,.C7°, —O.C»b and —“.074 {hr f}: di_“st-
ibilities of he 0?Iflnic mathnr 913 £29 pnrcsntn;o natiegu of liTLiJ,
cellulocc and C”ud0 fihor, rszpcct%vclf.

Luficclan (127) 3.110 091011131023 9. 001‘1‘011137.)'-- (:I'ef‘ficicmt of J1 €44
lattes-1; 3.7.16 crude I'll/("1‘ (ton-Tie; .‘- and ti" d1 t‘.fi‘-“1rIilI.,.;r " n {3.0 Org?-
Letter of fséds rerrtcl by JoIdm°n (IS?) which is identical w'th t’c
correlation coo ff: 01 est 1cyor ted 13 Ln caster I‘1o\

Phillips and Lough 15.11 (151) rualyz-d 23 saurlcs of es'entiull‘I' pure

stands of forage from various lateratcriws 14 the Lnitcd States that had

served as the sole ration is feeding experiACLts v.1t11 c LL18. Etc 11 min,
pro Mt mil cellulo e and C1L§e fiber contents of the srmplcs were 811 more
or less closeld related to LLeir yield of‘ ener but at different 16V618

of 451.920 constituents for tiirrL'I'Ll'Iy and alfalfa. .'ol'L'llin 9. snecies, crude
fiber was less closely cel1elatcd ith dig escirllicr of energy find drv
I sitter than was tLe li giin content.

‘ w

Stccnsacrg aLd'hintler (175} conducted dide stioilitb trials vit

‘1

luoera taken at curl5, normcl 9nd late first cuttin s. The later cuttings
increased in crude filer COINtQ L and
matt er decreased.

Sctcla (171) did not get a consistent relation between the crude
fiber content of‘w est; oats and barley hays and diges LibilLLv of tie
various nutricits with increasing maturity. This study ipcluded ripe
grains which produced an ircreased crude fiber content of the stems con-

‘ _1

ccmitantn1tn ir1creas es in the readily digested carbohydrates of the
matu'ing tends. The relationsLip between the digestibilim ' of t :0 dry
matter and the crude fiber content of the stems and leaves only would
likely give Cons i stent results. This assumption is partially substan-
tiated by later work by Sotola (173) with digestibility studies of hree
stages of smooth bromegrass. Crude fiber increased from 19.77 to 55.92

,ne Dlflnt grew from 4.5 to 36 ineles in ”t The dry

1

matter was 81 percest oi estible at the 4.5-inch stare aid only 55.3 percent
digestible 97’s the 33-541011 817-9

1
A

SW1 [‘t E: _9_l_. (178) conducted digestibility trials with limits 9:11 seep
fed a basal diet of good quality of alfalfa and timothy hay, corn real and

linseed cake meal. when crude fiber qurlements in the form of strew'were

1-4—

added, the di‘estibilitv coefficients of the protein, ethr eiLruct, crude

4’“ 1- .... 1. . . __ _. 1,7. L, .__- . 1- . . , ,_ 1 _ .1 ,.._ . 3,. .
1111.11 3:15. chmw.’ of one 17-1910 r9.1c-11 (mo-reuse}. 921d L11: to I411 ayuwb of mo-

tcin and ether extract di;ested was reduced.

. w‘ A ‘ a n \ ‘ o _' _. I _
Verges SLd carr1=us (In’ fOlflu correlation coeff101ents of -O.7% for

u "4

Jo

J... ‘ ‘ A b - L1 1 IL .L» ~- -1 1 ' -. J- 7 3 ' ... O 3», » ~ 4! .-,-—. J—-',»
S UQQL.S 911d -0. 6'1 .1. 1).? I’PC uiiel S We \Ju‘.13'5li 1.110 (.Lljcs V1 Oi1¢td Oi hilt) OFLJS‘JJJ. C 1118;: var

i

..- .. I. ‘- "-‘ . ‘a- . .1— -. ..—.. . .. -~.— ~ - -— s u- -3 ~—- - -
and LLe croee iiuer CUJthu of Lzaeed fc1adcs. The best Celxelation between

'_7

Cleuical composition awd oréaaic matter digestibil Lv was obtained Tied

II

11»~‘1:11’1.

KJ

“ .1 I. ‘ ‘ " ‘ A -1 ’- -.—.~ -~. —- .- -. . ‘r ‘nu -»
1611 \i53} receiLl: leportei a oorreicticn ConflCJOLL of +0.885 betrecn

V

0

the crude fiber Cufitcflt and tie total di.e:tiblI nutrients conteht of the

' J

CrcmpLon and Jackson (44) did not find the crude fiber content of

~ an 0 ‘ -m.

pasture herbage to be closely correlated to seasonal 01115-3 1n hue di—

, :.:U_:_-, -_ r. ... D- .-_.
GestibiiitJ of tueoe 1or¢oes.
° - .- . - z . n1-.- . 1° , .. .m ..‘ w n:1.
A COlelfitiOfl of the r99298510L egflacthS relatin; L1e a1uue 1ioer con-

tent of 0 feed to the $1908tiuiliff of the drT matter is given in T3010 3.

vzn

'3)!

~. '7
auie

F11

 

 

 

n.4remxicn er tions relating deestihility 0f mnv
ha {It/01‘ to CZ‘IUEC f 1161' CanLue'Iu Of 1‘ 1:1: 7J3!
Represslou Lguafiuu Corral. "thcrifil 30?erence
Coeff.
1 " 33.9 - 0.7JL -O.7¢é AJTalfa khillips & Lovihliu (151).
Y = 2:303 "' 20.1.1]; -Oo:“:rj F'liili'.) 1:11;}.- " fl 7!
Y ; 87.8 - O.?-X --- -—- Axclncon (1?).
I = {$4.4 - 0.55}: “3.37 --- Kurdfullf‘; (173 .
Y = 96.1 - 0.227" -- ——~ Clo?ssmn (149).
Y z 95 ‘ I'CCK —O.;4 1?: are Forbes agd
(59"ers) Gurr34us (70).
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forfimFE'VQIUB fixxl a dcixnxuiwat7rultyf the HI“Hh§ €131: -uwrte;* 9;‘ xH11"Jl3~
tic; of tgc Enougt of.nitroben-frce extract. (:7, 2, 101, 117, 13?, 87,

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37

Since they felt that these were excretory products of lignin breakdown, it
indicated a greater degradation of tie lignin in the younger clover than in
the more mature clover fed to sheep.

Mce’lnally (119) reported a loss of lignin during digestion of straw in
the rumen and also with rumen contents in L132. Bondi and Meyer (27) re-
ported that the digestibility coefficients of lignin with sheep ranged be-
tween 35 and 64, depending upon the plant material fed. They also reported
that feces lignin gave lower methoxyl values than plant lignin which they
believed indicated an attack on the lignin molecule during passage through
the digestive tract. Louw (113) reported that sheep were able to digest
24.5 percent of the lignin in grass one-month-old and only 11.6 percent
when the same grass was four months old. Davis Io_t_t_1_. (50) fetmd the di-
gestibility of lignin in pea vines and lime. bean vines as 16.0 ani 10.6
percent, respectively.

E1115, Matrone and Maynard (62) and Gray (8:5) have used an enzymatic
digestion followed by a dilute acid treatment before allowing the material
to react with the strong acid in the determination of lignin. They have
shown with this method of determination that the lignin of certain forages
is completely indigestible. Crampton and Maynard (46) had previously re-
ported lignin to be digestible to the extent of more than :50 percent in
feed barley, wheat screenings and feed cats, but was almost completely
indigestible by the modification of Crampton and Whiting (47) in which
the lignin is determined by difference. The principal source of dis-
orepancy may be the varying preportions of non-lignin materials accounted
for by the different methods of determination. The negative digestion
coefficients reported occasionally are probably explained on the basis of
smaller nitrogen contents of the lignin isolated from the feeds than are

obtained from the lignin isolated from the feces. Armitage, Ashmrth and

 

 

55" hotel (4} 1;149 Stay :.Im‘t a fit linginc.3 ’hrCLIJ e.b viii; L; 7~t1u a d1<1ilntc
-...',1 .L ..: .1 '. 4-‘ ° ..
“Viv. L1” lnLaLlJeL‘LlZ-c cult; CI‘lUl‘.

Laiucstor (110‘ rCTUIHAd ti¢“«m¢rvnlntiuq cucfchlcnts c7 file CmKNHIt-Of
livmlu'wvth the conLen‘ .n; lxvcrYiljllfiy-sf ohlcr plant o cat"' 2,?3. IL,
rcsulLs are shown in Tath 4.

1191.315: '10

,

Curse-19 Lien Coefficients of Li 41;; «1'51; Ct‘or S‘s-Gd Comfiltbc Ls‘
kez'uri_i; "livestitzm of organic .31.. 7.;‘\,1' -O.C'73
Porcenw divistiun of U'uie fiLcr -0.954
forgone divcrLiun of CellaioSe ~u.€13
Itrcedf div; xlcn of pc;tos~vs -C.3 C
C‘ule flbcr LJPtCut of fee; +C.335
Cellulo: Conic-t ”j leol +2.7TO

1e. . a [wee\

ger LELCBSOC? kl; ;.

Smanson and Lermpn (1T3) found the digestibil’ty of practically all
of ’37..-- d_-Lo:r';;;i-;ec;1 nutrients of? Enron: litre-doze. hay ;:‘1c(:re‘:ctz-C a: tie m.-
tgl‘i’y tIJV-o.uLC-l Canal "3? 0 1111111 1391110: '1. itu:;".1:4.‘-..".€-t .

A Czumcllt=yion ol'Irdlliifiwi re;;~:sslorzcryxatwolm3 relatuzy; the ljJ‘LIn
contend and the d; Cstibillty e? tLe er yet :r is Q£V¢4 in Ieble e.

sq

‘.\.

Table 5.

 

 

hegrsssion Equations lclatlng Iigtdiibility of any
Latter to tie lignin Content of Ration
chrtssion nlnalicn Sorrel Intrrifil Zcfc.;;ce
CUCffe

1 __ . 3- r- .- .- , _ a o e (V ‘ e ‘u .a o I _

{-93.9 - 3.0 A -O.c3o alfalfa knillips aim lpugulln (151).

., ..- .. . . -.., . . - . . \

1:120.3 - 5.5ci —O.L51 Tinwtuy rnlllins and Lnugwlln (151;.

I=84.9 - 1.17i -- Sulnl‘to Ivletin (95).
Collulvse

z=95.9 - r.oea -0.s7 ;o:‘:e13U «t 91. (13.).

Y=C..} - 1.1md --- Forbes ami Garrigus (70).

Y=lUC - 4.7 1 —?.0 Vtears, F rLss and Carrigus (71).
Pa stare

Y=100 - 5.21h -O.93 bothers, " " "
Pasture

Y=97 - 4.3zx --- srenegress " " "
Pasture

Y=lOO - 5.321 --- Orch.Grass " " “
Pasture

Y=€6 - 4.812: .._- “v.31 Fescuo “ " "
Pasture

Y=lOO - 4.92X --- Alfalfa " " "
Pasture

Y=94 - 2.951 --- -- Lancaster (110).

 

Effect of Kethoxyl Content of Plants on Digestibiligi
There is some indication that changes in the lignin molecule or in its
distribution through the cell wall may have more effect on digestibility of
other constituents than the quantity of lignin present. Mongold (115) and
Neodman and Stewart (190, 191) have stoma that the decrease in digestibility
of grasses with increasing maturity may be accompanied by rather small in-
creases in the lignin content. As plants mature, the lignin content usu-

ally increases and there is also an increase in the methoxyl content of

the lignin. (156, 147, 148, 149).

Francois st fiif

4.1 ,1.-.” 1 . 1. ,1. c: . . ,. -
LeumuAJl content, ”0 nc1cent of

percent of the mothoxyl cortent tin
disappeaxed, as ind:1catcd £10m an? lysis of th

V

10—day collect ion periOds on rations

plus dried Lest pulp, alfalfa plus wheat,

and wieat. rlri ins et al. (150) and

Socidia,
previously‘raperccd a 15 percent less a?
of a cow.

_..1 .n .
kFags 5.1.x. .LCOCS

the hustle)? l conten- of

Aoctin in rations
c urine and
c 01 (La ininzg

11d alialfa plus dried

l‘l _
INC Lii‘)}C

(75) found that approximately to percent of the tot11

They used

alfalfa h9y Glens, alfalfa
beet Pulp
TEillipS and Jones (v

"Fl in the dipstim tract

- - ~ ° . .. ...‘ -0. 1, ....‘v 1' . 1° . 1..“:
(1:?) t1 stud e “1 ncgstizc col1elflticn to the total digestible n1c11-
N C fl:fl'. ' .- fl.‘
ants content of tie :1oss. Tue cuz Ml tion 0 cfllti.zts re 3'31u: tuo
*~ ~ .~‘ Q " IV" . “ r b :fl-t
Lethcxy 1 content of grtss W +,e covalent d.gc:t104 0191f cianis cf

.-~~. . ~ -'~ “n ‘ Q ‘ ’ .
several Constiticnts c1 -e 1353 81o s.o"'1
l '3‘" A
if! Vie U.
W. ‘I .'_.‘~ ‘0 .-_.‘ufla" ’ V_ ‘p N.
correlation o1 "wuLUXJl oncc1c or Jlass

_-‘ _I_‘| _u_‘ ! ‘ I“ ‘ _
vi on (one egg .1c-rt

l

 

 

Digestion Locfficlcnts of Several Jra.s .u1etlc1e1“

CO 1".3 t Ztuont CU 1.1.6, 13251-111 SOCff 5.0.1.0 1111?:
Cellulose -\,\o0
Ecelcclluloscs ~7.‘EQ

Crude Fibcr —O.C?7

Pectins —P.CLT

Starch —7..2

Cruse £r>tcun _o.:gg

:1tsl di -Uc ole HJtFlCILS -“.€3

 

 

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47

of the dry matter from.5l.6 percent in the control period to 43.5 percent
in the supplemented period.

Swift st 31. (177) extended the work reported by Burroughs (33) to .
a comarison of the metabolizable energy and methane production of sheep
fed a basal ration containing 40 percent ground corn ache and the basal
ration plus alfalfa ash. They reasoned that an increase in the apparent
digestibility of dry matter and crude fiber would be of no value to the
animal if there was an increase in methane production corresponding to
the decrease in fecal output. The digestibility of all of the ration
constituents was increased by alfalfa ash supplementation, but the increase
in the digestibility'of crude fiber was the only one found to be highly
significant. The increase in the crude fiber digestibility was accom-
panied by a small increase in.methane production.whidh was small enough
that the net effect of alfalfa ash supplementation was to increase the

amount of feed energy available to the animal.

Associative Effect of Feeds and Digestibility

 

.Associative digestibility is the term.applied to a change in the
digestibility of a feed when incorporated in a ration with one or more
other feeds as compared to its digestibility when.fed alone. EW1ng and
Wells (65) were apparently the first to use the tenm, "associative digest-
ibility“, when they studied mixed rations composed of corn.silage, cotton-
seed meal, and starch. The coefficients of digestibility for the cottonp
seed meal calculated from.the mixed ration with silage were higher than
the values for cottonseed meal fed alone, but the differences were report-
ed to be not significant. They later (64) investigated rations composed
of corn silage, alfalfa, and velvet bean meal in various combinations and

proportions. In the silage and alfalfa ration, silage and velvet bean

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50

only natural feed supplement used. The addition of crude fiber to the ra-
tion in the fem of oat straw reduced the total amount of protein and ether
extract digested.

Graves 23 _a_]_._. (82) did not conduct digestion trials in connection with
their experiments, but reported what appeared to be very little difference
in efficiency for milk production of the total digestible nutrients derived
frn the alfalfa and that derived from the grain, hay, and silage ration.
Fifteen Holstein cows were kept on alfalfa hay alone for twe or three lac-
tations and although the cows were unable to censum as much total digest-
ible nutrients as in a hay and grain ration, they were able te.utilise the
nutrients eensmod with about the sen efficiency.

Effect of Antibiotics on Mibdlity

Many recent reports have shown increased gains and accelerated growth
of several species of animals receiving various antibiotic supplements.
Some of these experiments tend to indicate that a nore efficient utilisa-
tion of nutrients by the animl are responsible for the increased growth
or weight gains, but since digestibility comparisons with and without
these supplements have not been made these experiments will not be re-
viewed. Several experiments with different species ef animals have shown
that certain antibiotics have a pronounced effect on the nicroerganisns
in the intestinal tract. Since the ruminant is primarily dependent upon
an active microbial flora for efficient digestion of certain feed con-
stituents, it seems reasonable that antibiotics night affect the digest-
ibility of these nutrients depending upon the groups of organisms that
were nest greatly affected by the antibiotic material used.

Bell, lhitehair and Gallup (20,21) studied the digestibility of a
basal ration of prairie hay, corn, soybean oil meal, benemeal and salt

51

with three steers. The same basal ration plus 0.2 gram of crystalline
aureeqcin hydrochloride was fed to three additional steers, one receiving
only aureomycin and two 45 gram urea plus aureemycin. l‘he steers were
kept in notabolisn stalls and fed a censtant aneunt of ration during a
ten-day preliminary and a fifteen-day collection period. The third day
after aureenycin feeding was started twe steers developed mild anorexia
and diarrhea. About the fifth day all three steers became slightly con-
stipated with symptoms of bloat and their feces becane dry and fibrous.
the effeet of aureewcin on the digestibility of various feed constituents
by steers is illustrated by ntorial in table 7 taken from the data of
Bell LE. 3. (21).

62

“b1. 7e

1m.» of Auroomycin on Digestion Coefficients with Steersl

 

Percent Apparent Digestibility

 

 

 

Steer 3-Day' Dry Crude Ether Crude NeFree

lo. Period Hatter Protein. Ext. Fiber Ext.

17.... ._..... .._—._.. ._.... ._....

all! (Basal Ration)

5 1 69.07 51.93 63.31 66.35 74.91
2 68.38 52.68 $ 58.38 62.77 74.93
3 70.69 55.42 65.94 67.01 76.20
4 69.37 55.15 66.93 65.45 75.40
5 72.67 60.83 71.52 70.60 Z_’I_._9_6_
Av. 70.04 53.20 65.26 66.44 75.68

3-- (Basal Ration.+ Anroolycin)
1 76.36 65.64 74.63 66.29 81.86
2 63.71 56.27 62.76 49.71 70.48
3 58.00 47.60 66.31 35.88 67.25
4 54.06 45.31 60.50 30.72 63.49

1

and (Basal Ration + urea.+ lured-vein)

6 1 74.58 72.10 71.58 69.98 79.65
2 66.23 67.46 62.77 52.70 73.52
3 63.84 65.05 65.44 51.37 70.20
4 59.53 68.42 67.57 39.78 66.79
5 59.58 67.86 65.13 42.86 66.89

1nd- 13-11 33 _._1_. (21).

 

 

 

 

It appears that the nest pronounced effect of euroomcin was on the

digestibility of crude fiber which night suggest that it had a detrimental

53

effect on the eellulose digesting nicroorgonisns of the intestinal tract.
the digestibility of the dry natter and crude fiber of the rations was
nrkodly reduced in the latter part of the oxperinsnt.

SUMMARY OF IKE REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Digestion trials involving the total collection of feoes during a
ten day period of constant feed intake have become a standard method for
dotsrnining the digestibility of various feeds.

Several inert materials have how preposed and studied as a neans of
conducting digestion trials by the so-callod inert materials "ratio tech-
nique“. A satisfactory inert material should be fully recoverable in the
feces and should have analytical methods available that are easily con-
ducted and accurate. In sons instances it would be highly desirable to
have the inert naterial a naturally oocurring constituent of the plant
being studied.

Chroniun, iron, silica, lignin, indigestible nitrogen, certain plant
pig-ants and various synthetic dyes have been proposed and studied as
inert sntorials for use in the ratio teclnique for digestibility studios.

Controversial results have been reported with each of those naterials
that have been studied by independent workers. Chronic oxide has given
satisfactory results for several investigators. no nethod of preparing
and feeding the ehreniun nay be an inportant factor in its successful
use as an inert mterial with runinemts. 1Hide ranges in the recoveries
of lignin have been reported for various feeds when fed to different
animals and when the lignin analyses were nade by different methods.

The successful use of lignin as an inert material depends upon a pre-
vieus howledge of its recovery from the feed in question and with the
aninal speeies involved. Digestion coefficients calculated from iron

54

ratios have been highly variable and in sono oases iron recoveries have
been very low. Unsatisfactory remlts with the silica ratio technique
have been reported when using the naturally contained feed silica and also
when using added amounts of silioa. A naturally occurring plant pignsnt
or groups of pignents have been reported which are fully recoverable in
the feces and have also given satisfactory results when used as an inert
nahrial in digestibility trials with several forages. Only limited cen-
parisons have been reported with the plant pigment ratio tool'nique of
studying digestibility. Further studies of synthetic dyes are necessary
.to evaluate their usefulness in digestibility studies. he studies have
been reported in which more than two inert naterials have been studied
in the sons digestion trial using the sane feed and the sons animals.
Lignin, crude fiber and cellulose all show high negative correlations
with the digestibility of the dry utter of feeds. Analysis of feeds for
their content of crude fiber has been criticised because the crude fiber
is ‘net of uniform conposition when isolated frcn different foods and the
distribution of the various constituents between the crude fiber and
nitrogen-free extract fractions varies widely with different foods.

PLAN OF EXPERIMENT AND “13088 USED

this study was planned to nake a comparison of the digestion co-
efficients deternined with nilking dairy cows fed orchard grass hay out
at four stages of naturity by the following digestion trial techniques:

(1) Total fecal collection technique. A

(2) Chroniun ratio technique (total collection). .

(3) Plant pigment ratio technique (total collection).

(4) Lignin ratio techiquo (total collection).

(5) Chroniun ratio technique (Grab samples).

(6) Plant pipent ratio technique (Grab samples).

55

the orehard grass hay used in this study was out fron a second growth
that had been previously sprayed with 2,4—D for the control of weeds and
clever. Annoniun sulphate was applied at the rate of 100 and 150 pounds
per acre approximately one math and one week respectively, before the
first experimental cutting was nade. ‘rhe different stages of maturity
were harvested at approximately two week intervals as follows:

Stage 1 6 to 7 inches high. (Pasture Stage) Cut May 19, 1949.

Stage 2 8 to 10 inches high. (Late Pasture) Cut may 31, 1949.
Stage 3 10 to 12 inches high. (Early hay) Cut June 14, 1949.
Stage 4 12 to 14 inches high. (Mature Bay) Cut June 27, 1949.

the first outting was out in the field with a forage field chopper
and the chopped natorial blcu directly into wagons and hauled to the
barn for artificial drying. The last three outtings were left in the
field for approximately one day and than windrowed with a side delivery
rake and chopped fru the windrew with a forage field-chopper. A11 lots
were dried on a slatted floor barn drier with supplemental heat. After
drying, each lot of hay was baled am stored until fed.

Digestion trials were conducted on each lot of hay using three milk-
ing oows in digestion stalls that permitted mechanical separation of the
feces and urine. fen day prelininary periods and ten day experinsntal
periods were used for each lot of orchard grass studied. The aninals
were kept in the digestion stalls during the entire preliminary and
experinental periods except for a daily period of walking for exercise.
The feeding schedule for the various stages of orchard grass hay fed is
given in fable 8 and the composition of the grain mixture fed is given
in table 9.

56

fable 8.
Animals used and quantities of feed fed during the digestion trials

 

Animal Orchard 55‘“ hay Ho. 86 gain
154 t 20 lbs. 7 lbs.
165 as 25 lbs. 5 lbs.
2408 26 lbs. 9 lbs.
11635 16 lbs. 7 lbs.

* Used with stage 4 hey only.
"I Not used with stage 4 hay.

table 9e
Composition of No. 86 Grain Ilixture

Ground Corn 97 parts.
Bone meal 2 parts.
Salt 1 part.

Chromium oxide was added to tie grain mixture by mixing 15 percent
chromium oxide with wheat flour and baking into a hard bread which was
dried and ground through a media mesh screen in a wiley mill and than
nixed with each individual can ration in ancmts that would give daily
intakes of approximately 15 grams of chromium oxide per cow.

The feeding schedule for the different stages of orchard grass hay
is ginen in Table 10.

57

Table 10o
Feeding Schedule of the Orchard Grass Hay Cut at Various Stages

 

 

 

of Maturity
Dates (inclusivg) £31132 Material Fed
1-24-50 to 2—2-50 Preliminary Period Stage 4 Orchard Grass
2.3-50 to 2-13-50 Experimental Period " " " "
2-14-50 to 2-22-50 Preliminary Period Stage 3 Orchard Grass
2-23-50 to 3—4—50 Experimental Period " " " '
3-5-50 to 3-14-50 Preliminary Period Stage 2 Orchard Grass
3-16-50 to 3-25-50 Experimental Period " " " "
3-26-50 to 4-4-50 Preliminary Period Stage 1 " "
4.5.50 to 4.14.50 Experimental Period " " " "

During each 10 day experimntal period daily aliquots of feces sam-
ples were collected in duplicate as follows; (1) dried to constant weight
in a circulating air eagle drier for daily deterninations of dry utter
content and composited for the 10 day period for chemical analysis. (2)
frosen daily and ccmposited for the 10 day period for determination of the
plant pigment concentration, and (3) ‘csmposited in concentrated sulfuric
acid for nitrogen determinations. the samples of the hay fed daily were
collected in duplicate as (1) a 200 gram sample dried to constant weight
for determination of the dry nattcr content and composited for the 10 dw
period for chemical analysis, and (2) a daily smaple oompositod as fed for
determination of the plant pigment concentraflcn.

two samples of a daily aliquots of the urine were collected in du-
plicate and stored while canposited as follows; (1) frozen daily for
benseic acid determinations and (2) acidified daily with dilute (20 per-
cent) sulfuric acid for nitrogen determinations. Daily determinations

58

of the specific gravity of the urine and total volume of the urine excreted
were made. Aliquots amounts of milk from each milking were preserved with
formaldehyde and aerc composited for each 10 day period for buttorfat and
nitrogen determinations.

In addition to the daily aliquctes of the feces, 'grab' samples were
taken from two passages daily of each cow on three successive days during
each ten day experimental period. the “grab” suplos were taken from two
forenoon and two afternoon passages of feces at approximtely the time of
day that had been shown to give representative concentrations of chromium
and lignin in the feces of previous trials (104). Duplicate smplos were
dried for moisture determinations and chemical analysis and duplicate
samples were frosen as voided for determination of the plant pigment con-
centration with the exception of the stage 4 orchard grass hay. Bach
duplicate daily grab sample was handled an! analysed as an individual
eagle designated as “first day partial, second dq partial and third day
partial“ for each stage of orchard grass hay fed. Corrections were made
for the dry matter content of the "grab" sample to the total fecal dry
matter excreted during the ten day collection period.

he dates of collection of the 'p-ab" staples are given in fable
11.

59

Table 11
Collection Dates of the "Grab" Samples taken of each Stage

of Orchard Grass Hay

 

 

 

Orchard Grass Dates of Focal ”Grab” Samples

lst day 2nd day 3rd day
Stage 1 Apr. 10 Apr. 11 Apr. 12
Stage 2 Mar. 21 Mar. 22 Mar. 23
Stage 3 Feb. 28 Mar. 1 Mar. 2
Stage 4 Feb. 8 Feb. 9 Feb. 10

ANALYTICAL METHODS

Proximate Analyses

Proximate analyses of the feeds and feces were made according to the
procedures described by the fissociation of Official Agricultural Chemists
(7) for crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash and nitrOgen-freo
extract.
E232.

Liglin was determined by the method of Ellis, Matrone and Maynard
(62). '
Plant Pigments

The extraction of plant pigments in the feed and feces were made by
the method of Reid 3.2 3;. (158) bit a unit was arbitrarily defined as that
amount of plant pigment per milliliter of 85 percent acetone extract that
gave a density of 1.0 with a Bochnam model DU spectrophotometer when read
in a 1 centimeter cell. Absorption curves of the extracts from the feces
and orchard grass hays were very similar to those reported by Reid 23 2}.
(158) for mixed hay and corresponding feces.

Chromium

 

The method used for the determination of chromium oxide was a modifi-
cation of the method of Edin it. 31. (61). Sufficient sample to contain 20
to 40 mgs" of chromium oxide was weighed into nickel crucibles and ashed
until free of carbon. The crucibles had a volume of 125 milliliters, a
height of 6 centimeters, and a diameter of 6 centimeters. i'he ashed ma—
terial was fused with a flux consisting of 4 grams of potassium hydroxide,
2.7 grams of sodium hydroxide, and 5.8 grams of a mixtureof 138 grams
(1 mol) of potassium carbonate, 106 grams (1 mol) of anhydrous sodium car-
bonate, 202 grams (2 mol) of potassium nitrate, am 170 grams (‘2 mel) of
scdium nitrate. 2h. total 12.5 grams of the fusion mixture was tuned
out and added to each crucible with precautions to limit the water uptake
of the fusion mixture. The crucibles were then heated on a hot plate until
the mixture became liquid and swirled at 5 minute intervals during an addi-
tional heating period of 20 minutes. ‘lhile the material was still hot a
nickel wire, 1 millimeter thick and 15 centimeters long and formed into a
spiral at one end, was placed in the fused material. After the mass had
solidified, the crucible was quickly heated with a glass flame to melt the
material around the walls so it could be lifted out with the nickel wire.

The melted material was placed in a 600 milliliter glass beaker, the
crucible was thoroughly washed with warm distilled water, and the washings
transferred to the beaker. nu ntorial was then dissolved in 150 to 200
milliliters of water. One milliliter of 30 percent hydrogen peroxide was
added to the solution for reduction of any 6 valont manganese to the 4
valcnt state. Khan the solution had boiled for one minute, it was filtered
through a sinterod glass filter fumel into a 500 milliliter flat-bottom
flask in order to remove the precipitated manganese dioxide. Then 8.3

61

milliliter of concentrated sulfuric acid and 2.5 milliliter of hydrogen
peroxide (30 percent) were added, and the solution heated to and kept at
boiling temperature for 5 minutes in order to destroy nitrites present.
lhen the solution had cooled, 2 milliliters of hydrogen peroxide (50 per-
cent) and 34.5 milliliters of 6.75 normal sodium hydroxide were added and
the mixture heated again and boiled for 5 minutes to oxidise the reduced
chromimn salts to the chromate. Without interrupting the boiling, 5
milliliters of 5 percent nickel nitrate were added, and the boiling was
continued for 5 minutes longer to destroy the excess hydrogen peroxide.
After cooling, the solution was acidified slowly with 18.5 milliliters
of concentrated sulfuric acid, which had been boiled previously for 4
hours. When the solution had cooled, 10 milliliters of the 10 percent
potassium iodide solution were added and the solution titrated with 0.05
normal sodium thiosulfate using a 1 percent starch solution as the in-

dicator.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The average daily dry matter consumption of each emimal receiving the
four stages of orchard grass hay and the fecal dry matter excreted are given
in Table 12. The dry matter consumed in the grain fed each indiwidual cow
is the same for each digestion trial while the dry nutter consumption of
the various stages of orchard grass hay varies slightly for the same ani-
mal due to slight variations in the dry matter content of the four stages
of orchard grass hay fed. The chemical composition of the grain and the
four stages of orchard grass hay fed and the corresponding feces for each
animl used in the digestion trials is presented in Table 15. Each

62

analysis is the average of at least four determinations secured by making
replicate analyses on A and B samples of each material. The range in the
stage of maturity represented by the four stages of orchard grass hay is 2
indicated by the decrease in protein content from 24.78 percent to 12.58
percent ani the increase in the crude fiber content from 26.88 percent to
55.05 percent with increasing maturity.

The apparent digestion coefficients of the constituents of the total
ration calculated from the consumption-excretion ratios on samples from
total focal collection are given in Table 14. It is evident that there was
less change in the digestibility of the various constituents between the
stage 1 and 2 orchard grass hays than occurred between the stages 2, 5 and
4 orchard grass hays. The apparent digestion coefficients of the various
stages of the orchard grass hay alone were calculated by correcting the
figures for the total ration using the digestion coefficients for corn
reported for cattle by Schneider (161) and are given in Table 15. All of
the constituents of the proxinte analysis have a considerably higher di-
gestion coefficient in the orchard grass hay out in early maturity than
in the hay out in late nturity.

Digestion coefficients were also calculated for the total collection
samples using the ratio technique with crude lipin, corrected lignin
(crude lignin - Nitrogen x 6.25), chromium oxide ani plant pigments. Di-
gestion coefficients for the inert materials ratio teclmiques were cal-
culated from the following formula:

Digestion % Inert material in Peed % Nutrient in Feces.

Coefficient % Inert Material in Feces 7% Nutrient in Food.

 

 

the concentrations of these constituents in the foods and feces used for
calculating the digestion coefficients on the total collection samples

63

are given in Table 16. The composition of the feces collected as “partial
collection samples“ on three days of the ten day total collection period
and used for calculation of the digestion coefficients by the ratio tech-
niques on the partial collection samples are given in Table 17. Lignin
analysis of the partial collection samples were not made since incomplete
recoveries of lipin were secured with the total collection samples, thus
giving somewhat lower digestion coefficients when calculated by the lignin
ratio technique than when calculated by the conventional total consumption-
excretion ratios of the various constituents.

The digestion coefficients of the various constituents for each in-
dividual cow when calculated by the ratio technique on the total collection
samples are given in Table 18 and the digestion coefficients for each cow
on each of the three partial collection days calculated by the ratio tech-
nique with chromium oxide are compiled in Table 19 and when calculated by
the plant pig-ant ratio technique are given in Table 20. A summary of
these various techniques of calculating the digestion coefficients is given
in Table 21, using the average digestion coefficients of the three cows
used with each stage of orchard grass bay. The digestion coefficients
calculated by the chromium ratio and pigment ratio techniques on both the
total collection samples and the three day partial collection samples com-
pare very closely with the standard total collection technique for all of
the constituents of the proximate analysis. Digestion coefficients cal--
culated by the lignin ratio technique using the crude lignin contents of
the ration and feces gave slightly lower digestion coefficients than were
obtained by the total focal collection technique. The digestion coeffi-
cients calculated by the true limin ratio technique are slightly lower
than those calculated by the crude lipin ratio technique.

a review of the literature on various digestion trial techniques
indicates that previous comparisons of digestion trial techniques have

64

not included a comparison of several methods of determining digestion co-
efficients in the some digestion trial. The present study has ado a com-
parison of seven different methods of calculating digestion coefficients
with each of four different stages of orchard grass hay fed with a uniform
amount of grain. A

Analysis of variance by the mthod of Sncdecer (169) shows a signifi-
cant difference between these seven methods of calculating digestion co-
efficients. There is a close check, however, between the digestion oe-
offioients calculated by the standard total fecal collection, the chromium
ratio, and the plant pigment ratio techniques. The results showed that
the focal recoveries of lignin are smowhat less than 100 percent which
gave lower digestion coefficients calculated by the lignin ratio technique
than those obtained by the total fecal collection technique. lurther
studies would be necessary to ascertain if the digestibility of lignin
in orchard grass hay is due to differences in the nature of the lignin
isolated fro the feed and feces studied; whether the metabolism of lignin
in orchard grass hay is different than lignin metabolism in some other
plants; or if lignin metabolism of second growth orchard grass hay might
be different thin that of a first growth of the plant. Satisfactory re-
sults with the lignin ratio method of calculating digestion coefficients
have been reported for other rations (62, 69, 71, 105, 178).

The dry utter digestibilities of the rations containing Stage 1 and
Stage 2 hays were similar (Table 21). The slightly higher dry setter di-
gestibility of the Stage 2 bay compared with the Stage 1 hay was accompanied
by a decrease in the lignin content. The stage 2 hay was presumably out
during the period of the most rapid rate of growth of the grass. Huffman
(95) has pointed out that the decreased digestibility of the dry matter

65

of plants is believed to be associated with lipification of the cell wall
althcudi the total asmumt of lignin does not appear to be the determining
factor.

The apparent digestibility of the crude protein and crude fiber was.
higher in the ration containing stage 1 orchard grass than in the ration
containing Stage 2 orchard grass but the digestibilitics of the nitrogen-
free extracts were similar. Digestibility ef the dry setter, protein,
crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract fractions decreased progressively
in the Stage 2, Stage 5 and Stage 4 orchard grass .hays.

SUMMARY

A comparison of seven different methods of determining digestibility
coefficients was made with each of four digestion trials using three milk-
ing cows fed orchard grass hay cut at four stages of maturity cal a, simple
grain mixture. The conventional ton day total fecal collection method was
used as a standard for comparison with the results of the other techniques.
Chromium oxide was added to the grain ration as an exogenous inert sub-
stance. Lignin and certain plant pigaents were determined as inert ma-
terials normally present in the ration. The concentrations of these three
inert materials in the ration fed and in the fecal samples taken from an
aliquots of the total collection were used in calculating the digestion
coefficients by the inert material ratio technique. Additional 'grab"
samples taken on three days of the ten day collection period were analysed
and the digestion coefficients calculated on each of these days by the
chromium ratio and plant pipent ratio techniques. Incomplete recoveries
of lignin with each of the total collection trials made it impractical to
calculate the digestion coefficients by the lignin ratio technique with

the 'grab" samples.

66

Comparable digestion coefficients were secured with the standard ten
' day consumption-excretion method and the chromium and plant pigment ratio
techniques when calculated with both the total collection staples and the
averages of three days partial collection or “grab“ samples.

Digestion coefficients calculated by tho crule lignin and the corrected
lignin ratio techniques using the total fecal collection sanqalos were both
sipificantly lower than the digestion coefficients calculated by the stan-
dard consumption-excretion method in these trials.

The change in chemical composition of the orchard grass hay within-
creasing maturity resulted in a decrease in protein content of from 24.78
to 12.58 percent and an increase in crude fiber content of from 26.88 to
55.05 percent.

Digestibility of the various constituents in the four stages of
orchard grass hay of increasing maturity was; dry natter 69.0, 70.4,

63.9 and 59.4 percent; protein, 65.7, 60.7, 55.4 and 54.5 percent; crude
fiber, 82.5, 78.6, 72.0 and 69.1 percent; and nitrogen-free extract,
89.3, 74.7, 68.0, and 57.3 percent respectively.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

67

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Associative di-
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TABLES

85

fable 12.
Average Dai1y*Dry“latter consumed and Excreted by Cove Fed

leur Stages of Orchard Grass Hay.

 

 

 

3 Dryfflatter consumed 3 firy

3 3 letter

3%! Pod Animal 3 Bay Grain. _ggtal onreted
We mflo We OHSo
Stage 1 155 3 10,052 1,981 12,033 3 3,433
2408 3 10,454 3,557 14,011 3 3,782
mg. 2 155 3 10,515 1,981 12,295 3 5,471
2408 3 10,727 3,557 14,284 3 3,668
N635 3 6,601 2,786 9,387 3 2,318
Stage 3 165 3 10,241 1,981 12,222 3 4,117
2408 3 10,651 3,557 14,208 3 4,348
H635 3 6,554 2,786 9,340 3 2,649
Stage 4 ‘154 3 7,290 2,496 9,786 3 3,316
2408 3 10,530 3,557 14,087 3 4,955
N636 3 6,480 2,786 9,266 3 3,102

f‘bl. 1 3e

86

Composition.of the Dry matter of Foods and Feces used in.Digestien

Trials of Orchard Grass Hay.

 

 

 

Ether
[9.1301101 Prou in ”Mr Ne Fe Ee MQCt “h
97 F T 5
arm 86 9o 18 2e17 81o14 3e 63 3.88
Orchard Grass
8138‘. 1 24o 78 26o 88 55o 02 5e 99 9e 33
Stage 2 15.80 28.15 45.82 3.46 6.77
Stage 5 15.00 51.77 44. 24 5.91 7.08
Foces
Stage 1
165 24.86 15.60 35.72 8.09 15.73
2408 26.45 14.26 37.45 7.27 14.80
3655 26.97 14.69 35.79 7.67 14.88
Stage 2
165 20.19 20.25 38.18 7.65 13.73
2408 20.73 18.92 41.42 6.82 12.47
N635 19.58 18.44 41.74 7.19 13.25
Stage 3
165 15.96 24.47 39.27 7.84 12.46
2408 16.84 22.69 41.11 7.18 12.18
3635 15.46 22.93 41.74 7.55 12.34
Stage 4
154 12.64 24.76 41.88 7.43 11.14
2408 14.34 23.76 43.88 7.06 10.96
3655 14.50 24.22 43.84 7.09 11.35

87

Iablo 14.

Apparent Digestion Coefficients of the Ration (bustituents by
Cove Fed Four Stages of Orchard Grass Hay

Dry Ether
Matter Prcte in Fiber N.F.E. Extract

2:52

71.5 68.1 80.5 76.1 41.2
2408 73.0 66.0 81. 3 78.4 49.8
I635 74.8 66. 1 80. 9 81. 6 50.0
3‘”er 73e1 66o? 80o9 78o? 47e0
St_a‘e 2
I 71.8 61. 3 76. 2 79.1 38.0
2408 74o 5 63o1 77o? ”.4 51o].
3635 75. 3 65.4 77.7 81.8 48.4
Average 73.8 63. 3 77. 2 80.4 45.8
Sta 3
165 66. 3 56. 5 69. 5 73. 7 31. 6
2408 69. 4 57.0 71. 5 76. 5 43.0
9635 71. 6 63.0 71. 7 78. 6 44. 1
Average 69. 1 58.8 70. 9 76. 3 39. 6
Sta 4
ES! 66. 1 59.8 67. 5 72.1 35. 7
2408 64.8 56. 2 68.8 69.9 39. 4
1635 66. 5 50. 6 67. 6 72. 4 41.4
Average 65. 8 58. 9 68.0 71. 5 38.8

88

table 15

Apparent Digestion Coefficients of the Constituents of Orchard
Grass Hays cut at Four stages of Maturity

 

Dry Ether
Matter Protein Fiber N.F.E. Extract

Stage 1
165 68. 6 67. 6 81. 5 69. 3 33. l
2408 68.6 64.8 83.0 68.4 38.2
1635 69. 9 64. 6 83.0 70. 3 35.6
Average 69.0 65.7 82. 5 69. 3 35. 6

Stag: 2
165 69. 1 59.8 77.0 75.0 28. 2
2408 71.4 59.1 79.1 74.4 37. 2
1635 70.8 63.1 79. 6 74. 7 32.7
‘70:." 70.4 60.7 78e6 7407 32o?

Sta 3 , ,

165 62. 5 54.0 70. l 67. 5 21. 7
2408 83.8 52.8 72.7 67.6 29.1
1635 65. 5 59. 3 73. 2 68.9 27. 2
Average 55.9 55.4 72.0 55.0 25.0

Stage 4
154 59. 3 55.6 68. 5 59. 3 20. l
2408 57. 6 51. 5 69.8 55. 9 25. 5
1635 58. 2 55.9 69.0 56. 6 24. 7
Aura.” 58.4 64o: “gel 57.3 2&4

oDigestion coefficients of Orchard Grass nay calculated "by difference"
using the digestion coefficients of corn reported by Schioidor (1947).

89

Table 16

Cognition of the Dry latter of roads and roses used for Calculating
Digestion Coefficients by he Ratio Technique on fetal Collection Sanplos

 

3 1.19111 Content 3

 

Chroniun Plant

 

 

‘ Crude Corrected 3
late rial ' Ligcnin Li gain 3 Oxide Pigment
7! X % mitt/ol-
Brain 86
165 .518 .505 .7341 5.41
2408 . 518 . 505 .4318 5. 41 .
I635 . 518 . 505 . 5520 5. 41
154 . 623 . 607 . 5200 7. 63
Orchard Grass
Stage 1 7.77 5. 71 - 901.3
Stage 2 6. 74 5. 1 2 - 59 5. 3
Stage 4 9o56 Bela - 484e0
Peooe
1
165 21. 61 14. 77 . 4367 2634.0
2408 20. 20 13. 69 . 4246 2203. 3
8635 20.63 13.74 . 6667 2414. 2
Stage 2
165 19.04 13. 23 . 4320 1779.0
2408 16. 99 12.11 .4362 1742.5
1635 17. 63 12. 71 . 6315 1897.1
Stage 3
165 19.32 14.52 .3352 1268.9
2408 17. 36 13. 18 . 3356 1274. 7
1635 18. 12 13. 36 . 5262 1395.0
Stage 4
154 18. 83 15.09 . 3974 963.5
2408 17. 88 14. 72 . 3157 994. 7
B635 18. 64 15. 25 .4862 997.0

Idble 17.

Celpoeitien of the Dry litter of'Fecee used for Calculation of Digpsticn
Coefficients by'the Ratio Technique on.Pertial Collection.8elp1ee

9O

 

Stu.
tad Ether Chmondul. Plant
hind ng Protein Fiber 3. P.E. Ertreet Oxide Pi t
3 fl % 7K 7» unit-50-
8tege 1
165 l 22.66 15.31 40.24 7.73 .4634 2370.6
2 23.78 14.41 39.05 8.02 .4353 2494.6
3 24.31 15.60 37.64 8.06 .4459 2433.1
2408 l 22.91 14.48 42.30 6.74 .4541 2049.9
2 22.60 14.23 44.29 6.54 .4231 1983.3
3 22.84 13.77 43.31 7.28 .4299 2192.1
I635 1 24.31 13.64 41.66 6.71 .6672 2167.6
2 25. 54 12.52 41.52 6.86 .6340 2147.6
3 23.84 13.02 39.85 8.29 . .6692 2239.0
2
166 l 17.24 20.66 41.78 7.63 .4655 2080.5
2 17.65 20.22 41.77 7.55 .4386 2005.8
3 17.87 20.35 41.71 7.69 .4289 2068.6
2408 1 20.34 18.92 41.52 6.75 .4527 1881.2
2 17.56 19.02 45.34 7.08 .4716 1816.4
3 17.57 18.74 45.40 7.00 .4713 1788.6
3635 1 19.46 17.35 42.43 7.75 .6979 2127.1
2 18.35 18.12 44.27 7.16 .6820 1939.5
3 17.45 18.15 44.43 7.65 .6875 1884.5
Stege 3
163 1 14.80 25.70 39.91 7.90 .3560 1460.0
2 14.98 24.36 40.81 8.11 .3735 1486.2
3 14.91 23.32 41.54 8.31 .3768 1532.2
2408 l 16.08 22.70 40.43 8.54 .3803 1405.7
2 16.13 23.91 41.15 8.08 .3470 1363.3
3 14.56 23.18 42.79 7.77 .3511 1379.5
3635 1 16.02 21.49 43.13 7.66 .5745 1292.2
2 13.71 24.00 42.94 7.92 .5749 1388.4
3 16.70 21.25 43.71 7.92 .5878 1460.7
Stone 4
154 1 12.46 24.21 44.26 7.00 .4193 --
2 12.31 24.40 44.72 7.16 .4400 --
3 12.74 23.59 44.40 7.33 .4264 ~-
2 13.00 23.99 46.10 6.91 .3320 --
3 13.66 24.24 44.54 7.41 .3259 --
HG36 1 13.23 23.70 46.44 7.14 .5000 --
2 12.42 24.21 45.64 7.30 .4714 --
3 13.46 23.64 44.65 7.23 .4883 -

91

rdble 18.

Digestion Coefficients Calculated by tb Ratio Technique on the
Total Collection.8mnplee

 

 

Dry Ether
htbd 33L “1”]. Matter Protein F1“? NeFoEo Extrm
Chromium Stage 1 I65 72. 5 75. 6 81. 1 74. 4 45.0

2408 74.2 67.4 82.1 79.5 51.5
N655 74.6 65.8 80.7 81.4 49.6
Stage 2 165 72.6 62.5 76.9 79.7 59.8
2408 76.6 66.6 80.0 82.0 55.7
N635 74.8 64.9 77.6 8162 47.2
sag. 5 165 64.5 54.3 67.8 72.2 27.9
2408 67.9 54.9 70.1 75.4 40.2
N655 68. 2 58. 5 68. 2 76.0 57. 5
Stage 4 154 66.6 64.5 68.9 71.1 56.6
2408 65.7 57.5 69.6 70.7 41.0
N655 65.5 59.2 66.6 71.4 59.5
P122“ Stege 1 165 71.4 72.7 80.4 75.5 41.1
2408 69.7 61.8 79.1 75.8 45.0
N655 75.9 64.9 80.2 80.9 48.2
2408 74.5 65.2 78.0 80.2 51.2
N655 77.8 69.2 80.4 85.5 55.6
Stage 5 165 62.8 52.1 66.3 71.9 24.5
2408 66.8 55.4 69.1 74.6 58.2
N655 71.6 65.0 71.6 78.6 44.0
Stag! 4 .154 62.5 59.9 65.0 67.5 28.7
2408 65.5 54.5 67.6 68.8 57.1
N555 65.2 59.0 66.5 71.5 59.1

Crude
£1213 Stage 1 165 69.6 72.0 79.2 71.9 37.4
2408 70.6 65.0 79.7 76.5 44.7
N655 75.0 65.6 79.5 80.2 45.4
358‘9 2 X65 69.9 58.7 74.5 77.6 55.7
2408 70.1 57.0 74.0 77.2 45.5
N655 72.8 61.5 75.5 80.1 45.1
Stage 5 X65 65.0 54.9 68.5 72.6 28.9
~ 2408 65.5 51.2 67.7 75.4 55.2
H655 68.7 59.2 68.8 76.4 58.4
St‘p 4 154 60. 7 58.0 63o 3 65.9 25o 2
2408 58.8 48.6 65.4 64.8 29.0
N655 65.4 57.0 64.8 69.9 56.0

92

Table 18. Continued.

 

Dry Ether
lethod Bel Animal Matter Pratein Fiber N.F.E. Erbreot
Liigln 2408 68.0 59.6 77.8 74.5 59.7

N655 69.9 59.6 77.2 78.0 40.0
Stage 2 165 67.7 55.8 72.7 76.1 29.0
2408 68.0 54.0 72.2 75.6 59.5
N635 71.2 59.2 74.0 78.8 59.7
Stage 5 I65 63. 6 55. 2 67.0 71. 5 26.0
2408 65.7 49.0 66.2 72.2 52.3
3635 66. 2 55.9 66.5 74.5 33.5
Stag. 4 154 58.9 56.1 61.7 64.4 21.9
2408 58.6 48.4 65.2 64.6 28.5
N655 63.1 56.5 64.4 69.5 55.5

93

Table 19 .

Digestion Coefficients Calculated by the Chromium.Ratic
mechniqne cn.the Pertitl Ccllection.8umples

 

Collection Dry Ether
£81 Animal Day Matter Pr9tein Fiber N. F.E. Extract
Stege 1 165 1 73.9 73.4 82.6 76.3 48.7

2 72.2 70.3 82.6 74.5 43.3

3 72.9 70.3 81.6 76.0 44.4

2408 1 75.8 73.4 73.0 78.1 67.8
2 74.1 71.8 8 2.1 76.4 56.1

3 74.5 72.0 83.0 76.4 61.9

N635 1 74.6 69.2 80.8 81.4 49.6
2 73.3 66.0 82.8 77.3 63.6

3 74.7 60.9 83.0 79.6 47.0

Steep 2 166 1 74.0 69.6 77.6 78.9 43.1
2 73.0 67.7 77.2 78.1 41.6

3 72.4 66.6 76.6 77.6 39.1

2408 1 76.3 72.3 79.4 79.9 61.8
2 77.2 71.6 80.0 81.1 54.1

3 77.2 71.7 80.3 81.1 64.7

N636 1 76.1 66.4 79.7 82.0 47.0
2 75.6 67.6 78.3 80.8 49.9

3 75.7 69.4 78.4 80.8 47.7

Stage 3 165 1 66.6 60.1 68.2 73.4 31.6
2 68.1 61.5 71.2 74.1 33.1

3 68.4 62.0 72.7 73.9 32.0

2408 1 71.6 62.0 73.6 78.6 37.0
2 68.9 60.8 69.6 76.0 34.6

3 69.2 62.7 70.7 75.7 37.9

N635 1 70.8 60.7 72.7 77.2 41.5
2 70.9 61.6 69.5 77.4 39.6

3 71.6 62.4 73.6 77.6 40.9

2 69.9 68.6 72.3 73.6 44.8

3 68.9 66.5 72.4 72.8 41.7

2408 1 66.7 62.9 69.8 69.9 44.2
2 67.2 63.0 70.6 70.6 44.7

3 66.6 60.4 69.9 71.0 39.6

N635 1 66.1 60.9 68.1 71.1 40.3
2 64.1 61.0 65.4 69.2 35.2

3 66.3 69.2 67.4 70.9 38.1

 

94

Table 20

Digestion Ceefficients Calculeted by the Pigment Ratio reclmique
on the Partial Collection Samples

 

Collect ion Dry Ether
Bel Animal Del Matter Protein Fiber N.F.E. Extreet

2 69.8 67.7 80.9 72.3 38.3

3 69.0 66.1 78.8 72.6 36.5

2408 1 67.1 63.8 76.9 70.3 42.6
2 66.0 63.1 76.6 67.8 42.4

3 69.3 66.2 77.5 71.5 42.0

N635 1 70.9 64.8 78.0 78.8 42.3
2 70.6 62.7 81.1 75.1 49.1

3 71.8 66. 6 81.1 77.4 41. 2

Stag. 2 165 1 76.0 ‘ 71.9 79. 5 80. 5 47. 5
2 75.1 70.1 79.0 79.8 45.9

3 75.7 70.5 79.4 80.3 46.4

2408 1 76.2 72.2 _79.3 79.8 51.6
2 75.3 ‘69.3 78.4 79.5 50.3

5 74.9 68.9 78.5 79.2 50.2

N635 1 80.2 72.3 83.2 85.1 56.3
2 78.3 71.3 80.8 83.0 55.7

3 77.7 71.9 80.2 82.4 52.0

2 68.3 61.6 71.3 74.2 33.3

3 69.2 63.0 73.4 74.5 33.7

2408 1 69.9 59.8 72.0 77. 3 33.7
2 69.0 61.0 69.6 76.2 34.9

3 69.4 '62.9 70.9 75.5 38.2

3635 1 69.4 58.7 71.3 76.1 38.6
2 71.5 67.1 70.2 78.0 40.9

3 72.7 63.6 74.7 78.4 43.5

(1.) Suitable suples were not available for determination or the plent
pipent concentration of tin feces for all animals used in t1» trial
'Iith Stage 4 Orcherd.Grsss hey.

95

Table 21

Comparison of Digestion Coefficients Calculated by several
methods on Four Stages of Orchard Grass my plus Grain

 

 

 

 

: Mllecti on Eagle s :Partiafille otien

: sChromium Iifiin Ratfo :Pi gnentzm
Constituentfitanderdx Ratio :Crude : Corrected: Ratio : Ratio 3 Ratio
8 e l .

tter 73 74 71 68 72 74 69

Protein 67 69 66 63 67 7O 65
Fiber 81 81 80 78 80 81 79
11.123. 79 78 76 74 77 77 73
Ether Ext. 47 48 43 38 44 50 41

Stage 2
Dry Matter 74 75 71 69 75 75 77
Protein 63 65 59 56 65 69 71
Fiber 77 78 75 73 78 79 80
LLB. 80 81 78 77 81 80 81
Ether Ext. 46 48 40 36 48 48 51

Sta‘g 3
Dry Hatter 69 67 66 65 67 70 70
Protein 59 56 55 53 56 62 62
Fiber 71 69 68 67 69 71- 71
3.17.3. 76 75 74 73 75 76 76
Ether Ext. 40 35 34 31 36 36 37
Ste 4 '

'D'FyBFtter so as 61 so 64 67 --
Protein 59 60 55 54 58 63 -
Fiber 68 68 64 63 66 7O --
1.1.3. 72 71 67 66 69 71 --
Ether Ext. 39 39 30 29 35 41 --

PART II

STUDIES ON THE COMPOSITION OF LIGNIN ISOLATED FROM ORCHARD
GRASS HAY OUT AT FOUR STAGES OF MATURITY AND FROM THE CORRES-
PONDING FECES

IN TRODUC TI 0N

Lignin has been reported to be indigestible by a number of workers
(7, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 38). Other reports indicate that varying amounts
of lignin may be digested or broken down in the ruminant digestive tract
(4, 8, 10, ll, 18, 21, 22, 27).

Since the chemical structure of lignin has not been established it is
not feasible to isolate or determine a product of uniform composition from
different materials. Certain characteristics of crude lignin preparations
vary considerably depending upon the material fiom which it is isolated and
the method used for its isolation. Extensive studies have been made of the
characteristics of lignin isolated from various woods but only limited
studies have been reported on lignin prepared from forage plants important
in animal feeding.

Phillips 33 El' (33) found 4.34 percent nitrogen in the lignin ob-
tained from oat plants 7 days old which decreased to 1. 26 percent nitrogen
in the lignin from plants 84 days old. Bondi and Meyer (4) reported from
1.18 to 1.63 percent nitrogen in the ligiin from four grass species and
from 2.92 to 3. 36 percent nitrogen in the lignin from four legums. The
lignin isolated from the corresponding feces all had slightly higher nitro-
gen contents. They also showed that the lignin nitrogen was resistant to
hydrolysis by strong acid (5 N sulftn'io acid) and weak acid (0.6 N hydro-
chloric aoid) and by pepsin added to the weak acid. These results led them
to conclude that the nitrogen in crude lignin preparations was not present
as protein nitrogen. Furthermore, the digestive enzymes of the ruminant
did not reducethe nitrogen content of the lignin.

98

Hansen and Jenkins (25) believed that protein degradation products
following the treatment of plant material with strong acid resulted in high
lipin yields rather than protein per ... Palchoimo (26), Waksnan and
Stevens (40), Phillips (28), and Dalian and DeHeus (12) have corrected crude
lignin values by deducting the nitrogen content nultiplied by the factor
6.25. Phillips (29) later felt that because there was not a constant re-
latien between the amount of protein added to samples for tb determination
of lignin and the size of the error involved that the apparent lignin values
should not be corrected but the percent of nitrogen in the lignin should be
reported.

Thomas and Armstrong (39) found amino acids in the hydrolysates frost
crude lignin and proposed that the factor 6. 25 for converting lignin nitro-
gen to protein was valid. Dalian and Defiens (12) found the tyrosine and the
tryptophane nitrogen in the lignin isolated from Lcliun peronne was in
agroomnt with that for the true protein of tin grass. The tryptephane
nitrogen was deterdned on lignin isolated without the use of concentrated
sulfuric acid.

Bondi and Meyer (4) found about 5 percent nethexyl in the lignin ob-
tained from legunes and about 10 percent nethoxyl in the lignin isolated
from various grasses. {they also found very little difference in the netheryl
content of the lignin isolated from the corresponding feces which would in-
dicate that there is very little breakdown of the other linkages in the
liain nolocule during passage through the digestive tract. Oxidation of
the lipiin from various plants gave yields of from 4.2 to 21.6 percent
aldehydos while oxidation of the focal li pins gave negligible quantities
of aldehydes, indicating a change in the side chains attached to the lignin
lolocule during passage through tin intentinal tract. in. lignin from the

99

grasses gave a much higher percentage of aldehydes following oxidation than
the legumes but the ratio of vanillin to p-hydroxy-bensaldehydo was approx-
imately 2 to l in all cases.

Stone, Blundell and Tanner (37) found that the ratios of vanillin to
syringoaldehydo did not remain constant in the wheat plant at different
stages of growth since the percentage of syringealdehyde was lower than
vanillin in the young plants and higher in the more mature plants. Con-
current increases in the methexyl content of the lignin were observed.

Csonka, Phillips and Jones (10) and Phillips 3331. (34) reported a
loss of 36.7 percent of the methoxyl groups associated with the lignin in
a ration of hay, grain and silage fed to a cow. Francois, Leroy and Levy
(15) reported that 50 percent of the methoxyl content of the lignin dis-
appeared in the digestive tract of ruminants fed alfalfa hay alone and in
combination with wheat, and dried beet pulp. The apparent digestibility
of the lignin of alfalfa was approximately 8 percent.

Pazur and DeLong (27) Phillips ZEEl‘ (34) and Csonka, Phillips and
.Jones (10) have reported increased urinary excretion of hippuric acid when
increased amounts of ligiin are fed and felt that this indicated a metab-
olism of lignin in the animal body. chosinski and Sta.r<evyslcaE (36) felt
that lignin was indigestible by sheep and played no part in the formation
of hippuric acid. E ‘ “a

This study was conducted to determine certain characteristics of the
lignin isolated from orchard grass hay cut at four stages of Jmifi‘Ea

from the corresponding feces of dairy cows fed these forages. -1 ' \

EIPERMNTAL PROCEDURE
Il'ho method of conducting the digestion trials and the collection and

handling of the samples have been previously presented (Part I).

100

The nitrogen content of the lignin was determined by the microk‘deldahl
method of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (3) on samples
of the lignin isolated from the various materials by the method of Ellis,
Hatrone and Maynard (1:5). .

The total methoxyl groups in the feeds fed and the feces voided and
also the methoxyl content of the ligiin isolated from these materials were
determined by the method of Clark (5, 6).

The bensoic acid concentration in the urine was determined by the
method of Kingsbury and Swanson (20).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The amounts of lignin consumed and excreted and the percent recovery
of lignin in the feces and the percent of lignin digested are given in
Table 22. Since lignin recoveries were all somewhat lower than is desirable
for a material to be suitable for use as an inert tracer material it ex-
plains the tendency for the lower digestion coefficients previously pre-
sented (Part I) that were calculated by the lignin ratio technique. When
planning this experiment it was postulated that if the lignin of orchard
grass was partially digested that there might be a range in the digestibil-
ity of lignin that would show higher digestibilities of the ligin in in-
nature orchard grass than in the more mature stages. Since lower digest-
ibility of the lignin in the immature orchard grass hay ration was secured
it seemed desirable to investigate some of the characteristics of the lignin
isolated from the feeds and feces from these digestion trials. The nitrogen
content of the lignin isolated from the four stages of orchard grass hay
and the corresponding feces are presented in Table 23. 'me lignin isolated
from the inmature orchard grass had a higher nitrogen content (4. 25 percent)
than the lignin isolated from the most mature orchard grass (2.41 percent).

Lignin isolated from the corresponding feces had average nitrogen contents

101

of 5.19 and 2.91 percent respectively. The protein content of the dry
matter of the imaturo grass was 24.78 percent while the protein content
of the most mature orchard grass was 12.38 percent. The protein content
of the corresponding feces averaged 26.09 and 13.83 percent respectively.
Small differences were obtained between the nitrogen content of the lignin
from each stage of orchard grass hay ani the nitrogen content of the lignin
isolated from the corresponding feces. The "true lignin" contents of each
stage of hay and tin corresponiing feces were calculated by correcting the
crude lignin content for the nitrogen content of the lignin multiplied by
the factor 6.25. While there is considerable controversy concerning the
nature of the nitrogen present in the lignin preparations, the work of
Dolan and Defieus (12) and themes and Armstrong (39) indicates that the

use of a protein factor may be justified in converting the nitrogen pres-
ent in the lignin to protein.

The crude lignin oontonts of the four stages of orchard grass hay of
increasing maturity were 7.77, 6.74, 7.97, and 9.56 percent respectively.
Lignin is generally considered as a constituent tint increases with ad-
vancing maturity of the plant (2, 9, 23, so, 31, 32, as, 35, 41). Other
work (2, 24) with orchard grass has shown that the lignin content initially
decreases and then progressively increases with advancing maturity and
those changes are concomitant with progressive increases in tin crude
fiber content uni progressive decreases in tin crude protein content.
these results are in agreement with those found in this investigation.
there is evidence that similar obngos occur in timothy (31), oats (33),
perennial ryograss (2), tall fescue (2) and burnet (2). This pattern of
change has not been observed in alfalfa, trefoil and yarrow (2). mother
these changes are a physiological characteristic of the growth of certain

102

grasses or whether there is an inherent error in the deter-inaticn of lignin
in i-nture grasses has not been determined.

the true lignin intakes and excretion for each stage of hay fed was
calculated and these data with tie recoveries and digestibilities of the
true lignin are presented in Table 24. The apparent digestion coefficients
for true lignin are higher than those calculated for crude lignin. If the
recoveries of the true lignin were higher than those found for the crude
lignin one could assmne tint a higher digestibility of the nitrogen contain-
ing fraction of the crude lignin had resulted in greater losses of this por-
tion in passing through the digestive tract. Comparison of the nitrogen
contents of the lignin isolated from the various orchard grass hays and
the corresponiing feces (Table 23) does not indicate that this occurred.

Since other studies (10, 27,34) have indicated that degradation pro-
ducts of lignin may cause increased urinary excretion of benscic acid,
doterninatiens were made of the benzoic acid excretion by each animal fed
the four stages of orchard grass hay. Table 25 gives the amounts of crude
lignin and true lignin fed and digested by each animal and the urinary
excretion of bensoic acid per 100 grams of lignin fed ani digested. the
benzeic acid excretion per unit of lignin fed is somewhat lower in the
’turo hay than in tin other three stages of less nature hays. If the
mount of urinary bonsoic acid excretion is influenced largely by the
degree of lignin degradation these figures would indicate a lower di-
gestibility of lignin in the more mature orchard grass hay. This is not
supported by the consumption-excretion figures for crude lipin given in
Table 22. It is possible that other constituents of imature orchard
grass contribute to the formation and excretion of bensoic acid.

The nethoxyl contents of the feed and feces en a dry weight basis
are given in Table 26. A progressive increase in the total nethoxyl

103

content of the hay occurs with increasing maturity from 1.41 percent to
1.85 percent and similar increases occur in the methoxyl content of the
feces from animals fed these hays. i'he mothexyl content of the lignin from
the i-aturo hay is lower (7.84 percent) than that from the other three
stages which are similar in methexyl content (10.60, 10.73 and 10.41 per-
cent). Comparable changes occur in the mtlnxyl content of the lignin
isolated from the corresponding feces. Bendi and Meyer (4) found approx-
intely 10 percent uthoxyl groups in the lignin isolated from several
species of grass. Their work also indicates that each structural unit of
the lignin nlecule from grasses contains two metbxyl groups which would
give a theoretical methoxyl content of 9.9 percent. Phillips :3 _a_1_. (33)
found the nethoxyl content of the lignin of cats increased from around

4 to approximately 15 percent during growth to 84 days of ago. Similar
changes occurred in the lipin of barley plants (32) and timothy plants
(31) during development. The percentages of the total nethoxyl groups
that were associated with the lignin in the four stages of orchard grass
hay increasing in nturity were 31.9, 35.1, 40.7 and 45.4 percent, re-
spectively. Adana and Castagne (1) found 82.4 percent and 81.7 percent
of the total nethcxyl groups of wheat and cat straw, respectively, in the
lignin fraction. Phillips ani Goes (28) found from 52.0 to 81.1 percent
of the total mothexyl groups associated with tie lignin fraction of barley
plants at various stages of development. From 39.3 to 85.7 percent of the
total nthoxyl content of the cat plant as found in the isolated lignin
by Phillips :3 _a_1_.. (29).

There is net nuch change, however, in the percentage of the total
methoxyl groups which are associnted with the lignin isolated from the
feces of cows fed orchard grass hay cut at four stages of maturity. lrhis
weuld suggest that there is a higher digestibility of the non-lignin

104

methoxyl in the immature forage and this is evident in a comparison of the
digestion coefficients of the various fractions of the methoxyl groups that
are also given in Table 26. Digestibility of the total methoxyl content
of the ration and the methoxyl groups not associated with the lignin both
decrease with increasing maturity of the plant while there is practically
no change in the digestibility of the methoxyl groups associated with the
lignin.

SUWARY

The apparent digestion coefficients of lignin in rations containing
orchard grass hay cut at four stages of maturity ranged from 3.8 to 16.0
percent.

The ligiins isolated from four stages of orchard grass of increasing
maturity had nitrogen contents of 4.25, 4.15, 3.53 and 2.41 percent. The
average nitrogen contents of the lignins isolated from the corresponding
feces were 5.19, 4.13, 3.62 and 2.91 percent. Apparently no degradation
of the nitrogen associated with the lignin in orchard grass hay occurred
during digestion by dairy cows. There may be errors in the determination
of lignin that are unaccounted for in the analysis of materials differing
widely in other constituents.

The apparent digestion coefficients for the liain corrected for nitro-
gen content was somewhat higher (7.5 to 19.8 percent) than the digestion
coefficients for crude lignin.

The benzoic acid excretion in the urine per 100 grams of lignin fed
was lower when feeding the most mature hay than when feeding the other
three less mture hays. There was no relation between the digestion co-
efficient of lignin and the urinary excretion of benzoic acid.

The total methoxyl content of the hay fed was lower than the total

methoxyl content of corresponding feces on a dry matter basis. The methoxyl

105

contents of the lignin isolated from the various hays was higher than the
methoxyl contents of the ligzin isolated from the corresponding feces.

The percent of the total methoxyl content in the hay that was associated
with the lignin increased with increasing maturity of the orchard grass.
Higher proportions of the total methoxyl content of the feces was associated
with the lignin in the feces and only slight changes in this percentage
occurred when hays of a wide range of maturity vere fed.

Digestibility of the total methoxyl content and the non-lignin methoxyl
content of the ration decreased with increasing maturity of the orchard
grass hay. Digestion of the lignin methoxyl groups ranged from 20.3 to
31.6 percent and showed no consistent trem 'in relation to the stage of
maturity of the hay fed.

1.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

106

LITERATURE CITED

Mm, Go Ac. and A. Ee Castagne.
Distribution of methoxyl and uronic acid groups in cereal
straws. Can. J. Research, B, 27:924-932, 1949.

Armstrong, D. G. , B. Cook and B. Thomas.
The lignin and cellulose contents of certain grassland species
at different stages of growth. J. Agr. Sci., 40:93-99, 1950.

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
Official methods of Analysis of the Association of Official

mmmmI-‘S-tSo 8-8 a, Do Co ’61; Ed. Igwe

Endi, lo He, and Ho Meyer.
Lignins in young plants. Biochem. J., 433248-256, 1948.

 

Clark, Ee Po
ILI. Microchemical mthOdSo Jo ”SOOo Offo Agr. ChGIUiStSo

Clark. E. P.
Roport on microchemical methods. Alkoxyl determination.
J. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chemists. 22:622-624, 1939.

Corbin, Jo Eo
Unpublished thesis, Univ. of Kentucky, 1947. Cited by Forbes,
R. L, and W. P. Garrigus. J. Animal Sci., 7:373-382, 1948.

Crampton, E. I.
Pasture studies. XIV. The nutritive value of pasture herbage.
Some problems in its estimation and some results thus far ob-
t‘ined at MEODODQM College. 3010 Agr., 198345-357, 19390

Gramptcn, E. W., and L. A. Maynard.
The relation of cellulose and lignin to the nutritive value of
animal feeds. J. Nutrition 153383-395, 1938.

CBODkQ, Fe ‘0, Me Phillips and Bo Bo Jones.
Studies on ligiin metabolism. J. Biol. Chem, 85:65-75, 1929.

D3718, R. Eo, Go Do M111er uni Io Lo Lindahl.
Apparent digestibility by sheep of lignin in (dehydrated) pea
and lime bean vines. J. Agr. Research, 74:285-288, 1947.

Dalian, T. J., and J. G. DeHeus.
Lignin in grass (with special reference to the nitrogen present
in the lignin preparation). Rec. Trev. Chem. , 693270-276, 1950.

E1113. Ge Ho, Go Mauam uni Lo Lo Maynard.
A 72-percent sulfuric acid method for the determination of lignin
and its use in animal studies. J. Animal Sci., 53285-297, 1946.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19,

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

107

Forbes, Be Be, Re Fe Elliot, Re W. Sflfi, we He Jams am Vivian
F. Smith.
Variation in determinations of digestive capacity of sheep.
Jo Animal 801., 58298-305, 1946c

Francois, A., A. M. Leroy and Genevieve Levy.
Le sort dos radicaux methoxy au cours de la digestion dos
pectines et lignines par les Bovine. Comp. rend., 232:1323-
1325, 1951.

Gray, Fe Vo
The digestion of cellulose by sheep. The extent of cellulose
digestion at successive levels of tie alimentary tract. J.
Expt. 8101., 24:15-19, 1947.

Hale, Bo Bo, Co We Duncan and Co Fe Buffinan.
Rumen digestion in the bovine with some observations on the
digestibility of alfalfa hay. J. Dairy Sci., 23:953-967, 1940.

Juon Po
'Uber don Einfluss dor Putterkonservierung auf die Bestandteilo
der Zellwand. Landw. Vere. Sta., 1203129-224, 1934.

Kano, E. A., W. C. Jacobson and L. A. Moore.
A comparison of techniques used in digestibility studies with
dairy cattle. J. Nutrition, 41:583-596, 1950.

Kingsbury, Fe Bo and W. H. Swanson.
A rapid method for determination of hippuric acid in urine.
Jo Bialo Chemo 48313.20, 19210

ID“, Jo Go '
The relative digestibility of the constituents of the carbo-
hydrate ccnmlex of grasses at successive stages of growth with
reference to their partition into crude fiber and nitrogen-free
extract according to the standard method for foedingstuff
analysis. 0nderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. 173165-179, 1941.

McAnally, R. A.
Digestion of straw by the ruminant. Biochem. J., 36:392-399,
1942.

Norman, A. G.
The association of xylan with cellulo so in certain structural
eolluloses. Biochem. J., 30:2054-2072, 1936.

Norman, 1.. G.
The composition of forage crops. III. Cocksfoot. Changes in
the herbage during growth, with and without additions of nitro-
genous fertiliser. Biochem. J. 33:1201-1208, 1939.

Norman, A. G., and S. H. Jenkins.
The determination of lignin. II. Errors introduced by the
presence of proteins. Biochem. J., 28:2160-2168, 1934.

26.

27.

28.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

57.

108

Ptleheimo, L.
Beitrage sur lipinbestimmmg nit Saurehydrolyse. Biochem. z.,
214:161-174, 1929.

Pasur, J. 3., and W. A. Belong.
Pasture studies. nun. Effect of lignin content and of stage
of maturity of dry clover forage on the urinary excretion of
aromatic acids by sheep. Sci. Agr., 28:39-46, 1948.

Phillip', Me
The quantitative determination of nethexyl, lignin and cellulose
in plant materials. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists. 15:118-131,
1952.

Phillips, M.
Studies on the quantitative estimation of lignin. II. Effect
of certain proteins on the determination of lignin by the fuming
BCl method. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists. 22:422-427, 1939.

Phillips, 11., Jo Davidson and Ho Do "91th
Studies of lignin in wheat straw with reference to lodging.
J. Agr. Sci., 43:619-626, 1931.

Phillips, 11., B. L. Davis and H. D. Weihe.
Composition of the tops and roots of the timothy plant at
successive stages of growth. J. Agr. Research. 64:535-646,
1942.

Phillips, 11., and M. Jo GOBSo
Composition of the leaves and stalks of barley at successive
stages of growth, with special reference to the formation of
lignin. J. Agr. Research, 513301-319, 19:55. .

Phillips, 11., II. J. Goss, B. L. Davis and H. Stevens.
Composition of the various parts of the cat plant at successive
stages of growth, with special reference to the formation of
lignin. J. Agr. Rosearoh. 69:319-366, 1939.

Phillips, 11., H. Weihe, D. B. Jones and F. A. Cscnka.
The demethoxylation of lignin in the animal body. Proc. Soc.
310]» “do, 268320-321, 1929e

Ritur’ G. J.
Chemistry of Wood. VII. Relation between methoxyl and lignin
in wood. Ind. Eng. Chem, 15:1264-1266, 1923.

Rogosinski, F., and M. Starsswslsa.
U‘ber die Verdauung dos Lignins bei den Wiederkauern. Bull.
Acad. polcn. Sci. B, 1243-1252, 1928.

Stone, J. E., M. J. Blundell and K. G. Tanner.
The formation of lignin in wheat plants. can. J. Chem. 29:
734-745, 1951.

38.

39.

41.

109

Swift, R. EL, E. J. Thacker, A. Black, J. W. Bratsler am If. E. James.
Digestibility cf rations for ruminants as affected by proportion
of nutrients. J. Animl Sci., 63432-444, 1947.

Thomas, Bo, mid Do Go Amtnngo
A study of some methods at present used for the determination of
lignin. J. Agr. Sci., 393335-346, 1949.

Vietnam, 8. A., and Stevens, K. R.
1 system of proximate chemical analysis of plant materials.
Ind. m. Chem. Anal. Ed. 23167-173, 1930.

Woodman, H. 3., and J. Stewart.
The mechanism of cellulose digestion in the ruminant organism.
III. The action of cellulose splitting bacteria en ti: fibre
of certain typical feedingstuffs. J. Agr. Sci. , 223527-547,
1932.

TABLES

110

Tfibl‘ 22o

Crude Li gain Fed and Excreted by Each
Animal Receiving‘Varieus Stages of
Orchard Grass Hay plus Grain.

 

 

Awerage
Average Daily Crude Daily
Lignin Consumed Lignin Ldgnin Lignin
Hey Fed Animal Hay_g Grain TotEI Excreted Recovery Di ested
gas. gms. gns. gms. J? 3:
2408 812.3 18.4 830.7 763.9 92.0 8.0
N635 499.8 14.4 514.2 479.7 93.3 6.7
2408 723.4 18.4 741.8 623.2 84.0 16.0
H635 445.2 14.4 459.6 408.7 88.9 11.1
Stage 3 165 816.3 10.3 826.6 795.4 96.2 3.8
2408 848.9 18.4 867.3 764.8 87.0 13.0
N635 532.4 14.4 536.8 480.0 89.4 10.6
Stage 4 4164 696.9 15.5 712.4 624.6 87.7 12.3
2408 1006.6 18.4 1025.0 886.0 86.4 13.6
N635 619.4 14.4 633.8 578.2 91.2 8.8

Table 23o

Nitrogen Content of Crude lignin Isolated from
Various Stages of Orchard Grass Hay ani the
Corresponding Feces

111

 

 

Stage of Crude Truey
latur ity Material Animal Lignin Nitro gen Lignin
73 7‘ %
Stago 1 Bay ---- 7.77 4o25 5e71
F9008 165 21.61 5.07 14.77
2408 20.20 5.16 13.69
N635 80.63 5.34 13.74
Sta‘o 2 Bay “--- 6074 4e15 5o00
F0008 X65 19.04 4. 35 13. 23
2408 16. 99 4.07 12. 11
N635 17. 63 3.98 12. 71
Stage 3 33y ---- 7e97 3e53 6e21
F300. 165 19o32 3.49 14o92
2408 17. 36 3. 69 13.18
N635 18.12 3.67 13.36
Staee‘4 Hay ---- 9o66 2o41 8e12
Feces X54 18.83 3.18 15.09
2408 17. 88 2. 69 14. 72
N635 18.64 2.85 15. 25

}/ crud. Lignin minus (N x 6.25)

112

Table 24o

frue Lignin Fed and Excreted by Bach Animal
Receiving Various Stages of Orchard Grass Hay

 

 

 

plus Grain
Ave rage
Average Daily 'rrue Daily
F2331“ Consumd Limin Lignin Lignin
Bay Fed Anim9.1 ay Grain Total Excreted Recovery Di ested
gas. gas. gms. gms. .
Stage 1 166 673.4 10.0 583.4 607.0 86.9 13.1
2408 596. 4 18.0 614. 4 517.7 84. 3 15. 7
N635 367.0 14. 1 381.1 319. 5 83.8 16. 2
Stage 2 165 515. 3 10.0 626. 3 459. 2 87. 4 12. 6
2408 535.9 18.0 553.9 444. 2 80.2 19.8
N635 329.8 14. 1 343.9 294. 7 85. 7 14. 3
Stage 3 165 636. 3 10.0 646. 3 597. 8 92. 5 7. 5
2408 661. 7 18.0 679. 7 673. 1 84. 3 15.7
N635 407. 2 14.1 421. 3 353.9 84.0 16.0
Stage 4 x54 59 2.0 15. 2 607. 2 500.4 82. 4 17. 6
2408 855.1 18.0 873. 1 729. 4 83. 6 l6. 6
N635 526. 2 14.1 640.3 474.1 87.8 12. 2

113

Table 25o

Urinary Excretion of Benzoic Acid by Animals Fed
Orchard Grass Hay Cut at Four Stages of Maturity

 

 

 

Average Average Bonzoip Acid Excretion
Daily Daily (Ems/100 gms. Gnu/100 he.
and Crude Li in True Li nin Total Crude Lignin True Li @2111,
Animal Pea Digesged Fed filgostsd Daily’ F53 Digested FEE Digestaa
We “Be mSo We gns.

Stage 1
165 791 49.5 583 76.4 139 17.6 280.8 23.8 181.9
2408 831 66.8 614 96.7 116 13.8 172.2 18.7 118.9

N635 514 34.5 381 61.6 80 15.6 231.9 21.0 129.9
Stage 2 .

165 706 45.1 526 66.1 136 19.3 301.6 25.9 205.7

2408 742 118.6 664 109.7 166 21.0 131.5 28.2 142.2

H635 460 50.9 344 49.2 115 25.0 225.9 33.4 233.7

Stage 3
165 827 31. 2 646 48. 5 122 14.8 391.0 18.9 251.5
2408 867 112. 5 680 106. 6 118 13. 6 104.9 17. 4 110. 7

N635 637 56.8 421 67.4 97 18.1 170.8 23.0 143.9
Stage 4

I54 712 87.9 607 106.8 104 14.6 118.3 17.1 97.4

2408 1025 139.0 873 143.7 92 9.0 66.2 10.6 64.0

H635 634 55. 6 640 66. 2 61 9. 6 109. 7 11. 3 92. 1

114

Tabl. 26o

Methoxyl Content of the Feed and Feces Dry'Matter and the Lignin
Isolated from.these Materials, and Digestion Coefficients for
Various Fractions of Methoxyl Groups

 

Lignin Digestion Coefficients
Stage Methoxyl Non-

 

and Total Lignin in Total Lignin Lignin
Material Animal Methoxyl Methoxyl Total Nethggy} Methoxyl Methogyi
f f .
Stage 1
Say 1.41 7.84 31.9
Feces 1:65 1.84 7.75 63. 6 58.4 16.0 77.3
2408 1.77 7.39 69.3 59.7 23.6 76.4
N636 1.72 7.70 63.4 61.0 21.5 79.2
as. 1.78 7.61 62.1 69.7 20.3 77.3
Stage 2
Bay 1.51 10.60 35.1
F9098 X65 2o09 8o80 58o4 56e4 28.4 70.8
2408 2.08 8.78 53.4 57.8 35.1 69.1
N635 2.08 8.88 66.7 67.9 31.3 71.3
Ay. 2.08 8.82 56.2 57.4 31.6 70.4
Stage 3
H‘y 1e62 10o73 40o?
Feces 166 2.26 9.30 62.2 47.5 20.7 65.2
2408 2.08 8.68 67.2 52.7 33.0 65.3
N635 2.40 9.62 55.4 47.4 27.2 59.9
Aw. 2.24 9.17 68.3 49.2 27.0 63.5
Stage 4
Bay 1.85 10.41 45.4
Feces 2408 2.35 9.77 60.9 45.5 22.8 62.8
N635 2.60 9.96 59.6 42.4 17.7 60.6
Av. 2.43 9.87 60.3 44.0 20.3 61.7

PART III

A STUDY OF THE CRUDE FIBER AND NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT FRACTIONS
0F ORCHARD GRASS HAY AND THE DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME OF
THE CONSTITU‘ENTS BY MILKING COWS

INTRODUCTION

Certain limitations of the widely used system.of foodstuffs analysis
inaugurated by Henneberg and Stohmann (22) have undoubtedly been recognised
since the method was first proposed. The value and usefulness of this
system of analysis has also been recognised and demonstrated through many
years accumulation of results on a'wide variety of food materials. The
extensive compilation of feed composition and digestibility data by
Morrison (36) and Schneider (44) are a tribute to the past and present
usefulness of the Henneberg system.of feed analysis. The studies of
Axelsscn (3, 4, 6, 6, 7), Dijkstra (12), Duokworth (13), Hallswerth (20),
Bomb (24, 25), Jarl (26, 27), Lancaster (29), McMoekan (34), Nordfeldt
:3 3_1_. (s7) and Olofsson (4o) .11 indicate definite value in determining
the crude fiber content of feeds since tlm high mgative correlation be-
tween the crude fiber content an! the digestibility and feeding value of
a feed certainly Justify the continued use of the crude fiber determina-
tion in the absence of a more desirable scheme of analysis.

There are numerous reports in the literature discussing the merits
and limitations of partitioning the carbohydrates of feeds into crude
fiber and nitrogen-free extract fractions. Several authors (8, 9, 10,
29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 49, 51) have criticised the Neande system
of determining the content of crude fiber in a feed and calculating the
amount ef’litregenrfree extract as being unsatisfactory'principally'be-
eause the constituents that make up the crude fiber and nitrogen-free
extract fractions vary greatly with different plant species and different
'materials and also with different conditions of determining the crude

fiber fraction.

117

CramPtcn and Maynard (10) have compared the average digestion co-
efficients cf the nitrogen-free extract and crude fiber fractions in
various classes of feeds. Dry roughages, pasture herbage and silage had
39, 67, and 28 percent, respectively, of the cases in which the crude fiber
was as high or higher in digestibility than the nitrogen-free extract.
This demonstrated the variability in the composition, digestibility, and
feeding value of crude fiber from various sources.

Norman (38) pointed out that crude fiber determined by the conven-
tional method was not a single compound but consisted of cellulose and
lignin with some hemicellulose and pectin. Several modifications of the
Weendo system of analysis for crude fiber have boon proposed but they
all have the same criticism even though the roproductibility is satis-
factory. Ncrdfoldt it 31. (37) compared several methods for the de-
termination of crude fiber and found them to give good reproductibility
but different methods gave different values for crude fiber. They also
showed that the composition of the crude fiber was different in different
foods and the crude fiber from a particular feed was different from that
of the corresponding feces. They also demonstrated a selective digest-
ibility of the lignin, cellulose and pentosan fractions which are the
main components of the crude fiber. This work emphasized the value of
lignin, cellulose and pontosan determinations to supplement the crude
fiber determination and thus would give more useful information of the
nature of the carbohydrate fraction in feeds and feces.

Knowledge of these limitations associated with the determination
of crude fiber has stimulated interest in other systems of foodstuffs
analysis that would not leave such a large portion of the feed analyti-

cally undetermined. A few investigators have attempted to account for

118

nearly all the dry utter of various feeds and feces by analytical deter-
rinatiens which leave comparatively small amounts of undetermined sub-
stances.

Prcbably the earliest studies of the summative analysis of semen
feeding stuffs in the United States were done by Headden (21) md Widtsoe
and Stewart (60). He‘adden (21) partitioned clover hay into sugars,
dextrins, starch, xylans, ligncnes, cellulose, meisture, ash, proteins,
nterials extracted by ether and materials extracted by alcohol and water
cerrected for sugar and dextrins. He had 4.8 percent of the total plant
material undetermined by this system of analysis. Widtsoe and Stewart
(50) partitioned the dry matter of alfalfa into the ether extract, water
extract, acid extract, alkali extract, fiber, and ash in the fiber frac-
tiens. They made progressive extractiens with each solvent on the resi-
due remaining after previous extractions thus accounting for all of the
dry matter. This sytem would not be too useful for digestibility studies
since the material extracted by each solvent from the feed and feces
would probably vary widely.

Crampton and Whiting (11) proposed a scheme of analysis which de-
termined the percentage of lignin by difference after making analytical
determinations ef cellulose and soluble carbohydrates. Ferguson (15)
analysed wheat straw fer its content of ether extract, crude protein,
ash, lignin, true cellulose, pentesans in cellulose and furfuraldehyde.
With this system of analysis he had 13.7 percent of the dry matter un-
determined which he called ”other carbohydrates". Ferguson (16) also
analysed several forage; samples for the individual structural censtitu-
ents of the cell wall and also the non-structural constituents and
secured variable quantities of undetermined constituents. Analysis of

119

very young high protein grass gave undetermined fractions amounting to only
4.5 percent of the dry nattcr while the more mature forages had ever 16
percent of the dry matter undetermined. Reid (42) reported that larger
amounts of the dry matter of mature grass than of younger grasses was un-
determined by the sum of the lignin, cellulose, huicellulese, pectin,
starch, total sugar, ash, crude protein and ether extract percentages.

Flanders (17) recently reperted a sumetive analysis of timothy hay
by determining ash, benzene-alcohol extractives, water extractives, pectic
substances, hemicelluleses, alpha cellulose, lignin and proteins.‘ A study
of the four hemicellulese fractions extracted indicated that they were
mixtures and their composition varied from one plant source to another
(18). The hemicellulese fractions showed comparable variations in the
uronic acid anhydride and pentcse contents within plant families but not
between plants of different families.

The present status of our knowledge of the carbohydrate constituents
of forage has been well described by Percival (41) in a recent discussion
of the subject. He stated that, "Although an immense mount of routine
analytical work has been carried out on forage crops in the past, we are
still incrant, in the main, of what is measured under such headings as
crude fiber, total carbohydrates and so on.”

It seemed desirable to study certain of the chemical constituents of
the crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract fractions that could be deter-
mined as either definite chmical substances or that would be representa-
tive of similar substances when determinations are made on widely different
materials such as feeds and feces. While such a method of analysis is not
readily applicable to routine determinations it would give useful inform-
tien on the relative digestibilities of various fractions of the carbo-
hydrate complex of forage plants and also might permit logical grouping

120

of certain of these constituents that would be biologically similar and
also might be easily grouped for convenient chemical determinations.

The object of this investigation was to determine the digestion co-
efficients of certain constituents tint are ordinarily grouped in the crude
fiber and nitrogen-free extract fractions and also to ascertain what per-
centage of the dry matter of the feed and feces would be accounted for by

a more detailed system of analysis.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.

The method of conducting the digestion trials and the collection and
handling of the samples has been previously described (Part I).

Cellulose was determined by the method of Matrcne, Ellis and Maynard
(52).

Panto sans were determined as the furfural yielding constituents ac-
cording to the official method of the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists (l) and the weight of furfural phloroglucide calculated as the
pentcsan equivalent. The pentcsan content of the crude Matrone cellulose
was determined on a sample of crude cellulose. which was divided into
separate samples for determinations of the pentcsan and cellulose con-
tents.

Staroh was determined on the grain samples by the official diastase
method with subsequent acid hydrolysis of the Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists (1). Starch was determined on the hay and feces
samples by the method of Hoffpauir (23).

Determinations of the reducing sugars were made by extracting the
material with 80 percent alcohol according to the method of Thomas, Melin
and Moore (48), inversion with hydrochloric acid, and determining the
reduced copper after boiling the extract with copper sulfate-alkaline

121

tartratc solution by the dichromate-ferric sulfate-diphenylamine procedure
described by Leonard 3331. (30).

Organic acids were determined by the method of Somers (45). Aqueous
extractions of the material were made in a Waring blender after addition
of sufficient 5 normal hydrochloric acid to bring the pH to approximately
1.0. The acidified extracts were heated in a steam bath to remove carbon
dioxide, made to a convenient volume at 25 degrees centigrade and then a
50 milliliter aliquots was adjusted to pH 7.8 with sodium hydroxide (5 nor-
31 followed by 0.05 normal sodium hydroxide) and titrated to pH 2.6 with
0.05 normal nitric acid. The organic acids were calculated as the equiv-

alent amount of malic acid.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

The composition of the crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract frac-
tions of the feeds fed during the digestion trials conducted on the orchard
grass hay cut at four stages of maturity are given in Table 2'7. The con-
ventional proximate system of analysis for feeds includes determinations
of the protein, ash, ether extract, and crude fiber percentages and cal-
culation of the nitro gen-free extract fraction of the feed by difference.
With this system, the percentages that were determined by difference
(nitrogen-free extract) ranged from 35.0 to 45.8 percent of the dry matter
of the hays. When analyses were made of the sugar, starch, organic acid,
pentcsan, alpha cellulose and lignin contents of the hay the undetermined
portion of the total hay ranged from 8.6 to 18.5 percent of the dry matter.
These percentages of the undetermined perticn of the dry matter of feeds
are within the sme range as reported by Ferguson (15, 16). Reid (42)
accounted for somewknt higher percentages of the total dry matter of

forages.

122

A greater percentage of the dry matter of the immature orchard grass
hay was accounted for by the lore detailed systan of analysis than in the
more mature orchard grass hay used in this study. This trend has also been
reported by Reid (42). Differences in the percent of dry matter accounted
for in the imature and mature forages by this system of analysis may be
partially due to the increase in thdproportiqn of the dry utter of the
hay which the crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract fractions represent
with increasing maturity. The total of these two fractions increased from
61.9 percent in the immature hay to 76.2 percent in the mature hay. Errors
due to conversion of the nitrogen content of young plants to protein equiv-
alent may also be greater in young plants thn in elder plants. It is also
recognised that the undetermined fraction includes any analytical errors
involved in each of the individual analyses. With tin proximate system of
analysis these errors are included in the nitrogen-free extract fraction.

Several authors (2, 19, 28, 43, 47, 52) have given smative analyses
of needs that are remarkably close to 100 percent of the original material.
lost of these merinnts have included .the total carbohydrate fraction of
weeds in preparations of holocellulose. There is evidence that properly
isolated holocellulese retains nearly all of the pentcsans, aoetyl groups
and the carbon dioxide forming material originally present in the weed.(43).
Another approach to the smmative analysis of forages would be to include
several of the carbohydrate fractions present in forages in a single de-
termination of related materials such as those included in holccellulese
preparatiens. me feasibility of such a system would depend upon suitable
techniques for isolating the holocellulose fraction from forages and would
also necessitate a knowledge of the digestibility of the various constitu-
ents of the helecellulese fraction.

123

The ligiin, total cellulose, and pentcsan content of the innature
orchard grass hay was lever than that of the mature orchard grass hay.
The organic acid content of the orchard pass hay decreased with advanc-
ing maturity. The sugar content of the most imature orchard grass hay
was lower than in the hays cut at later stages of maturity. The sugar
content of the boys out at the three later stages of maturity pro gross-
ively decreased with advancing maturity. The low sugar content of the
i-nature hay is probably due to its being placed on the barn dryer at
a higher moisture content than the other stages tlms permitting plant
cell respiration to continue for a longer period than in the other three
stages which were partially dried in the field before being placed on
the barn dryer.

The detailed composition of the crude fiber and nitrogen-free ex-
tract fractiens of the feces of each animl used in the digestion trials
is shown in Table 28. The nitro gen-free extract in these feces ranged
from 55.7 to 44.6 percent. Ihen a more detailed system of analysis was
used including the deteminaticns of sugars, starch, organic acids, pentc-
sans, alpha cellulose, beta and gamma cellulose, and lignin, tlm undeter-
mined portion of the feces dry matter ranged from 0.1 to 9.6 percent.

The more detailed systan of analysis accounted for a higher percentage
of the dry matter of fecal material than of the hays.

When orchard grass hays of increasing maturity were fed the alpha
cellulose, pentcsan and lignin contents of the feces increased. The in-
crease in the lignin content of the feces is small compared to the change
in the lignin content of the hays since decreases in the digestibility of
the total dry matter reduce this change.

The content of reducing sugars was very low in all of the feces.

The starch content of the feces ranged from 1.2 to 5.8 percent and showed

124

about the same range of values for the three cows when fed each of the
four orchard grass hays.

The cellulose aggregate isolated from plant material by the Matrene,
Ellis and Maynard (32) method includes a large part of the h-icellulese
and related materials which are furfural yielding constituents ani are
included in the pentcsan fraction in this study. This does not permit a
summative analysis of the forage to be made using the crude cellulose
since it would duplicate a portion of the pentcsan fraction inthe crude
cellulose fraction. Determinations of the pants can content of crude
cellulose isolated by the method of Matrone, Ellis, and Maynard (32) were
made in order to calculate a "corrected Matrene cellulose‘I inch was free
of pentcsans and would not cause duplication in a system of su-oative
analysis which also included the pentcsan fraction. Alpha cellulose was
determined on separate samples of crude cellulose and the balance of the
crude cellulose which was not determined as alpha cellulose and pentcsans
was calculated as beta and gun cellulose. These data are shown in Table
29. Apparently the proportions of alpha cellulose and pentcsans in the
cellulose material isolated by the Hatrens, Ellis and Maynard (32) method
dces not change appreciably with increasing mturit'y. lfiu'tlmrmcre, the
ratio of alpha cellulose to pentcsans in the crude latrone cellulose
isolated from the feces does not differ greatly fras that isolated from
orchard grass hay. The fraction designated as the “beta and game cellu-
lose" was calculated as the residue from the crude Matrone Cellulose that
was not determined as alpha cellulose or pentcsans. This fraction is
quite variable in the mount present in various materials.

The content of “corrected Matrone ce llulose" follows the same trends
in the hay and the corresponding faces as the crude Matrcns cellulose.

125

The apparent digestion coefficients of the various constituents of the
carbohydrate fraction and related constituents are given in Table 50. It
is evident tint the apparent digestion coefficients of the crude Matrone
cellulose, corrected Matrone cellulose, alpha cellulose, holocellulose,
pentcsans, total carbohydrate, organic acids and undetermined fractions all
decreased with advancing maturiw of the orchard grass hay. The digestibil-
ity coefficients of the starch and sugar fractions were high with all of
the four stages of maturity. .1 comparison of tin apparent digestion co-
efficients cf the crude Matrene cellulose and the corrected Matrene cellu-
lose would indicate that there is very little difference in the digestibil-
ity of the alpha cellulose and pentcsan fractions of the crude Matrcne
eellulcse. A comparison of the apparent digestion coefficients of the
total pentcsan fraction of the feed and the crude Matt-one cellulose in-
dicates that the pentcsans not associated with the crude Matrone cellu-
lose had a somewhat lower digestion coefficient than the pentcsans in-
cluded with the crude Matrone cellulose.

The apparent digestion coefficients of the undetermined fractions
were calculated by assuming that these fractions were of the same com-
position in the feed and feces. The digestibility of the undetermined
fraction of the immature forage indicated that this fraction is as highly
digested as the starch and sugar. The digestibility of this fraction de-
creased with increasing ’turity an! was digested to about the cam ex-
tent as the alpha celluloee in the most mature stage of orchard grass.

A comparison of the digestion coefficients of the corrected Matrens
cellulose, alpha cellulose, holocellulose, and pentcsan fractions of any
one stage of maturity of orchard grass hay would indicate that the di-
gestibility of these groups are similar enough to justify grouping them

126

into one fraction of similar substances such as might be accomplished in
a holocellulose determination. The object of a more detailed analysis of
the carbohydrate fraction is not to increase the analytical determinatiens
necessary but to allow intelligent grouping of various constituents into
groups of substances that would be similar from an analytical, biological
and chemical standpoint.

SUM]!

A more detailed system of analysis that included determinations of
the starch, sugars, organic acids, pentcsans, alpha cellulose, and lignin
was used with orchard grass hay cut at four stages of maturity and the
corresponding feces to study the constituents ordinarily grouped in the
crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract fractions.

A greater percentage of the dry matter of the inmature orchard grass
hay was accounted for by this system of analysis than with the more mature
orchard grass hay used in this study.

Higher percentages of the dry matter were accounted for by the de-
tailed system of analysis in the feces of animals fed the immature orchard
grass hay than in the feces from animals fed the mature orchard grass hay.

Considerably higher percentages of the total dry matter of feces were
determined by this system of analysis than were determined with the same
analytical techniques on the forage fed to these animals.

Cellulose isolated from the orchard grass hays cut at four stages of
maturity and from the corresponding feces by the method of Matrone, Ellis
and Maynard contained approximtely 25 percent of furfural yielding con-
stituents calculated as pentcsans. The apparent digestion coefficients
of the cellulose corrected for pentcsans was not appreciably different
from the digestion coefficients of the crude cellulose fraction.

127

The apparent digestion coefficients of the crude Matrone cellulose,
corrected Matrone cellulose, alpha cellulose, pentcsans, total carbo-
hydrates, organic acids and undetermined fractions all decreased with
advancing mturity of the orchard grass hay. me digestion coefficients
of the starch and sugar fractions of tin orchard grass hay were high with
all of the four stages of maturity.

The similarity in the digestion coefficients of the alpha cellulose,
holocellulose, pentcsan, and crude Matrone cellulose fractions indicate
that a large part of the forage that is ordinarily included in the crude
fiber and nitrogen-free extract fractions could justifiably be grouped
into a helocellulose fraction amt could be analytically determined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. '

128

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TABLES

134

Table 2?.

Composition of the crude Fiber and Nitrogen-free Extract
Fractions of the Feeds used for Digestion Trials on Various
Orchard Grass Hays

‘ Orchard Grass Hay

 

 

 

Stage Stage Stage Stage No. 86
l 2 3 4 Grain

Protein 2408 15.8 13.0 12.4 9. 2
‘Ash 9.3 6.8 7.1 7.2 5.9
Ether Ext. 400 5.5 3.9 4.2 30 6
Sugars 2.1 9.5 5.4 2.4 1.4
St”0h 10 2 104 008 0.9 6500
Organic Acids 6.3 6.0 5.4 5.0 --
Panto sans 1501 15.8 16.8 1801 6.4
Alpha 0911111080 1905 19.8 19.1 27.7 203
Beta 6 Gamma
09111110 80 3.4 5.4 3.8 2. 5 --
Lignin 5.7 5.0 6.2 8.1 0.5
Undetemined 8.6 11.0 18.5 11.5 7.?
Crude Fiber 26.9 28.2 31.8 55.0 2.2
N.F.E. 35.0 45.7 44.2 41.2 81.1
Total I
Carbohydrates”) 49.9 63.0 64.4 65.1 82.8
Holocellulo 89(2) 46. 5 52.0 58. 2 59.8 16.4

(1)Tota1 Carbohydrates - (Crude Fiber + N.F.E.) - (lignin 4 Organic )
Ac ds

(2)Holccellulose - Total Carbohydrates - (Starch + Sugar)

155

 

 

o.me e.me m.me N.He w.mm
mane m.oe m.ae m.me e.me
m.ee m.me H.ee m.He H.He
~.em m.m~ m.em m.m~ s.mm
m.s m.m ©.m m.m e.m
(.mH o.uH s.ue o.<H «.mfl
m.m o.e m.H m.m H.m
e.sH m.@H N.sa m.ma e.mH
¢.mH a.eH a.mH m.mH s.me
m.m m.m m.m m.m m.m
0.x o.m m.H m.m w.m
m.o e.o «.0 m.o m.o
m.m H.s e.s m.s “.6
m.oH o.HH H.HH m.NH N.NH
m.mH m.eH m.mH m.ma m.oH
mama moem emw mmm: moem
mwmp m m o. .3 m
323

 

MNUDHNDNYf‘O

FQ‘O‘J

. O 0 O 0 o o o O
O H (0 if," L!) no Li'.‘ L\

e
LOHL\
Hr-I

r-l

riri

mow

 

Andmzm ..zonmpmv I mommathnonamo Hmpoa

..A

H

O O O
r4r4

mbmbCOOCN
.0
ONCDNDNLOM

(002%
o

03:05

Hr—l

I ‘i- ...!”i‘.‘ .- “§‘ul‘ n

.000 000
Ombsqaor—{OJLN
r—tl—i r4

LDL‘V‘NDO‘JCDBH
o

{Cl-003
o

ONCO

NH

mmmm. moem

O O O ' O O {o O
Fir! E4

NHr—lcc-dlovccsfl
ONEVNDIQ'UDO

025(0
.
ssh

0‘40 I.

3k.

 

‘l’ I -.‘nl‘fil I‘ll. I‘l‘1l-“‘l

mmx

 

 

N omwnm

H omssm

mm mo momwpm anew pm poo he: mmmao namnoao pom
maoo go mooom esp mo wCOfipomam pomapxm conglcomonpflz one hopflh onsao one mo soapfimomfioo

.mm mHLcH

u omOHSHHoooaom\M

a + ampflm ofisaov u mommachnopamo Hmpog\w
o.m~ m.¢m m.mw \mmmoaaaaoooaom
w.bm r.mw m.bm Mflmopwathgopamo Hmpoa
s.mm H.sm b.mm .m.m.z
>.¢H n.6H m.mH nonflm onsao
a.H H.o ¢.H tmgflanmpmnsb
¢.¢H m.¢H e.ma :flnmflq
o.m m.w m.m omoanaaoo wages w epom
N.OH m.HH m.HH omoasnfimo memes
m.CH m.oH m.oH mnemOpnom
N.m ¢.m m.w mtflod oedemao
o.m m.m N.H condom
m.o m.o m.o mammsm
>.> m.> H.w .pxm amnpm
m.¢H m.¢H b.mH and
o.um m.wm m.em aflopoam
mmoz.lmoem moWJJI ‘ I scospasmcoo

The Crude Matrone Cellulose Content of Orchard Grass Hays and

Table 29 e

l

'7

6

the Corresponding Feces and the Distribution of its Viricus Constituents

0.6. H
slag-r131

St 3e 2
St go 3
Stg. 4

Fbces

Stage 1
155

 

2408
N635
Stage 2

165
2408
N635

Stage 3

165
2408
N635

Stage 4

154
2408
N635

Constituents of‘Matrone Cellulose

 

Crude .Alpha Beta & Corrected

lhtrene Cellulose Pentcsans Gamma Metrene

Cellulose Cellulose Cellulose (I)
34.0 6§.6 25.3 11.1 25.1
34.7 61.0 28.6 10.4 24.8
37.7 61.7 25.8 12.5 28.0
40.3 67.5 26.4 6.1 29.7
17.8 61.4 25.1 - 13.5 13.3
17.8 61.4 25.1 13.5 13.3
16.8 58.4 24.4 17.2 12.7
23.9 57.9 25.4 16.7 17.8
22.2 64.2 27.4 8.4 16.1
21.8 55.5 22.6 21.9 16.9
26.6 61.6 25.4 13.0 18.8
26.2 61.7 25.7 12.6 19.5
27.1 61.6 25.2 13.2 20.3
27.7 67.1 26.8 6.1 20.3
27.1 63.5 24.2 12.3 20.5
27.2 60.8 24.7 14.5 20.5

 

137

Table 30.
Apparent Digestion Coefficients of Carbohydrates and Related Constituents

in Orchard Grass Hay Cut at Four Stages of Katurity

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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.2: '3

w G

m 'U o m m m a oa
(n a; m 1 U) 1 In 1 £1 1 '6 {-3 f:
o -# o t o I o 1 m P? O 8 0
‘L '4 0'4 1 or; If; 1 5 '5 a r4'8 '2 m .813
a“: 9 'grg 2.3 1.L:j 0:4 .9 H m 8.9 9'9 0 o
and 3'4 “'4 5% "“4 G q g) -p a Wyn 'o m
a o c o 1.: m ,9 o o -a , o m ,h o c a
6 w' can) (3:) cat) the) a. U) U) EiC) \3-¢ rain

3 59:33.3;

X65 82 82 8 82 78 97 96 86 '55 95
2408 82 81 8O 83 79 94 97 87 52 99
£635 83 82 82 83 73;. 98 94 58 53 C4

7” “7 “1 ’" 7‘ 0” 97 ‘7 53 9“
St“_e 2

X65 77 76 78 79 72 95 99 84 6O 91
2408 79 78 77 79 75 95 98 85 58 82
N635 79 77 78 79 74 97 98 86 52~'_.§g__
Lv. 79 77 79 79 74 99 98 85 57 89
wf¢"o 3

X65 72 73 69 73 64 97 98 79 52 85
2408 72 72 68 75 66 93 99 81 49 90
I635 72 71 69 74 67 97 98 82 48 87
Av. 72 72 69 74 66 96 98 81 50 87
Stave_4

X54 70 7O 73 69 64 97 95 77 46 69
2408 69 68 73 69 63 94 93 76 45 77
3635 69 68 71 68 62 97 95 77 44 75
Av. 69 69 72 69 63 96 94 77 45 74

{gal [SI £1.11 Ill 'nll‘fll'lln’lb l

1180M USE ONLY

. M63125 "53

mays '51

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all {80-95: .

l A STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

3056 1520

 

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