‘ A smbvormopwm coupeusm-IQN i As RELAIED TONQRMAL ALKYL ‘AMtNES-r Thais for m Dogma of Ms. ', MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Wayne Dougéas Ek‘écksan: 1955 n . . ..... .I 31 Liéls This is to certify that the thesis entitled A STUDY OF DROP-E-JISE COI‘EDE‘ESATIOIE AS RELATED TO 110mm ALKXL warms presented by Wayne Douglas Erickson has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science degree in Chemical Engineering x-v" \ /V / 1“" ,1 , /i c. r / ‘I ‘ 7 I . . r ' A / / I -_ _-_ 4“ /,/a\¥,..-r ("‘“g/‘h' L1 L1fi/4l/f Major professor Date I‘b‘y 17; 19," 0-169 M~ A STUDY OF DROP-WISE CONDENSATION AS RELATED TO NORMAL ALKYL AMINES By 'Wayne Douglas Erickson A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Chemical Engineering 1955 'I'Hlitb‘db~ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is grateful to Dr. C. C. DéWitt for his guidance both in the experimental work and the preparation of this thesis, and to Dr. M. F. Obrecht for his initiation of this study, and for his counsel, and aid in obtaining the materials necessary for this research. Mr. W. B. Clippinger, mechanical technician,11as rendered sufficient service in the preparation of the necessary experimental facilities. TABLE OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS . Finger-Type Condenser Coil-Type Condenser . PROCEDURE TABULATED DATA . . . . . TABULATED RESULTS . . . GRAPHS . . . . . . . . . DISCUSSION . . . . . . . Apparatus O O O O 0 Results . . . . L . Theory . . . . . . CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . CONTENTS APPENDIX A (Sample Calculations). . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX B (Further Discusion of Coil-Type Condenser) BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . PAGE 69 Figure I. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure b. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8 0 Figure 9. LIST OF FIGURES Finger-Type Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . Finger-TypeCondenser.. . . .. . .. . .. Sectional Coil-Type Apparatus . . . . . . . . Cross-Section of Coil-Type Condenser . . . . Various Modes of Condensation . . . . . . . . Various Modes of Condensation . . . . . . . . Orientation of Promoter Molecules on Metallic Surface................... Minimum Molecular Spacing of Circular Groups WithMinimumNumber............. Minimum Molecular Spacing of Circular Groups WithMQdMNumberooeooeoeoeeoo PAGE 10 11 12 13 56 S7 INTRODUCTION Octadecylamine and its salts are presently being used in the industry as corrosion.inhibitors (S, 28: 3b). This inhibition is thought to be facilitated by the filming action of the amines. Field tests (3h) made in paper mills and other industrial installations using octadecylamine for corrosion protection, indicates a simultaneous increase in.plant efficiency. Screening tests with certain amine corrosion.inhibitors indicated marked effect on the mode of steam.condensation. These tests showed that a copper surface coated with a nonmal alky1.amine containing eight to eighteen carbon atoms presented a nondwettable surface. This property of nondwettability is a requisite for dropdwise condensation. It was, therefore, the purpose of this study to determine the influence of the carbon? chain length of the various normal alkyl amines on the overall heat transfer coefficient of steam condensing on such prepared surfaces. It was observed by Spoelstra (32) in 1931, that pipes coated with a small amount of oil permitted higher heat transfer co- efficients than the same pipes when clean. Upon.removal of the oil film'by cleaning with benzene, a lower coefficient was observed. Spoelstra concluded that the oil on the surface upon which con- densation took place caused the steam to condensate in droplets. These Observations were made in a Javanese sugar plant. Two years later, Nagle and Drew (26) made a qualitative study of drop-wise condensation. They studied the effect of various oils and fatty materials in combination with different metal surfaces. Some of the compounds used were fuel oil, kerosene, mutton tallow, beeswax, olive oil, and stearic acid. The metal surfaces studied were copper, brass, steel, chrome—nickel steel, chromium-plated capper and brass, monel metal and nickel. For the combinations which produced drop-wise condensation, the overall coefficients varied from 600 to 1300 Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./°F. They also reported varying degrees of drop-wise condensation ranging from pure drop- wise to film type. A correlation between surface tension and a condition necessary for drop-wise condensation was also presented. Wulfinghoff (36) reported that the high heat transfer co- efficients caused by drop condensation are less likely to be observed in commercial condensers than in the laboratory. He states that the production of drop—wise condensation requires very low steam currents or velocities and an exceedingly smooth surface. Jeffrey and Moynihan (17) made observations contrary to those reported by Wulfinghoff. They reported that drop-wise condensation was predominate on condenser tubes when the tubes were commercially clean, i.e., as received from manufacturer, this phenomenon being attributed to the presence of a thin film of oil. They say further, that drop-wise condensation was observed on a commercially clean tube at any steam or water velocity studied. It was suggested that film type condensation was an unstable condition and a slight degree of contamination on the condensing surface causes drop-wise condensation to occur. Overall coefficients observed, ranged from 2149 to 1552 Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./’F. for water velocities of 1.77 and 8 . 51 ft . / sec . respectively. In 1935 Nagle (2h) disclosed the conditions necessary for promoting drop-wise condensation. The condensing surface must be modified so that the condensate does not wet the surface. The condensing surface, if treated with a suitable agent, forms a non-wetting film. This f iILm must be adsorbed upon the condensing surface and not be washed off with the condensate. Nagle states that agents having a non-polar part attached to an active polar group causes this desired effect. The active polar group is adsorbed on the metal surface while the non-polar part causes the surface to be non-wettable to the condensate. Oleic and steeric acids fulfill these specifications and were observed to promote drop-wise condensation. By treating a nickel tube with oleic acid, upon which saturated steam was condensing, drop-wise con- densation was observed with a corresponding overall coefficient of 950 Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./°F. This same tube had previously rendered a coefficient of the Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./°F. when clean. Nagle and Associates (25') reported steam-side coefficients of the order of 114,000 Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./’F. for drop-wise conden- sation. The apparatus used to obtain these results was a 2.875" 0.D. x 21;” long copper pipe set vertically inside a steam jacket. 'Water flowed down the inside of the copper pipe. The steam.side surface temperature of the copper pipe was measured.with two copper-constantan thermocouples attached to the pipe at five different levels. The wires lay in horizontal grooves cut around the pipe and the tip of each thermocouple soldered in.place. The method used for measuring the surface temperature was similar to that developed by Hubbard and Badger (13). The thermocouple readings indicated an erratic variation in the temperature of the pipe from.pOint to point. This apparatus did not allow for observ- ation of the mode of condensation. Drew, Nagle, and Smith (6) made a study of the conditions necessary for dropdwise condensation of steam. They suggested that the presence of rubber in the system may have caused, in part, the discrepancies of former investigators. The basis of this statement being that rubber tubing that had been treated with caustic, contained dropdwise promoters. Some conditions related to dropdwise condensation were presented. Clean steam.slways condenses with a film.formation on a clean surface. The cooling surface must be contaminated in some way if dropdwise condensation is to occur. Only agents which are firmly held on the condensing surface are significant as drapdwise promoters. A smooth surface is more conducive to dropdwise condensation than a rough surface. Fitzpatrick, Baum, and McAdams (11) studied the effect of benzyl mercaptan on various metal surfaces. In their tests it was not possible to obtain film type condensation because of the presence of a fattybacid promoter which entered the steam system through a boiler feed pump in the power plant. These investigators, no doubt, had an experience similar to that of Jeffrey and Mbynihan (17). However, a copper tube which indicated an overall coefficient of 900 Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./°F. before treating with benzyl mercaptan, showed 1650 Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./°F. after treatment. The apparatus used in.this study required the measurement of the condensing surface temperature with grooved thermocouples. The authors emphasized the need for further investigation of the optimum quantity of promoter required in.practice. Emons (7) postulated the molecular mechanism of the promoter action. He states that dropdwise condensation will occur if a promoter with the following properties is present on the conden- sing surface. The promoter molecules must have one part which has very little affinity for vapor molecules and an active group which.has a large affinity for the condensing surface. These mole- cules must be constructed in such a way that a monomolecular layer is formed with the inactive part exposed to the vapor and the active group adsorbed on the cooling surface. The presence of this monomolecular layer is the necessary and sufficient condition for dropdwise condensation. A second layer of molecules would have to be attached to the inactive part of the first layer. This second layer*would form an unstable condition and is not likely to occur. A procedure for depositing stearate layers on the cool- ing surface was also presented. The apparatus of Shea and Krase (30) appears to be the soundest thus far devised for accurate measurement of steam side coefficients. A vertical plate 0.25n thick, 5" wide, and 2h" long was exposed to steam contained in a steam chest. The plate was divided into five sections with controllable water rate to each. The condensing surface temperature was measured with accurately located thermocouples in the condenser plate. The effect of steam velocity, length of condensing surface, and heat flux were studied for film.type condensation as well as the dropdwise condition. Fatica and.Kata (8) studied the mechanism of dropdwise con- densation by measuring the contact angle of the droplets on.the cooling surface. They attempted to predict the mode of condensation by correlating the heat conducted through the drops formed and the resistance between the vapor and condensate free.surface. There appears to have been as many different methods of approach to the study of dropawise condensation as there were investigators. The approach first undertaken in this study entailed the design and construction of an apparatus for measuring the condensing surface temperature as well as a knowledge of the other parameters. A second apparatus of simple design was also built and proved to be a better tool for this study. APPARATUS Finger-Type Condenser The apparatus used for this study was similar to that of Drew, Nagle, and Smith (6) . The cooling surface was a 5-1/2 inch piece of 1/2 inch copper tubing, sealed at one end with solder, inside of which was placed a finger of l/h inch copper tubing. The open end of the inside tube was 1/16 inch from the sealed and of the outer tube. The inside tube was held rigidly in place by a 1/2 x l/h inch reducer fitting. An outlet was made by drilling a hole in the outside tube and soldering a short section of l/h inch tubing in place. Cooling water traveled down the inside tube, through the annulus, thence to the outlet. See Figure 2. The outside tube measured 0.500“ 0.D., 0.1135" I.D. The inside tube measured 0.250n 0.D., 0.190" I.D. The actual length of the out- side tube exposed to condensation was 3.5". P The condensing surface was prepared by polishing with various gradues of fine emery paper. Crocus cloth was used to obtain the finished surface. The excess polishing compound was removed by scrub- bing with Ajax" cleaner with intermittent rinsing. A more detailed explanation of the surface conditioning is given in the section deal- ing with procedure. A two liter Erlenmeyer flask served as a condensing jacket as well as the boiler. A standard laboratory glass reflux condenser was used to maintain nearly atmospheric pressure in the system and to condensate the excess vapors. This combination kept the material under study at a nearly constant concentration. at- A commercial scouring compound. A cork stapper with appropriate holes was used to hold the test condenser, reflux condenser, and steam thermometer in place. The cork stoppers were previously placed in boiling distilled water to extract the natural resins and other water soluble impurities. The extraction process was repeated, boiling water until there was no noticeable color from the cork. The stoppers were then dried in an oven. The cooling water inlet temperature was measured with a Beckmann thermometer which had been calibrated with a standard thermometer. The cooling water outlet temperature was measured with a glass thema- meter calibrated in increments of 0.1F' from which 0.051” could be estimated with confidence. The steam temperature was also measured with a glass thermometer calibrated in 0.2F‘. The cooling water rate was determined by weighing the throughput for a given time interval. A scales calibrated to l/6h of a pound intervals was used. The through- put could be estimated to 0.01 lbs./min. with fair accuracy. Sectional Coil—Type Condenser The apparatus shown in Figures 3 and h was designed and constructed for the purpose of determining steam side coefficients by measuring wall temperatures. The body of this condenser was a spun casting of brass made with an outside diameter of 5-1/2" with a 0.1:" wall thick- ness and 15" long. Copper tubing was coiled around this casting in four separate sections and soldered in place. Additional solder was used for fill between the shell and the tubing. The purpose of the four separate sections was to allow for independent measurement of the cool- ing water rates and, thus, a simultaneous study of each vertical section. Taro iron-constantan thermocouples displaced by 180' were used to measure the wall temperature in each vertical section. The thermocouples were imbedded into the wall of the casting 0.25" from the outside surface. Each couple was then soldered in place with a fusible alloy melting approximately at 300'F. The and pieces of the condenser were made of 3/8" brass plate and held in place with twelve l/h" x l" fillister head bolts. A rubber gasket was used to form a seal. A vent was provided to allow for the escape of air which may have been present in the steam. The steam pressure was measured with a pressure gage located on top of the condenser. The steam temperature, condensate temperature, and cooling water inlet temperature were measured with iron-constantan thermocouples placed in wells as shown in Figure 3. The cooling water outlet temperature from each section was measured by thermocouples soldered to l/h" copper tubes through which water flowed. A sixteen station electronic temperature recorder was used to record all temperatures. A spring loaded diaphram type pressure regulator was used to maintain constant pressure to the test condenser. The cooling water from each section and the condensate were collected in pails and weighed. One of the standard chemical feed pumps was used to feed the desired quantity of test material into the steam. Further discussion concern- ing this apparatus with sample data is presented in Appendix B. Figure l. Finger-Type Apparatus 0.250" 0.D. 0.190" I.D. 500" 0 L35" I / cooling water inlet \ Figure 2. Finger-Type Condenser cooling water outlet Tacoma o» 63ch ..om.m 12 N. a?” _’ b mspafiam< eEIHfloo gowpoom .m mag in“ . .‘ Figure b. Cross-Section of Coil-Type Condenser 5-50" 7 i; :1. !1|| LI: I lit: ..r; ao.ma.ll;-::.ai-c:,9Ilir11+:;:. .rh . r i e n _ .t 0 1. r ‘ a i l e i H t .1 p H C r p “ mm m r m A _ “wt .3 8 Mo , 8 d Ii. 0am 0‘ l tub " 0 C\ o /u :5 ci Tull S l/t V‘ l / \ nu. / V b i, 4 i a, A» e Ella / Cjfifiéxim 91...”- .1 __ __ _ __ _ i. _ _ _ n a _ _ _ I: _ __ ___—_— __. __ ___ .1 _ ._ .2 _ _ _ _ _ “_"__":__“_: i ___ __ __ n i ; jajiz+x+: .. n _ _ __ u __ _ __ _ __ _ Lu “.____________ _ _______:_____ i ___________.__ M ___L__L__C.L_:. n x A/ ‘1. h an. 4 / / Liza _/ ZyZi/L/ /// k . nu hflw,flurnu mg i _, _ Ttl.1k.H compose + m coapocm + m compose _ a soapcom.llili Note: Sections 1, 3, and h same as 2. PROCEDURE The repcrted work of all previous investigators indicated that initial surface cleanliness is the most important factor in the study of dropdwise condensation. For this reason, extreme care was taken to minimize the presence of foreign substances which would possibly alter the effects under study. The equipment was cleaned in the following manner before each of the five studies. The Erlenmeyer flask was scrubbed.thoroughly with Ajax cleaning compound. After rins- ing with both tap and distilled water, the flask was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and finally rinsed with distilled water. The inner tube of the reflux condenser and.the steam thermometer were cleaned in a similar manner. The copper condensing surface was prepared by polishing with various grades of fine emery paper terminating with a crocus cloth treatment. The surface was then scrubbed.with Ajax cleaner to remove the excess polishing compound. The tube was rinsed with water and treated for a few seconds with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid, after which the tube was immediately rinsed in distilled water. At this point, the tube was submerged in distilled water to reduce oxide formation and the possibility of impurities gathering on the surface. The tube remained under water until used. Cork stoppers were used in preference to rubber for reasons given earlier. A different stopper was used for each study and treated in the following manner. The stoppers were boiled.in distilled water for the purpose of removing the natural resins present in cork. The 15 extracting process was repeated with fresh water until there was no noticeable coloring from the cork. The corks were then soaked in distilled water and finally dried in an oven. The cooling water inlet temperature was measured with a Beckmann thermometer calibrated to 0.0lC°. The Beckmmnwas previously adjusted to read temperature differences in the desired range and standardized to read actual temperatures. The bulb of this thermometer was placed in a jar into which cooling water flowed. This arrangement made it possible to observe a cooling water inlet temperature at any desired time. The cooling water outlet temperature was measured with a glass thermometer calibrated.t0r0.1F'. A temperature difference of’O.5F' could be estimated from.this thermometer. The cooling water was mixed thoroughly before measuring the outlet temperature. This gave an average outlet temperature for the period of a single run. The steam temperature varied nearly O.SF° for each run; it was measured with a glass thermometer calibrated to 0.2F'. The steam temperatures reported were, therefore, an average for any given run. The flow rate of cooling water was determined by weighing the throughput for an Observed time interval. The time interval was one minute for the low flow rates and fifteen seconds for the higher rates. The first trial was made with distilled water. A quantity of lLOO CC of distilled water was introduced into the flask. A Bunsen burner served as the heat source. Fresh boiling chips were added and the apparatus assembled. Sufficient cooling water was allowed to flow to the reflux condenser with another portion flowing to a jar 16 containing a Beckmann thermometer. The flow of cooling water to the experimental condenser was controlled by the tap valve. A period of 30 minutes after boiling commenced.was allowed for equilibrium to be obtained. The cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures, and the steam temperature for various flows were observed and recorded. The procedures for studying octadecylamine, dodecylamine, cotyl- amine, and stearic acid were identical to that for water with the exception of the introduction of the promoting agent. In each case the surface was cleaned as described above. The copper surface was treated by rubbing with the desired agent. An additional portion of amine was added which amounted to 5 ppm (weight basis) for each case. The time required for Obtaining the data was approximately three hours for each amine studied. This data was used to determine the overall heat transfer co- efficients at corresponding water velocities. A.method devised by Wilson (35) for correlating the overall coefficient with the water velocity was used. This entailed the plotting of l/VQ'8 versus l/U. The factor, l/VO'B, demands that the cooling water flow in turbulent fashion. This restriction was investigated. It was found that all of the data correspond to Reynold's Numbers greater than 2500, thus, indicating turbulent flow. These results were then.plotted and the method of least squares applied to determine the best straight line. A complete sample calculation is presented in Appendix A. TABULATED DATA 17 I. Control (Distilled Water) Run Cooling water Temperatures Steam Temp. Cooling'Water No. Inlet (t1) 'F Outlet (t2) 'F (ts) °F Rate (w!) lb/min. 1 53.79 56.60% 207.5 7.96 2 53.75 56.h0 207.5 7.96 3 53.714 56.30 207.5 7.55 1: 53.71 56.25 207.5 7.63 5 53.71 56.38 207.5 7.59 6 53.67 56.10 207.5 7.56 7 53.65 55.1.0 208.0 10.91 8 53.62 55.35 208.0 10.97 9 53.60 55.1.0 207.6 10.97 10 53.60 55.30 208.0 11.06 11 53.58 55.25 207.6 11.02 12 53.56 511.96 207.5 117.91 13 53.53 514.90 207.8 111.92 11: 53.51 5h.87 207.8 114.75 15 53.119 511.95 207.6 117.50 16 53.19 514.93 207.5 H.514 17 53.62 55.110 207.5 114.141: 18 53.53 5h.90 207.5 15.75 19 53.149 511.80 207.6 15.56 20 53.52 5h.80 207.5 15.9h 21 53.21 514.80 207.6 15.69 18 I. Control (Distilled Water) (Cont.) Run Cooling Water Temperatures Steam Temp. Cooling Water no. Inlet (t1) 'F Outlet (t2) ‘F (IS) ’F Rate (ww) lb/min. 22 53.56 55.75 208.0 9.06 29 53.60 55.80 208.14 9.00 2h 53.62 55.78 208.2 9.02 25 53.6h 55.90 208.3 9.00 26 53.62 55.85 208.0 8.88 Barometric Pressure - 29.07 in.-Hg. * Last digit estimated 19 II . Octadecylamine Run Cooling Water Temperatures Steam Temp. Cooling Water No. Inlet (t1) ’F Outlet (t2) ’F (I!) 'F Rate (ww) lb/min. 1 53.87 58.10 207.6 b.91 2 53.78 55 .75 208.2 11.39 3 53.71: 55.65 208.5 11.31: b 53.78 55.60 208.0 11.25 5 53.78 55.65 208.1 11.314 6 53.714 55.60 208.2 11.20 7 53.72 55.30 208.3 15.75 8 53.72 55.10 208.2 15.81 9 53.69 55.15 207.8 15.69 10 53.71 55.20 207.7 15.69 11 53.71 55.30 207.9 15.50 12 53.80 56.90 . 208.3 6.31 13 53.82 57.10 207.9 6.19 1h 53.82 57.20 208.0 6.06 15 53.82 57.10 208.2 6.00 16 53.80 57.15 208.0 5.95 17 53.76 56.10 208.5 9.h2 18 53.76 56.05 208.6 9.19 19 53.78 56.00 208.3 9.38 20 53.78 56.05 208.3 9.1.7 21 5h.03 56.h0 208.6 9.19 . II. Octadecylamine (Cont.) Run Cooling Water Tanperatures Steam Temp. Cooling Water No. Inlet (t1) '1‘ Outlet (t2) ’1‘ (T8) ‘F Rate (w') lb/min. 22 58.21 57.10 208.3 7.56 23 511.28 57.00 208.8 M9 21. 5u.3h 57.05 208.1: 7.1.). 25 514.31: 57.05 208.5 7.18 26 5h.32 57.05 208.7 7.39 27 94.1.3 57.50 209.0 7.81 28 514.37 57.20 208.9 7.66 29 511.36 57.15 208.7 7.63 30 511.37 57.15 209.0 7.50 Barometric Pressure . 29020 111-ng 21 III. Dodecylamine Run Cooling Water Temperatures Steam Temp. Cooling Water No. Inlet (t1) 'F Outlet (t2) °F (T8) °F Rate (w!) lb/min. 1 53.69 56.1.0 207.). 8.59 2 53.71 56.30 207.3 8.53 3 53.69 56.30 208.0 8.1.). b 53.61: 56.10 208.1 8.814 5 53.61. 56.20 208.3 8.50 6 53.65 55.90 207.3 12.88 7 53.65 55.50 207.2 13.25 8 53.65 55.50 207.0 12.75 9 53.65 55.30 207.1 13.11: 10 53.65 55.50 208.2 13.13 11 53.71: 58.80 208.2 11.89 12 53.71: 58.1.0 207.8 17.69 13 53.71 56.30 207.8 9.13 114 53.69 56.10 208.5 9.19 15 53.67 56.10 208.3 9.19 16 53.65 55.90 207.2 9.20 17 53.65 56.10 208.1 9.00 18 53.61: 55.50 207.8 12.69 19 53.62 55.140 207.8 . 12.75 20 53.60 55.30 207.8 114.91: 21 53.58 55.30 207.9 15.37 22 III. Dodecylamine (Cont .) Run Cooling Water Temperatures Steam Temp. Cooling Water No. Inlet (t1) 'F Outlet (t2) 'F (T8) °F Rate (an) Lb/Min. 22 53.56 55.20 208.5 15.13 2h 53.60 55.1.0 207.8 1h.75 Barometric Pmssure I 29.12 in-Hg. 23 Iv. Octylamine Run Cooling Water Temperatures Steam Temp. Cooling Water No. Inlet (t1) ’1‘ Outlet (t2) ’1‘ (T8) 'F Rate (w') lb/min. 1 517.111 56.75 206.14 7.22 2 511.16 56.60 206.1 6.75 3 514.16 56.70 206.1 6.67 b 511.21 56.75 205.8 6.66 5 5h.25 56.65 205.6 6.69 6 5h.21 55.80 205.5 12.31 7 514.18 55.60 206.1 12.66 8 5h.16 55.55 206.0 12.80 9 514.21 55.60 205.9 12.8]. 10 514.07 55.50 205.7 12.80 11 514.07 56.1.5 206.0 6.72 12 58.09 56.00 206.9 8.66 13 58.09 56.20 207.2 8.28 11. 511.10 56.05 205.8 8.72 15 5h.16 56.10 205.9 8.56 16 514.19 56.20 205.6 8.59 17 5h.l9 55.60 205.8 1h.63 18 517.12 55.35 205.5 114.75 19 511.05 55.30 205.6 114.25 20 514.00 55.20 205.1; 117.27 21 53.98 55.25 206.0 117.50 IV. Run Octylamine ( Cont .) Cooling Water Temperatures Steam Temp. 2h Cooling Water No. Inlet (t1) ’1‘ Outlet (t2) “F (T8) ‘F Rate (17') lb/min. 22 5h.00 55.20 206.0 18.1.1. 23 514.05 56.90 206.7 6.56 2. 5h.00 56.10 206.2 8.11: 25 53.96 55.70 207.0 9.91: 26 53.96 55.50 206.5 9.91: 27 53.96 55.55 206.2 10.00 28 53.96 55.50 206.8 10.06 29 53.92 55.60 206.7 10.03 Barometric Pressure - 29e07 in-Hg. 25 V. Stearic Acid Run Cooling Water Temperatures Steam Temp. Cooling Water No. Inlet (t1) ’F Outlet (t2) 'F (Ta) ‘F Rate 011) lb/min. 1 53.115 56.30 208.1. 8.66 2 53.1114 56.20 208.8 8.81 3 53.1111 56.25 208.6 8.88 h 53.1.0 56.00 208.3 8.78 5 53.110 55.95 208.7 8.69 6 53.20 56.0 5 209.0 10.22 7 53.20 55.50 208.8 10.141 8 53.20 55.70 208.9 10.05 9 53.20 55.1.0 208.8 10.59 10 53.20 55.50 209.0 10.36 11 53.20 51..90 208.8 111.62 12 53.20 5h.90 208.3 114.75 13 53.20 511.90 208.8 114.62 53.30 55.00 209.0 114.53 15 53.110 55.20 208.3 111.62 16 53.60 56.80 208.5 7.19 17 53.60 56.80 208.5 7.28 18 53.60 56.80 208.2 7.13 19 53.60 56.80 208.5 7.16 20 53.60 56.80 208.5 7.13 21 53.60 56.10 209.0 11.77 v. Stearic Acid (Cont.) 26 Cooling Water Rate (71') lb/min. Run Cooling Water Temperatures Steam Tap. No. Inlet (t1) °F Outlet (t2) ’F (is) ‘F 22 53.53 55.90 209.1 23 53.50 55.60 208.7 211 53.50 55.50 209.0 11. 77 11.118 11. 72 Barometric Pressure - 29.21 in-Hg. TABUIATED RESULTS 27 I. Control (Distilled water) Run Overall Coefficient Water Velocity l/VO‘B l/U x 103 No. (v) Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./'F (v) Ft./Sec. 1 223.0 2.971. 0.1419 h.11811* 2 210.2 2.971. 0.1.19 11.75741 3 199.2 2.290 0.1.21. 5.020 b 199.7 2.950 0.1.21 5.008 5 209.2 2.937 0.1.23 8.780.» 6 189.3 2.925 0.1.21. 5.283 7 195.1. 1..218 0.316 5418* 8 19h.3 1.21.2 0.315 5.11.711 9 202.8 b.21.2 0.315 b.931 10 192.5 1..280 0.312 5.195* 11 188.8 h.261 0.313 5.297* 12 211.2 5.766 0.21.6 b.6651 13 209.2 5.772 0.21.5 14.780 1h 205.2 5.706 0.2h8 b.873 15 217.0 5.609 0.252 11.608 16 211..5 5.622 0.252 1..662 17 263.2 5.58h 0.250 3.799* 18 221.1. 6.092 0.236 1.. 512 19 209.0 6.020 0.238 11.785 20 209.2 6.161. 0.231: 11.780 21 255.2 6.068 0.235 3.918. 28 I. Control (Distilled Water) (Cont.) Run Overall Coefficient Water Velocity l/VO'8 l/U x 103 No. (0) Btu./Hr./Sq.rt./’F (v) Ft./Sec. 22 203.6 3.505 0.367 ' 1..912 23 202.5 3.1.81 0.368 14.938 21. 199.1. 3.1.87 0.368 5.015 25 208.3 3.1181 0.368 11.801 26 203.0 3.1.33 0.372 11.926 {- These points were not used to calculate the best straight line by the method of least square. 29 II. Octadecylamine Run Overall Coefficient water Velocity Mr“8 M: x 103 No. (0) Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./‘F (v) Ft./Sec. 1 215.1 1.898 0.598 1..61.9a 2 229.9 b.1106 0.306 8.31.9 3 221.3 14.388 0.307 11.518 1. 209.9 1..352 0.310 b.761... 5 217.3 11.388 0.307 1.601 6 213.3 1..333 0.309 14.6885 7 294.3 6.093 0.237 3.932% 8 223.0 6.068 0.237 h.h8& 9 238.5 6.068 0.237 1..261. 10 239.7 6.068 0.237 h.l71 11 252.1. 5.995 0.21.0 3.961.. 12 201.2 2.1.1.2 0.1190 14.970 13 209.3 2.391. 0.197 b.777 11. 211.2 2.31.5 0.505 14.731. 15 202.6 2.321 0.510 1..935 16 205.5 2.302 0.513 14.866 17 225.6 3.6145 0.3514 b.1432 18 215.1 3.551. 0.363 b.6h9 19 213.3 3.626 0.358 11.688 20 220.2 3.663 0.351. 1..51.1 21 223.0 3.551. 0.362 1..1.81 30 II . Octadecylamine (Cont .) Run Overall Coefficient Water Velocity l/VO'8 l/ U x 103 NO. (U) Btu./Hr./Sq.Fb./'F (V) Fte/SeCe 22 225.0 2.925 0.1.23 1..1.1.1. 23 208.9 2.895 0.1.27 14.786 21. 207.1. 2.877 0.1.30 1.821 25 208.6 2.895 0.1.27 11.793 26 207.3 2.859 0.1130 11.823 27 21.6.3 3.022 0.1.11. 14.06041 28 222.1. 2.961 0.1.18 1.1.96 29 218.6 2.91.9 0.1.21 1.571. 11 213.9 2.901 0.1427 11.675 line by the method of least square. * These points were not used to calculate the best straight 3l III . Dodecylandme Run Overall Coefficient Water Velocity 1/ VO '8 l/U x 103 N00 (U) Btue/I'De/SQOFtve/.F (V) Fte/SOCO 1 210.3 3.321. 0.383 1.161 2 228.0 3.300 0.385 1.385 3 226.2 3.261 0.388 1.120 1 223.1 3.121 0.371 1.182 5 222.9 3.288 0.387 1.186 6 296.5 1.980 0.276 3.372. 7 252.1 5.125 0.272 3.961 8 213.1 1.932 0.279 1.113 9 223.3 5.083 0.273 1.178.. 10 218.1 5.077 0.273 1.025 11 213.5 1.891 0.601 1.683 12 226.3 1.813 0.621 1.118a 13 213.9 3.530 0.361 1.100 11 226.6 3.551 0.363 1.111 15 230.2 3.551 0.363 1.311 16 212.1 3.560 0.362 1.711. 17 226.2 3.181 0.368 1.120 18 212.1 1.908 0.280 1.130 19 232.7 1.932 0.279 1.297 20 260.2 5. 778 0.216 3.813 21 270.7 5.916 0.211 3.691. III. Dodecylamine (Cont.) 32 Run Overall Coefficient Water Velocity l/VO'B l/U x 103 No. (0) Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./'F (v) Ft./Sec. 22 253.0 5.850 0.213 3.952 23 263.7 5.811 0.215 3.792 21 272.2 5.705 0.219 3.673 *These points were not used to calculate the best straight line by the method of least square. 33 IV. Octylamine Run Overall Coefficient Water Velocity 1/VC’°8 l/U x 103 No. (v) Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./°F (v) Ft./Sec. 1 196.2 2.792 0.110 5.096 r 2 171.8 2.611 0.163 5.820 3 176.7 2.581 0.169 5.659 1 176.7 2.575 0.169 5.659 5 168.0 2.587 0.167 5.952 6 201.1 1.762 0.287 1.892% 7 186.8 1.895 0.281 5.353 8 181.9 1.950 0.279 5.108 9 185.7 1.968 0.278 5.385 10 190.5 1.950 0.279 5.219 11 166.8 2.599 0.166 5.995 12 171.2 3.318 0.380 5.811 13 180.7 3.203 0.393 5.531 11 177.2 3.373 0.377 5.613 15 173.1 3.312 0.383 5.777 16 180. 5 3.321 0.382 5.510 17 211.7 5.657 0.250 1.657.. 18 189.0 5.705 0.218 5.291 19 185.5 5.512 0.256 5.390 20 178.5 5.518 0.256 5.602 21 191.2 5.609 0.251 5.230 31 IV. Octylamine (Cont.) Run Overall Coefficient Water Velocity l/VO'8 l/U 1:103 No. (0) Btu./Hr./Sq.Ft./'F. (v) Ft./Sec. 22 179.8 5.585 0.252 5.561 23 191.1 2.539 0.171 5.111% 21 177.8 3.119 0.100 5.621 25 178.6 3.811 0.311 5.599 26 158.1 3.811 0.311 6.31341 27 165.1 3.868 0.338 6.056* 28 160.1 3.892 0.337 6.216.. 29 171.2 3.880 0.337 5.710 line by the method of least square. *- These points were not used to calculate the best straight 35 V. Stearic Acid Water Velocity 1/V0'8 l/U x 103 (V) Fte/SBCO Run Overall Coefficient No. (0) Btu./Hr./Sq.ft./'F. 1 252.1 3.318 0.380 3.962 2 288.3 3oh09 0.376 1.027 3 253.9 3.133 0.372 3.939 1 233.6 3.397 0.377 1.281 5 226.0 3.361 0.379 1.125 6 296.8 3.952 0.333 3037h* 7 213.6 1.025 0.328 1.105 8 255.5 3.886 0.337 3.918 9 237.0 8.097 0.323 8.210 10 282.2 8.007 0.329 8.129 11 252.1 5.657 0.250 3.962 12 255.6 5.706 0.219 3.912 13 252.1 5.657 0.250 3.962 11 250.8 5.621 0.251 3.987 15 268.5 5.657 0.250 3.721 16 235.8 2.780 0.111 1.211 17 238.9 2.817 0.136 1.186 18 231.2 2.756 0.14111 1.1.270 19 231.8 2.768 0.113 1.259 20 233.8 2.756 0.111 1.277 21 300.0 1.551 0.298 3.333* 36 V. Stearic Acid (Cont.) 1:? what-1.337158% “mm-2:2 W" ‘8 10 I 103 22 281.7 1.551 0.298 3.550 23 215.9 1.112 0.3011 1.067 21 238.1 1.533 0.298 1.195 * These points were not used to calculate the best straight line by the method of least square. GRAPHS _ . ) .r - .3. +0 .3. W. d m .1 my Graph 11f control Dis ‘71 /|1||II 1...: a. un