l

Illl

UIIWHHIHI

l

Ill

HIWI

I 4
I
r

I

§E IIIHI

 

THS_

GRAFT UNIONS iN GRAPES AS
AFFECTED BY SEASON 0F GRAFTING
AND TYPE OF DION

THESIS FOR THE EEGBEE OF M, S.

LEE ROY PARISH
1933

if a“.

T
.N
s

...Y.
VVWW,
wW.
U
- .o

CNN}?
. I
. Mu
.. 4.
bu“ .41 1.3...
... 4K

. #3.. m.
. t

H;

. . . .. . .. . fifiW‘MMHH .w..‘II w? ..

Ra . ... .. . . .109“..wa $11.1:

... .v. «nit. ._ an a5. ?\

£6: carom? . . , .

—. . . w figurfl ‘0.
z “a . a?"
L 2.99.1.3 . . . E . . . .

. \l .. \w a. v .‘v

t)...‘

. u~,Dwo
. .. I .I.
.. ‘u...l fit.
0 V.\1....».¢ .

K

730'." ff; '
3'2?” (:1?

iv
J~

‘ . |\
~.‘J‘ ._
T451

‘ .Dl‘ n

t'I". I tt4l.
. a3 .1 ..u . .

u ‘
I 1.9.!
, . . . IIJY. I».
\r . ; I v A s
”Ur..«r.o ‘4‘_ls. ‘0' 41.

, ‘* 1,...h

I ‘-
Ho, -
w " .‘I‘ it".

..w
._

. ... ... .2 .
. . a .
, . . y
...uP... «.fi‘...

1. ... A

’3‘ .
J‘c-k. i
. . ‘9}

v

v' \.' 1.:

 

GEAFT LT? I01 S IN GRAPES AS AFFECILD BY S“'S II OF
Glull ‘TIZTG .LLTD TYPE OF CIOIT

BY

LEE ROY PARISH

A Thesis

9"

Submitted to the faculty of the violin-1n Ste te
College of Agriculture anti. Apolied Science in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science

Depar tmen t o 1" Ho r t 1 cu]. ture

East Lansing, Michigan

1933

W/ZZW/ [7/733
fl/f Léw/LL

THEE-3‘s

 

 

 

Introduction

Grapes maturing earlier than Concord have generally
brought good prices inHMichigan. It seems probable that sales
of very early varieties could be extended if varieties of better
quality could be offered. This requirement is met, in large
measure, by the Campbell Early grape. Unfortunately, this variety
is very sensitive to soil conditions and in most locations it lacks
vigor, productiveness. and compactness of bunch. Recent studies
in New York (145) have shown that Gampbell improves narkedly in all
these respects when grafted on certain other grape varieties. The
present paper reports experiments designed to throw light on the
practicability of’grafting this variety into established vines.
on'the most suitable period for grafting, and on the type of

cion most satisfactory fer use.

-2.
LITERATURE

Grafting of grapes has been practiced to some extent at
least since the beginning of the Christian era. Columella (29),
who wrote in the first century, mentioned it with no hint of
novelty and disagreed with earlier writers on some details of time
and method of executing the operation. Palladius (69). likewise,
discussed grape grafting. In 1600 de Serres (85) in France, and
in 1672 Sharrock (86) in England. mentioned the matter. Later in
the same century, de la Quintinye (7)4) gave details of the Opera-
tion. Prince (73) records grafting of grapes in the United States
in 1819. I

Until the introduction of the phylloxera vastatrix into
France (between 1860 and 1870) , however, there appeared to be
little occasion for grafting grapes. DeSerres (85) stated that
prepagation by layers and cuttings was easier and that the only
occasions was to change over an unsatisfactory variety. Even for
this purpose, the utility of grafting is questionable. since a
new vine set in place of the old one comes into bearing quickly.

With the advent of the phylloxera, grafting became im-
perative in most of the EurOpean wine area. Since stocks are
raised more easily from cuttings than seedlings. clonal root-
stocks have been used almost exclusively. and extensive trials
have demonstrated various degrees of resistance to phylloxera
(81, 95). tolerance to lime and to depth of soil (14638). and
effect on fruitfulness in these various clones 046.50, 79). Out-

side the region where phylloxera is important, experiments in New

_3_
York (143, Ml) have shown that certain varieties commonly grown on
their own roots succeed much better when grafted on some of the
clonal stocks.
Grape grafting has always been invested with more or less
uncertainty, and since grafted vines became necessary, methods of

grafting have received much attention.

For Vineyard Grafth

1. me. at first: W1
For vineyard grafting the cleft graft seems to have been

 

the most desirable type since the early ages. Columella (29).

de la Quintinye (71+) , and de Serres (85) among the early writers
gave preference to the cleft graft. Noel (67) stated that of all
methods used to graft fruit trees only two succeed with the grape;
cleft gaft is the best, and inserting a cion in a hole bored
through the stock is fair. Andre (2) stated, in 1326, that with
grape stocks two years old or older cleft grafting is sure if one
waits until the first strong flow of sap is over. He stated that
Lenne had been grafting for 20 years in German vineyards and that
he preferred the cleft. 1.. E. Bailey (25) directed that the stock
be out below the surface of the ground and two cions inserted exactly
as cleft-grafting the apple. J. W. Fischer (110) and Maurer (63)

in Germany, Du Brenil (31) in France. Reid (81) in England, Strong
(90) and Husmann (3+8) in the United States, and others (12) men-
tioned the cleft graft as the most desirable for vineyard grafting.

There has been some opposition to cleft grafting the vine,

J4-
and some (32, 5. 7, 75) prefer inarching. Adium (1) stated that
it is better to whip graft stocks over one inch in diameter and
cleft graft those under one inch in diameter. His Opinion is

somewhat different from that of the majority of reporters.

2. m 2i; Grafting
A diversity of Opinion has prevailed as to the most de-
sirable season for vineyard grafting. Some writers prefer graft-
ing early in the spring before bleeding begins. and some prefer
waiting until the heavy flow of sap is over. Only a limited number
of writers suggest grafting during the heavy bleeding period, and
some even suggest grafting in the fall so as to avoid all possi-

bility of bleeding.

1mm same - Columella (29) suggested grafting the vine in the
early spring when it is warm and calm with no wind and before the
buds begin to move. lilliam Prince (73) stated, "the period for the
Operation is when the sap begins to rise, and it seldom fails of
success when performed in the ground.” A New England writer (ll)
reported that Hr. Langworth grafts the vine in March, in the same
manner as used in grafting an apple tree and applies a paste made
of fine clay to the wood. Miller (65) suggested grafting as early
in the spring as possible. An English writer. (15) stated that the
grafting is performed before the sap is in motion. A modern French
writer (32) states that grafting continues there from early March
until the end of April. and the majority of grape growers of his

section prefer to graft early. Another French writer. (23) advised

-5-
that grafting be done as soon as ascent of sap begins to show and
continue until the buds begin to Open. According to his statement,
that period is in the first fifteen days of March for south France
and last fifteen days in March for central to north France.

Have: (76) suggested recently that grafting be done early.
because if grafted late the vines I'weep", emitting a great quantity
of sap which leads to the death of the graft by keeping air from
the line of union.

Strong (90) stated: u serious and universal difficulty
arises from the excessive bleeding ofihe vine wherever a cut is
made in the spring. When the whole top is taken off. the flow is
so free as to drown and rot, or poison the vine in some instances.
Some persons do, however, have very tolerable success by commencing
quite early, before the flow of sap has become free.“

Adlum (1) suggested that vines growing in the open should
be grafted about three weeks before the buds begin to break. A
number of other writers (22, 5, 59, 27, 19. 31. 51) also suggested
grafting in the early spring before bleeding hagins. Hum (’48).
Miller (6h), Marvin (61). and Lodeman (57) suggest either grafting
early in the spring before bleeding begins, or waiting until the
heaviest bleeding period is over. All the writers mentioned above
advise avoidance of grafting the vine during the heavy bleeding

period.

BIRDING PERIOD - Apparently a few grape growers ave very little

attention to the heavy flow of sap from the vine while grafting.

-6-

Noel (67) stated that the best time for grafting the vine is in
the spring Just before the buds ”burst into leaves'. but he says
one can graft as late as when leaves are fully out. In Illinois
(11), in 1863, Cook suggested grafting when the grape leaves were
the size of a dollar, and Dr. Olaggett, of St. Louis, suggested
grafting in May.

A report of the Illinois Horticultural Society meeting
(114), in 1872, states that Mr. Polls Manny grafted some grapes
every two weeks from the latter part ofwinter until July 20 and
not more than 10 per cent failed up to June 20, but after that they
did not take as well. He tried some in the fall and they failed.
Husmann (50) stated that G. 1!. Campbell, of Ohio, grafted as soon
as the first sap movement started. but he preferred to wait until
the heavy sap flow was over. One bench writer (75) quotes Chaptal
as advising grafting the vine Just when the sap is beginning to
flow. Others (98) advise grafting after the sap has started to
flow.

lisen (33). of California. stated, 'The best time for
grafting grape vines. as well as for grafting anything else, is
when the stock on which we graft has its sap in circulation, and
when the cion or cuttings which we are to insert in the stock
are yet dormant".

Loubat (5s) . then of New York, stated that one must wait
till the sap has got into motion and vine has "dripped'I before
grafting. He cautioned against grafting white grapes on red.

Although Kayne (ll-6) gives preference to early grafting, he states

-7-
that some suppose that the cion is ”drowned“ if grafting is done
when the sap is beginning to flow so that the vine I'bleeds": this
he states is an error. He mentioned rains as being worse at this
time than an excess flow of sap, but an excess of moisture is not

as bad as a drouth which is likely to come at a later date.

LATE ERING - As stated above, some of the writers, (18, 614, 61.
57) suggested grafting in the vineyard either early in the spring
before bleeding begins. or waiting until the heavy flow of sap is
over in late spring.

A German writer (3) stated that the time for vineyard
grafting is when the sap has ceased to run vigorously and the eyes
have begun to deveIOp. Andre' (2) recommended waiting until the
first strong flow of sap is over. ”SI.” (89), an English writer,
stated that he considered the time to perform the Operation to be
when the shoots have advanced about two or three feet.

A New York writer (6) advised waiting until the vine is
in full leaf. He said that if grafting is done early in the season,
the excessive flow of sap will be in the way of success. Another
New York writer (7) stated that the difficulty of grafting cions
upon old roots of the vine is the great tendency to bleed by the
old stock, the sap pushing the cion from its position. A Mifor-
nia writer (16) stated that the most favorable time for grafting
the grape is when the leaves are started and the vines cease to
bleed.

As reported by John Phin (7o). 'Lindley stated that the

.3.
great secret of success in grafting the vine is to keep the cion
dormant until the stock has so far develoPed its leaves and shoots
as to be beyond the reach of danger from bleeding".

Riemann (1+9) suggested keeping the cions dormant until
the leaves have expanded on the stock. He stated that the parts
will unite more readily after the first rapid flow of the sap is
over, and thecion is less likely to be "drowned out”. Dawson
(30) cautioned against budding or grafting grape vines until the
stock plants are in full foliage: otherwise bleeding may ruin the
whole work, and even kill the stock plant. Turner (93) stated that
if vines are grafted when dormant, no union will take place. He
considered the most favorable time for this operation to be after
the first flow of sap has passed, or about the time when the vines
are in bloom.

Others (us, 83, 17. 9. 97, 53, 2h. 26. 60, so. 66, 8)
suggest waiting until the heavy flow of sap is over before grafting
the vine. Practically all of them seem to think the vine would be
greatly injured if cut during the heavy bleeding period, and tint
the excessive flow of sap would either kill the cion or prevent any

union from taking place.

FALL GBAHING - Some of the writers that try to avoid both bleeding
offiie stock, and also grafting too late in the spring for the wood
to mature before winter, suggest grafting in the fall. Columella

(29) mentioned fall grafting, but without endorsement. Ferlet (36)

suggested grafting grapes in France in early fall when the first

-9—
leaves turn yellow. Strong (90) said that grafting in the fall
would eliminate the difficulty of the vine bleeding. For fall
grafting he suggested performing the operation about October or
Nbvember and grafting several inches below the ground level,
banking the soil around vine, inverting a flower pot over the
graft, filling in with soil up to tap of’pot, and covering the
pot with several inches of leaves.

rises (33) stated that grafting may be done in the fall,
but advocates grafting in the spring. .L new York grape grower
(88) described his method of grafting as taking up the stock in
the fall, grafting in the winter and keeping graft in sand in the
cellar until spring, and then resetting it in the vineyard. He
stated that if the stock'were grafted in early spring without
lifting it, there would be such.a.flow of sap that it would lsourI
and kill the cion.

Lodeman (58) reported that grafting can be done in the
fall, early spring, or late spring. He stated that grafting in the
fall is good if the grafts are g1ven.protection to prevent frost
from heaving out the cion: it must be done before the ground freezes
and the graft covered.with soil and straw.

roller (hi), of new York, stated that in mild climates,
like those of southern EuroPe, California, and.the Southern States
in America, grafting vines can be done all through the winter
months. and the cion will have time to unite before sap begins to
flow in the spring; but the Northern climates are too severe to

permit leaving cions exposed all winter. His details of procedure

-lO-
are essentially those recommended by Strong (90). Batcham (27)
also advised fall grafting.
Verge (95) descrives herbaceous grafting of the grape in
late summer in which he seems to think the lack of success is due
to failure to remove the leaves on the cion and thus check ex-

cessive transpiration.

PREVENTING BINDING - A New England grape grower (it) took his
vines up and reset them in the fall and grafted in the spring.
This prevents such a heavy flow of sap in the spring and he

thought the parts united better. A New York grape grower (87)

transplanted his vines before grafting to prevent bleeding.

30 222.9. 9.5.: ...—01°11
RAE OF GARE - De Serres (85) advised selection of cions from

the base of the cane and avoidance of the rest of the cane. His
reason was that the eyes on the base are more fruitful and males
more fruitful vines than those on other parts of the cane. flaurer
(63) suggested that one use only young (one-ye ar) wood and only
from the lowest prt of the cans, for the other part has too much
pith. In describing a different, but somewhat related matter,
Leissig (55) reported no difference in the rooting of cuttings of
Taylor wood taken from the upper, center, and lower parts of the
cane; but with Riparia wood, the lower part rooted best in every
case.

Adlum (1) stated: "In general, the bottom part of last

year's shoot is to be preferred; but in well ripened vigorous wood,

-11-
any part of the shoot will answer, provided it be not too long
Jointed. These cuttings should be preserved in.pots filled with
light sandy earth, till the grafting season.“

Mathien (62) advised that in.preparing cions, they be cut
in<ietail, eliminating defective shoots; also eliminating the base,
which contain less reserve nutrients, and the tips which generally

lack maturity.

CUTTING AND PRESENTING CIONS - Columella (29) mentioned the fact
that one should select the ripest cane possible from a vine that

_ is "faithful and generous” to use as a cion. This was with re-
ference to performance, rather than to successful grafting. Prince
(73) suggested cutting cions prior to time of grafting and preserv-
ing than as cuttings until ready to use. Palladius (69) stated
that the cion should be round, firm, and.well supplied with buds
and short internodes. Husmann (E8) advised cutting cion in the
autumn Just after the first frost has taken the leaves, and keeping
them ina damp, but not wet, sand or moss. Loubat (58) advised the
selection of the healthiest branches with.eyes closest together:
cutting them in October and storing inma cellar over winter,‘keep-
ing them moist. Hayne (1&6) advised selection of canes for cions
fromme heavy bearing vines. Others (10, 16, all, 2. 37, ’41, 6h. 62)
advised cutting cion‘wood in the fall before freezing and storing
it in moist sand or similar material over winter, but cautioned
against keeping them.too wet.

Leissig (55) compared grape cuttings stored over winter

-12-
in peat, peat and sand, sand alone, and sand and charcoal. The
pure peat proved unfavorable, but the other three naterials
appeared to be equally good.

Pratt (72) placed some grape vines in an ordinary storage
in October, 1900, and kept them there over winter. In June, 1%1,
the vines were placed in a cold storage and kapt until the last
of September, and then placed back in the common storage and Impt
until spring. The}.r were planted and grew well. From this ex-
periment one might conclude that grape wood keeps well in cold

storage.

Hummus m mumn'rs - In 1902 Twight (9h) ran the iodine test
for starch content in grape cuttings. He found that cuttings
showing a high starch content by this test gave 261! per cent more
rooted cuttings than those showing a low starch content. He also
found that treating cuttings with oxidizing agents increased the
number taking root.

Rams and Bonnet (79) did some rather detailed laboratory
work to determine the conditions of grape cuttings, and concluded
that the rooting of cuttings and “taking" of the grafts are tied
up with the condition of the wood. They advise rejecting canes
with large piths, but external characters cannot always be relied
upon. Signification and density were determined, but failed to
tell the contents of the cells. Canes with a high carbolvdrate
content made better cuttings than those with a low content. By

microscOpic examination it was found that the good canes mntained

a large number of starch grains as compared with a much smaller

number in the poor cuttings.

1;. TemperaturJe

According to Kroemer (514) the forces setting cambium
into activity are: (1) heat. (2) air. (3) moisture. and (h)
nutrients. He states that all unions are formed from the cambium
tissue and the more active this tissue becomes the better will
be the unions. That is his reason for applying artificial heat
to bench grafted grapes. Ravaz (76) states that the principal
factor in grafting in the spring is temperature, and he advises
banking dry soil around the graft to give more heat than moist
soil. With an experiment made with gafted grape cuttings,
Bavaz (78) concluded that very little union took place at tem-
peratures lower than 20°C. At 22° its develOpment was more
rapid, and at 30° it was extremely rapid. He found temperatures
of 30° to 35°C. produced callus tissue most rapidly.)

Sitton (88), working with black walnuts, also found the
Optimum temperature for graft union to be about 28° or 30°C.
He got better results by grafting in the summer than in the early
spring, which he attributed to the higher temperature at that
time.

5. Eumidity

There seems to be considerable diversity of Opinion as

to the importance of moisture content in graft union. If air is

as important in the formation of callus tissue as Kroemer (5’4)

~11!—
and Hayne (1:6) indicate, it seems that moisture content would
naturally become very important. Loubat (5s) advised that fine,
dry weather be chosen for grafting, when there is no likelihood
of rain. Prince (73) also suggested performing the operation in
dry weather.

On the other hand, "H. A." (75) advised grafting on a
cloudy day and avoidance of grafting in dry weather, especially
when the wind is from the northwest, as that will dry out the
cions. John Phin (70) also advised not to graft when a drouth
prevails. '8. I. H.“ (91) states that in the spring where a
strong healthy vine has been cut off for cleft grafting, there is
such a tremendous flow of sap that the sap ”sours' and kills the
cions. Another grape grower (19) states that if vines are cut off
and grafted while bleeding, the flowing of the water often pre-
vents the cion and stock from uniting.

Ravaz (76) makes the following statement: ”Union tissue
does not form with water which is not aerated. The inJurious
role of an excess of sap varies with the weather which prevails:
it is very harmful in a rainy season, useful in a very dry season'.

sitton (as) found that, with the black walnut, unions
took place more rapidly with an atmospheric humidity almost sat-
urated. However, he did not work with grafts in water-soaked soil.

Hayne (146) stated that the degree of humidity of the
soil exerts a very great influence on the successful Joining of
the graft to the stock. If a cutting or a grafted cane be

plunged into water so as to cover the lower parts of the cane,

-15.
no cicatricial tissue whatever will ferm. Grafts covered with
fine sand, kept constantly wet by irrigation, may develoP young
shoots, but never unite. In sand that is kept slightly moist,
on the contrary, the best results are found.
Another grape grower (13) reported that he found watering

and shading the graft in dry hot weather to be beneficial.

6. Manson: hints on Grafting

According to Oppermann (68), a test in Germany on bench
grafts indicated that there was no benefit derived from.tying.
Some of the grape growers (l, 3, 79, 81) advise tying cleft grafts.
However, others (M9) think it is not necessary.

.1. w. Fischer (140) and Du BreXil (31) advised waxing
the wound made by grafting, especially in grafting above ground.
Many writers (3, N9, 2h), however, advise using no wax, but bank-
ing soil around graft. Husmann (50) and others (8, 9, 12) also
advise grafting Just below the ground level and heaping soil
around the graft to prevent the cion from drying out.

Bailey (73) states that the cleft needs no tying or wax,
although it is well to place a bit of waxed cloth, or other mat-
erial, over the cleft to keep the soil out of it, and then to
fill the earth tightly around the graft.

Fischer (39) and Oppermann (68) advise placing moss
ground the graft to keep the wound moist until stock and cion
unite.

Jacobs (52) reported that treating stock.cuttings with

-16-
hot water and MnSOu prior to grafting stimulates callus formation

and results in a greater mlmber of unions than occurs in those not
treated.
7, Q1931 Igieta]. Egculiagitigs

Certain hard-wood varieties of grapes, such as the Diana
(98) and Delaware (99) , have been reported as hard to prepagate
from cuttings, but graft rather successfully.

leak varieties, as the Iona and Delaware becomes more
vigorous and productive when grafted on more vigorous stocks
(22. 97). Jones (53) stated that he had seen Iona improved by
grafting on a vigorous stock for several years, but ultimately
to lose vigor; this may have been the effect of overproduction.
Temple (93) stated that he had seen much good accomplished by
grafting some weak varieties on more vigorous sorts, but others
he thought were only benefited temporarily.

Campbell Early generally lacks vigor on most soil and

is much improved by grafting on certain stocks (141+).

since .29. use.

SUITABLE NB CION - From experience, it is well lmown that cer—
tain grape varieties grow better on certain stocks than on others.
Miller (65) stated that one important part has almost been over-
looked: one must select stocks of as near similar wood as possible;
for instance, Delaware will hardly take at all on a rank Pox, while
upon Clinton it takes very freely. A New England grape grower (12)
stated that one cause of failure in vine grafting is trying to

graft heavy-grained rank growers,as Diana and Concord, on fine-

r17-
grained sorts, as the Clinton.
Gladwin (W4) , working with effects of grafting a number

of grape varieties in New York, found that certain stocks were

- better for certain varieties than other stocks. Clinton and Gloire

proved to be superior stocks, of those he used, for Campbell Early.

PHILLOXEBA RESISTANCE - A French writer (96) reported the results
of a vineyard set out six years before the appearance of the
phylloxera. The insect ravaged all the vinifera vines, but the
Clinton, Post Oak, Baily, Ives seedling, Clara,and Mustang all
resisted the phylloxera. Delaware and Isabella were not resistant.
Ravaz (77) listed some of the grape stocks in the order of de-
creasing resistance as follows: 1. Rupestris, 2. Riparia, 3. Viala.
l’t. Taylor, 5. Clinton and 6. Jacquez.

Foex (20), in studying reasons for comparative immunity
of American grapes, attributed the power to resist the phvlloxera
to the structure of the root tissues. He stated that the roots
of American vines are more dense and woody than those of EuroPean
grapes; the medullary rays are narrower and more numerous in the
American vines. The puncture of the plwlloxera exCites a local
irritation, which does not pass far beyond the original point of
injury and traces of which soon disappear.

Gard (H2) , working with hybrids of American and EurOpean
grapes. found that the cane and trunk resembled those of the vini-
fera more than of American vines. On the other hand, the roots

more nearly resembled those of the American grapes, which made them

-15-

more resistant to phylloxera.

SOIL.ADNPTATION - Some stocks may be well suited to the cion and
be resistant to phylloxera, but not suited to the soil. Lime
soils of EurOpe give the grape growers much trouble in securing
stocks that will thrive in those soils. Fischer (37), in Germany,
stated that between the condition of the grafted plants, on York
Madeira, and the lime content of the soil a parallel can be drawn
easily. The smaller the lime content, the better the growth.of
the grapes: with increasing lime content, the development of the
grape decreases until death ensues.

Faes (3M) found that hybrids of.American and Eur0pean
grapes were better suited to adverse soil conditions in the heavy
lime soils of France than American grapes. In another exPeriment
(35), he found that Riparia X Rupestris 3309,3306, and 101 were
outstanding stocks in all the vineyards where the soils were not
too calcareous, too shallow, or too compact. In soils of those
types, he found Chasseles X Berlandieri best.

Burnat (28) stated that it is known that the Riparias
do not endure high contents of lime, but in dry climates of
America , they resist lime better than in,a rainy climate. He
states that if it were not the question of lime, one could plant

Riparia Gloire almost anywhere.

CLINTON'-‘When the phylloxera became so destructive in France,
Clintonnwas introduced as a stock:for the vinifera, and it proved

to be entirely phylloxera resistant in some cases (18, 96), but

-19.

Ravaz (77) listed it fifth among six stocks named. Piper (72)
found the Clinton to be resistant in America. Working in the
Great Lakes region, where pmlloxera is not important, Gladwin
(uh) found the Clinton a satisfactory stock for the Campbell,
and others (65, 59) have found it to be satisfactory for the
Delaware. One grape grower (21) states that if a Delaware is
grafted on a Clinton, the grapes will be darker for a few years.

However, he does not base his statement on conclusive evidence.

RIRARIA GLOIRE DE MONTPELLIER - TWight (85) states that in
California Riparia Gloire de Montpellier seems to be the best
stock for vinifera grapes. It is stout and has good “affinity“
with vinifera. Hedrick (M7) describes the Riparia Gloire as a
hardy plant with numerous hard roots that feed near the surface
of the soil. He states that it grows best in deep rich soils
that are neither too wet nor too dry. It imports its vigor to
the vines worked on it, and is very resistant to phylloxera. The
main defect of this stock seems to be that it is exacting as to
soils. This defect of Riparia Gloire was brought out by Fischer
(38) in Germany. He found that the stock failed in one vineyard
because the soil had a hard pan and was wet above the hard pan
after rains. Burnat (28) found that it would not endure much
lime in the soil. Where the soil is suitable it makes a good stock.
(‘41:).

RIPARIA X RUPESTRIS 101 - According to Sahut (83), Riparia was

one of the first American stocks used in France to resist the

-20-
phylloxera. It was highly resistant, and was satisfactory for a
few years,and then the vigor of the grafted vines began to decline.

Leissig (56) states that Hiparia has a shallow root

system and is suited to a rather moist loam soil, and Rupestris
has a deep root system and is suited to a strong soil that is dry
on tap. When they were crossed, it was found that the hybrid was
suited to a wider range of soil types than either of the parent
species. The Riparia x Rupestris 101 has proven to be a good stock,
being highly resistant to phylloxera; it roots and grafts well, and
is hardy (85). It has been entirely satisfactory as a stock in the
vineyards at Vaud, France (28), and has mostly replaced Riparia

Gloire there.

ARAMON’X.BUPESTRIS GARZIN NO. 1 - This stock has given satisfaction
in some vineyards of France, but not in Switzerland (R7). It was
not outstanding in the State trials at Vaud (35). However, it has

proven satisfactory on Clay soils in California (9M).

-21-

Magma

Stock and cion relationships and soil adaptation are
touched upon only casually in this review. The citations pre-
sented are probably numerous enough to constitute a representative
sample of Opinion as to the Operation itself among men experienced
in grape grafting.

The opinions quoted seem to offer no serious conflict with
reference to the type of graft used, or the manner of executing it.
The clash of opinion is chiefly on the most suitable time for graft-
ing. unfortunately, few of the expressions of opinion analyze this
question into its components, such as temperature and humidity, and
none throws clear light on the conflict resulting from the fact
that the conditions favoring union of grafts also favor transpiration.
Hence, doubtless, arises the conflict between "early” and ”late”
grafting.

Most eastern.American grape grafting has been concerned
simply with utilizing a vine of undesirable kind as a means of
securing quick:production in a cion of a desirable kind; it has
not been done to secure resistance, soil adaptation or stock vigor.
Consequently, the chief concern has been to get the cion to grow,
and if the cion formed roots of its own the matter was considered
of no consequence. It is probable that many cases of supposedly
successful grafting innhmerica have been principally cases of
rooting of cions with little or no graft union. EurOpean practice,
since phylloxera became so destructive to vinifera grapes, has

had to guard vigorously against cion rooting. For this reason,

-22-
European reports have perhaps more reliability than American.
Furthermore, European practice has had more definite aim and more
careful scrutiny of results, than American. It is clear, therefore,
that the most precise information available is derived from

European experience with vinifera cions.

Methods 11.1.1 mm

Data reported here were secured at Grand Rapids, Michi-
gan, in 1932. Four stocks were used, namely: Clinton, Biparia
Gloire de Montpellier, Riparia x Rupestris 101, and.Lramon X
Rupestris Ganzin No. 1. These stocks had been growing for five or
six.years on a medium.heavy clay loam soil, and all were rather
vigorous. In 1929 they were grafted Just above the ground level,
but the grafts failed to grow. In the work here reported most of
the grafting‘was done at a point Just below the ground level.

Cions were all of the Campbell Early variety. Whole
canes, ranging from 8 to 15 feet in length, were cut about.Lpril
l, and stored in a barn basement storage room with moist burlap
over them to prevent desiccation.

The original planting was laid out in rows 10 feet
apart and boo feet long with the plants eight feet apart in the
row. Since there were some vacancies, the number of plants per
row varied from 30 to NO. There were eight rows of Clinton, two
rows of Gloire, and only a part of a row of each of the other two
stocks.: Most of the data reported here is based on results se-

cured from the Clinton stocks, of‘which two rows were grafted at

-23-
each of the four different periods.

Cions for three grafts were taken from.each cane, from
the butt, center, and tip portions. respectively. The cions from
these three portions of the cane were placed, in the order named,
on successive stocks in the row. This arrangement was repeated
throughout each row to ensure good distribution of cions from each
portion of the canes.

There was some soil variation from one end of the rows
to the other, but less from one row to another. It seems, however,
that the distribution of cions in the rows eliminated soil varia-
tion as a factor affecting results with cions from various portions

of the canes.

Grafting

Grafting was done at four periods, namely: (l).April
16-18, Just before bleeding began in the stocks: (2) May 17-18,
when bleeding was about at its maximum: (3) June 6-7, when bleed-
ing had subsided somewhat; and (H) July 5-7, one month after bleeding
had subsided. The cleft graft was used in all cases. The stocks
were cut off Just below the ground level and the cleft made by saw-
ing down the stock:about two inches with a sharp saw. Use of the
saw in making the clefts was necessitated by the twisted nature
of the wood. Two cions, containing two buds each and taken from
the same portion of the cane, were placed in each stub. Each cion

was cut in a,wedge shape with the outer side slightly thicker than

the inner side and with the lower bud on the outer side. The cleft

-21;—
in the stock was Opened and both cions placed in it with the
cambium of the stock at a very slight angle to make certain that
the two cambiums made contact. The upuer part of the stub was
then tied securely.

A small piece of paper was placed over the tOp of each
stub to prevent dirt from falling into the cleft; no wax was
applied. Then loose moist soil was banked around the vine, cover-
ing all but the two inches of the cion containing the upper bud,
to prevent drying out. No wax was applied to the exposed cut ends

of the cions.

Analytical Work

At each period of grafting samples for carbohydrate
analysis were taken from the butt, center and tip portions of the
canes, and also from the stocks about one inch above the point of
grafting. Both nodes and internodes were taken from the canes.
Samples were taken the same day the grafting was done at each
period. Sample materials were cut into small pieces, mixed thorough-
ly and duplicate samples, of 50 grame each, put into regular sample
bottles and preserved in 70 per cent ethyl alcohol. The bottles
containing the samples were kept at boiling temperature in a hot
water bath for 30 minutes and then corked, sealed with hot paraffin,
and stored until the analyses were made.

When analytical work began, the samples were Opened,
alcohol extract filtered off, the samples washed several times

with 80 per cent alcohol and filtered. The alcohol extract was

-25.
made up to volume and saved. The sample was dried in an oven at

70°C. until a constant weight was reached. They were cooled in a

desiccator, weighed and ground so that they would pass through a
60~mesh screen. One-tenth of each sample was weighed out and the
remaining sugars extracted from it with 80 per cent alcohol. This
alcohol extract was combined with one-tenth of the original alcohol
extract from the same sample, which made a tenth aliquot of the
whole sample for sugar analysis. Both total and reducing sugars
and the starches were determined by the regular Shaffer and Hartman

method. A portion of each sample was dried at 95°C, and weighed

to obtain the absolute dry weight for the whole sample. Percentages

of sugar were calculated from the dry weights.

-26-
R.E S U L Tj§
Beggggtage g1 1132.935.

The percentages of stocks with living cions for the
different periods of grafting and on the different stocks are
shown in Table 1. Some of the stocks included in this table had
two cions growing and some had only one: both are counted alike in
this tabulation. This table shows that there was a higher percent-
age of total unions in the may period, those grafted during the heavy ,
bleeding season, than at any other period. This was true of all |
three stocks that were used for grafting at this time. However,
there is very little difference in the April and May periods on the
Clinton stocks and the number on each of the other two stocks is
too small to permit any definite conclusions. The data show de-
finitely that the two early periods have greater percentages of
unions on three stocks than the later periods.

Table 2 shows the total percentages of live cions on
each.stock from grafting at each period. Judged by thiscriterion, .
also, the April and May periods produced greater percentages of .
successful grafts than did the later periods. The May period has
three per cent less total cions living on the Clinton stocks than i
the.1pril period, and there is very little difference in percentages
of total cions living on the Riparia X Rupestris 101 stodks that
were grafted at the.April and May periods. If, therefore, both the
stocks with live cions and the total living cions are considered,
there seems to be very little difference in the results obtained

from the April and may periods of grafting, but important differences

-27-

Table 1 o
Percentages of Stocks with Live Cions in October, 1932, from Grafts
Made at Various Times

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13;, of Riparia , Riparia x Aramon x
af 9 Clinton Gloire Runes {is Ru 8.3.13 .
No. er cent 0. er cent 0. er can 0. er cent
___1932 Grafted Living Grafted Living Grafted Living Grafted Living
78 8‘1 26 65 _ 12 33 - .-
ggy 17 - 18 60 88 - - 12 58 8 88
June 6 -<15 75 61 27 MM - - 8 __15
July 5-1“ 15 62 27 39 - - .. .. '
Table 20

Percentages of Cions Living in October, 1932, on Various Stocks From Grafts
Made at Various Times

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date of Riparia : Riparia x Aramon x

Grafting, Clinton Gloire Rupestris Rupestris
No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent)

1932 Grafted Living Grafted Living Grafted Living Grafted Living

April 16-18 67 52 he an 33 - -

May 17 - 18 120 61+ - - 2’4 38 16 as

June 6 - 7 150 so 5h 31 - - 16 56
July 5-150 39 5h 20 .. .. L .. .
1 _

Table 3.

Percentages of Clinton Stocks with Live Cions Taken from.Various Parts of the ,
Cane and Grafted at Various Times

Date of o. Graftedfi ] 7

Grafting Of Each. Butts Centers Tips Total

April 16-18 25 88 88 80 85

May 17-18 20 9O 95 89 88 __
25 an 80 '56 67 __

my 5 - 25 x 65 J 60 ll as 52

J];

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘1‘, 1|], Ill." .I‘ 1.11, ...I: l1

-25-
between these and the later periods.

Table 3 shows the percentages of successful graft unions
on the Clinton stocks made at each.period from each portion of the
cane. In every case the tips were inferior to the butts and centers.
The average diameters at the time when grafts were set of the three
portions of the canes, in inches, were as follows: butts 10/32,
centers 8/32, and tips 5/32. For the.April and May periods there
seems to be no material difference between cions taken from the
butts and those from the centers, but for the later periods of
grafting the butts seem slightly superior to the centers.

Percentages of cions living on the Clinton stock.at various
times taken from different portions of the canes are shown in Table
h. Data for this table were taken as soon as the majority of buds
had opened in each grafting period. This table shows that the butts
set in April were very slow in.Opening.. Perhaps the buds on the
basal end were more dormant than those on the other parts of the
cane. The tips started Opening much sooner and the majority of
them were open by June 1, while the buds on the butts kept Opening
until about July 15. Perhaps this difference in Opening of buds
accounts, at least in part, for the consistently poorer results se-
cured with cions from the tips. The buds on the tips Open and
transpiration starts before there is any union between stock:and
cion to conduct water. In every period the majority of buds on
the tips Opened first and the buds on the butts Opened somewhat
later, with the centers Opening at intermediate dates.

This tendency is shown clearly in Table 5. Those set in

-29-

Table h.
Percentages of Cions from Various Parts of Gene Growing on Clinton Stocks
at Various Dates

 

 
   
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date of Sept. Oct.

Grafting =22:

. Butts 114 so as 70 so sh so so . 72 72;

April 16- . sh s2 32 so s6 sit sh sh 72 72 V

18 mpg 56 J6 11+ 68 66 66 62 62 as as

- ._ 41143.41 77 77 gamfim

m 62 _72 so aso 711 77 77 72W 72 i”

May 17-18 1% s2 s5 so 455 so 82 so JQ 7L'

m 72 so 62 67 s7 s7 57 so so;

__ ; ot ________________;___ h 17 72 72 75 g 6% '5

g a. 50 sq sh spa 452 so 19_____7_Q___'

June 6 - 7 gentezg ' IO 90 ss 61+ 61; 62 66 56W
gm
___ E Total
3 : tt

July 5 - 7 - 1:6 66 70 mt an 'I

i .- 116 in no 22 20.."

he ‘38 57 sq 39 '

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 50
Number of Days from Time of Grafting to Opening of First and Majority of Buds

. __ - .. -...- __.. _ ,_Q__ ...~ --.“- _*—___ -___.____

Date Of-First Days to First
tag.-- afi- ._ .=.-d; 1:,H.:_=.;_.___ W - a.-_a-;.z.63h1;._

Days to oOpening

 

 

 

 

 

W! - WW
1pm 16 - 18 May 10 211W, m
“If” 17 - 15 lanai 16 I 19
i2£§___5 - 7 June 1h 1 8 I 10
___ 7‘ uly 15 10 - 13

 

 

-30-
April were almost twice as long in Opening as those set in May,
and those set in May tWice as long opening as those set in June.
Probably this is one reason the later grafting was not as success-
ful as the earlier.

That time of starting of buds, as compared to time for
callus growth, is a factor in poorer results with the tip-cions
is further indicated by the prOportion between tip-and butt-cions
succeeding at various periods. In the first period, the tips
produced 80.6 per cent as many successful grafts as the butts;
in may, 69.h per cent; in June, 3M.3 per cent; and in July, 38.6

per cent.

Growth

The shoot growth curves (Figure 1) were drawn from the
average total shoot growth at various dates as measured in inches.
This graph shows the terminal shoot growth to be greater on the
early grafted grapes than on those grafted later. The graph in-
dicates that thec:ions set in.April made more shoot growth than
those set in.May. Since, however, the standard deviation of the
shoot lengths from this line of data taken in October was very
great, due to the wide variation of lengths and small number of
individuals, the small difference in the April and May graphs
may be insignificant. The cions set in June and July made sig-
nificantly less shoot growth. Those set in July never made the
rapid growth that those set early did because the unions were

not complete before the most rapid growing season was over. The

 

 

88388

8

8

10"?

 

17:3
lc~.o

I
5
I

 

 

 

i13;|:3;. .::‘.
£11376 r6 17 A1137 1'7 3b $09135

Fig. 1 - Terminal shoot growth in inches, at
various dates, Of cions set at various dates.

 

 

-31-
shoots that did grow in this period did not have time to mature
the wood before fall, and did not survive the winter as well as
those that were grafted earlier. The percentages of grafts that
winter-killed were as follows:.April grafts 9%‘kill, May grafts
9% 1:111, June grafts 1556 1:111, and July grafts 35% 1:111.

Table 6 shows the number of shoots that fall in the

growth classes indicated. The classes are given in inches with
an interval of 20. This table shows that the tips made about as
much growth.as the butts and centers. The part of cane the cions
are taken from seems to make no difference in terminal shoot growth
of the grafts that unite. Evidently, the most important thing with
the cion is to establish a good union rather early so that it will

have a long growing season.

ln__i_n_a.lc de t Wmmm

From observations made in the field, it appeared that
weather conditions had a great influence on buds Opening and
then dying. With rain and high temperature, the buds of the new-
ly set cions Opened and develoPed two or three leaves, apparently
independently of any graft union. Most of these shoots remained in
this condition for two or three weeks, if they lived. When there
came a few windy days with high temperatures while the cions were
in this stage, many of the young shoots perished. More of this
occurred on the tip—cions than on the butt-and center-cions. This
seems clearly to have been due to excess of transpiration over

absorption capacity. If the cion united with the stodk before this

-32-
Table 6.

Frequency Distribution of Growths (in inches) in 1932 of Cions From
various Portions of Canes Set at Various Times

 

 

 

 

 

Etc Gpgiftgg PaggrpteOfEL-gflflgg -1 o hog-1Q. H.711“) lug—16o
Butis ; - 1 5 s 1; 6

April 16-18 center a ‘i 1 14 6 s s
W 1: gfl___g i 14 5 6
Total 12 g ’4 2 26

 

 

 

May 17-18

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total 117 15 12 13 '5 - -

 

-33—

initial shoot died, the absorption capacity would be increased
and the shoot would start rapid growth. After the shoots started
this rapid growth, they usually continued to grow for the rest of
the season. Some of the shoots that had died back were replaced
by new ones,

Bleeding started in some of the main stems of the stocks
April 18, but in the canes it did not begin until two days later.
It increased very rapidly until May 8, and then increased more slow-
ly for the next seven days. It was at its maximum about May 15 in
1932, and the young shoots on the stocks were about one inch long
at that time. McIntosh apple trees were in full blossom, and the
petals were falling from Montmorency sour cherry blossoms when
bleeding was greatest in the grape stocks.

Clinton and Aramon x Bupestris Ganzin No. 1 seemed to
be better stocks for Campbell Early than Riparia Gloire de Montpellier
or Riparia X Rupestris 101, so far as grafting success is concerned.
The two former had higher percentages of graft unions and longer
tenminal shoot growth at the end of the season than the two latter.
This does not agree with the state trials at Vaud, France (35),
where Riparia X Rupestris was found a better vineyard stock than

Aramon X Rupestris.

Analytical Data
Figure 2 shows the sugar content in percentages for each
portion of the canes at each period of grafting. This graph

indicates that the canes are rather high in total sugars in April,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a“

 

 

 

I
"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spril 18 May 1A8 J ans 7 J uly 7

 

-Aiafih

 

Egg-1"?" it" w
... L' #4 ‘

 

 

Fig. 2. Percentages Of sugars in the canes
at various dates.

 

-3h.

and decrease in total sugars as the season advances. The reducing
sugars increase, which indicates that sucrose is being Changed to
reducing sugars with no growth to consume these sugars. The sol-
uble starch increases slightly, but this increase is hardly signi-
ficant. There seems to be very little differences in percentages
of total sugars in the various portions of the canes. The sudden
dr0p in the curves at the May period is probably due to experimental
error, either in sampling or in the analyses. In general, the tips
might be slightly lower in percentage of total sugars than the
butts and centers, but the differences are very small.

The decrease in both total sugars and reducing sugars
is very noticeable in the stocks as the season advances (Figure 3).
.As sucrose is being changed to reducing sugars the growing plants
are consuming them, which causes a decrease in both. Soluble
starch also increases in the stocks slightly, as in the canes. The
figures on insoluble starch were very inconsistent in both the
stocks and canes, and the results are not presented.

The percentages of unions, as indicated in the graph, have
a general tendency to decrease as the season advances and this ten-
dency seems to be associated with the decrease of total sugars in
both stocks and cions. There seems to be some possible relation

between total sugar content and percentages of graft unions.

 

 

 

 

 

2 ‘ ' ' A l‘ {
April i9 Hinge i

 

 

 

Juno ‘7 J «I! 7

I
‘L:\-- . % l T [ ; . 4

 

 

 

 

 

o ‘ l A ‘ 3 l s f 1
April 18 May18 June '7 July?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 3. Below: Percentages of sugars in the
stocks at various dates. Above: Percentages of
successful unions in grafts set at the same dates.

-35..

Discussion

 

When grafting is attempted on plants which are hard to
.‘C graft, experienced prOpagators usually have recourse to one special
I procedure or another. thdamentally these fall into procedures
designed to hasten callus formation by increased temperature, or to
check transpiration by maintaining a high atmospheric humidity.
With grafting in the field, high temperature can be insured only by
grafting in late spring: this is successful with the black:walnut.
(SS). Humidity control is more difficult, once buds have Opened,
and desiccation becomes an increasing factor with late grafting.
Whether sugar or other carbohydrate content of cion or stock has
any relation to successful unions cannot be determined readily from
field study, because of the changing temperature and humidity
conditions.

In vineyard grafting, so far as this study shows, des-

iccation overbalances any advantage that might be gained from more

 

rapid callus formation attendant upon late grafting. 'Whether the
amount or the character of grape leaves accounts for the difference
between the walnut and the grape in this respect cannot be stated
from.available infermation. The relation of early and late graft-
ing to tyloses formation cannot be stated definitely. That it is
common is shown by Figure M; but it seems probable that this is
a minor, rather than a major, factor.

That there may be some connection between total sugar
content and percentage of successful grafts, cannot be denied. Since,

however, reducing sugars accumulate while the percentages of success-

 

 

Fig. 1%. Cross section of a grape graft, Campbell
grafted on Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin No. 1, set June 7,
1932. Note the formation of tyloses in the vessels.

-36.

ful unions decrease, relationship under field conditions seem
slight. Certainly, though the seasonal picture might suggest a
plausible relationship, the differences in sugar content between
tips and butts through the Season seem too small to explain the
differences in successful unions. There remains the possibility
that absolute amounts available at the union, rather than percent-
ages, might explain these differences; the data recorded permit no
statement on this point.

0f the various possible factors affecting success, the
present study indicates that rapidity of opening of buds, with
resultant desiccation, is the most important under field conditions.
Late grafting seems to increase the rate of bud develOpment more
rapidly than it increases the rate of callus formation. Whether
this could be offset by covering the grafts with bell jars or
boxes is uncertain.

Possibly the difference between these results and the
general Opinion in Eur0pe, favoring late grafting (70,89,2, 93),
may be explained by the more intense heat and greater desiccation
in.America at the time of late grafting in Northern vineyards. ‘Ll-
though the results here reported indicate that heavy bleeding of the
stock does not interfere with.graft union, no explanation is offered
for this divergence from the usual avoidance of grafting during the
heavy bleeding period.

.As a practical matter, vineyard grafting may or may not
be feasible. .As compared with establishment of vineyards with

bench grafted vines, it is costly. The stocks'used here had stood

-37-
in the vineyard longer than would be necessary to produce bearing
vines. They had been grafted once without success. At present,
from.12 to MS per cent of the vines must be regrafted. Bench
grafted plants, even if a large number must be used, would have pro-
duced enough grapes in the meantime to more than offset the differ-
ence in cost.

Whether established vineyards of undesirable varieties
can be worked over profitably cannot be definitely stated. Their
performance as stocks would be uncertain. The majority of growers
would have but moderate success in grafting, and regrafting would
extend over a considerable period. In view of the short period
necessary to bring new plants into bearing, working over of es-
tablished vineyards is not to be given general encouragement. That
it is possible, is shown by the results reported.

If further studies in vineyard grafting are to be under-
taken, it is suggested that covering of’the cions. with bell jars.
boxes. or similar devices to check:transpiration, be tried. Micros-
COpic studies, particularlyudth reference to tyloses formation, may
be valuable. Keeping cions in cold storage should be compared.with
ordinary storage. When these points are clearer than they now are,

chemical studies may be undertaken with better prospects.

-7

J8-
Summagy

1. Campbell Early can be successfully grafted in the
field, provided suitable stocks are used and grafts made with the
proper care.

2. Clinton and Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin No. 1 seem to
be satisfactory stocks for this variety. Riparia Gloire de Montpellier
and.Riparia X Rupestris 101 appear less desirable, though results with
them are not considered conclusive.

3. The early part of the season appears to be more satis-
factory for grape grafting than the period after bleeding. For
Michigan it is recommended that grafting be done between April 20
and May 20, depending on the season. Graft before the shoots are
sir inches long on the stocks.

M. Cions from the tips of the canes did not give satis-
factory results in percentages of graft unions. Cions from the
centers seem to be about asgood as those from the butts, if grafting
is done early. If grafting is delayed until June, the butts are
preferred.

5. Late grafting apparently increases desiccation more
rapidly than it increases rate of callus growth.

6. Under field conditions in Michigan; atmospheric
humidity may become a more important factor in successful grafting
than the sugar content of cion and stock or than the rapidity of

callus formation.

-39-
Acknowledgements
The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation
to Professor I. C. Bradford for assistance in planning the work,
presenting the data and corrections in the manuscript, and to
Dr. J. W. Grist for assistance in the analytical work; He also
wishes to thank E; P. Gaston and W. C. Button for helping prepare
and make the photOgraphs. Thanks is due Professor V. R. Gardner

and Dr. R. E. Marshall for corrections and suggestions in the

manuscript.

1. Adlum, John.

2. Andre'

3. Anonymous.

 

 

 

7.

 

 

9 . Anonymous .

10.

 

11.

 

-ho-

Bibliography_
Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in
.America, and the Best Mode of Making‘Wine.
2nd Ed. p. 2U-26. Washington, 1828.
Oeconomischen Neuigkeiten No. 2. Cited in
Verb. d. Ver. 2. BefSrd. d. Gartenbau.Preuss.
State 2: 229-230. 1826.
the Pfroffen des Weinstockes. .Allg. dent.
Gartenbauzeit. M: 290-291. 1826.
(From Lanesville Gazette). New England Farmer
9: 25. May 25, 1831.
Grafting Vines. Gardener's Chronicle.
3: 37. 18h}.
Grafting Grape Vines. (From Ontario County Times).
Rural New Yorker 6: in}. 1855.
(Practical Fruit Growers Soc. of Western New
York; Ann. Meeting). Rural New Yorker 11:23 1860.
(Fruit Grower's Soc. of Western New York).
Gardener's MonthLy 2: 63. 1860.
(Answer to inquiry). American.Agriculturist.
20: 83. 1861.
(Rept. of Meeting,IPenn. Hort. Soc.). Gardener's
Monthly 1+: 126. 1562.
PrOpagating Grape Vines. Prairie Farmer

12: 291;. 1863.

12.

13.

1h.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23,

 

 

 

 

 

 

.Anonymous.

 

 

 

 

 

-h1_
Grafting Old Grape Vines. Journal of
Horticulture. u: 30h, 339. Boston, 1868.
Grafting the Vine. Trans. Mich. Pom. Soc.
2: 576-577. 1872.
Grape Grafting. Trans. Ill. Hort. Soc.
p. 203-201;. 1872.
Vine Grafting. (From the Gardener). The
Garden 3: 288-289. 1873.
Time for Grape Grafting. Horticulturist
28: 177. 1873.
Grafting Grapes. (Rept. of Meeting, Elmira
Farmer's Club).
Country Gentleman MO: 375. 1875.
The American Vines in France.
Gardener's Monthly. 20: 112. 1878.
Grape Grafting.
Trans. Ill. Hbrt. Soc. 13: 20. 1879.
Grape-Phylloxera.Resistance.
Country Gentleman 55: h87. 1880.
(Report of’Meeting of Seneca Lake Grape
Grower's.Association). Country Gentleman
50: 213. 1885.
Grape Grafting.
Rural New Yorker. uh: 7M5. 1885.
Grafting Grapes. (Ans. to inquiry).

Rev. Hort. 65: inn. 1893.

2M.

25.

26.

27.

28.

30.

310

32-

33-

35.

 

Bailey, L. H.

Barron, A. F.

Bateham, W. B.

Burnat, J.

Columella, L.

Junius Moderatus

Dawson, Jackson.

DuBrenil,.A.

"E.F.”

Eisen, G.

Faes, H.

Faes, H.

-hg-
Annual Report State Hbrt. Soc. Neb.
26: 61. 1895.
Remodeling Old Vines.
American Grape Training 89-90. N.Y. 1893.
Vineszand Vine Culture 12-16.
London, 1887.

(from Ohio Farmer)

1868.

How to Graft Grape Vines.
Rural New Yorker 19: 63.
Souvenirs an sujet des parte-greffes.
Rev. de Viticulture 70: 297-300. 1929.
Ingrafting Vines. On Husbandry, Book h,
Chapter 29: 197-201.

Budding and Grafting.

Trans. Mass. Hort. 800. pt. 1:115-136. 1895.
Vineyard Culture 85—90. (trans. and rev. by
John-L."order, Cincinnati, 1867).

Situation viticole et vinicole du Languedoc.
Rev. de Vit. 7o: 193-19h. 1929.
A.Practical Treatise on the Raisin Grapes.
117-121. San Francisco, 1890.

Prog..Lgr. et Vit. (Ed. l'Est-centre) 3M.
No. 50: 7h3—7h6. 1913.

237. 191M.

Abs. in EoSoRo 30:

Reconstitution des vignobles suisses.

Rev. de. Vit. 70: 329-338. 1929.

36. Ferlet, A.

37. Fischer.

380

 

39-

 

140. Fischer, J.W.

M1. Fuller, A. 5.

1+2. Gard.

M3. Gladwin . F.E.

nu.

 

-113-
Seances de la Societe' centrale d'hort.
Rev. Hort. 38: 116-117. 1866.
Uber den Wert der Rebsorte York Madeira als
Veredelungsunterlage. Ber. der Kdnigl. Lehranst.
f. Wein-, Obst-, u. Gartenbau z. Geisenheim a.
Rh. 205-207. Berlin, 1910.
Uber das Verhalten der Riparia—Geisenheim 1 als
Unterlagsrebe in Rheingauer deen. Ber. der
Kdnigl. Lehranst. f. Wein-, Obst-, u. Gartenbau
z. Geisenheim a. Rh. 207-210. Berlin, 1910.
Uber das Vortreiben der veredelten Reben in
Mistbeetkisten. Ber. der Kflnigl, Lehranst. f.
Wein-, Obst—, u. Gartenbau z. Geisenheim a. Rh.
187-189. Berlin, 1908.
Das Mittel, einen erfrornen Weinstock Wieder-
herstellen und fruchtbar machen zn kflnnen.’
Allg. dent. Gart. Zeit. 5: 19h—l95. 1827.
The Grape Culturist 63—73.
New York, 18914.
Fourth Conf. Interant. Genetigue
Paris. Compt. Rend. et. Raps. 395-396. 1911.
Abs. in 3.5.3. 30: 11m. 1911;.
The Grafting of American Grapes.
N. Y. State Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 520. 192%.
Grafting American Grapes on Vigorous Stocks.

N. Y. State Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 607. 1932.

1&5.

M6.

u7.

’48.

50.

51.

52-

53.

Goodrich, C.

Kayne , A. P.

HBdI‘iClC, U0 Po

Rusmann, G.

 

Husmann, G.

 

JaCObB ’ HOE 0

Jones, J. B.

Kro emer , Karl .

-uu.
Northern Fruit Culturist 92
Burlington, Vt. 18kg.
Resistant Vines; their Selection, Adaptation,
and Grafting.
Calif. Agr. Exp. ta. Appendix to Vit. Report
1896.
Grape Stocks for American Grapes.
N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 355. 1912.
Grape Grafting (from Rural World).
Country Gentleman ’45: 310. 1880.
Grape Grafting. Mich. Farmer 21:
March 22, pp. 3. 1890.
Grape Grafting. (Report of Amer. Hort. Soc.
Meeting in Austin, Texas.) Country Gent.
55: 208. 1890.
Grapes and Wine “to-1+2. NJ. 1866.
Stimulation of Grape Bench Grafts.
Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1933.
Green Wood Cuttings. (from Rural New Yorker).
Country Gentleman 39: 820. 18714.
Uber die Erziehung der Veredlungen in der
Rebschule. Ber. der Lehranst. f. Wein—, Obst-
u. Gartenbau zn Geisenheim - a. - Rh.

198-203. 1919 .

55. Leissig.

56.

 

57. Lodeman, E.G.

-h5-
Versuche zweckmassigsten Aufbeivahrung des
Rebholzes. Bericht der Kdnigl. Lehronst. f.
Wein-, Obst—u. Gartenbau zn Geisenheim a. Rh.
37-39- 1903-
Uber das Wurzelsystem der.Amerikanerreben.
Bericht der Kdnigl. Lehranst. f. Weinp, Obstn
u. Gartenbau 2n Geisenheim a. Rh. hl-H3. 1903.
The Grafting of Grapes.

Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 77. 1899.

5S. Loubat,.Alphonse. Vine-Dresser's Guide. 62-68.

59. Maw. P-

60. Marshall,G.A.

61. Marvin, D.S.

New York, 1872.

Grafting the Grape on its Laterals.
Hbrticulturist 28: 151. 1873.

PrOpagation of the Grape.

Ann. Rept. State Hort. Soc. Neb. 26:29-32. 1895.
When to Graft the Grape Vine.

.Amer. Garden 8: 366. 1887.

62. Mathieu, Chappaz Manuel du Viticulteur alsacien.

at al.

63. Maurer, J. F.

61+. Miller , s.

65.

 

66.

 

116-158. Strasburg 1923.

Erfahrungen Uber das Veredeln der Weinstbcke.
Allg. deut. Garten-zeit. 5: 1401-1103. 1827.
Grape Grafting. Rural New Yorker 53:279. 189M.
Grafting the Grape. Gardener's Monthly

2: 37. 1860.

Grafting the Grape. Western Pomologist

1: 85. 1870.

67.

70.

71.

72.

73-

7h.

75-
760

77.

73-

Noel, E. F.

Oppermann, R.

—h6—
Native and Foreign Grapes.
Farmer's Register. 1: h5h—M59. 1833.
Die Frdhjahrsveredelung. Ber. d. KBnigl.
Lehranst. f. Wein-, Obst-u. Gartenbau zn

Palladius, R.T.W. De re rustica. In Nisard: Les.Agronomes

Phin, John

Piper, D. J.

Pratt, E. H.

Prince, w. R.

latins 577-579. Paris, 187”,

Open.Air Grape Culture.

187-196. N. Y. 1875.

Grape Grafting. Trans. Ill. Hort. Soc.
12: 2u8. 1878.

Cold Storage of Grape Vines.

Fruit Grower 18: No. 7: 3. 1907.

Abs. in E.S.R. 19: 195. 1907.

.1 Treatise on the Vine 25u—26o. N.Y. 1830.

Quintinye, J.de la. Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers

"3.1.:

Ravaz. L.

 

 

et potagers 21. Paris, 1766.

Grafting Vines. Gardener's Chronicle 3:208 18M3.
Le greffage sur place.

Le Progre's agr. et vit. 75: 2h9—251. 1921.
Nouvelles recherches sur la résistance au
phylloxera. .Annales de l‘école nationals d'
agriculture de Montpellier. n.s., t. 2. No. 3:
169-185. 1905.

Le greffage sur table. Le Progrés agr. et vit.

75: 201-209. 1921.

79-

80.

81.

82.

83.

8M.

85.

86.

87.
88.

89.

90.

-h7.

Ravaz, L. and.L. Bonnet. Sur les qualités des "bois" de la

vigne..Annales de l'éhole nationale d'
agriculture de Montpellier. n.s., t. 1:

27-60. 1901.

Ravaz. L. and P. Viola. Les Vignes Americaines. Montpellier

Reid, John.

"Rhombus".

Sahut, Felix.

Saloman, René

Serres, Oliver de.

Sharrock; Robert

"8.3.17."

Sitton, B.G.

"S.L.”

Strong, W. C.

and Paris. pp. 228-300. 1892.

Grafting the Grape Vine.

Gardener's Chronicle. 52: 1209. 1869. _
Grafting the Vine.

Gardener's Chronicle 3: 230. 1893.

L'adaptation des vignes Americaines au sal

et au climat. Montpellier pp. 5-79. 1888.
Greffe herbac‘e de la vigne.

Rev. hort. 614: 150-152. 1892.

roéatre d‘agriculture et Menage des champs.

Rev. ed. Paris. 1801:. Lieu 3 Chapter 5:255-259.
he History of the Propagation and Improve-

ment of Vegetables.

(2nd ed.) 120. Oxford, 1672.

Grafting Grapes. Rural New Yorker 53:215. 189M.

Vegetative Pr0pagati0n of the Black Walnut.

Mich..Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 119. 1931.
Grape Grafting and Budding.

Gardener‘s Mag. 1:h6h. 1828.

Culture of the Grape 80-91

Boston, 1867.

91.

92-

93.

9b,.

95.

96.

97-

93-

99.

"$0on... (16388.)

Temple, M. and

N.B. Carroll

Turner, William

Twight, E. H.

Verge, G.

"Viator'.

Warder, J. A.

-ug-
Notes on Grafting Grapes.
Rural New Yorker. 52: 762. 1891:.
The Utility of ine Grafting.
Gardener's Chronicle 19:730. 1896.
Fruits and Vegetables under Glass.
pp. 26. New York,19l2.
New Methods of Grafting and Budding
Vines. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bu1.1u6.l902.
On the Herbaceous Grafting of Grapes.
Prog. Agr. et. Vit. (Ed.1'est-centre)
31: 509-513. 1910.
Le phylloxera et les vignes Ameticaines.
L'Illustration horticale. 21:8u. 187M.
Meeting of 111. Hert. SOC.

Country Gentleman 21: 30. 1863.

“Western Grape Grower”. My Vineyard at Lakeview.

Wilson, Silas.

78—80. New‘York51866.
Propagation of Vines and Stocks.

Trans. Iowa State Rbrt. Soc. 18:

153-155. 1885.