-.-— fi—W— --—....___ .. THE ADAPHQN ANE‘ REFEREMENT @F A CGMMUNETY GAMEoSiMULATION FOR AUTOMATED USE The“: for Hm Dawes of M. U. D, IiilCHIGAN SMTE UNIVERSITY Chester Foster 1965 :HESIS LIBRAR Y Middgzn Stale v ’ 1 fl ABSTRACT THE ADAPTION AND REFINEMENT OF A COMMUNITY GAME -SIMULATION FOR AUTOMATED USE by Chester Foster One problem in teaching urban studies lies in the need to replicate the complexities of the urban setting for the student in a classroom situation. One method of solving the problem is to simulate a community and allow the student to act in some capacity within the model community. One such game-simulation has been created and used on this campus: METROPOLIS! The complexities inherent in teaching by the use of a simulated community require a vast amount of energy and attention on the part of the instructor at the very time he could most effectively work with the students. It seemed feasible that the use of the digital computer to automate some of the game would provide a better teaching situation. p The game METROPOLIS was refined and then programmed for the University's computer. Fortran was the computer language used. The game was diagrammed, with the flow chart providing a guide to the written program. Cards containing fixed data items were prepared. A series of trials was used to find and eliminate errors. Chester Foster The result is a program and modified game which allows the instructor to work with the students. It also points to a method- ology for further refinements in gaming-simulation in urban studies. THE ADAPTION AND REFINEMENT OF A COMMUNITY GAME -SIMULATION FOR AUTOMATED USE By Chester Foster A THE SIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF URBAN PLANNING School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture 1965 .r 4'? I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writer Wishes to acknowledge the support and encour- agement received during the preparation of this thesis. Dr. Richard D. Duke and Professor Stewart Marquis deserve special mention. The patience of my wife, Margaret, and daughters, Stephanie and Jill, was tested time and again. Their tolerance is appreciated. Mention of the computer facility available to students and staff at Michigan State University is made, for without this laboratory and the guidance of several of its personnel, a great deal more time and frustration would have been experienced by the writer. The ad- ministrators of the Computer Center have provided an excellent research and teaching convenience. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. PROBLEM OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . 11 III. PROGRAMMING METROPOLIS . . . . . . . 18 IV. OPERATION OF THE COMPUTERIZED GAME . . 26 V. RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 VI. FUTURE POSSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . 37 APPENDICES A. FLOW CHART AND PROGRAM . . . . . . . 40 B. DATA DECK ASSEMBLY DETAILS . . . . . . 66 C. COMPUTER PRINT-OUT RESULTS . . . . . . 74 D. FORMS DESIGNED FOR METROPOLIS II . . . . 79 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. METROPOLIS Form 50, Linkages Between Players 5 2. METROPOLIS II Form 2-50 Linkages Between Players 16 3. Flow Chart, General for Computer Program 20 4. Data Deck Assembly 30 iv I INTRODUCTION The system of related phenomena which characterizes a city is a formidable and dynamic complex with which the student of urban affairs must contend; first in the academic environment and later during his professional career. Since education endeavors to prepare him for the real world situations he will face, some means of presenting the urban unit in a manner in which the student can observe the roles of his colleagues and the results of their actions is useful. One excellent me- thod is the case study technique, a study in depth of some aspect of the community, often involving other disciplines. The case study is val- uable for requiring research, synthesizing, and cooperative efforts on the part of the student. Its limits are the. time required for fact gather- ing and the restrictions of breadth of a given study. Another technique, sometimes known as operational gaming, is to model the community, place students in roles of public officials and private citizens in the community, and let the players act out these roles. In modeling the community, the complexities may be reduced in number and magni- tude. Consequences of activities can be simulated. The time scale can be compressed. A game "played" in a simulated community is the resulting teaching device. Games for analytical and instructional purposes have been used for centuries. War games, adapted to board or table play, are well documented with a history which dates back to the origins of chess. Shortly after the beginning of the 18th century, war games underwent a change in which they more accurately reflected the battlefield by sub- stituting maps for stylized boards. Refinements continued at a rapid pace and the complexity and sophistication of the military applications of gaming were enhanced to an impressive degree with development of the electronic computer. Since 1956, the business community has in- corporated games into corporation training programs. The business games have training, testing, and demonstration characteristics as main points of emphasis. Within five years of the introduction of a business game, there were more than a hundred games for the pur- pose of executive development. 1 The business game is an accepted teaching tool in many universities. Intercollegiate competition in a marketing game among twenty-five schools was recently linked via teletype to Michigan State University's computer to be analyzed and scored. 2 The spread of gaming-simulation to other fields of educa- tion has been rapid and extensive. Today it covers a wide spectrum 1William R. Dill, "What Management Games Do Best, " Business Horizons, Vol. IV, No. 3, Fall 1961, p. 55. 2The State Journal, February 28, 1965, p. 1. of subject fields. Several games relating to urban planning have been developed. METROPOLIS models the decision processes for the allo-—- cation of land resources. CLUG, the Cornell Land Use Game, models the dynamics of the economics of land use. A parlor game, "Square Mile” dealing with land speculation, is on the market. POGE, Plan— ning Operational Gaming Experiment, pits a planning commission against a land speculator. The games have tended to have certain common charac- teristics. These are listed: "1. They tend primarily to utilize a man-machine combination, with considerable variations between rigid versions and free or umpire governed games. "2. They are used primarily for training purposes. Although they are used sometimes to study the system under con- sideration and, in some cases, to demonstrate proposed changes in the system. - "3. They are used for testing alternative courses of action. "4. They may operate in real time but for the most part com- press time and expedite play. "5. They inevitably employ a simulated environment which attempts to represent the real world as it is relevant to the problem with the perception of the designers. "6. They progress as a series of plays or cycles, each repre- senting some real life period. "7. They require that the players 'act out the role, ' specifi- cally by requiring appropriate decisions. "8. They are all simple, relative to the situation they are abstracting from. "9. They involve the concept of competition between players or teams."3 The game METROPOLIS was designed as an instrument to involve the students in decision-making roles in a simulated community. The roles include the administrator, a technical advisor to the city fathers; the politician, who makes the ultimate decisions on what capital expenditures will be made in the community; and the speculator who attempts to profit through real estate transactions. Each of these players exerts an influence on the use and value of land in the commu- nity. Their decisions are concerned with community-wide issues of a general nature, capital improvement expenditures, and with land use in a metropolitan setting. Each decision affects each of the players through a system of rewards and penalties. A diagram indicating these linkages is shown on the following page. The sequence of events of a cycle would be, typically: "1. The newsletter is the first new information the player receives in a given cycle. This is a brief one -page news- letter prepared in advance of the game which describes specific projects or needs of the community. Essentially, there are three categories of news: Local news is intended to alert the politician of the various demands of the citi- zenry; state-wide news is generally intended to give back- ground information on various issues which will be brought before the players; and national news is designed to give them some perspective on the general state of the economy. 3Richard D. Duke, "The Role of Operational Gaming in the Simulation of Social Systems, " Paper read before the Regional Science Association Meeting, Ann Arbor, November 9, 1964. FORM 50 9‘ 1 December , Duke ' P. ' cobwumwmmum mm>moumx wonmcuaa ‘1. Lapita Erna) r '.)V amen r L"‘rr..)t:;rarr: Favors .ram: SPECULATOR POLtIlClAN to Fund Donates ”2. H4. Close attention to these news sheets can give valuable clues to the player on coming events. The major limita- tion of the newspaper (since it is prepared in advance) is that inevitably situations will occur during play which make portions of the paper obsolete from time to time. The alternatives of developing a newspaper for each cycle during the course of play is desirable but our resources to date have prevented this approach. The public opinion poll, the second piece of information introduced in a given cycle, is a crude attempt to intro- duce the notion of community power structure to the students. This raises a series of issues, some serious, some minor. Each team is permitted one vote pro, con, or to postpone. In those cases when consensus is reached, the action is final and appropriate consequences are intro- duced into the game. The issues which are introduced by the public opinion poll attempt to reflect the type of issues which might frequently be encountered in a typical commu- nity. Issues on which agreement is not reached are post- poned and must be resolved in the following cycle. When this occurs, a penalty is introduced against the players for their indecision. Individual team decision forms are now introduced. Briefly, the politician must decide how to spend the funds which exist for this year, the speculator must decide how many dollars to invest in what types of land use and in what part of the community, and the administrator must prepare a capital improvement program for the following year. The budget for the current year, is a function of many factors, most of which are directly influenced by the play of the game. First, the budget is dependent upon the level of population of the community, which — in turn — is in part a function of the prosperity index, a device which attempts to simulate the rate of change of growth reflected by the general aggressiveness of the community in coping with its problems. For every issue which is decided on the public opinion poll, corresponding rewards or penalties are applied against the prosperity index and, in turn, result in a greater or lesser increase in popula- tion. Two parameters in the computation of the budget are under the control of the operator. These are the 'assessed value per capita' factor, which allows the game operator to manipulate the general level of prosperity in the community; the second-variable under operator control is a percentage of funds drawn off for school purposes. Since the school board is in fact competing for the same tax dollars as an autonomous agency, it really represents a different 'game'; its introduction forces the student to recognize the nature of the relationship. The tax rate (one of the decisions required of the politician) is applied against total assessed value to determine the total dollars available before school expenses. The politician is free to set this rate at any point he chooses, however, there are several penalties in the game for too abrupt deviations from existing patterns. Penalties for excessive fluctua- tions in the tax rate are severe and are reflected in the probability for re-election by the politician in the various wards. "5. End—of-cycle calculations consider a great number of specifically computed linkages to enforce realistic deci- sions on the part of the various teams. When these calculations have been concluded, the current standing of each team is publicly announced and, when appropriate, an election is held. "4 In using the game as an integral part of the urban planning curriculum, controls and tests indicate that the vehicle is a success; it meets the objectives of introducing the student to a taste of the com- plexities involved in "real world” decision making. Experience in the play of the game during its development with players who were pre- sumed to be more knowledgeable of the political and economic world than undergraduates indicated that the results would probably be satis- factory, but the degree of success was not estimable, except intuitively. 41bid. Gaming—simulation as its name implies, uses as a frame- work some model; a battlefield, a corporation, an economic system, or a community. The structure of the model and how closely it resem- bles the real world in the mind of the player is critical to the utility of the game. Simulation of a community so that verisimilitude is exper- ienced by the participants in their various roles as the community decision makers was one of the most challenging features of the design of the game. The initial attempt in the construction of METROPOLIS was to devise a purely hypothetical community. This scheme was abandoned after a relatively short expenditure of effort. The extreme complexity of inter-relationships existing in a metropolitan area and the vast amount of detailed data to be invented are difficult to repli- cate in a convincing way. The Lansing metropolitan area was used as a model for the community and the available data was extracted from the various sources, refined, and reproduced to provide the players with a set of data sources for the model community. The design of the various roles of the players was clarified in several test plays. The actual play of the game has been characterized by a long session, seven to nine hours of continuous activity. The confu- sing number of forms, results, and data which are necessary for knowledge of the community and those which accumulate during the play are not an unimportant handicap to the learning process. Of a more serious nature is the frenetic activity required of the game direc- tor who makes the complex computations, keeps the decision making process moving, answers questions, collects and distributes forms, records the standings of the players, and publishes the results of all of the decisions. In addition, at the end of each cycle there is a brief critique to explain the published results and the rationale behind the results. This activity on the part of the game director, nominally a lecturer in the senior studio course, has not allowed him to observe 'the play and to be of assistance to the players except in a very cursory way. The relief of the game director seemed to be worth a consider- able effort. Several reasons in addition to those previously cited are worthy of note: at the present, only a few persons are aware of all of the details necessary to running the game. If the game is to become useful to other universities than Michigan State, the extraneous com- plexities ought to be eliminated. By automating the computation pro- cedure, the game director has more time to spend observing the play of the game. He is allowed a better opportunity to assist the players.5 In summary, the problem and its background can be stated: (1) the dynamic and highly complex urban community is exceedingly difficult to comprehend and deal with. (2) The urban specialist can 5With the exceptions noted, the material in this section was abstracted from Gaming-Simulation in Urban Research by Richard D. Duke, Institute for Community Development and Services, East Lansing, Michigan. See especially Chapters 2, 3, and 4. ' 10 can concentrate only a a narrow band of the wide spectrum which encom- passes the urban scene. (3) This narrow view or outlook is character— istic of the student of urban affairs, especially the neophyte. Only after several years of tempering in the professional world will his perspec- tive be broadened through his experiences and observations. (4) The restricted view, the lack of a comprehensive knowledge of the commu- nity will not allow the urban specialist to know the true nature of the urban community. This is particularly true of understanding the many faceted problems to be faced by the decision makers, and the relation- ships between various decision makers in the community. Game, or gaming-simulation techniques have evolved to allow in-school exper- ience which is in some way comparable with the real world. The real world, or some portion of it, is modeled for specific learning situa- tions, and a hopefully accurate duplication of experiences takes place for the student players. (5) Gaming-simulation has proven to be an accepted and powerful teaching device. It reduces intricate situations to levels which can be understood and are helpful to the student. While some reduction of complexity is necessary, there is the problem of re- taining much of the desirable portion of the complexity of the urban world. Human limitations being what they are, a simulated community game must be relatively simple. (6) The experience with METROPOLIS to date indicates that the mechanical aspects of managing this game im- pose a major limitation on it. Automating appropriate aspects of the game is an attempt to reduce these constraints. II PROBLEM OBJECTIVES One of the early hopes in the design of the game was that it would some day be possible to utilize the computer. Several rea- sons make the computerized game a desirable alternative to the hand operation: it frees the game director from the onerous chore of making the computations. It enables the results of the plan to be displayed in a compact manner, and it eliminates some of the possibilities of human error which are present. It was hoped that certain improvements in handling information would be accomplished: the newsletter is occa- sionally out of date since there is the possibility that capital improve- ment projects might be budgeted before their need is reflected in the newsletter. It would be desirable to print a newsletter each cycle which would not indicate the need of a repetition of the news item concerned with the already accomplished fact. A listing of all completed projects is desirable. The recording of the list enables players to keep track of projects which extend over several years and once budgeted must be budgeted each following cycle until completed. In spite of the advantages of automating a game, certain liabilities are present. The non-computerized game has great flexi- bility enabling its continued evolution and further allowing the director to modify play during a given run. In the computerized version both of 11 12 these advantages tend to be lost, however, another gain is achieved: the game tends to be a more standard instrument which increases the validity of observations made relative to differences in play when one or more of the constraints are altered. The objectives pursued were limited to an improved teach- ing atmosphere, an improved presentation of results, and certain changes in the original game. The improved teaching atmosphere occurs through the release of the instructor from the time-consuming task of his hectic data manipulations. He is able to devote the time to act as mentor to the students. The nuances of the play can be pointed out to the players and close observations made of their activities. The digital computer is able to print out alphabetic and numeric results, and the programmer can control their form. A con- tinuous strip of 11. 5" x 15" sheets is a common form of computer print-out paper. The printing of play results and their posting (or distribution of multiple copies to each of the players) results in neatly displayed information as complete as the programmer wishes to make it. Since the same program is used for the consecutive cycles, there is unity of format in each presentation of results. The game itself was changed in several ways: deficit spending is allowed by the politician although a penalty in the form of interest charges is assessed against the next year's budget. Unspent 13 funds are carried forward with interest. The speculator too can spend more than he has in his possession. There is the same stiff interest charge against his borrowing but he is also allowed a modest return for money not invested. These features are an attempt to make the game closer to reality than the hand-run version, where their inclusion would add to the burdens of the game director. A school board was added to the game. (The school board does not appear in the computerized ver- sion of the game at this writing. ) The function of the school board is limited to two items: raising funds, and estimating school needs for the next year. Funds for capital improvements are raised through bond issues on the opinion poll. The school board must work with the other power groups to secure their support. The estimation of school needs is based on population increases which in turn are based on opinion poll decisions. While the role of the school board players is a greatly simplified form of a real world school board, the complexities inherent in simulating all of the activities and their consequences pre— cluded more than these. The school board adds some complexity and realism to the game since the schools affect the money available to the city for capital improvements. The activities of the school board in the real community have at least peripheral effects on the other deci- sion makers in the community. The school board game allows more student participation and a partial knowledge of another decision maker in the community. 14 The benefits of campaign contributions are automatically distributed to the ward in which the politician is faring most poorly. This may be a hardship to the politician in some instances, such as try- ing to insure re-election by winning in two wards. In METROPOLIS he can increase his odds in those two wards and write off the third ward. It was felt, however, that the programming of this choice factor would add unnecessary difficulty to data submission and programming. The increase in population in the original version of the game is determined by first finding the algebraic sum of growth factors which result from the Public Opinion Poll decisions. A slope for each of the possibilities is tested against a population vs. time chart and the in- crease is added to the existing population. In the computer directed computations the algebraic sum of the growth factors is used to deter- mine in which memory location the population growth figure is stored; then that number is added to the existing population. It was also decided to penalize for too rapid growth by charging an extra percentage of the "available" funds for schools, to compensate for the added capital outlays needed in times of rapid growth. The mechanism to accomplish this is the calculation of an expansion factor. The expansion factor is the population growth divided by five thousand. If the factor is less than one, it is ignored. If one or more, it is added to the percentage pre-set as the share of total property tax that accrues to the schools. 15 New forms were devised for the school board game. These include the decision form, a record of bond issue results, creation of new bond issues, and the rationalization of penalties, rewards, and growth factors, new newsletters, including school and education items, new public opinion poll forms with school bond issued added, and a new chart to reflect the addition of the school board to the community power structure and the resulting linkages. The chart indicating the linkages is shown on the following page. A draft of the sub-program to include the school board in the computerized version of the game was made. Human errors are reduced to those of data input, not data manipulation. These errors of data imput exist in the hand-run version and are impossible to eliminate entirely. Some of these errors in the computer-run version may be fatal to the successful run of the program, but the data can be corrected and the program re-submitted. The manner of play (making decisions, submitting the pro- gram and the decision data to the computer, and awaiting the computer printout before beginning the next cycle) could be handled as continuous play or as interrupted play. Continuous play would require breaking in to the regular work load of the computer (using the computer for METROPOLIS for an entire day would be prohibitive from the stand- point of dollar cost and unacceptable from the point of lost time of the other computer users) for the few seconds the computer requires to run through the cyclic calculations, and the arrangement can be made with the Computer Laboratory. Interrupted play would result because METROPOLIS FORM 2-50 066364 RDD,CF WUO~>ENM 4098 l0 4“) NJ 01400 Joozow d S w. a 3 S O 3 m m x O S a n D 3 3 S um 89 w a I M V mm x M 1. d 3 3 o a S _.l. me D _l n 3 m. m s 8 N M O 3 S EOE gizomtmn coedqaouam 024.... Eur—.mrm 4¢OPO_o hag-4m meo 24.2.5.5.“ SWVBSOEId $30030 SNOILVONBWINOOBH ‘SlOVJ SSOIAOHd 5290th cozy—5.2.204 17 of a wait (8-19 hoursl) for the normal ”turn-around" time for problems submitted to the computer facility. This would require 10 meetings to play the game through its optimum lO-cycle run. The decision that interrupted play would be acceptable was made. It was decided to begin the revision of METROPOLIS and to program it with the limitations noted above. The revised version of the game was dubbed METROPOLIS II. 6Computer Laboratory Notice No. 65, Michigan State University, March 19, 1965. III PROGRAMMING METROPOLIS The computer program for METROPOLIS 11 could not be written until the programmer was quite well acquainted with the ori- ginal game and until the proposed alterations were made between the original and the modified game. Learning about METROPOLIS was accomplished by a series of meetings with its originator. The meetings were held over a period of several weeks and included a continuing discussion of changes which were felt to be feasible and which would enhance the game. As the sequence of the activities was learned, a process flow chart was sketched. The process flow chart indicated the major activities which take place in the manually administered game. It also indicated the forms on which were recorded the infor- mation, decisions, and data necessary to the computations of the game. 7 The diagram became a major aid in making subsequent flow charts for the coding into the computer language. Since the computer handles the data, decisions, and mathematics in a different order and manner than a human game di- rector, and the computer lacks the human's flexibility of adapting to changing circumstances, a flow chart for programming enables a pre- 7A refined version of this flow chart appears in Richard D. Duke's Gaming-Simulation in Urban Research, p. 18. 19 cise indication of all necessary operations. The detail of the flow chart for this program lies somewhere between a completely detailed diagram and a rough picture of the problem. It was detailed enough, however, to enable the coding of the problem with little difficulty. The flow chart indicates the order of operations and the branching and consequences of the branching operations. The computations required for each player and the budget calculation are listed in order on the diagram. Code words are used in the program language to designate variable quantities and these are noted adjacent to operation boxes on the flow chart. A simplified flow chart is shown on the next page. The complete flow chart is in Appendix A. When the flow chart was complete, the coding of the pro- gram was undertaken. The computer available for student research on the Michigan State University Campus is the Control Data Corporation 3604. The computer and the peripheral equipment associated with it are known as the CONTROL DATA 3600 system which is described as, "a solid-state, stored program, general purpose digital computing system. . . large storage capacity and ex- ceedingly fast data transmission and computation speeds, the 3600 computing system is efficient in large -volume data processing. "8 Facilities for attendant activities such as card punching and handling equipment, consultants, and a computer library are a part of the com- 83600, CONTROL DATA 3600 Computer System Reference Manual, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1963, p. 1.1. I BEGIN CYCLE. I READ INTO COMPUTER MEMORY\ OPINION POLL DECISIONS, DQUTICIAM‘S CIP CHOICES, New TAX RATE, VARIABLES COMPUTED PREVIOUS CVCLE? CIP QOJECYS RECOMMENDED :02 T1115 CVCLEj CALCULATE GROWTH £3. BUDGET (PRINT BUDGET FOR NEXT CVCLE ) CALCULATE POLIT \CtAM‘ s STANDING, PROJECT OMISSION L\ ST PRINT EUDCETED PROJECTS LIST, PoLtTtCIAM’s STAND\N6, PROJECT OMISS\ON LIST READ IN RECOMMENDED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT L\ST FOR NEXT CYCLE I CALCULATE A DM 1 N \sTRAToR’ s STANDING I 9mm ADMINISTRATOR’S STANDING, IGRECQMMENDED PROJECT LIST. I READ IN SPECULATOR’S INVEST~ MEMTS, BONUS RESULTs,pA<5-r INVESTMENT RECORD CALCULATE. SPECULATOR’ $ STAND INC: (PRINT SPECULATOR’S STANDING I CALCUL ATE. I NFRA STRUCTURE. (PRINT INFRASTRUCTURE RESULT 5) END CYCLE. I___.__- 21 puter center and are available for student use. The computer language used was Fortran, because this is the language the programmer is most familiar with. A Fortran compiler is part of the "software" of the 3600 system. The word Fortran is a combination of the lead syllables of the words formula and translator, and indicates the use of the mathemati- cal terms converted to the simple on-off coding with which the computer manipulates binary numbers. The language was developed as a scien- tific and mathematical language and has a great deal of flexibility. In programming METROPOLIS II, most steps could be reduced to or already were mathematical operations. Data can be input and printed out which consists of alphabetic characters and symbols as well as numbers, so no great obstacles were presented by the issue and pro- ject descriptions. Although the university acquired the 3600 computer prior to the prOgramming of METROPOLIS, the programming languages were undergoing change and revision during this time. A change in the versions of Fortran during the coding involved several minor variations in writing the program and some re-writing. The change allowed a bit more flexibility and ease in the programming, and a decrease in the number of cards in the program deck. One disadvantage in using the more sophisticated language is the re -writing necessary to regress to the simpler Fortran if the program is to be used on a machine with less capability than the CDC 3600. 22 METROPOLIS presented some challenging features for the programmer. The various issues decided by the public opinion poll affect each player; the politician is affected by the ward; and the specu- lator may be affected in one, two, or three land-use categories within each ward. The future growth of the community is affected for as long as five years after the cycle in which the decision is reached. The capital improvement projects budgeted must be compared with those previously recommended, and the format by which the projects are designated in the original game does not lend itself to Fortran since data must be in numerical form. Data cards for the issues, the pro- jects, and the cyclic data which changes with each cycle were pre- punched. A code number for each project consists of three digits: The first indicates the ward in which the project is located; the second the type of capital improvement (street, utility, recreation, or mis- cellaneous), and the third digit the particular project within the given ward and type. The code number allows the project to be handled by mathematical means but does not have to be printed for display pur- poses where it might be confusing. The mathematical operations are simple addition, sub- traction, multiplication and division, but the number of computations for each cycle is staggering. In the final version of the program, all of the computations are executed in less than two seconds. Hand operation of the original game requires about a half hour of the game director's time. 23 Format statements, the directions which ordain for the computer the form in which the data is made available to the computer and the form in which the results will be presented, was rather for- midable. Well over one hundred statements were written and rewritten. Each word of the print-out required that that word be pre-punched on a standard data card along with format coding to direct the computer and line printer to space the line of type on the page and the word on the line, and to indicate the form of data; integer, decimal, alpha- betical, or alpha-numerical. The major programming effort extended over approxi— mately twelve weeks, on a part -time basis. Parts of the program were tested in the computer before the entire problem was coded. After the first "complete" run seemed to be a reasonable success, several features were added. Changes in the form of the print-out from the early versions of the program were incorporated from time to time. When the program seemed to be in some semblance of the desired finished state, a series of cycles were "played" by the advisor and programmer. The play served as the final "debugging" operation, and to fix the final format of data input. It became apparent rather early in the programming that data input is a critical factor in the administration of the computerized game. Several errors in the logic of the program, due to lack of complete understanding on the part of the programmer, were uncovered and corrected. Several errors in 24 punching program and data cards were uncovered; those which were not fatal to the program but which gave erroneous results. Errors which are fatal to the execution of the program are automatically indicated by the print—out returned to the user of the computer. The seemingly endless task of refining and debugging has resulted in a Fortran program which cycles METROPOLIS. The de- cisions made by the players are submitted in proper form and proper order to the computer with the card deck containing the program. The computer performs the required operations and prints the results of the decisions in a compact and reasonably complete form. The com- plete program is printed and enclosed in this paper. See Appendix A. Preparation time, the organizing of the data deck and punching the needed cards, is about the same as the time required to do the calculations by hand. Interrupted play with one or two days between cycles, has been noted as the probable mode of play because of the "turn-around time" at the computer center. There will un- doubtedly be some advantages as well as some disadvantages which will result from a delay between cycles. The players will have time for careful analysis and interplay among themselves, the opportunity to review locations of projects, and time to consult the data available about the community. 25 The politician and the administrator will have decks of the data cards on which are punched and printed project data, each card representing a project. They will make their decisions regarding the projects and make up decks of cards to be submitted as part of the data. This activity will facilitate the task of the game director and decrease the chances of his erring by mis-reading the designations of the pro- jects. Pre-punched cards for all except the investments made by the speculator and the tax rate for the next cycle set by the politician will enable the game director to execute the program with dispatch. IV OPERATION OF THE COMPUTERIZED GAME The briefing of players for the game in its automated mode is similar to that used in the hand operated game. The players are introduced to the simulated community with the same forms, maps, and diagrams containing political, social, economic, demographic, and historic data. After a period of time in which assimulation of the data takes place, the players are briefed on their roles: the decisions required, their goals, the permissible activities, and some informa- tion on potential consequences. The first cycle is a "walk-through" with the game director demonstrating to each player the mechanics of the duties required. Previously completed forms are examined and explained and the data decks prepared by the politician and admin- istrator are displayed. Then the print-out is displayed. This is the results of the data for the first cycle which was just discussed and examined. The results are explained to the players and a question and answer period closes the briefing cycle. Cycle two is begun immediately. The newsletter and public opinion poll are distributed and the players begin their deci- sion making. The pre -punched project data card decks containing all of the projects available during the game are given to the players. After the decisions are made, the data is collected: 26 27 l. The politician submits: a) Data cards representing projects budgeted for the current cycle. b) A form indicating the tax rate for the next cycle. c) His Public Opinion Poll decisions. 2. The Administrator submits: a) Data cards indicating recommended projects for the next cycle. b) Public Opinion Poll decisions 3. The Speculator submits: a) Investments by ward and category. b) Campaign contribution amount, if any. c) Public Opinion Poll decisions. When the data is collected from the players, the game director pro- ceeds to assemble the data deck: 1. A single card indicating per capita assessed valuation, the amount of total revenue for schools, the cycle number, and the amount of non-property tax revenue. 2. A single card indicating the number of issues decided in the Public Opinion Poll. 3. The pre-punched Public Opinion Poll cards in three card sets, one set for each issue acted on: a) The first card gives general information. b) The second card of the set indicates the effects of the decision on the speculator, the bonus per ward per category. 10. 11. 12. 28 c) The third card gives the growth factor for METRO- POLIS for the current cycle and the succeeding cycles. A single card which contains the information generated by decisions made in the previous cycle: a) The tax rate for this cycle. b) The budget surplus or deficit from the previous capi- tal improvements program. c) Growth factors for the next five cycles from Opinion Poll decisions made earlier. d) The discretionary fund amounts from the previous cycle. e) The politician's standing, by ward, at the close of the previous cycle. f) The administrator's standing, in utils, at the end of the previous cycle. g) The net worth of the speculator at the end of the last cycle. A single card indicating the tax rate for the next cycle. A single card showing the number of projects budgeted by the politician for the current cycle. A deck of project cards selected by the politician. A single card indicating street, utility, and recreation funds unexpended in the previous cycle. A card indicating the number of projects recommended by the administrator for this cycle. The deck of project cards recommended for this cycle. A single card indicating the amount of campaign contribu- tion by the speculator. A single card indicating the number of projects the adminis- trator is recommending for the action in the next cycle. 29 13. A deck of project cards for those projects recommended for the next cycle. 14. A single card indicating the investments, by ward and bud- get category, made by the investor for the current cycle. 15. A group of three cards indicating the speculator's bonus (the dice roll factor) for the investments. 16. A single card indicating the sum of the previous invest- ments by ward and land use. 17. A single card showing the sum of capital improvement monies expended by the city in each ward. The data deck is added to the program deck and the cards are given to the computer center personnel. Since the computer is limited to the precise information fed to it, the data must be assembled with care. It is recommended that the deck, after it is assembled, be printed out by the use of an accounting machine and the items checked with great care. The completed run will be returned in 8 to 44 hours, depending on the work load and other factors beyond the control of the game director. Details on card format and deck assembly are shown on the following page. 1m: RAST RU CTURE TOTAL '5 PREV I OUT. IN VEST MERIT TOTAL S L. _L DICE ROLL RLSULTS (scmzos) sPLCULAToR‘s INVESTMENT s -N—m- PROJECT NUMBER OF PROJECTS RECOMMENDED\ :02 NEXT CYCLE. g CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTION RECOMMENDED PeoJECTs NUMBER 0: PROJECTS RECOMLILNDED\ PREVIOUS CYCLE DISCRETIONARY FUND ADJUSTMENTS \ z: .z:_. - - -......__.~.":_~_T':T".=}EZ~.-:-~~ \ l PROJECT DECK \ NUMBER OF BUDGETCD PROJECTS ‘ TAX RATL ton NEXT CYCLE. \ ‘TAx RATE, eUDGET ADJUSTMENT, OTHER DMK\ FROM Paw—"e we . , _ - _. --. __._.‘- --‘.--. .__.. _ _ -,«.. “W ODIUIOM POLL ISSUE. DECK NUMBER 0: ISSUES ~» DATA (ARM -. vet: (APITA ASSESSED VALUATION, TAX \ RATE, CYCLE NUMBER,‘§ AHOLm'.’ or non-ma Revenue DATA DECK ASSEMBLY V RESULTS One of the most difficult aspects of operational gaming lies in testing the validity of what has been achieved. Considerable research has gone into this problem, but currently the best estimates tend to be highly subjective. Duke demonstrated that METROPOLIS, when used with undergraduate students, influences their learning as evidenced by their scores on objective examinations.9 These findings, however, are highly tentative and our best indicators remain the var- ious subjective criteria. A substantiating support to the hypothesis that there is indeed value derived from gaming, is the acceptance by the faculty of the Urban Planning school at Michigan State of METROPOLIS as part of the studio course in the senior year of the program. Since the detailed analysis given in the monograph was made, the game has been used with another senior studio class. It has also been played at several other universities: Cornell, Pittsburgh, Rutgers, and Northwestern; to a planning group in Louisville, Kentucky; and to a research group at the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission (Lansing area). The latter group is engaged in a project similar to but a logical extension of the original 9Richard D. Duke, Gaming-Simulation in Urban Research, p. 36. 31 32 game. The group is concerned with anticipating the consequences of decisions made in land use policy formulations using a gaming-simula- tion technique. The Tri-County run was the first incorporation of the school board into METROPOLIS II. The attempt to use that version of the school board game a failure. The linkage devised between the school board and the rest of the players was such that in order to defend their own standings, the other players had to work against the school board, even though they were torn by their desire to support a viable educa- tional program. A more serious failing was a lack of definition of the role and duties of the school board, so that the players were in a quandry until several cycles had been played. After several weeks and a review of the school board functions and linkages, several changes were incorporated. The school taxes were no longer fixed by the school board to be deducted from the general revenue. This caused too severe a penalty on the politician who had no compensating control until after the fact. The school taxes voted by the public opinion poll were still of concern since they remained a drain on the city revenue. The school board role was reduced in stature: the board activity is one of estimation of needs and a forecasting of school population for the succeeding cycles. Rewards for the school board are a result of the favorable action taken on public opinion poll issues, which are usually bonds to 33 finance capital improvements. Penalties are a result of the lack of ability to accurately estimate population and the percentage of avail— able funds needed to supply the schools. A request from Northwestern University to demonstrate the game provided an opportunity to test the revised school board game. The players would be graduate students in transportation and planning, with a strong engineering background. The Northwestern University players would be different from the typical Michigan State University players in some respects but not too different to test the school board role. The writer was present. The demonstration of METROPOLIS II was a feature of a seminar in simulation methods and techniques and student interest was high. A large number of players volunteered and each role was played by a group of six students. Although it seemed that there was a little linkage between the school board and the other players, a close affinity between the administrators and the school board soon developed. Their roles were similar in that each was vitally concerned with the growth of the simulated community; their standing depended in part upon their skill in analysis of the issues and how those issues would affect the growth of the community. Both teams became very skilled at estimating the budgets for the next cycle on the basis of the issues, and the effects hinted at in the news letters. 34 The Northwestern group played seven cycles, and the school board teams (a shuffling of participants occurred after the first few cycles) became acquainted with and adept at the technical features of their role, although still somewhat at the mercy of the other players in the matter of bond issues. The school bond mortality rate in METROPOLIS 11 during this run was somewhat greater than real life school bond issues have had in the recent past. The players seemed a bit disappointed in the activities and their effect on the others, al- though they played the "role" with enthusiasm and intensity. The Northwestern University students were required to make a formal evaluation of their experience with METROPOLIS II. Their criticisms are of interest, and are primarily directed toward the roles of administrator and school board. The students felt that these are weak roles, and the reward system is inadequate. Their suggestions for improving the roles varied from team to team, and in range from none, to physical re -arrangement of players in the room, and to specific complex modifications in the reward structure. The comments were also interesting in that the students place a great amount of faith in what the computerized version of the game could evolve to. They were almost unanimously favorable to the game, and only one student indicated refusal to participate again if given the op- portunity. 10 10Letter from Kenneth J. Dueker, Lecturer, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, April 2, 1965. 35 Some questions 'arise with regard to the use of a ”machine" in the game situation: Will the students attempt to second-guess the computer? Will they try to figure out how the game works; that is, attempt to "beat the machine" rather than remain in the designed role? When this happens, the effectiveness of the simulated community is lost. The player is interested in maximizing his score but only to the extent of an intra-class competition, or worse, a man-machine contest, and a system to circumvent the programmed consequences becomes the goal. The illusion that the computer can be controlled by the player can occur if the player has some success, and the ego takes over. An opposite illusion, but one equally dangerous, is that the computer is more sophisticated than it really is. It is an easy illu- sion to acquire. Since the computer is much less than a super brain and much more than "a fast adding machine, " and remains a mystery to many, the illusion persists. The computer can perform only in the manner in which it is programmed, and the intelligence it transmits is equivalent to what is put into its memory. The other changes incorporated into METROPOLIS II have not been tested, except for the "de -bugging" runs, but little trouble is anticipated with these. It should be quite interesting to see what use future "politicians" will make of the deficit spending which is per- mitted in the new version. The twenty per cent interest penalty assessed for deficit spending is designed to keep the players spending 36 within the budget unless desperate measures are called for. The reces- sion built into the game should provide the politician an opportunity to display his ingenuity. The penalty also will be a reminder to be accu- rate when preparing the budget, especially after an error has been committed. In his monograph Gaming-Simulation in Urban Research, Duke sets eight criteria for measuring the effectiveness of a gaming instrument. Refining the original vehicle and programming it for the computer did not make drastic changes in the effectiveness of the game, but there are three criteria which would seem to apply more directly to the mechanized version of METROPOLIS II: Criterion 2, dealing with conveyance of concepts of an elaborate system by employing a simplified model. This criterion is met by allowing the model to be simplified from the real world but yet to maintain a prodigious amount of detail and complexity so that the decisions are not made patently simple—the computer allows a good measure of complexity in the model but permits a viable game to be played. Criterion 3, that the emphasis must be placed on enhancing learning which is general and structural. It is hoped that the release of the instructor from computational duties will allow him a more effective role as a mentor for the students in their roles as decision makers in the simulated community. Criterion 8, in part, that the mechanical vehicle can be reasonably convenient to operate seems to be well met, in that this was one of the prime rea- sons for programming METROPOLIS II. VI FUTURE POSSIBILITIES The next step for the refinement of METROPOLIS II is to mount the school board game for the computer. This involves de- tailing and punching the cards for the various school issues, as well as writing the program and punching the cards which are the media for instructing the computer. Since the forms for the non-computer run game are worked up and will not change, all of the work remain- ing is in programming and deciding on the format of the printed results. Then de-bugging runs are essential to check the program. After mounting the school board, METROPOLIS II will be ready for play or for more esoteric treatment. Several improve- ments are desirable. Slight modifications in the game will allow a magnetic tape to be made which will eliminate handling the program deck and several of the data cards. This will permit a very small and compact deck of cards to be handled each cycle. The ultimate computerized version was hinted at in Section II. This is a program which would print not only the results of the decisions but which would also print the public opinion poll and the newsletter and a list at the close of each cycle, of all projects completed through that cycle. The programming of this version of the game does not appear to be impos- sible, but is quite formidable. It is realized that it would take a con- 37 38 siderable amount of time. Since all of the verbal information to be printed must be stored, the amount of memory space needed in the computer is great. Before programming begins, a feasibility study should be undertaken to determine Whether or not this sophisticated version is possible on the existing equipment available in the univer- sity's computer center. The great amount of time and energythat have gone into METROPOLIS, and the lesser but still considerable effort in program- ming METROPOLIS II, could well be utilized by other universities. The advanced language Fortran 3600 had several features which were used. These may not be available to computer systems at other uni- versities. A simplified program, that is one which will be common to other compilers, would enable the present program to be utilized at other universities, with all of the supporting data of the game in their present form. This wider use of METROPOLIS II could be a significant contribution to planning education. METROPOLIS II can be considered a second generation game, a more complex version of the original, in part automated. One drawback is that in the present and original versions of the game, it is important to note physical changes in the land use pattern that are effected through the various decisions. It has been proposed that a marriage of CLUG and METROPOLIS take place and the deficiency of METROPOLIS' unchanging map be eliminated, and the complexities of 39 politics lacking in CLUG would survive in the combined version. METROPOLIS-CLUG then, is the third generation game. A fourth generation game, a direct descendent of the original game, is under development: Metro, the attempt to assess the political, social and physical consequences of development decisions in the Lansing metropolitan area. The combined talents of economists, geographers, planners, political scientists, and social scientists are working as a group to develop the matrix of causal relationships which can be used as a predictive tool in the real world. A computer is essential in solving the complex decision-effect activities. APPENDIX A FLOW CHART AND PROGRAM BEG I N CYCLE. PREVIOUS CYCLE RESULTS ARE POSTED ' "'""'I NEWSLETTER AND PUBLIC OPINION DOLL ARE DISTRIBUTED --- q AD, POL I ,POLz, S TAX BUCIP WAPTI,Z,3 ICUSTP SPI(IJ,IK) CC Tw POP PCAV SCAC ICYCLE OTR M GT 2, STS,... GT6 TAXR PS,PU, PR,PD BED PI, P2 ,PS T1,T12,TI3,...TI<) CYCLE. S . I READ INTO COMPUTER MEMORY °.\ PUBLIC. OPINION DOLL DECISIONS CEFPECTS. POLITICIAN’S DECISIONS: TAX RATE FOR NEXT CYCLE, BUDGETED CAPITAL. IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS, POLITICIANS STANDINO AT END OF PREVIOUS CYCLE. ADMINISTRATOR’S DECISIONS: RECOMMENDED PROJECTS FOR PRE- VIOUS CYCLE,$TANDING AT END OF PRE- VIOUS CYCLE. SPECULATOR’S DECISIONS: INVESTMENT PER CATEGORY PER WARD , CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTION IF ANY, NET WORTH AT END OF PREVIOUS CYCLE. POPULATION AT END OI: PREVIOUS CYCLE, PER CAPITA ASSESSED VALUATION, SCHOOL SHARE. OI: CITY INCOME, CYCLE NUMBER, AMOUNT OI: NON TAX REVENUE, STORED GROWTH FACTOR FOR NEXT 5 CYCLES, TAX RATE FOR THIS CYCLE, DISCRETIONARY FUND AMOUNTS OF PREVIOUS CYCLE, BUDGET ERROR + PENALTY, TOTAL CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT INVESTMENTS BY wARDS,ALL PREVIOUS CYCLES; TOTAL SPECULATOR’S INVESTMENTS BY wARD £3. CATEGORY, ALL PREVIOUS J L BESIN BUDGET CALCULATIONS, NEXT YEAR’S BUDSET _--- PGAIN TAV TPT TCR G PAC. SCEXP CALCULATE POPULATION GAIN (ALOEERAIC SUM OI: ORowTII PACTORS IIOR CURRENT CYCLE) LPOPULATION = PGAIN + POP l TOTAL ASSESSED VALUE=POPXPCAV I TOTAL PROPERTY TAX = TAV X TAX EOTAL CITY REVENUE=TPT +(TPT XOTRM) I EEOWTH FACTOR- (POAIN-I-EOOO) -—I 1 + TEST '- GFAC O GFAC ‘-"- 0 ‘— SCI-IOOL EXPENSESsTCRx {[(GPACH) +100] + SCAC} : 1’ 6C1 [GROSS CITY INCOME == TCR - SCEXP I DF DISCRETION ARY FUND$= I27. OT GCI ] I PRISE [SUM AMOUNTS OI: SUDEETED PROJECTS] I - BEP I DUDSET ERROR =2 (PS+PU+DR+PD)-BUCI:] BEP = BEP‘P ESP: BEP+ (DEP 3&2.) (BED + . 043 L D? - DF + (BEPI JSFD, KUFD, I CALCULATE BUDGET CATEGORY AMOUNTS LRFD, MGFD I [PRINT RESULTS : CYCLE NUMB‘EQ GROWTH PACTORS , POPULATION, PUBLIC OPINION POLL RESULTS, TAX RATE POR NEXT CYCLE, BUDGET AMOUNTS BEGIN POLITICIAN‘S STANDING CALCULATIONS ¥ PNUMC,PNUHD, PRINT BUDGETED PROJECT LIST BUDGETC,BUDGETD, INCLUDINO WARD DESIGNATION, JEARY, PRISE EUDOET LOCATION, YEARS TO RUN, COST I< TEST PII,P12,...PLS T81 COH 3 INT SPECULATORS BONUS SUM BONUS RESULTS OF PUBLIC OPINION POLL BY wARDE CATEGORY I SUM INVESTMENTS MADE. THIS CYCLE I CASH ON HAND == Tw— (TS! +CC) A —- TEST + (OH O INTEREST P C CH 1‘ .7. NO INTEREST I NTEREST= CO“ I .04 I + l I SPECULATOR’S BONUS FOR WARD BI,BIZ,B13 I DUE TO CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT EXPENDITURES --- WIT—a— IOOOOODO REPEAT FOR WZT,W3T I SRIR, SRIC, SPECULAToRS RETURN ON INVEST- SRII,SRZ.R. MENT IN WARD I RESIDENTIAL. .I. SR3! PROPERTY = SP1(I,I) x [81+ POI+ (PHI) REPEAT FOR SRIC, SRIT,SR2R,...SR3II TW TWP TOTAL WORTH THIS CYCLE =- (SRIR +SRIC,...SRSII XIO + COM + (SIN‘I’) I PRINT SP1(I,I),SP1(z,I),SP1(3,IT, SP1(I,?_),...SP1(S,3), T1,TIZ,TB, ...T[9, TOTAL WORTH PREVIOUS CYCLE, TSL, CON, STNT, Tw BEGIN INFRASTRUCTURE b ' CALCULATIONS SI,Sz, SS REPEAT POR S2, SS } i PI =. PI+wIT, PC: PzI-sz, PS =I>3+IIST I FACTORI = PI -=.- (IOOOOO x ICYCLE.) PRINT wIT, WZT, wST, PI, P2, P3, S4, S2, S3 END FTN4.30 05/19/65 PROGRAM METROP? uDIMEmSION ISSUEAIéI.ISSUEB<6I.ACTIONAIAI.ACTIUNB(6). 1PROJECT(6).PHOJECK(6)ICOST(O):JEAHSIé)IAU(6)IPQL1(6)IPOL2(6)IPOL3C 26),NAMEA(5),NAMEBI6IINAMEC(O)INAMEDI6).SPECIOIQIIGROWIOIO): 5PR0J(20).PNUMA(20):PNUMB(20)IBUDGETA(20)IBUDGETB(20)1JEARI(20): 4PRICE(20),PHOO(20),PNUMCC2U):PNOMO(20),BOOGETC(20)IBUDGETD(20)9 DJEARYTQO):PRTSE(203 DIMENSION PHJ(2O)’DND(?O)OPNUTZO):RUD(?0)ORUGTZU)flYRS(20)3COS(QO) DIMENSION SPIT3:$)I STIaS) 300 FOPMATCFfio4) 3U1 FORMAT (F60UIF—504l120F40?) 302 FURNAT(9F8.Q) 303 FORMAT (SFOo?) 304 FORMAT (1H0p46XJSSHPOPULATION 0F METROPOLIS RISES T0 ,18////) 305 FORMAT (53Xa17HNET CITY INCOME =9110/) 306 FORMAT (57Xa13HSTRFET FUND =I110) 307 FORMAT <55x.14HUTILITY FUND =:110> 308 FORMAT (53XI17HRECREATION FUNJ =1101 309 FORMAT (56Xa14HOENFRAL FUND = a 110/) 310 FORMAT (43X927HTOTAL DISCHFTIONARY PUNUS =nIIU///) 311 FORMAT (1Hn347X927HPUBLIC OPINION POLL HFSULTS//) 317UFORMAT(5X11215XI11:3X:A81A23A59A291X:F9o032X111:3XI3A89Aét7XtF500' 17X,F3.0,1x,I3.0,1X,F3.n/) 313UFOQMAT(1H0.5X:lOOHCYCLE.ISSUE-.ACTION-.o.IPROJECT.ooo.oCOSTocTIMEo 10OooooooucocQMMENTooooo0900000 0'0 HARD1'0020003/) 314 FORMAT(12) 315 FORMAT (1H'13OX)4UHMETR0PULIS INFRA-STRUCTURE ACCUMULATION/) 316 FORMAT (38Xa42HCOMOLATIVE INCREASE OF PROGRAMMED PROJECTS//) 317UFORMAT(24X;71HCYCLE...NARU loooooooFACTORooowARD 2oooooocFACTORuoo 1WARU 3.....I.FACTUP /) 318 FORMAT(25X,1294X9F8.0912XaF10.0912X:FIO.U) 319 FORMAT (21X:8H3UBTOTAL.2XF8¢U:6XoF6.3aF10900F12.3:F10.0;F12.3//) 3200FORMAT (1Hna35xa49HADMTNISTRA[OHS RECOMMENDED PROJECTS FOR NEXT YE 1AR/) 321 FORMAT (4OXaAatA4aAaaA4:12:1X1F800) 322 FORMAT (36X945HWARU.....CODE.ocoeLOCATIONo...TO RUN...YEAR/) $23 FORMAT (36X116HBUDGETED FROJECTIA8:A4:5X919HCONTINUES OVER NEXT) 324 FURMAT(35XI12:3X926HYEARS AT AN ANNUAL COST 0F;F8.0/) 325 FORMAT(F5.UIA53A4IAS;A4,IZglxlFaoo) 326 FORMAT (5F9.6) 3270FORMAT (27X: 78HCURRENT CYCLE 1 TOTAL PREVIOUS INVESTMENTS/I 328 FORMAT (31X110HFIRST WARDaA81A4IA81A4JFBoO) 329 FORMAT(30X:11HSECOND WAR09A83449A89A43F8o0) 360 FORMAT (31X010HTHIRD WARD1A51A4aA81A41F800) 332 FORMAT (10YI43HPOLITICIANS STANDING: BY HARD: END OF CYCLE//I 331 FORMAT(1HO!4SXfi46HCITY COUNCIL BUDGETS CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS-o.../) 3&3 FORMAT(25X13HNARD ONE :13) 334 FORMAT(25X13HNARD TWO :13) 355 FORMAT(25X13HNARD THREE aIé////) 356 FORMAT (12x. 5r5.o> 337UFORMAT(36XS7HTHE FOLLOWING PROJECTS HAVE BEEN APPROVED FOR THIS YE lAR II) 358 FORMAT(3X,2$HTAX RATE FOR Nexr CYCLE,2X,F4.1,2X,5HMILLS/l) 339 FORMAT (1H'I49XIZOHSPECULATORO STANDING//) 340 FORMAT(F7.U) PAGE NO. /.' I ,L 4 I - crush] .7 C C Q. ‘5 5 Q. 5 i a. .3 a s a a s 4 a ‘7 n __,_......_.._ . —- 1 _—.—.— I~—.— FTN4I30 05/19/65 341 FORMAT (1HOI4OXIQBHBUOGETED MOLTI-YEAH PROJECTS/I 342 FORMAT (1HOI47XIZ3HAOMINISTHAIORS STANDING/l) 343 FORMAT<60X15HREWARO POINTS =.Is) 344 FORMAT(36X39HUISCRETIONARY IUND DISTRIRUTION ERROR =:15) 345 FORMAT(41X34HOVER-, UNOER'EXPONDITUHE PENALTY =I15) 346 FORMAT (42x,33HADMIN13TRATOHS CURRENT STANDING =IlS/l) 347 FORMAT(42X?6HAMOONT INVESTEU THIS CYCLE $JF1000’ 343 FORMAT(48X22HCASH HELD IN RESERVE IIFIn.0> 349 FORMAT<43X97HCONTRIBUTED T0 POLITICIAN $IFIUoO) 35o FURNAT<40X25HNET NORTH AT FND OF CYCLE.12:2X1H$.F10.0////) 351 FURNAT(5X44HTHIS NILL RE A PUNcHEU OAHQ IN FINAL PROGRAM) 35SDFURMAT (1HOI2OXISIHRECOMMENOEO PROJECTS NUT RODGETEO BY THE POLITI 1CIAN/I 354 FORMAT (F8.0) 3560FORMAT(3X,7OHCAMPAIGN cONTRIBUTION POINTS FUR NAROS ONE. TWO. AND lTHREE RESPECTIVELY ARE :516/II 556 FORMAT<1HOIIOKI35HNO CamPAIGN CONTRIBUTION THIS CYCLE//) 358 FORMAT(54X.llthVESTMENTS/l) 359 FORMAT (SOXIBHCATEGORYI) songroRMAT(1Ho.2x.asHanITICIANS PENALTY POINTS FOR IGNORING RECOMMENH 1EO PROJECTS IN NAROS 1. 2: ANO 6 =Idlé/I) 351UFUNMAT (3X,47HAOD ONSPENT FONOS OF THIS YEAR. PLUS INTERESTI$IF9.U 1:2XIRHTO CYLLEII3/Il) 362bFORMAT <12IIIH1,8x.F8.n.5x.I8.0I5x.F8.0.14XI1HIIBXIF8.DISXIF8.0ISX lthvO) 3630FURHAT (12X:1H2:8X9F900!5X!T8'U’5X9F800'14X'1H2'OXJF8o0:5XJF80015x 1.F8.nI 364UFUROAT (12XIIH318X:F80015X9T8-015X3F800114XI1HSISXIF8oOJEXIF80015X 11F8o0///) 305UFQRMAT (1x,90HPH0JEcTS RECOMMENDED BY ADMINISTRATOR FOR ACTION THI 18 YEAR, BUT NOT BUOGFTED BY POLITICIAN/I 366 FORMAT(33X.67HTOTAL ASSESSED VALUE OF METROPOLIS =$.F10.0/) 367 FORMAT(42X.28H°ER CAPITA ASSESSED VALUE =$I4XIF6,D/I 368 FORMAT(50X.20HNON TAX REVENUE Is $.F10.0/I 369 FORMATISZX.68HTOTAL CITY INCOME FROM PROPERTY TAX =$IF10.0/) 370 FORMATI41X.29NTAXES ALLOCATED TO SCHOOLS =T.F10.0/> 371 FURNAT(51XI19HTAX RATE IN MILLS =I3x,F8.1/) 372 FORMATI47X.28HPUBLIC OPINION POLL POINTS =.15/) 3/30FURMATISXI6OHCITY COUNCIL OVEHSPENDS DISCRETIONARY FUNDS. CURRENT IBUDGET CUT BY $.F8.D/) 3740F0RMAT(11X,22HN0N TAX REVENUE EQUALS,2x.13.2x.31HPERcENT or PROPER 1T! TAX REVENUE/I 375 FORMAT (OOXI40HINTEREST ON CASH RESERVE AT 4 PERCENT =$IF10.0> 376 FORMAT (F4.2) 377UFURMAT(3X:72HPENALTY OR REWARD POINTS nUE TO PUBLIC OPINION POLL I 1N NARDS 1. 2. 3 AREISIé/l) 378 FORMAT (3F?.0) 379 FORMAT (13) 380 FORMAT (52x.6F5.0) 381 FORMAT (10XI29HGHONTH INDICESI NEXT 5 cYCLES/Il) 382 FORMAT (5F3.0) 383 FORMAT (3F9.0) 384 FORMAT (45%,31HSPECULATORS OPINION POLL POINTS/I 385OFORMAT (17X386HNARO: LAND USE-ooloRtSoooltcOMpooltINOo0.2:RESO.02! 1COM,..2.IND...3.RE5,,,3,COM...3.IND/I PAGE NO. _-_ -. :11! ‘t . 3‘1--- I1}. FTN4o30 386U FORMAT 05/19/65 PAGE NO. (35X.F4.2.4X.F4.2.4X.F4.2.4X:F4.2.4X:F4.2a4X.F4.2:4X:F4,2 l:4X.F4g294X¢F4.2//) 387 FORMAT (3F9o0) 388 FORMAT(3X!51HCURRENT CYCLE DISCRETIUNARY FUNDS LESS AMOUNT SPENT/) 389M 1 390m 1 394 395 396 597 398 399 400 401 40? 403 404 405 406 407 408 4090 l 41? 414 413 415 416 417 4550 FORMAT N $3178. FORMAT (3X,9HSTREETS $.F8.0:4A.11HUTILITIES $.F8.0:4X.12HRECREATIU 0//) (3X,17HOEOUCT FROM CYCLE.I$.2X.68HCAPITAL IMPROVEMENT BUDGE T. FUNDS OVERSPENT THIS YEAH PLUS PENALTY $oF9.0///) FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT (SBXATHIJ1X3A8:A49ABJA4QOX:IZ;5X:F5.U) (1HO,SOX,2UHPOLTTICIAN5 STANDING/II) (94XA17HPENALTY CR RCWARU) (90Xa25HAUMINISTHATUH,oPOLITICIAN) (38Y01H931X9A8:A41A8aA4a3X:1293XAF8.0) (38X:1H311XnA81A41A81A433XJIZ:3X:F8.U) (1H1362X15HCYCLE113//) (36x:SHALLOIXJARpA43A81A4:5X012:3X1Fbo0) (66Y315HYEARS COST PEN) (36X:3HALLJ1X9ARIA41A81A413X:12:3X1F8.012XASHPER WARD) (12’11’A8'A2IA80A29F90U1113F5.033F4.036A83A6) (9F4o2a/96F3o0) (6F300’ (10XZ5HCALCULATFD GPUWTH INDEX =:Ié///) (41X.29RONSPENT FUNDS OARRIEO FORWARD. F10.0/) CIOXIIOGHWARDoo.ooooQRtSIDENTIALooCQMMbRCIALoo.INDUSTRIALoo NARO......RESIOFNTIAL...COMMERCIAL...INDUSTRIAL /) (42X.28HINTERST 0N BORRONEO MONEY =T.F10.D) (42Xn25HBUUGET ERRUR pLUS PENALTY =%AF10.0/) (37X935HUNSPENT FUNDS CARRIED FOREWARD =$AFIUoD/) FURMAT(F5.4AF5.DA5F3oUnF7.Op4F7nOa3F290:IétFaoO) FORMAT FORMAT FORMAT 1:515/) 4560 FORMAT 115/) 497 458 459 460 FORMAT FuRMAT FORMAT FORMAT (r5,4) .PNUMO(NI.OOOGETC(N).BODGETD(N). 1JEARVIN).PRISE(N).N=1:KI) HUCIP=UQ 0 DO SO N=J.KI 60 RUCIP:ROCIP+PRISE(N) HEP=(PS+PO+PR+PO)-ROCIP IF (ugP)27.28.28 27 PEP=TREP*.?I+IREPI GO TO 29 28 PEP=REP+PEP*.04 29 OF=DF+(BFP) HEAD $87, §FAUFtRF SFONO=OF/6. + (SF) UFOannF/s. * (UV) HFONO=OF/1?o +(MF) GFUNO=2P4.205s20b 904 PRINT 399,9NOMCTN).PNOMDIN).BUDGETCIN),BOOGETU(N).JEARY(N).PRISE(N 1) GO TO 24 205 IFIPPOGINI-IDO.)205.24.24 2060PRINT 401.PNOMC(N).PNUMOIN).BODGETCIN).BOUGETD(N).JEARY(N).PRISECN 1) 24 CONTINUE PRINT 341 DC 26 N=1.KI IF(JEARY(N)-1)26:26.?5 25 PRINT 323. PNUMCIN).PNUMD(N) JEARVIN)=JFARYIN)-1 PRINT 324.4EARYTN).PRISE18.1P.19 13 PRINT 32R. TMUHA(M),PNUMR(MJ.BUDGtTACM):RUDOETQIM).PRICE(M) ONCIP1=OMCIP1+PRICPINI GO TO 22 10 TFIPROJIM)-300.)20.21.?1 20 PRINT 329, HNUHA(M),PNHMRIM3nbUUGtTA(M)oRUOGETR(M)APRICE(M) OMCIP2=OMCIP2+PRICE(M) RU TU 22 a1 PRINTSSO. DNUMA(M),pNOMBIM).BUDOETAIM).BOOGETBIM).PRICE(M) OMc1F5:UMcIP3+DHICE(M) 22 CONTINUE OMCIP1=ONCIP1IIODQDQ. OMCIP2=OMCTP2I1000DO. OMCIP5=OMCTP3IIUOUDO. IOIPj:OMCIP1*(-1.) ICIP2=OMCIP2*(-1.) ICIF3=OMCIPO*I-1.) IF (ICIPIIPO7.208.?08 207 ICIPI=ICIP1+1 GO TC 209 2U8 ICIP1=D 200 IF (ICIP2)?10.211.211 210 ICIP2=ICIP2+1 GO TO 212 211 ICIP2=0 212 IF (ICIP3)213.214.214 913 ICIP3=ICIP3+1 GO TO 216 914 ICIszo 215 ROCIP=0. N1T=C. N2T=C. W5T‘O. W18=O. N1O=D. WlR=O. W1M=O. N28=O. N2H=0. NZRzn. N2M:U. NOS=D. wsu=n. NSR=0. W6M=O. SFD=0. RFD=D. UFD=0. CFD=O. PRINT 360.161P1.ICIP2.ICIP3 l é g FTN4.30 115 116 117 118 110 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 1A0 161 Id? 133 164 155 156 168 169 141 921 222 223 140 DU 140 N=1.KI IFTPRDGIN)~9D.)115.115.116 GO TO 140 IF(PPUG(N)-110.)117.117.118 W18=A18+PRILE(N) GO TO 140 IFIPPCGINI-IQD.)119.11¢.120 w1O=w1U+PRIbF(N) GO TO 14D IF(PROG(N)-130.)121.12I.12? R1R=N1R+PRI5E(N) GO TO 140 IF(PPOG(N)~14O.)123.123.124 N1M=N1M+PRISE(N) GO TO 140 IF (PHOGINI'2lO.I195.195o1?6 N29=A28+PRISE(V) GO TO 140 IT (PROG(N)'220.)1R7.1?7:128 N2H=N2U+PRIbE(N) GO TO 140 IF (PROG(N)-24fi.>129.1?9.13O w2R=w2R+PR15E(N) GO TO 140 IFIPPOGINI-ZBO.)131,131,162 O2M=N2M+PRISP(N) GO TO 140 IF (PROGTN)-$lD.)133.133.134 N55=N354PRISP(N) GO TO 140 IF (PROCINI'32D.>135.135.13b W3U=W5U+PRTSE(N) GO TO 140 IF (PROGTNI-34n.)137.137.135 N5R=N5R+PRISEINI GO TO 140 IF (PROGTNI-Sbfi.>139.139.141 W5M=N3M+PRISFINI GO TO 140 IF (PROGIN)-6$n.)2?1.2?1.222 W1U=N1U+1601161a167 IF (WApTl-WAPT3)162916?o167 IF(WAPTZ'NAPT3)164:1641166 IF (NAPT?-NAPIS)162;162:166 05/19/65 PAGE NO. 10 \ ‘ I ITN413U 16? 166 1/0 160 111 177 174 1/5 1/6 177 170 I80 161 152 154 185 173 178 183 ?18 210 220 199 CCPerCP1+1. CCP=UCP-1. WAPT1=WAPT1+CC°1 IF(CUP)17Uai7U:159 CCP2=CCP2+11 CCP=CCP-1. NAPIQ=WAPT?+CC”2 IF(CCP)170.17U:159 CCP3=CCP3+11 CCP:CCP":‘ o WAPT3=WAPTK+CC96 IF(CCP)17011701159 ICCP1=CCD1 ILCP?=CCP2 ICCP3:CCP6 PKINT 355.0 ICC’JI: ICCP?» ICCPC) 00 To 171 PRINT 356 PRINT 332 IFINAPT1)17Z.1761174 wAPTl:Oo ()0 TI] 17‘) IF1wAPT1-6.)176.176.175 NAPI1=6. IFINAPT2)17/.1811179 WAPT220. GU T0 181 IF(WAPT2-6.)181118I,18fi WAPT236, IFINAPT3’1821173:154 NAPT3=U. GU T0 173 IF(WAFT3-6.)1731173.155 WAPT3=6. INPT1=WAPT1 INPT2=HAPT? IWPT3=WAPTK PRINT 333. INPTI PRINT 334. leTz PRINT 335, INPTs NCY=ICYCLE+1 IF (REP)21812191220 PRINT 390, NCY. HEP GO TO x90 PRINT 3613 bEP: NCY CONTINUE NAPT1=INPT1 WAPT2=IWPT7 NAPT3=IWPT3 AhMINISTRATOR¥5 WlsTSQ. WlUTLzo, NlRECr-Oo WlMIS=0. W28T=U. WZUTL=01 STANDING 05/19/65 PAGE NO. FTN4130 59 60 61 b? 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 I1 7? 73 74 75 76 77 78 /9 80 51 a? 83 259 960 261 84 wathzn. W2MI9:0, WéSTtU. W5UTL30. w5HEc=n. wsmlS=n. DU 34 M=1,KJ IF2601260:26l WiuTL:w1UTL+PHICE(M)/S. wzuTL=w2UTL+pHICE(M)/3. WSUTL=w3UTL+PHICE(“)/3. GO TO 84 W1MIS=N1MIS+PRICE(M)/3. WZMIS:N2MIS+PHICE(M)/3. wsmxs=w3MIS+PRICE(M)/3. CONTINUE RST=N1$T+w25T+N3ST RUTL=N1UTL+W2UTL+N3UTL 05/19/65 PAGE NO. 12 Q‘Q. O C O O 01.1.. C O O O . 1/0 'I ITN4130 05/19/65 PAGE NO. 15 HRFC:wIRFC+w2HFC+W3HEC RM18=w1MTS+k2MIS+w5MIS HETUT=R8T+4UTL+RHEC+RMIS HISERzno CRKzRETUT/IZ. SUKzRST-(CHK*2.) IF (SCK)27II:?719271. 9/0 DISER=018E9* bWK/lfionflfi. 971 CKUT=RUTL~ICHKt417 IF (CKUT72723273n273 9/2 DISEH:DISED+CKUT/1nonuq. Q73 RCK=RREC-CHK IF (RCK)?74:?76.275 974 UISEPanSER+RCK/IODOUU. 975 IUF=HISER HEPTS=(BRECIP'SOUOOO.>/1OUUUO- IRP=PEPTS AUPEH:((RETUT~QTUT)/PT0T)*1001 IAP=flbPEN IF (IAP)?591?57;257 257 IAP=IAP*(-1) P58 CONTINUE AIPT=U. DU 65."! 1:1:I5 85 AIPT=AIPT+AU(I) IAIPT:AIPT ICUST=IRP+(1AIDT)+(IUEI+IIAP)+(ICUSIP) PRINT 34? PRINT 3431IHP PRINT 344.1UE PRINT 346.1AP PRINT 37?.IAIFT PRINT 346,10UST HEAD 314: KK OREAD 525, (PRJ(M>.PN0(M).PNU(M)1RUD(M>,BUGIM):YRS(M)1c0$ (MI1M=11K 1K) PRINT 32H PRINT 40? PRINT $22 DO 49 M:1,KH IF (PRJ(M)-100.)49148148 48 IF(PRJ(M)-?UO.)5001501.501 Bug PRINT 394. PNUIM):PNU(M):BUU(M):BUG(M)1YRS(M)aCOS (M) GU To 49 501 IF(PPJ(M)-SUO.>502.503.503 502 PRINT 398, FND(M)1PNU(M)oBUDIM):RUGIM).YHSIM):COS (M) GO TO 49 503 IF (PRJIM)-400.)504.506a505 504 PRINT 399. PMUIM).°NU(M).5UU(M).BUG:COS (M) GU TC 49 505 IF (PRJIM)-700.)506.49.49 506 PRI=ICOS(M)/31O) PRINT 403.PN0(M).PMU(M)1BUD(MIaBUGIM):YRS(M)1PRI 49 CONTINUE C SPECULAroqxs STANDING READ 302.((5PI(1J.IK);IJ=123)IK=1:37 o o o I a o 150‘. o o o a o o o o o o o c C FTN4130 450 421 422 423 424 05/19/65 READ $03.P01.PQ21P05 READ 503: pUC19POC?9POC3 READ 5fl5: 9U111P0129POT3 HI: WIT/IUQDDUQO. 812=W2T/1UOUUDHU. EIZ=%5T/IOUCDDQU. P11=U.TPI2=U.$913=n.$PI4=U.¥PIS=01$P16=U.IPI7=O.$P18=O.$PI9=U. III.) 4'30 17-1318 P11=P11+SPECII11) PI?=PI2+SPFL(I:2) PI$=PIB+SPfiCII16) PI4=PI4+SPEL(I,4) PIS=PIS+SPFU(115) P16=P16+SPFLII16) PI7=PI7+SPFL(I,7) P18=PIB+SPEU(I:8) PIQ=P19+SPFC(119) SINng, 751:9,” “U 420 1K:lo$ IN) 420 IJ=I1§5 TSI=TSI+SPIIIJ11KI CUH=Tw-(TSI+CC) IFICOH)4?1.4221425 CUH=ICOH+(CUH*.2)) GU T0 424 CUH=0.0 GO TO 424 SINT=COH*.54 SH1R=SPI(1:1)*(BI+P01+(P11)) SR10=SPI(2.1)*(BI+POC1+(P12)) SHlI=SPI(é:II*(BI+POIl+(PIS)I SR2R=SPI(1:2)*(812+P02+(P14)) SR2C=SPI(2:Z)*(UIZ+P0C?+(915)I 3R21=SPI(31Z)*(BIZ+POI?+(P16)I SRKR:5PI(1.é)*(513+p05+(P17)) SR3C=SPI(2.5>*(BIS+POCK+(P16)I SH31=SPI(3,3)4I p TW=(I5R19+§HIC+SR1I+SR2R+SR2C+SR2I+SR5c+SR3I+SQ3R)*1U.)+c0H+(SINT) READ 502, TI. T12, TIS, T14: IIb: T16: T17. T18: T19 PRINT 339 PRINT 384 PRINT 385 PRINT 386: VII: P12: P13: P14: PI5: P16: P17: p18: P19 PRINT 358 PRINT 327 PRINT 359 PRINT 409 PRINT 362:9V1(1:1):SPI(211):SPI(3:1):T10T12aT13 PRINT 363:8PI(132)ISPI(232)08PI(592)3114DTI5IT16 PRINT 364:5PI‘1!57:SPI(2:5):SFT‘33371TI71T181T19 PRINT 3503LA50TWP PRINT 3471 T81 USE= OOH/6.*('1.) IF (C0H)4279426;425 427 PRINT 4129 USE PAGE NO. ‘1 1 1 I FTN4130 05/19/65 PAGE NO. 15 GU ID 426 425 PRINT 575,91NT 426 PRINT 340,CC PRINT 548, EUR PRINT 55m. ICYGLE. TN HbAU 583. P1. P2: P3 CYCLF21CYCLt 51:0. 52:0. 55:00 P1:P1+W1T P2:PQ+M2T Pé=P5+w$T Sl=P1/(100000.*CYCLEI Sd=P2/(1000U01*CYCLE) Sd=P3/(1nonuu.*CYCLt) PRINT 315 PRINT 316 PRINT 517 PRINT 1318: TCYCLE:WTT:W?T9W:§T PRINT 519.?1.51.P2,S?.PS153 T1:T1+spx(1,1)£TI2:TI2+SPI(2.1)3T13=TI3+SPI(3:1)%II4=TI4+SPI(112) T15=T15+SPII212)ITI¢=T16+SPI(612)1TI7=T17+SPI(115T TIR=T18+SPI(2.3)IT19=T19+SP1(¢.6) PRINT 457, TI.TIZ.T13.TI4.T151T161T171T181T19 PRINT 383,P1,P?,P6 JTY:TAX*1ODUO. UPRINT 4171JTx,REP,GT?.GT3,GT4.GTS:GT61PUP.ST1UT.RM,GM,NAPT11NAPT21 1WAPT3,ICUST.TW PUNCH 302.11.112.T13.T14.T1b.11¢.TII.TIB.II9 PUNCH 383.911P21P5 DPUNCR 460. JTX1BEP18T2,GT6.GT4,GT5,GT6,POP,ST.UT.RM.GM.WAPT11NAPT2 1,wAPT5. Icu5T17w END LOAD RUN a 0’. o a o o o o o o o 0 o o O I APPENDIX B DATA DECK ASSEMBLY MATERIALS The assembly of the data deck in a precisely ordered form is critical to the operation of the game. The computer program calls for data to be read in a certain order and to be available in exactly the form specified. A deviation in either order or form of data will result in fatality to the program either before the program is begun or from the point in the program which uses the improper information. The computer cannot compensate for human errors. It is essential for the game director to check and recheck the data against the infor— mation given below. The program has been written to reduce to a minimum the number of cards to be punched by the director, and pre- punched cards are available for some of the "limited" variables. Those cards which must be punched by the game director must be punched in the proper format and should be carefully proof-read before being assembled into the deck. The cards that make up the data deck came from several sources: pre-punched cards for issues and cyclic information, cards automatically punched by the computer during the previous cycle run which contain the data generated during that cycle for use in the cur- rent cycle, including the post-initial year cards of multi-year projects, 66 67 decks of project cards submitted from the politician (the projects bud- geted during the current cycle), and the administrator (the projects recommended for budgeting in the next cycle), a deck of project cards retrieved from the previous cycle data deck which are the projects recommended for budgeting this cycle, and the cards which must be punched because they contain data which are submitted by the players and which are too variable in nature to prepare ahead. Item 1. — The first data card has four items. The card is pre-punched, with the per capita assessed valuation occupying the first four columns and followed by a decimal point in column five. Two columns are left blank and the per cent of revenues allocated to schools are punched following a decimal point punched in column 8. The cycle number is punched in column 14, if a single digit, or in column 13 and 14 if a two-digit number. The next number represents the percentages of non-tax revenues available to the city. Normally, this is 100 per cent and is punched as 1. O (the percentage is divided by one hundred). Item 2. — Next is a single card which indicates the number of issues acted on by the players. (a single digit in column 2, no decimal point). Item 3. — A sub-deck is compiled using pre-punched and printed cards indicating the public opinion poll responses to the issue posed. Each issue decision has a set of three cards, which must 68 appear in order: the first card contains general information about the issue and the effects of the decision on the administrator and the poli- tician. The second card indicates the bonus points, if any, which ac— crue to the speculator due to the issue resolution. This card contains 9 numbers, usually zeros and each preceded by a decimal point. The third card contains 6 numbers which indicate the growth factors for the current cycle and the succeeding five cycles. Each of the growth factor numbers is followed by a decimal point. The order of cards is critical, not the order of sets. The issues will be printed in the order in which they are presented. Item 4. — Next is a single card containing seven data categories. These data were generated during the computations of the previous cycle: the current tax rate (a decimal point followed by four digits, including zeros), the budget surplus or deficit form previous capital improvements program plus the interest or the penalty factor (columns 6 through 12, with a decimal point in column 13), then five digits reflecting the growth factors for the current cycle and the next four (columns 14 through 28, with decimal points in columns 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28), then a six digit number which is the population of METROPOLIS at the end of the previous cycle (six digits followed by a decimal point), then four numbers which record the values in the discretionary funds for the preceding cycle (four six-digit numbers are available) each followed by a decimal point, the points appearing 69 in columns 42, 49, 56, and 63), the sixth data items are the standing by ward of the politician at the end of the cycle (three one-digit numbers, each followed by a decimal point), then three columns are available for the administrator's standing (no decimal point, the last digit appears in column 72), and the last entry contains the net worth of the speculator at the close of the previous cycle (again a seven digit number is permis- sible followed by a decimal point in column 80). Item 5.— The next card contains only the tax rate the poli- tician has decided upon for the next cycle. (a decimal point in column one followed by four digits, the ciphers to the right of the last signifi- cant number may be omitted, as . 0480 may be punched . 048). Item 6. — A single card indicating the number of budgeted projects in the sub-deck presented by the politician. (a number in columns one and two, the single digit numbers (1-9) appearing in column two). Item 7. — The sub-deck assembled by the politician. The game director must check to see that the multi-year projects begun, but not completed,are included in the deck. The number of cards must agree with the number on the preceding card. The project cards are pre-punched and printed on green card stock. Item 8. — The sub-deck is followed by a data card which shows the deficits in street, utility, and recreation funds, when the previous cycle had a deficit. (nine columns for figures and a decimal point in the tenth column, repeated twice. This card will nominally 70 contain three zeros, one each in the ninth, eighteenth, and twenty- seventh column, each followed by a decimal point). Item 9. — A single card indicating the number of budgeted projects in the sub-deck presented by the politician. (a number in columns one and two, the single digit numbers (1-9) appearing in col- umn two). Item 10. — The sub-deck assembled by the city adminis— trator during the previous cycle. This sub-deck is salvaged from the data deck of the preceding cycle, as the preceding card is. These cards are pre -punched and printed on orange card stock. Item 11. — A single card showing the amount of campaign contribution made by the speculator to the politician. Since the rules stipulate amounts in multiples of $5, 000, several cards are pre- punched and available for use. (six columns are available for figures and a decimal point is punched in column seven). Item 12. — The campaign contribution is followed by a card containing the number of projects being recommended by the ad- ministrator for the next cycle. (a number in columns one and two, the single digit numbers (1 -9) appearing in column two). Item 13. — A sub-deck of project cards prepared by the administrator, recommended for action during the next cycle. Item 14. — A single card containing the investments made by the speculator for the current cycle. The order is: first ward— residential land, commercial land, industrial land. Second ward— 71 residential land, commercial land, industrial land. Third ward — residential land, commercial, and industrial land. (space is provided for an eight digit number followed by a decimal point. This is repeated eight times for a total of nine investment possibilities, with decimal points appearing in columns 9, 18, 27, . . . , 72). This is one of the few cards to be punched by the game director and it is imperative that the format be adhered to. A zero should appear immediately in front of the decimal point if no investment is made in the category. No spaces should occur between the amount of the investment and the decimal point. Item 15. — Three cards, which convert the speculator's dice, roll to his bonus points. These are pre-punched cards. The first con- tains the bonus for residential property investments, for the three wards; the second, the commercial property; and the third, the industrial in- vestments. The proper order must be maintained to accurately assess the speculator's profits or losses. (column one is blank — a decimal point is punched in column two, and column three contains a zero or a number one, two or five — corresponding to the bonus, if the roll of the dice was fortuitous for the speculator. Column four is blank. Col- umn five contains a decimal point, and column six, a zero or the number one, etc. , through column nine. ) Item 16. —- A single card which contains the total amounts invested to the end of the current cycle in each category in each of the wards. (The format for this card is identical to the card containing the investments for the current cycle). 72 Item 17. — The last card contains the total amount of money budgeted for capital improvement projects in each of the wards at the end of the previous cycle. The last two cards (items 16 and 17) are punched by the computer at the end of the previous cycle and merely need to be added to the deck. It is suggested that the deck be assembled, checked and printed in the IBM 407 accounting machine and the print—out compared with the above material. A sketch of the data deck submitted for a typical cycle follows. This is followed by the print-out of the data deck submitted for cycle one. The list should be compared step by step with the items listed above. ’RUN (\NHIATES EXECU'UQN) . * LOAD \ (LOADS PROGRAM NTO COMPUTER MEMORY / SCOPE U (\ND\CATES END OF COHPILA‘HON DECK) END ( TERMINATES FORTRAN PROGRAM) \ PROGRAM DECK. \ PROGRAM ME'IROROUS 2. (PROGRAM IDEMTWKA‘UON OR $TATEHENT) —’FTN,X (FORTRAN cum, CALL‘: FOR V-ORTRAN COH?\LE;\\ ’JOB,NUHBE.R, PROGRAM, TIME, NAME. (PRovmes ACEOUNTNG \NFORMAT\ON) MET ROP OL\ ‘5 II DEC \4 A 35 EM ELY y. r... - 0(((L( .(U “\fzyr. « wLF..._..TaH . Q" C. 3:. -10: 0-: VJ. w Hrs-.- .r... H .zupFC 4.1%} w ..1 “HF/G .1... 4L a 7. LP.......1._.1 r ..r-.._.nt_r.r .(. ,0. Talks...“ 4:12.} p .4 \pFChw.,..{.r.nvl. H ICMF \z) I I; 1 II. 4.1.. )1- (CC ((k rx 4 .MLr» .»F” C .IIU APPENDIX C COMPUTER PRINT-OUT OF RESULTS m3? ..F ii? I pi CYCLE 4 CALCULATED GROWTH INDEX 3 1 GROWTH INDICES. NEXT 5 CYCLES PUBLIC OPINION POLL RESULTS CYCLE,ISSUE9.ACTTON..gquROJECT...gg.COST,qTIMEQ.ooQ.ooo.gqCOMMENToo0000000000 4 1 4 2 4 3 ~o~ REJECTED Z-O 1800000 6 CITY HIDE STORM SEWER PROJECT APPROVED DH—260p290 0 O LAKELAND SUBURB ANNEXATION APPROVED NONE O 0 SHUT PEDDLING INVESTIGATION REVENUE FOR CYCLE 5 POPULATION 0F METRQPOLIS RISES T0 229400 PER CAPTTA ASSESSED VALUE =3 1475 TOTAL ASSESSED VALUE or METRoPotzs =$ 338365000 TOTAL CITY INCOME FROM PROPERTY TAX =$ 17425798 NON TAx REVENUE IS $ 17425798 TAX REVENUE EQUALS 160 PERCENT or PROPERTY TAX REVENUE TAXES ALLOCATED T0 SCHOOLS = 22514130 TAX RATE IN MILLS = 51.5 NET CITY INCOME 3 12337464 STREET FUND = 210000 UTILITY FUND 3 430000 RECREATION FUND = 100000 GENERAL FUND 8 540000 TOTAL DISCRETIONARY FUNDS = 1280000 PENALTY 0R REWARD ADMINISTRATOR..POLITICIAN IQ! HARD 10002-00$ 97 '2 ‘2 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 POL TAX PEN DEDJ T ., 'C .- l _ . . I 1| '1 . T .1 l .,, | I I POLITICIANS STANDING CITY COUNCIL BUDGETS CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS..... THE FOLLONING PROJECTS HAVE BEEN APPROVED FOR THIS YEAR YEARS COST PER HARDQQ000000509OOOLOCATIQNQOOQTO RUNO'QYEAR BUDGE J'7O J'14O J9140 19110 5'20 N’lZO 0-70‘140 JQBO H970 M9150 ISSUEpMISC STREETS STREETS ISSUEpNISC UTILITIES RECREATION UTILITIES MISC RECREATION RECREATION 150000 150000 150000 70000 600000 150000 100000 100000 50000 20000 iflh‘Hr‘F‘A(NAJHIJ BUDGETED MULTISYEAR PROJECTS TED PROJECT 4'140 2 YEARS AT AN ANNUAL COST or BUDGE TED PROJECT 1'110 3 YEARS AT AN ANNUAL COST OF BUDGETED PROJECT 4 YEARS AT AN ANNUAL COST OF 5920 CONTINUES OVER 150000 CONTINUES OVER 70000 CONTINUES OVER 600000 RECOMMENDED PROJECTS NOT BUDGETED BY THE POLITICIAN FIRST HARD H9115 RECREATION 40000 FIRST HARD 0’110 MISC 50000 SECOND HARD AE9120 UTILITIES 50000 SECOND HARD M9110 RECREATION 20000 THIRD HARD F9275 RECREATION 50000 PMJTICIANS PENALTY POINTS FOR IGNORING RECOMMENDED PROJECTS IN NARDS 1a 2; AND 3 3 0 0 0 unmENT CYCLE DISCRETIUNARY FUNDS LESS AMOUNT SPENT STREETS S "70000 UTILITIES S -230000 11x RATE FOR NEXT CYCLE 5125 MILLS RECREATION 3 9110000 POLITICIAN OVERSPENDS GENERAE FUND BY S UNSPENT FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD 9140000 140000 . , - . 1 PMJTICIANS PENALTY FOR BUDGET INEOUITIES IN NARDS 0 0 0 TAXES AFFECT POLITICIANS STANDING BY WARD AS FOLLOWS 0 0 1 PENALTY 0R REWARD POINTS DUE TO PUBLIC OPINION POLL IN HARDS 1, 2, 3 ARE -2 92 -2 NO CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTION THIS CYCLE POLITICIANS STANDING. BY HARD; END OF CYCLE WARD ONE 4 RARO Two 0 KARO THREF 0 DEUUCT FROM CYCLE 5 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT BUDGET. FUNDS OVERSPENT THIS YEAR PLUS PENALTY $ ADMINISTRATORS STANDING RENARD POINTS = 6 DISCRETIONARY FUND DISTRIBUTION ERROR = -O UVER9g UNDER-EXPENDITURE PENALTY = -3 PUBLIC OPINION POLL POINTS = -7 ADMINISTRATORS CURRENT STANDING a 26 ADMINISTRATORS RECOMMENDED PROJECTS FOR NEXT YEAR YEARS COST PER uARD.....CODE.....LOCATION....TO RUN..,YEAR 2 E-90;165 STREETS 1 100000 1 H-130 RECREATION 1 40000 3 F960 RECREATION 1 20000 2 0'60 RECREATION 1 40000 1 J-140 STREETS 1 150000 1 Jalifl MISC 2 50000 ALL E920 UTILITIES 5 200000 PER HARD 1 I-110 ISSUEgMISC 4 70000 3 0970 ISSOEoMISC 2 150000 SPECULATORS STANDING SPECULATORS OPINION POLL POINTS HARD. LAND USE...1;RES...10C0M...1pINO...2ORES...2:COM..oZoINflo..3;RES..,3;C0M...3:IND 0.00 0:00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 “168000 0.00 WARD........RESIDENTIAL.oCOMMERCIALooOINDUSYRIALOI MN INVESTMENTS CURRENT CYCLE 20000 40000 100000 CATEGORY 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 NET NORTH AT END OF CYCLE 3 $ AMOUNT INVESTEO THIS CYCLE $ INTEREST 0N CASH RESERVE AT 4 PERCENT =$ CONTRIBUTED T0 POLITICIAN 0 CASH HELD IN RESERVE $ NET NORTH AT END OF CYCLE 4 $ TOTAL PREVIOUS INVESTMENTS 55000 35000 20000 166542 160000 262 0 6542 247004 METROPOLIS INFRA-STRUCTURE ACCUMULATION CUMULATIVE INCREASE 0F PROGRAMMED PROJECTS 5000 5000 10000 CYCLE...NARD 1,......FACTOR...WARD 2....oooFACTOR..oNARD 3.......FACTOR 4 SUBTOTAL 570000 470000 1980000 4.950 1840000 4.600 500000 1470000 3.675 WARD..o...RESIDENTIAL...CONMERCIALu..INDUSTRIAL 10000 10000 10000 APPENDIX D FORMS DESIGNED FOR METROPOLIS II Cycle No. PLAYER - ISSUE 1 - ISSUE 2 - ISSUE 3 - ISSUE u — l PORN 2-13 Metropolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL ___ Administrator Politician Speculator School Board New City Hall - (Project I-llO) This efficiently designed new struc- ture is planned as an integral part of the CBD Renewal Project. Pre- sent City Hall is over a century old. Offices are scattered in old buildings of downtown area. ALTERNATIVES — 1. Support construction. 2. Postpone and reconsider next year. 3. Oppose construction. Civil Rights Commission - Negro leaders, supported by the University community have held several demonstrations, seeking the formation of an effective commission to insure fair housing practices, equal em- ployment and fair police treatment. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor formation of the commission. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. No comment (prefer to avoid the issue). Interstate Highway — State Highway department desires formal approval of an Interstate connector route planned for metropolis (K 100-160). ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor the route. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the route. School Improvement Program - A bond issue will enable the school board to acquire needed school sites in ward 3 while land is avail- able. An additional levy on one mill for five years will finance the bonds. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Vote the bonds. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Reject the bond issue. Cycle No. PLAYER ISSUE 1 ISSUE 2 ISSUE 3 ISSUE u — ISSUE 5 - ISSUE 6 - 2 FORM 2-19 Metropolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL Administrator Politician Speculator School Board Primary Thoroughfare Construction — Excessive east-west traffic in south end demands relief by new construction; alternative. l-way' pair can be constructed for 10% of New Construction costs. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor new route. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Favor l-way pair. City Income Tax - The prOposed 1% City Income Tax would influence all those working or living in the city, and income would be used to com- pensate for losses from reduced property taxes. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor income tax. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the tax. Sewage Treatment Plant - Major expansion of sewage treatment facili- ties, designed to accommodate growth for next decade. Current plant has been operating in excess of capacity during daily peaks, requir- ing by-passing of raw sewage. State threatens suit if construction delayed. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support Project E-20. 2. ' Postpone and reconsider. 3. Reject project E-20. School Improvement Program - Modernization and expansion of several elementary schools in ward 2 requires a bond issue, to be repaid by an additional tax levy. One mill for 5 years will correct the deficiencies in the schools. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Vote the bonds. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Reject the bond issue. ALTERNATIVES - 1. 2 ALTERNATIVES - l. Cycle No. PLAYER - ISSUE 1 - ISSUE 2 - ISSUE 3 - ISSUE u - ISSUE 5 — ISSUE 6 - 3 FORM 2-18 Metropolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL Administrator Politician Speculator School Board Property Reassessment - The city has not been reassessed in a uni- form manner since 1908, in violation of a statute which requires- changes each five years. The city administration has made a strong plea for a complete study, particular emphasis to be placed on com- mercial structures and new housing. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor the reassessment. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the reassessment. Senior Citizens - A recent week-long conference at the University has recommended formation of a "Commission on Problems of the Aged." ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor the commission. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the commission. Housing for the Aged - (Project J—70) Low cost housing for the aged, with specially designed facilities. Would provide for the most urgent sector of the market. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor Project J-70 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose Project J-70. School Improvement Program - School improvements in ward 1 will help the city in the urban renewal project, the expenditures will count toward the community share of the renewal costs. One mill for 5 years additional levy will finance the school improvements. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Vote the bonds. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Reject the bond issue. ALTERNATIVES - l. 2. ALTERNATIVES - NI—J Cycle “0. u FORM 2—18 Metropolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL PLAYER - Administrator Politician Speculator School Board ISSUE 1 - Smut Peddling - Various civic groups have banded together seeking to force the Mayor into naming a committee to investigate smut paddling to teenagers. ALTERNATIVES — l. Favor formation of the committee. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose formation of the committee. ISSUE 2 - Eastside Annexation - "Lakeland," an unincorporated suburb located at DH—260, 290 has severe difficulties providing adequate services to its residents. Local groups are attempting an incorporation, even though their tax base is inadequate. Another group has presen- ted a petition requesting "Lakelands" annexation to Metropolis. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support the annexation. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 2. Oppose the annexation. ISSUE 3 - Storm Sewer Relief - (Project Z-O) This city-wide system will provide an integrated storm drainage facility for metropolis for the next decade. Rapid growth in recent years has created a number of city- wide drainage problems, which are becoming more severe each year. ALTERNATIVES — l. Favor Project Z-O. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose Project Z-O. ISSUE 0 - Princeton Plan Referendum - Civil Rights groups petition for a referendum on use of the "Princeton Plan," the bussing of pupils from defacto segregated schools to assure integration in the schools. This could be done within the present school budget. ALTERNATIVES — 1. Vote for a referendum. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the referendum. ISSUE 5 - ALTERNATIVES - H ISSUE 6 - ALTERNATIVES - 5.; l\) Cycle No. 5 FORM 2-l8 Metropolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL PLAYER - Administrator Politician Speculator School Board ISSUE 1 - Wet Issue - Since Prohibition days there has been agitation in some quarters to make Metropolis ”DRY." Some of the more avid and respected ”drys" are making a strong push to put the issue on the ballot. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support the "drys". 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Avoid the issue. ISSUE 2 - Industrial Rezoning - "Diversified Industries" has decided to locate a major plant in metropolis. It has optioned land in L-lBO which must be rezoned in violation of the Master Plan, or "Diversified" threatens to build elsewhere. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor the Rezoning. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the rezoning. ISSUE 3 - CBD Renewal - (Project I-l20) Long awaited plan to rebuild the Central Business District has been completed, and there is wide- spread support for its early completion. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support Project I-l20. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose Project I-l20. ISSUE u - Teacher Salary Increase - Teacher turnover in Metropolis is pre- sently above average for the state. A bond issue for improvement of the salary schedule for teachers will require a levy of u mills for 10 years. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Vote the bonds. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Vote down the bond issue. ISSUE 5 - ALTERNATIVES - l. (OK) ISSUE 6 - ALTERNATIVES - l-' M Cycle No. 6 FORM 2-18 PLAYER ISSUE 1 ISSUE 2 ISSUE 3 ISSUE u ISSUE 5 ISSUE 6 Metropolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL Administrator Politician Speculator School Board Airport Expansion - Improvements required to enable service by national airline. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support Project C-7O 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Reject Project C-70. Zoning Revision - A comprehensive revision of the Pre-World War II zoning ordinance has been completed by a nationally famous consul- tant, and is being recommended by the Planning Commission. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support adoption of new zoning. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose adoption of new zoning. Riverbank Beautification Committee - The League of Women Voters has become alarmed about the condition of the Riverbank and is thumping for a working committee to suggest solutions. ALTERNATIVES — I. Support the league. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Avoid the issue. Memorial Stadium Bonds - City high-school athletic programs can be enhanced by a new all-city, all-school athletic facility. The bonds can be retired by a special half-mill levy for the next 6 years. 1. Vote the bonds. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Vote down the bond issue. ALTERNATIVES - l. 2. 3. ALTERNATIVES - l. 2. 3. Cycle No. 7 FORM 2-18 PLAYER ISSUE 1 ISSUE 2 ISSUE 3 ISSUE 4 ISSUE 5 ISSUE 6 Metropolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL Administrator _ Politician Speculator School Board Roadside Advertising Commission - The Federated Garden Clubs of Greater Metropolis is seeking action to increase controls over outdoor advertis- ing. ALTERNATIVES — l. Favor controls. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose controls. Day Care Center - The "Metropolitan Day Care Center" is being forced to relocate by highway construction. Currently their clientele is predominantly lbgro, because of their location. They are seeking support in an effort to build a center in each ward. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support the effort. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the plan. Industrial Renewal - (Project KC 200, 210) Development of an industrial park for specialized research oriented industries. A joint venture with the University, it will replace slum housing. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support Project KL 200, 210. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose Project KL 200, 210. Physical Plant Expansion - Three mills added to the school taxes for 5 years will allow for needed expansion of physical facilities through- out the school system. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Vote the bonds. 2. Postpone and Reconsider. 3. Vote down the bonds. ALTERNATIVES - l. 2. 3. ALTERNATIVES - (9MP Cycle No. 8 FORM 2-18 Metropolis II Dec. 64 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL PLAYER - Administrator Politician Speculator School Board ISSUE 1 - Digit Dialing - The "Anti—Digit Dialing League" is incensed over an announcement by the telephone company that all letter exchanges will be replaced by numerals. Seek committee to investigate pro- blem. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support the investigation. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Avoid the issue. ISSUE 2 - Mass Transit - Subsidy required to keep City Transit Company opera- ting. Formula requested will insure minimum profit for next five years. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor the subsidy. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the subsidy. ISSUE 3 - Residential Renewal - (Project HI-lSO, 160) Neighborhood conserva— tion project in mixed racial area. Will remove non—residential uses, add improvements. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support Project HI-ISO, 160. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose Project HI-lSO, 160. ISSUE 4 - Youth Training Program - School drop-outs can be added to the pro- ductive work force and off street corners by a vocational training program. School facilities and teachers can be utilized. Will require a 1/2 mill levy for five years to begin program. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Vote for the plan. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Vote against the plan. ISSUE 5 - ALTERNATIVES_7 1. 2. 3. ISSUE 6 - ALTERNATIVES - l. 2. 3. Cycle No. 3 FORM 2-18 MetrOpolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL PLAYER — Administrator Politician Speculator School Board ISSUE 1 - Floridation of Water - The Metropolis Sanitation Commission has announ— ced its intention to floridate the water supply, in keeping with recom- mended Federal and State Health Practice. Several groups are seeking a referendum on the issue. ALTERNATIVES - I. Support the referendum. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the referendum. ISSUE 2 - Air Pollution Control - Air pollution has become an increasing menace in Metropolis, resulting in the current control bill. Behemoth indus- tries threatens to leave if the bill is passed. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Support the bill. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the bill. ISSUE 3 — Public Housing - (Project L-lSS) Low income families replaced by urban renewal and highway construction require housing. Construc- tion has already slowed because of a shortage of suitable units. ALTERNATIVES ~ 1. _ Support Project LelSS. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose Project L-lSS. ISSUE 0 — Community College - One mill (throughout Metropolis and several adjacent school districts>will finance needed expansion of the community college. The levy will run for 10 years. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Vote the levy. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the additional mill. ISSUE 5 — ALTERNATIVES - l. 2. 3. ISSUE 6 - ALTERNATIVES - l. 2. cycle-43.10 FORM 2-18 Metropolis II Dec. 60 RDD PUBLIC OPINION POLL PLAYER Administrator Politician Speculator School Board ISSUE 1 - Apartment Rezoning_- The rapidly expanding market for apartments con- tinues. Builder wants rezoning in violation of Master Plan; threatens to invest elsewhere if restrictions not relaxed. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor rezoning. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose rezoning. ISSUE 2 - Pet Ordinance - In response to numerous complaints council is consi- dering imposing restriction on pet freedoms. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor the restrictions. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the resolution. ISSUE 3 - Subdivision Regulations - A comprehensive new subdivision code has been recommended by the Planning Commission. ALTERNATIVES - l. Favor the code. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the code. ISSUE u — Physical Plant Expansion - School plant deficiencies can be corrected by a modest building and maintenance program. An additional 3 mill levy for 5 years will pay for the program. ALTERNATIVES - 1. Vote the bond issue. 2. Postpone and reconsider. 3. Oppose the bond issue. ISSUE 5 - ALTERNATIVES - l. 2. 3. ISSUE 6 — ALTERNATIVES — l. 2. 3. Vol. 1 Ward 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 FORM 2-30 Metropolis II Dec. 64 RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E No. l 0'. C" 0.. ..O 3‘. Q g n a a Local blews n a «'5 Daily traffic jams emphasize the urgency for improved bridge (project H-l20) Merchants mass at council meeting demanding action on relief from sanitary sewer problems (project GL-l20) Fire marshall cites need for special high pressure truck (project K-130) Ward improvement association demands street action (project P—BO) Flash flood causes heavy losses, relief action demanded (project LP-1uo) Swimming pool proposal receives strong public approval (project M-l20) Residents demand action on local street program (projects H-2lO; H-O, 100) New home construction stopped by health department until sewers built (project J-20, 60) Park improvement program urged by expert (projects K—BO, J-90, H-BS, F-200) School officials accept gift of small parcel of land, express desire to acquire adjacent property for future school site. 0" c’a 3'. u 4‘ ti State News *** Expert predicts continued rise in school expenditures in coming decade Crack down demanded on river pollution. Expert claims that every large city in state violates code. Metropolis singled out for dress- ing down Governor expresses concern over lack of adequate housing for minority groups. State once again on top in construction of interstate system mileage 0“ .’J 0'. «a» National News *** International tensions up - capacity to fight limited warfare must be expanded Automotive sales expected to exceed previous highs FORM 2-30 Metropolis II Dec. 64 RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E Vol. 1 No. 2 xxx Local News AAA Ward 1 - Civic Center improvements declared urgent - convention facilities expansion a "must" (project J-llO) - Chamber of Commerce demands improved street systems (project J-luO) - Park service building destroyed by fire - immediate replacement sought (project K-lQO) - School superintendent announces forthcoming visit by national school accreditation committee. Metropolis schools expected to retain high rating Ward 2 - Sewer problems plague homeowners - raw sewage flows in ditches (project Q-7o, 140) ~ North end residents demand park (project D-lOS) Ward 3 - Angry parents demand sidewalks after third child is injured (prvjcct I-220) "Contemporary Estates" development halted by sewer lack (project FJ-BS) Lakeview Estate, last major lake site available, offered to city at generous price (project F-270) 0.. 0'. C'. n'. 0'. 0'. that a State News oil. In PrOperty assessment practices hit. Legislators authorize study of local practices School costs continue to mount - no relief in sight Governor addresses conference on problems of aged. Cites need for more publicly supported housing :‘r'z': *** National News " Bullish stock market continues. President of exchange says fears of recession unwarranted Auto sales exceed all previous peaks Employment reaches new high as high ratio of unemployed persists FORM 2-3u Metropolis II Dec. 6Q RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E Vol. 1 No. 3 *** Local News *kfi Ward 1 - Negro leader deplores condition of local park, improvements sought (project H-ll2) Ward 2 - Development stymied near interchange —- sewer extension required (project A-E-l20) - Judge cites increase in delinquency, urges expansion of recreational activities (project M-llO) - Old Lincoln school declared safe, structurally sound by consulting engineers, although too small for current needs. Ward 3 — University traffic suffering daily jams as enrollment breaks all records. President says relief a "must" (project K-225) School bus submerged in flash flood - hero rescues 12 tots as driver perishes (project G—70) Summer camp project sought as means to relieve juvenile problems. Panel of experts emphasizes value to underprivileged children (project F-275) *kfi State News ”3* Legislature struggles with home rule legislation. Revised incorpora- tion statutes are the likely outcome State fire marshall investigates nursing home fire in metropolis in which five die Legislature passes enabling legislation enablingbqetpopolis to finance new storm sewer program. ' Governor signs aged bill Education group announces campaign to raise educational standards in state. Cites expenditure variation of from $5” per capita to $77 per capita in variousschool districts. Teacher salaries are low compared to other leading states. *** National News *** President's council of economic advisers predicts biggest economic surge. Recession talk branded as partisan effort to discredit admin- istration Conflicting national surveys on future of automotive sales; produc— tion continues at all time high Unemployment drops slightly, first time in two years Vol. 1 FORM 2-3H Metropolis II Dec. 6M RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E No. u Ward 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 ** Local News ““3 Park improvements sought by neighborhood group - facilities for aged urgently needed (project H-llS) School board announces enrichment program for culturally deprived children. Completion of expressway link causes mammoth jam - motorist delayed for hours (project E~90, 165) Civil Defense Director joins National Guard in support of armory (project H-lSO) Arboretum park has highest attendance, improvements required (project M-lSO) Largest council meeting as residents protest street conditions (project E-80) Recently annexed area needs fire-police building. Insurance rates go up until situation remedied (project J-BO) "Contemporary Estates” developer urges council to complete golf course. Community building and course urgently needed (project H-70) *** State News No relief expected in school costs saysstate superintendent - more facilities required Legislature acts to bring urban renewal funds to city Improved administrative procedures designed to encourage big city efforts at central city renewal .3 Jo *** National News *4“ Car sales fail to keep pace with production - used car market softens Bears grow louder, but market continues to climb Unemployment levels creep up as new employment fails to meet expecta- tions Cold war tensions decline FORM 2-34 Metropolis II Dec. 64 RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E Vol. 1 No. 5 %*fi Local News kkfi Ward 1 - Neighborhood improvement group demands street improvements (project H-llO) - Park shelter sought to increase utility of park (project H-lSO) Ward 2 - "Self-help" neighborhood asks city to help — street improvements needed (project D-llO) — Sewer blockage damages SO homes--health officer expresses concern (project E-lOO, 160) - Church council calls cemetery "disgrace," seek improved care by city (project C-BO) - Recreation council makes plea for parks - "small expenditure with high return" (projects E—llO, F-95) Ward 3 - Near riot as residents protest street conditions - situation called "intolerable" (project FJ-60-80) Industrial area plagued by sewer problems - 20 workers laid off (project HK~85) Developer offers park site at fraction of market value (project F-GO) *** State News *** National Airways cleared to service state by jet as legislature rushes program for runway expansion Zoning legislation passes - allows application of modern concepts as flexible enabling bill passes State renewal action complete: renewal implementation up to city State Education Association begins drive for state-wide minimum salary schedule. *** National News *** Chamber of Commerce head laughs off bust talk! - sees good years ahead Unemployment reaches new high as employment fails to keep pace Stock wizard warns that earning ratio of many stocks too high Precipitous decline of market levels, quick recovery prospects called good FORM 2-3u Metropolis II Dec. 64 RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E Vol. 1 No.6 *** Local News :*** Ward 1 - Businessmens group seeks parking changes, improvements called impera- tive (project G-120) - Health official seeks alley closings, -1 calls infestation ”intolerable" (project G-135) - Chamber supports sewer work - must remain competitive (project I-lSO) - Expert highlights playground need (project I-lOS) Ward 2 - Traffic problems mount — connecting route badly needed (project L0- 120) - High accident rate troubles chief as 3 die - improvements sought (project N-80, 160) - Industry seeks sewer relief (project N—lOO) - In-city park needs cited (projects G-lOO, G-lOS, G-lSO) Ward 3 - Recently annexed area demands sewers (project J-2lO, 230) New residents want park improvement (project L-250) Street tree funds sought (project M-275) West end residents protest lack of equipment (project P-uO) °'° 2': 3" State News *** Governor distressed at unemployment level, seeks bold solutions Welfare costs rise as income falls below estimates Legislature acts to speed local industrial projects School chief says costs cannot be reduced, rise expected State Department of Economic Development releases study citing urgency of airport improvements Metropolis high school football players dominate mythical All—State Team. Jefferson High (Metropolis) voted Number One by sports writers 9 L “h* National News *** Stock crash stuns nation - prospects uncertain Automotive sales continue drop as consumer confidence fails Congress argues tax relief Vol. 1 FORM 2-3u Metropolis II Dec. 6n RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E No. 7 Ward 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 n It I,» Loca l Nevis 3,: is. 3': Twin projects advanced to relieve downtown traffic problem - merchants fear loss of business to new shopping centers (projects GJ-125; I—120, l60) Flooded basements bring protests (project J-160) Streets closed 3 hours after storm (project K-lSO) Tree plantings sought (project J-138) Connecting bridge sought for new expressway - traffic snarls (pro- ject E—135) Industrial losses high in flash flood (project Q-lSO) Park improvements requested (projects M—luO, O-IHS) Piece of cornice of school administration building falls, no one hurt. Investigation reveals need for many minor repairs to correct structural defects. Developers howl as health department refuses to authorize further building (project L-2u0) Irate parents demand park improvements as crowd overflows auditorium (project I- 70) School superintendent acknowledges advantages in school- -park concept advocated by planning commission. O'. D" C'. 0"" State News .'. ... '. n a 3. Governor urges bold action to attract industry - sees bright future Legislature ends in red, imposes temporary nuisance taxes State welfare group points to desperate plight of working mother - children unprotected Legislature refuses tax relief to metropolis transit company, company in red for third year Legislature passes Community College Act, enabling school districts to support 2—year colleges. *** National News "an Stock market rallies slightly, bulls more prominent Congress certain to pass cross the board tax relief H.H.F.A. announces more liberal terms in effort to speed renewal activities Vol. 1 FORM 2-3H Metropolis II Dec. 64 RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E No. 8 Ward 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 *** Local News *** Rash of injury accidents impresses need for improvements (project H-llO, 140) Business losses high in flood (project J-llS) Sewer collapse in business area points up need for replacement (pro- ject GHI-l20) Negro leader makes park plea (J-lu3) Parking shortage acute in shopping area (project N-llO) Development halted by north end drain (project AG-lGO) New residents want park improvements (project Q-130) East side traffic improvement required to accommodate new freeway opening (project EI-lQO) Elderly residents protest flooding — "We paid for sewers once" says spokesman (project I-2lO) Park expert urges land acquisition while cost is down (project I—lO) u'c 0’. U. l \ 4 . State News *** Governor announces participation in federal renewal program, urges cities to take advantage of funds Health commissioner appraises legislative committee on air pollution problem State unemployment rolls off Legislature acts on low-income housing - families must be housed or construction stopped *** National News *** Tax cut passes - lower than expected but evenly spread Defense department orders new tanks, trucks Army notes that rejection rate of draftees at all time high. School dropout problem complicates matter Leading educators support Junior College expansion for alleviation of problems of state colleges and universities. FORM 2-3” Metropolis II Dec. 6” RDD HEADLINES FROM T H E C I T I Z E N S G A Z E T T E Vol. 1 No. 10 *** Local News new Ward 1 - Recent high rise construction requires new fire protection equipment (project H-l25) - Expressway construction and accompanying development has caused serious drainage problem (project K-l20, ISO) - Chamber seeks river improvements - Dallas example noted (project J-l22) Ward 2 — Planner cites needs for alley closings (project L—llO) - Sewers required in new residential area (project P-160) - New residents want parks - service level alleged to be low (project R-lOO) Ward 3 - Merchants hurt by parking lack (project I-195) Manager cites need for garage facilities (projects J-81, J-230) Fire system needs revamping (project HI—90, 100) Universityllills residents seek park improvements (project F-lSO) J. *9??? State News *‘o’hu Open space plan sought by planning group Legislature seeks to avert water shortage Court rules yes in open housing law - Negro leaders jubilant Debt limitations on school districts eased as state fire marshal reports need to improve safety standards in many schools in state. *** National News *** Unemployment drops as employment reaches new high New urban affairs department operational - called colosfifl boondoggle by Senator Goldbricker CURRENT CYCLE _ u L FORM 2-27 MetrOpolis II Dec. 6H RDD/CF POLITICIAN'S CURRENT STANDING I. TAX RATE Current Tax Rate Accumulated school tax rate (form 2-70) . Total tax rate (a + b) Standard tax rate (#8.6 + cycle number) Difference (d-c) Penalty points (line e x 3, av penalty/ward) "hCDOaOU'flJ II. PROJECTS l. a. No. of projects recommended not authorized b. Probability points (excess of multiple of 3 to be subtracted from high ward) c. Total a + b 2. a. Total value of budgeted projects 3 b. Divided by number of wards + 3 c. Average ward expenditure 3 d. Divided by 2 + 2 e. l/2 average ward expenditure S f. Computation, wards in excess of average: Ward Ward (1) Total expenditure 8 $ (2) Less av. expenditure - z (3) Surplus 3 S (u) Factor + 100,000 + 100,000 (5) Gain in probability points g. Computation, wards below l/2 average ward expenditures: Ward Ward (1) 1/2 av. expenditure $ $ (2) Actual expenditure 3 $ (3) Shortage $ ] S (u) Factor + 100,000 + 100,000 (5) Number of points (6) Times penalty X 2 X 2 (7) Loss in probability points CURRENT CYCLE _ FORM 2—21 Metropolis II Dec. 6h RDD/CF METROPOLIS REVENUE COMPUTATION l. POPULATION (Read from Growth Chart, Form 32) ,000 2. AVERAGE ASSESSED VALUE PER PERSON (Form 19) X . 3. TOTAL ASSESSED VALUE $ ,Ooo u. TAX RATE (Form 23) x .7 5. TOTAL PROPERTY TAX 9 ,000 6. NON TAX REVENUE (Factor) 32 7. TOTAL CITY REVENUE S ,000 8. SCHOOL EXPENDITURE (line 5, form 2-71) $ ,Ooo 9. CITY BUDGET (LINE 7 minus LINE 8) $ ,000 lO. DISCRETIONARY FUNDS AVAILABLE: a. STREETS* (2% of LINE 9) b. UTILITIES* (4% of LINE 9) c. RECREATION* (1% of LINE 9) d. GENERAL FUND (5% of LINE 9) wmmmm e. TOTAL DISCRETIONARY FUNDS (12% of LINE 9) *Earmarked funds, may be used only for projects hearing this designation. Cycle School Board Decision Form Estimated Population Next cycle X Standard Ratio of School Children Total estimated school population Estimated Cost per School Child Total Estimated School Expenditure for Next cycle Form 2-80 MetrOpolis II Jan. 65, RDD, CF 18.u% Cycle 5. 6. School Board Current Standing Estimated School Expense (from previous cycle Form 2-80) Actual School Expense this cycle (from Form 2-21 line 8) Error % of Error (line 3 + line H) Penalty loss (Utils) Rewards (from Form 9) Special issues carried Net gain or loss Carried from previous cycle Total utils Form 2-71 MetrOpolis II 1/65 RDD/CF s .7 $ $ % +- (+) or (-) utils + FORM 2—72 Metropolis II Dec. 6M RDD/CF METROPOLIS SCHOOL EXPENDITURES (recent history) School Cost per Per Cent Population Revenue Per Capita School of City Year (000's) (000's) School Cost Chi1d* Revenue 1950 165 $ 3,982 $29.0 $130.0 39.2 1951 169 u,u3u 26.2 1nu.o no.5 1952 173 u,963 28.6 155.5 no.0 1953 177 5,u92 31.0 168.3 39.8 195% 180 6,652 37.0 201.3 nu.5 1955 185 7,666 91.8 225.0 “7.5 1955 190 8,807 u5.u 2so.u 51.u 1957 p 195 9,“?4 M8.6 26H.0 53.8 1958 200 10,105 50.5 278.6 5H.6 1959 205 12,u75 61.0 332.0 5n.2 1960 210 12,656 60.2 327.0 5H.5 1961 215 1u,239 66.2 360.0 58.7 *The average ratio of school children to total population is assumed to be 18.u%. Form 2775 Metropolis II Jan. 65, RDD-CF PROJECTED SCHOOL EXPENDITURES (NATIONAL PER-CAPITA ESTIMATES) *Estimates by Federal Education Agency of future public school expenditures (for all pre-university lends) YEAR COST 1950 $ 350 1951 800 1952 A30 1953 use 195A 500 1955 550 1955 500 1957 550 1958 710 1959 780 1970 850 NOTE: Historically, METROPOLIS per-capita school expenditures have equaled, or exceeded, national average. SCHOOL BOARD DATA CHART 100 90 «I .0 ,1: 70 k” 60 ‘O ‘~.,c¢j 50 no / 30 ’,,4’ / 20 10 '50 ' '52 '5“ '56 '58 '60 '62 '6“ Per capita school expenditures in dollars. School expenditures as a percent of total Metropolis revenue. _ __-____. School age population of Metropolis, in thousands. — _ — — — — — _ — — — — — "muaHz 2H quzmwmmm< APHZDESOU Amnmou m .maawa m.ov .00....0 =ommza qoozom Amnmoa m .madwa o.av ... Am cause azmzm>ommze geomom ll Amnwoh m .maamfi o.Hv ... Am cameo ezmzusommze eoomom m_:o_mmsmmvmm_ oaouo mmbmmH ozoa qaom onszo UHAmDm BIBLIOGRAPHY Dill, William R. ”What Management Games Do Best, " Business Horizons. Volume IV, Number 3, Fall 1961, p. 55. Dueker, Kenneth J. Letter, April 2, 1965. Duke, Richard D. Gaming-Simulation in Urban Research. Institute for Community Development and Services, East Lansing, Michigan. Duke, Richard D. ”The Role of Operational Gaming in the Simulation of Social Systems, " paper read before the Regional Science Association Meeting. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Nov— ember, 1964. The State Journal. Lansing, Michigan, February 28, 1965, p. 1. 3600, CONTROL DATA 3600 Computer System Reference Manual. Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1963, p. 1. 1. 103 U82 me 22%. W