‘_ .- 5 . ‘c O. ___——— __———— ___——— __———— _——-— _——-—- _——‘- __——— _—_—— ____—- —_——— _———— _—_‘—- _————— _-._-———— __—— AN EXPERlMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF THRESHOLD AMOUNTS OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE . ON WATERS OF HIGH lRON CONTENT Thain fot the Degree of B. S. WCHIGAN STATE COLLEGE R. G. Foster 1940 THESIS, h prerlnentel Study of the Effects of Threshold Amounts of Sodium Hexametqphosphate on Waters of High Iron Content A.Thesie Submitted to The Faculty of MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE of AGRICULTURE AND APELIED SCIENCE IV. “a! .‘I‘ N " I“. i, "a?" ' fl I_:_, R; G; Foster Candidate for the Degree of Bachelor of Science June 19H0 R V THESIS fin FAKE!!! 1E «NJ PmACE This work has been compiled in an effort to condense all available intonation about sodium hexametaphosphate and its relation to public water supplies into a brief treatise on the subject. Laboratory ex- periments have been conducted in an effort to substantiate the claims of Calgon, Inc. who manufacture sodium hexametaphosphate and market it as “Galleon." To one who may be interested in continuing this stud;r a few sug- gestions are herewith presented from the author's experiences. 1. Calgon seems to interfere with the standard tests for iron in water supplies. (volumetric and gravimetric) with the exception of the standard colorimetric test. This is probably due to the surface acti- vity of this material. 2. It must be borne in mind that Calgon does not precipitate or remove the iron present and therefore special consideration must be given to the laboratory methods adapted. 3. Stain tests should give some definite results but involve the use of large samples (two to five gallons). The limited time and trans- POrtation facilities from East Lansing to Williamston made it impossible for these tests to be carried out. Allowing the water. raw and contain- ing various amounts of Calgon, to drip on white porcelain at about one drop per second for twelve hours, would, I believe. show some interest- 1113 results. The lilliamston water supply was selected because it gave a practi- cal problem in high iron content water. and because Calgon, Inc. had Presented their product as a possible cure for "red water" and iron stains on sanitary fixtures. This work, although only a beginning, may serve as a nucleus fer further experiments which may confirm the possibilities of Calgon, in threshold amounts. as a conditioner for waters of high iron content. The author wishes to acknowledge the c00peration of the Buildings and Grounds Department in making available a laboratory in which these experiments could be carried out without the disturbance of classes and short course students. The cooperation of Calgon, Inc. who furnished the sodium hexametaphosphate and extensive information about the pro- duct was very much appreciated. Mr. Love, President of the Village. and Mr. Bachman who is in charge of the water works equipment in Williamston, made available the samples necessary for these experiments. The report of previous tests made by Mr. 3. Russell Franklin with the c00peration of the Michigan Department of Health, Laboratories and Burean.of Engi- neering, has proved invaluable. R. G. Foster East Lansing, Michigan may 299 19)"0 WATER ANALYSIS & COAL TESTING LABORATORY Buildings & Grounds Dept. Power House E.S.C. SetéUp showing Iron Testing Equipment. SetAUp showing'Nalco Soap Hardness Testing . Equipment. A.8TUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF SODIUH HEXAMETAPHOSPHAII Glassy sodium hexametarphosphate (Na.P 03):. commonly termed Graham's salt. was discovered in 1833 by Thomas Graham.1 For almost a century it remained a scientific curiosity, and not until Hall's use of this glassy form as a water conditioning2 agent did it become commercially available. It is manufactured by Calgon. Inc. and is known as "Calgon." Though it is still commonly known chiefly as a water-treating chemical, in the past few'years numerous other uses for (Na.P O ) Calgon. have been 3 x' develoPed, ranging from the treatment of occupational dermatosis3 to the tanning of leather.h Since 1929, when the use of Calgon in the conditioning of boiler water was first visualized.5 its applications in water treatment have multiplied. It is not the purpose of this study, however, to review the softening of water by Calgon as a result of its prOperQy of form- ing a soluble complex with the calcium ion.6’7 although this has led to widespread utilization in textile processing, commercial and domes- tic laundering and mechanical washing of dishes and bottles, and cans. and to its potential use wherever soap is employed in water containing 1Graham. Thomas. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 123: 253-8h (1833). gHall, Rm 1.. U. S. Pats. f1,956.515, #2.035,652. f2.087.089. 3Jones. I. K.. Murray, D. E.. & Ivy..A. 0., Ind. Med., 6: h59-62 (1937). ulilson, J. A.. X. Amer. Leather Chem. Assoc. 32: 113 (1937). 53511. n. 3., 8. Jackson, H. a, U. 8. Pat. #1.903,ou1. 53.11, n. s.. U. s. Pat. Re. 19,719 (1935). 7Gilmore, B. n. Ind. nag. Chem.. 29: set (1937). ‘ \— L Arafat“ j 'm’ ""314 i ’1‘ the calcium ion. The following discussion will be directed instead to the ever more startling effect of a few parts per million of Calgon in preventing scale deposition and minimizing corrosion. “Deposition of calcium carbonate from bicarbonate waters used as cooling media in condensers or heat exchangers is a widespread indus- trial problem as is the after precipitation of calcium carbonate in filters and.pipe lines following lime and lime-soda softeners. To obviate formations of these deposites. various methods have been em- ployed in the past. involving the use of tanin, partial neutralization with acid, or recarbonation. or deposites have been periodically re- moved by mechanical means or by disolving them in acid. “A new method develOped within the past three years depends upon the fact that Calgpn present in the water to the extent of only a few p.p.m.. will prevent precipitation when a high bicarbonate water is treated with an alkali or heated to a temperature not to exceed the boil ing point. This threshold treatment has been applied successfully to remove old deposites as well as to prevent new ones in railroad. indus- trial. end municipal water softening plants and distributing systems. and in power plant. distillery. and oil refinery condensers. “In once-through systems a continuous feed of from five to as lit- tle as one pound of Calgon per million pounds of water is employed. Where cooling water is recirculated through a spray pond or cooling tower, an amount is introduced in the makeaup sufficient to maintain a similar range of concentration in the circulating tower. 'An advantage of the threshold treatment is the relatively high pH which may be maintained in order to decrease corrosion without causing precipitation of calcium carbonate."1 'hen iron is corroded by water. the ultimate product of hydrated iron oxide may be either carried along to appear as "redpflater' from the customer's tap, or it may be precipitated over the regions of cor- rosion. Red water is commonly associated with relatively low pH and may be cured inmrw cases by the addition of lime. caustic soda, or soda ash. Frequently. however, this type of treatment fails to stop the corrosion process and instead simply prevents ”red-water” by pre- cipitating the iron oxide, thus increasing tuberculation. It is true thatfia sufficiently high.pH. above the level usually preferred in water for human consumption, corrosion may almost completely disappear as the result of the formation of a relatively continuous and compact coating of iron oxide. The use of a thin layer of calcium carbonate scale for corrosion control appears attractive to many. Unfortunately. its practical attain- ment has proven difficult due to the tendency for heayy precipitation near the plant, leaving the outlying sections of the distribution sys- tem‘unprotecteda- This difficulty may be overcome by using amounts of Calgon insufficient to completely prevent precipitation. "Sub-Threshp old" treatment in this manner is being successfully used in several municipal water plants to spread the calcium carbonate deposits throughp out the system. When the threshold treatment is used for the complete elimination of scale deposition one might expect an increase in corro- sion. but actually such is not the case. Threshold treatment with a sufficient concentration of Calgpn definitely inhibits corrosion at the same time keeping the metal surface free from scale. 1Rice. Owen & Partridge, E. P.. Indt Eng. Chem. Chem. 31:58 (1939). Laboratory corrosion tests on black-iron pipe have indicated that threshold amounts of Calgon exert a very pronounced inhibitory action upon the corrosion not only at high. but also at lower pH values; for example. pH.8 6. In fact, the inhibitory action appears even more pro- nounced at the lower pH values. The small amount of corrosion which occurs in the presence of threshold quantities of Calgon forms rust which is darker in color. appears much more dense. and is more highly adherent. To those who give greater weight to the field of experience than to laboratory experiment. it should prove significant that with threshp old treatment in use in hundreds of plants to obviate calcium carbonate scale in condensers and heat exchangers of all types. not one case of corrosion of metal surfaces laid bare and kept bare by treatment has been reported. although specific information has been requested from many plants where trouble might be anticipated.1 How It Works In brief. it is believed that the precipitation of calcium carbon- ate is prevented by threshold treatment because the Calgon has the abil- ity to segregate nuclei of calcium carbonates as rapidly as they develop in the water. so that in effect it is possible to stabilize a condition of rather extreme supersaturation with respect to this substance. It has been found that Calgon is very strongly adsorbed on the surface of many metals. metal oxides. and salts. No undue exercise of imagination is required. therefore. to picture the adsorption of metaphosphate 131cc. Owen. a. Hatch, G. 3.. J. A. w. v. A. 31:1179 (1939). whenever calcium and carbonate ions begin to build from solution the lattice of what is referred to as a crystal nucleus. By isolating each nucleus as it is formed. from further contact with the water its growth into a microscopically observable crystal is prevented. Ihere calcium carbonate has already been deposited from a water as may be the case in incrusted filter sand. enough Calgon must be sup- plied to cover this curface in order to completely inhibit further crys- talization from solution. An adsorbed film which can, in effect. shut off calcium carbonate from solution so completely that no further crystal growth occurs might well account for the observed effect of Calgon upon the rate of corro- sion of an iron surface. Indeed it has been noted in experiments with iron pipe in the laboratory that a metal surface over which threshold treated water is passed for a long period of time frequently develOps characteristic interference colors. although no phosphate deposits can be observed. While continued investigation may reveal more clearly the fundamental mechanism by which Calgon produces its remarkable effect in threshold treatment. it seems evident that formation of a film. per- haps only of molecular dimensions. is involved. Toxic Effects Is it safe to use Calgon in water intended for human consumption? The best answer to this comes from feeding experiments on animals con- ducted both in this country and in Great Britain. In one set of ex- periments four groups of rats were supplied for six weeks with drinking water containing respectively 0. 2. 20. and 200 p.p.m. of Calgon. There was no significant difference between the average increase in weight in the various groups and all remained in a completely healthy condi- tion. The lack of any adverse effect of Calgon. even when used in con- centrations many times greater than those employed in threshold treat- ment, was confirmed at the end of a six-week test by examination of the bone structure of the rate. Mr. Waring of the Ohio Department of Health states that "Calgon Inc. furnished me with a statement based on two years research by the dean of the Medical College of Northwestern University as to the physio- logical effects of extreme amounts of this material. in the effect that it is harmless to the human system.”1 Solutions of Calgon of any strength are not only harmless to the skin but actually exert a beneficial action upon it.2 1 18th. An. Report of Ohio Conference on Water Purification. p. 87. gJones. K. K.. Murray. D. E.. and Ivy, A, 0., Industrial Medicine. SW39 (1937). TH! PROBLEM Information facts and figures from municipalities where Calgon has been used are somewhat difficult to obtain. It has been used with some degree of success at Columbus. Ohio where Mr. Hoover1 has conducted some extensive experiments. the results of which he sums up as follows: “At almost all lime-soda ash.water softening plants. the pipe lines carrying softened.water from the settling or carbonation basins to the filters become heavily incrusted. If the velocity is high. the scale is very hard: if low. the scale is soft and mushy. .At Delaware. Ohio. the carrying capacity of the line from the basins to the filters has been greatly reduced due to the formation of a.hard adherent incruste- tion on the pipe walls. Calgon treatment. using 5 p.p.m., later 2 p.p.m., then one and finally i p.p.m., was applied over a three month.period. This treatment was of little or no value toward clearing out the line. lhy it did not prove more effective in the pipe line will no doubt be discussed by Mr. Rice. The treatment. begun on May 25th. 1938 did. how- ever. produce some very remarkable results in another respect. During the first 21: days of May. the alkalinity of the settled water at Dela- ware averaged 69 p.p.m., whereas the average alkalinity of the filtered water during the same period was 33 p.p.m. The drOp in alkalinity through the filters was 36 p.p.m., a reduction of 51%. During the last six days of May when Calgon was being applied ahead of the filters. the alkalinity drop was practically zero. The settled water averaged 61 p.p.m. and the filtered water 60 p.p.m. 1Hoover. C. P., Chemist-in-Charge. Columbus. Ohio. .'Records at Delaware for 5 years previous show an average alkalinity drop through the filters of h6$ (from 69 to 37 p.p.m.). This means that the filters remove about #0 tons of Caco3 per year.-a,really good service. During the time the Calgon treatment was in operation. the filters did nothing toward softening the water. In other words Calgon stabilized the water and it did not break down while going through the filters. This result was more interesting to me than had the pipe line been freed of the scale because it seems to indicate that: ”1. Calgon should be added to the filtered water instead of to the settled water. ”2. The addition of Calgon to the filtered.water will stabilize it and prevent formation of scale in the distribution system. '3. The reaction of the Calgon treated water will be the same many miles from the plant as when Just leaving the plant. “h. Calgon treated water with a high.pH value can be pumped into the distribution system without fear of deposites and with greater 01h pectation of non-corrosion.'1’ I Mr. Rice explains the pipe line condition as follows: 'A.pos- sible explanation of the failure of threshold treatment to clean up this line is that the velocity of the water through the pipe was so slow that the scale was not removed. With higher velocities the soften- ed scale would be washed awan and a fresh surface continually presented to the action of the Metaphosphate. Where this occurs a slow removal is usually obtained. This may amount to as much as one-half inch.per 1Hoover. C. P.. 18th An. Report of Ohio Conf. on Water Purif. p. 8”. lh‘h » year.‘1 Application of the Calgon treatment to the municipal water supply at Iilliamston. Michigan was started Oct. 2M, 1939 and is still being continued. in the face of none too satisfactory results.2 A.well was drilled and equipped to furnish the City of Williamston with a constant fresh water supply. The former supply. intended and used for fire protection only. pumped water from the river into the mains only when a fire broke out. The mains were drained after each fire which left them dry the majority of the time. Removal of sections of these old mains showed that they had become incrusted with a scale after’years of service. ‘ lith the installation of the new well many unusual conditions were encountered. First and foremost a general complaint of red water and iron deposites on sanitary fixtures was voiced by consumers. This con- dition prompted more serious complaints from sections where new'pipe lines were installed in the distribution system. than in the sections where old lines were used. This would indicate that the scale deposits in the old.pipes has some beneficial effect on the present supply. Treatment has been applied at the well at rates from 2 p.p.m. to 8 p.p.m. of Calgon and has received favorable comment with respect to improved water supply from a few users. Tests were carried out under the direction of B. R. Franklin. district Sanitary Engineer. with the cooperation of the Michigan Health Department. Laboratories and.Engineer- ing Division. Iron contents were found to vary from 1 p.p.m. Fe203 to 1 Rice. Owen. 18th An. Report of Ohio Conf. on Water Purif. p. 86. 2See Report to Iichigan Department of Health. p. 15. 10 as high as 30 p.p.m. with little possibility of correlation between the values.1 The Standard Colorimetric test was used for iron content. If Calgon in threshold amounts has any effect on the iron present it should be that of holding the iron in solution and preventing pre- 2 This iron would certainly show up when the Colorimetric cipitation. test is run. A.drip test for iron stain was run by the author on a sample of raw water directly from the well. Definite iron stains were visable on white porcelain after the water was allowed to drip at the rate of about 10 drops per minute for 12 hours. Further tests showed very lit- tle if any effect from the addition of Calgon in 2. h. 6. 8. 10 p.p.m. quantities. It was noted that samples taken from the well at 3 P. M. remained clear with only a slight precipitation after 12 hours. Samples taken at 8 A. M. showed definite cloudiness after 2 hours. and iron precipi- tation accumulated as time elapsed to the 12 hour limit when tests were discontinued.3 Calgon seemed to have very little effect on the pre- cipitation regardless of the amount added (2 to 10 p.p.m.) within the limits of threshold treatment. unless the sample was dosed within two hours of time of sampling.” This would tend.to substantiate the theory of surface-activity of Calgon in prevention of precipitation of the iron. 13amples taken at the well and at various points on the distribu- tion system. between 8-99-39 and 3-ll-h0. 2See p. 5 (How It Works). 35» Table No. 1 p. 19. ”Sample {'1 6’: #2. Table No. l. 11 The “shots" of "redpwater' as mentioned in Mr. Rice's letter1 to the Michigan Department of Health may be due to a condition of the well itself rather than to deposits in. or loosened from. the mains. Color- imetric tests on raw water from the well at various times of day. and with the pumpsstarted for sampling. and running when sample was taken. show a wide variation in iron contents (Table III).2 The samples were perfectly clear when taken. showing no coloids or suspended iron oxide. lhen these samples were two to three hours old. definite colloidal form- ations or cloudiness with subsequent precipitation of iron were observed in all cases. When the pump was started for sampling the latter condi- tion was much more pronounced than if the pump had been running long enough to effect a draw down of the well. (See Table III. Samples #9. 10. 11. 12). Tests on filtered samples containing various amounts of Calgon showed that very little of the iron was held in solution as a result of the addition of Calgon.3 A.portion of raw water from a five gallon sample. number 9. showed 7.0 p.p.m. of iron by the Standard Colorimetric Teeth. Similar tests on treated samples showed a like amount, 7.0 p.p.m.. or iron in the unfiltered samples. Portions of the same treated samples which were first filtered and then tested showed a residual iron in solution of from 0.15 p.p.m. to 0.h p.p.m. This indicates very little lseigon Inc.. 0. Rice to Michigan Department of Health. a. J. Faust. Feb. 7. 19h0. See capy p. 18. 2Field Test for Iron as outlined on p. 13 run on Sample #1 to #8. inclusive. 3Table III. Sample #9. p. 21. “Analysis of Water & Sewage. Theroux. Eldridge. & Mallman (1936) Po 25. 12 effect from the addition of Calgon. If Calgon prevents precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts by the method described on.page u. the total hardness. as indicated by the "Soap Method."1 should show a decrease upon addition of threshold amounts of Calgon to the raw water. This was not substantiated by tests on Williamston water as shown in Table II. page 20. The values presented in Table II show no appreciable effect of the addition of Calgon on the total hardness. It may be found necessary to previously treat raw water with lime2 or soda-ash. or soften with seolite. if Galgon is to accomplish a stabilization and hold the Calcium and Mag- nesium in solution. 1National Aluminate Co. Standard Soap Test. gLetter Calgon Inc. to Michigan Department of Health. See Copy. p. 18. 13 Iield Test For Iron (1) Measure out a 100 cc sample of water to be tested and pour same in glass cylinder or Nessler tube. (2) Add 1 cc of dilute hydrochloric acid (1 volume of concen- trated acid to 3 of water) by means of a pipette. (3) Add two drops of the KMnOk solution (6 grams of potassium permanganate to 1 liter of distille water). (h) Allow this to stand for 5 minutes and if color does not per- sist add more KMnOu solution. (5) Add 5 cc of the KCNS solution (2 grams of potassium thiocyap mate in 1 liter of distilled water). (6) Compare the brown color which has formed with standard tubes made up as follows: (6a) Place 100 cc of distilled water in Nessler tube (6h) Add 1 cc of 301 solution (6c) Add 5 cc of KCNS solution (6d) Add 1 cc at a time of the standard iron solution until color of standard is same as sample. 0r prepare a set of standards with various amounts of the standard iron solution. (7) .Calculations. Parts per million iron (Fe) 8 cc of standard iron solution used 1 0.2. NOTE: Standard Iron solution. Dissolve 0.1NO grams of ferrous ammonium sulphate crystals. FeSOu(NH )ZSOH'GHZO’ in about 50 cc of distilled water. add cc concentrated sulphuric acid. Warm this and add KMnOu solution until pink color persists. Dilute to 1 liter. 1h 0 0 P Y MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Lansing, Michigan Ipril 16, 19% Mr. Richard Foster Buildings and Grounds Department Division.#8 Michigan State College East Lansing. Michigan Dear Mr. Foster: As you requested we are sending you herewith cOpies of the following letters received by us: January 2. l9h0 from R. Russell Franklin February 7. 19h0 from Calgon. Inc. March 15. 19h0 from B. Russell franklin This correspondence is in regard to Calgon treatment of the water at Williamston. Yours very truly. MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (Signed) Raymond.J. Faust. Asst. lngr. Bureau of Engineering RJrzrcm 15 COPY INGRAM COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT and MICHIGAN TRAINING CENTER January 12. 1910 I. D. Rich. Director Bureau of Engineering Hichigan Department of Health Lansing. Michigan Dear Col. Rich: The treatment of the Williamston public water supply with Calgon has met with the mild success as is indicated by the data below. The laboratory data shows some reduction in total iron content emressed in terms of Fe 0 . However. the water still contains an excessive amount of iron. is obieétionably hard, and is unsatisfactory to the users. Date of Soap Calgon Treatment Collection Point of Collection [£223 Hardness at time 8.29-39 son 8. Putman 1h.3 Not treating 9-18-39 Direct from well 1.7 1:32 Not treating 10-27-39 801! S. Putman 8.5 6 p.p.m. 10—30-39 80”. S. Putman 1%.} 2 p.p.m. 11-10.39 8014 s. Putman 22.9 1:80 2 p.p.m. 11-1h.39 son 5. Putman 114.3 too 2 p.p.m. 11-20.39 sou s. Putman 7. 500 2 p.p.m. 11-21;.39 302 3. Grand River 2.8 2g 2 p.p.m. 11-30-39 502 E. Grand River k3 2 p.p.m. 11-30.39 60 s. Putman 6.3 h60 2 p.p.m. 12-13-39 733 S. Putman 6.8 6 p.p.m. 12’21-39 620 No Patina}! 1e1 6 pepeme 12-28-39 830 N. Grand River 1.28 6 p.p.m. The records of the city show that between 10-218-39, when treatment was started and 10-28-39. 23.180 gallons of water were used. Treatment dur- ing this period was at the rate of 6 p.p.m. of Calgon. From the 28th of October to December 13. treatment was carried on at 2 p.p.m. and 117,050 gallons of water were used. From December 13 to December 18. treatment was increased and 6 p.p.m. of Calgon and 19.630 gallons of water were used. The hydrants were flushed three times during the period of treatment. once on October 27. once on December 18. and at one other 16 time. the date of which is not available at this time. Treatment is now being carried on at the rate of 6 p.p.m. The above analyses would indicate that it is better to treat this water at the rate of 6 p.p.m.. than at 2 p.p.m. Because of the variation in the chemical analysis and the question as to the actual results being achieved. a brief survey was made on Decem- ber 21 and 22. Twenty-one homes where city water was being used were visited and the owners questioned as to their opinion of the water since treatment. Eleven of these peOple had noticed some improvement in the taste and odor of the water. twelve noticed some slight improvement in the color condition. two peOple felt that there was some improvement in the hardness. while five individuals felt that there was no improvement. Two users felt that the water was now satisfactory. and one individual thought the water was satisfactory. anyway. even before treatment. One person questioned.had a regular zeolite water softener in the home and felt that the undesirable redness in the water increased or decreased in direct preportion to the need regeneration of the softener. Hence. when the water softener was properly used in this home. the water was satisfactory. It would seem from the above that some only slight improvement has been noticed in the water supply. Whether or not there has been sufficient improvement to warrant the continuance of treatment is problematical. In view of the relative low cost of this treatment. it is probably wise to continue it for a few months longer. but certainly not if the treat- ment were expensive. Very truly yours. (Signed) D. Russell franklin. Chief Sanitarian cc: Mr. Harry A. Love Village President Iilliamston. Michigan Mr. Walter A. Zimmer lolverine Engineering Co. Mason. Michigan 17 c o P Y INGRAM COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT and ' MICHIGAN TRAINING CMTER March 15. 19140 Mr. E. D. Rich. Director Bureau of Engineering Michigan Department of Health Lansing. Michigan Dear Col . Rich: Supplementary to nor report of January 2. 1910 on the treatment of the Williamston water supply with Calgon I am filing herewith the addi- tional data. The laboratory samples have shown a considerable variation. and in view of the entire treatment period of four months and the in- formation that we have at hand. it would seem to me that a treatment of this supply with Calgon for the purpose of overcoming the undesirable "red water” is a failure. and I would advise that the treatment be dis- continued. The additional: data follows: Date of Collection Point of Collection 32203 Calgon treatment at time 1-12aho son 3. Putman 18.3 None 1-12bh0 620 N. Putman 1.0 None 1-12-140 830 W. Grand River 5.7 None 1-12-uo 200 3. Grand River 3.u None 2-28-140 725 I. Grand River 21.“ 6 p.p.m. 2-28-ho 801 s. Putman 1h.3 6 p.p.m. 3-11-ho Hydrant vs end of v. Gr. River 17.1 8 p.p.m. 3-11-11-0 118 Riverside 30. 8 p.p.m. 3-11-10 High School 5.7 8 p.p.m. l'Mains flushed on this dw. Sample at hydrant at end of West Grand River taken after flushing. Yours very truly . 1. Russell Franklin Chief Sanitarian (5 igned) cc: Harry A. Love. Village President. Williamston Walter A. Zimmer. lolverine Engineering 00.. Mason 18 COPY CALGON. INC. 300 Rose Street Pittsburgh. Pa. February 7. 19’40 Mr. R. J. Faust. Assistant Engineer Michigan Department of Health Lansing. Michigan Dear Mr. l'aust: Thank you very much for your letter of January 23 enclosing a copy of Mr. Franklin's report on water conditions at Williamston. The data given in Mr. Franklin's report could be interpreted as indicating that the addition of Calgon has deflocculated the iron oxide previously precipitated in the mains and that by the last two weeks of December most of this deposit has been removed. I am a.little bit concerned because the tests made on December 21 and 28 show less iron than was present in the well water on September 18. If we assume that there has not been a decrease in the iron content of the well water. this would mean that some precipitation of iron is still taking place in the mains. I would consider that Threshold Treat- ment was doing a perfect Job if it were holding all the iron in solu- tion and in suspension so that none precipitated in the distribution system. This would mean that all of the water would have a fairly large amount of iron in it. but it would be uniform and no one would get the very large "shots'l of "red water." Of course. this water should be softened with lime if it is ever to be satisfactory but if the addition of Calgon will prevent the de- position of iron in the mains. it will be of some help. I will greatly appreciate receiving a cepy of Mr. Franklin's next report when this is available. Yours very truly. CALGON. INC. (Signed) Owen Rice. Research Engineer 19 .t0\\\\R\ Knox bkkb‘éfiGxOx Ct‘x 0.3%- A (Q‘s-n ohtvw - V 133% - Sex. 0‘: \< n ix} .3? “MW 1 M50 tk bet-:6 t - \0 .txbxxuxxbtkmlkkhx been - hi Kt\bn\t\Q u XQW\\o.u.us\\ I bmfibxewi 1 bohb I KhKerlu I .Sotxxoo 533 - I mixofnetxh when»? K no“ . 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