v — ,__’__ -- ,__——. fl,_ ____—— ’____ __—__— — — #— ___..__ ._—. ‘- __ ——— :_——— . v—‘__ — . _____4— — ________~ ,7 — ’— ’— — ___—__. ’— — ___’—— ___——— _______ — __'__’ f‘ __’ — ’— __'.— ’d — ——_’ ______— d— .F— — f 's A SUGGESTED PLAN FOR IMPROVING ACTIVITIES OF CLUBS IN MILFORD HIGH SCHOOL; MICHIGAN Thmis In the Degree of M. .A MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE VeIda Lt Fowier 1938 .l ,1 . - 2a. .9 h!‘ ’r M‘a :- I 1 3....» it o -‘M. 5 I y. w 4 ,0 . ‘ . 0 N. f . . «an ‘2 w. . o A a. o .. - .. fr .. I a N ’3 ¢ I... LWMMMWGWOICLQBBIH WEIGHSOHOOL, RICHIE! A Thesis Prepared by m LOUISE m as Putin]. Mfilhont or the Roquimonta for the Degree at Int-r or m- HCHIGAH 8M 001m 1938 THESIS m; etudy m coeducted under the direction or Dr. I. 1.. Austin. 115123 um cram Section List or caption...”..................... List of Tables............................ I. Introduction.............................. L. Reed for Study........................ B. consensus or-kpert Opinion........... c. Statusnt 01' Proud.................. 11. conditioning motors in the Clubs of Oakland County............................ A. Anslyeis or Questionnaire Town...” III. Conclusion I A. W of Findings................... B. Suggestive Principles for Club Wnt.................u... 17. List of References........................ V. WfldheoooeeeoeeseeoeeeeeOOOOeooeoeeoeeO 111. Page 1' iv 1‘ 15 15 31 39 48 I. Ina-r 1e Table 1e II. No. V. VII. VIII. mam 8011001 hmlllent of United States 1985-1935. . . . . . LISTOITABLE School mollusnt of United States 19854935. . . . . . . Comparison of Opinions Regarding Purposes of Club. 3‘ m b, In.” Opinion................... Sizes of Oakland County Schools used in My”... Prequency of Clubs in benty-nine High Schools. . . . . Ranking of School Clubs by Superintendents. . . .. . . .. Number of Clubs Penissable i’or hob Student....... Types of Club Lctivities........................... Bases for Club lubed-ship.......................... Grade wership of Clubs.......................... Sex Bombership of Clubs............................ Credit Evaluation of Club worship and Antlfltyu Frequency of Club Meetings......................... fine for Club Meetings..."........................ Places for Holding Club Isstings................... mration of Club Hastings”........................ “mimtim or GlubOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1's Rec 4 16 3835353132388 XVII. XVIII. m1. XXIII. Teacher andSponeor Tenure......................... 8.1.6t10n or club 3901100133......................... the Faculty Status of Club Sponsors................ The Value of Club Reubenhip According to muoraOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.000000000000000. The Objectives of 345 Clubs in Oakland County...... mutations of Clubs as Listed by Sponsors......... Accomplish-eats of Clubs rrm September, 1937 to Jam. 1938......o............................ R 2’7 C lsucmmmmmnovmmrmrmorcmmm mmcnscm.ncmm I. INTRODUCTION In. lead for Study. Social developments are.making demands upon the school to elaborate its program. Probably the three most important functions included in these dannds are a program for the development of leisure interests, a program of character education, and a progran of guidance. From the results of a recent survey made in Oakland County, ‘the importance of the club program.in the developmmnt of all three will be shown. For'years, extra-class activities have been simply spontaneous activities, in.shich pupils indulged at the expense of the regular work of the school. It is the recognized duty. of the school today to enable the pupil to develop the ability to perform worthwhile activities for himself and for his calmnity. The very existence of extra-class activities presents a challenge for the effective administration of thc. It is necessary to use the whole school situation in order to develop traits of character. The writer believes that there is at present a waste of opportunity in the extra-class activity program and that a need exists for a con- structive plan of organization. Parties and other extra-class activities received little encouragement in 1854, Judging from an article on children's parties which appeared in the first edition of the llichigan Journal of Educat ion: (1) 'As it is approaching the season of balls and parties“, the first rule of our institution, which we will explain, is that of not granting young ladies permission, while students to attend either. Our reasons for making this rule are simply as follows: First it tends to dissipate the mind. It cannot be upon balls and parties and the earnest pursuit of knowledge at the same time. Ivan could it, (which is impossible) there is a gap of some one or two days for each party, taken from the short time alloted for a young lady's education.....here are three or four days which, though the body may be present, in the school room, the mind, if not wholly elsewhere, is so distracted, that little is gained by study and no impression is left thereon by instruction.‘ Yet certain features of the club program have been used by some able teachers throughout the centuries. Dewey provided situations in which pupils could work and express the-selves as well as listen. A direct result of both social and economic stress has been an elaboration'of school functions, and the rendering of services along lines tint were of lesser importance in former years. changes in cultural traditions, American individualism, and the demand for an enlightened citizenry tend toward increased enrollments in 1938. The following table and graph, which were taken from the research conducted by the Joint Omission on the Emergency in Education, indicate how pronounced this secondary school influx has been during the past decade. (1) Robbins, Ildon B. I'l'irst Edition of Journal Forecast Professional Mouth," Iichigan Education Journal , Vol. IV. No. 9, larch 1938, Do 326. . Illa. ., 44.. I , .., {.314qu 1925-26 1986-87 1927—26 1928-89 1929-30 1930-31 . 1931-32 1932-33 I 1933-34 Q 1934-35 113.31 (1) sauna. mm 01' UNITE STATES 1925—1935 TOTAL mommm HIGH SCHOOL ENROILMENI' TOMB! memes ITOTALBYDICREASEW THOUSANDS 071:2 1925ch mom 1925 memes BY WITH s! - mums THOUSANDS 24 741 ' I 3 757 24 961 £19 0.9; I 3,634 77 2,54 25 180 439 1. I 3,911 154 4.1g: 26 429 667 2.64 I 4 155 39s 10.61 25 676 936 3.91; I 4 399 642 17.14 26 012 1,270 6.11 I 4 770 1,012 26,5 _ 26 275 1,534 6 -- I 5 140 ___1,363 92:15. 26 556 1,915 7 I 5 556 1 799 47.91 26 722 1,961 9.01 I 6 434 2,677 7% 26 009 ___g,168 e : I 6 719 2,962 79. (1) Joint Omission on the Mergsncy in Education, Iashington, 5.0. October 193‘. De 3e During the ten year period the total enrollment in all of the schools had increased 8.8!, while the high schools during the suns time had experienced an increase of 78.8%. I...) . (Thousands) HBOLIMENT SCHOOL ENROLLHENT OF THE UNITED STIIES 1925 - 1955 Legend D Total enrollment of schools Total High school enrnlIment 30,000 —1‘ ‘__I 25,000 — 20,000 15,000 10,000 28 ST: 8'; 9 8 S 3‘: 23 3 33 I i I I I I I I I I 33 a? 5 £3 8‘: 3 S {8 3 3 as on <5 at 01 01 or at at a: rd .4 .4 F. .4 r4 .4 .4 r1 r4 Concerning the changed intellectual composition of the high school enrollment, Monroe and Usher ‘1’ say: fitted for academic. 'The increase in the number of children entering high school has produced a significant change in the general intelligence of the group. Accurate measures of intelligence of a generation ago are not available, but it is reasonably certain that they represented a select group and hence possessed distinctly higher than general intelligence. As the number entering high school has increased, the average general intelligence of each age group has been lowered because more children of the lower levels of intelligence than of the higher levels have been admitted. The decrease in the average general intelligence is, however, less significant than the increase in the range of intelligence. Instead of having a group which is relatively homogeneous with reference to capacity to learn, we have to deal with pupils ranging from the very bright to the slow and dull.‘ A generation ago, the high school student's aim use to be college entrance, and consequently, his work was purely According to Judd“): 'Schools have named responsibility for many phases of child care and training which were thought to belong to the home. They are training the youth in the preper use of leisure. They are adopting special devices to equip, everyone mom they reach, for success in vocation and participation in conninity activities.“ be increased enrollment, consisting of academic and non-academic pupils, new challenges the school to provide some form of training adapted to their abilities and differences. (l) Home, I.S. and labor, OJ. The High School. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Dam and Co. 1928, p. 442. (2) N“. Charles H. "Education“, Recent Social Trends, New York: lchraw Hill Book 00., 1933. p. 385. 3-6.1}: I I: Ivaev I... alel .. Iln‘. ‘ 6 Ogburneu) .phasizes the importance of the function of the family in the format ion of character: “The family has always been responsible to a large degree for the formation of character. It has furnished social contacts and group life. lith the decline of its institutional functions these personality functions have come to be its most important contribution to society." Thus the school has a two-fold problmn: to develop values and traits essential to successful living, and to correct distorted attitudes of the neglected child. That there is a need for guidance in the school program of todq was clearly shown in the address of Lewis I. Lewes") on em Product of Our Schools as I Find It“. This address, reviewing the history of typical children, was delivered to the 68th Annual Con- vocation of the American Association of School Administrators, at Atlantic City, in Isbruary, 1936. He mantioned limited capacity, home environment, bad companions, need for social education, and inadequate adjustment of the school to the child as the leading causes of de- linquency among youth. He expressed belief that education is not fulfilling its obligation in crime prevention. (1) Ogburne, William T. 'The Family and Its Motions". Recent ' Social Trends. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1933, p. 661. (2) 'Superintendents Display Interest in Delinouenoy". Delinquency laws Letter of Michigan Child Guidance Institute. hrch, 1938. Vol. IV, Pa 6. Dr. 0. R. Yoder,u) Ypsilanti State Hospital, spoke on Intel Hygiene at the conference of county school commissioners at It. Pleasant, August 8, 1938. He outlined three ways in which the schools can help to prevent some of the personality difficulties which my develop into mental diseases. These are: 'Socialization, to help the child become part of the commmity. Extra curricular activities which encourage the development of hobbies, individual interests, or talents are important factors in this program.........Children are imitators. They should be encouraged to become useful citizens rather than to imitate those who seek to weaken or overthrow the community pattern of organization.... .....Stimulate what the child can do well, so that he may develOp a feeling of confidence in his own abilities.” The school can and must take steps to improve student relationships, which will have a good influence on life after school days are over. Club activity can offer an Opportunity for group participation. Each child deserves the Opportunity for activity in a group directed toward attaimnent of socially desirable goals. An attempt will be made in this study to localize the needs of youth through the analysis of existing conditions governing activities in extra-class work. (1) “School Conissioners Hold Annual Conference'. Hews of the Isak, Ilarion H. McClench, Editor. Department of Public Instruction, Lansing, Richigan, Vol. VI. No. '7, August 12. 1938. pa 18. / B. Consensus of Expert Opinion. The purposes and values of clubs are herein reviewed. Due consideration is given to the opinions of experts for a Just evaluation of club conditions as found in the survey. Pulling) divides the values Of clubs into two groups: A. Satisfaction: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Recreation. Opportunity for self-expression. Chance to use creative powers. Satisfaction of the desire for new experiences. 30008111310!” B. Training : 1e 3e 3. 4. 5e 5e Learning through actual practice. DevelOping initiative and self-direction. Developing special abilities. Providing extra work for gifted pupils. Stimulating interest in school work. Handling discipline-nan agent for real salvation. Jordan .,(8) purposes for extra-classrocn activities are stated thus : ‘1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Avails healthful outlet for gregariousness. Brings together like-minded for higher develOpnent of special skills and abilities. Gives Opportunity to develop sane special interest or ability for avocational life. Supplmnents classroom work. Allows better acquaintance with teacher. (1) (2) Pulliam, Roscoe, Extra Instructional Activities of the Teacher. Doubleday Doran and Co. Inc., New York, 1930, p. 221. Jordan, Riverda H. lxtra Classroom Activities. Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1928, p. 187. Joseph Roemeru) Opines the club should provide: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Relaxation. Oppontunity to gratify individual tastes and ambitions. Exercise of special talents and aptitudes. Development of leadership. Grouping of individuals interested in the same activities for entertainment. Reeves and Van Dykem) find that clubs do not have great holding power or avocationel value, and they list the first ten purposes as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. To extend interests. To arouse interests. To lead to use of leisure time. To develop abilities and skills in specific activities. To furnish information in.specif1c fields. To supply training in social usages. To give service to the school. To develop leadership. To extend classroom'work. TO nurture friendships. The aims of extra-curricular activities, as listed by Dew and Bean“) are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. To draw out native capacities and allow these to function at their highest pitch. To turn pupils' energies into useful channels. To afford practice in good citizenship. To provide an outlet for the things he most wants to do. To give practice in assumption of responsibility. To develOp runners and more morals. (l) Roemer, Joseph. (2) (3) “ch ' 1931 0 My Ideal Club. Junior-Senior Clearing House, Reeves and Van Dyke. Non Athletic Extra-Curricular Activities, United States Department of Interior, Office of Education, Bulletin NO. 17, 1932, MonOgraph NO. 26, p. 170. Deam, R. 1!. and Bear, 0. ll. Socializing the Pupil Thru Extra- Curricular Activities. Sanborn and 00., New York, 1928, p. 3. 10 The purposes of clubs are five fold according to McKOwnIl): l. 2. 3. 4. 5. To provide for gregariousness. The widening and deepening of pupil interests. The motivation and enrichment of school work. ‘DevelOpment of‘worthy ideals. lbre complete acquaintanceship of teacher and DUPllfle PretwellIZ) says that pupils should be activated: 1. 2. 3. 4. In addition, he lists 1. 2. 3. 4. Thomas and 1e 3e 3e 9. 5. 50 To learn how to work together. Tb explore new fields of interest. To explore self. To interpret the world. the following purposes of clubs: Gregariousness. Dee of leisure time. ‘Recreation. Training in habits, tastes and emotions. Maya-am 11.1; the 30818 of club activity as: Recreation. Experiment. Thrift. Citizenship. .Aesthetics. Altruism. Kbos‘4) lists the first ten purposes of clubs es: 1e 2e 3. ‘e 5e 5. Social civic training. Socialization. Citizenship training. Social cooperation. Leadership training through actual experience in group life. Improved discipline and school spirit. (1) (2) (3) (4) :uexown, Barry C. SCh001 Clubs. 'lhdllllan COe, 1928, p. 5e Iretwell, Elbert K. 'Extra-Curricular.Activities in the Secondary Schools. p. 270-276. Thmas, Tindal and layers, J. Junior High School Life. I'hdulllfln 00., 1925, p. 17. Rhos, L.‘V. 25th Yearbook, National Society for’Study of Education. Part II, P. 11. 7e 3e 9e 10. 11 Recognition of adolescent nature. Recreational training. Health. Training for ethical living. Extra-class and intramural activities, according to Roberts, (1) should: 1. 2. ,a 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8'.’ 9. 10. ll. 12. Murray's“) 1. 2. 3. 4.- 5. 5. Create and foster new interests. Train pupils to do better what they would do anyway. Provide the vents essential for normal exuberances of youth. Deve10p spontaneity and quickness. Make good citizenship habitual. Tie up classroom and outside world. Adjust the school to individual differences. Open new fields-"thereby securing longer attendance and better social and ethical gains. Satisfy gregariousness. Develop leadership. Counteract undesirable activities. Give practice in followership. program of extra-class activities is: To capitalize the imitative impulse. To organize and direct and apply the educational forces of the school in all children's lives. To capitalize gregariousness. To motivate and enrich school work. To develop worthy ideals of service. To develop closer acquaintance between teacher and pupil. Meyer‘s) finds club purposes directly attached to the seven Objectives of secondary education, namely: 1. 3e 3e 4e _ Health. Command of fundamental processes. Iorthy home mmbership. Vocation. (1) Roberts, A. C. Draper, B. M. Extra Class‘and Intramural Activities in High Schools. Heath and Co., Rew York, 1928, p. 2'78. (2) Hurray, Rffingham C. A. Pregram of Extra-Curricular Activities, Junior-Senior Clearing House, January 1930, p. 2'70. (3) layer, Harold D. Handbook of Extra-Curricular Activities, A. 8. hrned and CO., New York, 1926, p. 33. 5e 5. 7. 12 Citizenship. Herthy use of leisure time. Ethical character. He then justifies clubs according to modern psychology as being: 1. 3. 3. ‘e 5e Purposeful. Close to life. 'Providing activity. ‘Allowing for individual differences. Providing for gregariousnese. For tbpurpose of comparison, the reasons given for the existence of clubs, as stated in the foregoing quotations, are now listed in stle II, page 13. Each.reason stated for the existence of clubs is followed by the number of authorities stating it as such. 13 TABLEII OCHPARISON (F OPINIONS REGARDING PUTG’OSEB 0F (LUBS A8 SHOJN BY EXPERT OPINION REASON run EXISTENCE 01' NUMBER OF AUTEDRITIES CLUB AS STATED BY mmrs LISTIm THIS REASON n.1— , Sociabilitz 11 Mel talents and individual differences 14 flier“ ion * 11 Recreation H O Schoolwork Citizenship Ideals-aesthetics _——;_ Teachemil relationship Leadershi . Coopgration Discipline and school spirit Social 2353s ‘ Iortg home membershiL , Giving of information Reggnsibilitr galoret ion of self ‘ Vocational Intmretation of the world Thrift Haslth HfiHHHHHHt-Iwuuueeouczo. Seven ob actives of Education 14 C. Statement of Problem.and Delimitation. The delimitation of the term.extra-class is based on the 1 three types studied by Gallagher.‘ ) Three types of extra-class activities are: l. FPupil participation in government, including homeurooms, class organizations, student councils, and all the organizations of whatever name, that participate in the government of the life of the school. ’ 2. All activities that can wholly, or in a large part, grow out of the curriculumuwork of the school, such as the majority of the school clubs. 3. Supplementary school agencies such as the Junior Red Cross, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and Camp Fire Girls.“ For the purpose of this study, consideration is given only to the second and third types listed above. While the first type is a.matter of administrative expediency and importance, the second and third types are of a fundamental educative importance. This study consists of an analysis of the club activities in the high schools of Oakland County, Michigan. The aim is the improve- ment of club activities by means of the evaluation of the county's club organizations and activities as a basis for the establishment of a sound policy and plan for'improvement. 'While the plan of improvement is primarily for the clubs of the Hulford High School, it will have mneh.to contribute to the general needs of all high school clubs. Oakland County is located in the south-eastern part of Iflichigan. Twenty-nine schools of the county are represented in this (l) Gallagher, 0. 0., "Evaluation of“Extra-Curriculum Activities" Department of Superintendence of N.E.A. 6th Yearbook, 1928. p. 232. 15 study. A survey of enrollments shows a total of 705 teachers, 21,823 students and 261 clubs in the twenty-nine schools. Each school has a letter of the alphabet substituted for its legal name, in order to conceal the identity of the school or club sponsor. Each club in the educational program was studied by a casparison of its features with the same features in other clubs. Such conquerisons served to set likenesses and differences in clear perspec- tive. Such canparisons were considered as worthwhile bases for any needed reorganization of said features. The findings of the information obtained from the two questionnaire fame are presented by means of tables. II. Conditioning l‘actors in Clubs of Oakland County. A. Analysis of Questionnaire Poms. Data for this analysis were gathered from questionnaire foms, which were sent to the superintendent and club sponsors of each high school in Oakland county. Questionnaire forms were sent in October, 1937 to thirty-three high schools. From this source, a list was compiled of the active clubs and sponsors in each school system. Each club sponsor was sent a questionnaire form in January, 1938. The completed questionnaire form presented conditions existing in the particular club program between September, 1937 and January, 1938. (Copies of the two questionnaire form appear in the appendix.) This County survey has been used in the formulation of a plan for improvement of the activities of clubs in the Iilford High School. 16 TABLE III SIZEOIOAEANDCOUNTYSCHOMBUSDINSUMY NUMBEROF EROF NUMBEBW um 1058 860 297 6 6 henty-nine schools of Oakland County were used in this study. There were 705 teachers in the schools. A total of 21,823 students attended the schools. There were 261 clubs functioning in the twenty-nine schools. Sixteen sponsors failed to return the completed questionnaire forms. This study analyzed 245 clubs, which had a mmbership of 4,927 students. 17 TAEEE IV IREQUENCY’OF CLUBS IN TWENTYBNINE HIGHISCEDQLS OF CEUB ' Recreation Cir Scouts ts s' eation u ism u Music ub Economics u ience Club Club re Gir serves t u -Y’ u 4-H ‘u t S Dramatics u craft Clu culture ub Grade Club Commercial 0 u Twentybfour'types of clubs were represented in the twenty— nine‘ schools of Oakland County. The range of frequency was from one to twenty-four clubs. 18 newness: cohocHoaoo one: n commas annao as 955 93353.84 on» ceases €003 0303353950 :4 .8323 Hoomoa .323 H: essences: «and» age» on». coax a 3.8.30.5 oaoaeuaeauo 05 3 oesopmHHo .Ho .oononoCSaH as 0032:. masoceoaazomefi A3 gagmhmggomhogg Pg .m condos new: on. 62.333396 .3 918.230: 6983280 one: H @333 3.9.8 CC 00 m 0H _ 00H new _ uHupoe 1 0.00H H _H sham. p.00 0. 0.0.0 H IIM 320 , 0.3 a 0.0m m 0&0 e Ii“ a 0“ DH H 0.3 H «J: n h s . 338.3 ‘mq00H 0 0 V pesnoHeaum 0.00 H 040m H _ m 0 138500 0.8 n 0.8 m 98 n _ 0H ,_ waHm 0.3 n — «dew 0H .. 0H . .303... how _ 0.8 s «.00 a HH _ .HnHu 0.: s8 , 0.8 n 0.2. 0H . 8 _ 3:08 H20 «.me n 0.0n 0 0 HH 1 nosaouom HnHa 0.2. m 0.2. 0 .0 0 H m... , 0.8 H. 0.00 n 0.3 H _!I. a8? n.00 e b.0H m 0.0» 0 . NH . ooaoHom 0.00H H l H l oHeem 0.3 m 0.? 0 _ m , Hammoponm _ ..0H m _ @200 H ,%U 325 0&00H 0H 13 a €38.38 5: m _ «.0 H 0.2. 0 U «H h 3888.... 28m . . 0.0H H 0.00 0 1 0H _ umeanon_ H.Hm 0 U 0.3 m «.8 0H m 0H .aoHpaoaoom .aHaHo _ b.0H . n6 m n.m « s60 0H . em M 8383& .930 «.3 n “.3 m 4.69 e H mm“? 0.03 n m _ .2393 850 850 Emma 830 $30. tillml 3.02 8.02 8.02 a .. 3.0.. .3. mp8 .8 a 05.49» “H280 02 a 82¢ a g H g Ema—EH 1 g E 550 0% H492. 18' One-hundred and sixtybsix clubs were considered important by the superintendents,‘while an indifference was shown to nineteen clubs. The superintendents wished the abandonment of the Boye' Recreation Club, which had the highest frequency in the twenty-nine schools. No choice was given for fifty-eight clubs. The five clubs, which were ranked important by all superintendents, were the Agriculture Club, Journalism club, Radio Club, Handicraft Club and Thrift Club. 19 TABLEVI NUWER 0F CLUE massm FOR EACH STUDENT W NUMBER NUMBER momma: . ‘LQLQUE or sonooxs 1 2 8.15% 3.; ° 9 any 3 3 12.51 4 a 8.3% Unlimited 8 3:33:35 1V0 schools permitted a student to have an active membership in one club. Eight schools had no limit for the maxim number of clubs in which a student might hold an active membership at one particular time. TABLEV'II TYPES 01" 01.113 ACTIVITIE TYPE 0! NUMBER PERM“ ACTIVITY OF CLUBS F’— Business Meetings 116 29.7% Social Meetings 101 25.8% Educational Trips 61 15.6% Comunitl Services 55 14,91 ‘ School Services 58 14.81 One hundred and sixteen clubs listed business meetings as a type of activity. One hundred and one clubs listed social meetings. Sixty-one clubs took educational trips between September, 1937, and January, 1938. TABLBVIII BASBMCLUBMEMBERSHIP ms 01' NUMBER PER- BASIS OF CLUE CENTAGE Academic qualification 35 22.3% Tryout 35 22.3% Neither 87 55.4 A tryout or an academic qualification was required by thirty-five clubs. Eighty-seven clubs indicated neither qualification was necessary for club membership. TABLE II GRADE MEMBESHIP OF CLUBS W- M OF MEMBERS OF CLUBS CENTACE Elementary students 54 31.8fi 1_E_i_§i_1_school students 109 64.1% PDst-gaduates r 7 4.1% Elementary pupils were members of. 54 clubs. Members of 109 clubs were high school students. Seven clubs enrolled post- graduate students. TABLE! mmorcxms W W OF CLUBS 0F CLUE mm Boys only 49 51.256 Girls only 51 32.5% Both boys and iirls 5'7 36.31; Fifty-seven clubs enrolled both boys and girls as members. Forty-nine clubs had their membership limited to boys only. Fifty-one clubs had girls only as members. mu CREDIT EVALUATION OF CIUB MEMBERSHIP AND ACTIVITY GRADUATION CREDIT mm m- ' EARNED BY 03' 01.11% CENTAGE Club membership 16 10.2fi Club participation 21 13.45_ Neither 120 76:4é . Credit is earned for graduation by club membership or club participation in 37 clubs. The members of the remaining 120 clubs earned no graduation credit by means of club membership or club act ivity. 11311111 mammcs My {HEBREW 03‘ CLUBS my}... . Inn; 97 59. , j many; as 13.92 , .W 11 7.9L 1 Occasigg_a_1g _ 6 4.4L, Ieekly meetings were held by 69.” or the clubs. Bi-weekly meetings were held by 18.6fi of the clubs. TABLE XIII rm FOR CLUB W —_- mm or mums mum rm- 1 or CLUB cm "Dari! school hours 12.0} mes- : _: 3.111... Lifter school hours w 80 55.! , titty-six percent or the clubs held meetings after school hours; forty-two percent of the clubs met during school hours. Two Percent of the clubs met at noon. mm mammanommccwsmrxms HAG! or MEETINGS sum PE!!- or CLUBS W At school . 133 933§ I At home 9 6.31 , fleetings were held at the school by 133 clubs. ”t in “Be Nine clubs TAKEN DURATION OF CLUB MEETING-S ‘ LENGTH OF CLUB WING NUMBER OF CLUBS litteen minutes fl 1 Thirty minutes 10 ‘ Forty-five minutes 31 Sixty minutes 43 One and a half hours 24 'No hours 14 gogger than two hours 1 The length of club meeting ranged from fifteen minutes to rare than two hours. The majority or the clubs met between the limits of forty-five and ninety-minutes. TABLEXVI CONSTITUTI CNS OF CLUE “ PERMTAGE YES NO Club has constitution in use 42.7 57.3 Club mbership is limited 34.1 65.9 P—* Club activities are evaluated by point system 29.3 70,7 Presence of sponsor required at all activities 85.8 14.2 Club manbers must pay dues 58.2 41.8 Club requires scholastic eligibility 13.8 86.2 flembershij is voluntary 100.0 0.0 Club has definite time allotment 47.7 52.3 No constitution was used in 57% of the clubs. The size of club membership was limited in 34.1% of the clubs. A common feature of all the club systems was the Opportunity for a student to elect membership. No system of point evaluation for club manbership and club activity was used in 70.7% of the clubs. Sponsors were required to attend all activities of the club in 85.8% of the clubs. Dues were paid in 41.8% of the clubs. A definite time allotment was part of the school program in 52.3% of the schools. WWII TEACHER AND SPONSCR TENURE m summon mm sponsors 1 4 25 2 7 as 3 15 1e 4 11 1o 5 9 6 5 s 7 7 1o 6 s a 5_____ 9 s o 10 7 9 11-15 23 7 16-20 5 2 7 o Average 3 years The teaching experience of sponsors ranged between one and thirty-five years. The number of years of experience in sponsor- ’hil’ ranged between one and twenty years. TABLEIXFIII SELECTION OF CLUB SPONSORS IETHCD CF SELECTION BLthe Principal 51 By the Superintendent 43 By the Students 19 Self Appointment 80 Sponsorship was chosen voluntarily by eighty sponsors. One hundred-and-one sponsors were chosen by the principal or superintendent of the school. Students chose the sponsor for each of nineteen clubs. TABLEXII THE FACULTY STATUS OF CLUB SPOIBORS 1 mm germ High school teachers 92 65.2% Grade school teachers 34 24.1% Non-faculty members 15 ' 10.6% The list of club sponsors included ninety-two high school ‘teachers, thirty-four grade school teachers, and fifteen non- faculty members. TABLEIXI THE VALUE OF CLUB MEMBERSHIP ‘ACCCRDING'TO SPONSORS NO. OF VALUE TIMES LISTED Civic 73 Mbral 76 Social 111 _lnte11ectua1 84 Vbcstional 61 Physical 50 Influence on personality traits 110 Influence on scholarship <_p4l Influence on school management 28 _gpfluence on social development 98 Influence on use of leisure 164 Each sponsor was asked to list the values of the club to its particular*members. Mbre than one hundred sponsors checked social value, influence on personality traits, and influence on use of leisure as distinctly beneficial to their particular club members. TABLE'XXI THE OBJECTIVES OF 245 CLUBS IN OAKLAND COUNTY ' OBJECTIVE 61-61263 1 ‘ No. or SPONSORS LISTING OBJECTIVE Tb improve guality_of citizenship 30 To develop the ability apprOpriate to the activity of the club 28 To give social and physical benefits according to the cluLprogram 28 Tb-be of service to the school and community 26 To broaden the use of subject matter 25 To provide opportunity for creative activity and self-expression 18 To promote greater health efficiency 16 To create interest in subject matter fields 13 ,JEP foster cOOperative activity 11 To develop the ability to think 7 To encouraggyworthy friendships 4 To provide more life-like activity in school 3 To become familiar with parliamentary laws and usages 1 To encourage_good spgrtsmanshipi 1 To make achievement an end in itself and not a means for an award____ 1 To increase horizon of exploratory activities 1 ‘_29 broaden interests 1 To promote school spirit 1 To create, maintain and extend throughout the school and community high standards of Christian character 1 To serve as an outlet for artistic and mechanical impulses l 29 TABLE m1 LIMITATIONS OF CLUBS AS LISTED BY SPONSORS M NO. OF SPONSORS LIMITATION LISTING LIMITATION _hgk of time 28 Flick of money 13 Lack of suitable meeting place 10 Too wide a range of eggs in goup 8 Members associated with too manLactivities 8 Lack of materials 8 .. Too large membership_ 7 _§ponsor lacks knowledge of club fundamentals I 6 Lack of interest and responsibility of members _inplenning club activities 3 Too much time required for club activity 3 Reed of standard of qualifications for membership 2 lore interest shown in social activities than in school and conmunity service 1 Lack of cohesive organization 1 _I__ng_efinite aims of club 1 } Discgpline problem 1 ‘; Lack of a definite progam . 1 L Tendency of sponsors to neglect their functionéL l Opportunity was available for sponsors of clubs to list limitations of their particular club. The most frequently mentioned limitation was ”lack of time". TABLE XXIII Accamxsmmnrs or CLUBS mum smmm, 1937 T0 JANUARY, 1938. Wa‘==================================================$===============s ACCOMPLISWTS FREWCY School services 21 Projects 14 Community services 10 Educational trips yy 8 Social activities 7 Increased membership 5 +Emprovement of health 5 Development of abilities and interests in icular club program. 7 1 Detailed study of currentyproblems 4 Sponsors listed the above items as accomplishments of their particular club. The three most frequently mentioned accomplishments were school services, projects, and community services. III. CONCLUSION. 31 A. Summary of Findings. 1. Objectives of the clubs of Oakland County high schools, as listed by the sponsors were: as b. d. f. 8e 'h. i. J. k. 1. m. no Os To develop the skill and ability appropriate to the activity of each particular club; To give social and physical benefits according to the particular club program; To encourage the worthy use of leisure time; To be of service to the school and community; To broaden the use and application of subject matter; To aid in the improvement of character building; To provide Opportunity for creative activity and self-expression; To promote greater health efficiency through activities; To create interest in subject matter fields; To foster c00perative activity; To improve the quality and understanding of citizenship; To develop the ability to think; To stimulate leadership; To encourage worthy friendships; To provide more life-like activity in the schools. 2. Twenty-four kinds of clubs were active in the twenty- 32 nine high schools of Oakland County. The total number of clubs was 261. This was an average of nine clubs per school. 3. Each and every school allowed its students Oppor- tunity for club membership. 4. Feurteen percent of the schools barred failing students from.club activity. Eightybsix percent of the schools made no scholastic requirement for club membership. 5. Thirty-eight percent of the schools limited club membership to two clubs for any particular student. Thirty-three percent of the schools had no limit on the number of clubs to which a student might belong. Eight sponsors listed "too many student activities” as a shortcoming for their club. 6. Sixty-two clubs had a definite time allotment in the school program for club meetings. Sixty-eight clubs had no time allotted. 7. Forty percent of the clubs were closely associated with a school subject. 8. Fifty-seven percent of the clubs had no written constitution in use. a 9. Fifty-eight percent of the club members paid dues. Lack of money was stressed by thirteen sponsors as a weakness in their organizations. 10. Findings concerning teacher and sponsor tenure showed that more young teachers served in the capacity of club sponsors than the teachers with longer teaching experience. 11. Fifty-one club sponsors were chosen by high school 33 principals. Superintendents chose forty-three sponsors. Eighty sponsors selected their own club. Students made the choice in nineteen clubs. Six sponsors listed their inadequate knowledge of fundamentals as a handicap for efficient club guidance. 12. High school teachers were represented in 65.2% of all the club sponsors. There were 24.1% of the sponsors who were grade school teachers. The non-faculty members compose 10.8% of the total, and consisted of mothers, ministers, and a Parent-Teacher Association's president. 13. Sponsor attendance was required for all activities in 85.9% of the clubs. 14. The clubs were divided almost equally in memberships: for boys (31.2%); for girls (32.5%); and for both boys and girls (36.3%). 15. Thirty-two percent of the clubs included elementary pupils in their club memberships. H1gh school students conmosed the mqnbership of 64.1% of the clubs. Provision was made for the post- graduate student in 4.1% of the clubs. 16. An academic qualification or a tryout was required for membership in 44.6% of the clubs. 17. Credit was earned for high school graduation in 23.6% of the clubs. A point system was used for the evaluation of club activity in 29.3% of the clubs. Two sponsors stated that the need existed for school credit and activity credit to govern club activities. 18. The size of the membership in a club was not limited in 65.9% of the clubs. Seven sponsors expressed the need for curbing the size of clubs. 19. Business and social meetings were the major types of club meetings. Sixty-one clubs had taken educational trips between September, 1937, and January, 1938. 20. The values of clubs to their members were listed by the sponsors as: social, intellectual, moral, civic, vocational and physical. Sponsors indicated that clubs have an influence on choice of activity during leisure time, personal traits, social development, scholarship, and school management. B. Suggestive Principles for Club anmvanent. There were eight organized clubs in operation in Milford High School during the fall of 1937 when the survey was made in Oakland County. The list of clubs included the Camera Club, Home Econmics Club, Agriculture Club, Dramatic Club, Journalism Club, Ilusic Club, Art Club, and Science Club. Students were permitted to elect club membership. All clubs were without a scholastic requirement for club membership, although failing students were not encouraged in club activity. The system for club meetings during the school day limited membership to one club. All of the clubs were closely assoc- iated with a school subject. No dues were paid, and little effort was spent in the raising of money. All club sponsors were selected by the Superintendent for club guidance and direction. This was justified by the school executive because it was an impossibility for him to attend all meetings at the same time, and he reserved the right to select his 35 own representative to each club. Sponsor attendance was required in all club activities. There was no limit to the number of members in a club. All members worked under a point system, and competed for a money award offered to the outstandingly active boy and girl in each class and club. With the above characteristics in.mind, principles are now presented for improvement of the club program. It 1:111 be the policy of the Milford High School to provide opportunities for the pupils to develop leadership, social poise, and a better spirit of cooperation and friendship through a unified club program.of school activities. Justification of club_program; Clubs are helpful in the development of natural creative powers of boys and girls; they are a desirable form of student activity. Clubs should offer an Oppor- tunity for the practice of worthy and reasonable ideals, and be a direct result of the attempt of educators to bring the informal activities of the playground and street into closer c00peration with the formal classroom.work, as a means of enriching the regular curriculums. .An objective of the Milford school is to teach intelligent leadership and fellowship, and through the club program, an excellent opportunity is available for the accomplishment of both. The club program must be built on the basis of "learn and do". The develgpment of new clubs: In keeping with modern tendencies and democratic ideals, clubs should have their beginning 36 in the interests of the students. The interests and abilities of teachers must not be overlooked in the formation of a new club, because a qualified sponsor is essential for the success of the organization. Selection of a club sponsor: .A teacher, who is sensitive to the aims of education, will be able to provide for the varied interests of the students within a particular club. The sponsor must possess a genuine interest in students and in the particular club. Genuine interest accompanies self-initiated activity based on the realization of a need or a desire. Knowledge of how to work with indirect and suggestive methods is as essential as knowledge of the basic fundamentals of the club. The sponsor of the club must have such cultural background and growing interests as to be a contagious example of the objective to be accomplished by the club manbers. Mbmbership of club: A.pupil who has a special interest in a particular club, and.who can fulfill entrance requirements of the club, is entitled to membership. Incentives for membership should be interest and fellowship, rather than grades and authority. Finances of Club: There will be no club dues. All clubs will cOOperate in each plan to raise club money. Each club will receive in remuneration an amount equal to its preportionate share of time for effort worked in relation to the entire time involved, the amount determined through administration by high school auditor. Basic fundmmentals: The best and wisest use of leisure is.based on cultural develOpment. Interwoven with all sepects of life should be the enrichment of day by day living. In such growth 37 each person should be stimulated to become increasingly self-directing. and capable through new relationships and understanding of good living. Purposeful activity must be included in the club program if sound permanent results are to be secured. Club benefits: Each club should add a distinct value to the school and community. It should aid materially in new and better relationships between teacher and pupil. It should provide oppor- tunity for exploration. The club should provide the students with useful and desirable activities for their leisure time. It should provide training in group life by a type of club program in which the student is conscious of being a definite part. Training in giving of service to others, an opportunity for fixing skills and attitudes discovered in the classroom, and the discovery of new interests are all possible through wide and numerous contacts in club activities. Club objectives should be: 1. To create in each student an interest in some form.of recreation or leisure activity which will be useful in later life; 2. To develop desirable habits of citizenship by planning and working together; 3. To serve as an agency through which interests may be stressed for their educational value. Educational tripp: .All clubs shall be entitled to a reasonable number of trips to places of interest related to that club. Transportation shall be provided by the school for other than social trips. Meetings: It shall be the duty of the superintendent to provide a suitable time and place for the club meetings. 38 IV. 39 LIST OF WCES. Averill, Forrest G. Something New in High School Clubs, The High School Teacher, November, 1930 Borgeson, P. C. Group—Interest Activities, Vol. 2, A. S. Barnes at 00., New York, 1931 Brooks, Robert P. The School Club Develops-Creative Power, Department of Elementary School Principals, 9th Yearbook, N.E.A., 1930 Busch, Henry Miller Leadership in Group Work, Association Press, 1934 Chapin and Menus Extra-Curricular Activities at University of Minnesota, 1929 Coyle, Grace 1.. Studies in Group Behavior, Harpers, 1937 Crowley, James A. The Socialization of the School Pragram, Educational Method, January, 1930 Denninger, T. F. The Importance of Clubs in nurse-Curricular Activities, High School Teacher, Vol. 8, June, 1932 Ellwood, Robert S. High School Clubs, High School Teacher, January, 1932 Englehardt, Fred mblic School Organization and Administration, Ginn at 00., Boston, 1931 Fratwell, E. K. Extra-Curricular Activities in Secondary Schools, 1931 Gallagher, 0. C. Report on Evaluation of Extra-Curriculmn Activities, Sixth Yearbook, Dept. of Supt. of N.E.A., 1928 Johnston, 1!. G. Point Systems and Awards, A. S. Barnes at 00., New York, 1932 Jones, Galen Extra-Curricular Activities in Relation to the Curriculum, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Celumbia University, New York City, 1935 ' Jordan, Riverda H. Extra-Classroom Activities in Elementary and Secondary Schools, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York 4O Kitson, Barry D. Cmmercial Education in Secondary Schools, Ginn at 00., Boston, 1929 Koos, Leonard V. The Questionnaire in Education, MacMillan Co., 1928 MoKown, Barry 0. School Clubs, Machiillan 00., New York, 1929 Meyer, Harold D. The School Club Program, A. S. Barnes 81: Co., New York, 1931 lbyer, Harold D. School Clubs, A. S. Barnes at C0., New York, 1931 Hillard, Cecil Y. Organization and Administration of Extra- Curricular Activities, Millard, 1930 Norris, Forbes H. Clubs Enrich the Curriculmn, Department of momentary Principals, Ninth Yearbook, N.E.A.. 1930 Prunty, Merle Sane and Systematic Direction of Extra- Curricular Activities, 6th Yearbook, National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1922 Reeves, 1'. C., and VanDyke, G. E. Non-Athletic htrs- Curricular Activities, U. S. Department of Interior, Bulletin 1932, No. 17, Washington, 1920 Research Bulletin of the N.E.A., Volume 8, January, 1930 Reamer and Allen Readings in Extra-Curricular Activities, Johnson Publ. Co., New York Rohrbach, Q. A. W. Now-Athletic Student Activities in Seconhry Russell, R. D. That Benefits Do Pupils Derive From School Clubs? Nations Schools, Vol. 7, March, 1931 Sixth Yearbook, National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1922 ' . Slavson, S. R. Creative Group Education, Association Prass, 1937 Stark, Saidee E. Student Club Program, Journal of Home Economics, March, 1928 Stone, Halter L. A Group Leader's Manual, Informal Education Service, Iashington, D. 0., 1934 41 alanson, A. M. The Effect on High School Scholarship of Pupil Participation in Extra-Curricular Activities, School Review, Vol. 32 Terry, Paul I. Supervising hue-Curricular Activities, MoGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1930 Thrasher, Frederick M. How to Study the Boys' Gang in the Open, Journal of Educational Sociology, January, 1928 Thrasher, Frederick H. Social Background and School Problems, Journal or Educational Sociology, November, 1937 'I'Irenty-firth Yearbook of National Society fer Study of Education, Part II, 1926 U. S. mreau of Educational Research, hehington, D. C. Ioody, 0., and Chappelle, E. H. Pupil Participation in the analler High Schools of Michigan, 25th Yearbook, National Society for Study of Education, 1926 42 V} APPENDIX. Milford, Michigan October 25, 1937 S‘lpt. _. School , Michigan Dear Supt. : The growing desire for improvement of club activities, exclusive of intramural and interscholastic athletics, has resulted in an attempt to analyze the school clubs of Oakland County. In order to reveal the sources for this analysis, names of clubs and their sponsors are necessary. 'Ibuld you please check on the enclosed list the name of -each club and its sponsor in your school for the current year? If there are clubs not listed, please add their .names with names of the sponsors. If convenient, please return the enclosed form on or before November 6, 1937.(/Shou1d you wish to receive a summary of the findings in this analysis, make the necessary indication. .All information received will be treated impersonally and the identity of the school will not be revealed. Yours very truly, Velda L. Fowler Hulford High School Milford, Michigan 43 Hulford, Michigan Nevember 6, 1937 Supt. , Euchigan Dear There is a need for certain facts to assist in the establishment of a sound policy and plan for improvement of club activities, exclusive of intramural and inter- .scholastic athletics, in the rural high schools of today. This second letter is being sent to you with the hope that you will return the enclosed form at your earliest convenience. In order to give a true presentation of student activities, it is essential that all high school clubs of Oakland County be analyzed. .Any cooperation in this analysis will be appreciated. .All information received will be treated in an impersonal manner, with no reference to the identity of the school or the faculty. Yburs very truly, Velda L. Fowler Milford High School Milford, Michigan Dear Club Sponsor: The growing desire for improvement of club activities exclusive of intramural and inter- echolastic athletics, has resulted in an attempt to analyze the school clubs of Oakland County. The fact that you are a club sponsor, as indicated by your Superintendent, is significant of your interest. Would you please check the enclosed form for your particular club activities dating September 1937 to January 1938? If convenient, please return the enclosed check list on or before February 15, 1938. Should you wish to receive a summary of the findings in this analysis, make the necessary indication. All information received will be treated impersonally and the identity of the club sponsor will not be revealed. YOurs very truly, Velda L. Fowl er Milford High School Names and Sponsors of Clubs Name of school Address of school Number of teachers Number of students I. Check answer which is true for clubs in your school system: Are students required to belong to clubs? No ‘Yes Are failing students barred from.club activity? No ‘Yes What is maximum.nwmber of clubs a student may participate in each semester? One ; two ; three ; four ; or 11. Check kinds of clubs organized in your school and give names of sponsors. Check as NO. 1, those clubs you consider the most important in your school; NO. 2, those to which you are indifferent; and Nb. 8, those you would like to see abandoned. ‘Add names of clubs not listed. Club Sponsor micUIDUre socceeeeeoeceecoooeeoeo.e ”13.00000000000000-0.0000000000000000 Boys' Recreation clUbeeoeeoeeeceeeeeo __ Girls' Recreation Club............... ____Debating............-................. _ Home 300110111103er00.0000000000000000. ___Journalism........................... ”131600000000000000000000...00000000. PhotOgraphy.......................... RadioOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO... H N a H N 03 3... N 01 F'h‘ tote Citi (0 01 F‘P‘ ”I GI have N's (ALB H N 01 5..- N (A Science.............................. g... N 01 Stamp................................ 4-H Club............................. Girl Reserves........................ Girl Scouts.......................... cm Fire Girls...................... Boy Scouts........................... m-Yeecoeeeeooeeeeoeoooeceeeceeeeeeoe N U k‘F‘ no :9 g... ”N 5.. (ROI H N U N G N 01 N ()1 N (:1 0.0000000000000000... I l i N a N U N O) N 03 P'P‘P‘h‘h‘h‘k‘r‘h‘h‘ to cs [0 03 46 Check List for Cluprctivities from.September 1937 to January 1938 I. Fill in blanks with information true for the school and the club: Name of School Address of School Name of Sponsor Official Position Sponsor's teaching experience ears. Experience as Sponsor (No.5 No. years. Name of Club Length of club.meetings are: Since September 1937, educational trips have been made by club. (N00; The purpose (objectives) of this club are: 1. 2. 3. II. Check statement which is true for this club: 1. Members 31.60.00.00000000000000Birla only.................... boys Only..................... bOth girls and b0ys........... 2. Members are.....'..............elementary Studentseeoeeeoeoee high school students.......... post-graduate students........ 3. Club sponsor is...............an elementary teacher......... a high 8611001 teacher. 0.00000 0 01' as O 4. Club meetings are held........week1y........................ bi-Veekly..................... monthly....................... occasionally.................. 5. Club meets....................during school hours........... at n00ns...................... after school hours............ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. l4. 15. 16. 17. 18. 47 Club meetings are held at......school....................... at homeOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO or .0. For club membership there is required......o................8.n BCBdGmlc qualifications... atryOUtooeeeeeeoeeeeeoecocoo Credit is given for graduation for............................Clnb membership.............. club participation........... Club sponsor is chosen by......students..................... principal.................... superintendent............... Sponsor VOIUfltarilye o o e e e e e e 0 Club has influence on..........personal traits.............. scholarship.................. BChOOl management............ 80018.1 deve10pment........... use of leisure time.......... Club activities consist of.....business meetings............ social meetings.............. educational trips............ community activity........... value or Club to members 18000.01V1cceeeseoeceases.esoeoeoee moral........................ social....................... intelleCtualooooeoeeeeeocceeo vocational................... physical..................... or case There is a limit to number of members per semester...Yes N0.— Club has written constitution in use.................YEB NO.__ School pregram.has definite time allotment for 01‘”) meetings”......................................YeB NOD—- ‘A point system.is used to evaluate club activity.....Yes No.__ Club members pay duesooeooooooooeooooooeeoeeeeooeoeooyes Noe— Club sponsor is required to attend all club 80t1V1tiesocooeeeoeeeeeoeeeeeoe.eoeeooeeeee0.0..oocooYes Noe— . e . . . V D I d 4 III. A brief answer will suffice: 19. The shortcomings (or limitations) of this club are: 20. The accomplishments since September 1915'? are: Remarks 3 48 .' t ‘ ‘: O ‘ g?! H . '1' I. ll?“ .1 1.. M h 0". R." 1M 14 ’50 a \4 '3’; A {have (’é’ss om»: . 1.? MO ‘3 I.....JR.LO1Q.T~.¥« : - \ - I... 71)}..9h10" - Ml HIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIB C RARIES 3 1293 03056 6198