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THE EFFECT OF WHEAT Gin??? OIL
ON ATHLETIC PERPOREANCE

b!

Loon nor-an Fox

An Abltruot or 3 Tuna:-
Bébllttod’tb the School of l6uont1on or liohdcin
stat. whiter-18y or Agricultnro and.App110d 1
Science in pun-m ruminant or m f
} Vanquironantn for tho Basra. of

Master of Arts

- Dopariunnt or noalth, Physical Education

and anorection for Man

1961

Leon Norman Fox
1
emnt 3; 17113 E’ro‘olrm:

This oxnorlmont was designed to determine the effects,
if any, of a daily oral sup loment of wheat germ oil on athletic
performance. ~The effect of wheat germ oil upon selected tests
of corfiiao function woo also studied.

m £2; Eli Stub-32':

There is at present a w deeproad.bolier that physical
performance can be imorovod by the use or special fooa'
couplemonta. whore real deficiencies exist there is little
question that physical oerformenoe is hindered; the real
problem is what can be done by dietrry measures to improve
the perto nonoe or persons who are not clearly unsorted or
malnourished. Hony conches and athletes seem to think thrt
wheat germ is such on energy food. Rtudioo throughout the
world are being confiuotea to determine whothor or not whoot‘
gorm enables the body to build an glycogen (Muscle fuel)
reserve. The concrete roots which own he adauood are few,
the rolevént literature 19 voluminous, but frequently unsat-
isfactory. The many ouestiono that con be raised to wheat
germ indicate tho need for a great amount of :ork to be dine
in the area.
ggtgooa £131. Egogequre:

Twenty-two sobjeota, ell untrained college freshmen

volunteered for the experiment. Of those twenty-two subjects.

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clcvsn formed the experimental group and received the wheat
germ capsule, while the remaining eleven subjects received
the placebo (blank) capsule. Half mile run scores were used
to pair the subjects. Each week throughout the seven week!
experimental period the subjects were tested for their best
time in the half mile run. Electrocardiogremo were taken on
each subject at the beginning and end of the seven weeks
experimental period. The analysis of variance was employed
to statistically analyze the data collected on the half mil.
run. The "t' test was emoloyed to analyze the electrocardioc
gram data.
gonclugiong:

1. No significant differences were found in the half
mile run times of tho two groups.

2. In analyzing the electrocardiogram data the only
significant differences were found when comparing the vectors
of the two grouoc.

3. Both groups showed a significant drop in pulse

rate and it was concluded to be due to conditioning.

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THE EFFECT OF HHEAT QLIA OIL

ON ATHLFTIC PEPFORMAECE

4,

by

Leon Norman Fox

A Theeie H p

Submitted to th School of Education of Ficn-ron

State Unive re ity of Agriculture and.Applied
Science in Pertial Fulfillment of the
_Requirements for the Degree of

reeter_of Arte

Department of Health, Physical Educetion a .

and Recreation for Hen ,
1961 . a . , .

CHAPTER

I. IN TRCDCCTIGN. . 0

TABLE 0?

Purpose of the Study. . .

Statement of the Froblem.

Limitations
Definitions

?laceb0 o o ;

Group A 5 . .
Groun B . . .

Lead One. . .

Lead TWO. ; ;‘

Heart Rats..;

Vector. . . .

Length of Impulse

'9' Wave. 0 o

"T" Wave. 0 o

Ir.n~l

in.” WSIVEo O O O

flpal‘

II. REVII4 CF 13; L11 'ERATU? E;

Vitfmin E o o o

L
O

of the Study.

of Terms Used

CUETifiTS

'QT‘ and “gas" Intervals;

Chemical and physical prepcrtiss.

Source and requirementa .

Wheat Germ Oil.

2
.

As an energnnic aid .

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CHADTER

"As a Source of Vitamin E.

Laditional ergozenio aids of wheat germ

oil other than Vitamin E.

Effects of wheat Germ Oil on

the Electrocarfiiogrnm

Summary . . . . . o . .

III. NETHCDOLGGY . . . . . . .
Exnerimentnl Design . .
Training Program. . . .

Half Mile Run . . . . .
Controls . ... . . . .
Variable . . . . . . .
Electrocsrdioqrem . . .
Organization and Analysis

IV. PS'T-ULTS Nil) DISCUH‘EICN. .
Analysis of Data of the
Analysis of Data of the

Discussion of the Results .

1&1! Elle Run 0 o o o

Electrocardiogram . .

I O 4. I O O

. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. o . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . o o . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Half Mile Run . .
Electrocardiagram
. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .
. o . . . . . . .
(c: ""‘~"‘~"II""I:.‘-3. .

C HAP'I‘ RR

Reactmendatinna

BIBLIOGRJ‘A‘p'rY. o o 0 o 0

Apt:

'. r.
‘45

DIX. O O 0 O O O O

LIST OF TAB LES

TABLE PAGE
1. Running weekly loan Scores

for Groups A and B . . . . .-. . . . . . . . .. 37

II. Analysis of Variance - Group A (7 Runs) . . . . . 39

III. Analysis of Various. - Group B (7 Runs) . . . . . no

IV. knalysia of Variance - Group “A“ vs. Group “B“ . #1

V. 't' Values of ECG Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . an

VI. Weekly H51: Mile Recordings 0 o o o c o o o o o 0 b6

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGUIES PAGE
1. Running Weekly Mean Scores for Groups A and B. . . 39
II. Electrocardiogrrm Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
III. Direction of the Electrical Axis of the V
Heart as Determined by the Human

EIGCtrOOBrdiogramo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 59

CHAPTER I
I BITE-102330 TI WE

..—Wog_§ 33 “E. 1. There is at present a. wide.
Iprehd blliif that phyliohl performance can be improved by

batta- dicts‘imd tho-"nu 0141390191 foods and food conun-
tntoa. where real deficiencies exist there is littlc
question that physical performance is hindered: 2210' 2.11 __
problem in what oafi‘bo‘ done by notary honour“ to inpron
tho parrot-man“ or person- who no not oIme‘undorfld or
ulnouriohod. The concrete facts which can be adduced are
row, the relevant literaturo‘in voluminous, but frequently
“saturate". ~01: tho other hand. coat of the «mat
”magma: claim: for tax-ion: dictary maaupes' have some
ml or‘anppododrtheoréiioal halite} ”

tho provision at rcod tor'fiho-aupport or physioul work
in obvicucly primarily!” than pal-pout“ implying fuel to
tho working maul“. inc hon-rum? tho kind one. relative
amounts of foods supplied. mu an important different is
basic to all theories About diet ‘and muscular. perfomonoe.3

lAncol'Xeyo, ‘Phyaioal Performance in Relations to
Diot,‘ Federation Proceeding-c, Vol. 2, p. 154, 39:31:. 1943.

4'?Ibifi. ”n. 165

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In wheat germ oil an.energy (code-that is, does it
[Itq;enethlete more power and endurance? New concepts in
physical training and coaching methods include adding Wheat
derivatives to the athlete-L apt for endurance. The-
tthlctio journals and coaches magazines are including wheat
germ in their advertisementsifi Coaches across our continent
are spending huge sums of money on wheat germ_in various.
forms.

Are these coaches right, or wrong? Are they spending
money needlessly? ‘1: they are right in their thinking,
shouldn't all athletes take advantage or this newiround
wonder fuel?

"Many ooachee~end athletes gees #9 think that wheat
germ is such an energy food, and studies throughout the world
ere‘being conductcu to determine whether or not wheat geruwoil
enables the body to bulld;up.glyccgen (Insole fuel) reserve.

"Meanwhile, many athletes-Who've made wheat germ oil?

a daily diet additive have turned in “spectacular performances,
especially in truck eni.tield, and swimming"?

In recent years greet advancements have contributed
each to our knowledge of the nutritional needs or our‘bcdy.
Medical reseerchers are interested in all the claims made

about Vitamin E. wheat germ oil is considered one of the

3Thomas I. Gureton. “mat ebcut Wheat Germ, " SCHOLBI-IM‘
Coach. Novembtr 1959, p. 2hr.

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richest sources of clnhawtcconhorol, one or vitamin L's
moat active'compoundc.“ .

Therefore; if wheat germ oil docs build up muscle fuel
in the bofiy,-it coulq be the Vitcmin 8 content thnt deeervee
the credit, or roseibly wheat germ oil contains afifiitional
cryogenic ciao to performance.

The idea that underlies all athletic training is thét
inorcnead muscular efficiency, cardiac or skeletal, or both
can be achieved through training. After suitable exercises
muscles hypertrophy contract more powerfully nnu rapinly,
ani reaperation and circulation are improved. It follows
therefore that the muscles used for average activity poeaesa
unused reaervee thnt can be crllea on in one. or emergency.'
These some nechnnieme must operate in e bnormnl mueolee, in
muscles weakened by aiseoee, which often noeeesa uneuapeotea
reserves too. A drug x‘ich 1&“POV88 the efficiency Of a
diseased muscle may not have mgoh to offer so called normal
heart or skeletal muscle. But what holpe the no col nuacle
muct benefit the aubnornal.5-

To the average doctor by increasing the muscular

efficiency of c normrl man to make him a champion athlete is

 

T —h

ATE anyc10ficdin Americana, Vol. 33, £noricnn Corwora-
tion, new York, Chicago nna washington, n. 5&3. -

( q "I H T1" ,. _ _ 9 I? ‘1 .
)Tgo nuinary, ”noitorinl-Ihe StPUf”Llng nonrt," vol. 8,
by the Ehute Foundation for Modionl flesccrch, London & Canaan,

p. 23.

 

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not very important. But to do as much for a aémagcd heart
muscle has created a lot or inter:st among -modioal man.6

Han; men in the field of vittmin research fool thr.t we
are lacking Vitsmin E in our diets. fine of the things thct
hos hold bcoh rroofn tion'or Vitamin E fiefioiency in mvn is
the airfio ulty in or; 134m mg quantitative ch.:oios1 mothocs to
the anal§sis of tissues or tissue fluid. There are several
mothofis available which are relicbly accurate when saplicd
to cure p.0tgrct gas, but difficulties arise from interfering

ulstcnce hen the same methods are used with blood tissues

or complex fool stuffs.‘ Kuoh wOrh nseds to be done in this
fiolE,-b but unt 11 such accurate biochrmical me hoda have been
developed and beoocc clinically cycliccblc, one cannot cxpcot
our knowledge of vita :nin neflclchoy in hum as to ac YOPG then
inforentihl. Tanrcfore, until such biochemical methods are
doveloood, studies are needed to make our inferences as
reliable as possible.7

The mahy questions that can be raiscfi to whoat g€rm
indicate the coed for & grest amount of work to he done in
the area and the author only hopes to be able to contribute

somethin3 to the broaa picturc

Statemcnt‘ggw the nroblrm. This experiment was designed

to fleturmlne the effects, if any, or a o:.115 oral suafi: cment

5Ihifi., p. 23.

7xlvin V. Poonenheimer, Cn Cortrin Assoc t3 of Sits in‘g
‘chicicnox. Chfirlcs C. Thomas ruulisher, 19~o, 3h '27

 

 

 

 

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“action" you “Lon ctnctic'pcrrcrnnc’c." no crtcct ct
vino. COI- cdl-npod Iclcctcd tcctc of cardicc function wcc
clcc ctudicd.

Wet... thes m.

. 1. Ac in moot cxperime nta l ctudies,_therc i. the 1
human clencnt to concidcr in thic study. Even though tho
tocting wac corricd on in as ccientific a nanncr cc possiblc,
'nulcn follability can never be complctcly eliminated tron
any human effort.'8l
2. Tho length of the experiIentnl poriod cnd tho

nuubcr or cubjco c reprcccnt other possible linitationc. ~

‘ L Tnc inability to completely control tho dict and .
Icnncr or living of the subjects is anothcr ccriouc limitation.
Nonc of thcir cctivitiea were controlled other thon tho cctunl

training program. . , . , | 3 A”
, b. Tinc limitations hindered the ctudy in many recpcctc,

cxpcciclly in not being able to put the oubjccts through c ,.

good conditioning progrcm before pairing than or? into grcnpc.
‘ 5. the nail amount or daily do... by .’...i cub)”; ic?

another limitation. However. it was felt by tho cathor that“

 

8Steering Committee or the Research Section and tho
Iocccrch council or the Research Scction of tho AIOrIOAI"
.Accociation for Hoalth,?hysioa1 Education and Rccrcction,
. - 0d Agglied to Health, szcica; cationm
« - -1 Revised edition; Washington: Amer can Ascco ”$3-
on or_4cclth, Physical Education and Rccrccticn, 1958).’:

p. 302.

  

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fbnr consoles would be about the limit that an athlete..
would tchegin_onejdny;.r.
 4 bEFIEIii;NS CF Tahoe teen

flecghg.. A placebo was a blank oeosulc which lockc'
Oxachly like a reel wheat germ pill, only it was cOnposed
or gelatin‘inetecfl of wheat gcrm oil.

gzggg.'gf. Refers to the experimental groun eunolied
with wheat germ oil caoeulce."

$33253 f1“. Refers to the control grouo eupolied with
placeboa.

L3§3,Qgg, This shows the electrical activity of the»-
heart with the leads connected to the left arm and the right
arm.

Lagg_zgg,' This shows the electrical activity of the
heart with the leade;connectedjto the right urn end the left
leg, (or c point at the pubis).

Egggg,figtg;. The heart rate was determined by counting
the number of complete cycles for six seconds, (each second
is marked at the bottom of the ECG) and multiblying the total
by ten. This gave the heert rate prior to exorcise. The
came method was emhloyed to grin the heart rate after exer-
cising, exocnt thrt the cycles were counted for thirty seconds
and maltioliod by tuo.

Vec’gg’g. This refers to the direction of the electrical

W

axle for leads one end tirec using the R and a wave: of each.

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The Einthoven method used here is shown in the Aonendix.

Length 311132311g. This 31Ves the electrical potential
of the'hcnrt and was ésined by measuring the length or the
arrow on the-electrical axis.

i'fgfilflézg; This were occurs during the depolarization
of the auricléli 'Thc amplitude of the 'P' wave was measured
to thelneeriit .l‘mm.

“J ‘1' m. Thie wave occurs during the recolorisstion
or the ;entriciec."The amplitude of the 'T' wave was measured
to the niarest”.l mm.

"flggif‘flgzg.?fiihisewsve occurs during the'deoolorizction
or the Ventricieei firhe measurement was obtained by measuring
the emoiitudc ck the ‘Q' and '3' wave and subtracting their
total from the emniitudc'of the 'R' wave. This measurement
has also $8 the hearts; .1 mm.

Lbs-"Eu—Jfl' £29,, 'gifi' Entervsls. The intervals or the
gran indicate_the amount of time the electrical current takes
to pass i'ro; “on.” towthe right side of the heart he were

also measured to the nearest .1 mm.

ii—
L
VF: 71—7—

‘:f i4.ccmplcte ECG cycle is shown in the Appendix.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATUEE

‘The fuel.supply of all bodily energy is obtained
from the food we eat. huscles.cbtein their energy or motion
from the combustion of substances supplied by the food.
Specific dieting is a problem in any form of athletic train~
ing.'9-

Is wheat germ 011 an energy food-thst is, does it give
an athlete more power and endurance? Research in physical
fitness hes included many studies to investigate food supple~
cents in an effort to increase physical cerrormsnce. Long
documents on this line of research have been published by
such men as Hellebrendt and Karpovich,10 Kerpovich,11

Henschel.1? and Keye.13

______ ____.__A_ _-_A..

fi

's - 9G. E; Dupein, I'Specif‘ic Diets and Athletic Per-
tormence,; fiesegrgg Quarterly, Vol. 10, 33. 33-40 (Decem-
bPl‘ 1939s -

. 10F.‘A. Hellebrendt and P. v. Kernovich,“Fitneee,
Fatigue and Recupsreticn,“flar Fed cine, Vol. 1, pp. 7h5~76?,
(Hovenber 19fll.)

11?. V. Kerpovich, 'Ergcgenic Aids in Work e Snort."

ucc emen thjQQ‘iesee ch C erterl*, Vol. 12, 3b. #33-h50,
“a, 9 '10 _

1ZAustin Henschel. “Vitamins and Physical Performence,‘

*P. igggnsl ~n e (Minneapolis) Vol. 63 pm. 355-357.
'tovomber 9 3. . '

~ 13Ansel Keys. “Physical Performence in Relation to
Dizt.; ede e on ggpceedinfig, Vol. 2, no. 164-187 (September
19 3.

      

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9
The subject of Vitamin E deficiency is rather scentily_,
treated in.current textbooks on pathology. Our knowledge of
Vitamin E dates back to 1923, when Evans and Bishop showed
that wheat germ oil contains a factor necessary for the
successful completion of pregnancy in female rats, and for the
preservation of spermatogenesie in the mele.1h
Vitamin E is synthesized solely in plants, so theta
it is found mainly in plant products, concentrated in the
seeds. There are several recognised forms of Vitamin E,
but one, elphn-tccopherol, is the most active compound.
The richest sources of this vitamin are the vegetable oils,
such.as wheat germ oil, cottonseed oil. peanut oil,_and soya
been oil. Host green leafy vegetables, such as lettuce, are
good sources. Host animal products are poor sources. ,Bince.
Viter sin 8 is so widespread, some workers believe it is.'
unlikely that any animal or human diet will be lacking in
this factor.15
” There are many men in the field of vitamin research
who strongly diSngree 91th the theory thet Vitamin E defici-
ency is rare. inst the sverege Americen oiet is often in- L

adequate in avzilable Vitamin s hes been  clesrly demonstreted

‘ a.

res—arr

1%.}1. Evans and K. S. Biehon, w 2; gietgbo;ig

15The En ngxclooedie émericerie, Vol. 28, Ame-ricen
Corporation, New York, Chice.go, end a'eshington, p. 1508.

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Vic
by‘cnrefui calcuihticnc 0! Such can no flirrio, Hickman. Jansen
nnd Snico.1‘ ' '

Hicknnn'répcrtc that'thc cvcrcge American inductricli

, ‘3

tartar 3000 Iron 10 to 90 pcr'cont of his daily roquiromentc
of tccophcroic. He goes on and explains that thin dcficicncy
in furthcr ngrarntca'by large intakes of milk, butter, chit.
‘rcdd and root vogntcblcc, a! well an of rancid and uncut-;'s
hinted fatt.17
Ingol in naiiuna round closely comparable figures for;
Yitahin B in Butch dicta, both during and since World Hhr 11.13
V A bhyciologicnl action of Vitamin E is concerned with
firorcnting mulculnr weakness in young animals. Vitamin E in
an untioridnnt‘nndi in such, helps to preserve the readily
oxidizefi Vitamin A, And to increase its biological activity.19
' -For . nulbcr or yccrc interest was focused on; (1) Th.
affect! 6: Vitamin E on reproduction, (2) Its occurrence in
plant and animal-ticauoc, and (3) Its chemical constitution,

I‘P. L. Harris, K. C. Hickman, J. L. Jensen and T. O.'
8919-. wwnw b 0 Min. V01~ 36. p- 155. 19%-

_17K. 0. D. Hickman, letter, Lance}, Vol. 1, p. 652, 1948.

180. Engel, Pro cedinga Secong International Congogeggg
a m,fi, New York, l§179.

19gollie§i Enc§clo§§§&g, Vol. 19 1955 P. F. Collier-
und Son Gorncrn- on, cw or , p. 279. ' .

 

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identification, and eynthosie.30 Only reoently has the
interest focused on its relation to physical performance.

Tho leader in this country in attempting to show that
ghett.germ oil in an onergenio eid_to men trying to improve
their phyaiaal fitness is Thomas Cureton of the University of
Illinois. Curetcn has sponsored several studies on the
subject and Itetoa'thnt 'Repotitivo stud 198 at the University
of.1111noio=phyaical fitness research laboratory indicate
that wiweat germ or its dc. rivetive, wheat.germ oil, aide those
who consume it under prepor conditions and over a long enough
tin. to enable the body to build up its glycogen (muscle
fuel) reserve.'31

Th! tirat of a long series of experiments at the
Universiil of Illinoio was in l9h9, and the results are
given in a thesis by Killiom A.Ferr. Three eub«groupa of
young pon'living in a fraternity house were tested, matched,
and.then ted over 9 period of twelve weeks. One group took
I‘doilrudooogo of wheat germ oil centulee; another group
took lynthetio Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol acetnte) capsulatcd
in corn oil and calculated to bolanoe the Vitamin E in tho

whoa: germ oil: and the third group took placebos containing

. . 1*
A. .4. ._ #A—L

~01lein M. xow“‘r.ti"”r, _j Co~*“‘“ c";‘cct3 cf
Eigemin E Defiioiengx, Chz.rles C. ihomas Eucliaher, 9&8,
up. 3- H .

Zlfhoues K. Cureton, "whet About wheat Germ,”

ficholeeglg Coach Kovembor 1959, p. at.

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identification* and eyntheaie.309,0nly recantiy has the.
interest focused on its relation to physical performance.

The leader-in this oountrs.in attempting t9 show_that
whaat germ oil-i; an energen1¢:aid to men trying to improve
thnir physio&1.ritnosa is Thomas Curaton of thw University of
Illinois. Gureton has enonaorad several studies on the
(abject and states that “zepotitive atufi leg at the University
of Illinois physical fitness research laboratory indicate
that wheat germ or its derivative; wheat germ 011,.aidg ghoqo
who consume it under Draper conditions an& over a long enough
tin. to enable the body to build up its glycogen (muscle
fuel} reserve.'31

Tht flrafi of a lung sexies_of ezyerimants at tha
Univoraity of Illinois was 1n,l999, ané the results are
given in a-theli:.by willihqu.Farr. _Three sub-grouga or
young man living 1n(a fraternity house vars fiestea, matched,
and then fed over a periofl at twelve weeks. One group toek
I:dailypdonago ot.vhaat germ oil cauaulee; another group
took synthetic Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol acetate) capsulatcd
ih-oorn 011 and.¢alculated to balance the Vitamin E invth.

whoa: germ oil: and the thin& group-took plaqebos containing

an

L—L A ##-

2C‘lvin M Ponw‘cn (imar 1 C9“+cm p I=rect3 cf
I ix. IL. 9”. 4-9
Visvmih“ a gagioiencz, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, T_L8,

up. 3-.

2" - ZlThones K. Curetcn,.“ Phst About P'heat Germ,"
ficholassi goach, n ovember 1959 p. 24.

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cottonseed oil. :Non‘ of the boys knew exactly what they
into taking. '

“Th§ Toyota of the wheat germ oil groan increased
twice on mudh-oa in the cottonseed oil group, while no
pocititi offoct‘voé“notiood in the synthetic Vitamin E
groan. Visual reaction time was improVed four times as much
in the wheat germ-oil and cottonseed oil grooms than in tho“
iynthctié‘Vitanin E groan.22

l twinning group composed of three sub-grouse of nine
:33 each was simultaneously studied and thorc wore no diff~
OrvnOQI toufid‘betwhcn'tho wheat germ oil and the cotton seed
oil groupa.23

Two years later, 1950-51, another cxoerimont was con-
duntod undcf'curoton‘o guidance. A total of nine cubjootc
val uaedr nix oxoerimcntsl and three control subjects. The
six orpcrificntal subjects were trained hard for twelve weeks
until they worn no longer improving, or had reached a plateau
on tare. tht6] the all out bicycle rice, the brechial pulco
tare.teat and tho Schneider Test. For the next six weeks
these six exocrimentcl subjecta were fed wheat germ oil in
the cannula form, and then were rc-testcd. The three control

subjects did not take the intensive 'thysicsl conditioning program.

——-— w...

zzwilliam A. Farr, “The Effects of Wheat Germ Oil and
Vitamin E on Phycionl Fitness, M. S. Thesis, Physical can-
notion, Univcrcity of Illinoic,1950, p. 92.

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On_tho all out.bioyolo ergocotor test the experimenq
tol groeol‘ initial riding time: averaged 247.8 Icoonao,i
introvedmto-309.2 oooondn over the trelve weeks or here
training; doting rhioh time a definite plateau was reached.-
lnd than improved to 365.3 seconds during the six weeks that
wheat-gore oil was rod.

'; tho control activate scores worn 165.6 second: on the
initial teat, 136.8 Iooondo at the end or twolvo,woegghung«
172.84by the and.or tho entire eighteen weeko.o Tho control 4
oumjootl_ioproved Junt.3.74§ from the first to the last
tootl, VhOPOlI tho onperimentel subjects on the training
program improved 24.35 during the twelve preliminary weeks
at training. and In additional 22.65 during the final at: ,
recto when the oanOotc wero.fcd wheat germ 011.34

In tho.other two categories of the experiment, the
Schneider Tent indgtho'rewave of the ECG conducted.by
White and Susie vary similar results for wheat germ oil were
shown on the naive standardized cardiovascular teata.25! 26

Li ._ A... 1—1.;

1-” p.2“31111an A. Smiley, “Variations on a Bicycle Erger

meter Test with.Altitude, Training, and e Dietery Suenlement,'

I. S. Thesis. Phyiioal Education, University of Illinois,
1951' p0 910

25o. H. White, "The Effect of Th3eic 1 Training and
a Dietrr3 Suoplement on the fichneioer In.dex, “ Ef. fr. iheeie,
Phyaic:1 hencetion, University of Illinois, 1951, p. 96.

Eéstevo Susie, "The Effects of Training and e Dieters
Supplement on the T-Wevo of the ECG, ' ti. 3. Thesis, Physical
Education, University of Illinois, 1953 , p. 53.

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Careton'o experiments did actuator here. Encouraged
by the findinga.intthe eorlier experiments, he went ahead
and conducted experiments with athletic teams. Earx studied
the effect of a dietary of Wheat germ oil on vareit: swimmers.
Be.matchod two groups or soren me: each. one ted.rhoat germ
oil tnd thooother.cotton§eed 011.”_Thc Wheat germ all group
raiaod their basic metabolio.rate lb.5fi while the cottonseed
011.3rouo significantly reduced the basal~metaholio rate-by
1h.5%.. In tho 100 yard drop off test for swimming endurance,
the wheat germ oil group gained 5.15} compared to a 1033 of
1.635 by tho cottonseed oil grouo.37

A similar study was run by Vohaaka with varsity wres-
tlers in three grados. The con trol group, received neither
n'dietary odoolement nor training; the second group was fed
wheat germ oil daily for four rocks; and the third group
was fed synthetic Vitamin B in cottonseed oil. Bath experi-
mental groups were pre~trained tor.aix weeks to eliminate
effects of physical training. thilo ‘he results weren't
strongly in favor of wheat germ 011, they weren‘t against it
either; Both.tho wheat germ oil group and the cottonseed
011 group iaproved more than the control group without-

supplement or training. They were tested in the following -

 

~7Elzer I. Einrx. 'The L5, feet of a Dietsry Supplement
on Varsitz Swimmera,‘ urbana, h. S. Thesis, Physical BC uoation,
195‘) U. 0. ' '

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outngories;~{l)53hneider Test; (2) all out treadmill run;
(3)_broathholding tout: (b) oarfiiovaacular tests; (5) the .
heartogrsph. ‘

.“ The about germ Oil group improved 23.6% in tbs five
minute atop teat ccmnarod to.thn oottonaeed oil groups
IBOEI of 21.05'3nd tbs 1633'01 2.83fi‘ror the Eontrola. .In
tho all out treadmill run tbs whoa: germ oil group gained
6.12%. which.was lower thou tho cottonseed oil group gain
of.25.25%, but much.highef.thon tho loss of 25.73; Ehown by
the oontroia.i In the breathhoiding test-tho wheat grrm.
oil group gained 68.xiiythe cottonseed group 75.5; nno the
controls a negative 5#.9§.i In the composité score Emitem
cardiQVaaoular toot, the gaina.were 18.Q¢Iror the wheat gorm
oil. 66.qz for tho oottonsaed:oil. CGBDCFGQ to a-negativo
19.6%; for the oontrolo. 13 the heartogrofih,'tho gains were
alightl:_in rover of the wheat germ oil with a gain or 10.07;,
the cottonseed 011.9.67fi, and tho controls had a 1036 of
12.3§§.E:.€

In these studios an athletic teams, cureton reasoned

that cannot tiva'ratigua dovologod in some of the men on
both_the swimming anfi wrestling tarma which tended to depress

the results and minimize the changes. He therefore concluded

 

gaflllliam J. VOhPSfifi, "The Effectg of Kheat Garn 011
on the Cardiovascular Fitness of'Vareity Wreatlora, N. S.
Thoféo, Ehsaionl Education, Univeroity of Illinois, 1952,
3o '3' .g '

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thin thcic types of competitiva sports are not very suit“
abil‘to now she affects of a dietary supplement. However;
in unite “the" difficulties. the the“ sermon was
[might to be helpful.”

No other nudist performed at the University a: _
Illinoil in 1952 failed to support tbs than: germ to any.
great exten$.' Arter. conducted 1n .xperinnnt using three
group: ofiduit m,‘hoping that when gem would. have an
orttot on thpirrphy-ioal fitnean.; Group A consisted.of nine
Cabinets who tout cannula-.oontaining sap wheat germ oil
find participated ‘ia Variantphynieal “thin”. Group B
also con-intedJGIVnino subjects, who in.additioa to their
training activities took capsules containing cottonseed oil
with equivalent amounts at Vitamin E as contained. in thu-
‘thut germ oil uapsniee. 2h. third group. consisting.af
firs subjects carved.ua a control group. They diéinot
participate in a training program; and took no diotm~
nupnlbmant.i Ot‘the_fitteen tout itels, thn;oxporimnntai.
group pradunedsignifioant changes in five. From thn statis-
tical analysis all of the significant changes were attributed
[to gaining Ixoepting tine measuras composed wholly or in
part 91f ‘fisénij'raaotiéh fiat." mm réaotion timé is the

.

,‘ .i29ThonAn X. Curaton and Richard H. Pahnaorf, ”In,“
121mm“ of when Germ 01]. a9 g Dietary Suvplement in a .
Program ot-Gonditioning Exercises with Middle Aged Subjects,“
WW. December 1955. p. 393-

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i?
only Variable haVing significant gains which appear to be
due to the feééing of tho Wheat gorm 011.3D

Th6 name year, Constantino conducted a study very
simila; to Armer'l. The purnose of this study was to in-
Veltigato the Offoots of physical training and wheat germ
oil on the cardioVaaoular oystem as measured by the heart-
Ogrinh.? Bil conclusions were that ten weeks of physical
‘éaining Iignifioantly improved the brachial pulse wavo to
tho peak of performance, but an additional six weeks of
physical triining plus a dietary samplement did not ginni-
fienntly afloat tho braohial pulse W&V9031 -

In l953 Curaton conauoted a staff experiment an a
folloo‘uo to the preliminary exnoriments carried on by his
graduate students. The problem in thin exnorinant was to
determino whether wheat germ oil, adminiatored as a dietary
supplilent for oirht weeks in oonnootion with a course in
physioal conditioning JOUld significantly differentiato the
experimental wheat germ oil  group from anofihor untchod group

on oouai size and canal calorie content placebos of devitom-

 

in“ ‘I‘Vha a C“ F"

“aoElden Wayne Armor, “an Experimental Study of the
Efreota of Training and Dicta.ry supplement on Motor Fitness
rests Items or Adult Mon,‘ Urbano: M. S. Thesis, Physioal -
Education. Uniroroity of Illinois, l953, p. 59.

31Henry Franklin Constantino, "Tho Effects of Train-
in; with a Dioto.ry Sunalement on the Heartogrrnh 82 Ground
Level and Altitude,” Urbo na: M. 8. Thesis, Pl'ls-sicol Educa-
tion, University of Illinois, 1953, p. 76.

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110d land, with both groups taking the same program of
exerciae.. Th0 subjects were adult men, 26-60 years of ego,
mainly sedentary, volunteers from the non-physical education
staff.32

The tests used were: (1) All—out treadmill run;
(2) Braohiel rulec wave; (3) Illinois Vertical jump reaction
time test; (9) The T-Wave of the ECG; (5) Standing systolic
blood pressure; (6) Schneider test; {7) Easel metabolic
rate.33

The following summer of 1953 the same program was

’2
run, only this time the groups were reversed./“

“The preliminary studies as well as the staff
experiment of 1953 and the reversal experiment of 1954
all showed some advantage for euoolementary feedings of
wheat germ oil administered during or immediately follow-
ing physical conditioning periods of conditioning exer-
cises end swimming in an outdoor pool with weter tempera-

‘ turn 79-760F. The group results Show significant
advantage for the experimental subjects who took wheat
, crm oil over those who did not in both perforeencc
will power dominated) tests and in naive (non-will
power) tests. The physiological advantage is shown in
terms or running endurance in all out treadmill rune,
Tetove or the ECG, lower systolic blood pressure, the
Schneider Index and the Illinois total body reaction ~
time test in response to light, sound, and combined

signele.'35

.‘.- .. I

 

32Thomee K. Cureton, ”Influence of Wheat Germ Oil
as e Dietary Supplement in a Program of Cnnditioning Exercises
‘with Middle Aged Subjecte,‘ University of Illinois, Urbana
Illinois, ficgeoggg Quarterlz, December 1955. p. 391.

33Ibid;, p. 39b.

3“:bid.. p. 398.

35zh1e.. p. 391.

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Oureton‘e latest and most complete study concerning
wheat germ was conducted in 1959. The problem here was
whether dietary supplements to the normsl diet 9111 affect
young boys vfio is. under stress in a strenuous chysicsl
education program.‘ In this exreriment, 60 boys were used,
and they sore solit into four groups. Group one was fed
inset gets cereal; Groun two, wheat germ 011; Group three,
wheat germ crystals: and Group tour took cottonseed oil
placeboa.35‘“

The groups were tested on the following items:
(1)‘600 yard run: (2) Schneider test: (3) Amolitude or the
brlchisl pulse wave; (h) area of the brsohisl pulse wave;
(5) Change in pulse rate from lying to standing; (6) Change
in pulse pressure: (7) Pulse rate recuperation: (8) Terminal
pulse rste after 5 minute step test; (9) All out treadmill
run.37'h
‘ ~ , The overall results indicate a trend of advantage
for thewheet germ cereal type or supolementstion, but all

thrOQ groups of wheat germ totaled a better final score

 

—fi— TV w—w—v fif'. fir

.. 35mg... 1:). 391.

36Thomns K. Cureton and F. B. Roby, “Physicsl Fitness
Improvements Mode by Four Hatched Grouos of Boys in the
University of Illinois Soorts Fitness School on Different
Dietary Supplements,‘ Preosrod for the Research Section,
Mid-west Convention, A.A.H.P.E.& R., Indisnooolis, Indiana,
April 1959, p. l

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thsn did tho shuto- or ssttonsssd oil. The stsndsrs
ssorss won as follows: Hhsst tors osrssl had an overall
(sis of 3.25 Bred Crystals or shut gas- oil 2.0b s. 8.;
M sor- oil had s standard score or 1.30: and the cotton-
seed oil group s low or 0.49 S. 8.38 Those difrsrensos

m not ststistuslly significant but tho trends srsj
thought to be helpful.

In dismissing tho results of this study Gus-«ton.1
Ionian s trsnsisnt type or fatigul which «mo arise-in
pulse sites, am in Schneider Index. and s at» in tho
saplituds sad srss of tho hrsshisl pulss ms. as goes on
and stutos:

“Wu ovcr sad shove the rum «flats

are due to ritnsss sufficient to resist the tstigus.

agifitzvaflgznbzotgfitm.2&9'upnlmt‘. (attest

1 Dr. Shuts, hssd of the Shuts Foundation for Medics).
Rssssroh in Csnsds has Issac great claims for the offset or
Vituin E on our daily. lives. Ks states that our shrugs
intake or slphs tooophsrol is Only 10 ngm. per day, whoa it
should be st lust 3 to 12 times as much. He goes on now.
over, and condemns the ass or wheat germ oil as a good '

.om. of Vitamin E. ms. hss long been s belief amongst
Veterinarians and others that wheat germ oil was a good

“A u

38mg” p. 6’
‘_ 39M.. p. 11-

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21
ooureo 05Vitamin E. Shuto claims this is grossly inacoureta.
89 indicates in his writings that so; a'bcan oil or cotton:
soot oil, :oonut_oil snd'cvo 11 margarine have as much right
no #h at germ oil to be.1abelled Vitamin S.k9

Cureton answers Bhutea criticism of tho use of wheat

 

germ oil so a dietary supplenent in a rogort in the
Journo g:_?§Yqio;g;1’on the effect of wheat germ oil on&
Vitamin E on normal homo n oubjoota in physioo.l tre ining
programo.*1 Ac cording to this report wheat germ 011 contains
sdditiom 1 or3033nio aids other than Vitamin E. Thin is
partially confirmod in terms of oviAonoo which shows higher
relative metabolism, higher caraiovascular condition and
bettor endurance work “Pr"orn {1065 for comp rotivo matchea
groups and indiv duals tea who: t germ oil while in training
oxoerimento. Yhile the evidence is very strong of training
having 2 major influenoe guring the firot 8-10 weeks of a
phyeioal tréining procrz.; thoro is also impressive evident.
that the diotary supplements (?itami E and wheat germ

oil} hove 3 positive influence in making possible ovon higher

endurance work performances, and raising such performances

(how! the plateaus after 8~10 weeks of training. In one

A ‘—

“OEvon Skate, “General Aspecto of flpha Taco: her-01

as a Thnrapeutic Agent.',1h£.§nmm&2$ V01.° /, Eubliohed
‘by The ihuto Fo'odotion for Median Research, Canada p. 5.

ulThomaa X. Curcton, In’ffect or ”heat Germ Oil and
‘Vitnnin E on Normalr Iumon Suojeota in FkyoiM 1 Training
Programs, " .morioon Jon no]. of :h ”it‘d; (Abstract)
Vol. 179, p. , YDooembcr 1'75").

 
 
 

 

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22
of‘hio experiments, with two matched groups of middle Ago:
subjects; eight in onoh,.tho effect of a dietary eunolcnont
of wheat germ oil woo effective only in the group which took
tho physical training parcllOI with the feeding.

“while tho control groups virtually did not change,
the excerimontol groups on wheat germ oil improved more
than the parallel matched group on placebos in treac-
mill run time, brochicl pulse wave, euuitory vertico.l
Jump roaoEion time, Schneider Index, and tho T-ravo of
the rCG.

In a report to the Ecoea c; Furrtorly, Cureton again

 

points out that wheat germ oil contains some unidentifiod_
factor which improves endurance.h3
Another study bringin3 out tqis unidentified factor
in Wheat germ oil vac concocted by Airshoff and Levin. They
performed an experiment on 3uinca; wig a, foeaing various groups
wheat germ oil, corn oil or a natural fooa ration (Purina
Rabbit Pellets).3 After 28 days of fceciny , on} teats
were conducted on all the guinea pigs. All the animals
foditho natural food ration drowned within 10 minutea. From
25% to 33. 3% of the guinea pigs fen the corn oil rations

oven for 60 minutes, whereas over 60% of the guinea pigs

"v ww‘y W' ~— w

hgnga.

“Brooms K. Cureton, “Influence or meat Germ 011 as
n Dictary Supplentnt in a Pr03rrm of Conditioning Exercises
*with Vidile-Agnd Subieots, ' The Roserrch_;ggrtnr;1, December
1955. p. “'03,.

23
104 the wheat garmloil_woru ltill swimming after 60_ninutea.b4
\.In light of this, concerning the affects of Vitamin E,
and the additional effects or wheat germ oil on physical
performance or individuals and groups in training is the
purpoac of thia study.

This pretty well oonplctea our review on the effects
of Vitamin E nnd wheat germ on performance; and now Just
briefly we will_review their affects on tho electrocardio-
gram. -

There have been many electrocardiographic ctudica or
the crrgcts or exerciao, but most of them have dealt with
either the acute or chronic cfrocta‘

Lepcschkin has rcviewoa several studies on tho crrogts
of athletic training on the electrocardiogram. Following_io
a summary of his findings.. .

The resting heart rate is usually slow in persons
engaged in athletic trnining, thaw? waves may be low and the
P-E interval in prolonged beyond.o.19 seconds in 5~29$ or
the cases, especially in persons engaged in athlctioo for
a long period of time. The duration or the gas axis in a
large group of athletes had an average of 50°, and that
the duration of the QRS ranged from 0.0? to 0.11 seconds,

' “#8. H. Ershorr and E. Levin, “Beneficial Effect
9! an unidentified Factor in wheat Germ Oil on the Swimming
Performance of Guinea Pigs ' {adoration froceedinqg, (Amerio
can Institute of Nutrition March 1955, pp. ETl-QSZ.

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24
and Ixnecdcd.0.10 seconds in 1.Qfi of the cases: the average
being 0.03? seconds.“5

The Voltage of tha ToWavee in athletes was found
clcvated in the great majority or oases, especially in long
d1stanoo track men an& in champ1ona. On fiha average, thO‘
T-Wave was found 86 ha about 36% of K: with the values
grcater-in young persons and at low hwart rates. An inver—
s1on of $11 and T11: 1n nthldtes was ascr1bed to eXoesatvO-
training or to focal 1nteot10n.h6

The Q—T duratiofi in athletes was found elevated
relat1vely, and in outstanding perforMara and long dlltanoo
runners it may reach.as high at +36%. Thu increase or this
Q—T could be observed auring the course of training; Lepesohkin,
howuvor, also reports a couple or studies where the relativa
er‘wnl fauna shortened-1u athletés, eapcolally it hmart
rate: balow'éfl.”?

=tht1e and Kenna 1n th61r study or eleatrooara1o-
graphic changea whloh might be brought about by an entire
Ioason of phya1oa1 training and athletic Compet1t1on fauna
al1ghm OhflHEES in b at 8.3% of a group of forty-eight hralthy
young athletes.{ In forty three of their cases there was no

M ___‘..._ _. __..._

 

“5Eugeno Lepeschxln.’?oaern Flecfrofifirfl§nPfirvfi1
Volume I, The Jillian: & W1 1na Comwcry, 1951, p. 26%:

h6;b§1., p. 265.
”71b;g.. p. 265.

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diffdranO'hdMen the OImWardiogiafi which var. am
a the beginning a: m- training period and thou obtained
whoa the mn‘wu’at'ehur 1508}... Homer. myfiuxmnumg
did neuroses thg resting heart rate.“3
' Planet-1c favor-tea “attaining no. only can.“ in
1-wavo to'bcoouo higher, but 10wef¢d an. voutrtoulna'iiaxa,
and greatly managea-thmamtion or can.”
23' "Veal of‘cmtt’m'ui'spanaorolNana: flu l-Infl
of aubseeta fed what! gar: 011 tiprOVcl ICrI than th! 030'.
fed ootténued 011. -' In htt‘fnudy,’ QM TBVafl‘or tho mu
gem 011 group improved' Wind 0.- inch to“ In tho Cottbnuot
oil‘grOup.5° '-’ ' ‘-
In mother study at tho annex-any or nunou m-
T-Xnvo during 12 ”bk: of per-training upward-1.12 IL,
than during the 131x wéeka» If ulna: germ 011 1901111311113)de
2.90 mm; * In contrast ‘0 film impmmnt by the what 30m
011 group, the controln'nveragbl-n loin of 0.13 In. In tho

“8;. x. Tattle anu Horace M. Korns, “Electrocardio-
graphic Observations on Athletes Before and After a Season of

P nice]. Training,’ Am 22“!!! 33. E! 19%;, 11, Jmua
Fate 19151, p. 105. “ 17’

“9N. Meescrlo, "Die Veranderungenim Eloktrokardiognnl
bot Karperarbcit ,‘m 6 , p. #90, 1928.

”ulna: A. ran. m» “Tao“ or meat Germ on
Ind 71min 2: on Physical Titans, " M. 5.1110319, Physical
Education, Unhmity of Illinois, 19,50 p. 93.

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26
(trot 12 weeks and a further loss or 1.5b mm. during the
1m Ii: woke.“

‘LIn Vohooka'u etady tho T—tava or the ECG lost some~
that compared to tho non exercised controls. This was
ereditod as possibly being due to a type of nervous fatigue.52

The results or.tho TbWovo or the electrocardiogram
in Cureton'l work on alddlo aged oubJeote show: I trend or
iiidonot favoring tho exercised group Which took wheat germ
oil. The mean gain of this group was from 9. 8% mm. to 11.0h mm.,
a gain or 12. 20%, and o e1gnif1oont onange or (t-Z. 80). Tho{
two groups were insignifioantly different, no the gains were
attributed wholly to exeroilo.53 A

Cureton hos established some interesting figures on
Various tyoeo or oubjeoto 1n regards to their T-Wevee. nan:
debilitated subjects had TI? V waves as low on 2 to 3 mm.,
and most or those oould hardly walk on the treadmill; the
average etudent ot the University of Illinois sooro is

9.5 mm., Olymnio twinning and airing men atoraged 17.0 mm.;

 

51Steve Sueio, 'The Effects of Training and 3 Dietary
Supplement on the T-‘dovo of the ECG, *M. 8. Thesis, Pianist].
Education, Univerelty of Illinois, 1953. p. 53.

52‘1l11om J. Vohnska, "The Effooto of Wheat Germ 011
on tho Coriovoaoulor Fitness or Varsity wrestlers," Urbano.
u. S. Theoie, Physical Education, 1952, .b}.

53Thnmas K. Cureton, “Influence of fheat Ge rm 011 as
A Dietary Eupplomont in a Program of Conditioning Exrrcisea
with Miadle-A~od oubJooto,“1Qg,negPsrci,”uertnrl; December
1-9550 3- “00.

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27

n collection of top track and field stars averagea l5.9 mm.:
John Harshall measured 18.? nm.. and shortly Irtcrward
brckt rive world's records in swimming; and finger'Bannieter.
Just prior to breaking the fan minute mile had a T-Nnve or
27.5 mm.54

“Many of our other experiments have shown the gain
in this important mcccnrement as associated with improvc-

manta in endurancc.55

8 mac . In recent yecra grcat advancements have
contributed much to our knowledge or the nutritional needs of
our body. .Thc value of wheat germ oil as a dietary sunnlement
in still unanswered. Eanr experiments seem to favor wheat
germ oil as being beneficial to athletic performance, but
so far there is no catiofectory evidence to prove it so.

Cureton firmly believes that wheat germ oil aids those
who consume it under prepcr conditions. In most or the experi-
ments conducted by Cureton he has attempted to bring out the
point that whcat germ improves the endurance of the athlete.

r. Shntc ha: mad. great claims for the effect of
Vitamin E on our health. For years it was generally accepted
that the average human was not lacking in Vitamin E. Eowever,
recent studies indicate that the average nmcriccn aict is

lacking in Vitamin E.

 

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There seems to be come disagreement as to whether or
not wheat germ oil is a good source of Vitamin E. Regardless
of the Vitamin E content, there 18 the possibility of some
other substance in wheat germ oil to aid performance.

Athletic training seems to affect the electrocardio~
gram data to a large extent. The pulse rate slows down,
P-tsves lowered, P-R Interval prolongec, Q33 duration pro-
longed, and the T-iaves elevated.

Cureton has performed many studies on the effect of
- wheat germ oil on the T-wavc. In sevcral studies the results
indicate that the '-flavc.of the wheat germ oil group's
imprOVPd more than the T-i’s'vco of the control grouz‘r's.
Several of Curaton‘s axoerimonts incicste that a high T—Wave

is related to endurance.

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CRAFTEH III
METEODOLCG'

One of the first and most pertinent considerations

in a study or thie type is the grouping of the subjects.
Twenty two subjects. all untrained college freehmen volunv
teered for the experiment. Two groups were neofied for thl
experiment, Group A, the experimental group and Group B,
the control group.

. The formation or groups for escperimentel purposes
can be aooompliehed (l) by renaom samplinngthe random
assigning or individuals to the groups, (2) by pairing. .;
(3) using eiba or littermatee, (4) by matching distributions,
(5) by using the some pore on under 8.11 aeoecte of the experi~
ment al desi;‘ 3n. Greater preoieion ie obtainable by using

method 2, 3 or 5 then in method l (renoom ensignment) .56

W m, Prior to“ the initial training

period, all subjects ran a half mile and their times wer.
regarded to the nearest half second.v The subjects were then -
paired. on the basin of their scores in the half mile run.'
Very oloee pairings were possible withieighteen of the

u HA ‘- A A k

1.1——

   

56Quinn Howemar, 4
edition, John Eiley & Son
Limited, London). 3‘3). 363-66“

Stetigtieg. (eeconfi

0.. NEW’IOrR, Chaomen & Hell

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30
lubjoota. which resulted in nine rsira. The remaining four
u‘rr kept a: roaervoo. two in the A group, and two in‘thn B.
group. During ths'leoond week or training, ono of the sub-
Jonto had to drop out of school due to an emergency, and
fortunately one of the reserves had a tine score within a
half second of the droo out. Th1; left a total of nine pairs
in each group, two reserves in Group E. and one reserve in
Group A.

Using mean scores, the A groups times totaled two
minutes, forty nine and eighty eight hundredths oooonfia
(2:49.88) as commuted to the 8 groups moon of—two minutes,
forty nine and seventy aovon hunarodths seconds, (2:h9.77),

or .11 of a second higher for the A group.

-- W grovrag. Tho lubJecta of both. groups

trained three days u rock for siren weeks with.ths objective
of imoroving their times in the halt milo run. Tho Michigan
Itnte Univernity Track coach usoiated in setting up thl
training program, nun the program consisted premarily of
Ctrotohing.exarcises, enrints and overload.training, (running
farther each time than the actual distrnoe for record). Halt
8110 times were recorded each rook throughout the experiment.
Including the initial run, seven tests were made in all.

During tho exporimant the eubJocte reverted on Monday,
Wednesday and Friday for one hour. They took their 91113 in

class on these three days and were also issued nills for tho

 

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31
following dey. Each subject was given a reserve bottle of
pills in 0186 of dbcenoco. Over the seven week period there
were only lb nbsents out of a possible #20.> None of the
luchota was abeent more than one dry per week, and no one
missed more then two days for the entire seven weeks of
treining.

On Hondey and “concedry the entire period was spent
exercising and running (primarily overload). Each subject
was given the some amount of exercise and trcining each.fiey.
On Friday of each week the subjects were teeteo for their
boot time in the half mile run. The entire pro; row of

feeding, exercising, and running was supervised by the author.

m w flag. The half mile run wee selected re the
test for enourence.- It was thouvht thot the toot would not
be so severe tr Ft the subjects would not finish bece .use of
lock or treining, nor was it so easy thrt the endurance of
Inch ouchct would not be taxed. The methoo used in the
tirit running, which included the bulk or the eubjecte,
vac the dividing or the subjects into t'::o groans nith each
subject in each group hevinga partner in the conceite group.
Thus by running one groun at a time, one with the author

ulling_the time to the closest half second as the runners
crossed the tinieh mark, the times were recorded for the
cubjecto byeecn one'e partner who was not running. These
times were recorded immediately. The second grouo was then

timed in the some manner.

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”In‘ggbpcquent testing3,'thc subgects were split -
into rcur'grcupl' morning-..tc their previous times, which

barred to put some competition into the run.

Contgglg, The constants in the experiment were the
anthod of training, the uniform, which was gym shorts end
rubbor soled tennis shoes, the indoor 1/8 mile track, the
hour of training being Monoey, Wednesdny and Friday from
9-10 A.E.. the amount end t3ne or training, and the ingestion

or four gelatin capsules daily between 9-10 A.M.

.15322blc. ‘The variable was the contents of the
Capsules consumed by. Group A, the experimental group, which
\Oantalned 6 minum-(O.37?nl.) of freeh wheat germ oil. The
controls or B group, consumed tour censules or the same size
which.wcre placebos containing cottonseed oil which provided
approximhtely the some number of colories per capsule and
duplicated.thl fatty acid distribution.

.:It was imroseible to control the diet completely,
but the subject] were advised to rely on the food served
tfi'them in their dormitories as much as possible, and to
but: no other dietary sunplement during the course or the
oxporincnt..:fhw subjects were also requested to refrain
‘fwnn'any othoritypc of physical activity other than their
'trtining*which.might increase their endurance over the

seven week: period.

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c c' o “ m. Electrocardiogram: wort taken
Just prior to the seven weeks training period. Standard
leads 1 e 2 were recorded for one minute end then standard
leads 1 & 3 for one minute prior to exercise. Then the
subjects ran on a powered treadmill at a rate or six miles
per hour for five minutes, (1/2 mile). Immediately noon
completion of the run the subjects lay down and after a on.
minute interval ECG's were token on leads one and two for
one minute.r This some process was repeated at the end or
the seven weeks training period so comparisons could be
made between the two groune. Again the 1/2 mile distance
woe decided unon as a orooer distance to insure that every-
one would comolete the test.

The half mile was run on the treadmill with the leads
connected to the subject so as to insure prooer connections
on the ECG utter a one minute interval.

It should sleo'be noted here that two ECG'a were
taken prior to the seven weeks or training, the first one
to nerely familiarize the subjects and the author with the
method of testing and running on the powered treadmill, etc.
It was felt_thnt this helped relieve some of the tension that
accompanies running on the treadmill for the first time.
Then the second ECG was taken the following dey, and these
were regarded as official records.

Care was also taken not to take the tests within one

hour of a major meal. Also, in order to avoid emotional

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influences of esprehension and excitement,-the tests were

given in as relaxed an atmosphere as was pom ible.

....

. Organization.gnd enelysie, An individual data sheet
was kept on each subject throughout the experiment. Each
time the subjects was tested on the 1/2 mile the results were
recorded on s tabulation sheet. (See Table VI) The mean
scores of each group were also tabulated each week. (See
Table I.)

The analysis of variance was employed to statistically
analyze the data collected on the half mile run.

The ‘t' test was employed to analyze the electro—
cardiogram data. All 21 of the subjects were used in the
"t” test. Following is a breakdown of the various ”t"
scores tabulated.

l. The differences between Group A's before condi~
tioning before exercise scores vs. Group B's before condi-
tioning before exercise scores. This included measurements
of the pulse rate, the vector. the length of the imnulse,
the amplitudes of the 'P‘ wave; the “T” wave; end the "QRS'

'weve, the “FR“ interval, and the “QT“ interval for lead one,

'8

U)

tend the amplitudes of the ”P' wave, the “T” wave end “'3

wave for lead two.

2. The same method wee repeated for before condition-

iJlg, after exercise vs. after conditioning after exercise of

the groups .

 

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35
3. 't' scores were ran on the same factore by combin-
ing the data of both groans to determine the effect of
conditioning on the ECG data. To find the level of aigni~
ficance regular fit‘ tables were used.

...,

A. ..

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1.5

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUEI'SICfi

Agalznia 91w 9; m 9.83.3. w 33.3. Both groups
improved in their ability to run the half mile. This fact
is demonstrated in the mean weekly scores of each group.
(393 Table I and Figure I.)

The analysis of variance used to statistically analyze
the data Collected on the half mile run revealed the following:

V-'II‘Anolioin‘of'Varianoo-Aorouo A (7 runs)
w This gavo an 'F' ratio of 1. 6b which wag below the

2.28 needed to be lignirioont at the .05 level. A breakoown
of the ringl computations in given in Table II.

2. Analysis or Variance-~Group B (7 runs}

Thin gave An 'F' ratio of 1.33 which was below the
2.28 needeg to bg'qignitionnt at the .05 level. A breakaown
of the final computations is given in Table III.

3. Analysis of Variance--Group A vs. Group B

When comparing the difference in improvement between
the two groups an 'F' or .11 was foxnd. This was not statis-
ticalii“aigfiiflééfit, as an TF' of 3.93 wag needed to be
oignifioagtjot'thé .Oslevol. A breekoown of the final

computationo is given in Table IV.

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42
fi—ncileia 9; £329. $3119; 1113 m. The ‘t' test employed
to statistically analyze the electrocardiogram data.found
very few significant differencoa. The 't‘ values are pre-
sented on Tobi. V.
Signigiggng differengeg.
1. When comparing the pulse rates or the combined
“A“ and ‘3" Groups or before conditioning before
exercise V8. after conditioning before exercise,
a t or 3.76 was found. This is significant at
9-.001 F or a 't' to be significant at this
level with #0 degrees of freedom 9 “t“ of 3.55
was neocoecry.*
2. When comparing the oulsc rates or the combined
“A“ and ‘3' Groups of before conditioning after
exercise ve. the after conditioning after exercise,
a 't' of 3.46 was found. This is significant at
P-.01. To be significant at this level with #0
degrees of freedom a “t” of 2.71” was necessary.
3. When comparing differences of the vectors of
lead one for Group ”A" before exercise vs. the
Group ”B” before exercise a “t” of 2.71 wee found,

which was significant at P-.CZ. For a P=.OZ with

 

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“AI tho imprOVemente in pulse rate were only aignifi~
cant utter combining Groups "A“ and “B“ it is concluded that
the differences ore due to conditioning and not due to the
variable of the wheat germ oil.

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Honouremento Sigup B Sign; B aggagd Oomfiiégd
Recorded at root after oxorciaoc rest oxeroilo
Load Ono ‘ , '
Pulse rate -.22 .25 3.76*** 3.h6****
VGGtor “2.71. -2396" -18000 ‘066
Lbngth -. 1 2.0% “33.00 -.19
P Wave . 7 .05 .Oh n.08
T WOVG .13 050 9.13 ..OS‘
2R3 wave 1.03 ..3 ~.03 .23
PR Interval .15 .05 .,05 .02
ZEN Interval .10 .09 .08 .19
2T Intervol 1.70 .09 -.16 -.06
Load Two
P W379 . 035 005 037 .023
T $579 008 .05 .31
2R8 Wave ‘16 1.95 -:68 0.28
'Signiricent at the .02 level
"Significcnt at the .01 level
*“Si7- dairicant at the .301 level
“*‘Signirioent at the .01 10101

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.. fig}; m Egg M. The hygtmtheeis upon which this
experimeht was formulated was based on the theory that the
daily ingestion of four eix-minum (0.27 ml) capsules of fresh
wheat germ oil aculd improve the ability of untrained college
freshmen to run the half mile. It was also hyootheeized that
the wheat germ oil would have beneficial effects upon selected
areas of the cardiac function.

The final analysis of the half mile run deta indicated
no significoht changes that could be attributed to the wheat
germ supplement. However, a closer look at the date reveple
that the wheat germ group did improve more than the olecebo
group in several factors. A glance at the figure showing the
times in minutee enu seconus for the two grcupe ouickly reveals
that the wheet germ oil group bettered the placebo groan by
.CLQ or 2.5'eeconde.57

‘ The experimental group had better scores in each trial
run exceet the fifth week. The rise in the curve at this
time wee due almost entirely to one eubjecte time. (See
Figure I.) This one individuel'e score Jumped from 2:41 in
the fourth trial to 333%.5 in the fifth trial. (See Table VI.)
This weaauincrease of #3.5 seconds. The subject had no
explanation for his poor ehowing other than he just didn't
feel like ....1... 33¢ this subject metched his time

ogrthe%crcvious week the mean score would have been

 

57580 Figure I.

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mu HALF um: RECORDINGS

GROUP A

 

 

 

 

 

 

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l; 1; 2:27 2:29 2:28 :21: 2:21: {13:21: 2:19
, 2 1} 2:39 2:hh.5 2:32 ':33 2:30 2:29 _2:25
_ch3 r 2:20 2:34 2:39 ':hl 3:3“.5 {2:38 ‘2235
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7 3:03 2:59 2:09 2:06 2:59 2:56 2:hh.5
8 - 3:02 “1:56.: 2:50 1». 2:4:9.5 2:1:3 "2:11
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,b- 2:01 2:00 2:52 :42 2:02.5 2:“6 2299
5 it 2:151 l 2:39 2:31: :35 .. 2:30 2:27
. 6 , t 2:05 }2:156 2:32 :36 2:31 2:00: 2:33
7- 3:0; l... 2:57 :52.5 «- 2:52 2:50
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9 3:30 3:17 3:01.5 :01.5 2:55.5 -- 2:06
was: ‘ ‘ —‘

 

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very close to the previous week.' This fifth week run is I
tho only time that the control groan battered the experi~
mental groun..

In the diROueeion 0f the limitations of the study, it
was mentioned that the lack of time was a serious henoioao
to the Itudyo. A close enalyeie of the half mile run further
points this out. The greatest percent of imorovemont was
gained by those eubjooto.with poor times to begin with, and
it’s quite likely these boys echo in poor ohyaital ahapo and
would have benefited a great deal by a couple of weeks of
conditioning before beginning the testing.

5;;9trnervfiieerem data. Two of the four aigxxifionht
differences found when ezneloying tr e 't' anolysia to the ECG
data were gained by combining the experimental and control
grouve date to g:t the effect of oonuitionine on oerLLieo
function. These differences were in the Dulce retee of the
eubjecte.w A I"t" of 3.76 wrze eotiefectory at the .:01 level
for the date on the Before C ncitionin: ve. After Condition-
ing prior to cxerciee.I A "t” of 3.h6, significant at the .01
level was found when comparing the echo dote after exercieco

Qhen thoee crme come rieone were hadc on the airfoi-
enceo bet eon the groans inete :d of tile combined scorce very
smell “t“ scores we e obt ined, axd were not cloce to being

ctotiaticelly eignifionnt. (See Table V.)

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Therefore, it is concluded that the crap in pulse rate
was due to the conditioning progrrm and not to the effect of
the wheat germ oil. .

The other two nignificont differences were found in
thn'vcctcra of;thc two groups. -When running a 't' on Group
94"0 differences vs. Group 'B“'o differences before exercise
Lt't' of 2.71 was found which is significant at the .02
10701.” Likcwiac, when comparing the some difference: after
cxcroiso a ‘t! of 2.96 was obtaineo which is significant at
the .01 lorel. These differences were found only when com-
outing the groupa eeperately.H,A very small insignificant
‘t' was found.uhcn combining tho groups data; Therefore. it
do... Quito ‘poneiblc thnt changes in veetore are one to the
vcriublo whoct‘gcrm 011¢ “.-

From 1 review of the literature we had expected a
poccihlo increase in the r IIVG for tho experimental group
Over the control group‘ or ct least an increase when com-
biningxthcctwo groupa to get the affect of conditioning on
tho T Into. -Hovcvor, thorn was definitely no improvement 1
pointing in.fovor of a higher T wet. duo to either the
varicbic of wheat germ oil or the effects of conéitionlng.

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CHAPTER V
3333;333:331. cmr'Lu N 3.3 "31333) “3073-3. :31 I 3:3

ngsagy, Twenty-t 9 subjects, all untrained college
freshmen volunteered as euojects for this 0: {periment. Prior
to the initial training period all the subjects ran a half
mile and their times were reccrn ed to the neareet half second.
Also. before training was begxn, tiO EIQCtrOParJLo gram
resorde were taken, using the three standara leans, first.
at rest and the second after runnina a half mile on a covered
trea33dfiill at six mile a an hour.

The subjects were then grooved, on the basis of their
times in the belt mile run, into two notched groans. Each
subject was paired no 0103313 33 possible to another subject

in his opposing groan. Four eubjects 3933 not arouocd, but

’3
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continued to train; After tMO weeks of t ing one subject
in Group A dro 36& from so hool. One of the reservoe times

was very close so he was insto ml a into the Cro'ri"*“tal roan.
This left a total of nine metehoa groupe, tgo reserves in the
control group and one reserve in the exocrimontel area; to
complete the experiment. 13:9 subject 3 were then given four
capsules of wheat germ oil (3.3? ml) énily for the remrlnd r

of the seven weeks program. During the seven weeks or training
tho subjects were teatodtxme each week for their best time

in tr no half mile run. Inelunir" the initis:l run seven teats

 

 

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50
retirnada in .11. Upon completion of the final rock or 3
training and testing for the half mile run, the eleotro»
cardiogrnm.cnd.trcndmili tests were repeatea. The measuro-
Ionta were then tabulated for further use in computing an&

comparing the results.

Conclueions.. The following conclusions can be Green
on the basis or a statieticel analysis or the data: " "

1. There was no significnnt differences in the heir
mile run times between the Wheat Germ 011 Group 3.33 the
Plocebo Crouo. Both groups, however, imorovcd in their
ability to run the half mile. “ , I

2. Tl-e fin3.l moon scores of the experimental group
were .Obh or a minute better than the control group, but
this was not enough to be statistically significant. The
'F‘ ratio of only .11 was found whereas a ratio of? .93 was
needed to be significant at the 5% levol.

3. In analyzing the electrocnrd iogr'm detn the only
significant airfarencos were found when comnrring the vectors
of Group ”A“ to Grouo ‘3'.

A. Both groups showed a significant oron in pulse

rate and it was conclude& that this in due to conditioning.

[sec "ond tion . Even thouqh the results of t3 is
experiment did not show a significant effect of heat norm

011, there is the need of more research in the fioli, using

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51

u greater number of subjects, more controls, and a longer
training period.

A pro-training program prior to the initial trial run
is strongly recommended. This would eliminate the chance
of the subjects having poor initial run times beoeuae of
poor oonaition.

The number of constants in this study were limited.
There were no controls on the subjects‘ diet other than to
take no adéitional dietary supplement. The amount of sleep
was not controlled at 111.

If at all possible, further eXperiments should be run

where subjects are under eeriet institutional oontrol.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOMPHY

A. BOOKS
”mg’gggfitgggim neon-awn” -
Do

award. John F., maria): i. Cozene, and F3. Intricie

{a as; 59% Meaegfiggge W figmgiog.
Third mini on. i adclp a and ndon: vi. B. Saun 2'!

Company, 1950. #10 p.

lunch a. L. c. m 33 59.95}. Egfiqggfig. Milwaukee:
Britta. Publishing Company. 9 9. , n.

Cenpholl winn- on». magnf mfi'p, W
Boston: Houghton Mir Company. 9%.

Clark Guy wand-11 A yum pigs}. Springfield ‘Iiiinoiu
Tho-u Publishing Company. . 183 p. .

Lepuohkin Eugene ad
The minus e'wgfim I.

“New. Quinn. WA: Stgtigtigg, (Second Edition.
John «Fitey 5. Sons, no. New ork, Chapman a. Hall

Limited, London) . 363-5 “on.

"will." 91:2;- 1:.*:.n 8’? fifiififififififiififlfi
Valuer. Edward F. and mm A. Keeling-er. 330W
# FM W. "1'

rafts coroorated, 1949.
“19 P- f

 

a. rUBLIoATmas or THE oovmmwr. wmwzm scum-n23,
AND 0min ORGANIZATIONS

Canton, Thomas L, and Roby I“. 8., ‘Phyoiool Fitness
momenta NFC]. by Four flushed Groups of Boys in “the
Un unity of Illinoie Snort: Buopleunto, ' Prepared for
the Rucarch Section, Mid-west Convention, A.A.H.P.E. a: 11.,
impala. Indiana. Ana-ii 1959.

Sb

1 0.. Proceedings second International Conference on
Vitamin E, New York, 1918.

Steering Committee of the Reeearch Section and the Research
Council or the Research Section of the Mericnn Association
for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, ea

ED"IE% 0 Health ’9 ice Fgmation an -
eviee Ed t on; wee ington: American Assoc ation
or ealth, Physical Education and Recreation, 1952),
302 p.

C . PfirIODIGALB

Canton Thomas K. *m: About meet Gem ' WW
lovenber 1959.’ 2%. '

Effect of Wheat Germ Oil and Vitamin E on Nomi
lunar: Sub cote in Physical Training Programs, " American
Journal o Physiology (Abetmt) Vol. 179. 628 p.

and Pahnrlorf, Richard 8.. 'Influence or meet Corn
5!! u e Dietary Supplement in e Program of Conditioning

Exercisee with Middle Aged Subjects " meet-.523 m guegn
boo-uber 1955. 393 p. '

Win. 6. 5., 'Bpecific Diete end Athletic Performnce,‘
mm “W '01. 10. 33-“0 P?- ‘ ‘

Erencff, B. H., and Levin, 8., ‘Beneficiel Effect of an
Unidentified Factor in Wheat Germ Oil on the Swimming

Performance of Guinea Pigs " tic W
(mruan Institute or flutritf'gonLg'zeEr-c'fi 5 , , 32 pp.

Ivan;.IH-3M.23a§d Bishop. I. 8-. mammmm
o 0 e D0

Gallagher, Roswell J.. and Lucien Brovhe, ”A Simple Method of
Tooting the Physical. Fitness of Boys, ' WW

Harrie. P. I... Hickman. I. O. 13.. Jensen. J. L. and Spice.
2. 0., Alericen'd’oumelof Public Health, Vol. 36. 155 p.

Bellebrent, F. 5., and Xerpovioh. P. V., 'Fitnees Fatigue
and Receiperetion', tier Medicine, Vol. 1. 756-768 pp.

Henlchel Anetin Vitamins and Physical Performances. "
nu .'Iournel ianeet (Minneapolis), Vol. 63. 355-357 pp.

.
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55

Hickman, K. C. 3., Letter, '2-, Vol. 1, 653 p.

 

Xerpovioh, P. V., - mogonic A133 in 'crk 3 Sport,'
W in. the. We}; WW Vol. 13. 1:32-
50 “30'

Keys, Ansel "Phy:iool Eorformnnoe in ‘Pl”*ion t-o Sift,
Feasrntuon_:roonedina3, Vol. 2. 164—137 To.

 

 

end A. F. Herschel, "(it mi n Su-oolom 3ntntion of
n-ted States A my Entf one in Relation to Fati~uo and .
tr 9 Ability to <10 lHu. culnr orhs," o rnr of Lutz ti“n.
Vol. 23, 59-26? pp.

Eeeeerlc, N.. E‘Eie Varendcrunvonin LieLtrok.r incremn hei‘
Kerpornrooit, Lied 60. #90 p.

Kitchtll, E. 3., "Lut itiou and Etreesfl'Borden3 «ovieu ot~
Nutritf- .on Ro3orroh, Vol. 13. 97~107“wwr*"

 

 

Shute . Evrn. ”Generol Aooeot3 of Aloha Tow 7"hirol as n
Shernneutic A3ont, " The ”"""~"§ Vol. 9. Iflub ieEBd by
The Shutc Foundation ior Eedical lesearch, Canada. 5 p.

1pc? $umnrrv, "Taitor131~~T3e ut~umolin Eenrt, ' Vol. 8, by
ahute roan ation for icdicel Research, Lends n & Canada,
q
4—3 ‘90

Tuttlo, V. E., ond.Korn.3, Her 300 E. 'ilectroc.rfiio“rnnhio
Obeorvetione on Athletes Before and After a See eon at
theiorl Trr.i nint. “novio,n Vornt_*o31¢%l, Vol. 21,
Jcmfim-ukma 19L}; ..., 1‘4 5 '9.

”Vitamin: norlomrntxti n nnd F-hvsio :41 {m7 ormrnco," figurition
'* 13: 10’~l a, .A“ril, 1‘5 .

 

Irv—.111"? 939'! " ”Vt “a
D. d... WSLIJ ‘58- J1 XLIESLD

Armor, E‘lden wsyne, In Exocr-mout l Stuc1 y or the Effects
of trrininz «:3 Diet: ry Su7wlemont on rotor litneee Tests
Items of Adult Ecn ‘ Urbnna: E. S. 'hmeis, Ph31.ioo
:ducat on, University of Illinois,1953, 591

Constantino, Ear ry Fr~nklin, 'TEo Effo cte of Trrinin: ~1th a
Tietlrv u77lvrrnu on the hoootoflo'nr at (Erounu LFV.1 3nd
Iltiture ?rhrro E. S. Thesis, hgeio Etuortion,
Univrreity or Illinoie, 1952. 76 p.

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55

Farr, William A., “The Effects of “heat Gvrm Oil and Vitamin E
on Physical Fitness,‘ M. S. Thesis, Physical Eauoation,
university of Illinois, 1950. 92 p.

Marx, Elgar 1., ”The Effect of a Dietnry Supplement on
Varsity 8wimmers," Urbnn, E. 8. Thesia, thyoicol Efiucation,
1953. no 9.

Smiley,‘¥illiam A., "Variations on a Bicycle Ergomctor Toot

with Altitude, Training, and a Dietary Supolement,”
M. Q. Theais, Physical Education, University of Illinois, ?
1:351. 91 p. ‘-.

Sunio, Steve, "The Effecta of Training and 3 Dietary Suople—
meat on the T-Wave at the 3.0.0.,” M. S. Thesis, Paysioal
Eauoation, University of Illinois, 1953. 53 p.

 

Vohonka, William 6., ”The Effects of Wheat Germ 011 on the a
Cardiovascular Fitness of Varsity wrestlers,‘ M. S.
Thesia,l?hyaioal Education, University of Illinois,
195-2. ‘2 F0

mute, c. H... ”The Effect crawled Training; and 9. Dietary

Suntlnmont on the Sohnoiflnr Index,” H. S. Thesia, Physical
Education, University of Illinois, 1951. 96 p.

E. E¥CICLCTEEIA ARTICLES
'Vitnmin E " The Tao olenedia Amaricana Vol. 28 American
n ‘ , s ‘ ’
Corporation, Nor Kora, Chicago and washington, n. 1993.

'Yitanin E,” CJlliGPS Enoyclooodia, Vol. 19, 1955. P. F.
Colliers ana Eon Corgoration, new York, 2?~ o.

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APPENDIX

58
FIGURE II
EGG WAVE

  

m r1
;O.Z sec. QO‘lsec.

     
  
 

 
 

Q‘T interval
0.?)6 second

  
 

  

PR Q
interval

OJG sec

  
  
 
  

    

Q 5
interval
063cc

  

 

59

JIINED BY THE

ELECTROCiRDIOGRAW*

TI

ELECTRICAL AXIS

TER

"1
_l

H

FIGURE III

DIRECTION OF THE
OF THE HEART AS D
HUMAN

 

           

I o 0
0 o 0 0 9.
r 0' ...-.....0 0 I
‘.“ ..01.10.0..00.DIU 0 u
.... 1\’000110100O00 0 0 000
‘.. 0401011101000 0. 0." 1
l C ...01. .0 10.0.0 0 ..0.... .0
‘ 0.. 0101. . 0‘... ..10.0. . 0.0 I
.. 10.0 0... .0.~0 0.... ...... . .
'1 ..- .10.... ..0' 0 ..000. ...0.... 0....
O. ...-0.011;: 0.0.1.010 0'4...0.001.0.........0 . o
.10010110-0.00010.. 0.0.10; ..01010.000.I.01.100010 \’ T
0101-101. 1 (01.000.0‘0 110.0. .....0..1.....00I1.0
.0p‘01000001010041 4...: 4.0.:00..0004H
d 010..10.0. 00001.nnn.1010.0.000..‘0 0 "1.01.1... h.10.
. 010.0..00.....01 01!». 00004101000. .10.. .000. 0 I.0 .0. 0. .0 .50.. O
.000.....001000‘0 $010.00.000000 n.0u.10000100.
40’. 040. 010’” .0fn01010110 0 .4001 101. ..001. I.1.0I..100010 0.
' :Il. .... .0 .l .0} “t. .... 0Q...’I"U10 .00...0.II.I'I".0”I.I.....II
14.4.0.0”0U.“ 0. 0 00.0 4 1“” 01.00u|0 .10.010.....0 0.0..1II0...01. 0.000.0. ....
o 00. “1.3.0.0.. .0.0.0.0I.0000....1..I.1.0100000‘.0'010.0.0 o
7 00 "00 010.0uu ”0000 0.100.01011. 0001010... 0.0.0.. .0.01~.5.0.0’¢000r~ 000. \‘
01000104 00 0.0 1.”... 00. '0'1. .0!!! 0 00 ’0. 0 0000010 0' .000. 0 0.0.
_1100 010.0.0n00“:.0m0h00 1g .1'.0I....0.0.1§0100'I 00 9.1 11.10 . .11.; $00 0
«0‘00: 00.0.5.0’q1r...00w I111l0a000I0.. .u...1000n00.. .uh‘000l..0.... . 004.110 0 .010

10 0.0 .0. 1011. .0" . 4.1.10.1..1.u...‘ 0.1.1...
.53.... ..PJ...’ a.rl.4J.P..l.t...lrlu11.....1.... . .... .h...’ 1. .. .0... .... {3...}...

00000510101

   

 

4000‘000.Qn.1010..1..\00 .00. . 1.0.}.7. ...000.’ . .I001.0 .. I0. . I. 0
. .......1. ....01. .fl0t...l..f..w...47l,. .. 1.0.... .13.. ...
7.00.0 “.0 ...0900010.100’.. .00.. 1 11 10 . .’.-00. ..0 001 00“....0. 0 1
00 lo000 0’. ‘0')..4 00’. (0 I“! 10I ‘1.0.0.0,100. ... 01 . 0 .. .
01.0 0130.. 005.10.. 5.010.} .1010.” .01.- . "0000' 1. 0.9.1.... .. . . .
11“: 010001100103" .. 0‘4 0.0.? 0 . .. .110; 0.000 ... . . .
0 $0 9.000 001.1 u 01.1. .V I): 00 .Q .POO00 .IP'4. D.-0r..<. 0.“..lonouiw .0 100
Q“" .05 1001?”...IP .9 «I010 01" .. d!00|0l|.. 0000.104- I001.
«'01... .0 0.?‘100 010.. 1.0.?! .0. 0.1.1.0110. 0. .v ..‘0‘0C.u0 .10 .0.... 00...-..
40....0...:01.1.I......1ru. .0........ 200......0 .1. .1 2.0.1.3.... .. ......
000 1.1.0 .050: \0. 0.0\.. 0.... 1.... .... .
0.00000....v”«000. .v..10 . 014.01.11r.‘0y\~.d.fiwnwh0fi0.. . . . ...... I
.0100’01000.’10100 (..0u1...00.I.II0‘0“01000IU£000.10I... . “.00.... 01.: 1..0
.000100..0..1..1.0000010.0. .10. 0. 0.A ..0 03.0.0.0!”- n10.n0.r.11.. 0!. ..0-0.. .. n. . . 2.4.1.. . .
10101.0... 0.. .0000000... .0 01. \1.0001.00. 1.1.0.\ .0 ......,.0.. 1 .
0101..001.0.0...0.01010.....00 ...1... 0. 0 .‘.0.,00 1. .- ... 0.0 0'1. 0 .. . ...P. 0.0. . .. .
001.0 000 000.0.0 0.0.0 010 . n. 0. ..I0.000‘01.r01. 0 .0 0.” I ..
0.... .0 Jan... 0 .4000 0.. 10 .no .0 ..0. .00... 0 . I.. . o 0.. 50..
.2000: .01...00. 000 . . 004.4 1 of‘ngO-Lig:00~4 04. .. .oII l ..
.00. 0. ”0000... 00.0. 1 .. 000 . 14 ..0"). 0‘0... . _. . 04... x
1.0.0 01 001 0.0.00. .‘ 0....010sri. Juno .0... .. .. .0.
0....0. 00 u ‘ 100.0 0 0C0 0.. 0 000000<Dl.’.00 000 00.. .1 . .
0.1.!00‘0 100000 ‘1’00.0 .0 100 .00. 0. 00 0.000.001I. val." 0.0.. ..0 D 0.0. 1
1:100 000 00000 a do .0. 01001 .0004. .00 ..0 .010. .00 01m. “0 ‘00 P10000000. 00.0 0.1010 0
0.11.4.1 0 0 . . ..111 .0100. 0. ..0 00 .10 000 010 I. .0 1 1 0. 0-0 "001..
. 0.0.0.00 0 0 ... . ...... 000.0 1 0.0 .....0 \ 0 .1 1 0.. 0 0.000 0
11.. ...0 . 1. .0.0 . 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 100.00’ 010 1 0.01.1 00”...
0. 1.1.... . 000 0 0 0 1 04.1001 0.0 4 .. 0 0.01.0«{ 0 0 . . .0! .. .0
10 1.00.0 “1 0.0 ..1 a. .01.... 0. ..... .00. 000.10 I 01. 0 .01.
1000000000.1 0 0A. ..0, 0 0 1. 0 0.1 ...-$00.“. . 0. 0 0.011
.‘..‘01... . ~10 0 n. I 0 .0“. . 1.0.“. «1. .. .4. 51”.... ....I..40.. ... ... .. 0. ..0!
01000101010.0001..00. 0.. 0 1 ...... 00 . .100 0 00.. .00 . 0 0. .0.!§.1.'10.0.0100.. lo
0.010Hw10101 01 4 10(0.0.0..10.. .4.0.000.0.0.0..I'1000’. 01.50.. 011.01. .000000001 I
”1000,1000.u0‘000.11.00...1.0110 0. 0 0 0. ...-I. “00%.... ..0.0.00.. 0. 0..
. 0001.100010ov.. .0110 .1- 01.000 0.00.1.00I..1.00.0.....
00040101....0 .0.1.0.0. ..0. .1u0u....0‘0. 0. .0. .. . ... . ......0.0.
.....0... . 0010.0 0.... . . .0. .0.0.. . 0....0 . .00. o
0 000 0 0.0 . .00 1 010.0 0 0
0.010 0 1010. 000. .0.9.0 0 0 “0
00.1010 . 000 0 0001 ..... 0 1
0.01000 . 0 0.0.0.... 0 .0 O
0.0 0 .. 0 0.11. .... 0 ’0
‘0 000 000 0 0 01010.0 1.. . . . I. ......... \
.‘01010.0 0 10.00 .00 0
..0: 000 0 .... . 0
..0 10.0 0 0 ....0 0 0 0 .I
I..0 .0100. 0.0.0.. 0 . . .
....010 0 00310... \
.‘..010 0 000.0 0
....0 000 0 00.

V\ ..Mow.u.u.... .\$.
\ ..

atom

+50

 

+50 mow or mum

'.

10,00. 000.0 ..000‘. .010...'.00I.01rv‘.1...00 510.000 .11.... 0.....0.0...._.00..
«000(‘0101‘000 D. 0 ti... I0.6000110010‘. 10.1qu“00’00-0.0...0.1..I. .01040an10.1101001 0. .
”u 3.000‘10a10‘0 0 ”0‘... .0. .100", 0. .00. 0 .....n.......:-.. 000.002.331.131... .0

0000011“. 0101.0 19001.00, 0‘ 095000,; 10.01. .... _.000401.1000..0400.... 11.
mu:rt0-0.-~ .01.:40WOI ‘OIJHO‘JU ."Utbnfitn. 10" "000.0‘0 0.‘0 I 000 I 110010. 0.04000 .
0 . .\ OI... I..0 .0 1. I 0. .1 0

+110

/

+120
(Above the base line is Plus, and below is minus.)

+130

180

+170

+160

+150

+140

M In. DIVIAUOI
0G to :00

*Method as devised by w. Einthoven in 1908 and further

designed by Carter, Richter and Greene-- Bulletin of the Johns

Ho kins nosgital, January 1919.

 

'mXPLANATION OF METHOD -- 1. From the electrocardiogram of

Lead 1 note the values of 81 and SI, and whether each is plus

or minus.

60
Add these values algebraically, R1 and 51, thus (iRlisl).
Thwn plot thin value on the side of triangle marked ”Lead 1.”
(Plan to the right of 0; minus to the left).

2. Similarly find the plus or minus value of R3
and 53. then plot this value on the side of triangle marked
“Lead 3.“ (Minus to the right of 0; plus to the left.)

3. From the point plotted on the “Lead l'l side of the
triangle follow 0 line that is perpendicular to this side;
and similarly from the point plotted on the "Lead 3' side
of the triangle, follow 0 line that is perpendicular to this
side. Where these two line: meet is e point on the electrical
axis. Through this point draw 0 line from the center of the
circle to the circumference and here reed the angle of
direction of the electrical axis.

4. The HGflHAL direction of the electrical axis lies
within the lower right hand quadrant (between 0 and +90;)
the RIGHT axis deviation within the lower left hand quadrant
(between +90 and 180) and the LLFT axis deviation within the

upper right hand quadrant (between 0 and ~90).

 

 

 

WW USE Gaszt

\4'» ~33

 

 

 

 

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