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138 econonic ingortunce of the par~s itic c1 seases in

L‘
U

1'18
dOJCSt ic ani1ils has been dem nstr ted by nrnerous L 1vestL tors.
It has been estimated that the perusites of domestic animels cause

an annual loss of $300,000,000 in the United States. msong tLe

domestic .mi ls sheep are considered most susceytible to attack

£0

by parasites, chiefly by negatodes. Ike news ode paresitizing
sheep are too large in number to enumerate in this paper. About

sixty-three Species are known to infect sheep.

errsites have justified the

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nuberous investigs;ions related to biolOgy and bionouios of the

nemotodes infecting sheep. Only the rational Control of tn

r ~ ‘ r h 'D ‘ . I“? n' ‘ s -2 ~-
bu;ed on Qitu of 11;? nlStClJ end leslstance

c‘

.‘ J. \ ' .1.
ne111o code pares; LC-

02‘

of the free-liVing stages under ntturcl climatic COl ditions, will
oe able to give satisfactory results.
:ich lave been made in the

n . , °. 1-. ., ,-,4. s ,,, .
JQSPIte toe 31%g191-ov noes s

’ ‘ V- '\ ‘ _O . : ‘-
nenetcces perceitizlrg

last forty years concerning men; suecies 0
sheep, the control of these worns regains one of the great problems
to be solved by the veterin ri11 and enigel L11Li11r.1.en.

According to these investigations the roundsorgs occurring

*4;

in the digestive tract of sheep produce a l rge number 0 e5: 5 that

vv

are discharged with the feces to the exterior. under favorable

g

I u
N l

D. I . I I ,‘ ‘ I ' ‘ " ‘r _ ‘ r' ‘3 a: *V \ -.
climnt c conditions, mainl; teerezeture “nu nu 1 c-tJ, one eels

form larvae in a short tine, depending on the

L...

develOp to ve11

PO

sp801es of nematode. 1n the soil the larvae undergo two melts of
tee 01 t ' ’

isle, before reaching the infective laerlstege wnich usually

3 the last sneath.

"5

- (T)
ci-
{0
to

Control of these nematode parasites depends on treotxent to
remove the adult roundworms by untoeluinoioo or on prevention of
infection through re.tion21l management.

The work reported in this paper was carried out to dete1mine
if sheep could cHouire the infective lsrvoe from their bedding during
a normal winter. One group of sheEp receiving 10 tre4nmenu and a

second group receiving p1 eno this zine end salt were So udied

R3"IEW OF THE LI_-EaIJ-

Ransom (190‘ found that eggs and preinfective larvae of
.ggemggggus contortus possess li tle resistance. Ahen the infective
larva we exposed on soil to natural conditions of the winter, in
fieryland, it was eble to survive frr twelve veezs.

In subsequent work the seLe autloz Ransom (lees), reported

becage

CD

that in the latitude of Washington, D. 3., infested pestur

free of hookworm and modular norms but not from EA 1oven-s cc ntortzs

‘-—.

 

r—

when it was not used from October 20th to June tdoh.

Later, Ransom (1910) found pastures remainiz1g contaminated by
nematodes after a lapse of nearly eight months from October through
June in meryland. He also found that pre-infective larvae and eggs

were kill ed wittin a few hours wken exposed to tenperetures below

freezing.

CO

Ve; 113 (1915 ) worc'n3 out the life historv of hLe1onc“us
coitortus, reported that the infective larvae ere uneote to sur-

u-

vive the natural outdoor coxditions of Soith Africa a. The author

reported that the eggs did not survive at a te:_ ‘1per ture of 32”F.,
after forty-eight hours.
Cuberlet (1921) reported in Oh l;ho:ne that infective larvae

tortus were found surviving efter five months in

 

Veglie (1923) did not find any marked difference between the

resistance to external conditions, 1n South Afr101, of infective

larvae of Oesopheeostom1m; golumbiennuq and Hneggnggu on ntortus.

"-_ ”ton—.-

 

Turner and moon (19‘9) working in Penn53lvenia reported that.
the number of eggs of tr1hostror.gylie worms passed by sheep reached

the minimum during the wiLter months and rose to a peak in S'KJCP.

Bozevich_(1930) noted txat some larvae of neencnchus

 

contortuse expo sed 0L soil to netu :1 clni “ tic conditions survived

x to eight hours at

3—10

seven months. Eggs were kil ed after s

t 3201., the first stage larvae were dead

I
:1)

te...er"+11re of 2803"“
after tve1t3-e111t hours, .hile tLe second stage larvae were killed
after one seek.

MBnnig (1930) in South Africa, found that pre-irfective

larvae of EzgghvstrOLle 3 s3. were killed b3 frees in; but the

 

infective larvae were able to infect a lamb after being exposed to

freezi g for ten days.

1P-

atV"C.O" <11" and Z1.'ie;;11tiz:tzeo (193: ) found t. tat the nmizer of

U
eggs of Hemeteiirus so., passed in the feces, reached a minimum

 

during the winter and rose to a 981 k in the summer.
Schmid (1933) obtci ed results identic 11 to those of Turner
and noon in 1929.

A

Rebressier (1933) I sun in Chic that modular worgs larvae

:C)‘,

(Oeso,hafos on n olunh enu;n) sxrvived at least one winter on pasture.

-1-———.-'._--———.—.---—-—-— .— “fi'v—

'Jo

 

Dikuens and Andrews (193 9) found thut the lurvee of

w 1 . ' u- T.— .r I" r: . 4.1-: ,11- ‘ “I + | - . - .~ .
1:1e:..on;cr1..ts contortus, 1.e..1.;.touirus slayiger and Lstezte ,ie c1‘c.1:.121rc s
v ‘— “-‘H-‘w‘v—‘O—

 

 

' he

survived over the vinter on pasture, in De tsville, n rylend.
Zavadovskii and Vorobeve (1934) observed that 97 to 99 percent

0
q

of the larvae of Tri - ostron3: 3.1idse kept in the Open in Moscow die

p,

and the survivors were so inactive that their infective cepwcity wss

Taylor (1935) confirmed the results found by TurLer 11d Loon
(192‘9), and Sela W(19

march (1936 recorded that the number of eggs of Cetertegi1‘

 

circu cincts reached a sum or peak, and t.-dt tLere was shsrp drOp
during the months following the neat.

Kemmlade, Gra111m end Boley (1953) found that a pasture iL
Illinris Wes sole tor .Mi tnin infec tizn Of ggeeonehus contortus over
winter, but as a source of peresi tisr1 it was of much less 1 portence

thsn tl' .e sni!.rl pa resitizcd.

 

Griffitls (1337)d m1onstreted the ability of Ostertdgis
Circumcinctd Ieretodirus filicolis and Triclostronfvlus olgrrztor i

 

 

to survive a normal Canadian 1n nter at te pereture r1n3ing fro;

o -0
I?" 4. :‘n “1
la 2. to 01.0 2..

kyle-r (193 0-) '.ozlzi13 with an unsoecil ied mix w‘re of
lrlChO‘LrOhLJlldie in Engl 1d found that most of the lairee were
killed during the first week of exposure 0n t1.e p1sture, 1nd tLut
only 3 small pr-portioz survived for more tLun sixty-three duys

M _ : :4. - .w.‘ ‘ 1‘
1e vicln 1ty of Itnace, Lew

(+-

Bmker (1939) reported that in

York, the infective stages f various s3 ecies of nematcd.s regain

d

viable for ‘eriods of at le1st twenty~one months.

J-

Swales (1910) reported thm the free living stages of

Os+ert14ia cilcu ci:ct1 were able to survive the winter on a

Canazi M‘n pastile but the sune was not true regarding E emoncnus

nematodes developed to infectivity dur n-f the winter (laSo-Sé) in
Beltsville, h ryl nd. 3,111 numLers of pre-infective larvae of

0:, ‘ Q‘rf‘.-r1+ f2; ‘6 c-V I} we I'.|”.. ‘fi C'J- -. .- ,4,. q~<~ .fi . 3“, ‘
J-sl S )0 ' AQLJ~01< UCV-.LI L40 ~‘-'. (A1- L -A .L.CI.O~UIC1A ‘lL’sJ S J o Skill Lf-\ulec3.
.u-nn 5‘41 u..-

 

 

t 16 111- ter.

Later, Shorb (19 43 ) re sported th1t no l1rV1 e of H e w.c.o<=
contortus were recovered from gr: ss plots in the sp~in¢ following

the epolications of feces cont1ini15 ggs durirg t2 e previous \inte 1.

L

Sarles (1943) found tL1t a pgsture at Eeltsville, j-rylund

D
contaminated with sheep feces containing a great number of eggs of

Oescph;rostonun colu :i: .nu1 failed to remain infested with nodular

m” ”w—

 

 

’ W'W'F"

 

 

 

wcr s, after a period of rest Irom Kovember through Lay,

Kat .es (1% 3) re ported, for the ccnditicns existing at

“elts Jille mar xylene, over fall, winter and Spring of 1941-42, that

there was no evidence of SLrvivel on pasture of tie pre- 1rxfective

larvae of Cesoo} 19:03temum columbianurg GOOperia curticei anc

a - A - : -. us A .4_‘-. . n- m‘. n - ’ ":" '. '--v- 1 ~~1fl '_ ‘r‘J ‘." ’l‘;'\ ‘
Bunoetomum tTLLOhlcejLfilmfl. irichoetzonfidlus 31). and h_euonvnus

 

contortus were reported to survive ins .all number «while Lg;;3_ciirue
'1'.“

 

Spp. and Cstertecia 912. were capable of survival in relatively hign

111.41.} UCf'S
4.

Str rle es (1953) also demonstrated.au Beltsville, Luryland, that

no larvae of? ten: nchus contortus could be isolated fr m the soil of

 

a ‘aeture that was kept free of animals from Kovember l, lEéO to June
2, 1941.
Dinaburg (131%) reported that at Beltsville, Earyland, a lamb

thet grazed nir e drvs on tao plots cont» inlted with inf ctive larvae

J

of H: aoychue‘gpntorgus an “rt ras 81p ose ed to outdoor conditions

{1:
cl-
{3

during we hundred siity-six days, failed to becoxe parasitized.

In another p per, Dinaburg ( 94%) could not obtain larvae

 

from plots contaminated with eggs of Fee onchus cortortus, after three
mo

. . -- mo .. \ .. ._-
days of exposure at temperatures below 05°22 (40 to So J, at beltSV1118,

Maryland. m1 rb (1944-) reported tnet a few larvae of Haemcnchus

’-‘

contortus sxrvived from October until tze n.1ddle of April Du tall the

larvae were slurrisn and vacuoleted, and pxooe cly irwce; ble of infectine

0

q no Q (”‘0’1
Snort (lgee) found tilt at temperatures below :5 2. no develOp-

ment to irf ec ti Hi ty of Eaenonchus contortus took place, end dezth re-

 

ted if the exposure LES SL1fficient13r lon5. A 53311 number of eggs

frc1 12 F. to

(I)

w a ‘7 J‘A 1 ": ‘k N O A..." ’1‘ + “""
ve1e eole to en lve as lono .3 t .o v.et.s it Ueuyera t 1e

Funnan (194% ) found th at nonembryoneted end enbryonnted eggs

of De Her io circumeinctn survived from ten to tn nt' two days at a

N
‘ “L

V

., when placed under 5 me. of water. he repor

'JJ
‘7‘-

p.

te.‘.per.-:+u:-e of 21.2 e

‘

also that the pre-infective larvae swxrt ived oetveen 011e and two month

U)

{‘2
(‘V

at e temnereture of 41°F. At a temperature of 21.4 E. he found that the
infective larvae are killed in :bout two weeks.

In later work, Eurmun (1944) under outdoor conditicns in

California, found a much greater n'u1oer of i11iective larvae of

Csterti;io circulcircta durir5 the fell and v'irter months than in the

 

81131110 r .

newtirs, Cole, Kline and Drudge (19%4), studying tie course of
untreated nematode infections of sheep in Lic1i_ar, found that the
nuxber of eggs of r1cnostlongyl1c v.on s passed by the ewes reached a
minimum durin5 the uinter months and rose to a pee; in the next Sprire
The rise and fell in egg counts " as accougenied by inverse chengee in
hemoglobin.

Q U i O

Hewtins, Cole and Kline (19 4%) reported in Licnlgan th t tLe

f0

pasture wrs anunrextly free of hflplO‘PHIS eentortus in two month in

 

the late sumner end eeliy fall, 3nd that Oesowuicr ostom11 colunbienui

 

‘ .1.
f

zebertis Evine were able to muintain infection until three L4

(“1
,.

H
U.

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{Tn

 

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Jri .Le course of thic war" ”filletiLer troqps received no m ;icztion.
c-r uh “JYQFEG of tLis e gc“i¢ at, nuacs were gixen to file
Qroup: urOUU 3, yo tLe eves tint *ii not receive lzhex astigzinc;
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C, to the ewes t1 t received nhenothiszine, as described above. These

A

tLe born in Kove her,

fl
!

ne pasture to

(—1-

EPOUps of sheep were brought from
1946 and groups a and B were kept together while tn group C was held in
a. sepa‘cte pen.

It was known that the sheep of the 1103;: used in t.-is e1periment

were parasitized by the fell wing species of nematodes: Chsberti:

O

ovinr, Coooerie _3rticei, Cstertaiia circumcincta, Ostertegin marshslli,

 

 

 

 

m - 1 4 .NH . - v 1” , A”; “inn tvmflnhg- 1 hr , “pr” ‘+

iricrostronfisln§,s.., Eunsioncrus Cont011tnw fllxxuuhlrhg s)., Ocsotn3_o;ton 1
’ "(3 o ‘1 o I I m _ o a ’.

coTu. ire“: 31c+*ocnnl s iiltri , Are leriis CflglllZFlS, iriCnuris OVis

 

 

 

 

Before the renoval of the animals from the gesture to the barn,
feC3l e1amir ations were znaCe to check the presence of tne worgs. Sress

1ecked three times for the presence of infective

During the experiment, sheen 100, 133 an 200 died. At necropsy

-&-‘~ .. . . . ' 1 ..+ .. .~.~ ..«.., . 4-. +.. ~' A,“ ..
hue fOllOMIES torus sexe picsed Ont: h emonc “s consortis, we ”t3iir33

 

 

 

. ‘ ‘ m. ° 1 \ ' we. I 1" 4' ‘ ‘ . '
$0., bStCItflgla c11c1u in: t3, Tricnostron '73s 50., Lict;sc=ulus f‘lfifi.1,
m w. ‘v‘fi-~ 1. -\ . ’ I ‘— . “
ilicndiis OVis aid Str:u4101ce E ylllOSJS.

 

 

Throughout the experiments, temperatures 1n the barn were re-
corded with a recording thernometer.
Every two xeeks from Koveuber to Jarch l7, and every 1ee: iron
March until the end of these ,xperiments,s sa1pL s of the straw were
11

picked up from the pens, snde ..... ined for the presence of the infective

. The infective lerv: 8 could be obtained

’0

lorVwe of parssitic nenct ode

l?

V -1. 1 -— ,. 1.. , '.,, , 3.1 ,._,V-.. .L ,1 4.1-...4. ., , 4,. .‘4. r -1”
from tnc sure; oy USlub tle .ollo.in, netho' tht was dcep30d .rcn
H N 4° : 4AA . j.-. ..,.. - 4.», 4 .,.- P -L
iaplor's u3c11-cat c of bieruenn's metLod. oaiplcs 01 stris cele

' 1 ' :1 . .L 1. ‘ .- m— 4.1 1 ° . ...-,
piciec fret cifie.ent poh -us of t’. .8 SL e; ccin, Lt inco , in sue; a

way that every spot use rep1eser ted. Cn reaching t‘e l 0: re to r', the
straw was thorou; 11:; mixed until a 11.0.10:- enous .1i;;ure was obtained.
About one .undred fifty grams of such a mixture was placed in 3 large

bucket and water was added until it eldest reached the top. inen

whole mixture was stirred in Oider to ootz1in a co plete S193emzsion.

}Jo

Af er tnit tfie straw was allowed to stand for th1e hours or more

D
,.

the bucket, fifter which it was renoved. lTe suszension was then
strained throng h a co are e n1es E1 :nd again through a fine screen of

fort? meshes und ollored to settle over night. Lert morni1g, the

IMJO
‘
J

supernatant fluid was carefully syphcned 01f lesJing a sediment

the bottom of the bucket. This seiiment was poured off into large

centriiuge tioes HLid vere cem1t‘ifu ed from three or fiv Minutes
4- "‘J n’ I try-u nwn! . a -1 vv ‘~'e‘ A
a» 1,000 h.4. Tne sugelnutint Iluid Wus sVLLn Cole ll: sppn3ned off

and the sediment containing the larvae was poured out :round fi ter
paper , 15 cms. in didneter staniigg over several sLec ts Ff lilter
paper. Care hnd to be tdxen in order that the sediment spread oveI

‘ v1! 1 \"'I "a ‘5 4'1“ -. ‘4' . n ‘i r‘l-rf ‘\ ' v" ~" 'L '2 "'r V ‘ .‘
tee uncle suifsce oi hue f_lcer p psi. ine piepiretlon has VaiCLGd

P ‘\, 1\ ' ,A. r —V .I": 4"""1 '2 'L.'. 4 . ' " ‘ 4‘ ‘ - . ~ ‘~ II. 1
and oefcre tie molsui1e 0. one SBulLCJt nad co1iic.elr QlSQQ¥€ rec,
‘ w, ' M 1..-. , , s ' .n. 1 : .1 ,1 ..- -.. , -.

it use piclcd up ind plsc d, seciuent side uQMh’ into a lucoe

7“ .. m a - ~- -- - . . - 'v w. 1 1 ‘ 1 ~ I 1 ‘ rr‘t‘ flv.‘ , 3: w 'v' I
peeruenn epesritis, previously p1eps1ed. iLe hut3llal was allooei

to remain in the funnel for fortj—e'ght hour , end tLen l5 ml. of

I._J
i-J

(TH

.. -- 1,,1 -‘ ‘_ . -- ,. .1 r- .. 1: . .2 . ‘
1i: id more ‘+.\chn Mn; centrif»1el 1or One minute. lue sanernm. n. c

0¢U_ -—

liquid Wes Dinetted off one tLe se inent eggeined 1or bJC nresence of

. _..1. o. ..n1 . 4.4.1 ..‘-: 1'- .., .. ‘ .»~ . - L‘ 0, 1. -. .L: ,1-
and pig in shell bottles union He1- ullc d in tue ice sol un.ll the

- . . .. ”T'- J 3... . .
ob, c3unus re 0 l-ee. LAG be: nl1e. usci to thLu L e nee t .e eggs
v'r 3“- 1 ‘ \ ’3 1 'L1 " ”1. a. f' “" ’- "' . “ n . r A!
his the JUO-1. meen.c, slightlJ msci1ied U3 L.H.lus, VOLL, 1line In‘

Drudge es described below. Boer 5r es of feces were ngUCl in t.e

Stall ills: end distilled Tater was added to size 60 ml. 304s lass
beads wer put 'nto the flesh, and after b.ing s glen for a wLile,
t1-e flask. was put into tLe ice brx over night. E151 next deaf, 1.13 3.1..
or O.l5 ml. of tie contents of use Stoll fl.sk was pl ceu in a s ell

.l. - o. .1. 4.1- ...u° ‘H -... 4.1- "° . .1: 4.; .1 . ...., 1 1-:
cen3ri-s-e 31oe Hnicn mas unen Iilled with 0.x rhce tr? ed so. 1 so_1_on.

A cover slip was pieced on top of the centrifuge tune inc CO1t1ct witL
tLe liq‘id so tLet only a s all bioole 1e.ei ined an? centrifuged 9t
1,000 EPA for eb01t 01o 1ninute. After this ogersticn, tie cover slip
was removed, placed on a sliTe, “n1 tne eggs cosnted. To estflblisL the

actual nun3or of eggs per gr m of feces, the nua.er of €543 encountered
in the s i e examined smultiglied L; l3 or lFO, according to the
amount of m: teri;l pre V1ously taken iron tLe Stall flask. In other
mores, if the cm‘sntitv of the Stoll flesh contents tuzez1 was 1.5 ml.,
the re tual numc‘ er was ootained by multiplying tne LJJLST counted on

the slice of 10. If 0.15 ml. mes uses, tee resu L s ooo:i-ed by

. .” “-r J" - a q- -- v-'.A f» 1 .-“I‘ fl . :v ,\
multLQIVing LJ lcC. 3ene1ell: tHo ul td1ee slices se 1e c3un1ed to

estaolish a mean.

«1

:11 \/1
-v- L-

"f

Na
.
4..

\..'I..

1'1“.
‘-

C.

‘1 a _ 5
| 1.19--

U

1‘
\.

. A

r

.
_ Y
Ohhafib‘.

q
) "‘
,k ‘-

‘~ F

.J

U.

1‘“ «
n.‘ .C‘

‘

".0“

.J.‘
Avl

AK

0
'- ‘t
L‘u

,,. 4..
Juno UL

, 'Y

-.-

 

rally. \'.

vw—a-i‘

fiV1-'r-‘Q "" v-Ij,’1~YQ:1T"‘.‘
rec-o--. run.) a Joccclcu

The first
were observed on Apr
1 urv e. 7:.

pre-infective

J.‘.
’u..8

 

recorded in Table I. E
nunbe
p.LnDthl'"th o=t eml 0

First

3, 21nd. uf'. 363W.Kfiltl;.
0n AJFll l, frol Lcth n

On :pril 14, a

of Trichoetrongylidae

filarie were recovered

phenothiezine. Onlv

obtained from the pen 0

:1mnnry of ti

which the

infec

nd free-living nenstece

pens

Eel.“

1?, .3 lg- - Ml
.eb‘ .LVllLQ

at all. times, not only from

ctege larvae of Dictvoce.ula1e fi leri 3 wer

number of pro-infective

-.
,V‘ ,
eno

1“ '1
nee-l

"L x» 4:1" “1
-8 be...‘381 ‘.UL,ILCS

tlve larvae
1%, in very sea

of group

H.
H)
iJo
(D
p.
U)

lusfie mere ident

V .1

J—‘ a.
O UAlCT

ntfi ML

.LT

bile gen Of

the pen of sleep

0 n
U116? 11148-3

1) 1‘6-

0 _

from the pen OI

.UI.~ “o (3‘ d 1-1.: fl+-' QAV I'I‘fq
l \v 1.;1L v.11 '_'\/ 4“"3V._-c11_1_.\;-

f ezes 1ecei11n3pl

sjlae‘vtf 1-1.1 -
A. "L #5

se trials were in progress

minizmln ".ee

L.
b11633

e picked

O
.1
ch

40 infec

tive larvae

e observvtions.

r short tail larvee,probabl

todes were obtained
sheen not

rece iviz';;_-;

Second sta'e lul'vae of t1is worm

tive l rva of tnls

.‘ °..-q'-’
Ill-C. 111.8’:

1').

'1 tr

ALI—l

 

n“ . v.
we 11‘s

U —— . —'—-—A-——

in greet

receiving
tlxrt 61*;g.

Up on l-ec ruery
were observed

a . lun .

-
C)

V.’ O rm

tive l rv: e

 

- ,-. ‘ 1‘. “I 0 fl
Lehotul;ZlLC.

\

tLe barn durizg

are recoroed in

end the

wee‘1' mean. “Km“ i . in of this graph me: it nossible to CSLClJ e

v---A-

in agreement mi

”D

-L ‘1 - r~ P‘ I ‘. . v1 : " " ‘, ‘ l“ 4 " . ' ’ " ‘ ' ‘ .‘ I. ‘. . \‘i
tne nee tOues p"”;3ltlnlLS sneeo teat tne te.19r.tnres recsrc,d dering

'~.‘

‘ 0. ‘ 9' u. - r- 09- 'V?‘ ‘ v 0‘ 4" 1‘ .s, _. '|"
tLe m1ter moz1tns uezf too lo” tor tne develo one: or tiese Lords, ,)

fi—‘

‘ ° 9 °~l ° Q o -J- 1. CH 0‘11 '\
to o-e ore en. ti.e, anCStl;.1lonS oo tLe over Hi ce11ng of nee tcdes
1a. . -: . i a ‘rfiv ‘-. - r 1. ‘4‘ s“ "l' V'n‘ul ." 1 ' r- . "I
per sitizlnb sneep nlve teen cerlied out RlJUSL e cldciueig on pist11e

. .‘5 ,‘ . -: r‘ H . “I" 1‘ ‘\ ";' ‘fl ' ‘I‘ ‘- v? '1.
aley not apply in unole, to tue con11t_sns l“ tne b 1n. 1rcbaci; otner
h “J- . -L . +~s 4 ‘ -~\' "" J'- - '1 . 4" . "‘ "' ‘\.~ 5 -
Incuors inue rfere uitn tne QCVClquput 01 tnese par Sites in .ne b :n.

It is known that the temoerrture un3_er the straw was higher then that

.

recorded in the gravls. Eggs of sone soecies are abie to survi e at

..

e te1per ture

low telorrd.dre for a relatively long tine such as
observed durinr these erperigents. As n0: layers of MfF'W were edded

the environ cut of the negntode eggs oeczne earner. on the other hand,

.J

we mus co .ider the unfavorable co:flciti3ns to tne no*n;l develogeent

he ntourfil fermentapiz)ns that are able to Hi 1

h-
J
<
s
(D
U)
C.
r a
, 2
a
cf-

of tLe la
a greet nu. oer of ldrvze. Despite adverse tangerntures it was eviée mn ed
as will be cenonstreted Lelov tht some 6838 deve103ed to in
lgrvae in late Febrn"rg mien the tempergture rose to 400 :., end re mined

f‘ +1‘. F‘. 4.'- ,.. .-.' ‘ ‘0 A *: ‘ ~._~ . . -.' 0
near onlS level. bdllu; tn1s belied of Dime tnere “as a pen; of 00 z

w «50 '1 1, o n o 9
ano a low of Q4 :. Tnerefore, tne nu.1ter of iniectzve lnrv¢e must nave

‘ “~ .'«. _ 1 \A_ A_ -‘- ..‘ .L ‘1 v— . . J-fi T" ' . ‘ .‘
oeen vex] SL111 as W13 eenonstr_oed oJ tge feilu e of tne DdEfflfldnn

~‘ r‘ 4- 1 . -g-' a 'a ‘fi .‘ . .- - J‘- 4 o— ‘- o --y"\ ‘3 ’ ‘.- . — , “
aio rates in recove1in5 then. Ln “Cree 7, DUO ldmts me1u turn in _T0‘a

‘ 'l

A, one of uLicn eied on april 10. At post-morten e:u.i:vtion ten

N: atodiras so. and one Trichostronxvlus so. were recovered. Cn
* A *

 

Februery 31, yearling lCO died, and at post-morten examination,

 

-- ‘ .- -L - 4- :‘ ' " 4.. .. ‘I ' t -'v- —-' ' ' .L
r :”‘."‘" O Afi)‘ - “; ‘Vfl 4“ flw‘f‘f! ‘V’\ V' 1 1 b (I N _y\ 1“ '\ r. F! “11 ‘1 Y '.~
Huead‘g LVI‘.-‘L\) V1.25..JO- slut; ’ 1... .Lxdzpaivl Jl-_K'...\1.: u). 1.! -61» 8.5" -—.1 v.2 ier‘siiu- 4...,
I. 1 ' IL ‘ .‘ I q. .. “a: s~¢r .5 nq c. .\ 1-: r\ n d 1:- :‘- . .Ov: t. 1 f, . J
I1GL‘1J.\JJ‘L111L‘S C"). ’ U..V...O'_"11‘ 3 ill: ....-. 51.11 - LI: -‘..‘l 1118‘ 0V 1.0 \.01 e \J‘LLL'IC;
-— - — -~-".c. 4‘.—

 

 

in green nJX1ber. A few nod“les of Oes0p

ferns 0 ”re :nchns contortns v.1ere ob te.ined. Previousl ., on Februzi r"

.o '\

, 1 1 —. ‘— 2-- . ,‘ ‘ , n - .L .L ,
recorded: liC.‘flL.lt"“-L”‘L° S ., Pr C1108 UPON. 1115 ('13., I. e 103.? .3 3,411-0?» 1C
‘- JA— .* _ ’

 

 

 

“-. 4'". .‘1 1‘ '1 r-‘figlr r‘ e- f“..,.: " *'-..1‘ ' . 1 -v
D 1C 9:103 .-.‘w1_.'. -18 fl.;.._-$ -LJ. L—Zalid “a, +~3J1L\111:OIIIJ_Q . $10 l..li nnnnn tdl e f011 L18 ‘2"31‘8 I O‘ll‘li .

 

 

.1.‘

The number of ne atodes encountered at necrOpsy of U1 ne sleep ebove cited

['7'

are recorded in lab

1
Q

_e II.
”9 ere unwble to 6191 W“? o 1er sneeie“ of re etr1e~ ' rv
U1 ., 1.. . gad- Iu.-J Us 1 s» wk; .3 Lul.L-.UJHC-5’ \e-.
frequent lv e zcclntered p res H1 1215 sheep at Lic1igen Stnte Colle e,

could not be foxnd at nost morten exam'netion. It is nossible get

these worns may have been passed out of tne e21dy as their biolo,ic;l
cycle hed fini3“

Be ween eirly December, l9é5, and late Febrnery, 1947, the

1‘

J- 1/ 1 ~1 '1 n . - u‘ N' 00 «'1- 4- . s- -- -~.- .r s 99
ue1pe11tu1e 1emui nod below11eecing nosJ o- .ne ul O. -ne mdiindn .as

V

. excent1or t".o degs i1 December, th 27th and 2*t', when the

tennerature rose to 45 F. and 4o 2. reSpec “titely, end on J; nu r; 25 and

On r O

.5 ‘_ 9 _ ‘ _ N \ "1 -~\ 1.- ""V “v: 1 ‘
20, Vnen 1t reecred »2 r, ihe minimin temyezntd1e reIistezed was 16

’1
1‘.’

on February 5 an 8.

From late n rce to tie end of tnese e"oer1-en , the temperatures
1“ O .... ‘ ~' 0 ‘. ' 1 \ ro°w
recorded were never eelo: 40 2., ence_1t on n1ril l, anon 1 reec ed 3 r.

C"
(J)

—L‘-

During this .er11“ 1d the he peretd;*e ro: e to a Maui un of 670 3. At Unese

 

. ”Iva.

Lu

:- 5r, 1“-

J‘ 1‘

. ,.., u. .1 u ...,-.,-L n .. 1:. :- .- ,. ..~: :
tGQPERJtJTGS Lne Leuelopnenu 0; one iree-Lixing , 3 . . piros-t_c

m
r
,
(“J
U)
0

q

“,4. .. ,L. .3 . ,3-” .1. “I . , , _. .,-,. . L1
nee LOdCS was pOSSiole .s mes demonsur_Led or L,e recaterJ o LLe

H:

. A ‘1- : Q'- v‘v' . :l 1 .1 1‘ ,‘I‘I'1 ’In . ; . i. 1
111180 LI .L‘V'e lIVIVC e frrls- .1 01.8 S brit301 on 4;;31" can-b 4.5: C.a$\‘b { :2an OII OXZDI‘ll (ha-L.

The number of infective lervee was very snail as can; red with free-

counts of the three groups of en eep in the erperineno

.-

were made at regular intervals gnu the results are given in rijures

II, III and IV.

'ure II shows the variation ooeerved in tne e33 counts of
the yearlings during this period. On examingtion of this Figure, we
ooserve t‘~t there was a drqgixit }.£ naALer of e3g-s durin3'flxavinter

0“

. w . 9'.“ .L 0’3 ‘I _ ,,. ° 4.1“: . . ...
"notes. 0L ubJEqur -u, 1919, e _ Coants in UHLS LPOdp shoLed

‘0‘»)-

J.

eiera3e of 6,000 per ““um of feces. .In Eebruery, the average fell to
1,130. Fifteen duys later, and in sunsequent counts, the numLer of
eggs increased sh r37; to reach 1-,500 on march 22. as three animals
of this group died, no average was calculated after that dete.
two sheep still alive nud a gre t i101,:se in the nu oer of eggs per
gram of feces.Ye rling 19%, from c,5€3 on Q*rcn L? to o,OOO on Aaril
1L; and yearling 195, from 12,500 vent to £0,000.

Identical reeults were obtaineo Lrom ULe ewes not receivirg

.. ‘ 4. 4- 1. ~ 'VQ

pnerothiazine, exoegt taut one: L.

(1
U)
'3
p,
O
O
f"
H.
(D
O
:3
.'
ye

bectuse no feces coqu Le colleo te‘ fron re Q7. on inil IL, the

Q. :,~ 5‘ V-.- . :wu. '7‘.‘ h a. . .v. ‘1 1‘ _ I"

11.38 ‘.'.L~.'o Ob €81"’@d Ck.“ -;... IMO nuwer OI 633,8 Of e..e ‘27 F088 LI‘U .1
r . W .1 1,- L.- .L .: p‘r‘ .., -‘ 3-. L .,

C3,].OJ Ofl L..:uCL1 la uO ‘13.,‘4‘ Oh 21311.1. LI.

Regarding tne 3TCL¢ of (HF; r:ce:tf:3 o snlt-pherothiezine
mixture,t1e r su.lts s-e re conolote y different. Practically no marked

differer.ce was observed emon3 the 93% counts of this group of shee3.

Tne avere3e rnn.ei from 110 to 357 e33s per gran o: :eces which can be

A z'ln:r-‘fivs ‘ 51"NV-‘3‘fi‘. rr"
botto:‘.LK—tl-€CS illu-. O *‘l Lt;aau.

(a

1 _‘_ ‘m o - 4 -~ ,«.,.L a ’ V a. _‘ ‘ 7‘
32.463 I‘C’ol..i- o3 C‘uSJl‘TCCL In 10““) A LLILC. 5 ul'e ll". C.CC‘31‘CLJ_.'-CB 'ulou

'r ‘ F" -= r r a . -
{.1119} C‘- 05’s.; :Vr LLLLC. an,“ '..‘. 01411113280.

u“
\.I
U

Q»:

‘~« F ‘o .3 - a ’ ' C 7

tno e ooseried o;r fulnez and moon (log;
.4 '\ . V ‘ ’ . I' " ‘i- ~ 1’ Q " 5‘ - '-‘ ‘.'I r' ““wr fT“.-.sv I fl '\ 1‘ - 7.71... . 2

( , in hasLi , Donniit (lJLc) in oe-mnng,flhdlcx (lEsL) in enblanc,

Hersh (1936), Lnd H tkiz-s, Cole, Kline and Drugs (lgéd) in Micni;en.

The increase in e33 counts gay be pa‘tially due to ingestion of
infective lartse dlriig the period that the sheep rensix:ed in tie burn.
This increase mvy be partly due to in3esticn of infective lnrvae union

. '4”

.... .0 . 1- .. 1- ,3 ,., 9,,1 - r: - L _, ,_ 2 ‘
suitited iron tne ,re lo is fell. also, unis inoreese mlJ oe o to a

'71

*"e terns. ”e agree with idylor (1935)

O.
H.
C)
'4.
c+
‘ 3
O
F‘;

certzin net ‘W‘ I peric
~W”3ests tne fcht;.eti1;n in the egg counts are referrable to

va. igtion in the rste of egg production of the adult corms rstler then
the fluctuation in the rate of intake of infective larvae.

Tee results cLserved in e33 couxits of group C confirms those
of Heberuenn and Shorb (192;). Theyf oand that plenofi insine-snlt
mixtures offered to sheep for daily con u23tien at the rLte of 1:14
were effective in stepoir 3 the de ovelopnent of p; asiti c larvee. It

is we sored *ne there was no deveIOpment of eggs to infective lnrvae in

this pen durin3 the tire the cm niLL ls received that Lixture. Thorp and

of nenntoc e e333 in the feces.

 

1. ., (rncf 3.1 .‘

 

 

 

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‘

vL—x .. .. 4. n . A” —‘ 5—1-1“ 3 n,- 1" ~- ‘r‘ m “(‘12 4-» _-.\-1.1 ”it“
Liselflexx1ts KEIT"CJLuUUon 11111 rogeileu., 1:zL, v; “(111, 1..:7,

7"!

L13 the 831691) 1.511101a the LLiChiD‘CLn 31.71.1163 30111‘ e .1.t.)e1-..u llt::.l L:

counts of 3 e99.

One group of EDnFlifi s and no ’r01p of eves not rec iving wny
tre tLGKt and one eroup of €189 receivi;g e lzlé phencthi zine salt
mixtule ourm : this tige were used as tegt animals in these experimeJLe.
By means of 1 $3mifl€u Tavlor Beermen: technique, $1121°s of

straw mere picked up 1t regglur in terv 13 to ch ck the presence of

infective larvae of nematode Dirasitee. The firet inf ec ive 1n I‘VQC

(4.
O
(‘3
(‘D
O
F‘ 3
(+-
(D

were obs eerved on Aoril ll, in very s.ell nu MRLQPS frmn

 

 

t 'I . ‘. 31.". -. “ fl. . ”V? . ‘~’. "‘ I ‘2 .\ r ' ~‘i ‘7 V- ‘
Cl.i.An(- .18 Ir J ZqEK/ElxllLJb 13-18:} lot-..~L_ Zillle. ‘IO lll‘ectLve l‘JWJ‘Je ‘LCI e Cdse.fid Cl
1' ‘- :- .‘ a f. .2 \-11 a .. .: ,.' .L -. _. 1 J- ‘~ ‘ -‘— ° r h. ‘ ~.‘ m"
from. he pen 01 .1111... .13 1 ELK-3.32114, 5:1...u-p1.enot1.1cz~ll.e42:1tum. 111888
1c,1fi7.JP 4‘. 1T; 1 r4 "1""...1“ '4" 1-: \1c" f.“ L’mm ~r~, \f‘fy“ufi Irv-‘4', ‘4“C‘ r‘ «T -
,1 U1. J Vex e ikiel. U1. -‘CQ 1.8 ‘L 4th U'JA -er.~‘ '3‘. . ’ ‘0' ~.\-'..Lv ‘.\.¢-.L‘_'.~'a C 9‘. DJ! ‘V.Q ’ (-I;Q

other short tail l;rvee. QiStXOC:fllus fil rid, fire and second st:;e
l rva 6 were picged up Le:ore April 1, from both =roups. From late uz1ch
to the end of the ese exoe 110Los tLe tenpezateres recorded were new e1
below 4003., except on April 1, uten it reeshede 0:. Darin; thiq
period the temperature rose to e m;xi.um of 37 1.

P‘ . vv 4- «-\ -4 v r‘ . 4- ~v, .. ‘ -.- r: ‘L‘, 4.- , ,-. —.
Dec 1 te low Leup11ntaree lo mas eviaed e1 bdflb SOJE 9533

'L-

dev e loued to infective lcxvee in l.te Feb wraa13 when the teeper;:ure

A o '_ : ' '._ l.- I... ‘s
F. end reunited near t; 8 level until late in meCn, .itn

r1.

*5
0
LI)
CD
r?-
()
MP.
0

‘ , _ o_ , No. . a ._3 . _
a pea; o: 00 :; ane a low of 3; 1. The rumoer o1 1n1ect1ve l;1vee

must have Benn very ngll as was Q

.1.

w-._ -‘_,__\ fl. .. ' ., , fl, .
5L1.81":-.‘:..';1A. (12);) -1122- u..S 13:) .1. CC 3V8? toe. ..

no evid use of infective lLrVLe

rm‘ 1 , 1-.
4.11.91 a “73.5

until late Ebbru

U

.s a drag in

"'. » \ x ' 'LQ" ‘ ‘W v r‘. :I . “I“ .-. 1r-1 - a ‘ .
[intex monuis fOlLOned by i rive in Ugo bxoors 01 3‘06;
-L I”. ,- V. .I‘”. ‘ V‘“. - “ 4
a Sulb’HHFHUTHIUQlue miitoxe.
ine iall an“ rise in egg counts oo=s not agge r

r. 3‘ ,J

\»g¢\rL

‘
('~ 8 A 138 f‘ I)
a v -ybl '

Ho

iCFBCLSe

1'10 :11 1‘. IE 0.

:fi‘J' I1“ .»—.~~". ‘.:"J'71'1
SL».L U‘L);.enC-t..lu.uli:e 1.1:...1 Uv-L e .

I 0

an inverse rise in hegogl

coupirision with the neiatode 0;; counts.

.L.‘

“LC

-\

betme

p

-‘ .v - .v- 1 v- \a‘ ‘1 I v‘
-41 J..C‘.'B..;pCI :16," 1 1.1.3.3-

O 0
an REYES I‘E‘C’Rlvll’l

0' '1'

ii:01~cn;e :16

an average of 13.9 pounds.

'1

chin was found

K. 1; .
(8.1-41.1.1

Y -

a
I
b

to correspon;

_—‘

‘y-n

C .

,4-
‘U

fl

A

CW,‘\
NU

7:1", l.-o
,. .1.’
La yiAe

O a
1‘9 C e .'-.V bl". ”
hJ

Pu

.. ~,.. 4.: .-...
JQOLQ ode 60°

;ined an

r71 1 '1‘1‘ 1-!
b-H‘AA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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lull: 1/0, h: 1/“? - o "'1 -12; rug/17 1/-\.1 4h ”Ir? “/1; ,1/-~1
I V _/g_ /.L.-‘l ‘— ..- H/U t../- pig '4’... “’5'“ ‘I L. -/l I. .. -IN...
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Grmlrg _.., ilnec; 8 11.113? -o Muiccuiye 1:1»;13 Izueswfi o 0-.
“ " v1“ . 1.'f-.| is N“ ‘L r1. .42: , “.1-.\‘1- 1 .I " 1‘“ "W.:. "r ‘-- - -1 'rl.‘
n. ;; 1: :1‘6 ‘3— - 1 .1 ILL..." «.10.. if} g 1 CC- -.1 1. ..-.'v I. 21"..01183 .; i3.-' S -14J£.U° -11"... 9.
‘ L : ‘ , .L_ 1 ‘ ’_ _‘ J}. W , ".-
..:T- _ ' .432”? C S .9...‘ .18 GU S p.:. y. .= ‘ :1 L..
—D'. \‘I 'L. 1.‘ ‘11' ~‘—_- . W .1 —. . ‘1 J. _. l'
1 i't.-iI1-E‘1Cul‘.'€ in; we L‘.‘€‘:C.- 1.1x 1.0 . your?
c "a .6: , °,
Ci - iilflrig
_ -‘-Ab m
—- ——-——-———»% _.._ -—-—-_
fV-y‘ viv- »\ .'\ Pr'n-: _ fi' Qfixty. ‘q :‘A r‘gfl4':" l. -' ',“(3 .If- ; ‘fi'LHVQ 1 .117.‘
g._ C'-1.9 gig lLA,_\~V¢.'- F: aLL_J> h, .C A'U nglCUU~ve L~-1\t~...1 t J 4--.- vL' _.F J.— ,‘ywe
q .7. . 1 4"... . n <_ -- f. p. .‘u x A 1 ._ 1.1.. ~ -« -~ - _,-. 4‘"..". fl: 14 ‘ -: q-L ' ' . ‘
U Dl'CC‘ I .I. .~ ‘1C.-o . LIL/Ra'sc 4’ — AIL-A1..— -' -'- .5: 4““ ‘2 «...Ct. U'v.‘~‘~es H o 1--. - " ’ 1:] J ,. 6-..}.\\
_ “fl m“
C" 1 V y "
,'_—o~,_. 1' ~ar. ,' a, N. ‘ ‘u v'.
i.c....,..n:oe c- s . Hoe co i, at “we limie
-, J . 0 <0 ’ > “ ~'_ 1 n _.
~— "‘i 1" ' . TV . ' . " A i 1
;. TL ‘3...’ - 63 1,-_._\ O _ .1 v Le 1:10 ‘Ll Cup.» 1-9.-.” ouvbs,
9 19-: . i x
0‘ J. -_|_..1— Al‘.¢-u—.
—
."‘1 . ‘”f| I“?
;¢u-i-.l .L
l-.b 14...... -‘ .1 ~ -‘ - .---.— V'V u—‘I‘A,‘-.1 . w—1 -.-‘y- .‘co r‘?‘ "’
finV...—J.- v“ 1034-}-4‘) .5 VJ— or .L‘U :J-d c. ous/ r1——.'; gobn‘Lufifiugkfié-Vl‘
fl‘» '1- . - 1 . 1 q . -L
\- I . - v‘l \ ‘
anew “ooh.-.“u... 3.51.4. 14in“. 1.19
f- 'a‘ r, '1 1A.. 11 . ’l-
1"“ l n 1" ’N 1
>4 -\ ‘1 ‘ ‘ -- ‘
l... ,oxru u , .oO
fl- 13 If!“ 1 1 ----.n
554‘ ‘ ‘Jv Air’slvU

4 1.4
.- 1
74-.-.L.V.4V

PK,

39 Ler, Doneld a. IFS . SLLVVlVa l of L'rn Parasite Infection on
Lew York State Pasture,c ” orz1ell Vet. 23:é5-4o.

 

 

Jour. P rasitol. 17:53-cé.

Cort, J. J., Ackert, J. 2., Augustine, D. L. and Payne, E. K. 191;.
The Descrigtion of e App r Lus for Iso.;ti:1; Infective Hook-
worn Larv e frog 30 1. “nor. Jour. "V3. 3:1-15.

 

 

 

Diknons, 1. rnd Andrews, JoLn S. 1933. n Conp:r.tive LcnoLolr3icgl
Study of tLe Infective LerVue of tLe Com on Lenrtcdrs resftic
in the 3i eLtul, Crest of SLerp. Trans. “nor. Licros. Soc.

Dik; rs, G. and Andrews, John 3. 1333. n Hots on the Tine of
Sun ivel of 1": e of Pi :e::enc‘..11_s_._ contortzzs, Cstert--ri1
circu_;inctg 'zd.qugiZQizi§_§lgtgi3;g, on Pestores.

Jour. "rnsitol, LfizlJV.

Dinubirg, n. 3. 12%;. DeveIOpsUn end Su.:v v l aner Cutioor
COLditious of Sgrs 5nd Lervee of tLe Common Luninnnt Stonuch
Lorm, 1'9 ohc‘is c2£i£§i£fi. Jour. ngr. Les. 63:4:1-433.

 

2. TLe Slrvivz l of the infective Lnrv e of *h
as on fiuminnnt uo_;, H e ochgs contort.1s, on Outdoor Gress
lots. Amer. 3011. vet. res. 3:3L-37.

Dinebur” A. G ltéfi The Effect of Low Outdoor Tewperotues on

D, O 0
th 3%,e-Living Stoges of some Cozzon Leumtode Parasite of
Sheep. finer. Jour. Vet. Res. 5:257-263.

"1

Furzen, Deane P. 19%4. EfLeots of mi vironmeLt Uvon tLe 2r
4.

 

8
Stages Of_gstertd“ia_gi§gs ing_ a (3tfiselzeqn) Triciost 3,
I.Laboratorg :"3011nents. filer. Jour. Jet. Res. 5:79-56.

 

 

Furtan, Deane P. “9&4. Eff ate 0. ELVironLent Upon tLe rree-LiV1a3
Stages of C-stert-<;i_; £1‘CLLL'1C11. czt; (St: Ciel 1.11m-) Tr-‘_c1:ost:‘onr_‘ lid
II. Field fingeriments. seer. Jour. "vet. Res. 5:Lé7-:3.

Griffiths, H.S. 1937. bole CbSGFVfitiOLS on t-e Ovex intening of
Ce to n He ninth P; : ites of Sheso in Csnade. Ce;sda Jour.

.8

J. I. l9;1. StDHaCh Uorns in Sheep. Gala. A3r. Exp.
Sta . 31111. 137, Pol-00

Haberoann, R. T. and Shorb, D. A. 1942. The Lffect of Piensthiaziue-
Sal Jixtures on the Deve10puent of Parasites Larvae in the beces

”I -- .‘ . 4 , ‘3‘ A f‘. , r1."
of Sheep. *ne aorta m1er. Yet. 13. Pf,QlQ-C~L,

v 1 O _ I‘ 'rr 0 _ V" f" K _. fl ' 1“ _‘ VV C I_
h£7j1L3,P.n., Cole, C. L., Aline, L. e. thfl Dlolbe, J. n. 134;.

Stid ies of Sheep P rasites. I. The curse OI ”ntrerted

Lem1+ode Infectin.s. Vet. Led. 33:15é-lol.

- ° 1 . - v- ' - i" H - .11. : :

Hargius, P.n., Cole, 3. L., ano allne, L. c. 19 w. ded1es o.

a- n -_ 1 . ',‘ r‘ ‘. ., .,-~ ‘ w ,

d ecp Par531tes. IV. ouslJul of DHBQQ Le atode‘ on Pestur

During the Fall Months. Jour. P r~sitol. EP:373-377.

v o. q . _‘ .., fl '-“| . . . . ,3 . Gen-v

boffnen, ullLlcq a. 1:21. P otelomeurlc Clinicel Chesist J.

illian Loarow and 3011;;v. XIV 251, flew Yorx.

Kamalede , H. 3., Graham, B. .:d Boler, L. I. 1936. The Persis
of Stomx 3h-rorms on blue rass P sture. finer. Soc. anim. Pr
PI‘OC. :9: 63‘17;.

Lites, I. v. 19%;. Ovezainter Survivel on Poe ture of preporesiti:
St"ges of Sooe Comgon Kenotodes R Wzsitic in Sheep. Pros, E913.
"0:. flash. 19:;3~CL.

o, D A. 19é3. Identifice ition of 3338
J. A.

0
.ie of Sheeg. Amer. Jour. Vet. Res. 4

2.21m]: .Izi.dlei1:11. 1931". ObSGl‘V"‘_tlDL-S 131° f on '..'ee1;13,r Pitrrasit
s on Deces of Laue and Yearling Sr eez. Jour. Parzsi tel

H

Jenni: H O l t.e Bienonics of tLe Free Livi nr
r_g'?1us so . and Other Pnrasitic.m1toles.
e

s
o. Afrioa. Dept. Afr. flee. Div. Yet. Serv. .nd anim. Ind
5 9 .

Rensom. B. H. 19' -History of the Twisted direworm
1..
‘1 u

uer huminwnts. U. S.

 

 

. 1

Eur. 3111111. I151. Cir.

c.—

tic lnzection in LQQLS:
Its. Twenty-third fine.

Ransom, B. H. 1908. Tie Prevention of P r 8
Report of First Series of Fiel d 1‘oerim
Rep. U.S. Bur. anim. Ind. 207-2 2.

(SH-

Ransom, B. H. 1910. The Prevention of Losses 110;; Sheep Iron
Sto:nrch nozms (Haemoncnus co1-tort ) ‘ “
Cir. 137-10.

. —‘ fl" --'> a. v ‘, “ x‘y‘r- 1! “.. *‘
IL€3b1?ESSle?, n. 2. 1333. Leubev-tj of ggeo.hi;ost o41J 00133L1411J
" ! x~~-. " “-4 ' . 1".— a..-
Larvae. blSL “33. nop. LL10 “Jr. 34p. bt3. bull. MTG-P..l
Scariiee, 3. P. 1943. Overmiinter Loss of gig»3~c-us cantovt

.— ¥~

Larvae from 3 Sheep Pasture. Proo. Eel“. Soc. u33h. 10:22-23.

S?Z‘“le , Wu. P. 1943. OverJinter Loss of Hoéulzr Hora L Ptae fron a
asture and its 381 in: on t e Cyntrol of Hodalir Horn
. Joa-. P regitol,..;‘ -239.

o
J
3'3

‘32,- ”3,3 '1 1.,34. .-c 1 .
39311-333 40139331tu33 331 333

- .. 4.- ..; . 34-
S 81 I; -m-L‘n. 4:81AM fJI‘.-..:-u.

Swegjuetti, Lee, and hers ,Pedleigh. 1915. Control of Intestinal
artsitiem in Lagos by “inter fre3tment of Ewes, es Compared
with use of P enothiazine in Salt in Summer. Auer. Jour. Vet.
Res. 6:153-164.

31 of Ghee p Le ozn3to3es in Pastures. Jour.

.
U)
‘ 9
2
P.
<
h .a c)

l on Grass Plots of Eggs an

d Pre-Infective
eea 3301.33 ”013,Hmemono*us

C

d

contortus.

fi a r . f A p n o .—. - a N
DIIOTO, D. a. lawe. ourV1val on grass Plots of 2333 33d Lw 3e 01 tne
Stomach Noni, E e4onohus Eggtortus. _Jour. Agr. Res. 63:317-3zé.

¢ . w A .-
9h0ro,U.n.fl.w
233s of tie
69:2 3-‘67.

 

 

a r—- -_ n n O 0
i311<1rb, D. A. and dabermznn, 3. T. 1’»; ‘ szeot of Pnenoth1321ne on
the Developuent of Roundwol m L rv;e in the Eboes.. Vet. Lei. 35:

454-457.

E313011, fiorman E. 1930. on meth3.s of Cou:1ti35 Legutode Ova in Sleep
Dung. Parasit. 22 :116~136. ‘

. The Eel? intio P: re Hit es 3rd Pa' sit
d3. II. Lotes on the Effec t of flint
. t .gsf-s of he 913tode P8P sites ofo eez
o Eastera 9 mafia. Canud. Jour. Comp. 40d. 33d

 

 

 

ls

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