EA$AL METABOLISM OF WOMEN m LAfiR FAATURETY agar-ea a? M. 5. ‘i'hesis {w fiw Be CGLh‘éGE NGCWQMVE 5'? AW Camiim é’aéan mew agfia ~. g; a; . .-.,~’I’I.,I‘v.'. 2“" ' ‘: §~ HY - :- .' I“! it” Q I'. . ._I .I ~. In" ”3' .'l..‘ ' “' I ‘1 .- | , ‘ . v\—-' ' o. . 1"" l" I l ’V I n -'\ l . '3 'E ‘IL'V" R we“ IV} I'..’ ." "I ’ o\.I ‘ ll ‘lt‘: .v I . t l ,u» . . . \ «utgxw ,. w I l. \ .“ ‘I ’_r \' ‘ .‘ ‘ ' .‘ I I l: . I l L l ' ‘ . 1 ' ' h (I _ "j “ 1' ‘9") \\\‘o'f"7‘l“’fl“'.-4x: l I [{‘1\ ”It-(l ‘\ ' .Itl-‘I I" ~.. . "-l' "f‘ z 3 . ' '. 1 ‘II ‘_ . , . I - ‘ .’ _, . '. | I\ . l - ‘. , -~;-'Vl‘ \ 1; a, ml) 7: '- H1,“ ‘3 g A ' ',<,,° 9’4” ‘91,. l“! J. -: . ' o.“./ ' 4' ’ 7 .H - w I" 'i f. 1‘ . I l ' l-‘I t' I” I .1 I Is . "4 l".-" . ' 1 l -t “In I. n ‘I I ‘4 -~ .9 v. - I - .. x- , II ' ‘ l f I‘ \ l l I ‘ ." | (‘1 I « I"~ ‘ ' \ ' It ‘ ” g I./ I": (A ‘ I 'I‘)' I /’ I_I, 'I n,’ ‘3 '1. f" . ' ,_".| \ l I I ‘“ .".’ ’ll‘, (’1' f.“ 'V' 4 “'l "\ ‘k ‘n l... l. ' ‘ . I, r i. H". I l . . .- 1'; o \ J l ' ' ' " ' r‘. ' ‘ '.l.: ‘I‘ '-‘ '4 II .o \. I. I I'M. ' I 1 ."fl‘ M , ‘ I ' 0 l in l I “ I I 1 ‘ l k _‘ ,. ’. ,5, I ' - ‘ I ‘r I " H r' I 7" I. I . 1 H 1" I I ' ‘ I ( r I _ I w‘ x I’\ O u‘ .i » " l V‘ I ' "l, ‘* 'll‘ ‘ I " (I " ‘ I- ' ' ' I l 1,0 . t 1 off. . ' .1 i _ ll 1” I In . 1 \ ‘ >- . . I " I. 4 I - r . r), I- z," ‘r" .. I . r '7 I . \ I 'V‘ . 'A 0' '. . ’ ’ . ' PI I (4' I l ,-. .r 1 l _, l l I. , ‘3: .I , I 4 l‘ ’ ...( \ v" J: u t \t‘ 1‘ F I ‘0! I l' I "l .\ .. n ”if I .I p : ‘\ I ll , \ ' I I . (I’. . I‘ l -5 " 0’ \l ’ | \ __ . .‘I ' | I I' " v’ "1 ‘ ' . '4 I I ' I I .‘zp .- ' l 0 1‘1 ‘3‘. ll ‘ l -J ’ l . | l I‘ I {‘Jlf"_‘ll ' ‘I I 1‘ l h I. 'f ' :4 “ ‘ i l .v, (a l ‘ V' I|‘; ' O 21,6 1’ '1" P‘ ‘ . ‘I .‘u 1' 4/. l1 0\ I)‘ l{ h." / l - ‘ I -n a , I o l I I I! I" l: .’ .' ‘ I ’ I _ - X. ". ”.1 l \ ' 1' ‘l I" Ct.“ 'I I 3“ ! .. "(r,'_ ‘1 ’II-I II - ‘1‘; 4‘ '. ' £ 3‘ J '., ,' 1‘ o I o ‘ ‘ -. .I~«',;,j;/ -,. Th1s 1s to certlfg that the J' ‘ 1 , .‘ , _ I. ‘ ‘l A, ' "VA 2;"- . "' I . l.’ J \ l' I‘ I. I _f‘.‘" "_ L“ "y I: l ', ""\ 4' .‘ I , "' o o , , 129' p. g 3.; thes1s entxtled 'I "l ‘ 1‘ ’0‘5"); 0 r. lfill J 7“ ‘ 7:4. ‘\"/ \J ' .. . . \n ”(it n,‘ ‘ 'I' J" t {I f' v "X1I§/35 ¢.f; BASAL METABULISM OF I ' ‘. 'f l , ~ I ";/‘:l t'Ml“. .V -“#I7ltlflrux‘. wumEN IN LATER MATURITY - g ' u; 1.1%.}; I If! ‘I" I ‘9‘: . I ‘ ‘ \ ".: I I I, ',r I» \ presented by . .ri’, I N J'fi‘!‘ "N J‘ 7-5- z'y:.r-r.r.,«.12fl~ I .‘lv.- 1's‘,:$!l‘~{lllll;‘\_' l ‘t ‘ Caroline Ellen Furrow ;-’--’.>u- I : ’ffifi,‘ ‘v '.’yr,‘, IL." ‘- ,_ . J” “t AMI] . l."/ I, ._ : xiv‘fik'ggtgls l "7 4 If??? {- if has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for «,1 “'I ‘v‘ ' _( . , . '5 ~\ " 'i' l I, I /— (r . ‘ ‘1‘. 1 l I "v," ”Tl. . .. "t‘ 1‘ ‘ « ~ m . . ' I 1 %‘ ."' ' .r ' I I I a. , l l' I _ I .‘ . .\ ., I | \ , l \ ’. ,; . -|- l I . . ' I v I" ' ,- ‘ Wk, §l I' t ‘ “ \ to I I l. I - *’ I I I I J ’V , ."g‘ ____-V_ t .' \' ' g s " -. \ '. " I II I’; {l 4‘ . ‘ ‘ I. l ' -‘ . ’ g . . ' ' A I l. ’I £ . L t . . l I UV 5‘ I, "'51“ .‘,_'_H‘ ‘ _ ~ I‘M «wwv' ‘ C; 1. 4-8 i” " ,"‘ I Date _____L_j_.L‘L I . l' , It . . ‘. 0‘ ‘ o\ - ~l .’ ~ t-\ ‘. .\ . I '5‘ . . . r V 1, I | ‘ l I ' l k .- _“""—“' T “ .,__..,.,_‘ "'— —’é- " ’— .___ ' " — .’ . L M aI , . I , | O \‘ b o I ' P V . f \ I I ‘ I O I I, H l ' \ ‘ ‘ J .I Ii I 'l ‘ . f I I . _ . I .‘ l' ' . .. ‘ ‘ I I "I, I I ’ . ‘ l . ‘ ' I l I I t ’ I ‘ . I i I \ V 1 l I I I I I '. l. t ' I . 1 3" . | ' I V ‘\ f ' . . I . ' I ll ‘ ' l' , I A ‘ ' ll . J ( ' l| ’ 4. f l . ‘r' I ‘ 'l' l ; \ (I ‘ I l l ' I b - ,\- , ( I, I L" . | '. , ' I - , t I I . I I .. .x I Major professor 4h -;wkxf“~ “’3ZCILL. Ef It; ' . . . f'. I ' .1." , -‘ A II I _-_# _—#——'— Wm . .. l. I“ " I. . ‘I ‘ \ . ‘uftl , H I IN \ 5 " ‘ -' \ y. I ‘t 4 l ‘ l I" l ' ‘l I .-1 o ' g " "“z- ,’ II I I“ ‘ U ‘h‘u V I, L] -!/'. . ‘.. . |"I ’ .1 1 v', . . I I I 0 1‘ L ' ‘ I o' I. I M f ‘ 3 ~ 0 I I I ' I I I, I I I, | '/ I _' I I. l l ‘ -. l ' I 1'. .‘: " Master of SCieBQ§_degree in Foodajind Nutrition \ Ci‘flf l |Il|ll|\{ Olin... ll.lll .IJlIttKIIIF ‘ Ll ‘11‘1‘1"» ‘ BASAL METABOLISM OF WOHEN IN LATER.HATURITY by Caroline Ellen_!§rrcw A theeie Submitted to the Graduate School of Hichigen State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfilment of the . reQuiremente for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of focal and Nutrition School of Home Economics 19n8 1.... . #‘w .50 L Y“"-.r "\ a ‘ ' ses.‘ “ -~ -_'00|| YUM .‘ . " . . r . Hi \4 _--‘~'-‘ . l g, 1' 'Pr-r Jo L P. . '31 " 7,; t a ‘1‘ L. ' ‘ II ‘ .‘\_‘Ae‘v w‘e .. u- " n~ .- r ' - u . W ‘ ,A -' 5 4.. on. — awn-xi e ‘ . .— .‘\-' ‘ , - e .. ' I." 1 w :1_r.l).5:'_.;. r, H a- l .‘ err -1" I“ UL.‘ i '7‘ e ..‘ Dw‘ .' "\~I" - i311 (5 el - .5...‘ e y 1,. I a H e ., I t.) p- .'_ ‘_ r“ v ‘ .) 3J8)“ 4.1..11‘1rxl I ‘vu-«“ ?' ‘)$ “ 8 I '.I' ‘.-\c.. f - I j‘ - . | kluu $1.“; . WWW ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writer wishes to express her appreciation to Dr. Edna Brown for her patient and invaluable I supervision of this study; to Dr. Margaret Ohlson for her interest and guidance; to Jean Bcek, and Lois Jackson for their cooperation; and to the twenty women who served as subjects. 1305580 TABLE OF CONTENTS IN'I'HODUUTION. . . . . . . REVIEW OF LITERATURE. . . EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. . Subjects. . . . . . . Selection of Data . . O O GENEHAL OBSEHVATION AND DISCUSSION. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . e Numb er II III .M IV VII VIII II III XIII XIV XV XVI TABLES Tit le Page BASALIMETABOLISM OF FIVE SUBJECTS (Wolf) 5 BASAL METABOLISM or MEN (Lewis) 7 BASAL.METABOLISM OF WOMEN AND MEN (Benedict gt g) 9 BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN AND WOMEN (DuBois) 10 BASAL METABOLISM or MEN AND WOMEN (Harris and Benedict) 12 BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DECADES (Harris and Benedict) 13 BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN (Boothby and Sandifcrd) 15 BASAL METABOLISM OF DUBOIS AND LUSK OVER A PEuIOD OF IMAAS lb BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN (MacLeod and R0861] BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN AND WOMEN (Benedict)‘ 18 BASAL METABOLISM OF THREE N OVER.A PERIOD OF YEARS (Benedict) 20 BASAL METABOLISM- OF WOMEN (Benedict and Meyer) 21 BASAL METABOLISM or MEN AND WOMEN IN DECADES (Iise' and Oohi) 23 BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN (Benedict and Root) 24 BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN (Matron and Hitchcock) 25 BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN AND WOMEN (Boothby, Berkson a. Dunn) 27 I} 4-: A“ 13‘ f I b . ,.,L V '1‘ e 0‘ I (‘V “ O ,. ) I ' 5 La IT“" 1 A 6 l ' -. I r‘ '. i r i ' V - I: P) t ' r I a , J' I. ' K-.- e \.I I \J- (1“ }-\1'\I ‘ h ‘\ I. i ve i I. A . ‘\ rfi’x vzx- vw rr~r-.L-§ '.A {I ~ g I ‘o-‘; 1 ' r 7 .. u , . I U-‘v‘ I I ‘ A. _. l g ’0 t I I ‘ 2/ . \ ,c V ‘\g ‘.I ILL . j A. v ) l m e . r,f ‘ o. '1 Pr ,‘ A « 'r { LI .'_\ 'I" " f“: ..—‘ f. ." Number XVII XVIII XIX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV Tables (Continued) Title BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN (McKay and Patton) BASAL METABOLISM OF FIVE PROFESSORS (Magnue-Levy) SUMMARY OF THE REVIEW 0]." LITERATURE ON BASAL METABOLIC RATES OF WOMEN IN LATER MATURITY BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN IN LATER MATURITY BASAL METABOLISM OF OLDER WOMEN IN DECADES COMPARISON OF HEAT PRODUCTION WITH HEIGHT, WEIGHT, PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE COMPARISON OF WEIGHT AND CALORIES PER SQUARE METER PER 2“ HOURS AND AGE RELATION OF PULSE RATE TO BASAL METABOLISM Page 28 30 #1 1*7 52 I’m ,4; .1i') a.1v ‘_‘l‘-J ’ ‘ I.) ' v “ls \ “A.\J' J ’t .. . S ‘ . I . - I ; J. - ‘ \ . J. : . - I t J! ‘ '(l c I ‘ . - ' I .3 ' I L A ,, ‘ 3. I ‘ I ’ ,-' ‘ L 5 t - I I" — ; I l . I ,l I ' v‘ I L ' ' I l I I n .' ‘ ‘ L, 1' e u. L“ ' fl. y- L AL“. ‘ I 1'“ I. V V A" 3., I ~ '. r l .- it , 2. s1.» 2. . J3“ '1\l u!’ - ,I h. ,- kad.‘ .L .L-\." Number II GRAPES Title BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN IN LATER MATURITY Second and Third Day Averages BASAL METABOLIC RATES IN RELATION TO HEIGHT Page 42 INTRODUCTION The study of the process of aging, or geriatrics, has been neglected until very recently. Perhaps because senescence has been considered the inevitable decline of life. In fact, in conversation aging is a subject usually avoided as something disgraceful. To admit advanced years seems to carry with it a loss of social. respect. Dr. Edward Stieglitz, consultant in Gerontology, National Institute of Health, Washington, D. 0., points out the erroneousness of this attitude: 'to compensate for the decrements in certain physiologic and mental capacities there occur increments in other capacities." That is, a man's adaptations for skill.may decrease but his Judgement increase. Dr. Stieglitn feels that to take advantage of man's ability to use his acquired capacities during the “older decades“ we should try to aid in maintaining his physiological condition to a higher degree. The study of the aging process is a practical necessity today‘because of the increasing number of peOple over 60 years of age. From a statistical study compiled by the United State's Census Bureau (1938) it has been \ . A, O . ‘ . \ ( A I .Il a. v .I x ‘ . . l . . .. n I . \\ pointed out that 6 to T$»o£ the pOpulation of the United States is over the age of sixty and it has been predicted that by 1980, 19$ of the population'will consist of persons about this age. There is developing a dramatic change in the population structure that has not been preoedented, and the need to learn about aging seems urgent. It seems timely to make a conscientious study of the processes of aging in order to enlarge these people's capacity for living. If our pcpulation is to consist of people in 'later maturity' in increasing numbers, it certainIy seems to our advantage to make their longevity a more healthful and productive state. Statistics from the Nationa1.Hea1th Survey,(l935 and 1936) Show that over 1% or more than three million persons of the older age group were chronic invalids. The diseases in order of importance in causing prolonged and/or progressive disabilities were: 1, mental and nervous diseases; 2, , cardiovascular-renal diseases; 3, the arthropathise; and u, tuberculosis. Overweight may contribute to chronic cardiovascular renal diseases and underweight may lower body resistance to infections such as tuberculosis which sometimes results in chronic illness. Since the body is maintained by the energy derived from ingested food, the food needs during the later decades would appear to be important in the maintenance or good health. It a I I. r . ._ . e . i1 .\ ll .~ . .1. .1 c t n . I A .n. a J ‘ I“ . c . A elk ' I . u IL- .I s . ‘\ . .L - e .. L o I r. e m . . n a u A .v I . a r o c . .. \ . c I 1..., v. 0“ 'J -A. An important part of the total energy used by the body is basal energy which is the amount of energy re- Quired by the body to maintain minimum cell.metabolism, that is, basal.metabolism. Benedict and Meyer (1932 ) conclude that “none of the existing standards may be considered to predict accurately the metabolism of any individua1.elderly woman“. Some data, but not sufficient for reliable conclusions, has been accumulated since this time. A study of basal energy needs of the body in the later decades seemed pertinent. In this study the basal.metabolic rates of twenty women between the ages of #8 and 77 years were observed. The study was a part of a larger metabolic study on older women being investigated by the Ioods and Nutrition Department of Michigan State College. : .as\' s a. .J REVI EW OF LITERATURE The term 'basal.metabolism" was introduced into the literature as representing a translation of the German word 'Crundumsatz', which is a combination of the German word “grund', meaning bottom or foundation, and the word 'umsatz', meaning returns or sales. Basal metabolism is usually defined as the heat prOduction of an individual who is completely relaxed, but not asleep, twelve hours after the ingestion of food, and in an environment free of outside stimuli. In the review, it has been planned to present first, the data from the available literature; an evaluation of these data will follow. The data are given in considerable detail because in most cases the number of subjects is small, and therefore averages are not of much significance. The methods are also given in detail because they are of great significance in the interpretation of the experi— menter's results. . There is conflicting evidence concerning possible changes in basal metabolism with the aging process. wcir (1929) in Cambridge, England, concluded that there was no evidence of a decreased metabolic rate resulting from advanced years. He based his conclusions on his .l 7 EF , e ' ' I ' . . . ‘ I . , I ‘ ._ ‘ J C ., ., . ' . .- " ‘ " - ‘ ' u '--. ' {L k ' .h J . . . k A J ‘ “ ‘ s '. I I t ’ ' ‘ ‘ . . ~ ‘ . o— O ‘ ' .. . .7 ‘ H _ , _ .J a C I . . t ' I; " l ' ‘ . ., I I ~ - v D’ .0 . J A -i- \p Observations of the basal metabolic rates of three men and one woman in the age range 72 - 89. were observed in their own homes by the use of a Benedict student apparatus. The subjects In presenting these data Wolf included, as a comparison, the data on subject v.v.r., who had been observed by Stoner of Philadelphia. Three different standards were used to evaluate the basal metabolic rates. Table Ie TGblO Ie BASAL METABOLISM or FIVE SUBJECTS (Wolf) The data ares presented Ln Subject Age lbight Height W. W. X. J.C.B. A.C.H. E. W. H. S. I. Xgms. 60. 53.3 E33 41. Benedict 'DuBois Dreyer 1...... *1.1 i¢2.7 -1 ‘2.5 :0be Although the energy of exchange of these subjects averaged about two calories per square meter per hour lower than the Aub-DuBois prediction standards, lblf concluded that these results 'do not afford any ground for assuming that the slope of the curve of Aub and DuBois for subjects betwebn 20 and 70 years of age changes after the latter age is reached“. . . _ . . _ - 3 3 . . J 7, A . . .. L 4 . .u‘ .. _ - . ‘ . I ., . I ‘ ' . has .“ L , . ‘ A . s L . w s , .' . , .- . - -. 1 - . . . .. a r. . ' .' ~- ' . ‘ A ‘ 7' 'l ‘ . ‘ ‘ . ' . ' . 4 v I ‘, a: .L Q _. ,.. t . . ' a o ' t . . . 7 f . ' ' 5 ‘ , ' e . .' . ' \ . 4 I u I a ‘ ‘ g . I ' _ : ‘7 k . ' ' . I t .l ' ‘ 7| a v , D g ' .., .. _ . _ , . ‘ . . 1a 4 I 0—0.0- 0H . I " p I I.) ' " ' L I.! . I ~.. . ., ’ I - v. . a \ \. I I N . . ' ' ' '. . .' “ l' . a ' - .{ LI" L A. . . . t ‘ , . _ _ J oil 0 , . e , ~ -. - CI . J5 ' r e I \ . >~ « - _ l I , I» - e ‘. n g i y c ‘ . \. .' - - .; e‘ . .. I .- A' . .:-\ u 9 ~ - . . — - - e - -- --o - . . . - . . .. .. -.. . .Vhfi. -...--. - . s .. . . . ~ - —.- . - - . > . - . . u: . _ ’ e '-' ' '. a .A . ‘5. ' . . ‘ , " r‘ f - . .. -:. . _. . . I. ‘ .. ' ’ ' 0 - - ‘ a) I ‘- ' .. | . ‘- . I - ‘ V ‘-’ ‘ _ - . s.-.- - --. e - -- - - o — -. 4 .< _ - s s. '- - - u - - . o. . . Q — — . , - . .s o — n e— - o “0—- .4 -v-l , . - -. e. O . .. ..X s .—- .'" _ c , . -.v A - ‘_ ‘e’ . . - e . I . \‘ O - . . . -. . . ‘~ \ - . - C ' " . - . a . . . . ' - v» ‘Z .1 | . ' . ._ .. ' ,. . " . . . A. a . \ . C \- O s. . . I f. .. . . ~ ' a a... . ' ' " * ’ ._. 1 I. ‘ .f- .\- . — ‘ . . ‘ u u ' ‘ 0‘ .- ‘- ' o'- ‘ ‘ “, . h | U . . ‘ o ' . K . . g o .l . ~\ I - ' \' \ ave-4' -v + .- kit ~ or." _ 0.9.... . . I v ' ' ‘ ., f‘ ' ' ' | . ‘. «I ~‘A ' - I [I ‘ ‘_r ‘ .I -‘ . ' ‘ ., A a s . l u A :aLa . s. ‘ .l l I: “ -. - 0 ‘ ~ ~. - 5' , . . '~ . , L ‘ ¢ . - x > 1 ‘ A '- . s a. ‘ 0‘ u i s_ J u A ‘3 _' L. ‘ 'o‘ .' l L \ A \ ‘ ' * l ‘ . . . ~ I A ' ' .~ ' . 1‘ ‘ . ' , . ‘ ‘e ‘ e ' ' . . Is . . ‘ . . , | k \ . “ , I . . . ‘ J I l g]. . . - . t In .. - . - - - ' c . ‘ ’ O - e p l 0 > ' ' ‘.‘ l‘ ' I . I. . ' .t-“, _ . ‘ _'_ . .3 h ‘. .I I U “ ’ n‘ .4. 3 ‘ ' ' 4 I ' . '1 ' 7‘ - 1 . . "I A ‘ l u . . v- .1 e M." ' ...~ « s 5’ I " ' I -‘ e~ - - ‘ “ - k ' ‘ . ’I ‘ 1| ‘ ‘ _ . _ . I . , an; I \_. . , n. I L k . \ \ On the other hand, Lewis (1938) investigated the basal metabolism of 100 men from 40 to 90 years of age and con- cluded that basal metabolism decreases with age. In this study there were twenty men in each decade and two men aged 91, and one man 101 years. rhe following data are recorded in Tabis II. Lewis concluded that the basa1.metabolism falls'be— tween the ages 40 and 69 years and that this fall may be expressed by the following eQuation: the calories lost per sQuare meter per hour :,39.139 - 0.0b78 1 age. However from the mean values of succeeding decades, it was suggested by the author that the rate of decline may not be uniform but arrested between 50 and 79 years. A Benedict-Roth portable apparatus was used in the Lewis study in most cases; a Sanborn apparatus in the rest. The subjects were not hospitalised or inmates of any institution. The first day the men were given a “rehearsal'. The second morning the actual.measurements were observed. The subjects remained in the hospital the night before their basal metap bolio rates were recorded. in average of two tests were used if they agreed within six percent. The ether experimental.work is presented in chronologi— cal order. Sonden and Tigerstedt (1895) studied subjects who ranged in years from seven to 84. These experimentors observed a negative correlation between age and gaseous exchange which indicated to then a decline in basal “a I..; «'- J u—a as. Table II BASAL METABOLISM or MEN (Lewis) AGE 'MEAN 0AL./ 01L./IILO./ nine: to. or SUBJECT 8Q.n./Hous. 24 House 40—44 10 37.3 23.3 95-49 10 35.6 23.1 50-54 to 36.1 23.1 55-59 10 32.9 20.4 o0-o4 13 34.5 21.8 b5—69 7 36-3 23-5 70-74 13 ‘34.4 21.8 75-79 7 34-5 21-2 80-84 14 33.7 22.1 85—89 6 33.4 23.2 90—101 3 30.3 20.4 ! e \ o \ o , O l s \ o . .4. . e. -- a O ,\ $ " \. \ J LL! .a.. | J .-I\. \. p ‘1 o s u- . F s . \ l; . § ~ \ o UC.‘ ‘ ,x i\‘ \. '.\. O .‘ ." . . -v Q. an) I , . II. r F l . u \ fa ' \ . A I k v A o- ,‘1 metabolism with increasing age. The data were calculated in terms of body surface. Magnus-Levy and Falk (1899) presented data on observations of basal metabolic rates of fifteen "old men” and seventeen 'old women“. These early investigators con- cluded from their observations that metabolism remains essentially constant throughout adult life. However Harris and Benedict (1919) reinterpreted the original data of Magnum—Levy and Falk in terms of age and heat production expressed in calories per 24 hours. Harris and Benedict's correlation follows: Correlation of age and heat production Men and old men N" z 15 rah = -o.23s -_t_ 0.201 Women and old women N 2 17 1an :3 «43.569 3 0.111 Harris and Benedict conclude from the above negative correl~ ation that lagnus-Levy and Falk 'were in error considering that metabolism remains constant during adult life." Zunts and Loewy (1916,1918) reported metabolism measure- ments conducted on themselves over a period of twenty years. Loewy found no change in his basal metabolic rate be- tween the ages of 26 and 48 years. The basal metabolic rate of Zunts showed essentially no change between the ages of 31 and Hl.years, nor between the age of 41.and 63, he used 33.5 and 33.0 calories per sQuare meter per hour, respectively. ’N:, Number of subjects. — .. . a \ a . ‘ . . .U- I. .. ~ . a 4| .4 . . q a .. . )e A . _ J O .. .1 . 6 . .. . C a o 4 J . u . e ' -Ja. Basal metabolic rates of normal.men and women were reported by Benedict 23 g; (1914). The universal respiration apparatus of Benedict and the bedsize calori— meter were used for the determination. The subjects were employees of the nutrition laboratory and people who came to the laboratory for the observations. They were pe0ple of “presumably“ good health. Only nine subjects' values are presented in Table 111: five women and four men. One day's observations consisted of more than one 15 minute period. The cots upon which the subjects lay were so balanced that any movement was recorded on the kymograph. Only periods of complete repose were used in the averages. Table III BASAL METABOLISM OF wourn 1ND MEN (Benedict gg_gg) Age Oal./SQ. 08171110. Ea Oal.78Q. (TEL/x110 Years (M./chr' [24 Hours Years l[./Hour'I /2# Hours —~_ e_Jfl¥¥E¥!! ABE!!L_______. #2 29.2 20.1 #1 31.u 24-3 44 28.9 18.9 #3 29.8 22.8 52 ~O.6 2 .1 58 28.8 23.2 53 2.0 2 .u 63 28.8 19.7 7 27.6 22.4 DuBois (1916) presented in his Harvey Lecture a chart of heat production values for males and females expressed in calories per sQuare meter per hour for various decades. These values were derived from observations made in the Nutrition Laboratory of the Russell Sage Institute. * Calculated from Oal./SQ.M./24 Hours in original data. “I \ e— ‘- . I . . \ v I ‘A ..e e-r- ‘, p-. F . .. .. .- -- . . L ‘_ The data are presented in Table IV. Table IVe 31811. HETABOLIBM or m mm mm (DuBois) Age Years Oal./8Q.H./chr Oal./SQ.H./Hbur Females Hales _‘ 20-50 36.9 ‘ 39.7 50—60 32.7 35.2 77-83 --- 35-1 lo values were given for calories per kilograa.per 2% hours; neither the number of sugjccts Observed, nor the weights of the subjects was included. At this same laboratory, hub and DuBois (1917) observed the basal metabolic rates of six sen'between the ages of 75 and 85 years. The determinations were made in a bedpsise calorimeter. The average calories used by five of the subjects eQualed 35.1 calories per sQuare meter per hour with an average deviation of about 1%. One of the subjects, whose heat production was'extremely low, was not included in the averages on the basis of the statistical rule that the deviation from the mean was greater than four times the average deviation. The average heat production of 35.1 calories per sQuare meter per hour was reported by the investigators to be 12%1below average for men'between ages of 20 and 50 years. The authors suggested that the reason for such low values might be attributed to the physical restrictions imposed.upon the subjects in the Home for the aged and the Infirmary at Blackwell Island from which the ‘ <- a e — ~ 1' 's l‘ \ i I" 1‘. h ‘ ~ ." .’ . _ ‘ \‘ .A, . 1 _ . ‘ v u a 1-. 1 , - ' . . - 'j'. l , bu- - e u. 4 '8. aw .. .« . . a «s - .n . .— -‘, . .. .. . . g-v ‘- .5. -. o - ._- — ‘. ’ ‘ e C ' O I I . h-.-_ r L . " w’ " l,' e v“- . 0. ' . ‘ I I . . — - . L -. ‘ I ‘ . . .4 1 .1 .- .. W). t v I ' q u I I t ' , I a U t . . . 2| I ( ' L '_- ‘7 1 . ' H. .' . ' ’ . " ' ‘ . ' , ' ‘f v :7 u . .. . ;'. r y. i. AL .’ . |.. ‘. '. ' x . .3. k ' ’ h - I ‘ - a ', t .. . 0 ' - 1 - ‘ ‘ “ .. , .. .- , . _" ' e .1 ' . . . . . ‘ II. . _ _ § . ‘ .- O I ~’ s a . . 2' I 1- . ‘ r . v . g. A ‘ 2...... .4. ,.- "- - ,_ I . . U ‘ ' I ' r- .3 . u 3 \ . _, - ‘y ‘1 j . J , . K .2 ‘ - . s4 4 . 1‘. . . . -. . 1| \ ' It .' ‘ 1 -.l ‘. v ' r‘ .. w a. s x I, ._. u’ ‘ , . _: J- ‘ at ‘ ‘ J 4. l g y r ‘ ‘ I v 7 e 1‘ “ - - - . ' t \g - 1.I a . ‘— . a L . , . ,4 a‘ , \' ea 1V , ,. _ , o ‘) ' I v 1" . \ ' 'I‘ ' 1y 1 .\ ' '. I ., 1 .. . ~ . . . .. ( u .- I . u. _- .. .9. ' ' ’ . I}! A ' I ._ A ~ ,3 ,. .' | . 4 a. a, ‘ I ‘ - .1 L l ‘ ) .- . ‘<- .. ‘ - " O I ‘ I. . ( I ‘2 5 - ,. - C '7'?" .. . 1- 'g ‘ . w v : . .L 1 1 ‘1 .. ,2 :J .- , i , _. 1.3 l: _~ .- . I . c l , A ' t < k I) a l. O .. w ‘~‘ J 1 . o‘ '. " ' " ' I . . , t v ., at - ‘r I‘ r . - ; ‘ . 1,, *( -~ .1 ‘ f - , - .. .v. ~- .- 2 A 4. w - ’ t ' . .1 l i‘ I A .‘ (J l 7 . . . ’ 3 e. ‘ -o ‘ I . 4. sax ' .-n -. \— g . k‘ t‘ .. V . > ,7 I" ‘ . .' v -' ' I .. ‘ ‘1 . .- I.) ‘x. - 2 a a . . ' . 5- .. ' er I ‘- I .‘ ' - ' 5 t5 .‘ 2' v .. .- ‘ ' " K |. . .- . . ‘ .. - ' ~ .. . [ . . .‘ .I - - .1 ‘ ' A 'J 5.. -. .. ' ‘ - - . . . . .- .l - .- - .- , OI. ‘ . I ‘. Io . '. .|- a . ,- - _‘ — . a a. - -C-al- . . V I v r ‘ | 1 f \ I . 'a. , 1 A , { . I. e ' “ u... , t . - .e . ~ ‘u' - . , . . o . \ ._ 1" in . . .' . . . I (‘ia . Q. ‘ . ’ .' ».,I ‘5‘ . »-~'\' ' ‘ . , ‘ I , ._ - . . , \y a O . - . . : 7. sJ. )' \I ' - .4 , I I I " ‘| ' v. : v 1‘ Ar . 1 ' I. ’» — ’ U ,I. As.- . ~‘ . , a , -3~-U » .L . ~ ..1 .7 I ' . ‘ ‘ .n ... . . -v— . s l I k ' e . , . d l ' ' I . a 'l. " ‘ w ‘ Q -r- \ ’ . e .-. D . . f , . ‘ n ’ 3| ’ _ a 4 ,1. c h o .1 as ' .a'. _ (p I e v ’ ‘ >_ s' - er ‘ \’1 I u - I v- ‘ e! If ‘ge4 i | - u ‘ . . ‘ '0. I . . . . . ‘Q. 1' \.J a l . I o ' .. y . I K .0. -‘ ‘1‘ h. ‘ K. - 4’ . 11 subjects were selected. Harris and Benedict (1919) compiled comprehensive data on various investigations carried out in the Nutrition Laboratory and Deaconess Hospital in Boston, and in Battle Creek Sanitorium in Michigan during a period of two years. Only data on the age group 40 years and over are presented here. These groups of men and women represent the typical condition in the population- defined as 'normal"by the investigators. The 'norsalitIF" of this series was Judged “by comparison of their statist— ical constants with those of men and women in the popula- tion as a whole”. That is, height, weight, surface area, pulse rate, body temperatures of the narris-Benedict series were compared with statistical data available for these measurements and found to be mean values. The pertinent data consisting of observations on 11 men and 23 women follows.in Table V. The investigators further recorded the data in age ranges for both.men and women. The data were recorded as follcwa.in Table VI. Harris and Benedict concluded from the graphical test of the linearity of regression that throughout the age range involved, the change in metabolism with age can be satisfact- orily represented by a straight line. The deviations from the straight line were less when the values were expressed u c s (I. A . Its ’ ¢ e . . a y i a s . wt. . 1., . ! o . . I 4 t . Is a . . e a . ‘ .1. a. l ‘ u . A. v. .s , e v u 1\ 1. . .I- 1 s .0 12 Tab 13 Vs BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN AND WOMEN (Harris and Benedict) AGE CAL./SQ.M. lacua 011.. In Lo./24HOURs MAEEE 40 38.4 26.0 41 34-9 24-3 43 31.7 22.5 43 39.1 28.1 45 32.1 2§.2 .1 2 .2 2; 32.. 23.2 61 34.; 23.4 62 34. 21.3 FEMALES 41 31.8 20.6 42 36.9 20.1 43 34.9 32.1 M 36e6 18.9 44 28.9 16.7 44 2.8 19.7 45 .6 26.8 50 32.8 23.8 51 29.2 16.9 51 28.0 20.1 52 31.6 26.4 52 29.4 1 .1 53 36.4 2 .4 56 30.3 ;§.fi 2E $3.3 a... 60 29.2 19.6 61 32.2 2 .0 62 31.5 2 .0 66 30.; 23.2 33- - $131 3... 22.1 13 11.1616 v1. BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DECADES (Harris and Benedict) ‘ MEAN 11w AGE no. or 0AL./SQ.I[./ CAL./KILO./ EANc-E SUBJECTS 1 HOUR * 24 HOURS 40-44 MEN 36.2 24.6 45-49 32.1 22.2 50—54 - - - - - - - 55-59 2 36.0 24.7 66-64 3 34.3 21.5 65-69 .. - .. .. .. .. .. 70-74 - - - - - —- - WOMEN 40-44 6 33.7 21.4 45-49 1 40.6 26.8 50-54 6 32.2 21.1 55—59 4 30-9 19-2 60-64 3 32.0 22.2 65-69 1 30.1 20.6 70-74 2 32.0 21.1 "' Calculated from original data. 15k 01‘: °'_‘\’"'i ' '. T 'J‘.J 1.. ‘1‘ 1.3;} M 1'": '13le b LL42 def"; S.O{ «QC-(30‘ I0;F .. — .. - - .. Y-JG C.OE {1.13 8.4%: _ .. .. - — .- .. — .. _ .— - 11.12.1211 2 ‘ L e .. 1‘ (‘u) D g X .) x (I .k |\ (‘ O‘ ..l. ‘I CT 0‘ C021“ 1“ ("Y 301‘ . .n --.—- -. - a I r J"- - "‘ o '1‘ _ .- ., v (, -L \ i L J. a. -A-n~----. .» .nh. - . .. .‘J’i . 1 1 -~~v-e- -0"- .- r». {/1 LPG-('0 ‘ 's +1 \- “L Y 99-0-12 L’U-I’P +413 "C 3 \ ‘, ‘ ‘ {\Q *1 K“ 451 onk 1. 1 w \I ~‘( 14 as calories per square meter per hour than as calories per kilogram for 24 hours. The gross correlation between heat production and age was a negative correlation of ~O.3l.£or men and1-O.20 for women which the authors inter- preted as a decrease with age. They expressed the actual decrease in daily heat production per year as approximately 7.15 calories in men and 2.29 calories in women. The de- crease in calories per square meter eQualed 3.60 calories per 24 hours per year. Boothby and Bandiford (1922) from Mayo 0111116, Rochester Minnesota, studied 8,614 individuals of both sexes who were classed as normal in that these subjects had no known diseases which might elevate the basal metabolic rates. The open-circuit method was used. Analysis of expired air was made by the Haldane gas analysis apparatus. Only the first observation on any one day was used in the average recorded unless the subject was “Obviously restless or under nervous tension'. The ages of the subjects ranged from 21 to 67 years. The data presented in Table VII were for females with age range of 46 to 67 years. husk and DuBois (1924) reported observations on basal metabolism measurements on themselves over a period of 11 to 14 years. The data are presented as follows in Table VIII. Some of the determinations were done in the Sage Calorimeter, others with a Benedict-Roth appartus. “l 1 m..- s 4 I . 1 .- ‘.’ I .. I 1‘: 0*. ’a. l 1 0 6 ‘~ I .1 ' r .a ,1 I 1 ’1 1 . 1. '. ... 1 .s s u 1 1 A \ A O ‘D . s . . 1 ‘~ }- .. . I ~ . I 1 . ' U ' ,4 . 1 ‘ , ' 2 .1, A ' 1 .5 " -' . - . . O 1 '. - - . . I .. . . 0 e V I L . | 1 e I 1 _ ,J , , . ' . 6 ' 1 J I . 1 I ,._ - ' C - .. . v . . I J. ' 1 1 . 1‘ \ . .j . O ‘ .. L “ ‘ 1 I ( . ". . .v 1...! -\ A 1' a \ 1 1 ,, . - 1 1. _ L , , v . ,1 . ‘ ‘ . v . . I 1 r s ‘s * . . 1 . . . '4 I». . _ . I . . 1 .’ .I 1 n s « A . J . . I I 1" . ‘ . 3 u s I | 0‘ s _s I . i' '11- *- '.’ ‘ . 1 ~— e .1 us 1, '! . e . . ) e ‘ o-A-c ~ ' , s -. ‘ ' v - . ‘a 1 a ‘ '... 1 i .s - . -1 4 .- L ' 1 ' \. \, \ .-I-r'~- s . 1‘ ,..l “t 15 Table VII. BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN (Boothby and Sandiford) Calculated from original data. AGE ou./S¢.n./HOUR - (manna/24 HOURS '- 45 35-9 22.6 46 3n.u 19.0 48 33.1 20.6 ‘50 38.# 26.8 50 34.6 20.4 52 33.6 17.3 52 35.7 20.6 52 35.6 27.0 53 36.8 2k.9 53 38.8 29.9 55 32.7 2n.5 55 33-7 20.9 62 36.4 26.u 67 36.8 27.1 11L 0..- o-— 16 Table VIII BASAL METABOLISM OF DUBOIB AND LUSK OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS £92 011./94.u./30UR CAL./KILO./24 nouns DuBois 0 40.6 2 .1; 31 38.4 23.03 32 37.2 22.9 33 38.8 23.8 38 34.4 21.1 39 36.7 22.6 41 37.0 21.6 Luak 40 42.8 22.0 43 41.8 2 .9 54 32.7 19-9 17 The authors attributed the great change in Bush's basa1.metabolism measurements in the interval of four- teen years to his lees vigorous habits in the latter part of his life. MaoLeod and Rose (1925) from Columbia presented a study on basal metabolic rates of 92 women between the ages of 20 and 50, on whom 136 determinations were observed. The subjects were graduate students and faculty wives who continued their daily habits. A Benedict portable respirap tion apparatus was used. Only two age ranges will be pre- sented in Table 11. Tab]? 11. BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN (HaoLeod and Rose) figs lumber of subjects Ca1./BQ.H./Hour 30-39 31 34.0 ._._ 0.29 "-049 13 31.3 g 0.57 Benedict (1928)¢ from the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of lashington in Baston, observed basal metabolism on 27 men and 33 women. The men's ages ranged from 21 to 89 years. the women's ages ranged from 18 to 58 years. The same techniQue was not used throughout the entire experimenta1.periods, but all eQuipment was tested by alcohol check. Only the pertinent data are presented here in Table I. Benedict (1928)b observed basa1.metabolie rates on three men over a period of 11 to 18 years. Again the techniQues were varied over the long interval of the experiment. The ‘-.a \ ’1 I -1 . J O 1‘ , ‘v 1 6. . 1. a I 6. i I I s f I. J. " d" l J '1." .1: 1 1 1 11 1 ._ ‘ -Q 1 . .- ‘t 1 1 1 1 1 . - .11 . . .J. 2 I 1 .e _‘s 1 L 1- ~ ‘ l ‘1‘ I , 's». ' , - 1- a. a .1 I I 1 . 1 -. c. "1 . n. . ' .I . .. . r ‘ ‘ 1 .1 1 - AI .‘ O. \ ' 1 ‘ 1) ,; ‘ . 1 c ,_ I V" 1 . _ 7‘ 1' I y ' 1 A O } ‘ i . . 1 1 .J L \ 1 1 1 1 ‘1 s . w -- .- .. 1 f - 1. l ' I 1-». -- _ ' i . 1 e O 5. ~ 1‘ 1 1 1 . .J 5. I. .C ‘ a. - .: . ‘5’ \D u .. - -- fi- ‘10‘. 1 ;, ,1 ‘ ‘ ‘. .l' '1 1‘ . ., . . . . .. w 0 l ‘7 . I 1 s .‘ .l -. 1.1‘ . - 1 A: - 0 . I 1 4 . ‘1 ' 1 A 1 -_ . 1- ‘ I 1 . 1 ’1L 1 .1. .2 $- . ~ . 1 . 'I Q . J. . .111 I V I l . ‘ . . 6 l' O . A1 ‘ . ' l f 1 I ( 3’1 -- ‘¢ ‘- . 1 ‘ I . . . . ' 1 . ‘ 6.4 1 1I , - 1 ‘ 1 . 1' ' n 1. u. . - . 2 a e - a “f. 1 |, a 1 1 11" _‘|fi ' 1 ‘- 1 1 > 1 , F '- . a... -/- a- e-.& d- 1. 1w~~ .1 - '1 “I e 1- - — u —- o v -~ 5 o o O... . --. e . I a - 1" .1 ,. 1 .. c . .o - -- a - 1 . - . -. . 1 I .. I I ' I , .. I ' r. '1 ’. ‘ a".- I -' N — - u . . . . .. . . I _: ‘ x t' ‘ .1 1 .. . . ‘ ,1 F'. '\ ‘_..".“ \iu‘ ,- o ...__ ._ Oll- 1. ‘ 1. f v V A - . (1 1( ‘ ' 1 ‘ G 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‘ g. x . . ,v‘ . 1 . I I ‘ D . . ‘ 1 ‘ I. 1 1‘ . h 1 e 1 ' ' . , .. ,.) . I'J I 1 1- '1' . :- u '1 «I - ‘1 0 . .1. . O . - 4 I‘ .4 : 1 1 1 .6. U .‘ ‘ e 0 I j I “0‘- - ‘ 1 . ‘ l-k ‘- - _A I . - . . j 1 . x. . ‘ 1 - \Q-. 144 1.‘ I u .' 7 . x 1 ’ . w I I 1 u. . 1L . 1 ‘ ‘ 3 . 1 - ‘n a ‘ . 1 ' .4 i -' ‘ 1 1 .1 A 18 Tab 10 x u BASAL METABOLISM or MEN AND WOMEN (Benedict) AGE OBSERVATIONS _CAL./SQ.M./HOUR CAL./xILo./24 HOUBQ lien 50 2 36.8 20.9 60 1 35.5 19-7 60 12 35.9 24.9 89 2 35.5 22.3 Women #8 2 31:7 19.2 49 3 31.2 19.8 50 2 34.9 18. 1 5o 2 32.3 19.5 50 2 32.9 18.6 51 2 33.6 16.5 58 9 33.3 21.8 x... V' “ - 41 u“ I A I ‘ ' \ .- (q — ~ ‘0 J r x- I ' \ [L K .A- ‘. J AL I v I o -a— . - - - . o a - u o u u a o - o .- ..- —- g - o— a Q --~ 0 s .- - up- 0 o v o u- :14 " - 'v " ' _ I I ' ' ' \ ‘~.v "'_‘\.\|'1:\.l'.‘~\-I J ‘ ,., \. .~7,\.['_"I‘kj \. 1],". ' \j r! .1 ~C'-Q.-u‘-‘-p~—F-‘A-~- o-..--.—-‘-.— "C: ‘ I" '3 I \ '1 ‘1‘ C (I ’ ‘ .‘ ‘. t ‘ ' (10112051 3.21 LII: i; w o 5‘ V ‘1 ,. o A'I J 4 —w d 19 first man was observed for 16} years. His average heat production for that period eQualed 1330 calories per day. The second man was studied for a period of 19 years. Figures for one Observation from each year are presented. The third man was observed for a period of 18% years. Figurestbr one observation from each year are presented. The data follow in Table II. Benedict and Meyer (1932) observed the basal metabolism of 23 women between the ages of 66 and 86 years. The subjects were selected fro-.the Iassachusetts Home in Boston and none of the women were bedridden. The measure- ments were made under basal conditions beginning at 7:00 or 7:30 a.m. and continuing until three or four'wellp agreeing' values were obtained. These observations were made on not less than two different days with time intervals not too great. I helmet was used in place of the nose clip and mouthpiece attachment in connection with a Benedict-Roth respiration apparatus. The.data were recorded as follows in Table III. The authors concluded that all the women 78.years and over had a total heat production of approximately 1000 calories per 2% hours, and that a clinician might accept this value without too much error. l C . . ' I . s " - ”.2 .‘ . ' II 0 I a. . ‘. .‘f' u‘ , ‘ .__ | g ' r h - o 2 U I h‘. k I 7‘" ‘ ‘v ‘. 1 ' 's A . . _ - ‘ I . if .:‘,_ i. . , . .. I...’ . . . .,, r ‘ . .. is ' D. U 1 l v , . l v 'r‘ - I a A. n . l‘v _, .5. . v --v '. . .' L'.‘ . . l ‘A - ~ .A u l .’ o s f. ’ ‘ ‘. u \ uh ' .t A f 20 Tab 10 XI s BASAL METABOLISM OF THREE MEN 8VER A PERIOD OF YEARS ~ (Benedict) Age 0al./8q.M./Hr. 0a1./xi1o./2u Hrs. 3.11.0. 1911-1927 42 31.0 22.0 48 32.3 22.8 50 30. 22.3 59 30.9 22.0 r. 0. s. 1901: 19 23 8 8.2 22.6 2'0 gbel‘" 21.6 40 3u.s 20.0 :3 35.4 20.7 30.2 21.1 46 35.3 20.3 47 35.0 .21.1 #9 33-7 20.3 49 33.9. 21.1 50 33-7 20-3 ss es s 5n 33:2 20:1 56 32.2 19.9 57 32.1 19-5 2;!591___1292:l&§1 o 8. 28. g1 37.3 26.3 34 37. 27.8 3“ 35. 1 20.6 33 32's ss 41 32.5 2l26 45 31.2 22.8 49 28.9 21.6 21 Table III BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEII (Benedict and Meyer) SUBJECT AGE 011.. /sq.n. Isa. 01L./KIL0./24 HR. 1 66 25.8 18.5 11 68 33.3 19.2 111 70 33.7 19.11 IV 70 31.7 21.2 v 71 35.7 20.8 VI . 71 a 29.7 18.0 v11 71 31.3 19.9 um 71 30. 20.7 11 73 33.2 20.6 x 74 29.7 17.8 11 74 27.2 21.0 111 76 33.3 23.3 1111 77 29.6 25.1 11v 78 31.2 23A IV 79 26.5 15.2 m 81 30.1 23.7 rvn 81 26.9 15.5 run 811 20.0 20.2 xxx 81; 30.8 33.8 xx 81; 33.7 .0 111 8‘4- 29.3 21.11 1111 84 25.7 15.2 11111 86 28.8 19.0 22 Iise' and Ochi (1939) reported basal.metabolism of 9# normal Japanese between the ages of 50 and 93 years; 50 females and 44 males. They observed a 3-5 percent de- crease in basal metabolism for each 10-year period. They modified DuBois‘ surface area formula because the Japanese have different body proportions. The pertinent data follow in Table IIII. Differences between the 50 and 80 year group equaled a 3.99 calorie decrease in men (11%) and 3.65 (11$) decrease in women. The authors pointed out that the decrease was gradual. I Benedict and Root (1939) observed the basal metabolism of Mr. Seth Lincoln, a man 91 years old, and compared their observations with similar observations on Sir James Crechton Browne, aged 89 years, by Wolf of Cambridge, and observa- tions on Dr. W. I. Keen, aged 89 years, by Stoner of Phila- delphia. The data were as recorded in Table XIV. latson and Hitchcock (193“) studied basal.metabolismq of eight women and 11!- men with an age range from 71l- to 106 years. The women were selected from Saint Anthony's Hospital, Home for the Aged section, at Columbus, Ohio, but none of-them was under medical care. All determinations were made by Benedict-Roth respiration apparatus. The following data on the women are presented in Table IV. o r — ,0- ".k s I . A 1“ I ' ~- l . -'_-l .I.-. ' .l e 1 -L.h \— u ".I 14 . .431 . 1 ~. ’ ‘ I. ‘ . I f . I . I o L .. 7 I is l. (K. I? o7 t..ea ‘ l I ' . ,. .. . I , .. _ ' . I . I eh . e v I ‘ . K . o . 1 D e O ' Q . l o.‘ ' '. h 7 l 2 . 2' '1: _ ' ' .,, u r ’ , ‘ j. ' h. ' . .L ' s. L L . - we. '1 I -~. " f - I A . l . 7. - . I ~' I _‘_ I . J ‘ .' ‘ I . t . ‘ c _' - r. I P fr- 1' 7‘ h . . 5 . . \A , —'e '- 7 e e I ' ' ' . 1., i ‘ ‘C () ‘ ‘.b. v s . I ‘ e- ,- ' . I ~ ' ,. .- . l '- - ' I - . 0 ' . ' ‘ I .. g A ‘ . \ D ‘ ' ' I‘ 'p I ~ . . I. I I y o ‘ ¢ ‘ \.. l . \ ' a" ‘ I I" ..' ha,_ , s e l :- . . . 1 ‘ T . ‘ 7 ‘ ““‘ ‘ ; s V I >' _ n I b 4 " . a. . . \ e w - m .. ~-: (- .. ow ..4 r - |‘ . ‘ - ' ' ' 5 sur- A‘. OD. " (Ces‘ ‘ a.) ‘ . ' o I - . e 0‘ a - Q‘. ' _ . . f’ ' ‘ I ~ nee. ‘ l ‘ .- on . ‘.» -\. U. r ‘ ..' a t. he 50‘ ‘ o- ‘ ‘ s-‘ I I , o s 3 . . . .-\ “Q . e \4 e . s ‘ 1 0- J- - . . - . ' ' I y s _ . ' v; , ‘ -' ~ r - ' ) . - l ”I ' A ' . ‘ . - . .I 1. b L. . “ .I x o o . e . _‘ .I .I . , f. , 0 r ' - ‘ ' ’I Z: . . 1 , . r . , ° , ; . - '. ‘ . I ‘ ' ' ' . , s, . _ fl . . . _J L ,. ' J ‘ . . . O. .- ' . ' ‘ .9 ‘ ' p l , 0 a . ‘ w- . ‘ -‘ _ - _ a ' i o . . I ' n . 4 x \ . - i \ .’ .e . I. s‘ ~ ‘1 v -e. ' , . .4 ._ .. w . . as , .. - '. ‘ ‘ _ '0, ‘ U ‘ ‘ ' t ’ “ " ‘ I ‘ ‘ . in . ..I I . 's . .0. L. ‘l I'l ' is h. h .. A n..\ I .1 l' ) a .3. _I s l ... I»\- I J ‘. O: 5.“ 1" .0: .’ T A. .I r ".I' .. 4“ I I v ..7 C e e . . '- I c e _ e “>' \4 Q .' O ‘ - e - .l - ‘ _‘ .L .t C. ' . “. \ 'e .u \Ial\ 4' ‘e‘ .. -‘ of .e J- T Q. I 3" ,‘ :— 23 Table XIII. BASAL METABOLISM or MEN AND WOMEN IN DECADES (Kise‘ & Ochi) Age Sigieg'fs Cal. llflil. IHr. Gal/Kilom/th Hrs. Hales 50-59 13 36.0 25.9 60—69 15 34.9 25.6 70-79 10 33.2 29-0 80—89 5 ' 32.1 24.1 Females 54-59 8 34.0 23.8 60-69 16 33.2 24.8 72—78 18 31.9 25.1 80—86 8 30.1 . 24.3 2% Tab 16 XI Vs BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN (Benedict and Root) Oxygen don- CI]. {80.1. 081. [1116.] subject sump./lin. IHour ’ 2# Hours‘ Seth Lincoln 197 cc. 91 years 151 150 105 . Ave. _ 153. 26.2 18.} Sir James Crechtoh— Browns 89 years Ave. 192 34.5 23.8 Dr. W. W. Kean 89 years Ave. ' 193 35.5 22.3 * Calculated from original data. 25 Table IV. BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN (Matson and Hitchcock) Number CaL/BQJI. CaL/Ki lo./ Subject Age of tests [Hour 21} Hours 1 106 8 21.2 15.2 2 91 3 26.9 18.2 3 81+ 2 27.1 23.5 4 33 3 26.1 16.8 5 33 3 34-5 1‘39-2 6 80 2 28.3 15.8 7 80 3 29.9 16.1 8 77 3 26.3 15.8 Ave. 86 26.6 17.8 If the 106 year old woman and the subject who had such high heat production values were excluded from the averages, the other six women had an average basal heat production of 28.25 calories per square meter per hour, or 1,047.6 calories per 2h hours. The authors concluded that no significant correlation existed between heat production and age. Matson and Hitchcock reported little evidence of a correlation between the basal heat production and the degree of senility. The estimation of degree of senility was arbitrary; a rating of one was given to a woman displaying the least degree of senility, and ratings of two, three, and four denoted increasing degrees of senility. Boothby, Berkson and Dunn (1936) observed basal meta- bolic rates of 639 males and 828 females selected from the Mayo Clinic clientele since 1917. The subjects were either Mayo Clinic employees, professional and non—professional, or patients at the clinic. These subjects were free from any diseases known to affect basal metabolism. The data were composed of the first determination for each individual unless the patient was restless, under 0b- vious nervous tension or had an elevated temperature. When several observations were made on different days, only the first observation for any day was used. Only the pertinent data are presented in Table XVI. The gasometer or open— circuit method was used with duplicate analysis of the expired air. .L. 27 Table XVI BASAL METABOLISM or MEN AND WOMEN (Boothby, Berkeon a Dunn) Female No. of subjects Of No. Subjects Ca1.8Q.M. [Hour Cal/Sq.M. /Honr Age Age 41.412807981910541298937417 13 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.ee 556565543532444322344240 .53 333333333333333333333333 33 summnumouemasmumom7ooa73.un 98 7.2 o 7550...“. 933795971 0 2 0/ 3.00 O eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee o ‘ 7777976857676555547856.77 . 3333333333333333333333 7211 1. :1 .ieufil . 1fl7fl191 9985365663653.23._ 28 The authors expressed the opinion that the sample presented was indicative of the population trend of basal metabolism in relation to age. . McKay and Patton (1936) reported basal metabolism figures for a group of 73 women ranging in age from 35 to 70 years. The women included professors' wives and faculty members of Ohio State University. All continued their usual.work routine during observgtion. The Benedict-Roth respiration apparatus was used. Each test consisted of two- 10 minute observations. Tests were repeated once and some- times twice. The lower figure- of the two sets was used. The data are presented in Table XVII. Table XVII. BASAL METABOLISM or scans (McKay and Patton) Age ii). of Ca1./8q. 0:141:15 Range Subjects H./Hour /24 Hours 30—39 18 39.0 21:7 40- 9 25 33.6 21.1 50—59 19 31.6 19.3 60—69 10 - 30.3 20. 70 1 33.0 16.8 From the above data, it may be seen that the basal metabolism for the age group, 30—39, was similar to that for the group aged 40-49 years. In the next two decades (50-69) a decrease in heat production was observed. The authors concluded that the basal metabolism of women remains uniform until 50 years of age, and that after 50 years, the heat production declines. .\v.. .M.’ . . Ilv A). \ . r4 .. .1 . I . .r . e n I i . of. . 7.. . am . 1.. c o ... . ox .. .3... . LL II 0.1 . . e s s o. . I S .... .1. . . I ,. ~ . - 0.: I .. b . e .. § I. . . . o y K I O x. . . O U i . . 29 Magnus-Levy (1942) reported basal metabolism determinations made on himself after an interval of 50 years. The investigator also published data obtained for four other professors over several years' period. The data are presented as follows in Table XVIII. Table xv111. 21811 METABOLISM or rrvr PROFESSORS (Meghan-Levy) Subject Age—Years 0e1./sq.s./sour Zunts _ _ 41 33.6 70 30.2 Hagnus-Levy 26 38.1 76 1.5 Bush 44 2.8 58 32.7 Benedict 38 38.2 57 33-7 DuBois 30 38.1 58 34-5 From the literature it may be seen that most author- ities believe that basal metabolism decreases as age increases. However a few have found evidence that the Vbasal.metabolic rate remains constant throughout adult life. In the above papers Magnus—Levy et a1 (1899), Zunts and 1.0er (1916-1918) and Wolf (1929) found little evidence of change in basal.metabolic rates with advanceuin years. However Harris and Benedict (1919) reinterpreted the data compiled by Hagnus-Levy and indicated a negative corre1~ ation‘between heat production expressed in calories per 24 hours and age. ' * I. l r- - V . . -‘ ~ ' o s ( , s I I D .... . ' . l 1 0 r ‘ . 1 L 1 o .. l ,. . a L L . . ° ‘ ‘ . V I QV ‘ ‘° -‘ .-... - .' |.A o . 1 I _ , ‘ ‘ ' . .1 ~—-\ I. . o e . . I '7‘“ . -- -.. . 5 . . . p ' . I J - . .1 . , .. - - J . . . -, “‘ o w - ~ - . O 0 .L -'. .L . J. , .. \ . _ . e a ‘ . ’ I I I l- .I .“ . . 1 '» ~, . . . . _ ‘ ~ d n _ ' .. . - . . .- a- n. . .... - a . -. . . a s- o a '- o . . . - r . o e- on a .. ' -¢ w o - o b ' \ ‘ I . . . ' I‘ - e-- s .\ -.‘- ~-. -- .- ~ . . v. - e . -~¢- - I - -1- a. e u _ . .s- s— .e . . - a"—-. . .n _ . - . . , . ‘ s I . .L. l . I I i I- , . .' . . I I ‘- ' “ - I w 1 .‘ , ‘ . . ~ so. _ . . b . .1 ‘ . e -ir M.‘ .. v.... _—. I . . 1 ‘ . u . o. s. . . . ‘ ‘. \J ‘ 1 . . . - ‘o v ' t . . . . ‘ Y ‘ I , 'I A . . , ‘ , U \ . .' .L .. ‘ ‘ . v ' ‘ . . e“ \ ‘ v ‘ . ‘ I A .. . ' . . . . 0 e .-. . . , . I , ~ ‘ , . o , . e l _ es ‘ . l ‘ .. ., .; _ ' ‘ N . . " O - i , - . ‘ e ( i ll ' ~ ‘ y'. ' ~ , ‘ . \ l‘ . ' e — .a ‘ . ‘ \ I . f I '~ , o . ' I I A u—e ' ‘ ‘ e \_ s - ’ ‘ ‘ A ‘ N ' ‘ s v . . , ‘ . 1 l ‘7 I | . \ I , . ‘ ‘ A . V . . . . . _ . ‘ i . . . ' 1 . . o \ . . ”a- '1 gr . . fl 1 ‘ _ ~ ‘ . . _ ‘ e e _ | ‘ I - I A 4 . . . . o o .. ‘ _ ‘L _ , r ‘— ‘ i ' k‘ ‘ ‘ I 1 7 Q 2 » ‘ ' ‘” H " ' . . '~ » . . 30 Most of the other investigators seem to believe that basal.metabolism decreases with age. However, Sonden and Tigerstedt (1395), Benedict et al (191»), Aub and DuBois (1917), Benedict (1928), Benedict and Root (193%) based their conclusions on a relatively small number of subjects in the later decades of life. DuBois (1916), Harris and Benedict (1919), Boothby and Sandiford (1922), MacLeod and Rose (1925), Boothby et a1 (1936), McKay and Patton (1936), Lewis (1938), and Kise' and Ochi (1934), observing Japanese subjects, reported data compiled from larger manners of subjects. Lusk and DuBois (1923+), Benedict (1928), and Magnus-Levy (1942) reported observations on a limited number of the same individuals, but made successive observation over a period of 20 and 50 years. There has not been as much experimental work with older women as with men. The investigators who have reported observations on women were Magnus-Levy et a1 (1899), Benedict at al (1914), Harris and Benedict (1919),_Boothby and Sandi- ford (1922), naoLeod and Rose (1925), Benedict (1928), Benedict and Meyer (1932), Xise' and Ochi (193k), Matson and Hitchcock (1934), Bootnby et a1 (1936) and McKay and Patton (1936). The data on women is summarized in Table 111. These studies were largely cross-sectional, observing a number of individuals at a single age level. No linear studies were found in the examination of the available literature. I. r . v. m y m m t m coma pom meson hpamnopaub «.mm .hse one so spasm cane o.mm H uaoapdpnom no hpaaodm n.0n 0H Annmav .no senses ens scene Beam c.am ma access use» one m.uommomonm Ipoauocom o.mm mm add bane: Heuoammom aounauos cus.aeuod 1393.3 ouspdnodaop .oaafiao umps>oao can one: no no umoapmou coohoamse w.am pom pecans» and Hoeoaomem n.:m ma Annmav we cones essencfiae Benches . ~.mm as ncenncm ens Jpnomno panda sundae nono m.~m MQH scan .hnnpoom nude adoauoa nouns fies E s (11.11:), Ill-lulu: ”nailed; 639 vac Hides. 1 EC (g I, Managua; mflaa 2H Ema—OB .ao mama; 03843: Add; 20 gaagflas ho Bangui Ema. ho xgbm on HR 0H 3.3. 4‘ a o N I 'I- 'I-0 r! I? . ell (.1 . I. r I 9 I o t In I 4. (h \ v.0). e . .I left - l n I. r l -7 .- if» u 0 O .I .71 .. II c a, O . - ’ (s ., .I\ I. u . t , . . ." . g M. u? I. -‘l C. I - - o... It a '0! ' n 1 'I. .v. I O . .\ I o v. I I ! o I n O! '0 - l I - I ... s . . .p .. , t .e. II : . y .4 c o u? .‘ .5 n’u . . 'l . .r s I. I .— v ‘ -. L. - .. I . fit I a r I‘ D ' ‘ I 0 all. -Ill VIII- III I. .v . .. 1 I. L b r I\ I'u 1" ' l ... . . . ., t. . w. 'I a .r‘ I t a If.) i . .. s ( f. «1.. 1.. r 1 _ I‘ .t '1 U, -t OK It! I 1| 1| , 3 rt. 1 c '4 . u- . L \1 F. I; u v n /~.v . I ‘5 .. 4 1. I. u v r .- ’ all- . I 'e’, I. ' . I e u .1 .v - I. l v ._ III'I'IIOI In .I . a l! I VI.‘ -1”? o e ' I II I 'l I n ' '1 -nv- .4 9|. .f Initiau Iu'll' . l l -11- I‘ll! 'I‘ I.- II I ‘ -. . I 'I 'I I. 'l I I! II l . - -1: o l I | Vi I‘- III "wlr . k. \ . . lat u c. I.» l .I .0 I ’ '- I ' I n L! U .. a ' I. 0‘ ‘. '0! I ‘1 :- . e . e .1 .I '- ‘ '0 - - 4. . ,l . J I - Ii'l. ‘0’- I. A? .. u.‘ . h In D p ‘1: u n 19; t curt- I‘ a A u f. r 0' y - J . II- I U ' I'll: I. I s l L I. I 'l-’ " ‘l’. ~ ( I s. . 31 The selection of data, selection of subjects and experimental conditions varied considerably in these studies on basal metabolism of women and this variance raises some Questions on the conclusions Which have been made. Many differences appear in the different investigatorls selection of data which they considered reliable. Benedict ggflal (1914) recorded only observsp tions in which each subject was in complete repose as described above. Perhaps by discarding observations other than those of complete repose the true pattern of the basal metabolic rates of the subjects was lost. Boothby gt a;_(l922, 1936) recorded only the first observation unless it became evident that basal conditions were not being maintained. Has Boothby presented the complete basal metabolic pattern of the subjects by using only the first Observations? Benedict and Meyer (1938) made observ- ations until three or four"wellpagreeing periods“ were secured. McKay and Patton chose the lower of two sets of observations in recording heat production values. In Pittman g§‘§;,(l?4o) study, 10 college girls showed a variation of 4— to 27 scalories per sQuare meter per hour in basal metabolism during the period of a year. Al- though older women may have endocrine changes differing from these younger women, cannot the older women be expected to have comparable variations in basal metabolism? Therefore, is the use of the first observations, the I: - _ I: a» . I . ‘- . . L . y a _ o . ¢ .1 . . . . . . 1 a I I .. . . . .— « .vA . . ‘ O . I 1. a ‘ .. - . o u 1 w J . . .4 . I A 14 I . . .J l A I 1 , . A. . J _ y. In. I . V . I t I. . l. . . I n I I l J . a O c . fl . ... ... a . . . I; . . A . L. ‘ - {L . o I a I. _ ‘ . x » I I a \ e s. J u I v a w A u . , L 4 . . I . r w . I . U .a I . . I n I .. II . . c r . I . a . I I: l A . x . \ ‘ . .f .. c o I r . y . I x . u a . . a | . I J n l y. l‘ ‘ . « a M . . 'I. u _ 5 I . . I) I a . e K . vuLJ v. . . \ n e . I.— I‘ u . x v a x J u. I. A . e .a . e a t I. . L .5 .ul \, _ I a s ‘ . . . . I. r . V I. . . 1 h t . I n . IA . '\ I. I I! \ - L , ‘4 A n 32 lower observations, or the well-agreeing observations perhaps advisable? In some of the other studies the conditions were less explicitly described. Kise' and Ochi (1934) stated that they followed accepted procedures in choosing their data. HacLeod and Rose (1925) and Magnus—Levy _e_1; a; (1899) did not define clearly any system of selection. In the selection of subjects there also appears a wide variation among investigators. Harris and Benedict (1919) used only subjects who were considered “normal“ in regard to physical measurements in that each subject‘s height, weight, chest circumference, pulse rate, blood pressure and oral temperature represented mean values compiled from a large population. This study was conducted to present 'normal"basal metabolic rates of individuals in different age ranges, but are these values determined from such rigidly selected normals a fair standard for comparison to individuals in an age group in which a large proportion of the population, although not clinically 111, would fail to meet Benedict's standards of Inormal“. (National Health Survey, 1935 and 1936). Benedict and Meyer (1928) and Matson and Hitchcock (193u) selected their subjects from homes for the aged. Al- though none of the subjects were bedridden, they perhaps should be considered 'hcspital normals“ and therefore differ— ing from individuals continuing an active life. Kise' and + x ‘1 ‘ . . I . a ‘ N I. ' " d l . .- .. _ n ., ~ . n _ u n e A. .~ . I ‘_ . , . I ‘ 7.1 ' u I \ o o’ ‘- - .- - - 4‘ I . - ‘u -e ‘ I u 1. '0 I -' ' , I . . .. e- . ' I .‘ ‘. . I ~ . . . M ‘ be i by- s . ' . ' I ll .1 4‘ ’ ‘ ‘ e‘ ’ \ v A , . - -u. ‘ I . . I . . ' I \ A ‘ v 4 ' -., L ._ . . - d ‘ .» .' l a . . , ( . . -. . . - l s v s . - .7 I - I . . . .—. J ... .5 . . A . I - 1 '- - \ . . t .4 ' ' ‘ . A .- ' ’ ‘ ' A . _ L I C . . . ,s l \ , \. I u . ._ I) 4 I 33 Ochi (1934), MacLeod and Rose (1925) and McKay and Patton (1936) observed large numbers of subjects in the later decades of life who continued their usual daily routine. There appears to be some variation in the length of time of the Observations. Benedict and Meyer made fifteen minute observations until three or four 'wellpagreeing' periods were secured. Could the factor of fatigue from such long observations:inflnence the values of basal metabolism recorded? Another point of criticism of the data in the liter- ature is that although the correlation of basal.metabclism and age has been shown by some investigations to be statistically significant, the practical significance of the data is questionable. For example, Harris and Benedict (1919) reported an annual decrease of 2.29 calories per day. The practical significance of two calories in a daily consumption of 1,600 does not seem very vital. 34 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The basal metabolic rates of 20 women were observed. Each woman was brouglt to the laboratory on three different days. All subjects were brought by car but subjects XIV and XVI. There was no definite time limit set between the first and third test days, but in 15 cases the three days came within a period of one month. In the remaining five cases the three test days came within a two month period. On each test day two observations were made on each subject; a period of not less than 10 minutes elapsed be- tween these two observations. A Benedict-Roth portable respiration apparatus was used in making the determinations. The nose-clip and mouthpiece attachments were used. The eQuipment was checked periodically for leaks by the use of a counterbalanced weight. Room temperature readings were recorded by the use of a thermometer attached to the metabolism eQuipment. Barometric pressures were read from a United States leather Bureau type mercury barometer which hung in the testing room. The room where the determinations were made was a large one on the second floor of the Home Economics Building. It had three large windows facing south over which venetian blinds could'be drawn to produce semi-darkness. The temperature of the room was kept relatively constant as the heat supply to the room was controlled by a direct line independent of 35 the rest of the building. it the end of the room near the windows there were two spring cots with mattresses and pillows on which the subjects lay during the resting and test periods. Two doors led from the room, one to the adjoining research laboratory and the other door to the hallway. Directly adjoining the metabolism room was a room which contained a water still and sterilizer which made some noise when in operation. Conversation and footsteps were indistinct and not disguieting when the two doors of the metabolism room were closed. Loud conversa- tion and interruptions were controlled by “no Not DisturbI signs posted on the outside of the doors of the metabolism room. Usually one subject was observed alone, but circum-- stances necessitated in some instances the making of a determination on one subject while another was resting. However, both subjects were forewarned of talking during the testing of the other subject or during the rest period before the test. Each woman was instructed before coming to the labor- atory to eat nothing after supper and secure approximately eight hours of rest the night before the test and on the morning of the test no food or fluid was allowed. The subjects were brought to the laboratory between 8:00 and 8:30 a.m.. Upon arriving at the laboratory the subject was 36 instructed to rest or sleep, as she chose, for a period of one—half hour. Since the subjects were unfamiliar with metabolism eQuipment, a brief explanation of the use of the mouthpiece and noseclip was made on the day of the first test. The pulse rate of the subject was then taken, the mouthpiece inserted, the subject was allowed to breathe the room air for a period of a few minutes at the end of which time the valve was closed and the testing begun. One observation consisted of an eight— minute period, the first two minutes of which were con— sidered an “adjustment“ period; the actual determinations were made on the sixrminute period following. At the end of the first eight-minute testing period the noseclip and mouthpiece were removed and the subject was allowed at least a ten-minute rest period before the second observa- tion was made. The same procedure ensued as in the first Observation except the pulse rate was recorded during the first two- minute adjustment period of the eight-minute Observation. it the end of the second observation the subject was weighed and measured, fully clothed except for shoes and other heavy outer garments, and the_subjects‘ oral temp- erature was taken. ggbjectgz The twenty women observed were from the ages of 48 to 77 years inclusive. The only criteridn used in the selection of the subjects of this study was age; 5.! b5 37 only women over #0 years were chosen. Sixteen of the women were selected from a list obtained from a random sample of the pOpulation of women over #0 years of age in Lansing. The remaining four subjects were friends of the author. At the time of selection the women had been interviewed once by a member of the Foods and Nutrition staff at which time physical and dietary histories were taken. Fourteen of the subjects were later given physical examinations by the U. S. P. H. 8. Mobile Unit. Fifteen of the subjects were active housewives. Subjects XIV, XV, and XVIII lived with relatives and shared household responsibilities. Subjects IV and XVI maintained a household besides full-time jobs. Nineteen of the sub- jects had been.residents of Michigan for many years. Subject XIV moved to Michigan from Nebraska this year. Seventeen of the subjects had had at hast one child. The physical examination reports indicated that four of the subjects had systolic blood pressure readings over 2001mm. The blood pressure readings of the other 10 sub- jects were 116 mm. to 185 mm. inclusive. These physical examination reports also showed that subject VIII and X had enlarged thyroid glands. Subjects V and VII had had thyroidectomies in l923 and 1930 respectively. Of these subjects, VII had not taken thyroxin; Subject V had taken one grain daily. . , ‘ I Q .A . . ~ ‘ v .- I n I . _ « . _: . , , 1 J ‘ . . . v x a ‘ , f A -I ' 5 J ' ‘ . -, .1 I ‘ '* ' - \ w . r ' , ‘. l i ‘ . ' . . K - . . ‘ A . 0 I ' . . ‘ _. . ‘ -. ‘J ‘ ' ‘ I . ‘ . . Q a O C O - - ' ‘ . . . i ' I . ‘ . . A ', . ' , ' . .A A v _. . - ‘ 'J _, . so - - . u l 3 . - ,'- . .. , A .L "lk . s ., ll -. C ‘ ‘ . . _ . I . A ~ ,‘ l ——_ c _ .1 V . ' ~ ‘ L‘ 4 . ' ‘ ‘ A . e .. a I J - . . -‘ * - u e ’ . . ‘ . I ~ ‘ V e - ‘ ‘ ' . A . _ V A . 1 .' r - ' . I ‘ ' ’ l L ‘ ‘ ' h \ . ‘ . I. . - u. .i _ - I . a, ‘ ‘ V v w 7 ' ‘ l ‘ . ‘ , . - .2... “ _ . l‘ . - ' — . . . ' a w l ‘ ' . _ . I - .. A ‘ I ' ‘ . .. .. . . . . _‘. .L‘ \ ,. . D ' ‘ . V \ . - d. ' ' 3s §glectiog 9;,Qgtg: All Observations were included in the data with the following exceptions. In three cases one Observation was discarded as atypical in that the oxygen consumption line was curved. In four cases one observation was discarded because it seemed that the readings were either too high or too low to be a physio- logical variation. 39 GENERAL OBSEHVATIONS AND DISCUSSION The individual values expressed'as calories per sQuare meter per hour are given in Table XX. The average values, grouped in decades, are presented in Table XXI. The averages of the three days' observations on the subjects appear in column 3 of the table XXI. Column # presents the averages of the second and third day's observations only. Although in the typical clinical.procedure, values are usually accepted from the first day's observations, in this study the first day's Observations were considered a practice period because the subjects, unaccustomed to basal metabolism procedure, might have been under nervous tension and not comfortably relaxed. In the discussion of the data the averages of the second and third days only will be used. However, it appears that the first test was fairly reliable since the difference between the average of all determina~ tions and the average of the second and third day was so small as to be insignificant as seen in Table XXI. I In Graph I, calories per sQuare meter per hour and age in years are given. It might be concluded from Table XXI. that there is a drop in the basal metabolic rate of women from the age of forty through seventy—nine, but an examina— tion or the individual variations in Graph I shows such an assumption to be Questionable. For example, in the 70-79 year age range Subject XVIII had a low metabolic rate when 4‘ II|IIllllllIllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIII-II---------------------........................._...________...4III Table XX. BASAL METABOLISM OF WOMEN IN LATER MATUHITY _.- ..~~-- r-‘H’-r*‘-~- #- —‘——‘—-‘ -——“~——— —— .- ‘ ..-.w--. 1-4.~“_.~ AVE. SURFACE AVE. AVE. TOTAL HEIGHT WEIGHT AfiEA UALJSQLMLHQQE OF ALL 2nd 8,3;g CAL. GALOHIC SUBJECT AGE cm _ kg (Du°°i§Z_-TeSEM£,1$E§t II Det."~ UAX___“B§H‘EAY INTAKE 1. I 48 159.5 65 1.65 37.6 36.0 33.9 32.0 1,342 2,479 29.2 30.2 0. II 49 158 42.4 1.36 37 3 39.2 34.9 33-2 1.139 2.503 34.4 36.4 29.1 32.8 III 50 165 105.6 2.10 33.1 32.2 31.6 31.1 1,593 1,664 32.“- 32.8 4: 28.5 20.6 C) I IV 50 168 77.2 1.85 35.6 32.8 33.8 33.6 1,500 i 35-4 30-7 36.2 32.0 v 52 164 60.0 1.63 30.1 26.4 29.3 29.8 1,146 28.8 29.2 30.8 30. VI 52 163 90.9 1.90 26.4 30.4 33.9 39.6 1,538 2,157 40.0 39 1 VII 52 163 94.0 1.97 33. 33.8 33.8 33.9 1,598 1,460 3-3 8?. VIII 56 154 53.8 1.50 40.5 41:7 39.4 38.6 1,418 2,154 39~3 39-8 38.6 36.9 1x 57 164 65.1 1.69 39.9 40.9 41.2 1,659 2,183 39-9 32-3 » - 1_- 51110.1 44-411,. 111 1 ,1.-. 1,, 1 ,_ “1,1111 -. 89.6 1.52 , 33:3 3M . 37.4 14.8.33, 3:351 3:. 36.4 35.8 78.5 1.79 36.1 29.8 32.5 32.3 1,381 1,332 29.8 3b02 32.9 30.1 , XII 62 162 75.4 1.82 38.9 3.2 39.5 38.8 1,735 1,942 39-8 38.3 39.4 37-5 XIII 63 161 71.5 1.83 32.2 31.7 30.9 30.2 1,290 2,027 23.1 26.7 . 32.2 ‘31.7 XIV 63 158 69.1 1.70 39.7 37.7 35.6 34.0 1,452, 34.0 33.0 ' 32.2 36.8 xv 64 166 51.4 1.55 1.4 39.2 36.8 34.5 1,283 1,173 35-1 1... 33.4 35.1 XVI 64 175 74.9 1.92 33.2 34.6 33.3 32.7 1,534 32.7 '3128 XVII 68 169 68.0 1.76 34.1 33.9 33.8 1,448 1,483 32.1 35.5 XVIII 73 163 69.7 1.72 35.2 29.5 29.7 27.9 1,233 1,380 3 -9 .__.1 25.9 25-9 XIX 74 168 66.3 1.73 34.6 31.1 34.0 34.5 1,412 1,338 34.8 32.8 36.6 34.1 XX 77 172.5 74.3 1.86 37.1 31.0 33.7 33.5 1,504 1,575 35.4 34.1 33.9 30.7 ' Modified by Boothby and Sandiford (1929) -‘ anr I’.‘ a. A .3 D ' . I 1 .l .l I O 1 x . .0'0 I: I 1 s A b .A... Lab 0. (A O ."Ov . t . . . v 4 'f 1 LI. v 0.. I 0 'I n. v I ‘ - bull. V . . t I 3 t ‘ 'I . 0.! I?! t v - 9 It- I I a I 1' - I on n a! I!!! e . a o I .A ‘ 0 ll ~v.v. m. . . L- . l u 0. a . . . . A I. 11 a H \- Jv. F . 1.. .. . . . .1 F A I In I a. I. \ QDI\ (I - I l l. I P n V v . n I | ' ' I ' -n'. I U .s I II n l I In 'I ' .1... t ' I [III- - ' I. ' I II - . I so fill . . . . . . t . t . «.0. H a . _ . L 1r . .s . I! f «a . C ' ' '0- . m _m . : . . . p i . . .- v 1 art- I C / u. .l u I . u . O . w ‘ hi , A . . . .n O I -f . a . I II 1“: 4 ‘ n A. O . .. . . I. l 1 l . l ‘ . . . 1 . s . - 0.. . 0 s. .- o. P , - 1 "Q n t 41 Table III. BASAL METABOLISM OF OLDER WOMEN IN DECADES "'AG'E" NO. OF AVE. OF wan: SUBJECT AVE. OF ALL DET. SECOND 8: THIRD DAY uALJsiLE/Houn GALSJSQJVHOUR 40-49 2 34.4 32.6 50-59 8 35-0 35.6 60-69 7 3‘+-3 33-7 70-79 3 32$ 31.9 GAL./SQ.M/HOUR Ave. of all subjects: All Det. 34.3 Ave. of all subjects: Second and Third Day 3%]. a. CalorieEIBQuaro meter/hour oumvu H m>m»r zmw>moerK om sczmz Hz r>emm :bacmne«_| muoczc >zu emHmu u>« >omm r0 um mo mm mo x .x r x X 0 O O O O X x x x x X .X x x o x x x . move: . a x . x . macaw o N avwm macaw x 3 Em mo 3 8 3 3 w >Mo »u wanna 43 compared to subject II! and Subject xx. It is because of the low value of basal heat production for subject XVIII that the average of the three women in this age range was relatively low. If the calories per sQuare meter per hour of subject III and subject 11 were averaged, the value for this age range would then be 3%.0 calories rather than 31.9 calories. Obviously, three subjects in this age range is too small a number from which to draw a reliable conclusion, but it would indicate that low basal.metabolic rates should not necessarily be associated with women in the 70-79 year age range. Subject XVIII, III and II seemed to be good representatives of active women over seventy years of age. subject XVIII had only partial responsibility for her household. A daughter and granddaughter lived with her and shared the household tasks, and laundry was sent outside the home. This subject appeared younger than her chronological age; she was an agile individ- ual with only slight degrees of stiffness in body movements. Subject XII did all her own housework and kept two roomers. She was an extremely agile individual. For instance, this summer she canned cherries which she had picked from a tree in her backyard. She appeared much younger than her 74 years as her hair was only slightly grayed around the temples. Subject II also did all her own work for her husband and hen- seli, besides keeping a roomer. The subject also seemed much younger than her actual age and her body movements were com- parable to a younger individual. DA .unu The majority of investigators have reported for this age range values lower than 34.0 calories, which is the average basal heat production of Subjects III and II. Benedict and layer (1932) reported 31.0 calories for 13 subjects in the 70-79 year age range. However the subjects were 'hospital normals' and perhaps should not be compared to active women. latson and Hitchcock (1934) found a value of 2o.3 calories per sQuare meter per hour for one woman in the 70-79 age range, but again the subject was a “hospital normal '. McKay and Patton (1936) reported an average value of 33.0 calories for subjects who were active individuals; this value represented the lower set of observations. Iise' and Ochi (1934) presented an average of 31.9 calories per sQuare meter per hour for 18 Japanese women in the 70-79 year age range. It is interesting to note in Graph I that relatively high basal metabolic rates appear in the age range of 52 to 62 years, inclusively. The calories per sQuare meter per hour were 39.0, 33.9, 38.6,.4l.2, 37.4, 32.3, and 38.8 respectively, for the eight women in this age range, or an average heat production of 37.4. The data from the Roberts et al (1948) study have been superimposed upon the data of the present experiment in this graph and it may be noted that the relatively high values found in Reberts' study appear in the 50—60 year group, also. From the data on women 45 reported by Benedict 21 a; (1914), the values of heat production on the whole are smaller than the ones here recorded, but again the relatively higher values are found in the two subjects 52 and 53 years of age. Benedict (1928) reported figures in the 50—58 year range that were comparatively higher than those in the preceding age range. Kiss' and Ochi (1934) also published values that were higher in the fifth decade. This rise does not seem to appear in the basal metabolic rates of men in this decade. Is this rise in basal metabolism in the age range bO—bO years a physiological pattern usually followed by women of this age! Since the menOpausal change in women is generally a more pronounced one in women than the corresponding change in men, it is logical to expect the basal metabolism to be dissimilar. Is an adjustment period following the endocrine change that may accompany menopause the reason for the rise (in basal metabolic rate in women? If so, this fact should be taken into consideration in recommending food needs of women in this age range. The common method of reporting basal metabolism data has been calories per square meter per hour. Table I! gave average calories per sQuare meter per hour and total calories per day. However there seemed to be little 8V1dn once that this method was the best expression for people in later maturity. ‘I L , J , . ~ ‘ '1 I . .t . . ' n r l IUD. v7 . I , J A a I U A b . \ ~ . O ( I . as .J . . V o , . ,. K. . .. A J t A . y e, .. l , . (A It. . . x J Q I 4 . l I o ‘ I‘ . i a . . ., . I e . .. . . . . . Ia . . . x . x . _ o\ . . u . c . x . ... . , x . _ . . ‘ o z x u . a . ‘ . . . . . .vl 46 Harris and Benedict (19l9) stated that the correlation between body weight and total heat production was high: 'in adults a difference of one kilogram in body weight is followed by an average difference of 8.2 calories in heat production in women.‘ In Table II it may be seen that the women with higher weights have higher basal heat production when values were. expressed as total calories per day. Subjects III and VII, whose weights wan 10b and 9# kilograms respectively, have total heat production of 1,993 and 1,598 calories per 24 hours, whereas Subjects II and IV, weighing 42 and 51 kilo- grams, have a heat production of 1,139 and 1,283 calories per day, respectively. For this reason the data of this study has been reported in both calories per BQuare meter and calories per kilogram per twenty four hours in Table XXII. The data expressed as calories per kilo were grouped in decades in Table XXIII. There was a slight negative correlation of —.02 between calories per kilogram per 24 hours and age. However the relationship of body weight and heat produCtion (Harris and Benedict, 1919) perhaps should not be applied to individuals who were overweight. Short and Johnson (1936) have criticized the comparison of the , metabolism of normal individuals with the metabolism of obese individuals. Subjects III,VI and VII are 75%,40% and 59% oven- , I . O . I ' v \ s ‘1 _ g ), . ‘ . '. ~ 0 l ‘ J . . .A- _ \‘ J _1 > _. v I. . A ~ I .. u _. -- ‘x.. ' . s . . u . . l v s . . ... J .‘ J . . o > r . ' ' ' o - .' I'I_W:...»('1£. ... ‘ -. . I s I ‘ “ _ ’ a ‘ v ‘ \ a xv . p .1, a '4 ' . ._.,‘ I I ‘ \ ‘- 'u \4 . . £ . u .' ' k‘ - ‘ «J ‘ .1" s‘ .m omen .eoapnem can ..noapnupsz. Faced: use homage 5 canes unmask one powwow owsnedi so; a amfl+ om\uoa om m~.w m.om m.mm - an gm.m odH\oom mm mm.» Nuam m.:n Ma .uHu ama o~\ooa mm a.» ~.oa m.~m a HHHan ma.~ om\mwa No om.» m.o~ m.mm no Hues am.~ a do.» ~.ma ~.~m to up" anal. om\oaa : o~.~ ~.m~ m.sm mo su am. 2. £6 m .8 or; 0 >3 mum o~\mma ca -.~ m.~H m.om no Hana awn om\QH~ mo ~a.oa ~.H~ w.wm mo Hun fin" Edema 3 2..» 0.? man on Ha amn o~H\oo~ up oa.m m.m~ ¢.~n mm a gm.~w o~\mma ca m.o~ u.mm ~.H am NH Heston om\o~H no mo.m m.m~ e. on HHHs amm+ mm ~m.m m.oH m.nn mm Hap “03+ om\o¢H no oedn H.Hm o.mm mm H» 7. Hesse: co ma.~ m.mH m.mm mm p u. “am" as mm.» n.mn o.mm om pH ama mm\mma so mm.m m. a H.Hm om HHH ammn oo\oaa co m .o a. m «.mm m: HH mma+_ ou\oma am mm.~ :.m~ o.~n m: H .amsam umpmmmxm aaqm canoe :m\.a0\.mq< was seams n24 azoomm 354 Bonanza ambmmmnm noonm n24 seam.smqpa .amon: .amsHmm maHs aoHaopnoxm 94am so nomamamaoo . HHHK sands «~141- D a +1—-1~+—'+ l 1--r-—r--r-+-t- r-i-v ’- 1 _ . r A I I .. . . l n o 1 x v . .- .4'. . . . . 1 w .u’ r. I A. . n o J .L I .v 1' a l C u . II I- 4 .II . _‘ . I 1. c If L.» ... (a . I-.- .I '0'. "i‘ll‘.l, !, '.“s'. .‘..I '1..- . I . I. V' ‘ - " ' I’s'.ll\ 4‘ . . r .. b. C It . . . I 3 .. o. . . . f . u. I. 0*... .I ‘II . . . e F 1. s. I O l . J A! .'l t I’ r-aD' Table XXIII. COMPARISON OF WEIGHT AND CALORIES PER NUARE METER PER 21+ HOURS AND AGE AVE. 01' ALL SUBJECTS LVE.IITHOUT SUBJECTS AGE- YEARS alts./xino./24 HOURS 20% OVERWEIGHT uo—ug 22.6 22.6 50-59 20.8 _ 23.5 60-69 20.3 21.6 70-79 19. 5 19 . 5 1‘9 weight respectively. Five others are between 20% and #O% overweight. Omitting the averages of these overweight individuals we find the data in the third column of Table XXIII. The relationship of these averages by decades is similar to that of the averages compared on a surface area basis as presented in Table III. The data are also presented in calories per centimeter Oper hour in Table XIII. An analysis of the data in relat- ion to age does not seem to show a significant correlation. Dividing the subjects into the tall and short by setting 16} centimeters as the line of demarcation, it was found that the twelve women who were taller than 16} centimeters averaged 8.3 calories per centimeter per an hours. The average for the other women was 8.6 calories per centimeter per 24 hours. However an interesting fact;is that the six tallest individuals, when compared on the basis of calories per sduare meter per hour, fall within a narrow range, which was nearly average for the entire group as may be seen in Graph 11. lhen basal.metabolic rates are compared to blood pressure readings in Table XXII it may be seen that increased blood pressure accompanies higher basal metabolic rates. The average basal heat production of all the subjects is 3h.l calories per BQuare meter per hour, but when Subjects 1, II, III, XVI and III, who had systolic blood pressure readings over 200 m.m., were eliminated, the total average basal (I L 5O myopmSapqoo ca pmwflom v. v. T. 7. L L mm mm»... m» «was 9 r3 .6 ,o 9. .923 ,1 7.1.,0 c. an 6st .mm 7mm smonm o9 aoaaaqux an mue fi".. 0.. h..«_ .‘ Ox '. - , . . 'A" \ t ' . . J 1‘ . a . II L '- .LJiu) §\) ‘ I " - '0. ’3‘ - ;. ' fl. 3 ' .‘ \.,- . ) J J 4’ .( .' t .K ' . (. \JJ,AJ-;4.-l\‘ 0 . ,1 - : U u; . .,_ t, :_ 5,1 ‘11.. I a." a! l I I . I“ 1 "V a k. .. ‘. g )1. 4 v.1 Q .3 0A "‘ J' o , A . v“ “I O J- v‘ .. - \ . a, \4 -0 - '." s t» .1 ' I' C . _ .l, )3"; ’ A.‘ \ A \‘ u;,'a ,4br an .l‘fl \ a ntnv ." _ 5‘s... ‘2 L INTER-U “if 28 "9 l'1l :4 Illilllllllllli 03056 7717 l II II. I l l I III II III I l I I l l l 1" l l I .ll 93 31 lllllllllllllllllllll