w “w'. _ ‘_ DEV‘ELOPMENF 0F iON EXCHANGE RESEN METHGD‘S FDR DIRECT ANALYSIS OF ENVERONMENTAL RADIONUCLED‘ES This“ for fine Deg?“ of M. S. WCHIGAN STATE UNIVERSETY Paul. Allan BIakesLe-e . 1964- 114E515 LIBRARY Michigan State University AESTRRCT mincrmrr 0? I'm mama: 32: RESIN “T8033 FOR DIRK-ST ANALYSIB Q? EHVIfiJ3REHTAL RADIDNUCLIDES by Paul Allan.Blakaalea Thia tncIia axaaiaaa tho cavalOpucnt and evalua- tion of an uptlcu ion axchcngc column forlthc concantra» tion and cubccquant dlract gamma analycia of radionuclide: tro- anvironuantal camplca. m column baa bean davaloyad specifically for’cptimun counting geometry in the well of a three-inch sodium iodidc (thalliu- activated) acintilla- tiou sell detector: hcuavor. modification to othar cryatal dataction ayctcua 1a pocaiblo. The investigation of column characteristica and parfcrnanco uaa conducted using a uixad bod conciatiog 0! Dose: sou-18 and Down: 1-xa rocinc. Pnyciccl and chemical factors affecting column partormcnca arc dilcuclcd and obaarvcticna of column uniforoity and capacity arc pre- aantad. An avaluaticn of column pcrforncnca ia given nith raapcct to both actual iaotcpa ronoval tron prepared lccoplcc and tha'axiatins method of concantrctina liquid covironnental couple: by avaporction on plastic :11- rollcucd by gamma analysis or the plastic film. . .a u. t 05.. o A V o . .. wt ' .. . . o .l I; a a c r ..\o O I . 4 . l. .u... .b V .5. k .. . . . a b . p A I»)! . .u v . v . . .- .. c, . .u L's, 53333.3: to 1‘2” 12W" "I ‘hw.“';“ ‘3‘.“ mm Wfiacoa Fast .DIEfiflCT mamas 0? EEVIEifiE‘L'fiEq’EAL ' ‘;;;1&Ic;;UCLIL-:IEQS 5:! ?cul Allan filakeolcc Submitted to Michlg an State Univerol ty in partial fulfillment of tho tog uivcmontc for the dogrce of fiASIER.QF 331E563 Department of Civil and sanitary Engineering f. C EIEZ‘G‘Eo LE D9331?" 3315 on. author with" to uproar m. timers appreciation to his major professor. Dr. Shoooi Sex-ctr. for tho halpfol asciotaoco and guidance ho providod ' in conducting thin study-i Bo would cloo like to altar-on his deep apprecia-r tioo to hit! wire. Joyce, for her onoouragcoont and may long hours oi“ typing and pmotmdiog. Thic study woo supported in part by a Public anlth Traioooohip from the Public Stealth Sonia“ 3.3. Department of 33311211, Education, and welfare. 3 11 mom or morons IMcu-IUZICTIOH O O I l O I D O 0 '0 O O I c I wonitoring of Durlxuvironmcnt . . i t . . 0 Development of Upflow Column ’. . . . . . LIV QRATURE STUD! c a o o o o o of. a o o a c 0‘. ' o 0 History of Ion Exchango . .‘. Application of Ion Exchange to Radiation Studio! 0 o 0 o o 9 0 . D O O . Q . I . PRIRCIPflas a? ISH'EXCEAHGE c o o o c o o o .1. 38316. c o o c o c I o o I o o o o o o 0 Ion Exciting. Theory 0 o o i '6 t t o 'I o 0» Theory 0: 6010.3 ODOlIttfln‘ o o o c o c o Mechanism of Column Operation . . . . O a ' fi33£n 30106t1'1t: . o o o o 0-. o o o 0'. UEPLOW 13H EXCEANCE COLUHN . o t o o . o o o c 6013-“ PflCP.rflt19fl o o c o o o o 0-. Column Qperit1on t3. 0 o o c o O o o o o LEBORATQH! INVESTIGATIONS c a 0‘. c a o 03¢ Eff¢¢tl 0‘ 501148 a c c o 0 03¢ c o o 0 Early ”9:10" COluflna a o o I O o o o o 001“.” Uniformity o o o o a 0‘0 O 0'. o 35:60: 0‘ pH 0 o o c o c o o o c o o 0 Effect of Counting Geometry . . . . O . Evaluation of Soaplo Preparation flothoda Column horror-coo. Iith Batornl Sauplcl o DMUSSISN..;.._...t........'. comwsxors r'omosocoms................. omwcmrm.....L........... 111 9"... O. ICC... Q .00..... also it. it». o .0003... PIE. . 1 . 1 . 2 . 5 . 5 . c . a . s . 9 3. 12 . 1 o 1 o 20 . 20 . u o 30 . g: I 34; . g: 2 sh . so .I 65 l 72 . 7a . 75 LI§}“CE.?1335§§ Figaro Pogo l Upflow Ion Exchange Column and. cozmcefiyuflfin‘fifl ‘Q....... g Q . 23 2 froah Ion Exchange Colunn (right) ind Exhausted Column (1am ). showing 413-- coloration at bottom of column duo to concentration of particulate matter from 10 litara of rainwatar . . . . . . . 23 3 Gamma Analysis Equipment Consisting of. Nuclear Chicago, Model 133-303 Scintilla- tion fiell Detector and Nuclear Data 512 . . Channol Gamma Analyzer 0 o o o o c Q o o o 26 h Dotail of Scintillation Dotootor*uith Upflou Column in Crystal 3011 . . . . . . 25 5 Uniformity Determination at now 911. Using Identical 1h 5 Column. . . . . . . . “5 6 Uniformity Determination at Hootrtl 93. Using Identical 1n 5 Columns . . . . . . . 7 uniformity Determination no floutrul pH. . Using Identical ll 3 Column! . . . . . . . ‘7 8 Uniformity Determination at Low pH, Ullng Idfinticll 1A 8 Column! 0 o 0 o I o a 43 9 Uniformity Determination Showing Eff-at of Channoling Doc to Bod.Dilturbanoo . . . 59 10 Uniformity Dotoroination Showing Effect of Channoling Due to Air Pocket . Formation 0 a Q i C 0 o l o o o o o o o o 50 11 Effect of pH on Conductivity Break- through CRPGCIty I o o O m a o 0-. o a o D 52 12 Evaporating Table for Drying Liquid SEIQICI on Plastic F113 0 o o o o I o o o 53 13 Upflou Column (right) with folded plastic sheet containing 10 liter evaporated canal. to be placed in 17 ml. plastic bottlo for gamma analysis . . . . . . . . 53 gr ca iv I' “ ’ . . a (. l ... I I . , . . - . . \l O t o a I C .~ I . o r I v- c 'P I .7 b 7 . . . I ‘ 4 _ . 5 ¢-. ‘ _ . . a ‘.' n I' - . o I n it. - *; nuod) LI"? m Fromm (Com. Page Figaro “ Sample 4 c 55 *1 n of Count Rota Jit? . b . . ' . . “" “sizes“..u... In.“ 10 11 13 M “hittftti 80. "of mini»! “I. C. BUIOI.50~ o o a o o o o o O o o o o o ‘6 Solutivitv on for man» In. Ofi DUIQ3 5°“ c n o o o o o o o o o o o o ‘7 amenity of m 1 for Mi... 0.. c o o o o u I a I a a o o o o o n o ‘1 lffui of unusual to“ nun-mu: . . 31 riitntioo of an sins-nut m’ “I... “0.1 o o o I b o o o o o o o o o o 0 3a 35 . haul” of Early coin-a Inn-tintin- . . . Coin-n WW and cairn-it: actor . “nation at LII 98 Union Identical l ; Colman-Columns £0. 11, 12. and 13 . . . 38 Calm BMW and unfunny notor— ninnioa at mini on. Doing nation it a: ‘ Galvan-«Colonn- ilh. 15. 16. and 17 . . . 39 calm Bushman nod Unitas-“y notor- Iiution at Into“ on. Doing mutual gt 3 Column-Column #18. 19. 20, and O O O O O O O O O O Q I O Q Q Q 0 O O O ‘0 cola-o W and Bottom” om:- niution at in. pa. vain: Identical it 5 Golan-«column m. :3. 8‘. and I: . . . b1 coin-o W an: annuity nun-- linuion Min: Street of autumn»: no. to m naturism-4:01”- M. 27, 88' .34’29 a o o o I o o o c o a a o o o o .a calm mm and Whitman: Dour- Iianiou Min moot of moaning m. to Air Pooh: "unconscious m, 33. 3.; Old 35 c o o o o o o o o o o o t o .3 an“. Activity of Macon not”. Sciatic! o o o o o a o n o o n o o o o o o 56 an“ Activity Maul PM Top Rotor . . . 57 V1 . - ‘ at. 'h 17 18 19 20 21 LIB? a? TfiE;§§_(£ontinucd) Dom Activity Removal From Distilled KIQGP o c c c o a o c 0'. «‘0 c c c o o c Gonna Activity in One-Litcr'Evapcrctcd 33591.3ccooccoocnccoocca canon Activity in Ton-Liter Evaporctcd 333910., b 0 a o I c c o o c c o o o c a c Rainwater Activity nutcrmination by Column Hcthod. Rosin Ratio 1.5:1. anion.to cation by exchansc °8P3°1t¥'*001ulnl'037t Balagiama'jolctaaoficooocg Rainwater Activity Determination by Column flothod. Ratio Ratio 1:1. union to cation by exchange capacity-«Columns #hi. “2; “3; .33 an o c c o o c c c c c c c o o Avcroge Rainwater»ficmcval. Basin Ratio 1.531, anion to cation b exchange capacity-0olumna #37; 3 a 39. and no . . Avcrngo Rainwater Removal. Rooio Ratio 1:1. anion to cation by exchange ccpccity-«Goiucnc #31, he, 33, cod hfi . . vii Page 57 58 53. 61 62 63 63 imm'rm fienitgring of {lug Envircnngnt The prcaenco of man made radioicotOpcc in rain- water and curfaoc watcrc in c phenomenon created by the 330 of nuclear technology in which no live. the major aourcca of thia potentially hazardous contamination arc nuclear'uccponc testing, nuclear power reactor operations, and unatcc fro: nuclear rcaoarch cpcrnticnc. The potential hazard to the health and no foty of man has bacon. on item of international concern, as witnccacd by the hourly worlonidc'accaotancc of tho nuclear Test Ban Troaty of 1963. Although environmental pollution fron*ncapona tcating has dooroaacd aignificantiy ovcr the pact fun yours. thorn atill Quilt! an urgent . mod for the «inlay-ant of “prom not... for miter. in: ndioactivity pro-ant in our amino-ant. . It ia hopad.that thin invaatiaation hill to con «13.9 in tho chOIOpnont Of a monitoring crotch‘tapcblo of rapid and quantitative analyail of tha ndioncclidaa rpnlaont in liquid.cnvironlantal aanplca. 'Tho an. of ion axchcngo rocina for the concentra- tiontof rcdionnaiidoa for direct gal-a analycil in by no means a has technique. but it is hop-d that tho Iodificau tiooo in cpparatua and proceduro presented in thin piper *uill oak. thin method more applicable to routine aanplc Juanitorin¢.' The concantrction of cnvironnontal couple- on ion cxchangc resins can occult in a significant caving l .i ( I ~ .. I . . , z. . :. , l L t ‘ 2 I ~ I . . I i .z- r A 1. O » - . . ~ - ‘ . 3 ,_ v ' , ' ‘ ‘ ‘§ 3 I a 1 , . t , _. . . I ‘ J- ‘r - x, A D . «I a ‘1 ‘0 I , v . " I .1 a“ ~ , - v If . . 1 ,. . t a .. - ~ - '4 . 1. ’ 4 w t , ' ‘ o a . . ‘ an 1 n A ' ' t ~ ‘ '. r- m; ‘ ‘ v v r - ‘- .- R: a. . -. A g. I! . -. . 3 . u .‘ - . . '~ a. ‘ . . n : 4 a '. ~.' . . ) I — a! ' . v o A, J 3 o ' . ‘ 5 . b‘ . c i ~ ..' (.. ‘ . i . u . ‘H , . ~ . 7 ‘ . ‘ y, 3 . u v- _ .- 5 '0 J ' a t . . I- v . ,- - ' ' v‘v L" ' ~ ‘ I ‘ ~ n \- ' ' t . 7 ' ! ' ' IL I '< .1 , r c‘ b '1 l I ? 7 . ‘ J I ‘ O I \J -. ‘ J - ‘ u - . ’ an} 5. . '3 ~ ‘ ’ A. o - . Q ‘ v ‘ § ' 1 ‘ P ,t . 3 . r; r A ; v . . a - A ' x -, A A r‘ . , . i , . - - I» ‘ h‘ ’ . .: A . I ’ Hf 0'. 3‘ 3 ~ :- '. 4. . 7 r ‘ ’ u. . . ‘ -'. v . a 4 1 o. . u . . -L v , ._. . ‘ - . v , a . . . . » , ' I . . _ . ¢ . .' --‘. , | . , ' '- i ‘V U I 'a! ‘1 1 H h ‘ . ' - ~ , ,1 . a. .. . . I ‘ ’ . t - . - -. "‘ o c in - . u , . , ‘ - , _ , . ,. V - o p— r .. '- ‘ 1, , , . a -' V .A - .. ' .- L -‘ x . . . -. . ‘ " . . t . , h ‘ . ‘ ‘ z o' ’ . ' . .~ . .3 - v ‘ . Q A. U ’ I 9'. ‘ ‘ \ ' K.‘ I A I! - ~ g . . . v . ,- - . _ . , s o 7 ' . n ‘ . _ . . . - "r . ~ ‘ 4‘ u t M \o ‘C‘ v»- r w . . . . ; - _ . ‘7‘ - 1 k n- A . a" w _ - n ,- . a . f . . \ r a. . A y' - .lo. :- '.. ‘ , .u f. 4... . - . . . -. -. . .. r . _ 3 - . . ._ . V ; t 5 ' y u r ‘. _ . S . ‘ o i n)‘ .- ._ , v -> ‘ : t c _ '0' v . 4. ‘- , , . + ,5 ,-. -. 9 a . I a .4 1' A L- ‘ 3- ». U a «V . . - .- 3‘ 3 .4 I u - a ’ ' ufi _ Q ’ ‘ a - I» c - « ~ .. . u . . .. ' ‘ ' v. :4 ‘ . . , 3 I . . f -a I h an $ N "‘ ' l \_l. 1 . o. 5 19- 2 in tin. and apaca involved aa nonparad uith evaporation nothoda; skillful and praciaa laboratory taohniquo in not raquirad aa with nodiochcnioal nothoda. ilthoughaoaplataly Quantitative unalyaia ot aiaad iaotopo annploa in not poaaiblo uaingpraacnt apootrogrophio nothoda. it in hopad that in the near tuturc tho combination.o! guano and onto spectrognaphio analyaia will plaoa thin nathod on an aqual footing nith tho not. todiona and tina~conanains procoduraa of radioa chanical analyaia. flhcn‘thio day arrival the octnoda of ion unchango conccntrntion will banana v.91 unaful tacnniquaa. £53_;gpocnt or prlou Column Conventional ion axohnnga column operation con- aiata, in ita ainpleot torn, of a packed column of ion oxchangc rosin which rncaivca a 24.4 aoluticn at the top of tho column. Flow through the colnnn ia downward. aided by hoth gravity and hydrcatatic procnura iron the fluid abovn. Savaral invcatigatorn [honi (l) and (2); Kruger. tlilchriot. and Gold (12)] g and other. raw. uacd tho donnrlou colunn nothod of ion exchange for tho ranovul or rudionuclidca from environmental nanploo. . Tho Ion activity level: round in cnvironocntal natcr’aanplca preclude any proccaa of direct counting uith cquipncnt proacntly available. .Bcckground lavalo on tho ordar of lo fro/l are connon, particularly in t',‘ 'u '. I 1- . .' . K. . , - A. , . .n by 'I . < 'v ‘ c s . ' V r ~ g» .-. c . ' ‘ A . .. so", _ I - ‘ I < ‘ If ' |.- ' a l ‘ ‘ ‘ v ' 9! ~‘ '3 ' ‘ o ‘ ‘- PEI ~ . ‘ - i . a‘ c 5 J _, u i .r » 'I ‘ .-r S - ‘ ‘ A . ’ A . \ . ' . k ' - n ' r f l ‘ '4 j - a i o ‘ ,' t f - -. ‘ 4 . pv , ‘ t . I ‘ ' I» >. o r . 7 a D ‘ ~ & ,. '. i . ' . . . , . .‘p u ‘ I ‘ . I. v 4. J . ‘ . . . , a v. _ n . “l —\ a ' . . A — . . j .- . I .u ‘ 1 5 ‘- ' ¢ ,. ‘ “‘ ' . v. .- ' - . A l , ' ‘ .. . v -' "I' b- c l ‘ u‘ ' - a r o . O , , 1 . \ ~ - . d - 2. ar- } ‘ I - ~ 3 . .. . Y a . Q‘s . ‘ w . Q a _ . ‘ L I l ,- ,- I ‘ . 3,. ‘l V r I I . , v .- .- t . I ’ c a v . ‘3‘ ’ 1 v- , , . ‘ 1 . - | .‘5 ‘ \ 9 (- v) . V 4‘, z . f c .1 ‘. _\. . r. ,, ,. c . ., bl!‘ v 'd . ¢. It I r: .v, - n. ' “ I; H, I . J‘ v I .‘~‘ .' 1 ' _ .1 . F‘»' 9‘ .1 Ila ' t 3-9 L“. - ’-M . .0- - u . '1 ;-' ,.. a I .e V .I II t.“ a f: ‘ .. _ 5‘ . 9. r .. w o ‘0“ 'fi ‘ I.’ .. D r ' 'ol. ! . i J ‘ .. L 3 aortaco oatoro-uaruno (8). Concontration on ion aachango raaino or ionio Korma of tho radionuclidoa prcaant io ono of aovorol cathoda which hao provon to be of valuo in incraaoin; aanplo counta to a lovol thorn statistical roliability can to obtainod within roaaonablo counting porindl. Ono of tho uniquo toaturaa ot onvironoontal aaaploa ia tho prooonco ct onapondod.ooliao in tho aampla to ho invootigatod. particoloél: in rain or atmn utcr. Tho-o aclida can to troatod.ia ono of too uoya: tho acnplo no: to praiiltarod to aooovo tho oolido. or tho cocoa oaoplo any to acolyaodt Filtration roaulta in tho oooooal o: a rolativoly largo portion of tho radionuclidoo found.in rain and.atroaa aaaploo. toa'aoao applicationa thin ooporation no: to dooiroblo: honorary {or routino oonitoring'aativitiao a emu analnio o: tho lanplo any alto a ooro adoquato piotuoo of tho condition of tho. oaaplo. In ouch a caoo it in dooirablo to concontroto both particulato and dialoltoa portion: in ono container for counting. Tho dounfloo column doaignod by Bani (l) and (3) haa boon uood for thia purpose. Ono of tho lioitationa or thia ccluon una tho atonpago of flow caoaod by tho buildup of particulato aattor’ovor tho oppor'ounfcco of tho rosin. Tho option colunn introduced by tho author in thin paper olioinatoa thia for: of flow obstruction. Flow enter: at tho botto- ot tho column and diffuacn upward throu3h the roain ted. . .A. z . .. A t o o .0. v i . . i O .- \ I . E p . Q o . . . .5 . I . 4 , a f." 1 a. . . in .. y. . to. n . . .a :5 .z 4 . I . :6— .n v . o. . a. .& . ‘I u. v . . . c b I. J . a . , . U U I . . .. m .I ulna . Q \. It! 0 4, . t . S o ’ 4 t o 3 Largo solid particles are retained in a void volume at the bottom or the column and thus cannot torn a not on tho ronin.aurfoco capable of blocking flow. Solid particulato matter concentrated from rain and atrcan water samples has been shown (22) to contain a significant fraction or the radiooctivity found in ouch samples. The concontration or aucpcndcd solid: at tho hotton of tho upflon column provides optimum counting geometry when tho column is placed in tho well of tho scintillation dctcctor for analysis. Tho donntloo colunn dosi3nod by Boni (1 ) and (3) was significantly lar3ar than tho option oolunno investi- gntod in this paper. Tho crystal coll avoilahlo to Boni 1for gaunt anolysio or his aanploa nonsurod Bul/fi inches in diameter by 6 inches dong. whereas the cryntal uoll ovailablo {or this investigation honoured lvl/B inchca in dichotor by 1-3/3 inches coop. With this aiaa linitntion it haa'hoonunocoosnrx to doaign a column which moot ortoctivoly utilizos tho space available. D , _ I .I I l ‘ l D . - r ‘ ‘ .' ‘ ’ U l . - . . 'l b . -' - I I ’ < . . i v I . i . , A ~ , , ‘ . ,- - . . * . L . . ' : ' _ . , , .1 A u ‘ . n ‘ . . -. ‘H .u v v A -' . 3 , . ‘ 1 s v . u - l' ‘ \ t . ‘ . . -- . -1 , . on _ B 'l ". . .. - . . . 4 o . ~- . 7 . a , ' . 1 -_ .. r O . _ , u g ‘ l ‘7‘ u r t H a ,g *1 ._ u .4 -5 .. i . u ‘ u q ' ' . . ‘ \ 3 ‘ I , . . . .- ‘ -- - ' .._ . .t I 3" ‘ - c ‘. , 4, 43 , s n _ fl , ~ .' I . _ . n .‘ 4 , .— .. u .. ‘ v > I ' o . ' 5.. 1 I ‘ . n. 5. f r. ' * . ~. "4! v“ 3... l 4. ~ ') , . or J . a l r ' r , . ’ I . A» o . V ‘ , . “ ... . (r- .1 '. . . "‘ A , ~ L a a ‘ a 'v . . - Co I e» '- 3‘ i I r \ . - . a : ~. . ‘ - . . . - \‘6. £ 4" L ‘- " - I ‘ '.- J u - A ~ , .. .\ ~ '. ’ ‘ 0 f0. «- a A. M ‘ ' , ‘ a 2 v . o’v .. L4 _ _ \ I . , .‘. 3‘ Q '1' _. . , . . .c , A 3. M . .— ,. ' . .4 D u 1.. 1 ' p I. n w 1, .,' ‘6. I: h .g .. P ' :3 .1 . 3 ‘ _,A . a . L . I.“ 1. h. f . 0 ‘~ a 4 f: w '7 ' a .- I P' 1' _‘§ \ uI‘IE'iQT ”"' 3 BY flislomi‘ Ion 3W Raccrda as far baca as 755 A. D. indicate that man has tacosniaad.and utilised certain beneficial properties of natural soils and sands for the purification of water. Rachcd and 3chabart (17) iraca tho dcvalopasatof ion exchanga technology begincing aitfi ins {irat observaiicca of ma phoncuenoa ct inn exchange by H. 3. Thompson in 1850. It was observed by Thompson that cartain soils bad tbs ability to absorb ammonium sultata lith the ralaaaa s: calcius sulfate rm iha coil. Tics uchaniaa of this sxcnaaga «action was viaualicad by J. T. his: as lasing: ca-aoil + Hanan-fl _— liar-soil + CaSOg. The first ica axchanga process, devalcpad by I. fill-- in _13963_atiiiaad a natural cation “change or ailicata for tha rams). ct aodica and potassium from am: but Juics. Tho first aaccaui‘al larva-scale application station ”change can by a. alas. who synthe- lim inorganic cabana. material: capable of exchanging Ba” to: other cations. - This niarial was usad aaccaasn fall: far «tar softening and sugar instant. the inorganic autism materials developed by Garza and Dinars Ian limited by the fact that. they nan acid Jami“?! and thsmtora could not be utilized in outlaws ”action involving acid solutions. The discovery of exchange capacity of hunts and other natural organic materials lad to the cavalcpmcnt or sulfonatad coals uhich 5 i as ‘- 3 I ‘i .‘ ‘1‘ I .. . r ran .a . .... . . < A F..‘ v . 4 . a a .. 1.. I. . , a . I VJ It ‘ 4 l.‘ . n . a f. . I i? a \ ‘1’. and . 1 a r .. . . ¢ 1.. ... . 4. i s H 3 . H . . 3 a. ‘ . ' n . . . I o .v a a . . i 3p . 3 ’ .r . Q . a . i¢ .0 ‘ . .. I . r‘ . a .i. . .. a . _ . J . \. . .1 a . . I 1‘ r 4 _ . 4 a I . _ . . 4 ,. .. ..-,. . _. . a . a . ... . .. 3 LI .v- . ‘ a .1. .. \ _. . . .. . ..n a o. k v . .) .. . ‘4‘ . f ._ a 3. ’r I . . . I. )0. . 9 s 5 . 3 . _ a .. . . r . .w a . ‘ nIK 3 .. . . . . . . v ., . . i . . . . a ‘1 . O 4 I j . I ‘I . u x a t _ . u z _ v . , 4 . . 1 c a. I u . .I .. 6 sass carotid and insxpansivs. Only sitnin.tha past thirty years has tha decolon- saat at ion sachangs processss brought ioa sxohangs to the noint of Doing considarsd a unit operation. -This vacant devslopnsnt in application has rssultad tron tbs discovsry at tho ion.s20hangs prepsrtiss of cartain synthstio resins by Adass and animal. Eclsaa sas tbs first to synthesias both anion and satiss-axchangc rssins. ‘ Tbs aodsra son of ion axchanga technology began in iyhc‘aitn tbs synthesis or aacnansa rasins tron preformed polystyrana by c. D'Alslio or occsral Electric company. Iron thsss first polystyrans casins. ths prassntly'avail¢ abls casins aith graatly inprsvad capacity and ascbaaical stability hava dosaIOpsd. épplication;of lon Exchange to;R§giaticn Studies ’Tha litsrsturs presented ssch year on the topic of ion cacnangs and its applications is summarized bristly by finals in tho publication ”Industrial and Enginaaring Chemistry". Tho number or pspsrs presented annually has incraasad almost cxnonentially sinoa tho and of florid bar 1!. novaIOpncnts arc continually sXpanding in tho application of ion exchange methods in tho areas or astortconditioning, inorganic chemistry and hydr0~ astallurgy. organic chemistry. food tacnncloaya biochem- istry. aasta traatmcnt. and related.tislds. Of particular interest in this investigation ans 4 . . .y . . ax A1“ I... f In a H.— . .7 . .v .d $-. )4 .. . . s .4 v .‘ .t . ( . . V ’t' 6 a . J . . . i Z» . .. .,.. : w . . h A... (54 . p i . . w h ‘o a w( .n . .. f a ‘a . . . V . a. r .- .. . i . ~. . s u .. t I a. . . P . a . a , . . . ‘4 n . ., .. vi _ Y . I. . ‘i. .i u .. u 4i . . i . n u . , \ . v , y. a. i u . . v . l I O V 2 g . ’ . . . . . . .. . .n. . .s . . la . . . . i - h. . . a a . H . \ 4 . 4 . , . . v . . u ‘ I}. ~ . a . . _. u . . . . . V . I y i a v V ‘ 4 i U . :9 r! a . n v. . 4 A .v r p . t «\ u... . . . . fins . ._ ’ K - i. . . . n .w o .. U _ a .s . o s a . . .. I a . , u u . . . n l . . . . a v V. . . y ‘. O i an" 4 a. a . _ u ‘ . r . T the cross of hydronatallurgy and salts treatment. within thasa broad fields such work has been dons on the concen~ tration and scparation or the various radionuclide: for purposes or nasts treatment and.purirication. Tbs tochniquo or removal of radioisotopcs by ion exchan3a from diluts solutions has been investigated by Boone (23) using nuclsar reactor process waters. Appli- cation of tho sane principlss tor tbs concsntration of radionuclidas tron environmental ssnplss nos been carrisd out by Boni (l) and.(3) and by Kricgor. Gilchrist. and Gold (12). .Kriogsr.‘cilchrist,o ond.Gold.bavs concentrated radionuclidss from rainwater in a tsowcolunn ion oxcnangs procsss. .Boni has developed a column containing alter~ oats layers of cation ano.anion rssin anion as has usad to concsntratahradionuclidss trcs rain and stress samples. Tbs column davslcpod.by Bani is snitabla for diract assoc analysis using a largo roll scintillation crystal. 5 " s o . . sl. . o _ v.3 . .. ‘ . M. .I . § . .5 y. ' .0 . ~. . A |. h ..3 _ s au - ._ b u o l s .(5 L K ' v. 3 . . 4 c - 4 . u: . .v $1 \ I‘ PRflH’I?EES 80F IOH;§I§FRNGE “A.“ AM“..— 333333 _ . The resins uaad in this igventi3atisn warn. Dowex 505-18 and Down: l-X8. Both rosiha arc prepared from tho Isms polymer matrix.uhich 18 formed by the co~9olymerization or styrcno with divinyibcnzene in s pearl-poiyusrizstion from uhich nearly spherical beads are obtsinsd.v The smount of divinylbcnzcne uéad in the co~poimrizauon is indicated by the number ‘f‘ 8" which manna “8% divinyibonzeno” .‘ Thu quantity or divinyl- _ V benzens used dietatos tbs de3rss of arousvlinka3o between atyrans polymers. This cross-linkags rasuits in n thrao» dimensional “network” structuru in the twain. The higher the percentage of divinyibonzens the tighter the rosin netucrk. The rosin structura can bs pictured two- dimohsionaliy as: I 6635 3 [$655 ] c635 $553 I l so.o-~CME2~CH~-CH2« Uzi-mafia a "CH”CH£¢-C&OCH2-- $533 . . . . --Ta.-czxa-.c‘m..cxe..[cn--caz] "(fancnzncaflcazu 0511: 0535 11 C535 fsfiu "'“*fi38~““2-‘°3-°52-*[?”~-°Hé] ..$ni.caé.-cn..ca2-- B c " cs. c 635 36H“ 535 685 '0 I O -ucfi..{;fiznd O O O 1 .. V . .¢ ) . 4 J ‘ . . - , ‘ n s _ ‘ , n 3 , . M V A < u I ’ . s . .. 4 3 y y w c o, , 3 .r y ‘ . 3 I . , 8 ‘ a . . | I . . .. t ‘ a. . s o A . ‘ . .u 5 u a . , . . .u . n . r . ~ . . 3 I. I I . . » a A l J . t . I . . x , J r ‘ ’ A a . . . I I 4 . a l, .. u c. g . I 3 - . O . . s . n I . . - . . . I ~ 4 . A n ‘ . , . . . . . . _ . I r _ a . J 3 A .i. . ' C ) A y \ ‘ U !- . ~ . O . . . u . I l M (- F .n n ‘ I. a 1 D {III 5 .. .. n I, x A . v v . 3 . .3 . c .. V . ill. II!‘ . 2 3 III. . . .s .a Fulfillii - a a It... 4 . s9 v ) . I. . ' v Q V J v . w . Q U”. C 9 ”Dome: fiGR-X8 is aafirong1y_aceilc, nuclear Daltonated. Ityrena-divinylbcnxane catlan exchauac resin. Nuclear aulronation 13 carried out using sulfuria acid, with the raaultant introduction or approximately one sulranic acid group per benzene ring. Bowen 1~XS in a ntrcngly basic. quaternary ammonium type. styrene- divinylbcnzene anion exchango resin. The loungenia quafiernary ammonium greupa are introduced by trontncnt or tht co-polymer'aatrix‘uith.ahloromethyl other'tollouad by treatmant of the chleromcthylatea resin with trimethyl- amine. Thu roaultina product is a quaternary ammoniun salt (the chloride term cf a strongly basie anien exchange resin). _ n. f_ _ Geaaidgrlng‘anlx the bonsono ring to which the txnhangablu 33°09! urn attachnd. tha two resin: say b0 npnaanted u! 7""3“ 0;-3...0 CBS l | 7+ . CH3 '3 Cat1on Exchange Group Anzsn Exchange GrOup Hydrogen Form Chloride Fora $99;Exchangg Sheena Since the firat investigation of the phenomenon of ion cxahange by Hay in 1359. acientiata have attempted to >ru ‘i )1)- 10 dmfina a theory of 10a ezcflanga which would accurately explain the ohsérvod facts abaut this type of rw&ctian. wares general classes of ion exehanga theories have been progoeada (1) the Donnan nemhrana theory; (2) tna daublavlayep theory: anfi ‘ (3) =th¢ crystal lattice oznhanao taeory. Forltho was: part all thrue theoricu 1r. quite 31-11.» in that thn canning. of ion: must satisfy the law of olnotroneutrnlity.* The E2392 difference in the three thiérlci 1: the position and origin of tha exchange aite. In Clch can. the oxahango atta 18 in effect I fixed, non- diffuaibln. ionic group capable of turning an electro~ itatlo bond vita O‘Inail diffusibll ton of Oppositc charge. The nonnanftnnhrahd canary. an applied to tan exchange. Caaazdovl the interracc botuoln ind 19116 phase viiin lfid the liquid punt. teal: solution llAl nemiw ‘ porucablo Inlmrtue. Tho Otahlaao of loan caravan uh:- “uonbrnna‘ inkai plant In ouch ; any :- ta nutter: condi- tion-'0: colution.oqu111br1uu. ' " Th0 «cubic-layor tutoryln flapliea to ion exchange 1- a Ioaiticattoo of the oprQnatiea of tho olectrOKInetia gropcttloa of 66116165. This theory proposes the exist» anon or a Gothic layur or olactrioal chargt'surroundxng tn. atlzu.' The inn.» layor 0! chars: it fixed (tho resin Iler183,‘vhilo the outcr layer consists of a aobild. «mus an: a: chargad ions (the emmter 10m)... 11: u ’ a .1- .. 3 Q 1 i‘ 1 I V . . . , . ‘ a... _ . r ‘. V n g. A. n 4 u. . ‘ . . t .u . u L . m.“ w .I . t I l a t , z y x 1!. p. I ‘ . o: I H. t ; , u ..c A. . v A 1 4 a yr... a‘. v ’ 1t . , a, .4 v . i I, . it .u . ,f . u v \ . ‘7 . .v ¥ ‘7: . I w . .- u x fl \V - U 0 0 , I y « I ‘ ~ ‘- I y . v ‘+. _ D.‘ , ‘ A . .- . o r I a 1 . u . . n .A n o u . . ‘t‘ y . _ ~ \ . ., o. a u . ‘ . f . 1 _ . . . \ I . . .‘ . l n ‘ A . ,3. x r I 1‘ , ‘0 3 A ..[.h p I»)! .3 .. , u , r. A ~ 5 a . . L . . . ._ . ‘. . c. _ . w . _ . . A r . . 11 this Omar layer at 16ml! which an pLetum'd as taking; part 1n cxnhango reaet1onn. - The most eaa1ly v1nn3112ed.p1cturo of the ion ex» change precaaa. capacially w1th rasgeat to the atruoturo at polymeric organ1c resins. 1: probably the arystal lattice thear~1 Although.organia resins do not have the eryatal atvucture u1th def1n1tc 1attice p§1nté found in 1norgan1a minerals cxn1b1t1ng exchange prepartiaé, the resin: do have exchangc lites created by! aultonacicn. nnmona11on. or 01milar treatment or the co.polsmer1 At than. cxchango 31193 a d1rrua1blo 1ou 1: olcatroatat1cally bound to the raa1n.polyner network. Exchango coaurl 1 (depending cu solut1an concentrat1on and selectivity) when an 1am of 11ko charge diffuses tutu tho roa1n and approaches the exchnnza I1tc. Th0 ctsitgl lltt1oo {beefy acceunta adequately for tho'ohachltiou that corta1u largo usleculel dun be otroan tivuly c1151nated tron exchange gcact1oaa by virtue of tha he: um” um 111 1:16 16:59 1:15 411'!an thmugh the matrix of the polymer nétuork1 This Ichoni 3 effect can be con- trolled by using realms of prepay cross-linwa'e. The. highcr the degree of cross-linkage. the aaaller the net- ucrfi 1n the polymer. Kunin (13, p. 12) has shown that the exchange capac1ty of both anion and cation rea1na can be accurately predicted from tn» known aoutent of nitPOgen or cultur 1n each run1n typ31111a quantity of n1tr0gen and sulfur . .. tn '4 r‘ ~ . . ' ‘ r»~ . V’ - ‘ . . . A -4 . J 5 r A ' ! - II ’ f 1 I u ‘l O K . _ w o ‘ ' b . . L ‘. ‘ l V ‘k - r ‘ ‘ I I . ' ‘ ‘ r \ ’ L a. J ' , \ . . t i 4 i. . ‘ ‘ - . ' a ‘ . ‘ . f ‘ I ‘» -- J o . - ‘1. ‘ ' . . ' , - - '. In - ,, ' . . ' ’ ' I - . __ «J ' “ .fi . ‘ . ~ -.I \ . r . . a l ‘ i ., ‘ 7’ n ‘ V ‘ n I, f ‘ i i v V. ‘ K I ‘ J ,. ‘ I . 1 A, . 3 I . a ‘ ‘n. ‘ fi ~ I‘ I I . r . . a l‘ _ _. 1 1‘ A , . "A L‘ ’ P ‘ ‘ r . ‘ ‘ o 1 . . ‘ I ‘ V a ‘ . . - 5‘ n . ' I i “ I. |‘ . . I, a ' . ' l ’ ‘ - f 1 . l. ‘ l. ’ ‘ I ‘ a. . . . n. x , s, ' . - . ‘ r.- . . _ ‘ . 1 v a ' . j A h . 1 , ‘ . . ~ . .‘ r -. ‘ J ‘ l L ‘ ‘ ~ ~ . . z .fl - ‘ I ' ‘ a ‘ ‘ I l” ’ . t . ‘ ' V . ' ‘ V 1' I ‘ V ‘ ' t i ‘ I . 4 V r) I ‘ 5 > ‘ 7-. i» I ' v I o I a. . . I A W‘s: " 1 - . r I ) ‘ ‘ . . J” - 12 1nd1cutca the aumhor'or paaa1bln exahango 11193. and 11 1: than ovidanfi thafi alaningc coaeri throughout 1h. resin Iatrlx rather than n: t surtaoo r.nctioa Ivan as I1mp1e Inrraao adsorption. figgpry a! Calymn Opegagiqg ” wmuelsen (18 p. 163) ha: atatea that, “A fie- ta11ed theoretical study 0: column Operat1on 1a qu1te an 1nvolved task, and at preaant there oxiata no theory 1n wh1ch all factors are tnxen 1nto eanaidernt1an. Fortu- natoly. such a aompleto ltudy 1. not easent131 to the prepay application or 1en exchange naparut1ons . . .’. . when rLEorous 1nveutigat1on 1n undertaken, how—‘ ever. analysis can be based on an. or tun eutab11shed theories: ' - - H I (I) the ylatc theory. or (2) tho theory based on continuous variahlas. ‘ Thn plate thaory was ariginally davelaped an a theary for solvent cxtractien and diat111atian. Later. 1: was naditled somewhat for app11cat1on to chrema- tagrnph1c onlnnnl. For*purpoaas at calenlat1on and pre— dicticn at colunnrporromunnco, tho coluan under 1uvoat1~ 5:119: 10 4111606 1310 t atria. at plates or layer! or- axnhangn tal1n.~»!a¢h plate 1: than cana1dnrad to can. to «alarm: nth tho portion or 9911:1103 1:: cont“: U111: en. 9131.. lb. th-ary battd.ou cont1nuoua variablal 1- 1h. 13 Esra precise or the two 253 in nan-mathematical tarma can be explained an being a eonaideratlon of idealized aaaumpv tion: about the Renatias of the ion exchange praceza. Th: theavy is casentiallr balod on tha principle: 9! mass trans!” and attun- a for: n! uteri“ balance-+3012. (20. n. 71).: . m :31an or the bnakthmuah can. for a sis-«n .' minus: auction in a particular 001m 10 30'"?qu by tn. typo or exchange“ Lamina, ”1.... “gamble. antral. er nutcvoublo._ than aoudittcugoomapond $0 interns in which. tho ”bounty central”! for tho logpmunt in tin Ind .919th 1- gram: than any, «an to unity. or'leao than un1t3.,recp¢ctlvgly, , _ . Iithln the “mag. am at“ my 301mm. to“; «autumn (manna tar tmutual 19134109103 01' cfilwfl pox-forum) will In “prom by man tutor: as low How an. manned partial. tin; and manual tcflmntm. mic ”mutton. than” 1914 to I sharpening or bzguk- through our”: and 1mm calm “fluency. figchaagflmmfl cgfiggmfi ibpefiatigg Earmal ion exchange cclumn 59eration utilizes a cylindrical oalmn of ion exchange main in It relatively dame. nation It“. or packing charged with one type or axnhnnselble ion (neglecting far tho manna: the condition of and had ion exchange). A feed solution at mum :_ concentration la intmduaed at one and of the column. ~_ This tolutlan paeaaa through.tho resin aolumn and dittua¢a Q t . o v. ‘ A n v‘ .- u . Q . ‘ 7. Q ‘l V ,7 . . I ' 4 . 6 U .4 . r . . ‘_ .. ; . -4 ‘1 -. "‘ J n -. “ ,I a ‘ a. .3 > . 0 u . g —» . ,,- t w“ .s . 'v ‘ . r \( . . ‘ .1 ‘ r‘ 4. I Q : ~, 4 ‘ . I ’ '. .L ‘ ' ‘ . ' ' . ‘ . V , OM v . > - . I ’ A. ‘ . t - -- t _l t o‘ _- o ' n" . I “ .n- - 1 — ‘ v a -4 . - -. .. . " m . 3 ¢ r _ p I ‘ r . <5 . v , . «0 . . i ‘ - ‘ ' a“ I * ‘~ .. . . .. .-~. » pl 4 I’ . 4 I , . . ¢ 5 4‘. 4 ’ .3 v 3 .‘r w J . 4“ ‘r’ . 3 > .- -‘ ' M . ." . s u. . , . . . _. _ 1 3’ _ - r- ‘u n c "u "9 I ’ a ' a o . ‘ ‘- y .- . i' A , . 7 . - . t” .' .1 - - -. I . . g . 1 ‘ -.-‘ ‘ -J A . . .. - . w \ O 'I or! 4 -. -A‘ . , - " I‘ 0‘ .. I . A ‘ x . 1 q: - a» . - , qr _ -'| .l» I . " .‘ r 'a l, , a. ‘ n . a. - . . t ‘ . . r I a . 1 - x - A 0‘ O | v -3 1 1 ‘g . ’. ’ ‘ I. L . ' w * — ' v k 9 - . 15 into the matrix of tho ronin partio lea whore exchange taken place bofiueon the iooa present in the reed solution and tho oonnier ions of aimilar oharge originally attached to the resin. Equilibrium is established within each dirrorontiai oioooot or dopih of tho ooiumn‘aooord- ing to the conditions oE-ocioetivity. flow rate. temporau euro. and concentration. The conditions are anon that at the top (inlet and) of tho column tho counter ions are diapiaood.by ion: from on. food solution; ontohiiahina equilibrioa it thao concentration. Tho food Ioiution panic! through on. ooluao. Oitlbliihing an equilibriua stats at.¢aon 10201 of thn'aoiumn corresponding to the -- teed.oonocutzationlli that Invol. aradunlly tho apporIOIt invoia at tho ooiuno'booofio doearotod.uito.tho ions picked up from the food toiutioo.‘ Thin condition of :aturntiou prooooda down the column. proocdcd by a band.or portioi saturation. in the band of porfiioi saturation reaches the bottoo or to. ooiuao, the oonoootrution of on. ionic fora originally found in the road.noiution inoroaoes until at 60:91.60 saturation the composition or the affluent solo- tiou in location: to that of tho ioriooot. Rosin R1w :zwivity —' —-—"‘—v' The equilibriLm constant usea in yhgsiooi ohomiatry is not oomplotoly applicable to rosin systems, and it 13 therefor: customary to define a tarm known as the aoleotiVo ity oooftioiont. For|a rosin in ionic form 3, placed in a aolution of ion A and allowed to coma to equilibrius. the 15 selectivity coefficient is dcfincd as (6. p. 8): Cone. of Ion B in Solution Gone . Omani in Solution Cone. of Ion A ' in the firsin 0“) 13 Cone . omen in tho Rosin In terms of i reaction cqoation: ' Ar+8 c A B (“’3 W A nor. rigorous definition of tho Iolcctivity coefficient includes tho activity coefficients of tho ions involved in tho runotiou-«Snuuollon (18. p. 65), ;$uch I dotinition in roouired for'prcoiao analytical work. but in tho present investigation tho composition of the coupler to.ba analyzedio too oomplox.to allow rigorouo invoctiaa~ tion. A Iiuplo undorttanding of tho hnaio for*cxchoago reaction: will, however. aid in oxnlaining the observed behavior of tho water: invoatigatod. Sting a for: of equilibrium constant, the saloon tivity coeffioiont id dopondont upon many factorl. Ten- porature and pro-euro have a minor'offoct and or. of little concern under normal omitting conditions. For a givon type of rooio tho factor! which hnvo tho xrootoot effect on tho Ioloctivity coefficient or. the volcano. concen- tration, and actor. of tho exchanging ionn. Rania (13. p. 32) no: suggested the following set of imporionl rolationnhipa which can on used to rolnto ion soloctivity: . .fil: .rtliL .IlulJ. .3 IIJ _ ‘flvr, .l o. - i I . n a V: V a, a . _ . .a s 1‘. I L ~' 2' . u ‘ . a . 5. 4 . o n. I .. u . u \. . U -:. o.‘ ‘v u ). 1 o I; 4 'n! .,.. I . . . . .I .. ,l .‘M ‘ ‘ w 0 16 (1) Al low concontrotions and ordino:y tonyoraw tures, in an aqueoua medium, he extent of exchango in- creases wish increasing valency of tho exchanging ion. (2) At low concentrationc and ordinary tempora- turcc. in an aqueous oodiuo ond with constant valonoc, tho extent of exchango increases with increasing atomic number of tho exchanging ion. another general rule Which is used in predicting ionic eclectiVity is that within a given series. as do~ fined in (l) or (2) aoove, the a finity for o given rosin decreases as the oi z-e of the h5oratcd ion increases (5, to. 9). Donner (4) has reported two series of selectivity coofficionto (k) for univalono an: divalent ions on Done: 50-13 occin: Tablo l. flclcctivity Scale for Univclent Iona on Donn: 50-23. x v Li 1.00 no . 3.15 'H 1.27 Co 3.25 Na . 1.98 kg. 8.51 nag 2.55 Tli 12.3 K 2.90 w. ‘. \ow ‘ I .. . Id - . | ,i V u . , ‘ y. . o‘. o ' . § as -' h d v 1 . . .. ‘s r. . > . _ ‘ J . ‘ ,. 1 _, . o I . 4.. . ’ o _ _ w . . ‘ . , .7 ‘1 . ,. \ . 1- ‘» ~ "to ' . n. 17 Table 2. Soloctiuty scale for Divolont Iona on Dowel 50*)8o .5... ?' AL U02 8.h5 ' . ii 3.93 ' Ks 3-29 , Co 5.16" 2n 3.#T * ‘Sr’ 5.51 Co 3.73 , Pb 9.91 Cu 3.85 ~ ' BC ‘ 11.5 Cd .3.33 Tho ooloctivity of Doro: l rooin for»cortoin aniono con ho coon from tho following partial listing of voluoo nportod by whooton and.Bouoon (27). cubic 3. dolootivity or naval for Icnouhnt Anionl. .34 EC}... Sollcyloto . , w ' .33.3'. '0.18 Iodido 8.7 0.27 Phonon“ . ‘ ' {o3 i 0.3‘ Bioulfoto .l 0. flitroto . 3.8 5 ‘0. Bromide 2.8 0. 0 Dita-it. _ 1.2 . . 0.51. Bilu1f1t. 1o 0.“8 : 01.016. . -‘o (‘ .'°o“7 : Chloride 1.00 ---~ " Bicorboooto' - 0.32 ~ 20.23 Ddhydrogon Pnoophatc 0.25 O. tor-Ito -‘. . ' 0.32 0.70 Acetate 0.17 0.73 .ioincocototo, 0.10 0.71 Hydroxido 0.09 0.77 'lucr‘d. °o°9 0071 Xe; 2 Equivalent fraction in the rosin phooo. o k t , '. . . . ,, v v I 4 o ' w | ,A .u f- . a ' o V ‘ C o ’1 ' ' 5" . o . 5 . ' I f‘ . v- o- - ‘ o ‘C ’L . ‘ l o . i l o l . y . . ' v ,‘D . v . . , o . I . ~. . "2‘. _ . “\ ' .. x .’ s. . .' a v I ' . ' 3' w ' ’ . , , . | o -. - O . _ o . A 'w ‘ . i 4 ' _ o A , 'v ' ‘ - u o _. n . , . . 'v , A. I‘ ‘ . 2 I I . c ‘ I . , i . < _. . r 18 hblo 3 roprooonto tho ooosuronont of oqnilibriuo oolootivity ccoffioionto arm”: 1 in tho chlorido form. who“ voluo ooro notoriood by mixing 5 ol. ‘ (not aim) of min Iith so .16. of o 0.). l oolotioo of tho ocdiuo “it of tho onion undo: in‘vootigoticn. Tho voluo Xe; uprooonto the ion froctioo of tho total conceit: of the ruin which io proooot in tho chlorido fcro candor. oouiiibriuo conditiooo. Thooo voluu or. roportod bou- oouoo it boo boon found thot tho volno of it to not ' ooootont "or tho row of ionic rotioo. I“. . 'mo'volco of x“ io torn rolotoo to oonilibriuo condition ond 1o ooooootrotion dopoodont. .It would ho octod thotolthougo tho niooor .. , . roportod oro for Dcoox l in tho chlorido fora. «tho oooo ouor or ‘oolootivitr oould' to niotoiood for tho room in othor for-o. i.o.. hydmido oo nod iotnio “My. Tho cognituo of too who. of k for no”: i in tho hydroxido‘ “around no" to to dour-ind omrioontolly. a- -‘ A no offoot of oolootioity io grootly offootod by tho totol ionio coooootrotioo of tho oolotioo «odor io- mtizotioo. oopociolly to ouhongoo inch“; oultiulont iooo (6). lo tho ooiotioo toooooo otronaoo. tho offoot. , of oolootivit: cocoon omllor. in tho cooo of mum cf onivolont icno for trivolont icno tho oolootivity ooofficiont io invorooly preporticnal to tho oquoro of tho totol oclution concontrotion.‘ : ' ' Tho fundaoontol principloo or column oxchongo ‘1 A o. “L . I.» cl J I- ‘- ' ‘0' .t. . I .. v .5 cu... ..L a ~ 0. P o ~ to i . - o . o . . . .. z, . . . r. ( 1 u . . V l p . .4 .. .s , o s i. . n. . - Al- x, u . I . z ‘ . . 2.. I 4 ‘ u d. . . . .C L. . . . . \ «o.» i . .d i 'o g: 13'" 3 o.... . _ . Is .1 D. W yt. 1. .o it n . u . r o n a t , . y o y r m .. l, ‘ -’, 110 .. o‘ I A: t. a . .s i . O- u .o A ., 5 ~ v y .. t .C . I“ .- ‘ l \ . l ' . . I . . . Q . 4 V ‘- . . . A u ,‘. — n , .. J.- 19 operations briefly described above for the condition of exchange of a oinglo pair of ionic force ere greatly complicated when a ooluticn of mixed ione (no found in environmental oanplee) io conoidered. Selke'o'etotoment (20. p. 85) that. in nixed eolctiono 3. . . the time for appearance of tho peoka Dooxinua concentrationa] of different ooluteo will be proportional to the relative affinity for’each oolote.’ can he applied to the behavior of vericue ionic fcroo found in on environmental oeeple. Froo the tablee of ooloctivity coefficiento (Tobiea l and 2) it io oeen. for’exooplo. that the oolectivity coefficient for none: 50-18 reoin for ceoiuo lo 3.25 but that the coefficient for the divalent celcico ion in 5.16. Iron thio information it con be oeen that although the resin column oill effectively remove both lone froo o oolution prior to oatorotion. the ceeiuo iono eorbed by the reein may octcolly be displaced by calciuo ea eaturoc ticn io approached. Thin displacement will cacao o bend of oetorotion for coaiuo ion to travel through the column ahead of the band of oatnration for calcico ion. 'Thio eooe relationship holdo true torrell ion opecieo found in the feed oolution. with the result that iono for which the §§g1n haa . low affinity nay to eluted into the effluent oolution before actual colunn breakthrough capacity hoe been reached. It io for thie roooon that quantitative concentration of radionuclidoe can be accompliehed only prior to column eoturotion. {JR} Ion_rzcg{§gg gpzvoo - Qolnnn Pgopargtion The option column doeigned for concentration of “ environmental eaopiaa concietc of a l-l/B-inoh by 3~inch pclyethylane cylindcr. cloacd at one and (LaPine Scientific Conpany. Th2u68. No. 115). The column containe a 7 no 51... tube extending to the bottoe of the column, tho lower end of which ie fitted with a #k or #6 CaPlug poeitioned to create a void volume around the bottoa of the central food tube. Thin void providee for tho collec- tion of largo colid part iclee.' The rim of the Caflug ia parforatod to allow the oonplo motor to pace frecly out through a layer of Pyrea glaee eool (Cat. ho. 3950) packed around the Carlos. " * i . The reein particle cine choaen for application in the option bed inventigation.eaa coo-coo icon for both the anion and cation reaina. Thia correaponda to a particle also rangc of 0.071 to 0. 038 an. The fine each resin eae choeon for eeverel of its beneficial prepcrtiee. ' ' ' ' . ‘ (a) he ehoen by Samuelaon (18. p. 106). break- 1 through capacity in greatly increased ae particle eiae in decreaeed. fl ' -~ . ‘ (b) Redcction in particle eiae inprovee break- through curve characteristica (18, p. 106). (c) The time for»oxohango equilibrium in directly 2O a .i 3 .. . . i, 9... 5 . . m. ., _. . . gel .1“ I e, In 1 . v . ..\ ...a i e .l.. o .35. fl; . , U1. \ . t it. 9. a»... ... n. n .. ‘ . . e9 . u . , . A! . .a o . 1 u . 1 . . - .3 . a...» ,. . . . 1. - up «a I. . . at... h. L. u v . . 4. ~ . A . ,,4. . .— . v I. . p I _ t .l r u .. t. . a ' . a ,, e . . .AJ. l‘ I _ r. e I . u A a O k . . a . 4 _ at: ‘ P. .. . n ‘ . . e f a ‘ ae . _ i a a . . . a W . it [real al proportionalto the «care of the particle din-eter (18, r. 93). . - - . *- (d) The reein eete II I filter. holding portion- late eolide at the bottoe cf the bed. (e) The fine eeeh reeia hae alee been need by Bani (l) to collect colloidal clay particle! in river eater eaoplea which have abeorbad radioactive catione. a reeia cocoa-linkage of 8s dieinglbenaeoe eaa chceen for both anion and cation exchange"- 'i'hie ie a eedion degree of cocoa-linkage and poetidee a etable reein ebich doea an «oil exceaaivelr when eat. . The .18 reaia ieeere reelective in itemhanxe reaction-thee reeine~ eith a loner degree of creel-linkage. Alec. it u not eabJeat to large volnee chemo eith cinema in. ionic fore ea are lever cmaa-linkad roaine (18. p. 152). function equilibriue ie reacm at a eleeer rate with the ~18 retina than eith- leaner craaeoliahed reliae. bat thie effect 1e eiaiaiaed by. the eclectioe e: the nail particle 800400 each eeeic. 2 if”. Done: 5% ruin lee need in ite original hydrOov see fore. The Inactivityaeoefficieu of Don: 50 in the Me for! eith 8p divtnylbonaene ie given in Table 1 ea 1.27. Title ie comparable eitb a aellctivity coeffic elect tee eelciae or 9.16 and for ceeiu of 3.25 (ace mice 1 end a). . The m l ruin naed eae converted to the Winters by paaeaze of an exceee of 105 acdioa 4:. I 0 We: .. I. .V." .. . ~ 0 r. .3... .A . . J. . . . F. .e’ . 7‘. w- e .(l . e, a‘ _ i e e 0e . .. fl e... I. . . h- . u x x a“ O .- yl .v .3 a. _ . . .t; m e .‘ 4 q . e .1- t W. q . . r . A, . . . . 1 I! ‘ . . , . . . 1. ‘ r b . . . \ D . . ‘ . . _\ . e a l.» e .. _ . ,. ‘ . «r ‘ e l - a r, n _ , . .o . . e .. o , . .. O A . . . . l .‘3 l‘ . r A .5. 9 o... ’Q Y 22 hydroxide solution over the resin in e column operation prior'to nixing.the two resin types. In the hydroxide tore the resin hee e celectivity coefficient of 0.09 relative to chloride et 1.00 end iodide et 8.7. The eelectivity coefficient of have: 1 in the free base (hydroxide) tore ie equel to that of fluoride (see Table 3). f The reelh.hedweheee the eleee eccl layer 1e placed in the fore of e elury. In the once or the zoo—hoe mesh nixed reeia need in thie inventigetiOh, the resin required pecking to ohteih e bed of uniform density. All ctepe in- volved in the {creation of the reeih bed euet be done in each e we: cc to evcid.the {creation or eirlpockete eithin the bed. ee thece tend to chatruct tlce end produce a non- imitate bed. -A . ., .. ‘ The top of the mill bed ie covered with e ceccnd layer ct slene wool and the ecluec ie titted eith e rubber stepper drilled to eccceecdete the centrel Tecd tube and en effluent tube coneictiha of e bent eecticn or 5 ea sleee tubing ehich.eec be reacted,tor ccluec counting. The component. at the uptlce eelueuiend,teeleccemblcd column ere shown in Figure l. The phyeicel cherecterictice end cepecity of the reeih bed may he eeried to eeet the requireeeute or neerly en: tore of eeeple coheehtreticc.. pale-e etetod cther~ eiee, ell columns inveetigctcd were prepared ueihg Dove: sou-X8 ceticn.exchchge recih in thc hydrogen torn end I 4.“ ‘7 e . a .9“ r ..- p . a, .. .7 h . .e (e . . .V i I . .. A. 4e 4 a e d n a . Ir «J r A 7 u p . . . t c e n . O. r . . [1." ll! . [In]; I‘ll". as}. w'.., 23 . v . l1111|lli1lfl ‘fi" 'v' -——--—‘ ¥ - , A ‘--v ..~-.... . , _-—_i .__. -_~ Figure l. Mice Ion whence Coluen end Colueh Coeponentc. 7-... -v _ , __, ~ ~ 7 _,_ ““,____ __-___ ‘ Figure 2. Preeh Ion Exchehse column fright) end Bxheueted Colueh left). ehceihs diecclore— tion et hottoe of calm due to concentration of perticulete eetter tree 10 iitere of reimeter. 23 Dowcx 1-13 anion exchange resin in the free base or hydroxide form. The two resins were mixed in the ratio or 1.521. union to cation (by exchange capacity). Scope (23. p. 1101), while eorking an the removal or mixed fiction producte from tap water (edJuctcd to e pH of 2.5 with nitric acid). hoe utilized nixed had cola-he eith e ratio of 211. onion to cation (by volume). The results or bar investigation indicatcd‘eh initlelnbreekthroogh or the enion resin. The suggestion nee therefore cedc thet e retic or 331. enion to ceticc (by voluee). he eeplcyed. In thie investigation are or e retie-cr 1.511. enicn to cation (by exchange capacity). reculte in e ratio or approxi- mately 2.5:1.‘enicn to cetion (by voluee). The columns eere prepared ueioa it greet (eciet ecight) or eixed relic. The compacted.ecluee or thie reeih,eee ecuel to 1.07 inchee3 (0.000619 feet3). gplnnn oogretion . H Conditicne or operation of option coluhnc require e helcncing of rectcre effecting column performance. Such factore'ee tloe rate. oh edJuetncnt, and column dieeneicne hurt he considered end conditions chosen which prodoce the boat overmell reunite. The eanufccturerc' recommendation: (6. p. 61) ere forVIloe‘rctec or from one to ten gal/hin/rt2 for normal lice columns. Other inventigctors (23. p. 1090) end (25) \ , . ‘ ~. 9 i t , 1.. V . 3 " . ' ..' ~ '1‘ l’ . ‘ .. . .4“ ~ I ‘ , . - : O . I; .' . , I I \q n 1 . u .‘ C , é - .. - x 7 l 1 ‘i . 5 . a . ' L - - . - « a - a , , . . I . _ i n, > . v I U ' . 1 , f ' r - o . . , . ~,. u n . ‘ s ‘ a l ' ' - ' . 5 Q. J . ' r . . . . L . J' . .4 I '. I I .. 4. r “ I ! I . .. . q . .' ,, . v ‘ _. . i , . ' w J , .- 1- r.r »7 . , o . .‘ r . 1 . , _, - I t" ' c I ' I q i . . - .. L .. H . I u u . . . . ., f. a - . .4 _ -. g . .. t — Q U . u ‘ .5. J— t *t .A. ~ 5 . o .1 ’ ‘ . § u k_ - l I ‘ . ‘ i x 1' ‘- - . . o t‘ . 'l r‘ ' -n' 1 ' I Q n , g' r a . ‘ d ‘ . V n -¢ «4 I. . U .5 J - Y‘ = 1 ‘ . . 4 , , _ . f - ‘ 1 i t o > .I v a. . 0 .. 1‘ '. . , I , ‘9‘ l ‘ . .. ."w I- z; a a. ‘ ‘ . .. 25 have shown that for optimum onerotion with nixed bod roeine a flow rote on the order of 2 gal/oin/it3 in desirable. 0n the basin of the manufacture e' recommenda- tlono the flow rate chosen for the column ohouli be from 188 to 18.8 ml/bin. while on the heels or Suopo'o inves- tigations the eeleoted flan rate ehould be h.7 nl/hin. A flow rate or approximately 10 Ilflnin nae chosen for option column operation. The flu! rote eelootod provide: for the concentration or e 10 liter temple of water in under seventeen noore. ee tampered with a tin: require- neat tor'tne preeent evaporetion listen in excuse of thirty hours tor eonoeotretion or the same volume when multiple samples are being prepared. The column dieeneione chosen were dioteted by the eveilable counting equipment. The existing gonna spectre- graphic enelyeie equip-out in use in the laboratory con- eiete or e uuoleer'Chioezo. Iodel 08-303 Scintillation tell Detector coupled to e Nuoleer'nete 512 Channel comma Analyzer. The Indian iodide (thalliul activated) crystal it three inches in diameter and.hol e well 1-1/3 inches in diameter by 1-3/3 incnee deep. The well diaeneiona severely limit the size of temples which he: be counted accurately. in e result the dimennlone of the cola-n chosen are for from ideal. The lengthato-diemeter ratio euggeoted by Samuelson for ooluun operation (18. p. 158 ) is between 10 and 20. The length-toadiemoter ratio utilized in this investigation . . v n, v . _ . v .O . I on u L i . fl .- I ; v no. r . . u . . A x i . ~ . . A . A a . . . .— . p . o A w. . . . . i. N a... . .. i .5 p 4. . ‘ . i . A .. I .. vrA v. .AA A A p. a. A. . n y 9 I. i . n «L t w y u : , I . A m.» s .. . . .u‘ V . _. w a. . . teen .. v — .. A . e L. A , _ . , I - .). u \ : luv .. DI l y s - a o . . . 0 A. . .7 ..I i . . . . m. w: w r . ... \ ..I. .00 a . u an - . i . a .w i > , J 1. . ,q . T v A a i o . A- . n r .. . . p . . . A ‘1 V. i I o I . . i A I r e 9 I l. . a e . . . i e .l n 9 A W V n. .. v A n . .n‘ . A. I II I ' u v! n s ‘ I V‘ _ y e I A ‘ .. k \ A 4.... 7. . k . w v I r u .1. I A .r . .. . A A . . a ” . u . k y . - Eur o u p. I .1 . .. . . . . . . e n .. a r. i I L . ‘ _ . A. A . ‘ .An . . . u A g l l ‘— I A. A . A 5 . 4 A n . . . A 1 . v \ [.1 e x ‘AA . J c I . v \ a fi . . A i e . 1 .i. , 4A . A . I h . A; . i . x 4 t ..A c a ~ .. . . . . A (A a 4. n I . NIA I ~ A. J. . A . 4 . . . . . . . . t .1 . A . . e . . A . a .. . h A , . 654 . r .. u . L . A . I . e y n i A! I I . e A i t. . n . A .s ,. . r i ,. u . 5 J- . ., . u y 4 o i . . . . . n . . L. r c I u v 1 \l A ‘ . . A . - . .w . . 2 . 1 .A i I u a u . u \ A 4 A 1 s I. t . . . n y s .1 «3,. . l— ‘ u ( . , ‘s . . ... , A , . . A - . y t. . r. , , . f . 4 . .. A A . x :2. n e . A . :14. a . . . . ‘ .. J c .A \ 1.4 .v I . p \ (5 I .al .v (u A i . .. I . b O o . . . A l \ i i i e I . u n. M. t A 1 I . a . . i . u x (1 L. n I A ‘ A \ . . . . A . u r . . n . 1 t, ‘ A . n t \ .I.I\. I. c AA : Y . . u u . n 'u . A . i .v _ i . a M a . «r A V . s I u ’0 1 ' . I A . w i r . .. . . a. ‘. . i . v v V < A 9 n . . A x. r A v . f . . . . I A . m y _ r ..I (‘2y m4} . - .n v . ! J i . e .1 ‘ II . .. , . o . . . _. a N. r... i . A . . . I u . i v I. . x . ‘ . . O . I‘ . . t . i o A A . . . i a f A. 1 x .r r. _ a . a- u . I. h _ I e. . v n I . .A i o A _ A , .s A : . . ‘ is _ i » . . o .. J t . . r . . ‘ _ 5 ~ . . . . , J . . l r \ ~ .§ ‘. i . .\ . r..- -‘I,fl 26 Figure 3. Gal-a Analysis Equip-eat Consisting of Nuclear Chicago, lodel DB-303 Scintillation Hell Detector and nuclear Data 512 channel Gel-e Analyser. Figure h. Detail of Scintillation Detector with Upflou Column in Crystal well. 27 is onlyapproaioately 1.6. this limitation on column depth undoubtedly has a very large effect upon column breakthrough capeoity. Maison (18. p. 109. F18» 5.11) shoes emohioally the street of depth variation for con. stunt resin volume. Another loom-tent factor which met be balanced as to oceansial and detrimental effects in column opera- tion is on adiustesnt. The addition or resnente to the semis under investigation inoreeees the total ionic eon» eentrstion or the solution. It the ions added for on adJostmt have a high strinity for the resin in the «lone. the capacity or the column for the removal of radioactive ions sill be decressed. A second considers- tion is that the exchange capacity of cation exchange reeie decreases as the hydmgen ion content of the in- tloent solution increaseon-osooelson (18. p. 110. $13. 5.12); hope (23. p. 1033. Table 2) has downstretod the effect of reduction of bed capacity at los 98 but also points one that at a p3 of 7.0 “The deoontseinetion factors. . . u are not as great no at pH 2.5. undoubtedly because nose of the radioactive noolides would be in ionic tore as the letter :23. whereas some, soon as zirconiue. scold he colloidal at pH “1.0." (.23. p. 1087). Since the purpose of sample concentration is to quantitatively determine the redionuolides present, eon. ditions Inst be chosen to give the most complete removal * fro. the sample. By pH adjustment it is therefore gra. “If! it'll.- ‘1.in liar 1‘4‘ its '0 n 1.\. £3 necessary to uncritico couple volume to obtain ooro nearly quentitativo concentration. - In her work on the removal of nix/ad i‘iooion pro- ducte h: loans of concentration on mixed bod resins. BIOpe (23) has used nitric acid for 93 adjustment. Tho nitveto.enion nddod has I selectivity coefficient for Donnell resin of 3.8. as compared with a selectivity coefficient of 0.09 for hydroxide ion (coo Table 3). trieser. Gilchrist. and Gold (12) have reported the nee or hydrofluoric acid for tho concentration of Zr95 -no95 in the form of a fluoride complex on anion exchange resin. Too addition or hydrofluoric acid for thie purpose may also be utilized for tho docirod p3 adjustment. Making roiooator solutions 0.087 o in hydro- fluoric ecid. ea suggested by Krioger, Gilchriot, and cold. results in a on or approximately 3.0. Utilisation of hydrofluoric acid for pg odJuat- moot slao produce! another beneficial affect. The eolectivity coefficient for fluoride ion on noon; 1 (as soon froe Table 3) in 0.09. which in identical to that or hydroxide ion. In dilute colution the exhaustion of the union rosin by replacement of OH“ with P“ will on eaell comparod‘oith the replacement of 0&' by 333 if nitric ecid is unod-for pH adjustment. Succcccful operation or the option coluan requires that no air be allowed to enter the column on it will be- cooo trapped and work up through the resin, resulting in o O i , I I I o. .._ ¢ . .. _ 4 Qt L. , A , ‘ . J.. .4 .9 ,v 1 , c _ a . .fi . ‘ f , l a‘ .. ~ ‘ I. i . .r u. . g u I I; r . . \ A . .. é ... w . ~ . . v I J ‘C .. ..A i '. v . f . .\ .. . i 41. .- I _ n a _ ~ 3 . . . . . v ) . 4 . a . v I I _ . . . A. . . . I 4 n . . . 4 ..A o . . u . . . v I t f‘ u 1 ~ ‘ I ‘ u p ‘ ‘ \ cl - D . .§ . . . . ~n ‘ i n . l " .a-u fl. 1., _ O» _ r . ,. , . . . .uv ‘ I .Q. \ .‘.. , nu . . p. r . . r v i. o ’7 U .1 O I a I . . . . . . . V, . . a . 3.. . , . a .r .. . a. u p . . u . ' . g . I . . 4 . i r 29 channeling. This rsquircmsni rcstriois too utilization of the column to samples los in dicsolvcd gas content. If. for example. s rsinuator sampls union is below room tcnpcrctnro is caused throngn the uoflou column, dis« solvcd goon: srs rsloasod ss {he saools csros rcsnlting in incbuiicup of gun pooksts within tho bod. cos pooéct foruation was not obssrvcd'uitn csmploc union had been brouzhi to room comparators, This difficulty con bs'ovsrooos b9 removal of dissoivsd asses st low prscsurs bcforo panning tho ssupls through ins coiunn. gonorccofiv IHEESTIGRTIQ§4 Effeotg*of‘SQ1i§g firicgcr. Gilchrist, and Gold (12). in their in~ vcotigation of tho concentootion of radionuclidcc from rainwater. soporotcd tho ouopondod oolido fron’tho canola by filtration prior to poosing tho onto: through tho onion ond cation columns.l Boni (l). on tho other.hand. has concentratod particulate octtov>froo his samples by moons of o layor of zinc: wool over the rosin._ This second oporocch is more desirablo for gross sample onelysio sinco only ono counting period is roquirod. in. quontity of suopondod oolidosprooont vorico greatly oitn oanpls typo ond.olons individuol oonplss of s givon typo. For‘oxonpls. o strooo coy anon oido variations in suspendod solids lood froo do: to any so s result of cocont surfoco runoff or otrono pollution. Roinootor no: é. noorl: frco of portiouloto matter or it now contain s rolativoly largo amount of solids. depend- ing upon otcoopnsric conditions It tho time of tho rain. In poriods follosina nuolocr bomb dotonotions porticuloto follout octorisl any bo present in tho roinootor. Snail codioootivo portioloo osy ho odoorbod by iorgsr‘oon- - radiosctivo solids. or they no: he oooioilotod by bsotoris into tho structuro of biological growths which in turn on: no adsorbed on the surface of calico. Each of thoso cosos dononotrotco the need for inclusion of cucpondsd 33 . .. 's l i' C or a‘. V...- r . a _ .sl . . u . a i .l s . . \J in ._ . y\. 4.! ,, , ‘ , . . .. . s . . x . . . r a e :1. .v\ _ >x . . A 4 I. x o l . ... . . , u, I to s 4 . I ' .1 . s .' I , i. A \. L01... i. V o . . so I. .. . v , s‘ I. . , .. .1 ‘ . 4 a . .I. u r u. .. ‘ o . ~ ~ , ‘s . u A a, . i .m z A o . . o . I C . . 7 .4 s v . «Z . a . p . I . T J t i v r. n _ r ‘O s . n . 4 ~ 5 . . a ' Q r u t i a . .IV I . . . o L - r o m v v e 1 u a I I _. u o . A. i. . a .. 31 solids in.s cross sampls onslyaio. Table 5 demonstrates tho effect of filtration on s sampls o: sssd river water containing s nixturs or flow sion product isotopes. Ins sstsr‘teoosd*sss and Cedar Rivnr'nntor'uhioh'nsa allowed unpls time for biological uptake and surraos sdoorption of tho isotopes. The tiltsrs nsod.vors Hillipors.Filtors of tho sizes indicstsi. .tns riltsr'stflusns mos svsoorstsd.on _ plsshio shoots shioh wars hots-assss oonnosd.usina so sod sinoou must-null” oonntsr. Ono litss or sssols sss posssd through ssoh filter. Tools fl. Etfsot o! Filtration on Aged Rlvorwator. Pilisr*sizol c§5§§W§§fio ’ aiEngign mm; I 13.6 cm 99.92 9.1 y ~ 5.9 com 99:90 6.1357 11.6 cm {99.80 0.8 4/ “.7 cm- 99.75 1.2-7 13.3 62m 99.78 5.0 7 11.2 cm 9182 Blsnk 5.966 era ' -~« Psrosnt Reduction ' Tho rsnovsls obtsinsd.soro ssssntislly indspsnosnt of tilts: size over tho sins rungs testoo. s osoond run sss nods ss borers using so s filter s plug of fins Pyrex glass wool. Toblo 5 gives tbs 32 rssolts ohtsinsd in this toot. Table 5. Filtration or Aged Rivorwster Through 018.. .001 o- - ' .Ertluont Percent Filter Count Rate fioduction Glass Wool 128.8 CPK 98.15 Blank 6.973 coo ' --‘ ‘a too tiltrfition tsats lodlcstod toot filtration of csrtsin snoironnontsl ssnolss through s had or also: sool~ rsaoltod in substsntiol rsnovsls of solid particloa and their associated sstivity. Early in'louZCo olom ...: M Early investigation: or upflou colnmno not with varying degrees of success in tho concentration of radioactivity from rainwator. Toots first upflon colnmno were similar in denign to later coluons with the sxoep- tion that tho column itoelt was glass instead of poly- ethylono. Tho rainwater used in thooo first tests was not fresh. but had boon stored in an outside collection pan and later in the laboratory. The motor used was not sufficiontlj uniform in oonooeition. especially with re- gard to unopendod solids content. to prooido good compare» tivo results noong tbs colunno tented. The onrly colnnna ourrorod from s look of standardization and uniformity which was later attained when larger numbers of columns O C i .3 . . 4 \ . . pl fl . ' c 0 § .i I . ~ .. .. .. .J _ v r n s 7 . . 0" 1.. r .n . V l . , .v u A I I v I 9 A . , o ; c . . a , . l ‘0 Q '4 v ‘ . , . . ., , t s .1 . H . m .. g . 4 . 4 . . . . . . .f h o . ... o A .. o o ..u . a ‘_ i o 1'. a ~ .... a.‘ ... ll LI. V . . . .o r. q . .. ... . I . . y t . r. i i . . 4 y . . r l I. a t . Vb . I... .l . o s r V .\ or. its 5 :4 _ r... .s . n n. . .' L . . a .. 33 sort prooorsd st tns ssno tin... aoapitssll of thscs lisitstions tns first.tour~solusns utilised for rsinwstsr sssols oonoontrstioo indicstod.osrtsin goosrsl trends.. lbs poroontsao rsoovsl or sotivity, snoo.coapsring tbs count rsts porrlitsr*dstsotsdnos.tbs column with the count rsts psi- litsr for so idsnticsl ton-litsr svsoorstsd tlsnk stools. rsnasd.tros s low or 38.5! to s high or' 101.5%. it spposrod tron initisl tests thst undcr'tho propcr'couditions results cospsrobls to thoos obsssvod tor evaporotsd ssoplss night to ootsissd.g ' , A It was sppsrsnt that tho sssovsl or sotivitx by too column sss notoosolots.- Tho oolusn.srflosnt nativity. ss dstsctsd by tho procsssot svsporstion sod counting idsntinsito that ussd torprsporstioo oi’ tho blank“ ”1531!: media-on 20.9% to 89.91 of tho activity 40- tsotsd.tor the blsnk.. is s rssult‘ tbs totsl sotisit: dstootsd.cy tho oonhiostion of oolusn oporstioc sod sttluontIsvsporstion rsnasd tron 59.5fi to 186.3$~ot tbs sotivity detectsd.rros tbs blsnk.:. Anothor'chsrsotsrlotio or column opsrotion _‘,_ obsovvsd in ssrly investigation: was thst column removal offioisnor‘dsoosssod oignirioontly as tho ssmpls volume inoroassd. -Hhsn on additional rivs liters of sonpls‘; rsinmotsr‘uoro panned through columns union had rocoivsd ton litsrs or somols previoucly, the unit sotivity“ (CPHVI) dotsctod on the columns decreased by spproiinotoly 19%. The unit activity or the final five liters of 01 ..v.‘ . ...\ ’w B.- . . ..l. ‘ In . . I n . _ i '4‘ . . A V v a I n ,. . . . . Q « so I s . C, . . o. m s v . . v’. I .. “a. . .... .. i .. . . . .. s o It» 14‘ I. | . . . t . _ V. V .. AI. ; .1 .n . . G IT \. . .b in . . of u r . s .0 ..i . . i . . J. ..- ..r. ... . at)... 95. . ' J I . A. s I r. n. IJ . v ... . , i o . . ... n . a i . J. . m 4 .. v . . . t ‘I l- i .u. .‘o s . ... " ul,’ ‘ . . I . . .II 4 . .. . I. o . ~ .n . . .a i u . .. ,u . l . . . . \ it . . . 1 I a y \ w . \i . A s t n O t . .y. u . p p . . ... ’r q 0 . a . l .s. , y . a w ' . n. \ . .v U‘. u _ .l .' ‘q I R s 1 . - up a it -.~ ' \ i. *V a... H 3h effluent showed on increase of from 28.7% to 107.3% over 3 the unit actiVity detected in the initial ton liters of ~sffluont.mmThs.oauos of this increaso in offlucnt activ- .lti nos tho foot that tho columns worn boing Operated toyond their breakthrough oopsoitv snd tho sctivity _ originally rotsincd on tho columns was being slutsd into tho effluent by nonradioactive ions with s higher affinity for the ossin. ;‘ ' ' "' ' ' Thoao csrly invsstigations indicstsd that column uniformity should be studied snd stops tsksn to snsuro uniformitr‘ofnssoolss used for purposes of comparison. ”ilso,.in order to bottor svolusts column performancs sith 'rospoot to tho svsporstion osthod. s study should to nods ; sith roasrd to soonotry sffsots snd tho rslstivs sffi» cicnciss of_ths two asthodo. Finslly, ens sdvissbility; o'oprrooosinz'furthsr investigations should be dotsruiood L by conductinkltssts on actual rsinnatcr ssmplss snd‘ j svsluoting oolunn psrforoancs with rocpoot to tho svsporso tion‘usthod.;'lsbls 6 shous tho results obtained from some of tho osrly columns tested. 3-: :fl‘i— ...—— golunn Unifornitz its uniformity of column preparation has been investigated by conducting breakthrough studios on six sets of columns. Each column not consisted of four idsntiosl option columns containing 1a 3. of rosin ’V . V ,I , ~ . i . fl , . .. .. . . .v ... : l f. , . l V . . . . . , ..p , I - a. . . . , _ l _ ‘ 4 . i ‘- . . I t u. . v I. {- . o , u p,.. v . _ a l. A I . . . ; I f .. p .s \ D 0 . . u L. ‘_ I 3. n . r 7‘ . .. 0 . _ \ i 3 . _ ‘ . J L _, m . ....l 35 Table 6. Results of Early Column Investigations. Condition Investigated Column A B C* D Ionic form of cation resin. Na+ Na+ H+ ‘H+ Ionic form of anion resin. OH' Oh" CH' OH" Feed rainwater pH. Neutral Neutral Neutral 2.5 Activity, 10 l. rainwater evaporated (CPM/l). 32.42 32.42 32.42 63.15 Activity detected on column (liter 1-10) (CPM/l). 18.29 32.93 26.6 24.35 Activity detected in effluent (liter 1-10) (CPM/l). 6.66 27.53 29.18 19.6 % of blank activity detected on column. 56.4 101.5 82.0 38.5 2 of blank activity detected in effluent. 20.5 84.8 89.9 31.0 Total 1 of blank activity detected. 76.9 186.3 171.9 69.5 Activity detected on column after 15 l. (CPM/1)~ --- 26.82 38.2 19.64 Activity in final 5 1. 1 decrease in unit activity on column after passing 15 1. compared with unit activity after 10 liters. --- 18.6 --- 19.4 1 increase in unit activity of final 5 1. of effluent as comp pared with unit activity in first 10 liters. -~- 107.3 --- 28.7 * The results of Column C are not reliable due to ineffective transfer of solids to the column from the first ten liters of rainwater. 36 mixed in the ratio or 1.531. anion to cation by ex~ change capacity. The resins were in the hydroxide and hydrogen ferns. respectively. The arrest of pH on column capacity was studied at the ease time by analyina read solutions or different pH and connectivity to each of the sets of columns. ' Measurement of effluent conductivity nae chosen as the criteria of column performance because it offered the advantage of being a simple test which required no tins-consuming procedures. as would evaporation and activity oounting. Conductivity measuronont is also a test with a relatively high degree of sensitivity, especially over the range of particular interest to this investigation (the conductivity range of rainwater). Conductivity measurements. in dilute solutions. are directly saluted to total ionio content of the solution tested. Test solutions were preoared using to; water diluted with distilled water to bring the conductivity of tho food solution to the desired conductivity levels p3 adjustments were nods with nitric acid. Conductivity and pfliof feed solution and effluent wars measured at one liter inorsnsnts. Conductivity measurements were nods filing to Industrial Instruments Comnany ”Solu Bridge“. and'pfl usasuroaonts were node using a Eastman “zerooatic“ PB Inter.» The first four sets of columns tested demonstrate rm ...’ i. t , 1 ‘4. . . a t ‘. . . t 3. v... .‘ v I r r' - g - Q; ‘1‘ o o - '3. o 3“ 2 -‘ 5 fl 9 . ..i l . - a .I _‘ 0 r' r Q Q"- m a x. ‘3 f ¢ Q . .‘ fl ' ' .. ‘ I. V! b o t "- §I 1'.» ‘0 . P '0. n . I. .V . . . u ' .5 ~. ~-- ‘ .. t. A. .. . v . .. A " I i. “ 5 ~\'- p ~ . . ... '2 ' ‘t .1 ..., 3? the degree or column uniformity which can be attained through careful oolomn yrooorotion and Operation.n 73¢ firwt eel otIoolooos roocixed,a toad Solution havin3 a natural 93 otI' o rmrivtolv 3.7. ‘ Soto two Em tome wooivod food so lotion: which more nearly ooutval, and got four recoivod a food solution of approxiootely 3. h. Sgt! liva and six oars utiliz ed to show the effect of disturbances W1 thin the column on on tofloity.. Column 28 of set five wan utilized after the control teodItubo hao bo~ on moved oaoain3 diatooboooo or the rosin.‘ columns 32, 33, and.35 or set 311 roooivod food nolutioo_a:tar’nir bobble: hid boon allowed lo form at tho batten or the rooin.**ln both inataneea channeling roouited causing earl; bocabthrouah or thoI ooluooo with a resultio3 toneuni tormity of rosulta.I Tables 7 through l2 show tho rosults of column uniformity asteroiontionl. . I: should be noted that the unit 9: ooooootiVity measured tor‘columu n lobar: 10, 11, 12. ond 13 is in micronloa/ko.I The unit of conductivity meaaurod for all other column: in in ppm 3333. The data of column nuoboro 10 throogh 13 was obtained using a Bolu.Bridae. flhioh opou nub-equent calibration was found to xiv. road~ logo which were not a linear function of the ionic con- tent at the Iolution tootoo one data or this not of I tour columns is therefore not comparable uith that or the tooaiaing rive not. of ooloona. The observationl obtained are useful. however. for the purpose of demonstrating 5... 4H. P ’ x , . , ‘ . o '5 ‘ I ' C 1 , r r: ‘ — ¢ - . .' -‘ a ’ r . - 1. , . , . ‘ 3 . a 2.1 v - ‘, \ H ' l ' _ s _ . 5 g, , ' . . i , . a 3 ‘ ,. . v . vl I L . 9 v"! x: ‘ v . >- ' u A I ‘ . ~ ‘ w . . m L ‘ A. v . v ' . . I I "A . A I I A O r _ ’ ' . _ .. .A . , . I t ‘ - ¢ ! - I I J a l r - 2 ' I I . ' . -- - .. s .- .. ~. -i ', . I ' ‘ ‘ ,': 2 ' I ' . 4‘1 _. ~ . . ‘f x. V .. ~ '- } . ‘ . o .,_. I 'I v — u i ‘ ~ . . ..r ; r , - *I 9x» — ,, . r . .- -f . - “ A ’ l ;. ' , : . v I I )' J ' x I . ‘. . . ~ ' 4 ‘ . g - '. ’ I: n. . . f I 4 \ . . . ., .v . a , . l 'r " . I 4 - . -‘ u ‘- 4. an. - . -. ' r ‘ w . _ i ’ 4 ‘. I. . ' ~¥ W.‘ U u | Column Breakthrough and Uniformity Determination at Low pH, Using Identical 14 3 Columns. Columns #10, 11, 12, ano 13. 7. Table 38 :1: d'No‘ommd-o’osoaosoxosocod-No‘hxou o o o o o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0. gm moomonnnmd-Inmx-rx'rxfmxtd‘d-mmcnu ODD as. a: 'g hfifith’OOQMMMONQNOx‘fl-fimlI a o a o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0|. lili< O OOOOOHNQ'Q'Q'MQ'Q’QMWO‘HNHII U Nx'rxoun 0"! Q’HQO‘NQ'MHQQHGGGQNQ'HGQNO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o v-I oomnnmnmd’q'qu-qxfd-qd-mmmm H 3N {NGQNWMOO‘OHO‘OGONQ'NO‘INOI o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0| gl—‘I oomnmnmnd'tnmqufnxfd-xfmmm: I Z “gig 5H mANoaxxomnHoxor-aosmaxoootnmashxou o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0| Far-I excommtntnmxfntnd'd'q'tnd'd'd'mmml I I: O O O \‘I'NOHQOU‘OO‘O‘HO‘CBO‘O‘CDWMO‘OOI o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0| H H \ooxoonmmmx'rx'rmd'd'x'rxfdd'xfmmml I .‘J m [\lnnNCOv—IMNOQ'Olnol-OOI‘Q o o o o o o O o O O O O o o I o o 0 '45 H oooor-IHde'x‘l'md'd'tnq-hmmooxoo E HNx‘f’x‘kah lit-IO“ §£N wnml‘wd’I-INNOMQ'Q'Q'NO‘M I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I §~EH OOOOOHN¢¢¢M¢¢¢mmH¢mN$| :1 v-INMONI ‘2 >11: 35H txx'rx'rmomr-aooxlnwmmxfmxoooo I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I >HH OOOOHHNMQ'QMQ'Q'Q'Md'NQIONg-I p.40 Hx‘fxDNl HO 3 '2 O \Ox'ffi'nwF-IOOGWQ'ONOMMNQ 'I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I O H ooooou-de-rd'x‘rmd'd'mdmxooxomgn U Hx‘rxoml a: mwwamml‘NNNh-NI‘NNNNNwOfi' g mammmmmdm'mdmmmfimmmmmmmm 'Uq-a “ 0-“ 0):! o PHI-0 ’0 O c: oooooooooooo—oooooooxososcxoxosO'ooHHH U) 8 \O\O\O\O\O\O\O\DI\I\\O\O\D\D\OKOI\I\I\I\I\I\ S no HNm¢mohmeHNm¢mohmeHN :32 HHHHHHHHHHNNN 69 4 MHOS/CM Average Feed Conductivity 3.7 Average Feed pH .39 «.5 I ma comm owuuo>< mouz Ema 0H I muH>Huosvcoo 000m owouor< n.m «m ¢.m ¢.m 0.m «.m mm «m on «« H.« 0H 0 0.0 m.« 0.0 0.0 a.m H.¢ ¢.« ¢.« 0.0 0.0 0.5 0H m 0.n «1H ¢.n n.m 0.n m.n m.H 0.« m.H 0.H ¢.« 0H 0 0.m H.H 0.m 0.m 0.n «.n 0.H H.H H.H m.H m.« 0H m m.m «.0 w.n «.n «.0 0.m «.0 0.0 «.0 m.0 m.“ 0H « «.0 «.0 n.o «00 0.0 0.0 «.0 «.0 «.0 «.0 «.u 0H H mm .uaoo NH 0H mH «H «H oH nH eH . mm .eaoo nonaam.qanHoo nonsmzwaauaou .oz 0 uuo>< =0 momz sum mua>wuo=vaoo . cowuaaom Honda unuaHumm sowusHom unosHmmm comm _ .HH can .oH .nH .qHfi a538 .mqaaHoo m 0H HooHucovn wsHmD .ma Huuuaoz uu nowuuawauouon huaauomqna can nwsounuxuoum nauHoo .w oHan #0 0.0 I :0 009m owwuo>< momz Sam «.3 I 5.3303300 vmom owmuo>< H.m mH m.m o.¢ o.m m.m n.oH o.» ¢H mu m.o o.oH NH H.¢ N.m n.¢ H.¢ H.m o.m . H.¢ o.¢ o.~H ,.oH m.o oon HH m.¢ m.q H.¢ o.n o.¢ m.e o.m m.~ o.“ m.m ‘ a.o m.oH oH m.¢ o.~ m.¢ ~.n H.¢ H.¢ ¢.m m.~ m.~ o.~ m.o o.oH m m.¢ N.~ w.¢ m.n w.q m.¢ m.~ m.~ m.H H.H m.o o.oH m m.q m.H m.q ¢.n a.q m.q m.H o.~ ~.H ¢.H m.o NJoH H N.n o.H o.n 0.“ m.¢ H.m m.H ¢.~ q.H m.H m.o m.oH o ¢.n m.o ~.m H.m m.m e.n m.o m.H o.o H.o a.o to.oH m H.n m.o m.m nHm mnn H.n «.o 0.0 ¢.o ¢.o m.o m.oH q m.n m.o m.m. o.n H.o H.o n.o «.0 ~.o ~.o m.o n.oH m H.o m.o m.n o.o m.o «.0 ¢.o n.o «.0 w.o a.o o.oH N m.o «.0 «.0 H.o m.o «.0 «.0 m.o ~.o «.0 m.o n.oH H mm .uaoo Hm om mH mH Hm ON aH mH mm .usoo Hannah '3 . Hafiz. 3H0"... . oz ownuo>< m0 mamz 800 huH>Huosuaoo cowusHom. gonad “aoaHHmm . aOHusHom unusHHHm emom .H« van .0« .ma .wH% massaoo .masaHoo m 3 HuoHucovH mafia: .30 3.3302 um coaumadfiouon mafiauomqub 0cm nwsounuxmoum c5300 .m 0.239 ,¢.m I an comm amouo>< momz 500 w« I muw>auosvcoo 000m ownuo>< 41 ~.m mm H.m «.m ~.m ~.m mm Hm Nm on ¢.m on m ¢.m mu ~.m ¢.m m.n e.m «N am Hm mN m.m «N H o.m mH m.m o.m o.m o.m o.m 0H «H «H ¢.m mm o o.¢ o.H ¢.¢ m.m m.m o.¢ m.~ o.oH n.H m.H ¢.m .mN n ¢.¢ a.m w.q H.¢ ~.e m.e n.H h.m o.n m.m ¢.n mN e m.e H.H ¢.m n.¢ ¢.¢ H.m ¢.o m.~ H.m a.o ¢.m «N m o.n ¢.o A o.o m.m ~.n o.o H.o n.o w.o ~.o e.m mu N N.o «.0 v.0 «.0 H.n m.w H.o H.o ¢.o ~.o ¢.m on H mm .,.eaou mu «m mm «H nN em mN Nu mm .eaoo Honabz aaaaoo Honesz aasHoo .02 o uuo>< mm moaz_amm muH>Huoavcoo cowusHom noufin uaoaHmmm aOHunHom unmaHHHm emmm .mN use .eu .m~ .«NH 3538 .massHoo w «H HuoaucovH wchD .mm 304 um :oHuoaHauouon muwauomwca van nwsounuxmoum nenHoo .0H manna .GOHuonomoum aesHoo wdHunv onnu doom Houuaoo mo ucoe uo>oE 00 vomaoo Son no waHHoacmno mo uHsmou onu ouo3 0«0 nasHoo mom muHamou HoHuHcH 00H: .0Hao 0« van .0« .0«0 onaaHoo you mosHo> owouo>< « 0.0 I ma voom owouo>< mooz 500 0.0H I muH>Huwsvaoo voom owouo>< 42 0.0 0H 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0« 0.«H 0« 0H 0.0 0H 0H 0.0 0H 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 «« 0.«H «« 0H 0.0 0H 0H 0.0 0H 0.0 «.0 0.0 0.0 H« 0.HH «H 0.HH 0.0 0H «H 0.0 H.0H 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.«H 0.0 0.0 0.0H 0.0 0H HH 0.0 «.0 0.0 0.0 «.0 0.0 H.0 0.0 H.0 0.0H 0.0 0H 0H H.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 «.0 0.0 0.0 0.« 0.0 «.0H 0.0 0H 0 «.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.« «.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0H 0 0.0 0.0 «.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.H 0.0 0.« 0.« 0.0 0H m 0.0 0.« H.0 0.0 0.0 H.0 0.H 0.0 0.« 0.0 0.0 0H 0 0.0 0.H 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 H.m 0.H 0.0 0.0 0H 0 0.0 «.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.H 0.0 0H 0 0.0 «.0 0.0 «.0 0.0 0.0 «.0 0.0 «.0 0.0 0.0 0H 0 H.0 «.0 0.0 0.0 «.0 H.0 «.0 0.0 «.0 «.0 0.0 0H « H.0 «.0 H.0 0.0 «.0 H.0w «.0 0.H «.0 «.0 0.0 “H" H Ha 6:8 2 mm 3 3 0... mm mm mm H3 .280 « I Honesz afisHoo monasz canHoo .oz o ouo>< =0 mooz Ema 0uH>Huusvaoo aOHuaHom .uouHH uaoonmm aoHuaHom uaosHmmm voom .0« can .0« .0« .0«0 mcenHoo .ooconuaumHn com ou one. maHHocaoso mo uoommm waHzonm aOHuoaHauouon muHahoMHab vao swsouauxooum aaaHoo .HH oHnoH Columns #32, 33, 34, and 35. Column Breakthrough and Uniformity Determination Showing Effect of Channeling Due to Air Pocket Formation. Table 12. 43 =2 MNHosxo0-0r-Iooon0mmmooxoxmoo O O O O I O I I O O O O O O O O O O O 0 gm mooomnmnm00000000mmmm 000 so HH 0 mg 'g NNNNOmco0hm0NthNooox1-co O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O 0 m0: 0 ooooooou-n-Iozmd'x'rlntnnoomoo 0 r-IH Ln NH00Nooo0NHHr-aoooommoscs O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O m 00mmmm0000000000mmmm :4 00 «Haamomcoxo0mooocoor-Imhhxo O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 gm cooomxomnnmtnmd-d-x‘rdmmmm Z ‘5. gm MNHo0oooom000NNHHH000 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O .30 00000000000000000000 C: C) .3 I; N LnMNNov-onmom0mopaoooooas O O O O O C O O O 0 0 0 O O O O 0 O O O v-oi m exoxoxoxoxomnm0000000000m co ‘5 g m NNN00000Noooomo0-xov-Ioooo O O O O 0 O O O O I I O O O O 0 O O 0 Hz: 0 oooooov-Icnd-mxoxolxhoooxoodo "40 Hash—I «4o m2“ 33¢ NNNNNNNNd-d-xoo‘Hmmr-Imo O O O 0 O O O O O 0 I O O O O O 0 0 £3.50 ooooooooooooaHonooux'rxf Hr-lu-II-l :>.z u «4:: , 350 NNNN0000wNmmomoomnoo 0 O o O O 0 I I O O O O 0 O O O O O O O 0 33m oooooov—IHNmmdmmmoommg :10 '8 8 N NNNNNNNd'md'mwOMHmmOI-ON O I O O 0 O 0 O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O m OOOOOOOOONMQ‘WONNQme hoooocooooooooooolsmcooooomoooooorxoo O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O 0 g mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 'U-r-I 8‘3 Fara! 'g noncomommonomomnoomo O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O 0 cn o cur4r4raoqc>oqrdwcoIFIFIoIoaoaoIoswuolnl ' o HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 8 no Hde'tnxomoomoHde-Inxonoomo Hz HHHI-II—II-IHI—IHI-IN 11.8 ppm NaOH Average Feed Conductivity 3.8 Average Feed pH In ~column uniformity within the act. Conductivity.readinga for colufln nuabara 1h . through 35 were obtained using a different solu.Bridgo i from whioh conductivity readings were ohtainad ea 0pm Rafla (or we fiaGR/liter). Readings obtained from this motor 1 nova a linear.funetion of ionic concentration of the . solution tested. The data of Eublca 7 through 12 are plotted in. Figuma 52110.15}. 10. {the orfiina‘ao or each plot (v i 01) represents the product of ths volume of feed solution ' : phased through tha column times the conductivity of th sod solution. when conductivity unitfi expressed as 33m ; HaOH are used, the ordinate valuaa reprooent a; HASH spgliod to the column. ’ ‘ The absoiasa of each plot re regents the removal i efficiency of the column, defined a: (1 - Ce/fii) x 100. ’ C. a Column effluent conductivity. 1 C1 2 Column influent conductivi y. . From the data obtained it is evident that coluéha ~ can be prepared with a satisfactory degree of uniformity. inequats care in preparatiau 13 required. however, to . avoid disturbances within the bed which may cause channel- ling or fluid through the resin. Provided that preper our. .‘is taken during column yrsgaration and Operation, it it: u the author's conciusion that sufficiently uniform results can be obtained from ugflow column operation to be latit- tactorw for the purposa of radifinuelifin concentration." , l k. - . ” . - ‘ - ‘ » ' . ‘ '. I ‘ . ‘ f . . n ‘- I . . , . v , . - ’o . .17 ‘ . I .. - v ‘ ' - . x "b. . 'l‘ . n ' J l u '( . - I . ‘ . . . . x . . - .. ».. . v . s . . . . :- n at I ' 4 _ . . . . 1 . f . . I 5 a u» - ...-a .- 9 ‘ 1' Q ~ — i! 4-" - -- .. - o- . :H I I w - Q I , ' | c ‘I . A. ' ’ H K. ~ . ‘ n‘ 2 ‘ 'v D . I ‘ ' . I I ' I L 4 h '.' . " r ' . I l . : , b ' " ' ’ ' i ‘ ‘t ‘ ‘ 9 -. P . l' m . - b O ’5 ‘ . o. ‘ - . . I o . . .- .‘ . ,, ‘ . . o #0 . .‘ ,_ 7' ' ' I I ~ " . " .' I . 4 v - o . . ‘ . - I ‘ “ l . .~ 3 = '1. - 1‘ .; . ' } i ‘ . . I . I p . " . . a , . I I ‘ 9 . 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H 9 x H00 H53 OHHHOH uaosHmaw SusHoo 000H 000H 000H 000H 00«H 00HH 000H 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 00« 00H 0 // . z x /. .1 0H / / H, .. «.0 I 00 noon owauo>< / . 53006}. 00 I 0“0.339.0230 voom owmuo>< 10« / // w om o O 0H0 5:300 W. Mama“ 5.5.500 l 0.0 ”a HZ. a§Hoo m 0H% EH00 l 00 m I 3 I. I 00 U o 1.. m n.0u .m u n 8 m. 3 3 u 3 I 00 I!" 00H A6 .msaaHoo m 0H HmowuaovH maHmD .mQ Houusoz no :OHumcHauouoa muHauouHaa .0 ouanm mooz we a>.x H00 vooa oHcOH ucosHmnH nesHoo 0«0 000 00« 00« 00« 0«« 00« 00H 00H 00H 0«H 00H 00 .00 00 0« 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A _ fl. _ _ _ _ o _ _ .. 0H 0« 00 no 0 I 3 m - “a 0.0 I :0 voom owwuo>< m . . .0 00oz 800 0H I 00H>Huosva00 voom owmuo>< 00 m I a. 00 n” - .... NH* “EH00 II I ...II. m 20 5.38 l..| ,2 m 0.70 5:300 Ill . o a . u 00 ... 00H 4? 0«0 000 00«. 00« 00« 0«« 00« 02.. 00H 0.0 I mooz 800 «.3 I 00.330300 H«% 95.30 II!!! 0N0 £83.00 I . 0H.% 5550.0 1’ 0H0 5.5.30 / :0 Hook omouo>< o0 voom owouo>< 48 0«0 .mnauHoo, 00H HooHuaovH 0GH00 .00 30H no :OHuoawauouon huHEHOMHaa .0 moaz 9.. 9 x HS 83 383 3333 5.38 a 000 00« 00« 00« 0«« .00« 00H 00H 00H 0«H 00H 00 00 00 o« _ _ . _ _ a _ H 0 H _ _ _ _ a / , M” H 0.0 I .ma voom o0ouo>< / 0002 E00 0« I huH>Huosvaoo voom o0ouo>< n2, EH8 ----.. 03 EH8 I..| «2 5H8 liI «2 538 ousmHm 0 0H 0« 3 O m 00 u m. 0 a ... T.- m 00 I. H... . O T. a co m .A H 2 ...... .1 .0 3 u 8 a 00 00H “9 .ooaonusumHn H50 on onn 05398000 mo uoomum 00.30am coHuocHsuo.uo0 00HH—5330 .0 93th mooz 08 9 x Hov coca oHGOH uaoaHmaH HEBHoo 0N0 oom owN ooN 00N CNN CON om." 00H 9: ONH 00H om 00 00 ON 0 H T _ H H 0 H H 4 _ _ H _ _ _ _ 0 H 5on H mo waHHoaaono :H maHuHamou .0958 on...» cook 0. . H 12 H 0.0 I :0 voom o0ouo>< ’ l H 000.2 800 0.0H I muH>Huoovnoo voom owouo>< 0« m. / m. I00 u H m 100 M Tc 3 400 "......” O 7.. a u 100 b 0«0 aanHoo IIIII . kg 9.38 Ill 12 w 30 2.38 .li. m 0«0 5:300 l 00 . l 00 00H 50 0«0 5030500 03300 “50.00 osn 00.39530 «0 00000.0 03300.0 00300.33qu 00.250030 .. 0H ousmHm 82 we 9 x H00 33 383 05305 EBHOO ,. . OOm Omu OON O0~ ONN OON OOH OOH OeH ONH OOH O0 O0 O0 ON 0 _ H H H H A H H H H 1 H H H H .. .0Hmou 0H . / 00500 009300 .30 .5000 wououomo 005300 .HH. l lllll ./.. 0.0 I HHHH voom owouo>< /V 0002 600 0.HH I 0330000000 vooh owouo>< l 0...? 3.38 .0m*.qapHo0 .. #000 EH00 «~m*_aasHoo .. % 0H ON 00 00 00 00 on 00 00 00H 3:100an - Rona-1:01.333 [ermag mnntoo 51 W8 113w- n u l plat of the woman "In” “tamed In. tho 001m bankmmugh stud“: of an“ 8 through ; 39;, m plot "prawn“ «naval “new” n. M16 lad. . [(1 «- syn) a 100 n. V x 0;] and «00:139.th th- affect of ya on mm efficiency. A: nppmiuuly mtnl pa. tho total 001m «9.01” in substantially named at ca.- putd um: um“ capacity It lmr 93. 11: mm b. mm, hmr. that a nub-mun ' portion of tho solution tonic commutation applied to ...—r--!~.—.-—-H_a- - th- ulm mum at 1m: 98 levels can rm tho com and to We tho pa. 100mm ms). or aluminum It 10! pl 1. ch. mun or commit): o: nun-ionic conun- to In mu (on which to hold on tho min-- i l P I I i - W (330 p‘ 1087). ? WW I i l I Etn- a I ”mine can.“ and ultmioht hm. m and . I ‘ I m .0th 0: "mph pupa-“ton ”canny / r I I minim in can amazon for gm. mum“ at luau mum-natal ml“ count“ of communion In mention. an. ample! no plan“ on a In.» of plane t0 «mun tho ml. :0 awn-u (usual 12). a» plum m- :- thou um. told“ tightly. m 91am {1: a mum mn- ma nu am an. an at tho amt- ‘s in: brunt (113m 13).; “I. ”In.“ up to m um «I: In put“ in «ch much or the drying mm. M n m - \.| . 3 ‘h". .0 "Id. I u u n ! _ l. n .. . u 5 J. J. ...J a n s ., 9‘ . g.“ ‘. J . . 1 ‘ .lw . ’1‘ .... . an 0 i .. 9.0 I . I . O 0 O ‘ , r Q ~ 5 IL. vl ' .5 x n _ . t . . ‘ H \. H‘ . O " oar... ‘ .. a. w- ‘L 52 own $300000 nwnounuxwmum 5.3300008 00 mg no 003mm .3 0.00me mowz we 9 0.33 000A 0000”" 0000.30H 08309 com omN com CONN CNN CON ow.“ cod 0.: ONH OOH cm 00 CG ON H H H H _ /HHH H H H q H H H H H H / .. I / /, ..H / H /, ..H / / /,. ’h/ / //.. x // / ../l/ / mum I ma Ill / // / 00” I an al"llll ..//// ¢.n I an Iznl. .. moo. ‘ MO I Illl /.. 5.0 ... :0 oa ON on ed .8 co on ow om 00H nuaaxaa - £0u0101;;3 19110111011 uumIoo 53 Figure 12. Evaporating Table for Drying Liquid Samples on Plastic Piln. ‘-' i. I'llllllllll|li Figure 13. Upflou Column (right) with foldad plastic sheet contain- ing 10 liter evaporated sample to be placsd in 17 .1. plastic bottle for gamma analysis. 5% a plastic enact capable of accommofiating s ten litcr sample is placsd in the dotcotor crystal tho entire 701000 or tas well is Eillcd. This results in s geometry effect doc to tho poor counting conditions ncor the too of tho crystal: Figure 1% relates detected activity to variation of depth for a source of constant activity. Tan 01. I samples of an isotOpc solution scrs diluted with distilled water to tho depths indicated and tho resulting count rstos obscrvsd. Extrapolation of tho car's to zero dopto rssnlts in a theoroticsl count rats of approximately 6&0 counts per oinctc. This is approximately 136 percent or. tbs count rats observed at full ssllgdcpth. Selt-sbsorp~ tics sithin tho sample has not been considsrod. . Sanpls preparation which distribotss tbs activity at tho supple throughout tho roll voluos of tho crystal scll results in this soon typo of geometry offset. In tbs design or tbs optics ion cachings column this geometry effect has been ainiaiccd by concentrating high activity solid particles at the bottom of tho column. gyalcatigp of Sample ngggggtigg flognggg . The evaluation of optics column performancs uith‘ respect to the practics or concentration by evaporation . on plastic sheets has been carrisd'oot with both natural and artificial samples. In one series of tests, too 01. portions or s o ixcd isotope solution ssrs gamma counted in the roll or the scintillation detector to dctsrsios a v..." .5 “NW 1‘. . a q \ . . . . J, . . s . s i, . .. . . v _ c .Hd . v t 4; . l a A! . a 14 O r 4 O . p , u . . I. . d . . . . . v u . \ , s v .v I D . 4 n I 1‘ , . t _ . n r . u , . O 1 c I rv-Ilss O L s: i ‘9 V... r . O . . n . ‘ . . u n n. .V . s. a 1.! . t. | . O .C . s. I v.’ i. .— . I. t .. . ..s... . . . ... . 9 O . a . . cl. .. .. a s O n . I r n - .. a p o I. .u, a O A H M - o x . _ ‘ ,.. so ‘I D . O . v s , ~ | O _ . w. u . V L \ . . Dr. A .. .. I ' 55 900-— 800- 700.. \ Depth of Crystal 600 ' \‘~ Well 1.75 inches. 500.. 400.. Observed Activity (0PM) 300-— 200.. 100L— 0.00 0.50 1.00 .. 1.50 2.00 2.50 . 3.00 Depth of Solution (Inches) Figure 14. Variation of Count Rate With Sample Depth. 55 the effect or varioua factora on total count rate. The following 13 a summary of the conditions studied and the results obtained. (A) Ten ml. or a uniform isotope solution were placed in each of three polyethylene bottles, identical to those mood for upflou oolumna. The solution was diluted with distilled water to a depth or two inches (approximately equal to the depth of realm in prepared upflou columns). Forty~olnutc gamma counts of each sample were taken. Table 13. Gamma Activity of Aqueous Isotope Solution. Sample Number Gamma Activity B-l 633.9 CF: 8-2 675.7 695 B~3 618.7 CFfi kveroge 63h.4 C?E (B) Ton ml. of isotope solution were mixed with each of three one-liter volumoa of tap water and passed through three uptlow columns. Each column was gamma counted directly and the effluent from each column was ovaporotod to dryness on plastic film and gamma counted in a small 17 ml. plastic bottle. Forty-minutc gamma count: were taken or each sample. 0‘ . o I ‘ I ' n . . i . A ' I p. o o x. . , , . f - .. ‘ l '. , . ' - ’_ ... .' Y , .0 ' ...; ,-. \V . v I. ' . ‘ I V . u ‘ . l k t ‘c' .l ‘ 'l .... g. ;V - :4 0' ‘ ' v m .f n O ‘ ‘ I“ ' . . . 4, ' l‘ . ' | t' ' '- 3. ‘ i. ' o w . n ,- yo y. V‘. . ‘ I - . o .A.- ,1 I 1‘ " ‘— l ‘ -‘ a 4 . . ‘ L‘C' ,' l . . .— , . . .fi _ , ' 4. Q. a. . . a . . - - .‘1 a . l ‘ \ ga. '. a» v . ‘ ...-o \ a ‘. I ' ‘l , .. .. . ! O ‘4 . ... . _ I ’. ' .' ' . 4.. .u' ‘. v 5) . ' L .. -5. 1.1. o. ; .. . ,. .. g x. I ‘. u' .h o I‘ I’ ‘-_ I . . 3 ‘ ~ — 1" ' ...- ' fi. . v v- - 9 ~ - ‘ ' 1‘: 9 ,v at .2 _ . .r ' 4- .u .. ‘ , - - A 57 Table It. Gonna Activity Rooovol iron Top antic. cocoa Activity Gonna Activity Stool. Dunbar 0: Column or Effluent PB-l 2189.6 cm no.3 cm $3.2 580.3 CPfi 8.7 CPfl 23-3 62h.7 CPW 6.7 CPfi mm 551.5 cm 20.6 cm (c) on. too: or‘oooioo '3‘ IDOVO‘III onion. ; continuing on. liter of diotillod “to, for the tap rotor in each coco. All other condition: not. idontlcol. Table 15.M Gamma Activity Ronovol Fran Dlotillod Voter. Gonna Activity Gonna Activiti Sllwlfllfluibov‘ or Column ' or srtloont 1. “ a road. " 587.1 cm: -. . ‘20.8 on JIB~5 595.8 6!! 0.0’GP8 PB~6 534.8 CPD 110.1 CPR average 572.6 CPR n~.8 CPR (D) ton ml. of isotope solution more added to each of throo onc-litcrtvolunoa of tap notor'ond evapo- rated to dryness on plastic filo. The plautio non than trimmed. folded, and placed in small (17 n1.) ploutio bottles nhich were gonna counted diroctly. It chould be noted that the folded plastic nhcetc for one~litcr couple: extend only 3/h or an inch above the bottom of tho cry-tel loll. They thus provido a relatively good counting soon-- try. lorfly-oinuto gonna counts of each couple woo. token. q 5 | v z .5? at . * I a. t. b ,. v .... u u L. RIG p c. . D V I . .. a... . .. u .d ‘y . . . . . . . , o. , v. 1 . a.» 6 up F W‘- . ~ . 564: . ‘ . a at . fl . H a .o l I. ..r .. I I...“ .4. I a . . . . t :w. . r v n . x ‘(0 ...... ~ .- . l o .u “M. t. . B to p z"; I .u u ‘ u . v . . .. . ~ .. . t .... . l“.- : A I , b . . o s. . o ‘ c .v w. . A l I . . n .. ¢ .. ... f a; 53 Table .16. am Activity in Ono-Lit” Evaporated Samples. 'Sonplo Runocc : Gamma gctivity ' 51-1 873.1 con ' 31-2 “ p‘ 90h.o con 21-3 M 912.§ con Average 896.5 6PM (3) Ton ll. of. isotope «lotion Ion Mood-to m5 of than tcnolitcr voluu if no later (not! cunt-u“ to can.“ on plutic fill. in phone III“ than trio-Id.'toidoc. ood.ploood.in‘polauinylolo can: toinoro idonticol to those used for cola-o connotation. who pic-tic cocci. extended to a knight ot.opproailotoly too 18¢hl.‘(00ltl to tho dopth or conic 13.. propnrod column). roooynoinuto gonna count. at noon Innplo Ioro takll. Table 17. Gonna Activity in Tan-Liter Evaporated Samples. m1. Rococo Gum Activity ~xlo-l 658.7 ova . 310-2 626.6 cm 310-3 637.7 cm Average 6103.3 cm A cocpariaon or these results providol a good . picture of tho effect of canola geometry and cocoooition on total observed count rate for the methods of couple a ’3 '7' ‘1‘ . n «y. 59 preparation under inventinetion. i?0r*purpoeoo of oooperi- eon it ie attuned that the results or eorioe “D“ (evaporation of one liter of.eaeple containing 10 el. of isotope solution) one the option- reunite expected. the overese count rote obeerted‘tor'thie method one 895.5 0PM. The oteervedneverege count rate for eerie. “A'. in which the some eetivity eel dietereed in neterniolntion to e depth or two inohee. lee 6th.! can. The detected nativity in! 71.35 of the eeeuned.optilul.‘ thin Induction in eetitity ie in clone agree-eat with that entioioeted {maze etteete of counting geometry. Sulfateorption within each type oteenple in e tutor contribution to count rate reduction: thin effect hen not been tally evaluated in thin etudr. ". ‘ The count rotee detected in eeriee “B! and ”c“. otter pennies onovliter ponim of top outer not die- tilledtllteva relpeotivelr. through It 3. oolunne. ere 61.6% end 63. 35 or the eeeoeed optienn velue. The at- eerved epperent increeoo in effluent nativity with the dietilled.eeter eenplee ie believed to have been chased by lenknge due to channeling rather than by notnel column breakthrough. The {not that the everew wooluon count rate in higher for ooloone receiving dietilled Inter than for those receiving tap water in nttributod to the foot that the high ionic content or the top enter hoe canned e sore oooplete dietrihotion of activity throurhout the depth a: the column. in e result, the errant of counting I .v v, , . . x . . .\ .a ct T _. .. t .r .. .. . d l ..c l t. ”In I .4 n b . A .6 a § . .I 1 y (In « 9.. .e . J . v . .. 9. oe .\ . r r . . p. . u ‘ i (I u l ‘ . e. t. e A. in .u l ’ . t C , n . . i . .5 .. ‘ . vb _ .x . n .o I. . u w a . t a c 1 n x f . . . v l .u- ..s . l ~ ... . . . r .0. . . ,._.. x C. n.‘ -A. .S. ... . . r e I O .0 ”A. .... .- n; v . v n o i .a. . .4. h A» . .u «M .. i I A i I ' K . . b l n l a .r 1.. ‘— v p .K . .v I ( .3! ‘ e 14.“ ll. 6} ‘f A . cl. n a ’0 1.. .o. 60 geometry has roiucod tho oboor‘od count rate for the tap water lanoloo. _ Seriee “Elwin I oiroct evaluation oi the nethodm of evaporation of lawlitee-eenplee. The reeulte ohteinoo indicate an apparent efficiency of 71.8%, which 13' m ' _identieel to that obtained for I uniform dinpornion of r the activity in eeriee "A“. The clone egrecoent or the rceulte obtained by these two counting nethodI indicate that the effect or eelf-ahaorption within the plIItic ‘ sheet in approximately the name II that which result: from eoltoahsorption by ueter. _ Leakage of activity from the columns tested in :_IerieI “B“ €39.“ca only partially eccountI for the de- iioreeeed detection efficiency observed. _The IppIrent Iffect ct eelt-anorption iI in the range or from three _to .131é3?9.9t3- Further investigation in reoeired to ' folly evelnnte this effect. I ” I ---—-__ ...-...— ...o— 1.- ——.- Column Perfornenoe with natural seepleI After inventigating column uniformity Ind perform hence characteristioe using artificial neoplee. In Iveinn~ tion of column performance not conducted using trIIhly collected rainwater. Ten note or four columne Inch were run neing rainwater which had been edJueted with hydro- fluoric Ioid to e noiarity of 0.00? H. Identical ten- liter Ienplee were passed through each column or the net and I firth ten~liter eamnle was evaporated to dryneee on .- ’ . ID at ’ .t . .... . I I r . . o ‘1 v d . . I n a g C 1‘ . y u 0. nu r. a . ‘. .n. I A: It. n H I I c u 4 I. ‘ v .... , . . . - . w I o. c It . .. .7. . . o , d . y a . r n ) é , , _ \ I o v v . . _ . r. . , U _ ‘ 4 o . . v v. p , . ‘|.. .. . . n a . c . i t I . V .4 x. . . . y I . o . t t I. c I!» . l I . - ... . . .4 . . . I 1 u ‘ I . .. . . . ..l. ,. , w . a . . .y , . . I n v n .- . . . . ' . . . . . . , t . 1 C ... . q . , . « , . , . . I 4/ . l c. I A . h o w Table 18. 61 Columns #37, 38, 39, and 40. Rainwater Activity Determination by Column Method. Resin Ratio 1.5:1, anion to cation by exchange capacity. Condition Investigated 7 Column Number 37 38 39 40 Ionic form of cation resin. H+' H+' H+ H+ Ionic form of anion resin. 0H7 OH" 0H7 OH' Resin proportions anion to cation by exchange capacity. 1.5:1 1.5:1 1.5:1 1.5:1 Weight of resin (3). 14 14' 14 14 Feed rainwater pH. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 pH adjusted with HF to molarity. 0.007M 0.007M 0.007M 0.00flH Flow rate ml/min. 10 10 10 10 Activity of feed, 10 1. rainwater evaporated (CPM/l). 33.93 33.93 33.93 33.93 Activity detected on column (CPMll). 34.28 48.50 36.43 32.26 Activity detected in effluent (CPM/l). 15.93 25.08 15.58 13.94 % of blank activity . detected on column. 101.2 143.0 107.5 95.3 % of blank activity detected in effluent 47.0 73.8 45.9 41.2 Total Z of blank activity detected. 148.2 216.8 153.4 136.5 62 Table 19. Rainwater Activity Determination by Column Method. Resin Ratio 1:1, anion to cation by exchange capacity. Columns #41, 42, 43, and 44. Condition Investigated Column Number , activity detected. 41 42 43 44 Ionic form of cation resin. H+ H+' H+ H+ Ionic form of anion. _ _- _ - resin. OH OH OH OH Resin prOportions anion to cation by exchange capacity. 1:1 1:1 ..1:1 1:1 Weight of resin (8). 14 14 14 14 Feed rainwater pH. 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 pH adjusted with HP to molarity. 0.007M 0.007M 0.007M 0.007M Flow rate m1/min. 10 10 10 10 ~Activity of feed, 10 l. rainwater evaporated (CPM/l). 13.40 '13.40 13.40 13.40 Activity detected on column (CPM/l). 11.17- 11:98 11.74' 12.28 Activity detected in ‘ effluent (CPM/l). 13.83 12.49 10.38 9.38 % of blank activity detected on column. 83.3 89.4 87.7 91.6 Z of blank activity detected in affluent. 103.1 93.1 77.4 70.0 Total Z of blank 186.4 181.5 165.1 161.6 63 plastic film. Tables 18 and 19 show the results of this series of tests. asain proportions were adjusted in an attempt to determine if column performance could be improved by using a larger percentage of cation resin. The average results for the four columns of each set no. I Table 20. Average Rainwater Removal. Basin Ratio 1.5:1. anion to cation b‘ exchange capacity, Columns #37: 33: 39: and 9o . Activity of 10 liter blank 33.93 CPa/l Activity detected on column 37.87 CFfi/l Activity detected in affluent 17.63 CPR/l Table 81. Average Rainwater Removal. Rania Ratio 1:1. anion to cation b4 exchange capacity, Column: #131, 42; £13; and an Activity of 10 liter'blank 13.40 CPR/l Activity detected on column 11.80 CPH/l Activity detected in affluent 11.52 era/i Who activity detected on column: 837 through 40 was 109% of the activity detected in the evaporated blank. Those columns contained an anion to cation rosin ratio or 1.531 by exchange capacity. Columns #41 through 44 contained an anion to cation resin ratio or 1:1. The activity detected on these columns was only 83% of that detected in the evaporated blank. These resultnaoon to confirm the observation of Swaps (23) that higher renoval efficiencies are obtained with anion to cation resin I r l (y . r u . . . ,o l . u. so M... s . .. u p. I \ -n u t‘ A. ‘ Fnlx. \ 4” . . . .u‘ . . D u t v is r. v . ...... v . . I c. . P p Q! 3"“ .J If'V < I , 1'. 1...; a. .‘L -a n r: A g n "l ..- 1....- u V v.1. 0.! . o I 0. i . y. . ... I 0 ..-a r a . . . w ). ... vu'. .. I ~ . r I u . o . . I a . s .. .- .. ... «.3 ‘l.¢. u 6 6! ratio: srcntor*than 1:1. The. "cults Obtained from thin «not of tutu are similar in one respect to the annals- of the early column not: using rainwater. in that the In. or the activity detected on the cola-n and in the ovanoratod office“ in greater than that «hated in the "operated blank. m can or the nativity detected on the colon and in the affluent nag“ In. 136.5} to 216.85 at that detected in the blank. Thin effect :- undoubtedly tho result of a variation in counting otrioloao: for the two Iathodl. ~ Although account. an in not available for on «not efficiency determination to: a»: mum. «min automation: can to man which will halo explain thin .appalont increase in activity. First, it is evident that the cola-o in not capable o: Quantitativoly concentrating tn. activity tron ton liter-I or rel-um- :m. it i. appanut._tm the not that than u activity prune: in the «amt. The count: pining tbs-om the calm in ionic in tax-- um: than particulate. aim the satiation of glass tool and main bed for. an ottutiu film. It is believed that the activity passed into cu “flu" is th. noun or «In» breakthrough in union tom of ion article: for the ruin are passed into the affluent first. A Induction in local. volulo should roault in quantitative rouoval. A second factor which help-s to explain the ’, . '3' ,a’ - s V a." , V, a I . n n .1 . ‘0 . . . 1 var . a. , . I . v . Iv a’ . . a O" a I . . .| K r . . .. . x L _ .. o . .. 3 . u v o. ‘1 . . .t 4 a Q . \l I .14 1 . . HI (Ix , . i u p . .0: J v D .. V_ *1, a t. ..r L . g I f x. u I . ‘ . ‘d . . . a .u 0.. ..‘J l . t I. ,K .. .... 4 y I... . .r a. .- . . o t t. p. . .. h. 1. ‘xat . ‘ '4 .. . r: v‘ .. . .1 u vl I . .. I I I! o 1. . 0.! ul 3 65 apparent 1noreaao 10 activity observod 1a that the rosin column 1! very articiont for the oonoontrnt1oo or part1ou ulatc matter at the bottom of the column. The h1gn aot1v1tj aaloolated.n1th to. no11d3_tooa rainwater samples 1: therotoro concentroted by the upflou column in tho " poa1t1on or 0pt1ouu oount1ng geometry 1n the bottom or the aryatal v.11. F1gure 1% 1nd1outaa a l1near :¢1at1on~ ahip between count rota and depth or saup1o for oaoplel or donatant aot1v1ty over the rang. of depth. 1nvout1gatod (O. 93 to 2. Ab inohcl) Th1: otrnight 11h. rclat1onthip has been cxtropolatod to taro depth roault1ng 1a a pro- d1otod u1o1nun thaooutiool count rat. equal to 136% or that dotooted a run ory’otal well doom. For 0:731:11 Hell! 1n uh1on depth 1: lar go comparidlu1th uall rnd1ua. however. tho act1v1ty detected would ha expooted to in- cross. at an 1noreao1ng rat 9 to the temple depth 1! reduced. A! a result, when h1gh aot1v1ty solid part1aloa are rota1nod very near the bottom of the ooiu-n. the oot1v1tywdetaoted may be high enough to roault 1n the apporont 1noreaoca in sample count rates cxpar1enoad. Tho ionic act1v1ty retained on tho column and that alutod 1nto tha affluent and detected by oount1ng tho p1aat1¢ nhoot 1a dlaperoed throughout tho volume of ma créatn’uu and therefore 1: affected by both goo-ntrw and nelt-aboorptlon effects. .I \Q éaov f. .. l§ 1w .‘ v 1 .9. a U a I... w. p a n. . l o c . . i o n .' ~31], .Q . o . 'h . aw ,. Q r. a .. y L .1... ‘ . m i 3.. f . o . O x . . _ \u .w l. p . A... '1 Hp v 4. .. .. .1. I ... A10 Q‘I . l u ..u ... u on w. . I .nc . . A . r ... a . .— o ... I .1 ,. . ¢ a . ., m . .J rco . . o i o . 1 . .- .. A I . J ‘ .I . . . . a a (I. l a J ...Iv9 . r .v ‘ . z o _ . v v .- ... . ‘- ..1 v . i V x. . . . . . r .- WA.‘ 1 we mos - The study of factors 1nrlueno1ng the dovo10poont or a system for tha qhantltatlvo oohoohtratloo of vod1o- nuclldon trod l1qo1d cnvlronmeotol stools: tor-dlooct gamma ahalyola uning tho coonting oou1poent avallablo hon acoompllahod the basic work. for uohlcvlng 1t: obJootlvo. The upflow column dovelopcd provldnn for the concentration or $11 part1ou1ata flatter'proaont 1n tho aamplo and.tho ooJor*portlon or 111 1on1o form: up to column breakthrough. Upflou column doolgh minimise. the effects of oount1ng geometry 1n tho crystal sell of gamma oolhtlllatlon equlpoont by coonootrntlos aampla oot1v1ty at or not: the bottom of tho oolumo whore opt1uun count- log 13 aohlovad. filltrntloh or tolld material: ll ottootlvoly achlovod‘ulthout the bulldup or a Ilt or colldn over the reoln surface uhlch obstruct: flow (as has been oip¢r1ohood ulth downtlou columna). Upflou oolunos can he ratrloatod to meet the ouqu1rounntl not by ovallabla countlna cooipment from 1nexpoonlvo. roadlly avo1lablo uatorlalu. Column_proparot1oo 1| c1aplo and uniform column: can to proparod.oal1ly. Tho also lloltatlona 1opoaod by tho avallablo cryotal well have lloltcd the o1ze or ooluoo cu1tcd for dlroot counting to such an extent that the voila oupaclty 1o cxooodod when ten~11tor rllouater sample. urn paaocd through the column. L1o1tod esperlmentol results ladlcato 66' o . R m .4.- ,. no.1» 1. w .. ‘ ... .. ; . .n . . a .9.) o :0” u ‘ . .3 4 l .c . J . n . . .. H .. ._ , p 4 J . .. a n .. . .. a . y w I als - . 1 . o c. L . 0.01. | a u. w r .. Q ”...! r . x I . I r w r \ . w... u we . < n; a . a o . . . ”.HH .0 .. o . . .. .. a . k , a _ . . .t.’ . . . . 8 .‘ . i 4 . . .O . . 1 o — ..{k t . ... o‘fi L _ I . ..Vt . .u . o u . i I , s 1. he . .. o . l 'I u 4 \.O A . .. . 1 . A t . Fl .- i . fi . u p - ‘ y. . x ‘ o a 1. . V fl no“ .. . .. s .v .f 4‘ m . fill ) D c U . 1 . .. ... 1 Q . a . 9‘ I v 4‘ V . \. A ‘ . . f ' ... t . . v I g x u - \. .4.. . . , a, 9K . 67 that o oooplo oloo or (too ttvo to oovon lltoro or polo- ootorrohould not oxoood.tho oopoctt: of tho 14 g. oolnono tootod." Addltlonol 1nvoot1gottoo 1o ooqo1rod to dooorolno ooro prooloolytho ooxiouo cooplo oloo oppl1ooblo. Tho \ outnor'toolo that tho column olzo'llultotloo 1o tho ooJor tootor':ootr1o81n3.otlllaot1on of tho uptloo cola-n for canoentrotaoo and alroot zoooo onolyolo. Tho oothod con bo ut1ltood ouoooootullr oath largo voluoo oomploo 1: o largo voluoo oryotol ooll 1o,ovo1loblo to ooooooodoto tho column oloo roeulrod.; 1 Hhoo ouch oqulpoonm,1o not ovoxloblo. tho pooctlce of oonplo ovoporotlon on plootio fllo~o1hh nobooouoot d1roet,oouht1n3 ot_tho ploot1o ohoot~loy ho “1111204 So oovontosow tho ovoporotlon ootno¢.ooy‘o1oo to utll1zod tov*oonpor1ooo or roaulto obtotood.troo'optloo ooloon ' oporotlon.; ;L. Boob ootnod orforo oortoln odrontogoo ovorltho othor¢_ Tho uptloo column error! oovlnzo 1o tloo of oooplo proporot1on ond opooo requlrooonto oo nonporod to tho ovoporotlon hotbed. samplo hondllng auxin: proporo- tzon 1o not rooulrod o1th uptloo column: on lt-lo lo tho ottollns‘ond toldlng of plastic shoots rolloo1na ovopono~ tlon. _!ho oomplo container to oooplotoly oloooo during ooluon‘oporot1on. uh1lo tho ovaporatlon prooooo rooulroo that tho lonplo ho oxpoaod to tho atmosphoro and oottvo 1:1 It! to loot or.ga1nod 1n the form of dust. - ~-lho oonoontration or oollds at tho bottom of tho o M. 4 'a . 4 o u~ov I — v Q .1 I L. n” o'J' 3 7 t '\ . . u ‘ - .u . 7‘ l h .r - . i‘.‘ - . .- i.‘ f ‘1 u. .. _‘ \-. Q s x‘ O O O . . . - . ‘ A .. " I l ”9‘. D ‘ ' , .4 .p ‘ l ‘ fl 4 ‘ x . I . i . 1 > I I .. o C’ '- no 'L “ ‘ . ... - . . - . r > ' w . g ‘ . ,.,.’ d b l o - r. . )- . s- I‘ l A -, _. 1 . ~ . .3. '- ..y S I: | , \ § . | .. '0': :l _ 4 l r- ‘ l l - 4 .. ¢_ ? . 4 ‘I o- ...-~ ‘5 . ., o. ‘J ‘v A " 2' | " '. ‘4, » .. .". c .- ‘ A o 3% t O ' J l " . .’ 1 J r‘d s" 'd I. ,. II 63 annual column now monlt in on opporont h1g1: count roto tron this {on o: ootlvlty, out 11' ooluon «pout: 1: not mood“ and well volmo 1o affluent to pmuoo muon- oblo counting country to:- tho ontlro doom ofrooln this ottoot should to mm. In this ‘1‘“th tho ovopor-a- non “thud prone” mo Advantago of o completely unl- tora oomph in ma pmnuloto find too“ ootlvltloo on outta-bl: diooorood.‘ on. nonunion count “roto lo trauma otrootod foul”! “W sonata: one oolt-oboorptlon. auroral of tho uoultoohtoluod to tho "nation 0: ooluuo pox-roman nth figure to tho mount-loo “that! m utlvlty mum "in moon of thou ‘ 9:!th by unusual mutton! duo to animal “(Stop-o doooy. m omlo “no“: and «nouns norm on. chooon in out: om on to produce on oapootod vorlotlon 1!) count Into of loo! km on pol-cont I’m mutual ion I1. mtopo oolotm “who. " In cpl“ or thll toot, «tn-1t: vol-lotion for lantlcol :3th ma on now vorlotlon of ”pronoun: too pore-on owns tho . ”who ultod. f ilhllo om:- tootoro (ouch on sun - onolnor mublllty vaulting rm tot-pronto" "elation: filth“: tho «Mount and any» ol‘footo) II: mo oom- , tubum to ootlflty amt-loo: to tho omloo oountod, tho one: moo or ouch nrlotlm 1o bolxovod to how nooltod in. I look at unnomty of nwlo. ~ nonunion or tho noon notopo Blunt-o rm onion tho too :1. par- tlm Ion taboo alooloood tho prosonoo o: a tom of ..v. o u H... a .. r . . , x. l w a . u 1' o p I y I I . , ., T . . t . .. . L o | o v e... V u . A . . . . ‘ u o a n o — . o . I. o \ yo, i ‘ v o C , o \y. o _ A l o I“ .o v H v o. . . . O . . u is . . |, . 1 .f .~ a . , . 1 ’v .I I .. . to \ 1‘ . . o a . 3% . , .o. p t . o .3. o . A . r. \ l . K”. a l . . x . , .. 1 . .3 ~ I H) C ). ' A, b I I v . o I \J‘ . . . . . . .. J o . o 1 ‘ ... (a 1 fl v o u . s I: N n L. ,. t v . . t . \ . . A. . . o r n v . . o a f t A . . 3.: . I . . . 1 . . n . a . n l, n .. o r . I t .. tvv ' .... . VI... ‘ . l. v. .. . 3 . . . A .. C .. .- 0 ‘ A . , n. .A - .\ . .. v o .. _ o . . . ‘ z . 9o II .. A . . . . v .. . A , I a g A . o Iu‘ F A l . r . a . . . . . u o 3 . .s .. . & l n . . p . .. . a 1 . . .‘J .. . n y. .o . i: - . a w .L.» ., — o . t... v . v 1 _ I .. . . o v. . .. _ - J. . A l‘ x s ‘ '0‘ . . o I .v ._ A. 1 l I . o o | . .x . I. ., ., . . . .. I p I i a . l _ .. .. v .x I‘ , V . . . . l u. o. . o. u t . o o . ~ \ . w “ I l 1,3 . l 1 M 4 A l C . . or n .1 .. A, . V A n sp 69 biological north. Tho nomulon or thin growth on not hmaonom ond mot-onto aurora oomplo proporotlon was not potable. Although tho omloo proporod loom tho oonm of mummy Gounod. latex-proton» of tho multo ontolood 1o otlll uotul 1o ouluotlns tho “the“ Mr lanotuotloh Th0 Inflation om: to N owns filth t1"?- luoo tomato: mploo noun; o onto «that: or no urn/l nod all-om o forty-ulna“ omtlnz ported um; 325 cm background 1! wfimxlootoly 3.53.. -3tot1otlool rolloblllty will ho mono-co ulna luau unplo ”lo-u or long“ ooontln: porno. known: I111 oloo ho nomad 1: “solo unfit: to “abortion :5 em. but ot all um um town to lo About tho loul of ootlvtty puoont 1n nlnootor omloo. ' - n confidant!” hit boon wroo to "it!“ tutor! volume to tho doom and opooottonot too uprloo. oolooo. no nun unto tom otlllxoa «no moon hosed open tho high “11319) or mo: 50? om Duo: 1 noto- 1n tho bras-om ood ”ammo tom to: oll of tho loan tom mmlly round in omlroooontol “(plot «atoning ouoo rlooloo pm"- A new roto of oops-aunt“: ton lilo pot “unto m oolootod oltn couldoutlon tor both loo .mhmao nutloo “no noun-onto and oomph pro- nouns two. Thou too footers 1mm boon balonood to on effort to obtoln ootluutory oxahongo motlono olthln o moan pmoulng tuo. ..u . 1 i l K o . - 9 . t 1 . . ‘1 . a. . ' I .' , , , . L . J '. I O . r .o . , _ ..r u . . AJ f- -. . oi C i 7‘; , l‘ m J- 4. l “ o o I . . ‘ . , .‘ 4 L . -- '| '\ 7 . '.‘ - 1 A_ L _ .. \ o ‘1 l .‘o a i. n”. .‘ 2 do» .’ c t. . v o. I o k ' Ao- o-‘ l I. £ ... 1‘s. . .. '1 A t n. . . .,. w ‘ arr-2w n -' .t' o v.3. . .7 w 0 ‘ \- v .... K ‘ . ; ‘§ .91 ) D "I . v . " ' ‘o ' - Q r ‘ < l . "‘ 0'. ' \ I 1 W A. I” -' 9. J ;. o ._ ..- .- .l ' ' ‘I "z ' I . . 3 o 5' .’V l .5 r .~,o I'. o— 9 « ~ A. .7 . .‘ o . .u . u " l ’ v a . I H o ’ . c.5- .. . } m o‘ - . . . I o v . . l i I ‘. .A .I _ . v“ . ,1». i ' ' ...: ' l _ . _ ..., .k 1! Q .w“ $ A. \ . .a, ; H l h "d 9.1. ‘ . ‘U ' "v I .. u, r . .. 1 I ‘- ‘4 ,‘ --‘u. 9‘. {I b \F a w. 'v , o l , .— o.' I. . ..." . o a .., TQ Adjuntoont or oluplo pfi,lcvclo to approximately 3.0 boo boon oorrlod out coins hydrofluoric cold. The looorins of pa boo boon ohm by otnoro to produco ooro oooploto naval o: rodionnolidoo tron cocoons couples. no no of hierotlcorio mo tor on odJuotoont oorvoo too odditlonol porpoooo. It fort: on anionic oooplo: oltn lirooninlwlhich ooo ho cocoontrotod on onion olchonso rooin. Duo to tho low oolootivlty oootflciont-ot Doro: l in tho Waldo tool for tho flooruo onion. :3 moot- cont mag hydrofluoric oold raccoon the mat of oz:- chcnao capacity tokoo up or nonrldloootlvolonlono ‘ oooociotoo vita othorocico utiliood tor pH rodcction. l'nrtnor invootigotioo or._thio loom ottoct ic moirod to tally ovoluoto tho incroooo inoopocity’obtolnodt tho onlon to cotton rosin ratio cocoon for oixod bod operation boo boon based upon oioilor invootigatlono by Sacpo (23) 1n'nnich tho proposes the coo of on onion to cation rosin rotio or on ouch an 331 (by voluno). The author boo utilizoo an onion to cation rosin ratio of approxinctoly 2.531 (by volume) or 1.531 (by oxchongo capacity). It io tolt that booing tho rooin ratio on ex- cnongo capacity rotncr than voluno io ooro meaningful in roopoot to tho roactiona taking place. and 1t 1: o torn ‘onicn can to rocdily translated from ono rosin typo to another. The uoo of an onion to cation rosin ratio greater than 1x1 io oppccod to the logical expectation that oinco s - _ W . .o' ' I —‘ n 4 - ‘ ' I . o. ‘ p . ' ; t v a. o , r .. -1 —- -.. ‘ \ . - ., . t v Q o. ‘ . ‘ , l ‘5 . _'. o . ’ ... . “ . . ... _.. - .. . . .. it A. . - - - - . - 4 - ‘ ... A . _ 7 ...) 4 . . , - ..L‘ . ‘ , . .. . A U . . , . - . . .-— a— o . -. . - f .— 1 , I ‘ ” i ' . .‘ ‘ " ' . d ' ‘ V . . - o ‘ o . ' .’ l v I 3" o- . .- ' . ‘ s .. .v . J " pl 1 . .- . i ,_ . o v. .. . .. ‘ . . -~ .1 q- - 9- I u - n A ‘ . . _ - . 1 ' I . . ' . i a . .4 . , . ‘ ,- c ' . 2 ~ ' r ;_ ‘ “ " .I’ t . ‘ . . . .. . l: ; . -~ . . ‘. - . o.,- . . 9 \ ‘ '3 * -- ._ * " . -— .' .‘ l v ‘ ... . -. . .. _.'~ _ K . t b L . . 0 . u . ,\ f— v - 4: _’ 4' ‘9 ‘ ‘0 ‘. 1 ‘0 “" ' - ’3‘ i g o.‘ {A Q‘h~ "~— A' . . .9. . r . . . . _. . .._. . .-. - . .. . ' o A‘ \.'.a, r o. , a‘ a o‘ r'u‘ ~. 'Hosn' to. .. . - ‘- r- o- . , ‘ .. ‘ . ‘ H g . ,\ r . " 0" .’ 1. ‘. n. (" o . . .. . .- v . - . ... .g .. ' » ‘ '2 ,,, a. - ‘ A . u o n ' ' ' I . . ' . l ‘ 4 - l . -. o . ,- I 7 ._ t . ' -_ g- 1 . - _ . \ ' .. ‘11. - a t‘o g. o f ‘. ' I. .o - ' o.~‘ . . . ' . I - . l ‘r . ‘.- . u‘: .~ '. '1 . . c, - 7,4 -~ 0. ‘.- 1 . . . ’ .5 ' ‘ ” - .- . ° v . V ,1 .- .t , - - 3 . . 1 ~ ' I _ _ l p - _‘ . IV A: _ 9 , $ ' .4 t ' r . . I o ,. .. , ‘ ( . * - qr. L I.‘r .. - . n . _ a - , . I- .0 J‘ I, ‘9 ‘o u\ . , ‘W 57". a -' 13“". 'I n 3 . ... ‘ . . 4 . .' r o . o ‘ \. f. . ‘ | . 'T '. ‘ a. . .l . ' '. ( . o . ‘ _ . .o . _ ~ 1 ‘ _; g -_ an 4v " 7 ‘fi - I U h V o . , . u ' r I . \ ’ 0 ' l. g. I. . _ . C‘ ’V r o 4 g . o o ;. x . ’7! . .;’. _‘. a. .w 9‘0 v\ . ‘- v45 ... i. t‘!' .In . . .A , t ' . .. 5 '3‘. f. c J -' o .. '_ _ - ' c 1 _ .’ f o x 1 ~ . 5" v, “ - - - 7.; _ - a- .’ J “(A . vv -‘ < ~- 0* ~~ - ~ - 71 mast radioactive ions are cations a laraar.preport1an of cation rosin should be utilized. This waa apparently the reaaanlng of Son: (1), but Swaps (23) haw ahawn improved rumoval (while aacriticing aamfila size) uaing a high union to caticn ratio in a mixed bed. Eiutpiation of activity free the uprlaw aolamns for the purpoaea a: radiochemical separation or further anaiynto has not been attempted. but such a proceea should be no more complicated than the revarse flow elutriation or normal dawntlow columna. A slightly higher peraentaga or the particulate matter from tha sample may be retainsd on the column due to deeper bed penetration, but all Xenia activity should be readily diaplaeed from the column simply by reversing tha direction of flow in the elutrda- tion atep. n 7' ‘ ._ "— Y ; I ‘\'. - 3"”. A- T‘ 5 .1 » ‘d :' & ~.'. “‘0‘! . " o \‘ ‘ . L 7. 1 V 5 . \ J .v -- ‘ ‘ ‘ a . ‘ n v .‘ ..- gm CLW ?.IGE§ The evaloaoioo of tho upflou ion exchange column developoo lo thin atody has lad to the follooina conclu- sions: : , 1.. Upflou ooluuna can be proparod with sufficient uniformity to be catiorootory for rodioouclids concentra- tion provided that propor'oaro ll taken during column preparation and Operation. 2. solid particle: tron environ-ontal nooplen are ooooontratcd at tho bottom of the resin column whoro counting conditionl arc Options. 3. Lloitcd result: hove shown that an anion to cation rosin ratio of 1.511 (by exchange capacity) produces nor. couplet- roooval or activity tron rainwater at low pH than doc. o rosin ratio or 131. b. who ll 3. rosin column. ltudiod did not how. currioiont exchange oopuoit: to quantitatively ooncontrato tho activity from 10¢11£Ot‘lanpltl or rainwater. 5. Do. to tho lluitntiooo impoaoo by available oryttal sell dinonaionl. the 13 s. upflou column: luvoati» gated would noo contain luttioiont resin to be aatiotao- tory for ooooontrntion or stream watur aaoplea. 6. The method of evaporation employed offers the advantage of producing n uniform oaoplo. The contribution of particulate and ionic activities to the total oboorved activity is a direct function of the quantity of the two 72 b I r , v ' , i t h I I l . A . —‘ q . l x . u . ‘ . A A ,. . ., . s . A ' t A , .- . . .n . D i 5' . x a ‘ no . . 4 . \' » J I . ‘ - ‘ . 4 - ii ‘ ‘ - , c l s . l . . .‘ 4. v 1 on . '3‘ I’ “ z! . "no '4 - - ,, x o. Wr ‘ ~ I l o ' ~ -4 o \ , 5. ‘ I i L . _ . ’ A Y . “ - . n o , , K . . . a O 7 . 'I . - 5'. : t~ . o J I I u l l ‘ - o _ '. q 1' ~l , .. r... .. . ‘ n .\ 1 .’ " ... l ) . - y ‘ , . ' ‘ h .4 I . 4 "l I. . u . . o ‘ J . s ' . l" , . .' - I: - ' . i." , , r. ¢ 4 .L ' .. . ..‘n a i ‘ ' ‘t f ‘ v .' , a- . ' ‘un. “ a F‘ .u - a u I i \o' u‘ n ‘o < tr A O i _.,-‘ a r C \ 1"- . ,7 \ -. . '. - , . . . " \ 7‘ $ .3 I . ‘ . It ~' ' w “ *' J ’ l ‘ , . ' yt‘ I o 4 J' ‘- 'V . '- I . ;. g. o ’3, , .‘ 3’ . .~' ‘.‘ . Y C a )7 , .A 3 r_ U .. ‘ u. ,_. ‘ ’ " 4. ‘ . n b . ‘ ; x ,‘ c . I ‘ ‘o . o '- \ - 6' .- ob .' . . ¢ - - v o ’. f. .- I I‘ ‘ ' l L Q a i iv . ' O M r v ,- ; ~ . . -- .» o- . . - a _. j .- l . I I " | ; . -> < ” ' "d J - “I _ . . o. .. ' l . V - . ? . - ‘ _ . u \ . u ‘ ‘ l J .1 .- .3. < 6. '_I - ‘ . . . _ ' - I.) A , . ~- 1". , , _ . ‘ ~ ‘ u r - ' I a. H‘ hu 1 ‘v, v ‘4' J P . v ‘ ._ ‘ l. . . ‘ ( n , 0 I. . - - . ' .. ‘0 ' ..4 I ‘ I . -y! .— a wo- .‘ . L is .4 .. . . ’ . . r - -. s.‘ I I .y a" r l . o v .0. O .. I ‘ o ' ‘ U I i ’ o - - , . . ° \ to t” ' . “g I ~ ~ — ’ v F ‘ ' 73 forms present. 1. Sample evaporation on plastic shoot: can be utilized for any typo or liquid environmental oomylo. 8. Tho evaporation method may ho utilized as the method of sample preparation for direct analysis uhon column capacity would be oxooodod by the aaople volumo requirod for statistical reliability. 3mm DIES Both method: or sample preparation studied require further investigation. ‘ m toliuiu' nudiu would be undertaken: ‘ ‘ _ 1. mafia! eolm'ereekthmugh infinity tor nim- weter amlee should be determined. 2. The are“ on totei 601m enmity mu hydmtluerio acid is used for pl! mustache. u append to the m at nitric acid; would be evaluated. 3. the Optimal union to nation unit! ratio. for removal or radionuclide: from environmental samples should be deteniud. - ' I I . 1!. nomads menu It unloved for the utiliza- tion or ample. prepared for gnu- ennui: for-«butane: beta anus“: using lieuia Iaintilutiee metrowphie nemesis. Resin aieeplei eeuld be treated in several ways: A. Activity hold on the calm could be garggzgagro- the calm in I reverse ‘ B. The ruin cattle be In: or dry am prior to but "ml. preparatiee. . 5. , an evaporation “we or ample preparation aheuld bl cremated uithmt to sample uniformity and counting cuisines; 6. sandman“ or both the ion oxehamu unit: and plastic sheet utilized for ”secretion ehould be determined. 7“ t x- - ~ ‘ - A . v 7 c . i . . A ‘. . - ‘ ‘ _" an -‘ , ‘ , 1 . _. i - ' l ..J ' . . ‘ f V , “ v u ' A ‘ ’ ' , ‘1- k ' Q . I ~ 3 d.- , . . . i g. a . t . a! . - . 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A 4 z. ' (Y ‘ -- ». . ‘ € ‘ J - ‘ 7" . ~ \ 0 ‘w- .; I‘ a J - J - . , n -' . I - I ll ‘ | 1. 3. .. 7e 9. 10. 11. bani. 5.1.. ”mum Techniques for Minutemen Beeple Minis" . Peper presented eb aeeitu meiee Ieeieby kneel Ieebia: in II. York city. we “30 loci. Ade. ”m a.” If wim-131 in gum; 'O‘e “e m. My ‘9630 Bani. LL... end Miter. 3.2. ”An he he lute. for collection end Oeeeeebeetiee unio- eeeiee reneee" ebiiebee preaeee pupa-ed ee 8.1: a... “loam end 00.. Lyle eivee Depart-eat. Mode the Divieieu. unmet aim fleet. June. 1 . Bonner. 0.9.. um am. the. W W en. 6!. {951. pp. . “0.8. M I. III to! .nee , I . . . é _ Q.“ “one Oraeeie Zeolibee" . in... ;; W .. . . , .' if . w, ' " . ; .1. Printed by Elle Letteeide Prue. I..I. ...... eel leee m. M W.' e "nee-nu end nee ." Inter “1:."va m mi... NJ. “near-imbue“ at lee-level Mio- IebivibyJu W Gene Ml. ”neteuineeiee of ...-4...: Mie- ee ivi in fiber. verb & W - 3..., e1. no. levee. 3. n. M?! .e‘e .“ W; ’e .utm'm a,“ tereenee 0‘10 mum end mention Celene“ » , '0‘e‘8 I We . K... .. O Irene. LA" eed Ieleou. I. “maieoheeieei Sepere- mn- . m unm- - W m: '01. 7: 1957: 990 75 1‘“ n.- O a F I. u .m. .1 ... . . a v . . L . I Q I! re 0 ‘0 v e e r . . n e‘r -e-' 11. 13. . 1‘. 15. 16. 17. 21. 76 W. 3.1... u1m10t. 3.1.. III .914. I. W310. Of mmb1'1” CM “‘10. “ debut-60 eed 21..»69 ie himt". P”..p Ltde' V01. 6; 1965 ppe 26‘. lieyend Kunie. Ibbert. end Iedereey. Premie x. ”neeeerch Keynobee Adrencee in Ion Exohenae", b .. ;.- ‘ 7.1. ‘2! a '9)» “e e Kunid. ... you-«y. 1.1.. end m... A .1... ’29:: mm o 9 a1 MW '01. h’ g i p D’e ‘1' Hoeiler. D. i... leddieobbe. G. 8.. end hymlde. 3.1L "Behavior of mdionuelidee on Ion-Ezeheeae Rosina“ . Jo. _ V01. 53' i1 ' leaned. the... end Schubert. deck. W W, Aoedeeie Prue. Inc 955. sentence. our. m mmig WM ' ‘ m o I e MIN“; 0m. ._ 3 .r : , ‘1 I ‘ . W13“ ' w '7’ " o 9530 Sella. v.1. "lieu 1m” end Equilibrie“. 523 3 ,' ' ‘11“ O ‘ “it'd by ”61104. ’:0., . , e . dude-id Preee. m... lee York. 1956. Chepter b. Sebber. 3.3.. Emcee. 0.. end Streub. c. P. “Aminie at mdieeebivity in surreee Weber - Preebieel laboratory new“. W1 pp. 35-40 ate-gag. Geared "3 nitieeuee of ludioeetiriby 9” #9 sew... 0 PP- Vel. 53.“ W. 8. Gledye. lined Ied Ion new fer the m1 at nedieeebiviby .: .r ._ 4 9 Wu. m. '9 u 9'2 . ... . 0 a \ w e . .. 0.. . .. .. .5 .... e . '. .ax. . .l t I w g . u a r . I. . .e s .h .1. .. I I D . I v 3 l v e . . t . . u u o \ a . '5“ . D .I ‘\4.. . . . . a . q . o 5 r w .‘v. Q .1 u . ,e I I. . u . . . . - .. i . a u _| . all I .~ I a a, w. u n t . w . . u e . . A ‘ .J ..m ...- n » ... x O i .e‘ e i v . a , o. \ . . J .s: . . Q 4 . in ...! J . I u . 1 4 0e ‘L. .o o. . . . . u. ..l \ I] O s . A A .r D .-e»\ 2h. 25. re Ox O 27. 7? Swaps. H. Gladys, and Anderson, Elana. ”Cation 9 Exchan3e Removal of Radioactivity From wastes , Influstr1al fl"f_§fi*1h3eninl g; asse.ry, Vol. 47, 3.851431%; 1,J,.,e F. (0. ”Symposium on Ion Exchan3a and Chr033103raphy in Analytical Chemistry". Amcr1c an 303103 far 1§§t1n3 71031313, A3Tfl uguilgi gecauisai E’s-Limguoévn 2119 “.....IJE). 1))310 Taubota, 3., and Kitano, Y. ”A Rapid Metncd for Determining Fiasion froducta Cantained 1n Haters Usin3 an Ionaaavhanger Enllc.-w, Chem1cal §9333ty 03 53333 V010 33: IJSVp #99 ?55“ {590 uneaton, R. H., and Bauman, W .C. Indzst 131 and ha~1nae”1nngficjiatzj, V01. #3:”1QSI, pp. 1368- «J;- I. . o .u ' F J ~. . I .‘ . f . \ f ' ‘ . . 3 — . ’~‘ ‘ _ n t I - . I) ~ . A n l‘ .- , . .. v ' ” ' 1. 9‘ ‘1 ‘ V ' h .I L -. g ' . . P 1 ‘ O ». , ‘ I I . . I u . 4 I. ! ... . .. ,¢' 5 . l ,1 - ‘ .— "‘ ‘. I I}. ‘ . ' ‘ ,- ~ ‘r. on). ’ ‘ . ‘- 'I' ‘ ‘ . 4. V ‘ 4.. . 1 ‘ ”...." x. I. x " ~ . i s I ‘ , ‘3. ~ . ‘ -.. 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