71" .....-.- “— .q0~0.!"‘.'\"'fl‘fv: , . ° "1;! ! STATUS CONSISTENCY; COGNITIVE . . . - mssomncs. AND .socaAL CHANGE Thesis. {fifths 099$: of DE. D. . . MIC‘HIGANSTATE UNIVERSHY . James Arthur- Ceschwender 196:2 This is to certify that the thesis entitled STATUS "C‘SIST"""Y COGNITIVE DISSO‘IANCE, AID SOCIAL CHAI IGE presented by James Arthur Geschwender has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for £1— degree in M ‘7 /3 A/(Z/(MW Major professor Date 5’72/‘-él’ 0-169 LIBRARY Michigan Stat‘ University .L‘ -1m . I-\ 1. 'fi '9 " 5 ‘ '\ n" ’1‘7‘ r‘ I‘ ‘1- T 'I”..‘." ; I ‘f' ‘ ‘I , I ,-‘ -. A. ul-kl-LD UL;I~)I‘JLJ.‘J‘ \J;: VLJ‘vaLl-LUAJ ULUJk-n- ‘J-UA-J, -a—J t [Id-7" -'Ir n-t‘ u 1V4..-xJ.J u-.' Jcnes fartrur }C¢" ”'I‘<“ . 'Iv - 4 VVAA-I‘v4~_kv4. .1 T;LLJIS Su“uittgi to the 501001 of Alvanczd Sruiuato studies of LiCJi/CL state Univcrslt; of Agricultuze and Ap‘l;e5 Ls .5cieacc 3;; partial ihfiLfillner1;cn?'UL: requlrurxa;' for the Ju;rcc of Departsent of Soclolog" m;i Lu- _ u' ‘_ -\A 1L: LILAJ. ‘ 1 l' ' b‘J l‘L.:- 'JLlAL-L\/.— This di ortaticn is an cttcnyt to seroloc c theoreticnl ('1 U 1 franemork r: P- c. nould have utility in prelictir; gotential bases of loser—class social movenvnts. It is flcvclo;ofl tith— in the framework of theories of social change and assunes an intimate relation bottcen collective behavior uni social Chiqu. A number of models of the social Change grcccs: are p.2minei and syn hesized into a composite nodcl. This model assu cs that social chan;e is triggered b; cultural 13;. The economic order changes in sue; a manner that it is out of phase with the rest of the social ordei This creates strains within the social systen that lead to alterations in the social Order. Tiese change:: are of ; tyre that uilj.‘tmri to GllWinWIXB'Cle strains lu'ixx;torin; herurnw between the economic order and the rest of the socipl orfier. Collective behavior is ”he vcniclc throu_n LhiCJ those changes are effected. The Loocl proposes a sin-stave enslrsis 01 this process. ihc manner i11 1: L1ich 1.1.1.11 es in the eononic order crest; ris to ChCLJG-Orlehtefi collective ‘chctior (1‘ strains which git (..t is further specified. It is suggested that econonic CLHEJUS produce large nunbers of status inconsistent persons in the populace. Status inconsistency leads to tendencies toward social isolation and tom are generelisei indiviit al u11est. Each of these contributestomard predispositions to ycrticipate in change-oriented collective behavior. Dissonance theory the Theory of Distributive Justice, and the Theory of social 'bctieen status inconsistenc', socicl isolation, and generalised i1uivid usl unrest. Enapi1 cal dots from a can le of nenunl Horrors, : c; ale of Idexican-Jmericans, 5111-11 the ;'L.e:‘.1ocrs11ij1 oi“ 2-. Ic::ic.11-111 eri— can social noveicnt are exoninei to test tie thorcticsl cmevork at ce1t i11 crucial points. T-o iiniincs 1111ccte tnc1tuays ix1'uhic111mion01Jx: on111txs grojiuwg Stillui inatnLLis— tent persons. One is throuyn social nobility end the soson; is through belief in o; ortunities for cbili fl $13 I”) ('5 {D (.1. C. Ln 1.1- p. t O O .- l (‘1 H. (a CI' 0 r; l’ O c‘ 1 l P r i I O C" P 2 ( s 1. C I d (‘3 1 1 (IV 1-; (3 i...- O .L I tonsrd socie l isolation and genertlized iniiv1iucl nirest. i OI the Lexie? nueiic-“ social Lorenent is r“: 1. 1.16 11.011-061.3I1 ..1ore linelj to to status 111001131- (0 'te11t 'LhLu- iiLe :181mlliil . -, - -'~ . » ~ "- . w. t ‘. ‘V. '. '1‘ ,‘ .- Flf~ -. ‘ ‘ ~- “'- .‘y' ’. 1C1111-1‘111111I'1C i.«‘0;.1113L.LL,’11 11L». 1.1.11.1,11 it 1111.-.». it.-. . smoul- pm: .(D The f’ndings supjort the theoreticsl Ir he” rk nevelcrci in this dissertation. It egocers tint changes in the eo‘ionic osccr do proluce status inconsistcn* persons K40 are profic— uosei tOLar‘ chun~e~orientei collectiVe be.avior. iii MK LWIFWI” 3.138 ~. “' . -'-.- fl '- ,. .— 1,: '1 .L":\-. ‘~-' ..---,»,- 1-1 -. 1-... -1-1 Tle bahblllw aata 10903311011 11. 11.1.1.1; (1.121.111.1111191011 11in, £1.31” - 1-, . , 1 :1... ,1 J1. ,. .A ‘ " f .- ,1 - t " , 2’; ,1 -1 1 ,1 0 : -, Of a lRLJef SLUuJ COutuULcl GLTLLCI b: J.Alidh JUL.1U, "ill; m TV In 1 --» 1 -‘ . 1' ' j a h ". " ' '1'. I. . I» ~-"’.." " 1- r P 1 r J-‘ ~‘ r- .- 1" 1‘ I x OlfiLl 8-1111 Olblh‘dgiu 1. Lilo 0: , 1141.11: 1131‘ L'a -IL ‘wslct 1-x.lc D“ LlLL\_. 1kg) 5:110 - feller Foundation to LichiQan state Lniversit; to celAwtct re;— :iona studies. I an deeply indette t- the ytove panel for the use of the data am". to the ;*'O‘11‘11C1;:.tie‘1’1 for financial sueport of the criminal project. (a H 4.,14.- -..- . 1 cf '\ WWI by.» ble‘L 31‘) Ll:-J. L1 The 1:: '11 .11. data reported in t;1is dies: *1. H. 0 (‘1‘ HI 0 n 0 FL of a lar er study which I confiucted under the d Jan 1rtis and nillian 3. Porn under a grant made by The U1“1ited States Depertnent of A iicultu e to Lichi;en Strte University to conduct studies of Lexican—gmeric h 2.11cultuigl labor in Richijan. Ly salary for tnis research per‘ sug1>lied by the Agricultural E1ycrimcnt Station and She Labor and Industrial Relations Center of L‘cni,an State University. I am dee m1lr indebted to the above named for t1eir guidance and for the financial support Kgich made this p‘ssihld I an " atz' ful to T01 suniga, QLairnan of the daginax Branch of The American 3.1. Serum, and to pnilio Laitinez the collection of 1(- J O f“ (.- F]. U P.) Ior the ir coogeration rhich rradc data n the xenbers ip of the 3.1. rerun. I owe a great debt of gratitude to Fredericx Waisanen. Je has given uns tintin l; of his tine and his ei'et111tJ throughout the development of this dissertation. I‘Nish to thank hillfiimxli.:FOTK for tne aii an; counsel _‘- A '11. 1. 1. -- ,1 '.1 H1 .1 .11 1-1, , ‘- . x ,r 1-. 2.1 1.1. - ac mas given me turoquOut n3 gears oi 1aauate uo11. ‘1 I Louli be rcuigs if I did not ackLopledx; u_; cultr3- ~‘_ ) .1 -v ,_, 3, . .1— . VJ —. . - 1..., 4-1. ,.. . ..,- .. . : . . .1 bUtLLu Lguu to mj u;VcloychL by u“; LGIUng cl h L lane: . . a“ , ‘41 t0 1;» (COL Ho (.7 committee a:& the larger depa“tmont. I u .9 igiicate my II C.) ‘ - ' 'I V . . ~ -, f ,v-\ " ’- t .| .1 ' r‘ ' '- ra Q ‘- ) ’ S to iLJ—C-Aald is! . -‘.sA“-;o~;.4 , .‘ .Ll—Ll“‘.l¢- .L QL).llC/\3 , (a 1:1 Obi? 1.11:8 Archibald O. gallcr, Iago Ishino, ghaxlc: i. LOOLis, Karen; Laxvell, Juuea kckee, DcLali Clmztai, :41 Ricuard hudgcr. Finally, I wish to tlank Lorna; F. “save: for gxovid;“; the ermuple 63.1131 insgircfioim; mgicu led to :..;-; original ilLtJI‘CS‘V in SOCiOlO;y. l L _ 'V CHILI 1'33 f. -‘-—- \JAA-L.:: LBJ—I15 (3-1.LILIJ" :4”? ‘»- '8 .‘ ..,. .1..L.LJJ..L1.L. I. $31.1 1.3 C I" I. .5tatere1t of the ILHOILQ Of the iIQL .LIC'QIC. l; r-x JG UCvClO‘.‘L-Cl.t Of "the .116 II. 113 3'CCILL CHAIGE Introduo t- 301301211. Jarards 13111. t 01: Dcu.so:; Bluxer Icpper “LIZL.££ -LLC:I 1 Comparison Collective 3;.'1';tl;.czzis Conclusion; r‘. ‘n ‘5 .1 ,’\ t .t .. ,, v k - .LA-Ll .1 ‘v I b- V (1:;le LVlUr of the 10 be} ,‘CI-UIxJ’lu .JJ-JOO... III. JTAIUS “IUD UL CCIILL VLII’II Larl Ler; on btrhtlflcqt LUltl~DILChSIOLLl Ap; 1 q, H‘, UL>_- .LJJJ. V "11' VI , if J. I; 3m . "373m u‘”« IL-lALbuUJLl-b-LI. O .0 O C O I O O O C D C O O I O O O O O O O O C O O O O O I 'n.r“‘w 4‘ -] lILLJHvJUQOoooIo-ooooogoooo 1‘ \. . 1.2-91 *v'. _? '1' r‘“ UrvuuuleUIq ..‘IJLIIL‘J .1.\.«1.\, {old 1":- LO 0 , ._ ". 3'1 --Hrv ' .. -L. '1 ', 1 .z..', 3, L. ' - ,. - :keSUCV; CA- EiLAJl‘—_I;‘S 15':le‘vravlb U .‘O J15 ub—‘Ls-Lan—D-LQI-C--;~JlOA--:l ' . -1— ILLIPI'u‘aL'll 1 - ‘ .1. .x‘ M .' - ,. .~ .5. .1.‘ . .. ‘ , .' .“1‘. _ r--- btuw bus \J‘OA’HLEJ-LZI—LCJ- LC “LII“ uLLU #0041]. u-.C...I e -l‘C‘- .51.; l;-\IO-r‘L€1.J leLpntlII - 1.; ”LILtUS quenoes Role ti 01331.1 oi“ S S 0;; 3.1-06 ‘Q 7 :JA .1. [he D ,— __v»g '\ J...) (V ' I‘J ‘ :‘J ." I . 4- ‘ ‘ -‘ .1... . J....1u..1.x-‘..1.1 .4... Samples 3;? 1'20 the :3 e :3 Tos‘s of Si llif -.LL CC “vr ..JLJ-IL'I v-n V. STATES 3C-3IS IL-CJHOQ. I 4;“. Hypotgesie 1 Hrfiothceis 21:, coth: :in: . -- I ' A --J L."\/.L~-\J~-Ll 5.. - - . .. J... '."‘ I. --J‘ ..C UAA. )U—LS _} u. 1‘ ‘, .- r‘ "1*.— . D 7:1 . ‘. 7 ' ‘1 r' ..Jhi.11-n.’..l 9’ CL 1. l-LJvk-Lé—L ," IJIIPI..|I 94.1.} 1.5-41.1. II.IITI C ‘1 A- In- a --q 1L UL; VOI-E.\,- ;,.o’.'-:;i..- te1.cy .-- n n ~.'~+ - - " - ..J tutu. ‘uClJJlA. ~30qu , UC ;..-.1. U..L. U ‘JCQ-Ls—‘L " ‘ - .-'-.'. r~ Io.-meLte OOOOOOCOIOOO00.000.000.000001 .p.. .- V .3 [2.1.3 LOCI ‘..L1 GLIIIII...1 .A L-‘— I I r - :2 . ..1 r- 3“ ~' ’7\.{ LL ULILU -vv‘: hu—rn‘r—f‘ow-r‘ ‘7 [‘1'f-:’:;‘ O...‘ I~~’4I\'| :JLLJIIAA J-HAL I .._.-LA—J .L J- ‘1' L; Vim)...‘ 'V":,r A! ‘I'Y-‘l by I J1.ktV.ADQooooooooo .L:’& l Ioolntio " infill 7—7 -. 7.1.1-n '4 34.8 (J— .bn—l(:; AJA'V 1 .. . l9 .- . ‘ 1-UL} {1.1. .1. J 10-1-14 110“o-aiLT TOKET .4- E1 U ‘- _- _ , _ .0‘ .1. - hinU b (’1‘. . .4118}- ,e JLmJLQIy L.ul .oncliL,loLL CHAPTVK VII. D103 5'1 .54 .1.’ g .. .. -.L._1.‘.|. ..L.1 . .1 Discussion 90.1011“; :L 0.11 L ' .. - -. n . .. -. , .0 - .31.19V753fg bl 131.13- I01.“ AAJJ.L;J:JJ J‘)IJ.L O O O O O O O O O I C O O BIBLIC-':+~41I‘:-IO o I o o o o 0 o (.i. , vCl. .~‘ Iga.‘J ,I 0.. qu‘.'1’1“.fi1 I L-... 11...... 5 1-"- .13LU0 I" . .L LUuL( F‘ —Clic1rte i .1. .JJ QLVIA 1 ’5 ..1 '4. pi-.-“ . O O O O o O Q . ‘~.—- IV,- u..- .II‘-. ..C‘l. .‘ , L.‘ _, H11.1.EI( 1‘1) \Ju DJ .L- ‘- I ( \_~ fi— 0 LIJT -‘ O'V‘ l‘.“ , «.‘-“\J.;\I,U_LOJ« \4 7",! I‘- ‘t" ".-i '1 f .l “\' f“ ‘1‘ ills.) UA. t-‘L.t.:.k/..- y; _. -. ‘ 3 -. . .LJr'.»L‘l;‘ - 0 o o o o o ulst:lbution o; “is J LJ .1. . 1—-‘ VIILJLL "‘ baj_'i:;:‘... . . . . . . 0“ O .'1‘+'\ U4..L.~\,-L u.~v-.. o "/‘1" ' --DJ.L::tv I D V V Lu..- LII/.5: JO'L....L~ItJ SCCIZW' . Lane]. I tstus Lyn .i to : l t ‘r (V. rw’f‘ ..J U hL—l VL‘.O_LU U . O I -‘- ‘7' ‘ ( N ,3 fi"‘ bL‘..L' -LJLCLIL. u Status Fos s a eld i11 .. -- g A‘ ‘ 1484-8 lli’. \J ;tatus Consistency in Voluntarv Status umb ‘ (.vdali ,. ~«O..olS‘te “Cf. ‘LJO status .L'iCIhoerS (Ii 1“ a CO tatus and Use Status Free Time 'rr* "‘1 Is~» J. , - x-<.-- Ao‘J‘-v"- nsisteney Lansing and Sa;’ ‘onsistency : da; 1 _‘ '3 1.; ..JHHU C -.n _...;-._.-, -r.I,‘. .L uUu.»UuLD ..J..L.\_1;L l J. . . I _ _._ .< ~‘ 1“ .»~ — . 4- H L) .t\.".:../ .JU‘r-J-Qin- o o O o a 0 0 O o O o o O O _ t? 4-. Y. _ ., ', '1 g dd}... iiUI L.L {jtsttjs igi - . /\»,~ ,.-'.. _ l ' . JIJV'“J~" \JL.---..n—h4 r H ""‘.’" _ ‘+ ..U|1.~ L L43“. 35’ l’ I -- ~ .3 ‘3‘ . pus ;.;-..___., o ' 1" ‘ "' 1 ‘ n‘ .L—L. l.’.}1.& pg .LA- g .AA A, 1C“ and feta a Li ”C: LIC-.. ’1 I ‘ 'QUO .L-Jk , 1 I I I .,._|,._‘- : . ,'v 1—) '.I .‘ Q ‘4 OJ. I; . I - : ‘h‘.’ UKJAA-Lr U ~ 0 “ 'w o r‘” ‘ ,,.. Cu 0 ~','..1-‘...L1-.\- O O O O I .1 h—‘fi . . u .— ' .' ' LL11-.JIJ o QK— .1.-- _ . +‘,"' _C’f .: (\ (‘t-t\rj‘_u:j 0 UV.. «V J‘. vs}. ‘V 0 hr: 0 ff ".2" W" VJ. ULi-L»-..VI’QIOOC ‘534 ‘1 - 7.! l;'\(‘ \4" Vkr.c.1 J a v WM 0 O I O - I V111 " . “n r71? .17. "r” v.4», vb--b./.—~ LIVA‘VJ . i-‘VAIV ‘(I ’ IF‘ I ‘-‘ VV. I ‘J‘_i Ju'- d*’J-EV1‘C v d v ‘c O 'f‘ ’5 ' 'Jv. AA - I O O O O I O C \J u ‘ f—q fT.’ -1'~>- --, _V'.- v-v- A-.LLJ. ”er—I. kJ‘a" .4 LI its) -1” -:-._".‘L $J'-~K..L' (A -o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ’1 «‘1‘” "‘7 " r. T "3 1 " "' "‘ l . " b‘) kwl‘ A‘ a Ll 1“! V]- {J .1. 1-, VHUA-H..- .b4 “~I '- . r . I '..‘ I - ‘ ' 4.. ~04.L~ ULL’- .4 o L~«~--|.« L ‘gi o o o o o o o o o s I . . . ..‘LLC 7 24.; i - I 'LZIC Censis teIeJ and Offie s Volunt tarJ Ass and 1.umber Assoeiitions: ‘rf- C)\\ Q“;- er of is" 10; 7' C: ‘ld 33:31:12,127 l.utn Jer Low it an} Use of Lila-(7'2: O O O O O C C O of Free Tige 31x1 1-201: —3 o ginaw Low Stat viii "A“. 5‘)" VIAJ- ‘Ld Committe o iatiOnS: _,p -- _,._.‘.- 1.: Di i';elkiUGrSiLJ.E)S Saginsg tienal R DII’lIlk‘vIIOOO0.00.00.00.00.OOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOC r‘v) Of LI"? ~;-'~tiOl- atus Re espondsnts Free Time: -‘ . r) a --r‘~-: Du-'.€bl--C-'.J o o o o o o o O o C icbl ‘LjrN 0..) CL ’e O f Eidel‘lttJ o ‘ r‘ u!) ALOSP -w '1 -. .- embezs11; CA. 172 —.-\ fa \_ r rm K 1’: r) (H: l— \ I Table [‘0 LIoT CF EABLsd: CCLTILULD status Consistency and Luther of Communities Lived I11: kill-18111300000000.0000..00....0.0.0. Status Consistency and 1tuoei of Cour urltl Lived In Durillj LC‘LSt T611 lCaI'S. QWCillr‘H.... . Status and Lumber of Communities Lived In During Last Ten Years: Sa;inan.............. Status Consist enCJ a1'i Muxb 1 of Communities Lived In urin; ast Ten Y—ars: Saginaw L02}: statLIS RBSLC’O-idelltD o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o 0 Status Consis e1 cv u1d Setis action .‘itu LeiQfinjorhoo : ‘0 .1 0d a.Sll’.._)ooooococo-00.00.0000... status Consistency and Lumber of Jobs hith Different Companies 94C to The liesent: LLB-1181113000...0.0.0.0...00.000000000000000... Status Consistency and lumber of Jobs Lresent COILI:‘L111;;: MIISiIIC-Zooooo.0.000.000.000000000000 status Con sistency a1A lumber of Jobs Held One Year 01 Longe : do inau................. Status Consistency and Lunber of Jobs field One Year or Longer: do inc” Lox Status Regi)011dent8000000000....0.0.0.00000000000000 Status Cor sistency and Desire for a Different JOb: LennSj-IL:ZOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Status Consistency and Desire for a Different JCb: SaginIE-t-roooooo000.000..00000000000000... Status Consistency, oesires, and surectetlons for a Different Job: da_inau Lon status Respondents................................. Status ConsistenCJ and Job satisfaction: Levlls-ll’lgoooooooloo000000000000000000000000... Status Consistency and hostility Toward I:e;;l.oesz LaIlSird‘l-‘I'QOOOOOOOOIOOOOOIOOIOIOOOOOOOO Stetzs Cofl’sis gene; and Hostility TOWCrd FOIeign Born: LansinI....................... ix f“. ’\ . qu.) Table K)! K7] 0 DJ C’\ . 7 L .\' uh r.\-.—~ 17 r‘ * W'fl m-“'."r‘_ m"" . .11 1.1101. ililJLJ—IJAJ: Vbl..1.l.-.u.u.’J Status Consistency aid Koctility Toward ., , " u‘ A‘V. :.‘ "h“ ,‘l. I!CL'~‘.’11 o .LJL- -.,LLL J. o o o o o c \ Occupation and education Distrioutions of Saginax and American 3.1. Forun.......... 1articipation in |. 4.- -istency and -‘ 2e of Inconsis eLHLLnn1.5ocial Isolationt. Synptoms of of Inconsistent anl 1} Type of Incensistent and Hostility Tonard Minorities in the Kerk Setting........... Relative lropensity Toward Chan;e-Oriented Collective Behavior: Consistent vs. Ty;e Of IIlCOIlSisrcel’J-toooooooo00000.0000.000.... (‘ L4 ":3“ Zovetnguul 0.0000000000000000.-00.000 ‘Lerclized Individual Unrest............ (.1. ,9. LIST OF ILLUSTLAIIOLS Pav ' ) The Soc1al Change Irocess: daisaaen............ 55 Couparison of Lodels of Social Change Via COlleCtive bell-1.3.Vi-OlfioooooooooooooooooooooOoooo C, \_,1 ('7 "‘ Social Chan;e Via Collective LSJRViOI.......... (L a v CanTLR I ILTBCJUC”ICL §_atement of the Problem This dissertation is primarily concerned with takin: steps toward the development of a theoretical framework which would have utility in predicting the potentional bases for lower-class social movements. As this is a rather narrow focus, I wish to emphasize the boundaries of the problem. I am not concerned with the isolation of characteristics of leaders of social movements nor with the verbal expressions that people give to their motivations for participating in social movements. Ry only concern is the development of a theoretical frame— work which would enable an observer to predict the social characteristics that predispose lower-class persons toward participation in social movements. This is an exercise in theory construction rather than an empirical research problem. Empirical data will be analyzed. However, these data will be utilized primarily as a check on the theore- tical framework which is developed and only secondarily for substantive findings. The empirical findings will reflect the strengths and weaknesses of the reasoning process and, thereby.'suggest the direction which further thought must take if a valid theory is to be ultimately formulated. Importance of the Problem This problem is important in the development of theories of social change. I do not assume that all social change is brought about through social movements. for, do I assume that all social change is accompanied by, or re- flected in, collective behavior. I do assume that there is a strong relationship between collective behavior and social change. I believe that collective behavior pheno— mena are symptomatic of potentialities for change. They reflect areas of stress or strain in the existing social system and carry the seeds for the rectification or alle— viation of these stresses and strains. These phenomena may develop into popular movements which attempt to bring about more or less sweepfiéfi changes in the social order. They may result in the formation of publics which attempt less sweeping alterations. They may simply be thwarted in all such attempts. This blockage could take the form of forceful crushing of opposition to the existing order or it may take the form of planned or directed change which eliminates the source of the major discontents. This latter method prevents the occurrence of wide-scale changes by bringing about more limited change. Any theory which could throw light on the structural conditions which create predispositions toward change-oriented collective behavior would have relevance for the development of theories of social change. Social movements are merely the most extreme and highly developed form that change- oriented collective behavior may take. The public opinion process is more mild and loosely organized. The elementary D. ) forms of collective behavior are the pre-conditions from which public opinion processes and social movements may develop. A state of generalized individual unrest is a necessary condition for the development of social unrest which, in turn, is a necessary condition for the existence of the elementary forms of collective behavior. I propose that one structural cause of generalized individual unrest is status inconsistency. My chain of reasoning may be summed up with the fol- lowing series of statements. Status inconsistency will lead to a state of generalized individual unrest. A state of individual unrest is a necessary pre-condition to a state of social unrest. A state of social unrest is a necessary pre-conditicn for elementary collective behavior phenomena. Elementary forms of collective behavior are symptomatic of potentialities for social change and may develop into change-oriented collective behavior such as social movements and public opinion processes. Therefore, the structural condition of status inconsistency creates a condition or state within the individual which pre—dis- poses him toward participation in change-oriented collective behavior. I will attempt to demonstrate this through the examina- tion and integration of existing theory, the examination of relevant research findings, and the analysis of further data relevant to the emerging theoretical framework. kt! Development of the Problem Chapter II is primarily concerned with deveIOpment of the background or foundation upon which rests the entire analysis. In this chapter, I examine and compare the work of seven scholars who have dealt with the relationship of collective behavior to the social change process. This chapter culminates in the presentation of a model of social change via collective behavior which is the product of the integration of the work of the seven scholars discussed herein. Chapter IIIbegins by tracing the development of a multi—dimensional approach to social stratification from Marx through to Lenski's formulation of the concept of status crystallization. The second section of this chapter consists of a survey of the research literature which has examined the consequences of lack of status crystallization (status inconsistency or status incongruence, whichever one prefers to call it). An attempt is made to integrate these findings, relate them to theories of social strati- fication, and relate them to the model of social change developed in the second chapter. Chapter III also contains a section in which I dis- cuss two theories. The Theory of Social Certitude and the Theory of Distributive Justice -- which attempt to account for the consequences of inconsistency. Each of these theories appears to have utility but each is also limited in its scope of applicability. Each is a relatively specific theory. In an attempt to increase the generality and range of applicability of these theories I demonstrate that they are both derivable from the more general theory of cognitive dissonance. Let me emphasize that I am not proposing that dissonance theory will explain the particular consequences of status inconsistency. I believe that this task may be done by the two theories discussed above. But these theories do not apply to the same scope of events. They appear to be using different assumptions. hhat I at- tempt to do here is to explain both of these theories by demonstrating that they are derivable from dissonance theory. Thus, the Theory of Social Certitude and the Theory of Distributive Justice are not contradictory theories. They are complimentary. They are two different specifications of the same more generalized theory. In Chapter III I also derive a number of hypotheses which relate the structural condition of status inconsis- tency to the early stages of the deveIOpment of the social change process. Chapter IV consists of a researca design of an empirical test of these hypotheses utilizing samples of low status persons. Chapter V consists of a discussion of the findings of that test. Chapter VI consists of an analysis of the manner in which specific types of status inconsistency are related to the pre-conditions for change- oriented collective behavior. The seventh and final chapter consists in the dis- cussion of the theoretical framework developed in the first two chapters in light of the findings presented in the fifth chapter. Tentative conclusions are drawn and sugges- tions made for further research in this area. CHAPTER II TLE SOCIAL CHARGE PRCCmSS Introduction Social theorists have long engaged in a search for regularities in the process of social change. This search has often taken the form of an attempt to isolate stages of development within the process, describe the character- istics of these stages, and discover the impetus which causes one stage to develop into a subsequent stage. I intend to examine some of the more prominent of these at- tempts, to isolate their common and divergent elements, and to evaluate their utility. Some of the models which I will examine are not ex- plicitly stated in terms of the social change process. They range in the scope of their concern from an analysis of revolution, through revolutionary social movements and social movements in general, to the abstract process of social change. It is my contention that, despite this variation, each is implicitly concerned with the process of social change and each has valuable insights for such an analysis. The first such model to examined is that deve- loped by Pitirim A. Sorokin. Sorokin An understanding of Sorokin's basic assumptions regard- ing human behavior is a prerequisite to an understerfing of the analysis of the process of development of social revolu— tion. These assumptions are probably best revealed in the following statement from his book, Th§_§ggiglcry_9§_§_evolu- tion:1 . . . Human conduct is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon that, in an immense Ha jority of cases, it is determined by the inborn refle1zes and their stimuli, that the balance of conduct is achieved by way of self restriction and a complex mutual struggle of various stimuli and reactions. He explains human behavior in terms of the interplay of a number of inborn or unconditioned acts and a number of conditioned acts. These conditioned acts may be behavior habits which act as "brakes" or inhibitors of inborn re- flexes. Sorokin does not attempt to make any exhaustive list of the inborn reflexes which might be pertinent to social behavior. He implies that such a list would be extensive. Sorokin utilizes these inborn reflexes or instincts in his discussion of the circumstances from which emerge revolutions and all forms of social protest: . . If the conditions of the environment are modified in such a way that they violate the fundamental instincts of the masses, then we have to face a complete disorganization of con— duct; we stand before an outburst of the masses, a social earthquake, called riot, rebellion, revolution.3 Sorokin indicates that this "violation of fundamental instincts" is not an all or none proposition but rather a matter of degree: 1Pitirim A. Sorokin, The Sociology_ of Revolution. (Philadelphia: J.E. Lippincott Company, $57. 21bid., p. 31. 51bid., p. 23. The immediate cause of revolution is always the Qrcwth of "repression" of the main instincts of the majority of society, and the impossibility of obtaining for these instincts the necessary minimum of satisfaction. The remoter are what- ever occasions such a growth of repression.4 Sorokin does not specify the minimally required level of satisfaction. He does disc as the process by which this repression of instincts is transformed into a revolutionary expression: . . . The fundamental causes of revolution al— ways were circumstances that caused the strong- est cramp in one or several of the inherited im- pulses in very many individuals. From this is comprehensible the character of the perversion of human behavior in the first period of revolu— tion. It consists first of all in the extinction, sup- pression and weakening of numerous conditioned reactions which under the given circumstances hinder the satisfaction of the pinched heredi- tary impulses of the population. This fact is the result of pressure put by the cramped in- stincts on all opposing habits.) Sorokin views social protest in general, and revolu- tions in particular, as the result of the interplay of inborn reflexes (instincts or impulses), conditioned re- flexes (behavior habits), and external circumstances. So long as the inborn reflexes are satisfied at some unspeci- fied minimal level people will tolerate the external cir- cumstances. Uhen the external circumstances fail to allow ‘ for this minimal satisfaction of needs, the unmet n ads .— 4Ib1d., p. 367. 5I ig,, p. 34. m 10 till put sufficient pressure upon the habitual behavior patterns so as to bring about an alteration in the routine of behavior. This will achieve expression in social pro- test or revolution. In other words, unmet needs will cul- minate in an attempt to alter the external circumstances in such a manner that the needs may be satisfied. while Sorokin does not provide us with an exhaustive list of basic needs, he does list a number which, if re- pressed, may result in revolution. Among these he includes the repression of the alimentary reflexes (the reflex of eating) by famine; the repression of the impulse of pro- perty by growth of economic differentiation; the repression of the instinct of individual self-preservation by executions, slaughter, wars, etc; the repression of the instinct of group preservation by persecution; the repression of the sex instinct which includes jealousy, sexual property rights, etc.; the repression of the impulse of freedom; and the repression of other innate or acquired tendencies such as the reflex of self-expression of inherited abilities. Sorokin proposes that those the are most restricted will be the most prone toward revolution and the most radical. This hypothesis will be discussed at a later point. While Sorokin views the repression of basic instincts 1 as the prime cause of revolution, he does not view it as a sufficient condition. he points out that the co-existence of a second condition is necessary for the development of a revolution: Besides a universal restriction of fundamental instincts, there is another condition necessary in order to bring about a revolution; such a condition is an insufficient and incompetent re- sistance to the revolutionary outbreak kindled by restricted instincts. . . . Athat is_/ inca— pacity of the authorities and groups in power: (a) to meet the growing pressure of restricted instincts with a counter pressure sufficiently strong to balance it; (b) to remove or weaken the conditions that produce the restriction; (e) to split and divide the restricted groups to sections and to set them against each other . . thus weakening the enemy; and (d) to provide an outlet for other restricted instincts in non-revolutionary forms. Sorokin views this inability of the ruling class to prevent the revolution as being something apart from the relation- ship of innate needs, conditioned behavior habits, and ex- ternal conditions. Sorokin breaks the revolution into two phases. The first stage he describes as dominated by innate reflexes: . . . The revolutionary perversions consist in the biologization of the behavior of the multitude. . . . The more restraining habits are extinguished the stronger this biologiza— tion. . . . hith the release of these "brakes" in the form of religious, moral, legal, and other habits declared to be "prejudices" by revolution the hereditary reflexes attain full freedom. . . . Side by side with the extinction of the restraining habits in the same first period of revolution we see the appearance and strength- ening of new conditioned reactions acting not as "brakes" but, on the contrar‘, aiding the satisfac ion of the pinched hereditary ten- dencies. 6Ibid., pp. 397-98. 71bid., p. 36. 11 Sorokin provides a description of the process whereby the domination by innate impulses produces pressures for the revolution to shift into its second stage. This stage is characterized by the gradual re—emergence of conditioned reflexes: . . . In the second as opposed to the first period of revolution we see: 1. the biologic essence of behavior is beginning to be draped in conditioned brake-habits, extinguished dur— ing the preceding stage. A "restoration" or "regeneration" of an immense majority of then takes place, partly in their old, partly in a new changed form. 2. Therefore the restrain- ing processes begin to dominate over agitation, "socialization" over biologization, "inhibition” over impetuous action. 3. The "beautifying" habits created in the preceding period also disappear as no expansion but a restraint of primary impulses occurs here they become use— less and baseless, and fade under the pressure of brake stimuli.C Sorokin sees the revolution progressing from its first into its second stage for the same reasons that it began. Eany peOple cannot achieve a minimal level of satisfaction for their basic needs. Let us now trace the outlines of the perver- sion of the behavior during the second period of the revolution, in the phase of decline. As a result of the wild play of excited primary impulses anarchy comes in. The revolutionists begin to fight among themselves. . . . Every adaptation to life and life itself becomes diffi- cult, if not impossible. In these conditions the primary instincts begin to be pressed even more strongly than before. Trying to find an outlet from this unendurable situation they be- gin to exert a pressure upon and to restrain each other. In this way the first "brakes" come into action. Exhaustion of energy . . . leads to the same results. . . . As in the pre— 3Ibid., pp. 39-40. cec ina period the primary impuls s reache their "boiling point” and ‘u»~n i»ein;s we vrute alised to the utmost; it now becomes necessary to introduce the rudest and stron - est brakes to direct their wild play. Such measures are usually administered in the form of ”white" or "red" terror. . . . J. Li I" e After th’s period of quellin3 mad society con es a period of eel tain awakenin3 out of apathy, followed oy the 1““ldntiL5 of brake habits. The latter . . . 3radually . . . grow over the heredi ta r;r reflexes . . . and thus they gradua1.ly 3e: in to replace the me- chanical and stron3 brakes of terror aid com- pulsion. . . . nithout repres .sion and oppres- sion revolution may become a perman nt social state sooner or later leadix3 society to per- dition.9 While Sorokin treats revolution as bein3 a process that can be divided analytically into t. .o sta es, it seems that one may view his conceptualization as a four-stage process. The first stage is th period where conditioned reflexes and external circumstances combine in such a man- ner that a large segment of society cannot achieve a minimal level of satisfaction of their basic needs. In the second sta3e pressures built up by the unsatisfied needs destroy the inhibiting behavior habits and lead to the ascendancy of the primary needs. In the third stage the free rei3n of innate impulses inhibits the possibility of satisfying these needs and, thus results in the re—emergence of con— ditioned reflexes into dominance over innate impulses. The fourth period may be viewed as the sta3e in which routinized living patterns are characteristic of the social order. The revolution is over and the populace behaves primarily in terms of habitual behavior patterns. 0 H) p The utilization Jtages for analytical purposes must not be allowed to obscure the fact that this is viewed as a continuous process of development and iot as a series of discrete and unrelated plateaus. Each sta3e gradually emerges out of the pressures inherent in the preceding one. Each sta3e develops the pressures which lead to the emer- gence of the subsequent stage. Edwards 1 - 1.3 - 1 \‘ LliS LOGIC, T..e ”..- Lyford R. Edwards presents a model in Satural History_g§,Revolution1U, thich is similar to Soro- kin's model as it focuses on the process of develOpment of revolution. It differs in the empirical data used in its development. Sorokin analyzed the Russian Revolution and drew supplementary data from numerous other historical re- revoultions. Edwards constructed a comparative analysis of four great revolutions: the Puritan Revolution in Eng— land, the American Revolution, the Freneh Revolution, and the Russian Revolution. He utilized supplementary data from other historical revolutions to a lesser extent than Sorokin. A second difference betveen the models is in their basic assumptions regarding the 13 ure of human behavior. Sorokin's model is built upon the as umption of innate 1OLyford P. Edwards, The natural di t r 9: Revolution. 1 . s o f (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 9275. reflexes and their relationship to conditioned reflexes and external circumstances. fidrards' pedal is less biologically oriented as LO assumption of innate needs is made. In fact, Edwards makes no explicit statement re3ardin3 his assumptions on the nature of human behavior. Sorokin implicitly utilized a two-class model of society whereby people were categorized as repressors or repressed. Edwards utilizes a three-class model, categoriz- ing people as repressors, repressed, or intellectuals: All societies above the stage of barbarism have been composed of three classes of people: e:— ploiters, non-productive laborers, and produc- tive laborers. He specifies that the term "non-productive laborers" refers to intellectuals. He states that repressors or e;- ploiters are a small minority of the total population. They can only be successful in maintaining the system of repres- sion as long as they have the support of the intellectuals. Edwards' approach to social chan3e is dynamic and evo- lutionarV. Re portravs social orders progressing throumh a J l J c. e. a cycle of rise, development, and fall: Every system starts as an improvement over the previous system. . . . nut any social system, no matter how excellent at the time of its adeption, is likely to become repr ssive with the la se of time and the progress of civiliza— tion.1 Edwards utilizes a four-phase develOpmental model for successful radical revolutions. His first or preliminary sta3e is constituted of that set of conditions which exist prior to a revolution. He discusses this phase in terms of symptoms which precede a revolution. These symptoms are divided into two types: these preliminary symptoms which always occur prior to a revolution but Lhieh may occur without being followed by a revolution; and these major symptors thich never occur unless they are followed by a revolution. tors is the de- :3 The earliest of the preliminary sy* .5 r4 *3 velopment of a stage of general restlessness among large portions of the population. A certain amount of restless- ness is a normal condition of all societies. An increase in this amount above a given level may be taker as an in- dication of a basic societal roblem which forbodes ill for that society. *Edwards treats increased amounts of travel by members of a society as both an index and a concomitant development of increased amounts of restlessness. Unrest finds an outlet in travel which, in turn, increases the amount of unrest felt by both the traveller and those :ith whom 1e comes into contact. Travel results in a broadening of horizons as it exposes people to events and experiences which have not previously been part of their life. This exposure tends to create a desire for further erpcsure to these n w experiences and thus, leads to decreased satisfac- tion'with present life style. The form in which unrest is 1:7 expressed in travel differs for different socio-eoononic class levels: . . . An increase of travel does characterise any society in which a revolutionary movement is com n3 into being. The restlessness of such a society finds ex- pression chiefly among the upper and middle classes, through travel of a more or less con- ventional kind. The lower strata of society are affected in a corresponding but slipgtly different manner. There is an increas~ in hobos, tramps, and bums. h hobo may be defined as a migratory worker, while a tras‘ is a migratory non-worker, and a bum is a non—migra- tory non—wormer. 9 A second preliminary symptom is an increase in inci- dence of crime. This increase occurs especially among crimes which Edwards calls passionate crimes. These are accom- panied by increases in vice, insanity, divorce, and suiCide. .1. The second svm tom appears somewhat later tlan travelling J A- -- but exists concurrently with it for a period of time. The third preliminary symptom is of a different nature than the first two. Edwards characterizes it as the de- velopment of a particular state of mind on the part of a portion of the population: A third preliminary symptom of revolution is the establishment of a definite mental attitude —— that known as the "balked disposition." People come to feel that their legitimate aspirations and ideals are being repressed or perverted, that their entirely prOper desires and ambitions are being hindered and thwarted -— they do not know how or why.1 NU osition" results In *(3 ‘ l g The development of this "balked Q) ci- 4. ..o {-3. U154. C m in work becoming un ory and monotonous for large (0 numbers of persons. It i at his point that Edwards sees J O (D 7 _n’- -!J t individual unrest becoming social unrest through a pro of interaction among similarly affected persons. he fourth preliminary srmptom proposed by Edwards is especially interesting as it contradicts one of Sorokin's hypotheses. Sorokin postulated that the most repressed portion of society would be most prone towards revolution and the most radical. Edwards preposes the exact opposite: Revolutions do not occur when the repressed classes are forced down to the depths of misery. Revolutions occur after the repressed classes, for a considerable time, have been in the enjoyment of increasing prosperity. a marked increase of power, intelligence, and wealth in the repressed portion of society is a phenomenon invariably found in the period preceding any great revolution. It is one of r the most important symptoms of future upheaval.13 Edwards uses a "relative deprivation" basis for his discussion of the process through which a people eXperieic- ing improvements in the circumstances of their lives be- come prone toward protest and revolution: Just in proportion as the lower classes of the people become better off, they demand more social recognition, more prestige, more control over the government, over the law courts, over the church, over all the institutions of social control. As they become more intelligent they become more critical; and when conditions are not remedied, criticism passes into revolt. A smaller degree of repression is felt as more intolerable when one is "coming up in the world." People "on the make" are especially a. h‘--—-‘- -. 1r ‘ 31bid., p. 36. sensitive to any discrimination a3ainst them— selves. U The conflictin3 hyyotheses wio1oscd by Sorohin and “d- wards Lill be discussed further after other models have been cozsidered. Edwards 1m o1oses three major symptoms which never oc- cur unless they are followed by revolution. The first is the "transfer of the allegience of the intellectua ls." This refers to the process whereby a portion of the inn tellectuals to doubt the validity of the present social order and begin to question the va lute en~ bodied in it. This questionin3 takes place publicly and often throu3h the literature of the times. Hot all in- tellectuals transfer their alle 3i? nce from the oppressors to the oppressed. Some take upon ulm11;.selves the task of defending the old order. A debate takes place among the ) intellectuals. This discussion serves a valuable function to the develOpment of the revolution. The intellectuals who desert the old order provide the dissatisfied with a common symbol. They may unite and focus diffuse discontents uon a central institution and its representatives. Edwards ‘ suggests a second vital consequence of this debate: Durin3 this lon3 period of discussion an impor- tant psych0103' ice 1 chan3e takes place in the re- pressed classes. This chan3e is an enormous de- velopment of . . . the "oppression psychosis," which is the obsession that there is noth :3 much in the world except oppression; that he only object of life is to fi3ht Oppression. It 101bid., pp.34—35. is an attitude of mind that is always looking for trouble. Groups dominated by it always have a "chip on their shoulder." The; are always expecting sli3hts, dispara3eucnts, and injustices. They see oppression where there is none. They become violently self-assertive at the least opportunity. The oppression psy— chosis is important in the revolutionary pro— cess because it turns the previous acre or less passive discontent of the repressed groups into the active emotion of hate of the repressors.1 Edwards feels that hatred of the oppressors may play a key role in the deveIOpment of unity among otherwise diverse groups. A third consequence of this discussion period is that significant portions of the ruling class lose faith in themselves and in their cause. This contributes to the eventual success of the revolution by teakenin3 its Opposi- tion. The second major symptom of revolution is the emergence of the economic incentive. This occurs independent of the debate among intellectuals. The economic factor runs throughout the entire pre-revolution period. Its earliest form is the discontent of the repressed class with their economic conditions. As the time of the revolution approaches d H (.0 it assumes a formal and recognized importance. Edwa points out that this has a social as well as a material as- pect: It should not be ass med that the economic in- centive is merely base and selfish. At its. worse it is a desire for a better economic order. It is at the same time, and perhaps mainly so, a desire for status. The repressed class who desire ‘7Ib1d., :p. 54—r5. more property seek it not :erelya a I aterial value, butE because it is a mbol xrhich confers presti3e. The third szor syzptom of revolution is the formula- tion of the social myth. This is the product of thor:r in— tellectuals who have deserted the old order. E wards re— \- EH , m r- a .f— \JILJIA 3ards the social myth in the same fashion as the Thilosopher Sorel. He states: The social myth arises from a fusion of the ideas propounded by the rev wolution ry intel- lectuals alth the elemental wishes of the re- pressed class of the society concerned. Edwards illustrates the fusion of intellectual idem.s and elemental wishes with the example of the economic in- centive: Even though the confiscation of the property of the parasitic repressors may be and is regarded by revolutionists as essentially just and moral, it can be made to seem so only by a revision of the ethical code prevailing in the older order of society. . . . . This justification is invariably a re- assertion and application of the principle that the only ultimately valid title to ozzners hip is that the owner can do more for the 3eneral wel- fare by his wnership than can anyone else. On this principle if any Chang e of ownership, by confiscation or othertis e, promotes the 3eneral -relfare, it is morally and socially justifiable and will ultimately prevail. 2C The actual outbreak of revolution occurs almost by accident. Some incident, act, or social crisis happens which, while insignificant in itself, results in the separa— tion of the repressors from the repressed, each uith their reSpective followers. The revolution is on. Even at the beginning, the revolutionaries are divided into mild reform- ers and radicals. The moderate reformers or3anize the new government and maintain control of affairs throu3hout the first phase of the revolution. Edwards calls this period of the rule of the moderates "the period of revolutionary " and tends to view it as "the lull before the storm.“ peace Edwards states that all revolutions are alike in their essential pattern through the outbreak of revolution well into the rule of the moderates. It is at this point that they differentiate themselves into abortive revolutions, moderate revolutions, or radical revolutions. ”hese three types are a result of the possible paths which a revolution may follow. There are three possible outcomes of the power struggle among the three groups existin3 at the time of the outbreak of revolution. The groups are conservatives, moderate reformers, and radicals. If the conservatives manage to overthrow the moderates the revolution is abortive. If the moderates retain power it is a moderate revolution. If the radicals dcpose the moderates it becomes a radical revolution. The remainder of Edwards' study is confined to the radical revolution. Edwards believes that the real revolution is not the fight between the conservatives and the combined moderates and radicals at the outbreak of the revolution, but is rather the battle between the radicals and the moderates after the defeat of the conservatives. The seizure of power by the radicals saves the revolution. The conservatives often have elicited foreign aid and threaten an invasion tates: (O which would wipe out the revolution. hdwards In plain English, the revolution is about to be wiped out in blood and the radicals save A _} it by wiping out its Opponents in bloc-:13—1 The rei3n of terror grows out of a combined threat of foreign invasion and inteilal insurrection on the part of conservatives and their allies. The important element of this phase is not the violence which characterizes it but the terror which is a result of violence. This terror is aimed at preventing the outbreak of civil war. Edvar s feels that the evidence supports hropotkin's hypothesis that the reign of terror is the least bloody period of re— volutions and that it results in a net savings of life. The reign of terror leads to the defeat of all Open enemies. The fear of internal revolt and/or foreign in- vasion di s. The revolutionary leaders build up an army and the government becomes more secure. is all threats to the government fade, the need for the reign of terror dis- appears and the revolution moves into its final sta3e -- the return to normalcy. The reign of terror is usually brought to an end by the same rulers who be3an it. The return to normalcy is characterized by the return into the government of relresentatives of all 3roups. The first 3roup to return is the iolitical careerists, sen pith- out political convictions who seek fine and fortune in the political are us. They return as soon as it becomes clear that the revolutionaries will be victorious. The ra ic ale can welcome the careerists, and other groups, back into the government because they have been completely victoric‘s. As Edwards it: The ra adicals become tolerant vhgn they have ton toleration for themselves.23 After the political careerists are admitted to full political participation the moderate reformers and, even- tually, th vative are welcomed back with the under- (D C) O :25 U) (D ') star dill: that the revolutionary order is permanent. The ‘- J es order is not something completely new and strange. hu- :3 hat: wards concludes t The reconstructed social order, in “ts ssential features, is much like the old systeli which the revolution aimed to abolish. The new revolutionary principles are simply fitted into place in the 1 '§‘\ old scheme of tnin3 .e/ Brintcn The model presented by Crane Brinton in T23 Anatomy 3; 24 Bgvolution sembles those presented by Soroh n and Edwards as it also focuses on the process of development of revolution. 221bid., p. 194. 25Ibid., pp. 19 5-96. 1? 24Crane Brinton The Anatonv gf Revolution (new fork: ~— fl ”1 int. Lorton a 00., Inc., 199» It differs n that Brinton considers the proc ss only as it occu‘s in successful, popular, post—medieval western revo- lutions carried out by a Lajority agains a privileQed minority in the name of "freedor." he ignores rightist re— volutions and abortive revolutions. This difference is more apparent than real. Brinton drew his data from the same four revolutions as Edwards. Lih Edwards, Lrinton makes no explicit statement of his asstaptions re3ardin3 tie nature of human behavior. Brinton's model is a four-phase nodel. The first phase consists of the preliminary signs of the coming revolu- tion. Brinton found in all four of the societies that the government was in severe economic trouble for years preced- ing the outbreak of revolution. He emphasizes that it was only the government, and not the society, which was in finan— cial trouble. He feels that none of the revolutions were related to economic poverty of either the society or a sig- nificant segment thereof. He does not deny the ex'stence of poverty—stricken segments within these societies ut he feels that they were not significantly related to the revo- lutions. The governments appear to have been inefficient, in debt, followin3 patterns of taxation which aroused many complaints, and favoring one set of econ pic in erests over others. They also appear to have lost control of the army prior to the outbreak of the revolution. Brinton supports Edvards' hypothesis that privation azd v? suffering are not sufficient to bring about a revolution. he 2 feels that it is a ~TOU3 which is economically better off u A C t prone to revolt. he state U) 01 than previously which is so There is some indication that by the twentieth century one can risk the generalization: the more prosperous the peasants, the more discon- tented.2 Brinton does not deny a role to the economic incentive. He states: Of much greater importance [than privation7 is the existence among a group, or groups, of a feeling that prevailing conditipns limit or hinder their economic activity.5L This economic incentive appears to take two distinct forms. One is the dissatisfaction which results from the separation of economic wealth from political power and social prestige. The second, is the dissatisfactions re- sulting from blocked opportunities for mobility in certain significant areas of society. Brinton feels that class an- tagonisms develop as a consequence of the inability of wealth to buy political power and social distinction. The hindering of mobility opportunities appears to have even more crucial consequences for the emer3ence of the revolu- tion. The circulation of the elites is blocked by limited opportunities for careers in the professions, arts, and in white collar jobs. One clue to this problem of the circulation of of the elite may lie in a steppage of that cir- culation in a particular and very delicate spot such as the professions, and especially the 251bid., p. 74. w rh‘n .3] "intellectual nrofessions, the t is anon3 people eS‘ecially liable to file feelin3 of frustration, of being excluded from 300d thin3s. . . . Laturally enou3h, a stoppage in the circulation of the elite into journa- lism, literature, and such professions is likely to be rafidly reflected in the deser- tion of the ir itellectuals . One consequence of the desertion of the intellee tu.ils is the formulation of the social my th which, in turn, plays an importm t role in brin3in3 on the r volution. Ken may revolt partly or even mainly because they are hindered, . . . but to the world — and, save for a few hypocrities, also to themselves -~ they must appear wron3ed. Revolutions cannot do without the I.'ord "justice. "28 The next HITBIi iinary si3n of revolution occurs irhc a number of members of the rulin3 class lose faith in their class, their traditions, and their habits. A certain por— tion of these 30 over to the revolutionary group. The final preliminary si3n of revolution su33ested by Brinton appears to mer3e into the be3innin3 of the revolution. This is intense activity on the part of individuals and pressure groups increasin3ly aimed at a radical alteration of the existin3 3overnment. This 3radually ner3es into actual talk of revolution as the solution. There appea s to be a blurring of the lines between the pre—revolutionary period and the outbreak of the revolution. There is a 3ra- dual increase of protests, pamphlets, plays speeches, and other activities aimed against the government. This develops into riots, street fi3htin3, and other force of collective behavior. The government fails to live up to its reputation for oppression as it cannot stem the tide of revolt. It would appear that the outbreak of the revolution is unplanned. Brinton states that the leaders are often not aware the the revolution is under way for several days after its be— ginning. This initial period of uncontrolled, seeming y normless period of behavior gives rise to the rule of the moderates. The moderates cannot tolerate the undisciplined looting, fightin3, and beatin s. They desire some semblance of order and routine in life. They have a sense of propriety. In such chaotic conditions, indeed, it would seem that the action of the moderates is a uniformity of revolutions. Their sentiments and training impel them to try and put a stop to disorder, to salvage that they can of es— tablished routine.2 The first period of the revolution is characterized by the rule of the moderates. They are constantly threatened by groups farther to the left. The locus of power gradually shifts from ri3ht to center to left. Each crisis results in the newest ruling group splittin3 into a relatively more conservative wing holding power and a more radical win3 in opposition. This process continues until the radical er- tremists achieve power. Brinton indicates that this movement from ri3ht to left never goes all the way. Lhile an extreme radical group does achieve power, there is still another even more so which remains in opposition. 29Ibid., p. 93. W H) The second period 0 the revolution is ushered in with the accession to power of the radicals. This is the rei3n of terror and virtue. The radicals are essentially Euritans. They are moralists. They know right from wron3 and thev will be certain that ri3ht shall triumph even if it takes oceans of blood to insure it. How else could men of princi- ple behave? In time, this 3reat revolutionary zeal begins to wane. Life doesn't seem to be so bad to the revolution- aries when they are in a posit on of power and privilege. The time has come to consolidate the 3ains of the revolution and so the revolution moves into its final stage -— therniicr. The life of the ideal is gone by now. The new ruling class settles dowl to do as 300d a job as it can. But it clearly intends also to enjoy life, to possess the privileges and wealth a ruling class has hitherto always had. This new ruling class is certainly not goin3 to achieve Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, for everyone in the society. It is quite content with the stratification which has wormed itself out during the revolution.)0 Elements of former governments are readmitted in an attempt to consolidate the 3ains of the revolution throu h the development of a stable government. These groups return in the Opposite order to which they were driven out. They return from left to right until portions of the old guard are restored to power. The revolution has run its course. It is over. But it has not ended without some accomplish— ments. Economic power has changed hands. There is a new rulin3 class. The worst abuses and the worst inefficiencies ' 0 b 3., p. 2:2. ”- b3 of the old regime are eliminated. Brinton doubts the extent to which the revolution has altered the life of the avera3e citizen. It does appear that our revolutions had but slight permanent effect on thefiimportant little thin3s of life for John Jones.J- Perhaps it is the case that each revolution in its de- mise leaves the seeds for the next planted firmly in the fabric of the social order. Darson and Gettys A different type of approach is evident in the model presented by Carl A. Dawson and Warner E. Gettys in éE £3339- duction Tg,Soci0103v.32 They are not concerned with revolu— tions per g3, They focus on the entire process of social change and the manner in which it relates to all forms of collective behavior. They develop a four-stage model for use in studying a social movement. This Lodel is derived from an analysis of the Wesley hethodist hovement in England. Dawson and Gettys' approach to the process of social change is best seen in their own statement: Social change, viewed broadly, may be discerned as a series of movements. . . . At times they are feeble and almost imperceptible, sometimes they are pronounced, and sometimes they are ex- plosive. Some of the movements are of short duration, others are of long duration. . . . Some movements are seemingly tithout direction or goals, others become organized and led in 3‘Ibid., p. 281. 320arl A. Dawson, and warner R. Gettys, 5n Introduction Engociologv (Part IV. 3rd Editi n; New Yorh: The Ronald Press Company. 1948). terms of idealized and ultimate objectives. . . . Both types of movement belong 'n the category of collective phenomena in that they a1e inter- actional responses of I1.umbers of people to the stimulating conditi01m of their environments. Such movements grow out of and are conditioned by the vishes and attitudes of the people, which, in turn have their orig in n the cultural matrix of their time. Both moveL1ents represent efforts toward more satisfying personal adjustments or more efficient socia a1 orgal lization, but, in the case of the ephemeral and directionless move- ments, he efforts are liLely to be unselfcon- cious and irrational. In the case of the or- ganized $0018 1 movements, the efforts are more consciously purposeful. Under certain condi— tions the former type may t: he on rationally defined goals and thus develop the characteris- tic features of the latter type. In either case the former represents tendencies toward change -- usually random, sporadic, and often- times unpredictable -- while the latter shows tendencies to form identifiable trends of chan .53 Dawson and Gettys see an intimate relationship between social change and social movements. They perceive social movements as the vehicle through which social change is effected. They go further and relate all forms of collective behavior to social change. . . . The amorphous, poorly organized, and large- ly aimless collective responses discussed [Elemen- tary forms of collective behavior;7 are indica— tive of social change, . . . they imply the dis- integration of the old and the emergence of the new, and . . . they may affect the course of change in the direction of social reorganization to the extent that they combine to constitute trends. Thus, they have a dual role in social change: as symptoms of unrest and disorganiza- tion and as possible tendencies vhich may culmi- nate to establish trends of change toward a n w order of life. If and when collective resyonse tendencies begin to assume culmulative aspects, Balbid. , pp. GOO -01 . ”I. to take a rather definite direction toxards some more or less clearly defined goal, and to display other than elenentary, spontaneous mechanisms of control, there is evidence of the beginning of the development of a social movement.3* They View elementary forms of collective behavior as an index of a potentiality for change in the society. They feel that these forms emerge out of the breakdown of the old order and are the basis upon which a new order may be con- structed. This is not an automatic process. The elementary forms of collective behavior may or may not become crystallized into a social movement. The elementary forms of collective behavior do not emerge full blown out of the social order as it exists at a given time. Dawson and Gettys visualize a state of social unrest as a pre-condition for collective behavior. Before individuals can be brought to behave collectively, they must come under the influence of some excitement that is common and collective. Back of such behavior there is some exciting factor or factors in the situation to bring the individuals involved under the spell of a mood in which each shares and which comes to dominate their behavior. They respond to each other in interaction and manifest like responses to the common stimulus . . . . A wish that is balked, inhibited, or suppressed . . . tends to arouse tension and to excite restless behavior. This restlessness, ex- pressed by one individual, will communicate itself in turn to other individuals, parti- cularly those individuals who are receptive by reason of their own assorted discontents or unmet desires . . . . Through interaction the restlessness has now become social unrest, a precondition of collective behavior. my—q—a -V-I'_! in: n 6': '1; .1- . . . The spread of individual restlessness until it becomes a pervasive social unrest is a selective process, affecting only those persons who are prepared to respond . . . . Observation shows, homever, taat collective behavior eventuates when there is a conjunc- tion of an exciting situation and a number of suggestible individuals who respond to a common stimulus and to the restive behavior of each other.35 Dawson and Gettys postulate that the natural history of all or anized social movements follows a uniform pattern. They tend to pass through four definite stages of development —— the preliminary stage of social unrest, the popular stage of collective excitement, the stage of fornal organization, and the stage of institutionalization. Some movements die at early points, but all successful movements pass through these four stages. The characteristics of the first stage of social unrest can be best presented in Dawson nd Gettys' own words. The evidence of social unrest which precede a social movement appear first in the restless behavior of individuals, in local disorders, wandering individuals, and crimes of passion, in the increase of vice, of insanity, and of agitation. The restlessness tends to spread and become social; tensions increase; attention wanders and fixes itself first on one individual line of action, and then on another. At this stage there is no organization except in the most rudimentary sense. There is no discipline, merely a loose association of individuals whose action pattern is being set up by means of their interaction. They make random, tenta- tive gestures, groping to find some basis for corporate action. It should be noted further that the preliminary 551b1d., pp. 602-04. —” Ks} stage in the develo;ment of this movement [the nesley hethodist Lovement7 was marked by governmental and ecclesiastical ineffi- ciency, if not outright corruption; by a condition in which men of ability . . . were shut out of careers of importance; by a move on the part of intellectuals to- ward a Katural-religion cult; and by a general cultural drift in the direction of revolutionary change. These are charac- teristicszof the beginning phase of social movement./“ Dawson and Gettys state that the major social form pre— sent in this stage is the ’psychological mass" or at most an association. The predominant type of leader is the agi- tator. They follow Blumer (to be discussed later) in dis- tinguishing two types of agitators which correspond to two types of situations. The first type of situation is marked by extreme abuse, discrimination, and injustice accepted by the people as their mode of life. They do not protest. The type of agitator that appears here is calm, quiet, and dignified. He stirs people into challenéing and questionins their way of life through what he says. 4e creates unrest where none existed previously. The second type of situation is one in wrich the people are already aroused. restless, and discontented. The agita- tor that appears in this situation is excitable, restless, and aggressive. Through his own example he helps to inten- feel. There is a gradual transition from the first stage into 4 v v I sify, direct, and release the tensions that the people alread; ‘Jl \ the second. As the wishes of pa rs011s involved in the inter— action come to pos sess new formulations and as restlessness is communicated through the conta- gious expression of the several signs of unrest, there is a tendency for attention to be more narrowly focused on some object or aim, for the state of ex pecta :1cy to be heightened, and for activity to increase, These features indicate that the movement is entering its second phase, the popular stage.)7 The unrest originally developed out of the general situation existing at the time. In this second stage it tends to become focused on some object. The object may re— main nebulous for a time but functions to focus atte11tion. It serves as an outlet for the restlessness of the group by enabling them to direct their action to1aard a corsmon symbol. There is a tendency for the participants in a move- ment to formulate some ideal and which is sufficiently remote so as to have a near unive sal appeal. This stage is also characterized by the appearance of other representations in- cluding collective illusions, myths, superstitions, and doc- trines. This is a period of conflict between the adherents and the opponents of the movement. Ea ternal criticisr leads to a heightened self-consciousness on the part of the ad- herents to a movement. This is a major contributing factor to the transition into the third or formal stage. The social form becomes transformed from the mass into the crowd in the second stage. Leadership comes from the DrOphet or reformer type. The prOphet reveals messages or a (.\ \C) 0 37Ibid., p. ”- new philosophy of life to the disturbed mass, while the re- former leads attachs against specific evils in an attempt to bring hem into line vith conventionally accepted ideal standards. The reformer supports the existing ideal standards of behavior a.d attempts to male them the operating code. The prophet advocates a new ideal set of standards. The mechanisms of the first stage were agitation, imi- tation, suggestion, and milling. The mechanisms of the se- cond stage c ntinue to be the same set but with a changed use. They are focused on a tentative object. There is an effort to develop esoirit dg corps and a social myth. The transition of a movement from the second to the third stage is a little more clear and easy to recognize than the transition from the first to the second. Social issues arise when the movement has developed to a point where its aims, now be- coming defined with clarity, are Challenged. There is no issue when the movement is inchaote and unformed. The issue comes when the collec- tive representations and leadership clash with other forces of public opinion. In fact, the crisis may be said to occur mien the program of action is decided upon . . . . From this point on, the movement gradually passes over into the next phase of its naturalqhistory' -~ the stage of formal organization.90 By the third stage, the motives which inspired the movement have becone fixed and goals are established. The movement is organized around a leadership and a progran. It has developed a structure supported by a body of tradi— tions. It has reacted to external criticism Hit; the 381b1d., p. 704. w ‘3} “:3 development of a set of norms formally stated in a creed or dogma and expressed in ritual. The r solution of the issues which gave rise to the movement is crucial if the movement D is to succeed. The issues are deliberated and discu sed. (I A transfer of the allegiance of some segment of intellectuals occurs. If the movement achieves acceptance in public opinion and receives support from the current mores, it becomes es- tablished as an institution. The public is the form of collectivity which predominates in the third stage. The leader is the statesman. He states the ideology of the movement and prOposes measures to realize its interests. The significant mechanisms are those which are effective in develOping morale and group ideology. Propoganda plays an important role. The fourth and final stage of development is the stage of institutionalization. A successful movement may produce a lasting organization such as a labor union, a nation, or a denomination. These organizational products of successful social movements become established as social forms. Dawson and Gettys quote Bluner's description of the institutional stage. . . . By the development of the fourth stage the movement acquires organization and form, a body of customs and traditions, established leadership, an enduring division of labor, social rules and so- cial values —— in short a culture a social or- , 9 ganlzation, and a new scheme of life.J> 39Ibid., p. 70?. The social form has completed its evolution into that of society. The leader is the administrator. gis major function 18 to translate policy into action. The mechanisms of established routine take precedence over personality. Dawson and Gettys do not see institutionalization as being the end of the process of social change. dith the emergence of an established institu- tional pattern out of an evolving social move- ment, the latter has reached the concluding stage of its life history. The more spectacu— lar and what are probably tae most significant modes of social change come about through the reorganization and transformation wrought by types of social movements similar in their natural history to the one just analyzed. The termination of a social movement in a new social order or in a reformed institution indicates that the change is complete and rela- tively permanent and will remain so until the time when fresh social contacts and accelerat- ed interaction result in a new state of unrest and an increase in social and personal disor- ganization. Then a new trend of social change in the form of a movement will occur.40 Bluner Ho The model presented by Herbert Blumer in his class c essay on collective behavior41 is sim lar to that presented by Dawson and Gettys. It also considers the total proc es of social change and its relation to collective behavior. here is considerable similarity in the conclusions presented by each of these works. Each work has undergone a number 0f revisions during which Dawson and Gettys and Bluner built 4ofbid. _, 41Herbert Blumer, "Collective Behavior". in Alfred L. Lee, Principles of Sociology, (Ken York: Barnes and hoble, 1110.1955). 767—2225. upon each other's statements. This process of interaction has resulted in considerable agreement. I feel that it is worthwhile examining the work of each separately because of their somewhat different foci. Daxson and Gettys prinarily focus on the stages of evolution of social movemen s while Blumer emphasizes the process and mechanisms of this evo- lution. It seems profitable to begin wit; Blumer's conception of social order and the general relationship between social change and collective behavior. A social order can be regarded as consisting of the following elements, among others. First,a body of common expectations, upon the basis of which people are able to co-Operate and regulate their activities to one another. This procedure yields them customs, traditions, rules, and norms. Secon , a set of values which are attached to these expectations and which determine how important they are, and how readily people will adhere to them. Third, the conceptions which people have of themselves in relation to one another and to their groups. And, fourth, a comeon subjective orientation 'n the form of dispositions and moods. This conception of social order enables one to understand more readily . . . that in studying collective behavior we were concern- ed uith the process of building up a social order. In the early stages of this process, collective behavior is uncertain in character and relatively unorganized. The elementary and spontaneous types aspear. In them, one sees most clearly the primary mechanisms of association. As the interaction between people continues, collective behavior secures form and organization. There appear new n- pectations, new values, new conceptions of rights and obligations, and new taste: and moods. . . . In general we can say that move- ments centering around the mechanisms of the public give rise to the political phase of the social order; those using primarily the nechanisns of the crowd an: of rcpport e vs rise to a moral order, Did a seeied order; and those, like fashion, which stress the mechanisms of the sass, yield subjective orientations in the for; f common tastes and inclinations.42 Elumer sees collective behavior as arising ozt cf condi- tions of unrest. He distinguishes between restlessness among many individuals and social unrest. Social unrest only exists when restlessness DECOLGS contagious throu3h a process of circular reaction. Individual unrest occurs when peogle have various de— sires, inpulses, or dispositions which the 7 cannot satisfy in their current social environnent. They tend to experience discomfort, frustration, insecurity, -Wli enation, and loneli- ness. This tension is often eXpres sed in the form of ran- dom activity. This activity is erratic, lacking in consis- tency, and similar to a form of proxlin3. Blumer states that one characteristic of social unrest is the r andom nature of behavior. People move around in an erratic wa;r without any clearly understood goals or objectives. There is an e: :citcd feeling, usually in the form of vague apprehensions, alarm, fears, insecurity, eagerness, or aroused pugnacity. This state is conducive to runors. PeOple are irritable and su33estible. They are responsive to new stimulations and ideas. Individual unrest say be trarsformed into social unrest. Social unrest plays a cru- ciad.rple in social change. PO 42Ibid., p. 2 1. These remarks indicate the in ortant role of social unrest. On the one hand, it is a symp- tom of disruption or break n3 down of the order of living. tn the other hand, it si3nifies in- cipient preparation for new ferns of collective behavior. The latter point is particularly of importance. In a metaphorical sense, social unrest can be thought of as a condition which is unorganized, unregulated, fluid, and active. Usual routines of activity have broken down, and individuals have been rendered malleable. social unrest may be regarded as the crucible out of which emerge new forms of or3anized activity —— such as social movements, reforms, revolutions, religious cults, spiritual awakenings, and new moral orders. In itself, it may be thought of as having the potentiality of many diverse expressions: that is to say that the alterna- tive forms of newly organized activity into whichbsocial unrest may resolve tself are KEITH] o .-, J Blumer calls the typical forms which social unrest may take the elementary forms of collective behavior. They are elementary because they appear naturally and spontaneously. They are the simplest says in nhich people may interact col- lectively. They have the potentiality of developin; into more complicated forms. The basic elementary form is milling. hillin3 is almost a pure form of circular reaction. People move around among each other in random fashion becomin3 increasingly preoccupied with one another and decreasingly responsive to other sources of stipulation. The concept of rapport refers to this situa— tion. There is a propensity for quick, direct, and unwit- tilg response. People are more disposed to act together than separately. 43Ibid., p. 173. Collective excitement is thc second elementary form and teaent tJ. refrrs to a more intense form of milling. The one of one individual becomes contagious and spreads to others. There is a loss of normal control. People become more emo- tionally aroused and more likely to be carried away by im— pulses and feelings. They are more unstable and irr sponsi- ble. This opportunity for the relapse of tensions may lead to a reorganization in sentiments, habits, and personality traits. Intense and widespread collective excitement may de- velop into social contagion. Rapport and the unreflexive response of individuals to one another become pronounced. Social contagion attracts and infects persons who previously were bystanders or spectators. This is brought about by a lowering of self-consciousness and ability to interpret the activity of others. Collective excitement induces peeple to give way to previously restrained dispositions. The elementary forms of collective behavior unite people on the most primitive level and lay the basis for the development of more enduring forms of unification. They may give rise to one of the four elementary social groupings: the acting crowd, the expressive crowd, the mass, OI'the public. Blumer considers these social groupings as elementary as they arise spontaneously. Their action is not determined by existing cultural patterns. There are four essential steps in the process of forma— ‘tion of crowds. The first step is the occurrence of an ex- citing event which captures attention and arouses interest. This creates a state of tension or spur to action in many persons. This leads to the milling process which in turn intensifies the incipient excitement. killing creates and disseminates a common mood, feeling, or emotional impulse which leads to marked rapport. A common object of attention may emerge and become the focus of the impule-s, feelings, and imagery of the people. A crowd objective emerges out of interstimulation. The members of the crowd develop a common impulse oriented toward the same ima e, and have the su*port of a strong collective feeling. This is the condi- tion which may lead to the aggressive behavior of an acting crowd. The acting crowd is a spontaneous, momentary thing lacking in tradition, conventions, established expectations, or rules. It acts on the basis of impulse. It differs from the expressive crowd in that it has an external objective while the latter does not. The expressive crowd releases tension through simple expressive actions which have no other purpose. It develops in the same manner as the acting crowd except it does not develop an objective or a plan of action. The mass differs from either type of crowd. It has little interaction or exchange of experiences among its Inembers. It is very loosely organized and cannot act with Luaity. Its members are anonymous individuals drawn from all s ocial strata . The fourth elementary collective grouping is the public. Its crucial characteristic is discussion and disagreement. The characteristic of the crowd is rapport and the character- istic of the mass is like individual responses to stimuli. The public develops around an issue. he term ublic is used to refer to a group of people {a} who are confronted by an issue, (b) who are divided in their ideas as to how to meet the issue, and £0) who engage in dis- cussion over the issue. 4 It is possible for a public to be changed into a crowd. It the members of a public are stirred by an appeal to a common sentiment they may mill and develop rapport. Blumer feels that there is a greater tendency in modern life for the public to be replaced by the mass. modern mass communications agencies, multiplication of public issues, and other factors combine to reduce the amount of discussion and increase the amount of action through individual selection. Blumer perceives the elementary social groupings as playing a role in social change through deve10pment into social movements. Social movements can be viewed as collective enterprises to establish a new order of life. They have their inception in a condition of unrest, and derive their motive power on the one hand from dissatisfaction with the current form of life, and on the other hand, from wishes and hopes for a new scheme or system of living. The career of a social movement depicts the emergence of a new order of life. In its beginning, a social movement is amorphous, poorly organized, and without form; the collective behavior is on the primitive level 44Ibid., p. 189. '~ .. U1 that we have already discussed, and mechanisms of interaction are the elementary, spontaneous mechanisms of which we have spoken. As a social movement develops it takes on the character of a society. It acquires organization and form, a body of customs and traditions, established leadership, an enduring division of labor, J. social rules and social values —— in short. a . culture, a social organization, and a new scheme of life.‘5 Blumer breaks social movements down into three types: general social movements, specific social movements, and expressive social movements. He feels that general social movements, e.g., labor movement, peace movement, youth movement, women's movement, emerge out of the background of a general cultural drift or gradual and pervasive change in values. This development of new values alters the manner in which people view themselves and their conditions of life. They develop new desires and, consequently, dissatis- faction with the status quo. These new images are vague and indefinite and lead to behavior which lacks a definite aim. This behavior gradually develops a general direction, though still greping and unco-ordinated, and becomes a general social movement. General social movements lack established leadership, recognized membership, guidance, or control. The movement is widespread, carried on by separate individuals and small groups scattered throughout the society. It meets with success here and failure there. It usually has a literature of protest. The literature is as varied and ill-defined as 451b1d., p. 199. the movement. The literature spreads the message of discon- tent. It creates dissatisfaction and fosters hope. The form of interaction in a general social movement is primarily reading and small group discussion with some imitation of ex- amples -- in short, the mechanisms of mass behavior. A specific social movement develops when the dissatisfactions, hopes, and desires become crystallized and focused on a specific objective. It is conceivable that more than one specific movement may emerge out of the same general social movement. Blumer classifies specific social movements as reform and revolutionary, depending upon the scope of their objec- tives. A reform movement seeks to change a specific segment of the social order while the revolutionary movement seeks to reconstruct the entire social order. This leads to a different vantage point of attack. The reform movement accepts the prevailing ideal value system and attempts to alter practice to conform with it, while the revolutionary movement attacks that very set of values. Consequently the reform movement is considered to be respectable while the revolutionary movement is considered to be the Opposite. This leads to a difference in operating procedures and tac- tics. The reform group operates within the public opinion process attempting to win the allegience of a middle—class public. The revolutionary group attempts to win converts from the lower class or underprivileged. Blumer feels that these differences lead to their performing different func- tions. The primary function of the reform movement is probably not so much the bringing about of social change, as it is to reaffirm the ideal values of a given society. In the case of the revolu- tionary movement, the tendency to dichotomize the world into those who have and those who have not, and to develop a strong, cohesive, and uncompromising group out of the latter, makes its function that of introducting a, new set of essentially religious values.4O Specific movements have a well defined objective which they attempt to reach. They develOp an organization with an accepted leadership, a recognizable membership, a body of traditions, a guiding set of values, a philosophy, a division of labor, and a general strategy with corresponding tactics. All of this develops gradually throughout the natural history of the movement. Blumer utilizes Dawson and Gettys' four-stage model of a movement but primarily focuses on the mechanisms through which it evolves. He groups these mechanisms under five headings: (1) agitation, (2) deve10pment of espirit d3 cores, (3) development of morals, (4) the formulation of an ideology, and (5) the deve10pment of operating tactics. Agitation plays its primary role in the first stage. It is a means of exciting people and awakening them to new desires and ideas. It makes them restless and dissatisfied. Blumer breaks agitation into two types to correspond to two possible situations. This was discussed in the earlier section on Dawson and Gettys. Agitation primarily serves to arouse people and get them to participate in the movement. 46Ib1d., pp. 213-13. _‘_,- “n‘ 'w- Mr 1". - _ A _—fiu’. .. A A ‘O‘ Other mechanisms are needed to give the movement solidity and persistence. One such mechanism is espirit g3 corps. Espirit fig ggrp§_organizes feelings on behalf of the movement. It has its basis in the developed feeling of rapport. It develops feelings of mutual sympathy and res— ponsiveness which make Concerted action possible. It grows in a movement as a result of an in-group-out-group relation, the formation of an informal fellowship association, and formal ceremonial behavior. It plays its major role in the second stage serving to give a movement life, enthusiasm, and vigor. This is not sufficient to sustain a m vement. The movement must also develop morale. Morale gives persistency and determination to a movement. It is an enduring collective purpose that enables a movement to maintain itself in the face of adversity. Morale appears to be the product of a set of convictions. These include a conviction of the recitude of the purpose of the movement, a faith in the ultimate attainment of the goal of the move- ment, and a belief that the movement is endowed with a sacred mission. Blumer states that the develOpment of these con— victions is essentially a matter of developilg a sectarian attitude and a religious faith. One contributing factor is the emergence of a saint cult. These cults often have a major saint and a number of secondary saints. Other factors found in all social movements are a creed, a sacred litera— ture, and a social myth. Group ideology consists of a body of doctrines, beliefs, and myths. It is made up of five parts: (1) a statement of the premises and objectives of the movement, (2) a body of criticism of the existing structure that the movement wishes to change, (3) a defense doctrine which justifies the meals, (4) a body of belief regarding the U movement and its policies and tactics of the movement, and (5) the myths of the movement. The ideology often has tto aspects. One is a scholarly and erudite aspect develOped in response to criticisms by on side intellectuals. Lhe second largely consists of emotion-laden symbols and is directed toward the masses. It deals vith the basic tenants of the movement in a form designed for popular consumption. hlumer sees the ideology as having a number of functions. The ideology of a movement may be thougpt of as providing a movement with its philosophy and its psychology. It gives a set of values, a set of convictions, a set of criticisms, a set of arguments, and a set of defenses. As such, it furnishes to a movement (a) direc— tion, (b) justification, (0) weapons of attack, (d) weapons of defense, and (e) inspiration and hope.4 Tactics are evolved along three lines: gainin. a.herents, holding adherents, and achieving objectives. The tactics 188d by a specific movement are geared to a particular situa- tion at a particular time. Blumer makes no attempt to relate these mechanisms to particular stages in the evolution of a social movement. He indicates that they are essential to this entire process 47113111., p. 211. I- (l‘ and they occur in the order presented. The third type of social movement, in addition to _eneral and specific, is the expressive movement. Religious move- ments and fashion movements are two examples. Blumer does not believe that this type of movement is directly related to social change. The characteristic feature of expressive move— ments is that they do not seek to change the institutions of the social order or its objec- tive character. The tension and unrest out of which they emerge are not focussed upon some objective of social change which the movement seeks collectively to achieve. Instead, they are released in some type of expressive be- havior which, however, in becoming crystallized, may have profound effects on the personalities of individuals and on the character of the social order.48 They may serve to dissipate tensions which might othertise lead to change—oriented behavior. Ho er Rex D. Hopper presents a model in his essay on the re- volutionary process which is of a different order than those previously presented.49 All of the previous theorists at- tempted to make original contributions. Hopper expressly attempts to synthesize the works of others. All of the works that he draws upon have been discussed above. The one dis- tinctively different theory about this work is Hopper's con- ception of the nature of human behavior and of social order 481b1d., p. 214. 49Rey. Hopper, "The Revolutionary Process", Social ERIEEE. 28 (April, 1950), 270-79. and social charpe. He defines human behavior as a function of socially- acquired attitudes toward culturally—held values. He con- siders an attitude as a tendency to act and a value as an object of interest. Thus, human behavior is a function of socially-acquired tendencies to act tomard culturally-held objects of interest. He states that the basic social ele- ments are attitude-values, vhich I interpret as simply re- fering to the conjunction of the tendency to act with the objects that action is directed toward. Social order is viewed as the system of commonly held tendencies to act to— ward a given system of values. He feels that times are or- derly, there is a state of social order or organization, when the values of the culture satisfy the attitudes of the people. Conversely, there is chaos, a state of disorder or disorganization, when the values of the culture do not satis- fy the attitudes of the people. If attitudes and values begin to diverge for any reason, the social order is disturb- ed and social disorganization sets in. Social change occurs when social disorganization results in the reorganization of attitudes and/or values. Hepper states that all significant change occurs on the institutional level. By this, he simply means that there are changes in the attitude-values that are considered to be of basic importance to the society. He calls change in the basic institutional or legally enforced values revolutionary change. Hopper presents the natural history of a revolutionary yawn-a. .3.- U1 I‘v movement by using the same four stages of development pre— sented by Dawson and lettys, but he calls them by different names. It would serve no useful purpose to repeat the lists of characteristics IOpper presents for the four stages as they have all been presented above in one place or another. These lists have been arrived at by the simple process of adding the characteristics suggested by each of the preced- ing authors. to attempt has been nade to compare and contrast. The earlier models have been abstracted and combined into one. Any rea“ der desirii g to examine the result may do so by consulting Hopper directly. Hopper does not attempt to resolve any problems which arise out of disagreement between earlier scholars. There is one point at which he does create something not presented earlier. He orders materials presented by the earlier scholars to develop the natural history of the transfer of allegiance of the intellectuals. He presents this as a six-step development. 1. With the passage of time a social system initially considered to be socially- advan— tageous comes to be seen as repressive. The repression is felt first by the "inarticulate" masses . . . . After a period of time, the "intellectuals" are infected with the discon- tent and begin to search for the causes of the repression . . . . 2. This shift of the intellectuals leads both them and the public to become victims of the "bad- man-3ood- man" fallacy . . .AThey7 con- clude that their difficulties result from the fact that their leaders are bad men .(. . [an7 that good men should be placed in control. . . . 3. however, in a society ripe for revolution this fallacious diagnosis does not lead men astray for long. Renewed search leads to the conclusion the "the real cause of the unrest C: u/"/ is to be found in certain archaic elements of the social order," and these archaic elenents are then seen to be ssociatcd hith the activi— ties of "some group or order of men." 4. Having identified what seems to be the real foundation of the repression, the intellectuals believe themselves to be under obligation to in— form the public. 50 they seek to focus the dis- satisfaction of the public on that they believe to be the source of the trouble. 5. The agitation of the intellectuals provokes a typical "period of discussion" . . . . If the intellectuals are correct in their analysis, and if the repressors are unsuccessful in their efforts to avert, direct, postpone, or abort the revolutionary movement, two developments typi ical- ly occur: (1) the repressed group becomes afflict- ed with .hat has been called "the Oppression psy— chosis," and (E) ”the ICi‘TBSE ors 3radua lly lose faith in thelnselves and in their cause.‘ 6. If the foregoing oc cu1s the time is ripe for a revolutionary fluiieatal if one more important factor is injected into the inte ractiona situa- tion: a "dynamic,“ a Iaison d_:tre is necessary and this is provided by the fabrication of the social Lrth, the product of the min s of the intellectua l.:.’W Hopper does utilize the mic k of Sorol (in, Edwards, and Brinton but he primarily relies upon Blumer and Dawson and Gettys. haisanen The model forLdulated by E‘Iederick ;aisanen is still in the process of development and has not been published. 51 It n aid in the analysis of the process of £0 is designed as social change as it relates to collective behavior. It resembles Hepper's as it is a synthesis of the work of pre- SOIbid., footnote 7, pp. 273-74- E‘ . )1Predrick daisanen, classroom notes and personal conversa 11017, vious scholars. It differs from hepper's as it is an ori- ginal contribution rather than an addition of traits. Haisanen categorizes the social change erocess into stages as presented in Chart 1. The critical form of lead— ership, degree of stability, prevailing climate of opinion, critical collectivity, critical form of coma nication and the product thereof, and the critical phases of individual learning represent levels of analysis used to differentiate the five phases. Three approaches to individual learning are treated here. They are the cognitive dissonance-con- sonance approach, the stimulus—response~reinforcement ap— proach, and the communications theory approach. The first stage is the stage of unmet needs or social unrest. The existing social order is unstable but has po- tentiality for change. The prevailing climate of opinion is diffuse anxiety. The critical collectivity is the mass. The critical type of leadership is the type I agitator proposed by Blumer. This is the agitator who appears in a situation where people are apathetic and functions to arouse the peOple, create dissatisfactions and an awareness of un- met needs, and to aid in the develOpment of a state of social unrest. The critical form of communication is one-to-one, face-to-face communication. Tne significant product of this form of communication is interstimulation. The concomitant .phases of individual learning are dissonance, stimulation, or interest—awareness depending upon one's preference for consonance-dissonance theory, stimulation-response-reinforce- E H ,OII.‘ -IC‘.‘ :1 soHpaomd soapssHE>e I mesH mme Easnpm oesopsHL zeHsa.ooqi pHnar usesmoaomcHos I omnoamem coHpsH5.Hpm satH>necH ; 0 meme: mocmsomsom lmcweemmm unwoseos mocscommwa mbcssommwp, m rm _ msmsmmcoo g _Epsnoa_ _mesoo en pHLammfl upenncmu _ :oHE EH: HE ccpeH A1 mcoHPsowcaasoo mme . _ 11w poseosm use A! ewesSOm macaw 1» eoHquHcsssoo .Ho snob A. poemuopnmosm eon ploco HcOHpH.: speaoop cHwnsm_ ucmsm>os .oom In. .mweu mpasHpomHHouln 111 {I IIIIIIL. \HsoHpHpo I :eresaanmm A.smmv QOHuaH A.EpHV coHusH means mmmHso aumHHss. COHCHoo tom eesHeoamm tom ememosom e wm>Heoamm HEHoom \. mESQMHQ .wo mpssHHn e e; T: . x thHHQEpm co LLHc,;ao)s soHpENHcawsoes u :ch .\ worsHpsoo psmHaHocH H IEMHceMsomHQ \A\mpHHHFEQECH .1 ilrlloIIIIIIII: TI, liii- rival! ‘ H r mil . soggfle 3.9.653 $324: a t- J SHHESm leoHuaqumcH mpsoame o .cseo mpsoame mmesno o mupommo Eugene pawns: HsHoom ho omsmma new «cameo eechszso o oochsmpoea momma peasr H _ soumapmHanos ewaoHuHHom QEHOHpoaH acumpHms sepsprs mflnmpmnmma nsssmmuspm ImpmHmmpdspm HH mama H came maHa peso ewesno HsHo Lmz¢mH<3 “mmmoomm Mtz¢mo AdHoom H amdro fr} 31‘. E“. ment theory, or communications theory, respectively. Stage one contains the potentiality of develOpin; into stage two but this is not an inevitable development. he model asserts that a social crisis must occur in order te bring about stage two. The second stage is the stage of unorganized change efforts. The social system is in a state of disorganization. The prevailing climate of opinion is perceived threat. The critical collectivitj is the crowd, and the critical type of leadership is the second type of agitator proposed by Blumer. This type appears in a situation there people are already restless and discontented. He helps to intensify these feelings and to focus their attention upon one cause or group of causes and to transform their feelings of dif- fuse anxiety into feelings of a perceived threat. This is what enables the emergence of unorganized change efforts. All of these are localized. There is no single leader recog— nized or followed by all involved persons. There are a num- ber of local leaders who work with a number of separate crowds, often eading them in different directions. One may observe the beginning of group—sourced communications as groups attempt to interact with one another and alter each others' direction. This group-sourced communication has a feedback effect upon the face-to—face communication from which it emerged. The face-to-face form of communication continues to play a significant role throughout this second period. The principal product of the existing form of com- 't. The three phases of individual H cunication is rapno J.‘ In learning t this stage are preliminary expressions oi dis- sonance-reducing behavior, response-reinforcement, and trial— evaluation. The group-sourced communication helps to bring about the emergence of the third stage. The third sta5e is characterized bv organized change efforts on a limited scale. The social system is in a state of incipient reorganization. The prevailing climate of opinion is perception of a limited solution. The criti- cal collectivity is h social movement. The critical type of leadership is the strategist-tactician. This is the person who foraulates ; n ral ;oals for the ncv m nt and decides upon the best methods of achieving these 3 als. The relationship between long-range goals and short—term tactics may not always seem clear to the observer but it is clear to the leader. It is made “ational in terms of his stategy or long range plan of action. Kass communications play an important role in the third stage. The movement's adherents wish to reach the larger society with their message. They require a more efficient communication technique than word-of-mouth. The earlier forms of communication continue and are further stimulated by mass communications. 7spirit g9 corps is the principal product of communication. The phases of individual learning present in stage two develop further in stage three. The fourth stage gradually develOps out of the third. This is the stage of general organized change efforts. The social system is in a state of continuing reorganization. The prevailinr climate of opinion is the perception of general \J L‘ solutions. The movement has reacned the m-mbers of the larger society; goals are sscntially accepted; and the critical debate r gards the means of implementation. In stage three people were examining specific techniques for ameliorating their discontents. n the fourth stage, the peeple perceive their discontents as integrally rooted in the social structure. They feel that they must restructure the social order if they are to eliminate the source of their discontent. Change efforts shift their focus from particular grievances to more general institutional aspects. The critical type of leader is the partisan politician. he is concerned with bringing about certain changes. He is, therefore, quite concerned with bringing converts to his side. The forms of communication present in stage three continue but they now have debate as their principal product. Partisan groups line up along a number of issues ;hich de- rive from the proposed solution. The phases of individual learning present in the second and third stages continue. Stage five will emerge if the process of debate and public opinion formation is successful in bringing about the pro- posed changes. The fifth stage is institutionalization. The social system is stable. It has been reorganized so as to eliminate the source of dissatisfactions and unrest. The prevailing climate of opinion is satisfaction. The critical collectivitv U is the society and the critical type of leader is the states- ;an-administrator. He is peculiarly a apted to that collec- d (7) tivity as he is non-partisan. The objectives which requir rv-i partisan leadership have been achieved. lne major function I I “ ' Q's -.;c’.._1.l.. , u a, T‘v T.‘ o - _ -‘ I q . n ulSflQo to aVOio C0 of the leader is to consolidate any conflict which might interfere with the attainment of these ends. His non-partisanship avoids external conflict. Reliance upon established rules and routine in the handling of internal matters tends to ninin'2e possible sources of internal conflict. The same critical forms of communication present in the fourth stage are now utilized to brin; about the principe, product of cons nsus. All of this has a con- comitant effect upon the phases of individual learning. They are non characterized by consonance, habit, or adoption. Social change for this particular tine span has achieved its culmination. The social system may, with the passage of time, create new discontents and begin a new cycle. Four assunptions, accepted by most social scientists, utatic; all .«J y.) . n underly this model: (1) cult res cannot renai f0 0 societies undergo change; ( ) societies and institutions re- sist change; (5) some societies change more rapidly than others (e.5., urban vs. folk societies); and (4) some parts of a society change more rapidly than other parts (e.g., tech- A nological vs. normative aspects).5é The more rapidly cianging 52See Melville Heskovits, ian And His Horne; The Science g£_Cultural Anthropology. (lea York: A.A. Knopf, 193C). technology will become out of phase with the M10 or changing normative structure.53 ihis discrepency bctmeen the teclno- logical and the normative structure will create tensions and dissatisfactions among a portion of the population. This sets the base line from which the process outlined in his model may begin. The direct face-to-face communication that occurs between people who are similarly affected results in interstimulation an' the creoti.on of a state of social unrest People are UROIJHDiZEQ and res erble a ness reacting individual- ly and separately to their state of diffuse anxiety. The process of change continues as described above. while this model summarizes social change within a col- lective behavior content, haisanen does not maintain that all social Chan; e takes place t1 rou h collective behavior. He cites planned diffusion of agricultural practices by agricultural experiment stations as an example of social change without collective behavior. Representatives of a stable institution go out and seek to bring about social change on a limited scale. They meet individual farmers, create dissatisfaction with present a gricultule Ll techniques, induce trial of 11 n practices, and attempt to bring about their adoption. Hhile he does accept the possibility that change may occur without collective behavior, he does not do the reverse and view any occurrence of collective behavior as being separate from the change process. He consistently 538ee Hilliam F. Nbu I, Social Ch-Ipe. (Part I": he: York: The Viking iress, 132 2). interprets collective behc- ior as an indication of potential c1a1ee. I feel that it is p ssible to vie~: planned change :ith— in the frametork of la is a1en' s nodcl. Let us examine the process. The setting is the fifth stage described in the model. The critical collectivity is the societ My the pre- V vailing climate of opinion is satisfaction; the social sys- p. U) c+ D. (3 tem is stable and institutionalized; and the lead r states Ian-admi1r ”Stl tor. The goal of this leader is to main— tain the status quo through the avoidance of internal and ex- ternal conflict. This is to be accox1plishcd by whatever noun are at the leader's disposal. One method by which tais ’( r)‘-r V . U be accor *lis ed is force and coercion. horcver, his approach creates conflict and often res Mt in snreadins discontent and bringing about the very radical recipanize tion of society which it attempts to prevent. A second method might involve anticipating sources of discontent and altering then so as to prevent their gromth and spread. Thus, preventing radical change, ins titutione l leaders may adopt the strategy of bring- ing about limited amounts of guided socie Il carnir in order to ameliorate incipient dissatisfactions, perpetuate the present institution 1 structure, and keep' themselves in a position of power. They nay note that certain g roups in the society, e.g., some types of farsers, have routines of life which are out of phase :ith p esent technol04ioal develcpnents. If they are axare of the possible consequences uhicn bhiS may have, they nav decide to attempt to bring the normative d structure of that group into line with the technological order of the society. Therefore, they nould be likely to send agents out to sect these groups (the farmers), to create dissatisfaction vith their present behavioral habits, and simultaneously demons rate the changes which may be made to bring about satisfaction. They are attempting to short circuit the larger process. This process of short circuiting still utilizes elements out of the larger process. The planned change agents are utilizing face-to-face forms of interaction in order to create discontents where none previously existed (thv function of the Type llagitator), thus creating some unmet needs, a state of diffuse anxiety, and introducing an element of instability into the social svstem. They attempt to prevent a social crisis of a larger order from occurring by causing a minor so- (a cial crisis -- such a~ the prospect of a state of relative economic deprivation for the group concerned. At the same time, these change agents also lead the group to focus their attention on some specific cause or causes of their 0 problem (the function of the Type II agitator). He aid' in I ..J the development of a perception of a threat. At the same time, he minimizes the amount of disorganization which may set in. Some of the aroused individuals may develop some form of crowd behavior in order to collectively solve the new problem. Group—sourced communication taxes place. The change agent presents a potential solution to the group con— cerned and aids them in their change efforts, both organized and unorganized. The mass nedia are util“zed in s I... preading the message. Publies may grow up around the proposed solu- tion. Debate may take place. I the change agent is success- be adopted; the people then he has V‘ n his), R; U) ful, new practice caused to be dissatisfied may become satisfied, and the socia system nay become LOIO stable through the elimination of the sources of discontent. The phases of individual learning mav also be related to this process. The change agent creates dissonance in a portion of the population (acts as a source of stimulation or creates a state of interest-awareness), the people go through a period of dissonance reducing behavior (experience— response—reinforcement or go through a phase of trial-evalua— tion), and this eventuates in consonance (the development of habit or adeption). I would conclude from this analys's that planned social change may profitably be viewed Within haisanen's model as an attempt on the part 0 the leaders in a relatively stable institutional setting to maintain the major aspects of the institutional structure through the elimination of the sources of incipient discontents. It also appears profitable to re— late it to the model through the mcnner in which it utilises certain aspects of the social change process and selectively avoids others. A social movement would perceive the problem as having an institutional basis and therefore develOp a more general change attempt. This discussion of the role of the agent of planned change also illustrates gaisanen s contention that the lead- r- - :«a '2' a. an N-- K -,. .‘ a" I ‘K r '-"_a' - are appearing in liffcrc nt stapes “a, so t sane pczson “he acts differently and performs different functions. Comparison of the hodels of_§_o ial_Chan;e Via Collective Behavior Chart 2 slows the manner in thich the nodels pres cnted by the various theorists compare in terms of relative Spacing or stages in the social change process. It should be en- phan sized the t the lc n3 th of the blocked out section is not proportio;1al to the length of ela ed time periods. The various theorists were concerned with different things. Sorokin, Ed1.ards, and Brinton vere concerned with the development of the process of revolution. EOpper was interested in the revolutionary process regardless of whether it ever tuated in a violent revolution. His only concern was that it should bring about a radical restructuring of bus institutions. Dawson and Gettys have a strong the process of social change as such, but their primary cor- oern in developing t e xeodel under consideration was in ana- lyzing the phases of develOpment as they occur in a specific social movement. Bluner and naisanen primarily focus on the process of social chanje as it takes place via collective behavior. They also differ in the type and source of data utilized in constructing their models. Scrohin analyzed the Bus sicn Revolution and brought supporting data to bear from other historical revolutions. Edyards and Brinton utilized a C) (C .sompSHo>cm mn,u. p30 H - mm .fifxo flwuoOw u d scapeMH Insane ampeaoom L smokes one coflpemfl moeapso pmemms can psmn mes usenepfioae 4 Iammea mo o sum mo seapsssom ens mesmma Iopfioxe wrong me man we evapm assnflpdpapmcH so soapsasasom mo endow Hessom omapm smasmom ususeaflaesm smeaor . I i11-..1llr(|a‘.|11l. .iil’ll ..lullwnlz .\ ci‘ll"-.u.. II‘.I.I:{G.I.."¢I’-!.OII. Illvvlll..|«l.nali.lllil.‘xutu 9... 11111. 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There is no esta olis hcd leadership for the movement as a J whole. The leadership is us us i; of the :trategist-tactician type. Then.r help the movement to ~mairfioain itself in e:~..is and to 1.1a;1;e some ter ta tivw ‘ro pint; efforts to bring; about 0" c+ change. A reat de 3 takes place anon; intellectuals the r' L; are divided into "defe nders of the old order“ and "chanpions of progress". The critical collectivity is snail—scale, separated voluntary associations. IeOplc cone tegetacr to read and discuss the literature of protest which is bein nritten and disseainated. The critical form of communication is mass comm‘nications. It has a feedback effect upon group- to-group and face-to—face ferns, which continue throughout this period. They have esoirit dg_corps as their principal product. The prevailing climate of Opinion is one of vague- ly perceived solutiors. The prevailing motivational state of mind is one of general attenpts to reduce di sonance. The entire social system is in a state of incipient reorgani- zation. There are two crucial questions which must be answer- ed at this point. Can the movement rystallize its goals 9, 0 upon some specific objective or objectives And, can it develop the ability to continue its change efforts in the face of adversity? If both questions may be answered in the affirmative, the 'eneral social movement will give birth to one or acre '4. V pecific social movements. The social system is in a state (0 of reorganization. The major type of leader is the partisan politician. He has three functions to perform. ‘irst, he must attempt to unify the separated, small-scale associations into a large-scale association. Second, he must attempt to brin; more converts to his ranks. Third, he must convince the general public of the justice of his cause. All three forms of comm 1ication will be used, pith heaviest emphasis being placed upon mass communications. The large—scale as- sociation is the critical collectivit; during the phase of consolidation and attracting converts. The public is the critical collectivity during the phase of attempts to influence public opinion. Debate betz:een intellectuals plays a cru- cial role in this latter process. Ihis debate helps to create the perception of specific solutions and to develop morale among the aovem-Lt's adherants. Thus the movement develops an esta elishcd le: dership a rec03nized mcuberei p A a well defined objective, a body of tradition, a philosophy, and a division of labor. The move next will be revolutionary or reform depending xhether it has accepted the messa e of prophet or a reformer. If the movement is successful, it will eventuate in an institution. The critical collectivity will be the society 9 (1 (A. and the major type of‘ leader will be the statesman-administra- tor. The social system pill be stable. The prevailing climate of opinion will be satisfaction. All three foras of coamuni- cation will be utilized and have stable consensus as their principal product. The motivational state of mind will be consona nce. The social cha-ge process will have run full circle and be ready to begin again then technology once Lore outstrips the normative order. I believe that the social change process may be best viewed as a cyclical process. The process moves from stage six through stages one to five and each to six again. The stage six in which it culminates is identical in general 3e six from thence it began. It characteristics to the sta differs only in its specific traits. I do not jea n to i:.ply that the er tire process is inevitable. It may become short ‘- circuited at any point in its developrent. It 3.52 CD I‘ W or more stages and eventuate in greater or lesser amounts of change. One further difference should be examined. Sorokin felt that the most repressed groups in a society would be the most prone toward protest and revolution. Both Edwards and Brinton maintain that this is not the case. sdwards, in a passa e cited earlier, sug ests that repressed groups become revolutionary only when they experience a period of risin; prosperity. This appears reasonable. Any social movement is based on a conception of a better state of affairs. It is only when one has hope that one can develop this conception and be inclined to protest. Edwards utilizes a "relative deprivation" hypothesis to explain this phenomena. He states that the peOple be- come better off economically. They demand the social pres- G tige and political power that they have seen associated with economic wealth in the past. When they do not receive this, they protest and demand a change. Brinton supports the the- sis that diverging ranks in the different status heirarchies will bring about protest and revolt. He states that separa- tion of economic power from political power and social pres- tige is a key sign portending revolution. The question regarding which groups in society are most prone towards protest is empirical in nature and must ulti- mately be settled with empirical data. However, it is worth— while examining it in the light of contemporary theory. He have available a body of theory, supported b, many empirical studies, which appears to be relevant. This is reference group theory. One of its leading spokesmen, Robert Lerton, states: The degree of dissatisfaction with their lot is often less among people in severely depressed social strata in a relatively rigid social system, than among those strata that are apparently_ better off in a more mobile social system.33 The hypothesis predicting that improvement in one's position may result in decreased satisfaction was tested and supported in a study by Form and Geschrender.56 I am inclined to accept, subject to eapirical test, the conclusion derivable from reference group theory, that groups on the rise rill be more :rone toward protest and re- volt than groups which are severely repressed. Criticisms and Conclusions It should be pointed out that the analysis of social change via cellective behavior is not accepted as valid by all scholars. some criticisms have been leveled at this approach. Let us examine them as they have been statel by one such scholar - James Lchee.97 35Robert K. herton and Alice S. Hossi, "Contributions To A Theory of Reference Group Behavior," in Robert K herton, Social Theor And §ocial étructure. (Glencoe: ”he Free rress, 56William H. Form and James A. Geschuender, "Social he- ference Basis of Job Satisfaction," American Sociolo;ical Review 27 (April, 62), 228-237. 5(James thee, classroom lectures. The criticisms of this approach usually take this form. There are two ways in which collective behavior may be relatel to social chan;e. The first is to view the existence of collective behavior as an index of the existence of change, i.e., social disorganization. The second is to see collec- tive behavior as the means by which social change is brought about. These two approaches involve two assumptions. First, it must be assumed that the norms state of affairs is the absence of change. Social change nust be viewed as bein; the disruption of the normal routine of a specific social order within a specific time span. Secondly, collective behavior must be seen as an alteration in an institutionalized structure and not merely as an alteration in routine. A number of arguments are used ajainst these assumptions. One states that such a conception of social change is essen- tially a conservative perspective. It imputes negative qualities to change by giving it the connotation that it is irrational. Secondly, one nay challenge a view of society which sees the absence of change as being the normal state. hany sociologists assume that change is an ever-present pheno- mena. Third, some forms of collective behavior do not result in lasting changes but may result in increased solidarity and the prevention of change. This refers to ritualized forms of collective behavior such as holidays thich allow for a break from routine without any institutional restructuring. Fourth, some forms of collective behavior, such as lynch mobs, are an attempt to resist change and preserve the status quo. I feel that all of these ar unents nay be ansnered sat- isfactorily without aiandonin; tAC pIOposed model. Iirs t, lie model itself viens change as an ever—present phenomena operating in a cyclical tanner. In addition, the model fol- lows one proc- as of social change resulting from one stimulus. There me; be a number of such proc>ss‘s simultaneously deal- ing with different institutions. It is conceivable that one process mould reach culmination while others are still operat- ing. Thus, the change process is never absent. The argu— ment that certain forms of collective behavior do not even- tuate in change but rather contribute to solidarity is not inconsistent uith my earlier statement that this process may be— come short circuited at any point. Ceremonial forms of form of short cir- m collective behavior nay be viewed as fact tkat certain G) cuitin; which occurs quite early. Th forms of collective behavior are Chan e resisting phenomena is not inconsistent with the model. If collective behavior is vieted as ener Qing out of a state of restlessness or dis— satisfaction, it is not inconceivable that persons in a favored position would become restless and dissatisfied then they see potential changes which would disrzpt their favored position. They could evolve forms of collective behavior in order to prevent Change from coring aoout. This is another example of the manner in hhiCh the social change process may be short circuited. The charge that this is a onserve tive iezpoint may be rejected as bein irrelevant. An approach is not invalid merely because it is derived from a particular ifcclcgiccl perspective. It may only be rejected if it is trons. haisanen p ints out that collective behavior may be, and in fact has been, viewed as being both ratioial and ir— rational. This is a result of the fact that various theorists have focused on different points in the change process. Those who focus their attention on stages one, two, and three see it as irrational. Those who focus on sta es four, five, k.) and six see it as rational. hhile those tho focus on the process as a whole see it as a part of the process of social change . I conclude that the model presented herein is a useful device for viewing the process of social change via collec- tive behavior. CHAPTEL III STATUS C SIDTEL.CY, COLLLCTIVE LE EIAVICR, AID SCCIAL CI":-L thgtflr Ilpresented a number of models which describe me development of the process of social change via qhe vehicle of collective behavior. It did not present any ade- quate wplanation for the observed fact that certain persons react to that same situation with apathy. The situation ap— pears to the observer to be identical for both types of per- sons; therefore, the difference in response must be a func- tion of differences in the types of persons res pending . It would seem that the former type possesses certain character- istics, not possessed by the second group, that enables the same situation to have different consequences for them and thus predispose them tonard a collective chan;e-oriented response. This chapter will present one concept tha ap— pears to have relevance for the explanation of this predis- position. This concept is "status consistency." "status consistency" is derived from a The concept of multi-dimensional conceptualization of social stratification.V/”' This approach was essentially a reaction to the uni-dimen- sional approach of Karl Lari. It may be best comprehended With a background understanding of the conceptualization to which it reacted. For this reason, this chapter will begin with a discus- sion ofI m. arxia an theory and a historv of the development of CI tb c.e multi- dimensional approach to social stratification tith H its eventual culnination in the concept of status consis- tency." It will then proceed through a presentation and dis- cussion of relevant research to a iscussion relating this concept to the nodels of social change presented in the first chapter. It will conclude with a discussion of several theories which might account for this relationship. Karl Marx on Stratification and the Historl_of Lulti-Dipen- sional Theories Marx's writing never included a conerent theory of social class. He began a chapter on this concept but died before it has completed. Therefore, we must rely on unsystena- tized statements that appear scattered throughout his Lorne. 2 have separately gathered Bendix and Lipset1 and Dahrendorf together a number of the most relevant statements, ordered them, and interspersed them with commentary that tends to give them a unity and a coherent expression. Except unen stated othertise, the presentation herein is derived from the cited work of fiendix and Lipset. Karl Larx breaks history down into a number of tine periods, each of nhicn are characterized by a dominant mode of production and a class structure consisting of a ruling 1Reinhard Bendix and Seymour M. Lipset, "Karl Larx' Theory of Social Classes," in Reinhard Bendix and Seymour L. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status, egg Power, (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1953) pp. 26-35. 2Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford: Stanford University Eress, 1959): Jhapter one. class and an oppressed class. This class structure is based upon the dominant node of production. The struggle between i the classes determines the social relations between ren as well as literature, art, morals, and intellectual life. Let us examine the details involved. In the period of its revolutionar ascendance each class is "progressive" in two senses of that word. Its economic interests are identical with technical pros ess and hence with increased human welfare. And its efforts to pursue these interests align the class on the side of liber- ating ideas and institutions and against all Eh retard technical progress and human welfare. But in tine the ascending class may become a ruling class . . . and then it comes to play a different role. Its economic interests, which originally favored technical progress, call for opposition to it when further change would threaten the economic dominance whicii it has won. Upon its energence as a ruling class it turns from a champion of pregress into a onen— pion of reaction. It resists increasingly the attempts to change the social and econonic or- ganization of society, which Lould allow a full measure of the progress that has become techni— cally possible. Such chan<5 es mould endan r the entrenched position of the ruling class. Hence, tensions and conflicts are engendered that eventually lead to a revolutionary reor- ganization of society.) This comes about largely because the economic and tech- nological order outstrips the social organization that de- veloped around it. The organization of‘ the means of produc- tion is the basic deterninant of social class. Len work because hey must if their use ic needs are to be satis fied. This requires cooperation which takes the form of a division of labor and an or anization of production. The position that “Bendix and Lipse , OP.cit., pp. g¢_27. one occupies in the social organization of production is the determinent of his class position. Ly position is meant the manner in which he cooperates with others in the satisfac- tion of his needs. Income, style of life, etc., are only clues to the distribution of material goods and prestige symbols and not indices of class. This distribution may be a result of the organization of production but it is not identical to it. This distinction may be exemplified by con- sidering a self-employed mechanic and one who is employed in a garage owned by someone else. Each has the same occupa- tion and may have similar incomes, but they occupy different class positions. The social organization of production brings about the alienation of the wo~king class and the development of co;- mon class beliefs and actions. The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas: i.e. the class, which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. The ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relationships grasped as ideas: hence of the relationships which make one class the ruling one, therefore the ideas of its dominance.‘Jr before there can be revolutionary ideas there must be a revolutionary class. This develOps out of the alienation \ 4Karl hers and Frederich angels, "On Alienati n " in C. Wrinht Kills, Imaces of Kan, (Lew York: George a J ~. ‘ . 7‘ .HJ-‘_, jL )9 yp- T// J o '3 ° 9 U‘l (1" (.1. i " 3 cf (..,. :3 (I) H ( ) '23 H. (D fl 5‘ ’“S (D \ Ll tfj K1 U of labor. Earn and dngels stat in which labor becomes alienated. First, the worker beccses estranged from the product of his labor so that it becomes an object which exercises power over him, rather than he over it. Secondly, he becomes estranged from his labor as he is working only to achieve the means for the satisfuction of 3 other needs rather than to derive satisfaction from the work CL. itself. Third, he becomes estranged from other men as 'hey treat him, and he treats them, as commodities. The concept of private property arises from the fact that one s labor, and its products, belong to someone else. Alienated labor is the "acorn" from which class conflict may "grow". The organization of classes follows the progress of conflicts within the sphere of production it- self. ;ngreasinelv the collisions petween the in- dividual worker and the individual bourgeois gs— sume the c-a"scter_g£ collisions between two classes. The workers start forming coalitions against the bourgeois; they join in order to maintain their wage. But the wage is . . . merely an undevelOped, pre—revolutionary in- terest of the proletariat.0 , .1. harx felt that the wage struggle was essentially a strug gle that occurred within the capitalist order and that it would not eventuate in any real gain for the Lorker. A forcins up gf_ggqes . . . would therefore be nothing but better payment for the slave, and would not conquor for the worker or for labour their human status and dignity. I: ,1 p 0-. _ Inf) Ihi‘. pp. ego—501. —-—- ’ C ,, . . L“Duhrendorf, on. c t., p. 1o (italicised protion quoted directly from harXTt 7Larx and Engels, oo.ci ., p. QCC (emphasis in the original), Lendii and Lipset list five conditions LGII believed ‘ to be essential for the development of conmon class ocliefs and actions. a common enemy before they can develop into a harx 1. Conflicts over the distribution of economic rewards between the cl"sses; 2. Easy communication between the individuals of the same class position so that ideas and action-programs are readily disseninated; b! 0 Growth of class—consciousness in the sense that the members of the class have a eeling of solidarity and understandin; of their y toric role; iii-j— L iv 4. Profound dissatisfaction of the lower class over its inability to control the economic the structure of which it feels itself to be exploited victim; Establishnent of a political organization sulting from the economic structure, the U“! torical situation and the maturation of cl consciousness. The members of a class must perceive the eiis ".1. true re— his— t”; ‘- tence of H Cqu': gag"; . felt that one did not have a true class until it or— ganized into a political group out for its own interests. Until that time, all that existed was a potential class. Rarx believed that classes would not develop out of the social situation unaided. I 1 Yet, even then, harx did not believe that the hey need an external impetus. political organization of the working class and the development of class-consciousiess in thought and action would be the automatic result of these objective conditions. In his view these objec- tive conditions provided a favorable setting the development of political agitation. And for 4.1- .0 \ Uillb agitation was in good part the function of men, who were not themselves workers but who had ac- quired a correct understandin; of historical change, and who were willing to identify them- selves with the movement of those who were C. \)1 *Bendix and Lipset, on.cit., p. destined to bring it about.> 1- t r‘ .r- r" 1 ,.. ~4- "r' 'L1'~* vaw '9“ r‘ ““ ... “'. ‘ I-.ar.-. ViSUullLS-J. 3. 528;..18hb 0;. but: .LL'.‘L.'.-" Clut-b all ,,1;_Ll.'_, O F) ('1’ C) d I (D L: O c: (I H O ’t, t (D :4 C+ O } 1 £3 themselves .ith the oppressed pri political class. The foregoing tends to give the impression that Larx believed that there were in fact only t 0 classes in existence at any one stage of history. This :av not be the case. ahrendorf1C feels that Lara never stated that there were only two classes, but that he used a two-class m del for heuristic purposes. This model produces a clearer picture of the development of processes by not cluttering the scene with additional classes that do not pla; a crucial role in the energencc of revolutionary change. 1‘ Lari believed that this c; clical process oi change would terxninatc with the erection of a classless societJ. It would be classless in the sense that evervone in it Lould be members of the saze class. rue state would no lon;er exist because there would be no oppre sed class for the state to coerce. Lari provided us rith both a theory of social strati- fication ar id an anal; sis of the nanner in which this stratifi- cation system affects persons who live under it. rhe re- mainder of this sectic n till be divided into a discussion of those xvozks dea ling vith societal stratification systens and those works dealing with the conseduenC's of such a system c 1. _ (IDldO, p.34. 1bDahrendorf, 92, 933,, pp. 13-2c for individuals living in a society so or¢anized. Cooley does not share Larx's :zssumption that the econo-Vfi mic order is the crucial determinant of the stratification system. It is . . . e2sy to see why different classifiers discover different class divisions in our society, according to thei1 point of view; nanely, be— cause there are in fact an indefinite number of possible collocations. This would not have been the case anywhere in the middle ages, nor is it nearly so much the case in England at the present time as it is in the United States. he mL ht, to aka three of the most conspicious lines of division, classify the people about us according to trade or profession,1chordiI3 to income, and accordin; to culture. Cooley does not see any one of these dimensions as the determinant 01 the others. He does not discuss the inter- relations between and among these dine nsions nor does he provide us with any real theoretical fr: met ork accounting for then. He simply SLr'ests that there are an indefinite Vi) number of possible dimensions upon nhich people pay be stra- tified. One of these, occupation, bears soue relation so harx' s cla ass but, as was pointed out above, is not the same as it. Income and culture, :nich I take to 1e fer to stile of life, describe dimensions that Larx considered to be con— sequences cf the class structure. Inasmuch as Cooley did not provide us with a theory of social stratification KhiCh would account for the existence of a multiple number of di— mensions, we cannot consider his work to be a si¢nificant 11Charles H. Cooley, Social Or 'nIZit‘on (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1936). ‘\ \i development beyond barn. ‘ ~. . - . ..m --_., . - . , 1; ~_ This cannot be said of the horn of nan deber. ~w yro;oses three alternative dimensions (class, status, and 3 poner) upon nhich people may be stratified and furnishes us with a rationale for the selection of these dimensions. Weber's work is an out rowth of Ear; and builds upon his insights. 3e construes societies as consisting of an econo- mic order, a social order, and a legal order (poser hier— archy) which are inter-related with none of them having primacy over the others. The way in which social honor is distributed in a community between typical groups participating in this distribution we may call the "social order". The social order and the economic order are, of course, similarly related to the "legal order." However, the social and economic order are not identical. The economic order is for us merely the way in which economic goods and services are distributed and used. The social order is of course conditioned by the economic order to aw high degree, and in its turn reacts upon it.13 One might infer from this citation that Weber viens class differently from éarx. However, there are two other statements that Weber makes which tend to discredit this inference. [We may speak of a "class" when (1) a number of .peOple have in commas a specific causal compo- ) nent of their life changes, in so far as (2) T his component is representedexclusively by _ conomic interests inithempqssessipn_of goods and opportunities for income, and (3) is repre- (e: M3” rgstJ 7 —-—-- ..-... ‘~ nifty-'1? - 5 ‘-' 37 T. '12Max heber, "Class, Status, Party, in Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, From Ran fi§p§£_(hew York: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp.180-95. 13133391., p. 181. sented under thi conditions of the com:1.odity or ls bor Ha arkets. The term "class status" 1.111 be applied to the typical probability that a given state of (a) {provision with code, (b) external conditions of life, and (c? subjective satisfaction or ,frustration will be possessed by an individual Jor group. These probabilities define class status in so far as they aré dependent on the kind or extent of control or lack of it which 3the individual has over goods and services and fexisting possibilities of their exploitation 'for the attainment of income or receipts within ‘a given economic order.15 He states that a class is any group of persons tho oc— icupy the same class status. Weber divides classes into pro— ‘perty classes, whose class status is primarily determined by the ownership of property, and acquisition classes, whose “class status is determined by their Opportunity to exPloit services on the market. The members of cTasses mayjorganize and take action in their own interests.- This class action will only occur when people do not accept their life chances as something (inherent in nature which must be accepted but rather View (them as arising out of a particular political or economic order. (This action grows out of the communal class inter- action that occurs on the labor or commodity market and is I! facilitated by the following circumstances: immediate con-'cflwix‘r? ‘flict of interests, large numbers sharing the same class situation, the possibility of brin ging these peOple together, ‘4Ib1d. 15kax Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, translated by A.h. Henderson and Talcot Parsons, (C Ilencoe: The Free Tress. 1947) pp. 424-29. “.. ' N] and leadership directed at easily understood goals. The existence of status groups interferes tith the Operation of thhe market and tends to hinder the development of class ac- tion This is a result of the fact that they are organized along different principles than are classes. The term “social status“ will be applied to a typically.effective claim to positive or nega- tive privilege with respect to social prestige so far as it rests on one or more of the follow- ing bases: (a) mode of living, (b) formal pro— cess of\education which may consist in empirical or rational trainin3 and acquisiti01 of the corresponding modes of life, or (0 )2n the pres- tige of birth, or of an\occupation. In another citation heber states this somewhat different- ly and discusses the relationship of social status to class. We wish to designate as "status situation" every typical component of the life fate of men that is determined by a specific, positive or nega- tive, social estimation of honor. This honor may be connected v:ith a.ny quality shared by a plurality, and, of(course, it can be knit into a class situation: class distinctions are link- ed in the most varied ways with status distinc- tions. ‘Property as such is not always recog- nized as a status qualification, but in the long run it is, and with extraordinary regulari— yty . . . . But status honor need not necessarily jbe linked with a "class situation". On the con- trary, it normally stands in sharp opposition to the pretensions of sheer property. Status stratification is ultimately determined by the possession of a specific style of life. One who has power in the economic order, is a member of a dominant class, will often have the wherewithall to develop or possess that style 161b1d., p. 181. 17Weber, The Theor‘ _§_s Social and Economic Uri anization, n. 424. L of life and thus receive social honor. However, if he pos- ‘sesses the economic power without having developed the style of life, he will be denied social honor. Status distinctions are upheld by ritual and usually carry with them the avoidence of social intercourse with those who belong to a different status group. This type of avoidence reaches its extreme form when status groups emerge along\Ethnic lines. This often has the consequence of inter- fering with the operation of the market principle. This may be observed in the labor market where the distribution of occupations will not be determined strictly by merit but rather by membership, or lack of it, in certain status groups. It also has the consequence of excluding members of certain status groups from acquiring the means (formal education, job apprenticeships, etc.) through which they could acquire the necessary wealth and knowledge to develop the honored styles of life. Thus status stratification cuts across class lines and interferes with the development of class- consciousness and class action. eeber treats class and status stratification as being two alternative forms of stratification which may exist side by side in the same society. However, he feels that one or the other of these will receive greater emphasis as the eco- nomic circumstances in the society vary. When the bases of the acquisition and distribu- tion of goods are relatively stable, stratifica- tion by status is favored. Every technological re cussion and economic transformation threat- ens stratification by status and pushes the class situation into the foreground. Epochs and countries ‘achieving s ,— in which the naked class situation is of pre- dominant significance are regularly the periods of technological and economic transformations. And every slowing down of the shifting of eco- nomic stratifications leads, in due course, to the growth of status structures and makes for a resus itation of the important role of social honor. The legal order, the "house of power", is stratified in terms of groups which Weber calls "parties." A party is an organized group which is actively attempting to gain power; that is, it attempts to influence the activity of achieve- others in a communal context so as to bring about the ment of its own ends. /Tarty action is always directed toward one goal in a planned manner] This goal may be of’an.ideological character or it may be purely personal in ruature. Parties may be class-based, status-based, or mixed axxi they may follow a variety of tactics in attempting to achieve their ends. In any individual case, parpiggwmayfirepggsent interests determined through "class situation" or "status situation" and they may recruit their following respectively from one or the other. But they need be neither purely "class" nor purely "status" parties. In most cases they are partly class parties and partly status jparties, but sometimes they are neither. They znay represent ephemeral or enduring structures. {Their means of attaining power may be quite “varied, ranging from naked violence of any sort ‘to canvassing for votes with coarse or subtle yneans: money, social influence, the force of E3peech, suggestion, clumsy hoax, and so on to “the rougher or more artful tactics of obstruc- tion in parlimentary bodies. \ 1&31bid., p. Isa. 19Ib1d., pp. 194—95. It Means clear that weber's concept of “class" corres- ponds to the "potential class" of Karl Larx, while the Kariian notion of "class" corresponds with the heberian "class-party." Weber gave considerable weight to the analy- sis of social stratification that was presented by Larx even if he did refer slightingly to him as "a talented author" rather than as a scientist. Sorokin also ir dice tes that there are three possible £4 ‘ch nies; however, he identifies thorn as \n \; ’i". the political, and the occupational.CV V// stratif icatio;‘1 heira \ being the economic, The economic could be seen as corresponding to class strati- fication as ire sented by hebcr. The political mi-ht si: ilar- 1&7 correspond to party stratification, but the occupational WCHlld only correspond with one type of status Sroup. Like Sorokin notes that these three hierarchies Lay be 9/ heber, sarilv identical. relnated but are not neces J Usually those who occupy the upper strata in one respect happen to be in the uzper sti, a in other ”respects.‘and vig§_versa. The men 155.0 d all in the upper economic layers happen also to be in the upper political and occupational strata. The poor, as a rule, are politically disfran- chised, and dwell in the lower strata of the occupational hierarchy. Such is the general rule, though there are, however, many excep- tions to it . . . . This means that the inter- correlation among the three forms of stratifi- cation is far from being perfect; the strata of‘each form do not coincide completely with perioruance. he studied a hunger o_ ' ‘ I‘- I. l. - -. r-J ~ 1' (m. ‘9. 1w , u q 'j Y" —\ J- '2 stin of eleven members each. Ac us-- .— .. \J of bomber ere“ s 001m lized nine status hierarchies that he believed to be important ranking systems anon; bo:n.3er crews. ‘These hierarchies were age, military rank, arount of flying tine, reputed ability, popularity, length of service, combat tins, and position in- (I) ports nee. 3e constructed both individual and group statu consistency scores. He found that groups as a whole inC‘e sad in social performance but decreased in technical performance as status consistency increased. He found a parallel, but less clear—cut, relationship for individ*a 1e explained his results by suggesting that consistent gro ps are less lihely to have petty discontents and to see each other in terms of envy or cont ngt. Thus, high consis— tency may fe.cilitate group adjustment by iihibi iting disrup- tive attempts at superior perforntrce. Too nuch status con— si te ncy may tend to interfere Lith effective communication 0’) l/VZLB‘STJ tULIJI‘b Us, ”rStatgLo 3011. ‘ "II-L H darm1cy as a Variable in small Group :erforman nee, ggcial gorces, 32 (Oc tober, 191;) 16-8;. 1 0 within a group b; failing to restrict csnr.nunications to the technically relevant. He also felt that too little consistency mi ht interfere with effective connu1ication by overly re— stricting conzunications Adams failed to disti nouish betreen hi h status consis- tents and low status consistents. This Lay have obscured the rela fiOLship bet een consistency and t chnical yerfermance. It would seem reasonable to assume that hifih status on seieral of the dimensions utilized by Adams would be yositivelv cor- £3 N. p. o (o 0 related rith technical perform kickson tests a hypothesis which differs fron those dis~ cussed above, but which is implicit in several.43 This hypo- thesis predicts that status inconsistents will experience stress because of the impossibility of fulfilling, or hav'rg f‘u lfilled, all of the mutually contradictory sets of exyecta- tions which accompan; positions on the various status hierar- hies. 0 1e analyz s data collected in a survey on mental health. A sixteen-item self-report inventory of psvchosonatic symp- m toms was utilized as an index of stress. ihe neasure of sta- J. ‘ tus consistency was constructed by dividing the occupational, ethnic, and educationsl hierarchies into third: and then cen- bining th em to form t ent;- —seven tyoes. These were t. gorized into three: status consistents who has the sane rank on all three, moderate inconsistents who had two ranks alike \/ ‘JElton I. Jackson, Status och;;ste ”er ical lobiliti e . Gin," ~__ an: dgz;ptoms of Stres (Unpublis hed Ih.D. Dis: (O H t; of Lichi an§,1:EC. . ‘1 n 'J‘ ",' " .r .i' r‘ r ' I. "~ ‘,'. ' 1 - ‘vl ‘ I‘ ‘_ ‘ ’ ‘— - . -v., v- n e1t11;1 --o tho 1.1.11... as. .-.e 01 t3..o t.1e Quint: Nut; t:.c tniid t..o obscure some aiffcrences eLu to create false ones. A terson 1.1-0 is at the top oercentile of the 1..i-;“'le 33:111.. will be as- signed the same 171k score as a second oerscn the is thirty percentile points oeneath him, out a iiffcrent raLk score rom a third perso; uh 's onlv a s n;l; wercehtile point “move hiL. ‘r‘ (T . - <-\ .f‘ 4“ J- ~ . -. " ~r\ r-q r- 4" " " r~ " r ‘ 1 . ~— -', -. J- f.c-43011.10Lu-d oflCLb s Riff) leco L.i1;te.cts t3111e(1 ta) e-l-ib1.. _eater strcss team Loflcrate inconsistents or co;s’sttnts at - v' -~ ,A- 3 ,. . ,1. .- ,, . . ..,... . .‘ ~ all levels. go over, Luis rqlrtlbLuhiJ .is most fiolohflt,. -" -‘ - . on“ n- -- -°. ‘1‘ r . ~'~ ~ Irs '1 . v- 1 a! « r3 -\ ’- fl ~ . '30—“: 0‘ - a it; too e .itu ;eLe1c'l; l0” ste t1 and least so 101 bLbLb C . '3 -~/~‘ ’ - (a .1 ' 1 ‘. ‘ H‘: ‘I 1 . ""r" ‘ 7 '7 '~ 4‘“ ‘ r I 4"- ‘r 3.1. on UUl-'J.L~-' l9; 1 lull .-l, ti... . l.-.1.: Lilli; “.- ire - p.12 ~ Ll L slow]. '1'41' nf'r f-' 1%."! ' ' -r' .14? T "s‘. c' '9 13‘": 3%.: +1.0 " - “ (,1 mill" 1’1“ "7-7,", (‘ttj-L-nr LI‘C 1L} L;— iA— .‘lli‘ L, \_-'J_ .L.)\..-..|\a....L I i..(_)—L 'v 'Jlo‘u ‘ ’0».~vl‘~‘- L~#v Jl_ o.) ._. Libxp.’ inconsistents eghibitec a stronger isletionship to political '9 'u . h .' "“‘ ‘ . ," '3'?" "‘ ' I ' '3 "" J‘ ‘ " "‘ . r" J- " " ‘ l-be el sL tus“ le DLC “oneiallj lo” btabh; inconsisteLts. 3" ' ‘ ‘ "A "I J"‘ - ’. 'f" ‘. "V ' ’. r" -' ~« A r‘ I . . . rfi 1 4- -m‘. r "I" vrr JQCLSOL cccun ted i 3 UHQSL i LdlndF b1 .UStuchEl ulveiuuviwd actions to stress. Hiwh status i co.s;-t nts tend to select a politics 1 xesp use while low status thCLSlStCLtS tenc to select a somatic respor.e. This sialysis was applicu to types of inconsisten s. Jackson sugrcstefl that hijh escriptios— 1 low achie “ve2e1° inconsistents mom i select the somatic res- J -' v v-’- -. " P " .‘ ". "' ‘ ——-"- . r v ' QA - -. I ‘ a--. r. -. ,‘1 4- n -.- tor-.se suile 101. £.:JCI‘J._...11011-111311 £10-1imezne1-t lllCU-lp..‘.pothC, 5 O .. would select the political lesponse. H ‘r . -". h w 4' ~,'--' ' 1 "‘, —. t‘ .-.\ 4< 4- » 4‘ r. 1" r‘ . ‘ ac...so1. QlLC €1tb(;.::l."t::fl €2.11 1413.11 ect cm. of the s t--T,-...‘LS- .. equilibristion through vartical Looility" Lgeothesis. 4e ‘- _ . .1 - .,_ ,_._ .- , .1. .1- ‘ - 1., , . -' - . ,-‘ . _ - . ,. ,. ...,“ :Iexmilateéi‘taat lLMNLJ-leCl-M; “no EJITO in :,a,ositicu. auxin A b t;m ey could reduce their ircensistene; throu h verti; :.l mobi- li ty nould be less likel. to exhibit a SOLatie resgcnee, their reaction mould be to strive for social nobility. He *‘J limited his enalHrsi to lo; status 'Lconsistents. He felt that oersons the more inconsistent as a result of lo: ethnic status would be unlikely to perceive vertical nobility as a means of achieving eta us equilibrium while those who vere ircorsistent due to Li;h ethnicity u’ght be likely to do so. He, therefore, comyared fliS stress index s ores for those LEO might perceive mobility as an equilibriating process and those who would not. He found that tie letter Ihioitei a si ni cantly larger amount of fs"e hosoma tic “r.ot01 than did the former. It might be emphasized that all of the research describ— ed above uses as its inde3endent variable a sub—division of deber's concept "status”. lone of them are concerned Lith "class.” A few ere concerned with ”party" as a dependent variable. The utilization of the concept of ”status consis- tency" ma; be Viewed as a si niiicant develOpment in strati- fication theory and research; but not, how V’ as ”the so d new approach to scciel st; eti ficatiOL" that non; of its p"e— penents claim it to be. It is merely a highly useful refine- ;ent to the heberian, and thus in‘irectly to the Larrian, ag- preach. Status Consistency aid tile docigl_01an e lroce ess Lang of the scholars cited above have implieitl; or ex— 1:7 plicitly related status 'nco“.1st*“cv to social chap 6. U \7 ) t‘* Q ,J U) f Y) H _- , 3, .9, +‘1 .. J 0 ‘3 ,-‘ .‘ f}-.pl.£.C;u_L,‘j Lila. 1J0. .‘L..~psIe ntl‘r the indivirh‘el ".x‘ith a peerl; crystal— lized status is a {articular t; pe o: marginal man, and s subject to certain o‘e-soic, by the social der Ihich are not felt t least to the same gree) by individuals I a 2;.01 e highly crgstal— (:1 ith zed mt tus. Coneeivebly a “CC etv mitt a rela— vel;r large proportion of peisons Ihose status is orly CIvs tallized is a I001 ety which is in :n u1 HSt ble position. in brief, unde I such ccnditi Ions the social system tself 3enerates its n pres r. J 3,5 CFHC‘JO O H'I‘J'C) H C‘P' sures for Chafigé. He predicts a positive correlation between the frequenet of occurrence of share inconsistencies in a population and the A. preportion cf that pcw>‘ atIen willII; to su.port a prc'rs: c: social CJUL c. Lensri points out that reactinr s3a1nst the social order is only one of three alternatives Open to the status inconsis— tents. lot all such individuals vould be *I_ected to re— act .b.IhIt the social order which produces such ufjlezINInt esqperixndces is; heii'liives; . . . . FOI‘ exa.;;le, the individuals may react b" blaninr other individuals as individuals rec ther than as agents of the social order . . . . inot er possi- bility open to the individual mith a poorly cry- stallized status is that he will react by blaning himself. rinally there is the possibility that the individual may withdraw in such a manner as to diminish the Irecmu icy and seriousness If the socially disturbin3 e::periences vhich arise as a re . ult oi“ his status IncorsIthnCIe .51 then they do react by blaming the socie 1 order they are .lIiIIel"r to become the leaders of a mass movement. f’ 1 . . . . .. JCLenskI, "Sta tur Crystall sation: n Len-Vertical Limcn— sion of Social Status," p. 412. U“. Ibid. Toffnaa als c‘ieC111crll" relates status coLsis teLc;r to potential~chan3e oriented behavior. Discreyencies betweeL currently experienced a11d desired distributions of power indicate a 3refe1 ence to alter or accept a change in socia rrante- ments. Such dispositiCLs, even when cons ciously and inteLsely experiCLced, are not necessarily in- cipient pressures for social change. 1he! Lay be .Iishful or fantasied chrn es that dissipate ten- sions and therefore ‘ar actually serve to protect 1 ‘1 social arranaements egainst more serious threats. Preferences for cha :130 in the distribution of p yer are, however, frequently related to the develop- meLt of social movements aLd11cy indeed be requi— site for their existence. This paper reports a study of one possible determinant of preference for change in €10 distribution of power in Anerican society: the degree of status con r' (5 tency.uc C" SS1. Sorohin's treatment of the concept of "multibOded stra- tification“ yields a nuuber of insights that are particularly pointed for the analysis of this relationship.53 He c0Lsiders stratification in terzns of a number of status dimensiOLs that are bonded or welded together to form affine or dissafine strata. Affine strata are defined as those groups whose nul- tiple bonds are mutually congenial and lead the members of such grcups to the same type of behavior or mentality. Dis- safine strata are those whose bonds are iLLerly contradictory. This would include 3roups who are high occupationally but low racially or ethnically, or high on the 1s cial- ethLic di— mension but low in economic status, as well as other combina— (“1 r: ’3 ° " xeGoffman, 9p. 01t., Po C75- 39Pitirim L. Sorokin, Society, Culture, and lo rSOLa lit; (Le: York: Harper & Brothers rublishers, 1§477, pp. ETZ- 9/1. I _D _ T: ' '] - ‘2 _ - O . ‘- w ~. _ ~ . ‘ ’9 I r a. ‘A _0 I . - ’- J- . t1cns. scioa1n e1fi.1asizes tLat t ese diszeiine atlata not ‘are or exotic. They tend to RD‘L 1 suite frequeL though less 1e: ventl than do the affine strata. 4e dorokin mt tes that the :ultibonde1 ulwler strata Ho SOC .c‘ , ' ,,._, 4. , 1-.-,“ J- .- r'w‘. .- H a t-.. . 1: ,, I" w 101 talent. b0 be pe11e0tl, so. 1:-e.- c118 a1...e._,s 1 31.1111...» 7 ~ ,- 'n‘N- - .n \ u fin!“ -‘.'_ -‘ . . ‘W_‘ 8011.8 SOCO11 1:133. J 5.1115111 fl .5 o 1111:) ::-C?.li:1 131-1346 13:10.10 13 ".LV- some potentiality for friction. lient the dissafire razhs be one, the cotent1elit for friction ~- and thus the greater the tialit, for chance Concrete forms of the innerly dissafine multi- bonded strata have been very diverse in hunan history. When such strata are small, he de— omposition passes without notice. But wren the; are large, the process of their deconposi- tion and replacement by Let affine multi-bonded strata becomes quite ”Leisy" and ordinarily. as- sumes the form of riots, 1evolts, cenquests, re- volutions, «are, or radical social reform move— ments. is a matter of fact there ha any im10rtart historical internal revolution or reform which has not been due, to a larae eLteLt, to the c::"stence of such "1*.b11o1-“1al" strata and a Has not co-s is ed, to a lcr e eLt nt also, in the "reaction of t1 nspos ition. Before an" revolution or reform 1n a society t11e1e are Ka*s sea such strata and nhen the suwole screeL of revolutior.ary1.Wovr‘1eent h ”ed, one o dinarily fin s new af1ine s ‘4 ~ .- (:4 ~ ‘- n Tar-10¢ kn 'L. H J- 1--. - - - L» ' 3.1411. ' ..- ', etios are usually affine. however it is never ges S hrrdly been 3138 poten- ‘gfhe si:;.ul+ Vancous anpearm-ce in a po; u ation of tzzo docile routs is a .:y;-: tol. :rlgich 01 to Cs the type of change described above. Sorckin states that the French he~ volution is a perfect e;e:ple of this. The nobility ya: a politically powerful group which had little economic realth '1 while the thizd estate was a wealthy group vi: tua all y powerles U) 5'17 in the politics arena. 1ne Frencn hevolution Iwa the deco position of these two doubly dissafine strata and the creation of two new affine strata. Sorokin claixzs that similLI sets of circumstances prevailed in the case of the nussian Revo- lution of 1905, th 1e COL: unist rc :volution, and numerous other examples. Sorokin ale 0 utilize s the terms affine and dies hi e in analyzin; the relationship between a social ‘r‘- ’ r~ J-“ - 1‘. (HI, 1 013-3211: 11813 L. is ~L111.1I:.i'\,3.. .101. e bill lault: .1110; {.:U.;;C :1; 3‘0 “1690;, . .r ‘5‘ . ‘ . ' "c . ‘7- 7. "\ "1 l‘ "' V ' V -v '. ,“ F "1 ‘1 "‘ ‘ ‘ “ “‘- ‘< ‘ ' ' " 1,1 1.2.1.0.: it is an -;-.-_.e,.|e11ee;-t arranle . r .:us one -:-uz, u :; Late ‘ ‘. ’ 'fl'. -. ‘F‘ J“; r ‘\ --- -, ‘ —‘— r V ~‘-c- . -- a set of :‘IO :0: iti one ' in 1.11.101. the ..1U.,?OJCL‘.'3 LlC :11 001. e trust -, ‘ - \ -- - ~ .' - ‘1‘ ~ ' r~c . - -.\ .’\ ,‘ ~rx "- n. . z - appears as a consequence to cereal: LPCleisd anteCerc; ° («*an r» 1"" F11“. \J‘t . " hat '9‘ T‘Y- "‘ r‘ " 4". "‘ ." "U ' ‘ '-‘\‘t"f\r‘ " n ' leap 9.1-11 celeb b.1161 be 0... 3-01.0».1. clear; 1111.101 ell-eerie L t sin other censcguents 'ron the hypothetical corstrnet as wt It is clear that such a theor, would cheer: are L! i-~ duce directly from the antecedent conditions stated in the first set of propositions to the consequerts stated in the ur01cr1tion s 13 “hype lustiecl agillocisL.- 0.3., (((aab) 5: (b3 0))3 (aDeH. Th;- s * 4:11;; tic form in 1~.);icl1 --r k “let a perfect relationship 0; c:- f.) H. m P (1‘ J H (‘1 u) (i) H 1+- cf. 0 S... f? ( r) 3 (.1 n) m (... material implication holds. However, it would seem that most relations of concern to the le-aVlcrel sciences are probabilis- tie in nature. Thus the relationsi1i1 should be written if 3 implies b with probability F1 and b inplies c with probability is the product I , then a iaplies c with probability F3 {P -., J p) \ Festinger's third point states that it is irrelevant whether the hypothesized need or motive is real, is physio- lo;ically based, is plausible, or is in the cons‘iiusncss of the actor. He states that: "lhe only valid issue is nhether i or not the hypothetical construct is useful, that func- tions better than other constructs in -xp aining date...”1 I an in complete a leement. 71 lki (3’ !Q hi (“a r The concept of cognitive dissonance is also a relative— ly simple one. It refers to a type of relationship which may exist between pairs of COgnitive elements. In Festinger's words, "These elements refer to what has been called cogni- tions, that is what a person knows about himself, about his behavior, and about his surroundings. These elements then are 'knowledge'".72 He includes opinions as knowledges. Festinger delineates three relations which may exist be- tween such elements —- irrelevance, dissonance, and consonance. These relations are defined as follows: Two elements are dissonant if, for one reason or another they do not fit together. They may be inconsistent or contradictory, culture or group standards may dictate they do not fit, and so on O O O 0 These two elements are in a dissonant relation if, considering these two alone, the obverse of one element would follow from the other. To state it a bit more formally, x and y are dissonant if not— x follows from y.73 If considering a pair of elements, either one does follow from the other, then the relation between them is consonant. If neither the existing element nor its converse follows from the other element of the pair the relation between them is irrele- vant. 4 The problem with this formulation is that the relation between two elements may be dissonant, consonant, or irrele— vant depending upon the culture, the situation, or past ex- perience of the individual concerned. Thus the judgment “— w 72Festinger, 5 Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, p.9. 73Ib1d., pp. 12-13. 74Ib1d., p. 15. —h 4: \Q‘) as to which relation holds cannot always be made without re- ference we to all other concurrently held cognitions. rhe seriousness of this problem for research will vary according to the specific research problems. The following are hypotheses that Festinger has as a part of his theory which appear to have most relevance for the problem considered in this work: 1. Identical dissonance in a large number of people may be created when an event occurs which is so compelling as to produce a uniform reaction in everyone. The magnitude of the dissonance or consonance which exists between two cognitive elements will be a direct function of the importance of these two elements. The total magnitude of the dissonance or conso~ nance which exists between two clusters of cog- nitive elements is a function of the weighted proportion of all the relevant relations be- tween the two clusters which are dissonant, each dissonant or consonant relation being weighted according to the importance of the elements involved in that relation. The presence of dissonance gives rise to pres- sures to reduce that dissonance. The strength of the pressure to reduce dis- sonance is a function of the magnitude of the existing dissonance.75 Festinger suggests that there are three ways of reducing dissonance: 1. 2. By changing one or more of the elements involv~ ed in dissonant relations. By adding new cognitive elements that are con— sonant with already existing cognition. 75Ibid., pp. 262-63. ~— 3. By decreasing the importance of the e%ements involved in the dissonant relations.7 Festinger makes three concluding statements concerning the effectiveness of efforts directed towards dissonance re- duction. 1. The effectiveness of efforts to reduce disso- nance will depend upon the resistance to change of the cognitive elements involved in the dis- sonance and on the availability of information which will provide, or of other persons who will supply, new cognitive elements which will be consonant with existing cognition. 2. The major sources of resistance to change for a cognitive element are the responsiveness of such cognitive elements to "reality" and the extent to which an element exists in consonant relations with many other elements. 3. The maximum dissonance which can exist between two elements is equal to the resistance to change of the less resistant of the two elements. If the dissonance exceeds this magnitude, the less resistant cognitive element will be chang- ed, thus reducing the dissonance.77 Some implications of these propositions seem especially pertinent here. Consider the case of dissonance between a behavioral element (cognition referring to behavior) and an environmental element (cognition referring to the environ- ment ). These propositions point out that there will be pres- sures to reduce dissonance, and that dissonance may be re— duced by changing either of the elements or by adding new elements. The environmental element, being responsive to reality, may be exceedingly difficult to alter. The behavioral 75Ib1d., p. 264. 77Ibid., pp. 165-66. element may often be less resistant to change and therefore be changed more often. However if both are quite resistant to change the only alternative is to add new cognitive ele- ments or else learn to live with the dissonance. Festinger stresses one particularly important point when he says that, ". . . It is worth while to emphasize again that the existence of pressures to reduce dissonance, or even activity directed toward such reduction, does not guaran- tee that the dissonance will be reduced."78 The Relationship_gf_$tatus Consistency, Cognitive Dissgngngg, and Social Movements: The Derivation of General Hypotheses Any given person will have cognitions regarding how people behave towards himself, what behavior is expected from and allowable from himself towards these people, what material and social rewards he is receiving, and what statuses he oc- cupies in the various status hierarchies. He will also have cognitions as to what rewards, behaviors toward, and expected behaviors are generally associated with the given positions in the status hierarchies in the larger society. All of these cognitions will be responsive to reality. A status consistent person will have cognitions that are generally consonant. Those rewards that he knows to be associated with his status in the ethnic, occupational, educational, and income hierarchies will be consistent with each other and will imply those that he knows are associated 781bid., p. 23. ___,_ ,‘L. 5) with his own position in society __ that is, those that he is actually receiving. The status inconsistent person will derive different be- havioral and reward implications for his own position in society from his position in and knowledge about that position in the various status hierarchies. Regardless of how he is treated, and what rewards he receives, dissonance will exist between his cognitions about these and the implications that are derivable from his cognitions about his position in at least one of the status hierarchies. To state it more succinctly, status inconsistency is not in itself cognitive dissonance; but the cognitive elements that are implied by cognition of the positions occupied in the various status hierarchies will be in conflict with one another and thus at least one implication will stand in a relation of dissonance to cognitions pertaining to the actual circumstances existing in any given situation. A status inconsistent person cannot avoid cognitive dissonance. Though he may minimize its effect through dissonance reduction. Festinger indicates that it is likely that individuals will differ in their ability to tolerate various degrees of cognitive dissonance.79 It also appears likely that the de- gree to which this dissonance can be tolerated will vary b, situations. A status inconsistent who is treated in terms of his most rewarding status will have an equal amount of dis- .-._. .——__——____.‘ ...L U": sonance as the status inconsistent who is treated in terms of his least rewarding status (providing the statuses con— cerned are identical); yet the consequences for the affected should differ. I would hypothesize that the cognitive dis- sonance eXperienced by a Negro doctor who is in an environment where he is consistently treated as a doctor will have less serious consequences than that same dissonance experienced by a Regro doctor in an environment where he is consistently treated as a negro. Therefore, I would prOpose that the ef- fects of status inconsistency will be most drastic among A generally low status people we that is, among people whose rewards received are most compatible with low status. Four of the hypotheses presented earlier may be derived from this theoretical approach. Hypothesis two predicted that status inconsistents will be more prone than status oonsistents to exhibit symptoms of generalized individual un- rest. The line of reasoning used here is that status inconsis- tency will lead to cognitive dissonance, which, in turn, will be expressed by behavior that is symptomatic of individual unrest. Cognitive dissonance is not directly measurable at this time. Therefore any empirical test of this hypothes zed relationship must be a test of the implication yielded by hypothetical syllogism that status inconsistency will yield behavior symptomatic of individual unrest. Festinger points out that people experiencing strong dissonance would seek out others experiencing similar dis- -—-——\ 154 sonance in an effort to arrive at a collective reduction of dissonance.80 This attempt at collective reduction of dis- sonance might take the form of an attempt to alter the environ- mental cause of the dissonance. Any such attempt would clear- ly fall into the middle stages of the social change process. This leads to my fourth hypothesis which predicts that status inconsistents will be more_prone than status consistents 39_P§£3}9}2§I§“29 social movements. Lenshi, in a statement cited earlier, suggests that sta- tus inconsistent persons may not react against the social order but may react by blaming individuals as individuals or that they may react by withdrawing from unpleasant social interaction. This is consistent with Festinger's position that various people will try various methods of reducing dissonance. The present writer feels that it is quite logical to substitute the probability that status inconsistent persons may react by blaming social categories of persons as a social category rather than reacting against the social order. This leads to the first and third hypotheses. Lew status incen— - sistent persons will_be more prone than status eonsiftentj to be_prejudiced against certain social_gategories,wand pg: wards social_isolation as reflected in withdrawal_§rgg- voluntary social interactions. It may seem at first glance that the second and third hypotheses contradict one another. The second predicts a ”01bid., p. 199. ‘1 [if greater withdrawal from voluntary social interaction and a greater tendency to react against certain social categories rather than reacting against the social order. However, upon closer examination these hypotheses are not contradictory. what we simply have is a series of statements of the form (((a:>b) & (b;:(c v c v e )))D(a~9(c v d v e))) where "v“ may be read as the inclusive "'nd/or". To attempt to state thksin English it means that we have one prOposition waich states that status inconsistency leads invariably to cogni- tive dissonance, and he have a second proposition that pre- dicts that cognitive dissonance so induced will lead to\an attempt to reduce dissonance by one of a number of forms of behavior. Thus status inconsistency will lead to one of the pecified forms of behavior. The empirical test of such a ‘ropositicn must take the form of determining if status in- consistency does result in these forms of behavior a signi— ficantly greater proportion of the time tLQfl heir occurrence in the general population would justify. The procedure of using the intervening variable of co;- nitive dissonance to derive certain expected behavioral con- sequences and then testing for these without having a direct measure of cognitive dissonance is consistent with Festinger's strategy of research. He states the following: I do not think that it will be maximumly fruit- ful in the long run to begin by developing tests to give a measure of the strength of some hypo- thesized human need, and then to attempt to dis— cover hon this need operates. I believe strongly that it is better to proceed in the reverse order. After one has demonstrated the validity and use- fulness of some hypothesized need is the time to 155 start measuring individual variation. Lne then I knows more clearly what one is trying to measure, b“ one is trying to measure it, and to what the I] u.-d individual should relate.81 He also gives indirect support to the predicted relation between status inconsistency and cognitive dissonance. Fes— tinger feels that one cause of cognitive dissonance would be a relatively sudden change in status or role thus producing a relation of dissonance between previously existing cogni- tions about expected behavior and these cognitions the new status or role would yield.82 This is clearly analogous to the situation that results from the experiencing of status inconsistency. The najor difference would be that the causes of the dissonant cognitions would be existing simultaneously and therefore make it more difficult to reduce dissonance by changing one of the cognitions involved. The Theory of Distributive Justice is derivable from dissonance theory. One will have certain co;nitions regard— ing his investments into a situation and other COSnitions regarding his rewards from that situation. The relation between these two sets of COgnitions may be one of dissonance or consonance. If they are dissonant, they may be in the direction of creating feeli gs of felt injustice or of guilt. Inasmuch as the Theory of Distributive Justice is derivable from dissonance theory, all consequence predicted by it will also be predictable from dissonance theory. O1Festinger, "The Eotivating Effect of Cognitive Dis— sonance," p.86. 0 ' 1 "V ..,. ' a .. r”' ’7'“ O2Festinger, a Theory of cognitive Dissonance, pp.a71—;9. The Theory of Social Certitude is, likcmise, derivable from dissonance theory. the has cognitions regarding c— havior that he expects from others and behavior that others erpect from him. These cognitions may so internally conso— nant or dissonant. The postulated need for social certitude is analogous to the tendency toward dissonance reduction. Therefore, all predictions that can be made with the Theory of social Certitude may be made with dissonance theory. Dissonance theory explains both of the other theories. It is on a higher level of generality than either. Thus, it may serve as the vehicle for relating two theories which could not be otherwise related. I will tentatively tahe dissonance theory as my basic theory and add to it the as— sumptions made by The Theory of Distributive Justice and The Theory of Social Certitude. This will serve to give a greater scope of applicability than either of the latter theories and a higher degree of specificity to predictions than dissonance theory by itself would provide. A final evaluation of this product will be made after the empirical data has been analyzed. The hypotheses develOped in Chapter III relate status inconsistency to the social change process. An attempt was made to relate participation in a social movement to the si— multaneous occupation of inconsistent status positions in different hierarchies. Lenski suggested that status incon- sistents might provide the leadership for a social movement.1 I wish to concentrate on the degree to which status inconsis- tents will also provide tee membership in a social movement. It is difficult to provide supporting or contradictory find- ings from the literature, as few works supply us with the necessary data. Many writers have discussed the social composition of the membership of various social movenents, but they do not usually cross—classify the social character- istics taat they use. he can ascertain the menbership's characteristics or status ranks on one or more dimensions but not usually on two or more simultaneously. Therefore, we cannot discover whether the; were status consistent or inconsistent. However, there are a few movenents for which such data may be extracted. I will briefly discuss these before describing the research design utilized in this study. I indicated in Chapter II that Lipset found that the _\.,4 7\\’ 1 a n n n , _- , eerhard Lenski, status Crystallization. A Lon-Vertical Dimension of Social Status," American Sociological Review, 19 (August, 1954) 405-13, ‘« urban middle-class leadership of the C.C.r. tended to be status inconsistent. ‘his tells us little about the larger membership.2 Fortunately, he provides certain clues from which this can be deduced. Lipset consistently interprets the C.C.E. as the culmination of a class—conscious mOVenent on the part of Canadian wheat farmers. He points out that the C.C.F. received its earliest and most consistent support ‘ from the groups in the rural population which had the highest social and economic status. By this he means that they had the largest farms and were least likely to be tenants. The Saskatchewan situation suggests . . . that within an exploited economic group, such as the prairie wheat farmers, those who possess economic and social status within the class are most re- sentful of a threat to their security. The poorer, socially outcast groups, when they are seriously affected by economic reverses, are likely to be politically apathetic rather then rebellious. In Saskatchewan this group did not organize for remedial action but had to be organized from the outside by the more pros- perous farmers.3 This statement really refers to the periods of most severe economic depression among the wheat farmers, as Lip— set further states: Farmers in the lover stratum, once aroused, how- ever, seem to become stronger supporters of the radical movement than well-to-do farmers. C.C.F. field organizers confirm from their campaign ex- periences the indications of the election results [which lead to this conclusion7. Those interview- ed almost invariably reported that it was diffi— cult to organize the poorer farmers during the dSeymour M. Lipset. Agrarian Socialism. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 195C). 51bid., p. 166. \fi 'thirties, but that during the war they became stronger supporters of the party than many of healthy grain growers. The war years rere_7ros- perous years while tie thirties were not;/“4 It is possible to give a different interpretation to Linat Elatllerfl3d ;luifigin “ ‘ V H) Lipset's findings with an examination 0 the depression and what the movement mas or anized to accom— plish. Iistorically, the wheat farmers have an insecure in- come. They oscillate between good and bad times depending on the price of wheat. They have developed a strong anta- gonism towards the financial interests as they believe that they are being exploited by the interests. They trace much of their economic predicament to the fact that they are at the mercy of these interests. The 0.0.F. was the culmina- tion of a wheat farmers' movement aimed at controlling the interests so that the wheat farmer would have security in his land holdings and income. The depression did not affect all farmers equally. In the first period, 1929-31, the small farms had a small Let Cash Income but increases in the size of the farm were accompanied by a de- clining income until at 500 acres no Let Cash Income was obtained. Farms larger than ECO acres experienced operating losses. For the period of the severe depression, 1932-34, the smallest sized farms had practicall; no Let Cash Income and increasingly larjer operating losses resulted for the larger farms.9 This means that the "wealthier“ farmers, the earliest supporters of the C.C.F., experienced a high degree of status ”‘1 L: ‘ ' " JIbid., p. 91; cited from nilliam Allen and n.C. hope, The Farm Outloox for saskatchewan, (University of dashatcheuan, 1954), p. 2. —L C‘\ .—h inconsistency during the depression. They were still high in occupational status as they owned the largest farms, but they were low in income as they actually here going dee :er in- to debt. In the prosperous war years they became less active supporters as the, returned to a high status, status consis— tent pattern. The small farmers may or may not have deve- lOped inconsistent profiles during the war years, but t11ey definitely were subject to the anomic state of expectations rising beyond t1eir me ea11s. The history of the C.C.F. illus- trates t31e interaction of class and status in determining party activity. The ALerican Populist Zovement also appears to be a class-based movement of status inconsistent elements of American farmers. Draper describes the Populists as, "pro- perty-conscious farmers threatened with debt and bankruptcy."6 This would make them the same type of group that formed the backbone of the C.C.F. A similar type of phenomena may be observed in the move- ments that are oriented toward the implementation of civil rights and civil liberties. Frazier indicates that Negro support for organizations like the Urban League, and the L.A. A. C.P. tends to come from the middle class Legro who is status inconsistent as a result of his white collar occupa- tion and his Legro ethnicity.7 He specifically states with 6Theodore Draper, The Root_ of Azerican Communism, (Lew York: The Viking Press T575, p. 37 r .J Fw" 7E.Franklin Frazier, blac k Bourgeoisie, (Glencoe: 1e Eree Press, 1957), pp.193 -201. m reference to the L.A.A.C.P.: "The Association, which began a the result of the nilitancy of middle-class intellectuals, has retained its middle-class outlook and supports middle- CU class values." The middle—class values, referred to by Frazier, are ideal values. The i.A.A.C.P. wishes to bring existing practices into conformity with ideal values and is, therefore, a reform movement. The C.o.F. was also es— sentially a reform movement. hany of their leaders cere socialists, but the revolutionary ideas of socialism never had a strong appeal for the membership. It tas only when the C.C.F. dropped its socialism and emphasized its reforu goals that it achieved strong support. The novcmen s discussed above mere left-King or ”liberal" reform movements. There have also been right—ring or “con- servative" movements that have dramn their support from a status inconsistent segment of the populace. EcCarthyisn tended to draw its support from the insecure small business- ma1 and the newly wealthy.9 The small LULiLCCS qu;;ort cr_n fro; a group which had a relatively high occupational status but low income status. This low incone status does not re- fer to consistently low income, but rather to the fact of insecurity of incohe. The income varies and fluctua'es from 4-1. ,— hilt. year to year as a result of forces completely outside of small businessman's control. Thus, he is not receiving the O u "Ibid., p. 104. M-f. \ D (1 O) '02 O C P (D cf- A L F! 0 LS I “illiam Kornhauser, The Lolitics of La coe: The Irec Tress, 1;;9), pp. 201,203—7. r. ‘1 1:; amount of economic security that one expects to go rith hi;h occupational status. The newly rich are a group who do not receive the degree of social esteem that they expect to be associated with their economic status. Kornhauser indicates that the Ito :lian Fascist and the German Lazi movements relied hvaviL upon the middle or upper status, status inconsis ents for their support.10 The fol- lowing citation indicates t e relationship of status incon— sistency to the early support given to the Eazi movement. Princes without thrones, indebted and subsidized landlords, indebted farmers, virtuall; bankrupt industrialists, i::poverished shopkeepers and ar- tisans, doctors IIithout patients, lawyers without clients, vriters vithout readers, unemployed teachers, nd unemp lo ed manual and white-collar workers joined the movement.11 It is not the case tlw t all social m vements have drawn their support largely from status inconsistents. The Black huslims in America and the Rastafari in Jamaica appear to have drawn their support from status consistent, low status individuals.12 The supporters of both of these move— 1CIbid., pp. 131-82. 11Ibid., p. 181; quoted fIOm Hans H. Gerth, "The Lazi Party: Its Leadership and Composition," in Robert K. herton, et. al. (eds.) Reader in Bureaucragy, (Glcncoe: The free Press, 1952), p. 103. 120. Eric Lincoln, The slack Luslims in America, (Loston: Ta'e Deacon Press, 1961); and h.G. Smith, Roy Aus ier, and Lox I.ettleford, The has lafari Movement in Kin Mston Jamaica, (Kingston: University College of the n.1t Indies, Institute of Social and Economic Rescarch,1§6C). ments appear to be individuals who were ranked at the bottom ,Y‘- .4- I‘- 1 of the ethnic, occupational, income, and educational hier chies. Both of these movements differ from these previously discussed in that theg represent separatist moverents. Loth wish to withdraw from the society of which they are a part in order to form their own society or mi rate to another one. The early days of the Communist Marty in the United States illustrate the fact that a low status, status consis- tent movement may be a revolutionary movement rather than a separatist one. Draper indicates that throughout the early ags of its existence the Communist hovement was predoninate— 1y a foreign language phenomena. Its zenith came in 1E1; when only seven percent of its membership could be character- ized as being English-Speakin;.13 He estimates, based on Communist Speeches and records, that in 1923 about 50 percent of the members could speak English at least as a second language but that only about five percent could be called English-speaking people. He estimates that from two-thirds to three-fourths of the members could be labeled proletariat-s.14 The combination of these two figures yields the conclusion that a large portion of the membership in the Communist Love- ment were low status, status consistents on at least the di— mensions of ethnicity and occupation. It is possible that there are also a number of supporters who are status inconsis— 1Jbraper, op. cit., p. 1‘C. Le. H C P Q ’d *6 KS \n [L L \ . K : tents, but this cannot be determined with the available data. The number of movements for which there is cross-classi- fied data on the social characteristics of their supporters is much too small to formulate any generalizations regarding the relationship of status profiles to types of movements. Levertheless, I would like to present some speculations. Social movements differ in their composition and goals in terms of the type of society in which they develop. So I will limit my considerations to those movements that have appeared in the same or similar societies. The C.C.F. emerged in Canada; while the Populists, tharthyism, the Civil Rights Movement (as represented by the L.A.A.C.P. and The Urban League), the Communist Rovement, and the Black Muslims all appeared in the United States. The Black hus- lims are a low status, status consistent group which desires to withdraw from American society. The Communist hovement in its early days ras a low status, status consistent group that desired to completely overhaul the social order. The rest of the groups discussed were all middle or upper status, status inconsistent groups that were attempting to alter some aspects of society so as to bring them into line with some set of ideal values. This is irrespective of whether they may be considered to be liberal or conservative values. The crucial difference in the type of movements appears to be whether the supporters of the movement could perceive of themselves as havin; a stake in the future of the existing ‘ society. Low status, status consistents have no dimension of status rithin which they receive hi_h rexards. Lef O'm till not help. They rust either sitiireu completely or to— tally re vzmn the social order if the; are to improve their lot. ihus, they are likely to be attracted to separatist ore revolutIOnaiJ movements. Status incensistents have at least one dimension uion which they are beinj rewarded and one upon 1.};ie11they are not. It would seem that this t'pe of person, especially if he tends to be of generalized middle or upper status, would feel that he has a stake in the future of the society of which he is 2 member. he would like to bring about liITited reforms so as to receive equally high rc..a1ds on all dimen— sions. If his low or sanctioned rank is in the ethnic cate— gory. he will attempt to appeal to universal values that would diminish or eliminate the importance of ethnicity. If his low rank is in the income hierarchy, he will strive for reforms that would increase or stabilize his income at a "justly" high level. Thus, this type of person will be attracted toward reform movemen It seems logical that a hiyh status, status consistent ,‘person would feel his greatest concern lay in ma iltainii the existing society as it stands. He is already receiving a 3 maximum of retards on all dinensions and any change would 1 threaten his position. Therefore, he would be ligely to oppose all changes. He would not be likely to be attracted to any social movement witll the possible exception of a ounter-m movement aimed at preventin; ch an; e. Data is insufficient to consider t ese propositions as anything more than speculation, but they do seem to bear further thought and consideration. The present study is designed to test a few hypotheses regarding the relationship between status inconsistency and propensity for chants-oriented behavior among low status per- sons. It was suggested in the third chapter that this group would provide the restless, discontented base upon which social movements night build. Hypotheses will be tested to ascertain the extent to which low status, status inconsistents will exhibit the type of symptoms WfliCh one would eXpect of this potential base. A hypothesis will also be tested re— pardin; the extent to thich status inconsistency is related to participation in a reform movement. Finally, there will be an attempt to determine the extent to which occupational mobility may be a cause of status inconsis ency. Data will be analyzed from three different sanples, two of which are from low status populations. Samples Four of the thotheses will be testei nith a secondary analysis of data collected under the direction of million H. Form, J. Allen Beegle, and Sigmund Josow. This will be taken from 534 interv ens with manual workers in Lansing, hichigan, during the period from iovember, 1950, to June, 1931. ”he 19 C census listed Lansing as having a population of 92,129. It is primarily an industrial community though it is also the state capital and a service center for the surrounding population. Its main industries are automobile aLd Letal fobricatior. The sau:ple co;- isisted of chry tenth hale L :neearine in Folks Qirectori 1353. Any selecoe d yerSOL was not a manual worker nus rejected. .1. 8J::—E.‘; i 1 W110 Some of these same hypotheses will be tested with data collected from an ethnically low status population. iLi data was collected under my direction in bapinat, ichiga C‘ b.) L..l durin; September and October of 19o1. It must be pointe; out that this will be a secondary analysis as the data v‘ r~ « h collected for a different purpose. Siree hundred Keiican— Americans were interviewed iL the 3 Hi an urbanized ar 3 he sample :as drawn using a cluster sampliL; technique b; Jillian J. lichcy, L~tfl£matLCal Statistician, Research and Develocucnt Branch, standards and Research division, ELited States iolcrtxe t of Agriculture. (see Appendix A for art 3 r3 lexicon—Aherican residin; tithir the selected clus ail ter: v-(‘u . ‘2 ' 'L ' '.- ‘. - “ :1“ ('l '3 I ' I‘ . ‘. -:‘f . ',« I“ .T a. ' ‘h (I '2 " sec igbblVlenLu. ine 1,oc census lists beginut as havin_ a population of $5,2e5. The pepuiation of the u"banized area is 123,2 3 Se inn: is primarily an industrial cit -1. and serves as a service ceLtcr for the surrounding area. Its primer; industries are automobile and Letal fabrication. I collected the third set of data sgecifically to test the hypothesis relating status im1 oLsis teLCJ to altici; Gioicr in a social movement. This data 1:98 collected in Se. gina.. Lichigan, during October and Lovember, 1861. The data a take: from interviews tith a 100 percent sample of the 32:1raw branch of the American G.I. Forum. re \— U! The 1.1. Forum to: founded L? I ectcr E. Garcia in Corpus dhristi, in 194“. It is primarily oriented towards inprovin; the situation for op nis h-Jpeakin; Americans through folitical and social action. it is young and still growing. It is formally organiz ed and has general ;oals, but it hes not evolved a specific program aLd s‘ecific oiieretin; tactics Its primary octi vit" : ppee rs to be aimed at cainin; converts though it has carried out a number of specific prorrams. It is ecetscr to compute a status consistency .e10urt for each persor in each sample in cider to test aiJ of th€ hypotheses. The formula presented Ly Leleii1S Lill be utilized to the vyteLt th— t it is possible. 1 either sanlle corsists of a random sanple of the entire coamunity. There- fore, it will be necessary to utilize ceLsus data in con- ;acd hierarchy. Lach :7) structinv frequency distributions for sample presents its own problems and will be discussed se- pa £.toly The Lansing survey was conducted between Lovember, 1'30, and June, 1951. The mid—point of this interval is :ebruary 1, 1 51. All data will be treated as if it more collected ‘ on that date. Both the 1f. C: and the 1;:60 ce1:.susos were taken \31 if the; C! during the month of April and will be treated a were taken on April 1. iebiue ry 1,1921, is ten months after the 193C census mas taken and 11C m0Lths before the 1350 census. 1 will oonpute the extrapola"ed characteristics —~.-~——‘-O—~ Jtatu: cteri --v..'-: WAI ...4 ._. J 'LC) JYLICI. ‘L J ‘|'-.| (C ' LJIKDWLL L-J/I Iro o? stid 19:0h ...-.— ”-..-“ ...:- ow 1]]IFOLTLkl- 1-‘C 5—.- ‘ —“ ... ....‘~o- —:——. ”-...— —‘-—-— LI'O .3 0.1 V811 irtion Date l :H: ixioity "j ixni-ahite 3.3 5.5 7.6 Boreigi born 111.1 413C 15.0 3.7 4.9 Letive ”:33te $1.] “_ 83.7 _ 91;§_-___.. LCCUT.‘ EL 1:21;- __ __'__ ___ .:.:llleo Lilli supervi 0;; 21.5 22.3 21.; Jeni-okil ed 25. 2..7 2T.fi Unsxille; “Lo Service 12.7 ___ 12;T __ _1”.I fixuci‘ uiOl: ._ ______fl__________ -—; ecrc 9.5 §.Q 9., 7-3 veurc 26.5 23.1 26.2 0-12 Jeers 42.5 47.3 43.6 13 or lore Years 20.7 20.: 20." o; Lansin; at the date of the survey by addin; one-twelfth of the difference be teed; t;e 15:5e and the 1,KXL characteris- tics to those of 19 C. The resulting frequency ‘istributimm for tge relevant status hierarchies are presented in Table1. arrived at by summing frequencies for each status level from low to high. A status score was assigned to each status level by addin; the Lid-pOlLt of that interval to the eunu- lated frequency of the lower levels within that Fierarcay. Kean status scores for each status profile here arrived at by takirg the arithmetic near of status scores on the three status dirensiOLS. Status consistency scores were arrived at by subtracting from lCO the square root of the sum of the squared deviations of status scores fIOL the mean status score. Ehe distribution of the status consistency scores is presented in Table 2, along tith their classification a: status consistent, moderate inconsistent, and sharp inconsis— tent. The income dimension has not utilized in computing either the status consistency or the mean status scores as no da a was gathered on annual income. Data has collected on hourly wages but there is no conparable census data. I feel test any analysis which ignores the effect of income would be weaker than one which included it. I constructed status profiles which included the effect of income. Hourly wages were broken into high and low at the median. educa- tion was broken into high and low by treating ei nth grade ‘1‘ A1: LE 2'. DIQTIJQJU'EIVL Liz" SIRIUS CCIJIJI'ZLC": finned: LIIL;\JIL.;} Eonsistenc; Classification Score Frequenel 90-100 12 Consistent 80-39 112 ~__ Moderate 70-79 :10 Inconsistent 60-69 _39 51“ ~59 2: Sharp 4g-49 Inconsistent T ‘ r“ 1 7’: or 1 as as low and ninth grade or were as high. Foreign born and Eegroes were cateyorized as 1cm in ethnicity and lative shites were classiiied as high. All respondents were manual workers or direct supervisors and are, therefore, occupationally relatively home'eneous. However, sit in the manual worker grouping there is a qualitative status distinc- tion made between skilled and supervisor; as opposed to semi-skilled, unskilled, and service occupations. I broke the occupational catEQOry into the above two ;roupings, which I treat as high and low, respectivelj} The frequency dis— tribution of the resulting status profiles, and their classi- fication as status consistent, moderate inconsistent c: sharp inconsistent is lresented in Table 3. Persons having all four ranks the arse are considered consistents; three the same and one different are considered moderate inconsis— tents; and two ranks in each of the high and low categories are considered to be sharp inconsistents. The Saginaw survey was conducted during September and October of 1361 with the mid-point of this tire interval a October 1. This is eighteen months after the 1C€C census was taken or three-trenticths of the time interva be seen cen- sus~taking occasions. I will compute the extrapolated char- acteristics of Saginaw at the date of the surVey by adding three-twentieths of the difference between the 1930 and t;e 1960 characteristics to those of 1960. I used the fraction of one-tenth in extrapolating the income characteristics. This was most apprOpriate as the 1950 census data referred DI ”TnanIIUh J. IL;- LE j, CE o‘LAJUS PliiFILLifiz LJLQIL.’ Classification Ethnicity Occupation Education Income Freauenai Low Low Low Low :2 Consistent Airh High Iieh H ;h *e i a .--”immiifiim Lou L01; n" 4'\J|| .14 O .t': l. UH r1! S‘ \n "‘ .L—Ly LL Low ~70 ‘ q ,.. -r 1. .1 ..-... ,)_- Lev 21 JV iigh new Lew L f a high figh Hi3! Low 7 high L1 51 Low ‘Iijh ‘; iodercte h’gh Low High Eijh e; Inconsistent L 2-; Liigj; fiigh Bligh Lon Low High. % 5; o L0}: Hi fil Low: iii; . 5 Lou Il;fil Iipii nor: 1 high Low Loa' .iigh 23 Shar; Low hi u Low 1:8 Inconsistent High “‘7 "1‘ A emit/LL: . EA'l‘hAl’ULAL I Old C1 F :5 BATES TIE LLAECZII r33 : .5 Alli. 11.. Status Proportion Proportion Proportion Characteristic 19;: 1360 ___ Surve1_Date Occupation Unskilled and Service 14.0 12.6 12.4 Semi-Skilled 29.8 30.3 3C.4 Skilled and Supervisory 24.5 22.7 22.4 Sales, Clerical and related Occupations 14.1 14.4 14.4 hanagers. Officials, and Proprieters 1C.7 10.: 10.2 Professionals and semi- Professionals 6.] 9.8 16.2 Education 7 0—6 Years 19.2 15.3 *f 14.7 7-8 Years 27.5 24.7 24.2 9-12 Years 41.6 46.2 46.3 13 or More Years 11.6 1;.o 14.1 Income $0 - 939 5.0 3.1 2.5 1,000-1,999 3.0 5.1 4.8 2,tOO-2,999 15.8 4.7 3.t 3:000’3,9Q§ 28.2 6.9 £1.53 4,000-4,9~3 15.1 11.9 11.6 5,000—5,999 10.7 16.3 16.9 6,0co-6,9g19 o.1 12.6 13.3 7,00C-9,999 5.3 22.9 25.5 10,000 a over 2.9 15.3 ____ 16.5 DI”IRIBCTIC£ CF SIATUS UCLSIJTB' ‘ '3 f {SOC 13:34: 3 If} i} ... Consistency Classification score §£EEE§L Consistent 90-1OO_V _ 35 Moderate 50-89 cc Inconsistent 70—13 is C429 33'- SQ-JQ 17 40-4: 7 Sharp 30-;; 5 Inconsistent 2C-;‘ 2 to 1949 ificcfie. the 11C3 census data to 1Si9 iLCOLC, and the survey data to 196; income. Total family incoae was utilized as it was the only income hierarchy available from census I'I ‘ C data. The frequency distributions of the relevant status hierarchies are presented in Table 4. Status consistency scores were arrived at in the same manner as they were for the Lansing sample and are presented in Table 5. The ethnic hierarchy is not included in either the status score nor the status consistency score as no census data is available which would precisely locate the Lexican-Anerican population. This is a mixed population including Kative and foreign born. It is a low status category shared by all responden s. I constructed status profiles in order to ana- lyze the effect of the low ethnic status in conjunction with different positions in the other status hierarchies. educa- tion was broken into the same low and high classification used with the Lansing sample. Occupation was broken into three classifications. Low consists of unskilled, service, and semi—skilled; middle consists of skilled and supervisory; OHM} O and high consiSts of all white collar occupations. In “was broken into three classifications. Low consists of Inader $5,000; middle cons sts of between $5,000 and 9},999; U} i {.11 and.fiijh consists of $10,000 and over. The frequency 'tribution of status profiles and their classification as :3 atus consistent, moderate inconsistent, and sharp incon- saistent are presented in Table 6. DISTRIBUTIOL CF : Al‘.‘ —. (— lik‘JJ-JL C v-vm JTAToo PLCJILES: Oliglpfln Classification Consistent Ethnicity Low Low L o Low Education Low Low Low Loy: Occueation LOW Lew Lon 12:1. :1 (.1 l C [k‘ rx) 5-", Low High Low Low 15 Low Hijfil Liddle 1.iddle 2 Loderate Low Ligh High fiddle 1 Inconsistent Low hi;h 33;; Tigh 1 Lo: hiyh ow Liddle 1Z— lcw Low Riddle Lidd c 3 Low: Iii 1x Loy: £i{11 E Sinirp Low: 2113:. Liffll Lox 1 Incozsistent Low “igh Riddle Lo: _72‘ I realise status consistwncy does not Operate 5s a single cause but rather in conjunction with other factors. One such factor is seneral stztus level. I rill attempt to control for the :ffcct of veneral status as well as consis— tency or incons i'telc of status. Table 7 presents the mean status sec re for t eresponlen s classified as consistent, g moderate inconsistent, or 2::1arp inconsistent by either classi- ficatory techni us for both salnples. It may be noted that the more inconsistent groupin s have hL her Jean status scores in the case of the Saginaw sample but not in the case of the Lansing sample. One additional point hould be noted rn aruir the classification of respondents according to con Mi tency scores. Census data on years of schooling completed refer to persons twenty-five years of aye and over. This Iee s that I could either assign reslo 7.:dents under twenty-five scores based on population data for persons over tncnty-five or else drop these younger respondents from the sanple. I chose atter alternative. All analyses shich ut‘i lize eensistency levels classified accordin; to status profiles will include the entire sample, but tJOSG analyses which utilize consis— tency levels classified according to consistenc" scores will be limited to these 1e-u!mden s etc are menty- ~five y are of zaje or older. In an earlier section I derived five hypotheses, thich I‘ill be tested in this study. I Will now discuss each hng— STATUS COLSISTLLCY AID LLAL m " 1 .... _' .L Asian; 7 ..,“. ".:.? “A ulnlUu ovoid} Lethod of Status Consistency Roan Status Lean Status Classification Classification Score: Lansin; score: Saginsx Status consistent “5 ” étgtus iroflle Consis tency Scores hoderatc inconsistent Sharp inconsistent Status consistent 4 Rodcrste inconsistent §hsrp incens’stcnt ~ .§:~ \31 at 3“): \ o o f." 5: - ' -.. ,r o o ...-x ..L O (A v ‘ ...? .7- 4:;- one; 0 ...-I Q) ‘-‘- -~ . ‘ u 1"“ a. -- u .n ,-, ,A‘ -{‘.—-. - . ,0. «J - w 1“,‘.“ - r, a >,- o -. thesis sepaiitelj, Sguuiljiuv L40 bUb‘uJyOthULUb thich “ill be under direct test, tge LQLDGT in which the veriabl s Lill be op; r‘tloJ*11 ed, and the statistical too nieues to be us d. Ihe first hvsothesis will remain in the form in which it .us presented earlier. VERIICALL: LOBILJ PERSOLs hILL LE LOhE PLCLE ILA; SIATIULAL" PERSCES TO BE .fiTATUS IICLioIolv" This H‘j pothesis will be to sted with data from the 5A_ Lansirs sample onlg, as the required information is not available for the Saginaw sample. Data has been collected regarding the occupation of the respondent, the cceupa tion of his father, and the occupations of all of his br othe s in the labor force. I will use this data to conpute z scores according to the revised form of the Generational occupational Lobility Score (GOLS).1C This measures inter eneration oceu notional mobility relative to all males whose fathers were at a similar occuhatlen-l level to that of the resoon- dent's father. I will eonpute the coefficient of correlation 'bettecn absolute value of ten minus the GOLS z score an: the satatus eors'stenc, scores arrived at above. The absolute ‘Value of ten minus the GOLd z score is a measure of the susount of mobility experienced relative to all sons of oc~ (nipatio nslly similar fathers without co;nizanc of direction. Sfliis is a result of the fact that a G RS 2 score of ten re— resent s non—mobilit; relative to this cohort, a score above \VI: 1‘ *t'= i Geshnendrr, "Iheory and reasulement of be— Tr , do ue., -., v crqxztional 4Obilit3= A Re-Enamination," Anerican Sociological Rev'ni, 2:' (June, 13m 451-5... QC; tor represents upward mobility, and a score below ten repre- sents downward mobility. I am utilizing the absolute value as I am concerned with the effect of nobility per se and not mobility in a specific direction. The hypothesis will be considered to be supported or confirmed if this yields a ne- gative coefficient of correlation of statistical sipnificance. The correlation coefficient must be negative as it is computed using consistency scores. Higher scores indicate a greater amount of status consistency. I predict that occupational mobility will be associated with status inconsistency or loner consistency scores. In order to gain further insight into the nature of this relationship, I will classify the respondents as upward- ly mobile, stationary, or downwardly mobile relative to a different base. I will compare the respondent's occupation ‘with the occupation of his father. If the respondent's occu- pation is at a higher status level I will classify him as upwardly nobile; if his occupation is at the same status level I will classify him as downwardly mobile. Rean consistency scores will be computed for each classification of mobility. The Significance of the difference between the means will be Ineasured. The expectation is that the mean consistency score trill be highest for the stationary or non-mobile group and Llewer'for each category of mobile persons. The mean scores f0]? the upwardly mobile and the downwardly mobile persons will kw: compared in order to ascertain the effect that direction of‘lnobility has on level of status consistency. The second hypothesis will remain in the form in which it was presented earlier. STATUQ IKOCLSISTELTS “ILL EnHInIT A GREATER PROPEKSITI TEAL STATUS OOhslSTEhTS TOHARD SOCIAL ISCLATIOE AS RE— FLEOTED In HITHDRAHAL FROM VOLUKTARY SOCIAL InTEhACTlONS. This hypothesis will be tested through no sub-hypo- theses which correspond to two types of social activity: membership in voluntary social associations and the social use of free time. Hypothesis 2: a, Status inconsistents will be more prone than status consistents to (1) have fewer memberships in social voluntary associations; (2) participate to a lesser degree in those in which they have memberships; and (3) be less likely to hold office or committee posts in those associa- tions in which they are a number. Hypothesis 2: b, Status inconsistents till be less prone than status consistents to spend their free time in a social manner and when they do the; will be more prone to spend it with relatives only. Hypothesis 2: a is worded in terms of membership and participation in sggial voluntary associations. I classified all memberships of the Lansing sample according to whether it was in an economic, political action, social action, or other type association. All memberships turned out to be in either an economic organization such as a labor union or foreman's association or an "other type" or;anization such :as a church group or a social club. I labeled this "other -fiype" as social and the "economic" as economic. This proce- dinre of classification was folloved because, analytically, they are of different orders. is Lenskin indicated, one ....JYL-n- I as ~. g 3 -~.. ' 17Gerhard Lenski, “social rarticipation and status Cry- g1xallization," American Sociologig§l_§§vien4 21 ( august, 1f; ) 453—64. may participate in an economic association in order to pro- mote his own economic self interests without social motiva— tions being salient. Thus, the predicted withdrawal into social isolation may not take the form of withdrawal from economic o ganiiations. I will test hypothesis 2za with the data on social associations only, but I will present the data on economic associations for comparative purposes. This hypothesis will be tested with data from the Lans- '5 ing sample on memberships and ‘articipation in voluntary social associations. Respondents will be classified as consistents, moderate inconsistents, and sharp inconsistents in the manner described earlier. I will compute for compara— tive purposes the mean number of organizational nemberships for each category so classified. ny major interest is in distinguishing between a social response and o non-social :response. I will compute Chi squares comparing the cate- gories in terms of the frequencies of those having no mem— ‘berships and those having one or more. The second portion (1f the hypothesis will be tested by comparing the proportion cxf meetings attended by the members of each consistency classi- 'J . ASS-.ith— n :fication. I will compute an index of participation by irn ‘weights of 1,2,3, and 4 to attendance at from O to 24 guxrcent, 25 to 49 percent, SO to 74 percent, and 75 to 100 Ixxrcent of the meetings, respectively. These mean partici— gxiticn scores will be utilized for comparative purposes, but tkma major analysis will be in terms of Chi square values dijatinquishing between those who attend from C to 49 percent and those rho attend fron SC to 1st also compute Chi 4|. I will .‘ noershi a»; U) 1 “"3‘ * '\ t4 . p ‘c tae picpoltion oi ne 1 post has been hypothesis rill be supported if :greater tendency to belong e likely to attend a greater are 1110 1" Der membership, .— comaittee posts. LLJ Saginau sample on number tions. would economic. I will compare 1-. in voluntary associat ons cation without controlling for the type of association. ‘xill weaken the test. sguares testing in is? 1:10;». status of memberships percent of the Léetiggg. held by consistency classification. 1.. ..0 an office or consistents differences in coanittee '1 Tue sua- have a to social voluntary associations, percentage of meetings ”"pothesis Hill also be tested with data .L in volun ary and are more likely to have held offices or "LI’) from the associa- Unfortunately, no inforuation is available thich enable a classification of organizations as social or membership versus non—neubership according to consistency classifi- 1,‘ o ... Till»: Hypothesis 2zb will be tested with responses given by ‘Uie Lansing sanple to the following Outside of these organizations free tiaei Do you get t0¢ether with other parties, and thinps like that? IF IE5: Are these people A social answer to tne firs answer combined '~.~.ith a ”yes" ans \{iJLL be Classified as relatives or W a social use of free of questions: you spend your I.) to visit, have friends, or both? or a n n-Cocial second question tine. n n—sOCial 4“ answer to the first question and a no anster to the second question will be classified as a non-social use of free time. Chi square comparisons will be nude comparing the proportion of respondents who hate a social or a non—social use of free tine by level of consistency. It is expected that the most consistent category will be more prone tenard a social use of free time than either category of inconsistents. Lens i13 has suggested that status inconsistents may continue to interact with relatives even then they have cut off their other social ties. This is the rationale underlying the second part of this sub-hypothesis. The response to the third question in the series above will be utilized to test this notion. Chi square conparisons will be made among those persons n10 give a social response to the first two questions, comparing those who indicate that they interact with rela- tives only and those who indicate that they interact with Inch-relatives. The expectation is that the inconsistents will be rmre prone than consistents to limit free time social in- teraction to relatives. This sub-hypothesis will be further tested with the amasponsos given by the dapinxu sample to the question, "xha does. Lhousehold head) do in his spare time? (specify).“ {Dhe responses will be dichotomized into those specifically n111tioning a social use of free time and those which do not. Chm. squares will be computed comparing social versus non- smocial responses by level of consistency. The expectation is U‘ H CJ ...}. p—d that the most consistent cate;ort will be more prone to list social responses than will the inconsistents. The third hypothesis will remain in the form in which it was presented earlier. STATUS IECOESISTEETS LILL EE LURE PBCEE TIAB STATUS UORSISTELTS TC ERHIBIT SILTTORS OF dEhERALIZED ILDI- VIDUAL URREST. I indicated in the second chapter that ndsards and Dawson and Gettys listed travel and migratory work patterns as being one symptom of individual unrest. Edwards and Brin- ton listed the experiencing and perception of blocked Oppor— tunities for mobility as a second symptom. Edwards listed job dissatisfaction as a third symptom. These three symptoms are tde basis for the generation of four sub-hypotheses. Hypothesis Eza, Status inconsistents will have ex— perienced more geographical mobility than status consistents. hypothesis 3:b, Status inconsistents will have had nore different jobs than status consistents. Hypothesis 3:0, Status inconsistents will be nore prone than status oonsistents to perceive restraints upon their opportunities for occupational mobility. {ypothesis 3:d, Status consistents will be more prone than status inconsistents to express satisfaction with their job. ' The first sub-hypothesis will be tested with data col- lected from the Lansing sample as to the total number of con- munities in which they have lived. Age is eXpeoted to be a crucial intervenin: variable. Older people will have had greater Opportunity to have lived in more communities than younger people. For this reason, I will compute the mean runnber of communities of residence for each category classi- "_ O T? k) ._,'* fied according to level of consistency and for those 1 are over forty and under forty within these categories. These means will be used for comparative purposes. The major focus of analysis is the distinction between mobility and non-mobi— lity. Therefore, I will compute Chi squares comparing the proportion who have lived in one said only one cou.;._u;-lty git. those who have lived in two or more for each level of consis- tency. The expectation in accordance with the hypOthSiS is that the status inconsistents will tend to have lived in more communities than the consistents. This is a behavioral test of the hypothesis. I will also test the hypothesis with data relating to an attitude which should be associated with geographical mobility. The respondents were asked the question, "How do you like living in this neighborhood?" and were given the five alternative responses of "very much, pretty good, average, not so good. and not at all." Lean neigiborhood satisfaction scores will be ccnputed by assigning scores of 5,#,3,2 end 1 to the five alternative responses from that indicating greatest satisfac— tion to that indicating least, respectively. The means will be used for purposes of comparison. The major analysis will u (+- ‘be Chi squares computed by coxbinin; the two categories of no; ratisfaotion and the three of least. I would expect that the L.) N U 51 titude of neighborhood satisfaction would be negatively e~~ d :sociated with propensity to move. It is conceivable that i VfOUld not be perfectly associated with the behavioral dimen- EiiOt of geographic mobility because of the intervention of —L fi—s L‘-’ situational factors such as financial abilit: to move. i expect from the hypothesis under test, that status consistents will ex ibit a greater amount of satisfaction with their neighborhood than inconsistents. This sub-hypothesis will be further tested with data from the Saginaw sample on the number of communities in which they have lived for the last ten years. This data will be treated and analyzed in the same manner described above for the corresponding data from the Lansing sample. The second sub-hypothesis will be analyzed with data from the Lansing sample on number of jobs held with different companies from 1940 to the time of the interview and with data on the number of different jobs held with present com- pany. It will also be tested with data from the Saginaw sample on the number of different jobs held for a year or longer. In each test, mean number of jobs will be computed at each level of consistency. Age will be a crucial inter- 'vening variable. Therefore, means will be computed separate- ly fer those respondents over forty and those under forty at each level of consistency. These means will be used for cxmnparative purposes but the major focus of analysis will be the Chi squares computed comparing those wh have had only one: Job with those who have had two or more. This cutting poith is selected to distinguish between mobile and non-nobile persons. The third sub-hypothesis will be tested with responses ggiveni by the Lansing sample to the following three items: -r -'~ «m, -\ "'~""‘ ,‘ .‘s v’ “t.,“ '1' ’I—‘ . J"'."‘t -—,-, ’I I O b {’1 I‘LLJIA. q, L’v: kloul‘i l LI-Lllti -.O L}--\~LL J V‘Lll Tr- t" w. 'x , *V ult’ 1. b k— L‘J —».,~, 3, p)- .' ,. 1., (j .. 3 bi.) bi. C U U ; IF Q;,: ”hat kind of work? Kate you ever tried to get this hind of work in Lensinpi A "yes" response to the first question Lill be taken to indicate a desire for a different job an; thus an interest in acne fern of occupational nobility. n yes the third o‘estion will be taken as an indication of a etrcnm ‘tv desire for this chan;e. The combination of a desire for a different job and continuin; at the present job, especially for those wao lave attenpted to achieve this desired job, rill be taken “a a“ 'ndication of the experience of blocked LAX“! {/a L) ‘_‘..|... mobility or thwarted aspirations. This experience may or nay not lead to the perception of blocked opportunities as the affected people may retain hope for futtre mobility. But it would seem that persons desirin; another job, and especially those who have unsuccessfully attempted to effect the chanpe, would be more likely to have perceptions or thtarted aspirations than those persons who express no such (iesire. Proportions will be computed of those respondents LhO IN excpress such v desire and or those who do not. further ?ro- v: q .1 gnartions mill be computed within the category of those desir— have made an attempt to acquire inq; another job of those Lho one and those who have lot. These proportions till be cc..— Inalwzd by level of consistency. It will be eipectei that the 'th) categories of inconsistents will esxibit a greater pro- portion of those desiring another job and of those attenpting to get it than will the category of consistents. This sub—hypothesis will be further tested with the responses given by the Saginaw sample to the following pair of items: Is there some other line of work that you would rather do the what you are now define? IF YES: Do you thin“ that you will be able to get this kind of work: soon, maybe, sometime, or never. The same line of reasoning presented above for the Lansing data leads to the expectation that status consistents will be less prone to express a desire for another job than will status inconsistents. Similarly it will be expected that the inconsistents will be more prone than the consistents to state that they never espect to get the desired line of work. A "never" response combined with an eXpressed desire would be a clear indication of perception of blocked mobility opportunities. The fourth sub-hypothesis will be tested with the res- ponses given by the Lansing sample to the question, "All in all.ncw, would you say you like "our job: very much, pretty ggood, average, not so good, or not at all?" Kean satisfac- ‘tion.scores for each category of consistency will be computed tor assigning weights of 5,4,3,2, and 1 to the five alternative responses from most to least satisfaction, respectively. finnese neans will be used for comparative purposes, but the snijor'focus of analysis will be Chi squares cenputed b, com- biazing the two responses indicating greatest satisfaction 192 and the three indicating ees satisfaction. in a;pothe~is will be considered to be supported if the status consistents exhibit a higher degree of job satisfaction than either cate- gory of inconsistents. Hypothesis four cannot be directly ested in the fOrm presented earlier. There are no data available on prejudi- cial attitudes. We do have data from the Lansing survey which appear to be more in line with the intent of this hy- pothesis than data on prejudices. The hypothesis predicting that status inconsistents would be more prone to be prejudiced against various social categories was developed upon the as— sumption that these categories would be perceived as a threat. I discussed in an earlier section the possibility that one 0 0‘ reaction a inconsistent person might have to the strains brought on by his inconsistency would be to place the blame for these strains on other individuals as indivi ua s or as social categories. If a social category is perceived as be- ing the cause of strains and frustrations, then they till pp ;perceived as a threat. If they are perceived as a threat, then there will be a hostile attitude tonard their presence 1J1 any social situation in rhich the inconsistent is involved. {Phe "job” situation is one in which the inconsistent is forced tc: be involved. He may Lithdras, but only by m Vin; to arxpther job and even this alternative is not always available. lfluerefore, it seems reasonable to prOpose the following re- of thised.forn he fourth h fOtLCSiS: STATUS IICCLSISTLETS nILL be LLRE PROLE TEAL STATUS COESISTEKTS TO FEEL HOSTILITY TOhARDS THE PRESEKCE IL T13 KORE SITUATICL OF CERTAIN SOCIAL CATEGORIES WHITE MAY as PERCEIVED L0 133 A THILEJLT. There are dtgsvailzzble fro::.. the Lansing. survey which allow the testing of this hypothesis with three social cate— gories which may be perceived as threats. These social cate— gories are Hegroes, Foreign Born, and women. historically, Kegroes and foreign born have been considered to be a threat to the job security of native white labor. here recently, women have come to be considered as a similar threat. work- ing women are charged with taking jobs away from men and threatening their ability to support their families. This hypothesis will be tested with the responses given by the Lansing sample to the following series of questions: Are there (any, other) Negroes working in the plant (concern) where you are now working? IF YES: How do th peogle you work with feel about it? IF HO: How do you think the people you work with would feel if there were Negroes working for the com- pany (concern)? Two additional series of questions are asked in which first the words "foreign born" and then the word "women" are substituted for the word "hegroes". I am assuming that an individual who regards a given social category as a threat ‘will be more likely to perceive and report hostility on the ;part of his fellow workers than an individual who does not so regard the social category. Lean hostility scores will be computed for each cate- {jory'of consistency by assigning scores of 5,4,3,2, and 1 -—8 \x w 4‘ to responses categorized as hostile, negative, neutral, posi- tive and friendly respectivelv. These means will be use” , d 3 u H for purposes of easy comparisons, but the major analysis Vil be done using Chi squares computed after the two most hostile categories and the three least hostile categories have been combined. Legroes and foreign born will be eliminated from consideration when tests are made on the degree of hostility toward their own category. The hypothesis will be considered as supported if the inconsistents show a greater tendency to- ;ards eapressions of hostility against the presence of hegroes, women, and foreign born in their place of employnent. I eXpect that the presence or absence of the particular social category at the place of employment and the age of the respondent will be intervening variables influencin; the re- lationship under analysis. For this reason, he presentation of the findings will control for these factors. The fifth hypothesis will be tested in the same form in which it was presented earlier. STATUS IECOESIST”ETS WILL BE KORE PROHE THAE STATUS CCLSISTEETS TO PARTICIPATE IL SOCIAL MOVEEEETS. This hypothesis will be tested by comparing the indices <1f status consistency of the membership of the Saginaw branch cxf The American G.I. Forum to those same indices for the total sanuflerof Mexican-Americans in Saginaw. Lo comparable data its available for the Lansing sample. The Saginaw branch of The American G.I. Forum had tflxirty members at the time of the study. All thirty were Heuiican-Anerlcans. I was able to gather occupational data from twenty—six, educational data from twenty-one, and in- come data from twelve. I do not feel that twelve out of thirty is a sufficiently large proportion to justify analysis. Therefore, I will test this hypothesis by comparing the dis- tributions of the Saginaw sample and the G.I. Forum by edu- cation and occupation separately. Chi squares till be com- puted comparing those ranked low and high on these two di~ mensions. Finally, I will compare the Saginaw sample and the G.I. Forum in terns of frequencies of persons classified as consistent or incoxsistent on the hree dimensions of e-h- nicity, occupation, and education. I will c0mpute tne Chi square for this comparison. Tests of Significangp I have arbitrarily decided to use the .CS level of sig— nificance for all statistical tests. I will simply designate results as significant or non-significant rather than label- ing the actual probability levels. I will report the value of the statistic to enable the interested reader to ascertain actual probability levels. I am usins tests of significance but I will also discuss and interpret trends. oTfiiUS CL‘QIDILUCY AnD Tin 5LCIAL CUAnCE Intense: Ar ehPIhI- CAL new. A‘TICL. Dnis cheater till consist of an empirical 33‘ of the five appotheses presented earlier. I Lill present and dis» cuss data relevant to each of the h.potaes°" in the sane order in which the; were originally presented. Hipothesi§e1:_lertically Mobile Clbkxu Lill- peJ IOIe_;rone ta ”W an stationary persons to be status inCJM i_tent. tati ticall; si;ni;1n U} m Table 8 reports a small negative, cant, correlation between vertical occupational mooility nea- sured by the GChe and status consistenc; measured by LensKi'c formula. It also reports nean status consistency scores for those respondents those occupation is at a highel r status level than that of their father, the same level, or a OLBI level. These may be considered to be upwardly mobile, sta- tionary, or downfiardlj mobile, respectively. The upwardly ' -o— znobile sons had a slightl, higher mean consistency score than the stationar; sons, but the dii ferelce is LOt statistically significant. The downwardly mobile sons had a loner seen consistency score than either the upwardly mobile or the sixationery sons. both differences in means are statistically significant. The tno nethods of measuring occupational mobility naust be anerlysed separately as they measure nobility relative to Idifferent bases. The SCho neasures mobility relative to all. sors whose fathers had similar occupations while tne CCCUPATICLAL LCBILITI ALU Occupational level "L Relative to that of Father 1.0ccupational level higier than lenn \ P1 , We‘vo *7? d - ”Irv—.wm—‘o's—o- - w “H— that of Father 12: 73.8 ,.d6 ”1-.g C.C L5 Q.r) i.Cccupational '— —' ” level same as ha“ - _ of Father 9; 3.0ccupational level loner than that of Father 24L 408, P score, y:Status Consistency score. - - .r y! ,- ..., 1, r3 .'-‘| -.ILS ‘T o J D .2 O J V) 197 StCLAn; teuuh_epi3idx;suie;;Inau11ltJ liJiLtive CO CMKBZS lsthe;u L W‘ - Lfinhfil LOIXSI nav n“ tie same occu,ation as his lather w. at be iornvardly mobile according to his fluid 2 score as a re— sult of the changing occu.at;onal structure. inere are less lover Lanual jobs today than a generat'cn ago. The iregueneg distiitution of occugations of sons of lover manual :orhers l”VG a portion of sens Ln n.5her level cc- L'A- O C" ... CL h! Iv (D O (D [r U1 0 1...; L. l...) Q“! y-.4 cupaticrs. Being in a h; her level occupation than one's father might not be scored as be n, uptardly mobile as the median pesition for all sons night also be in a higher oc- cupational level. Let ne illustrate with a hypothetical example. if Em percent Cf the sons of unskilled norners b (1} Fl *4 e i .37 1 " f: , C4..-\,& C. Q: C4. C) a quire unskilled gobs, {0 percent sen -sri lieu I» k 0 H \3 ’ v 5 (.4. m p- T }.J H H C) C J an. O U U) «7+ 6 bf fl. ,4 U" 0 h ’.J -4 ,1 O m 0 :C (D < (D U) {.3 U (“D p I U} (‘- {A 5):) job -s stationarJ relative to his coaort of sons of occu tionally similar fathers even thou;h he is upwardly mcaile relative to his father. Siailarly, a son “ho has an unsiilled job is domnmardly iobile relative to his cohort of sons vita occupationsll; sinilar fathers but stationary relative to his lather. A son with a skilled occupation is upwardly nubile relative to both. the sons 2 score of ten represents non-nobility 191&tAVU to one's cohort of sons of occupationallJ similar ratiers. rhe correlation between the absolute value of the z score de- viation from ten an; the status consistency score shows that occupational mobilit relative tc sons of occupationall; ‘J similar fathers is signiiicantly associate with increased status inconsistencJ. The ccnparistn of occupational levels 0 c+ of sons and rat Iers reveals that upward mobility does n necessaril” lead to an increase in status inconsistency, but downward mobility does. Ihese the results are not incompatible. Sons of those persons who have achieved an occupational level higher than that of their father mi ht be classified as stationarJ by the GCLS while some of those persons who have an occupation ‘l edea;dovn- +43 similar to that or their father Lay be classii tarle mobile. this would account Ior the discre pa nCJ in the findings. H pothesis 1 is confiraed. This relationship oetween occupational moo ilitJ' and sta tus inconsistencJ’ is as egpected. If we ass me the exiStence or an ideal-thical state in which everJone has a consistent status profile, tiHeI it ’iould be expected that all children would be educated to a level in hes pix ifi nith the Leneral status level of the aIIl .iny hooility, untard or dornrard, would tend to create statu incons sistenCJ. Upvardl; nobile persons would tend to he undermeducated IOI their occupational status and doniuarle IIobile persons mould o8 over-siocat d. It is po ' isle the 'tne upsardly mo ooile persons would also increase their amount {a C- of education as to bring it into line rith their acaievcd (occupations level, and achieve a consistent status profile. Iiomever, they could not alter their ethnic statue. in up— .::rle nobile ethnic corld not «Void status Inconsisceicg. J . I _ . ’ ,1 I- ,I,.- - fr -. I. ' '1 .~ .._ . ~ ,I I, '~ . v . . I, ...‘3 .:..-. ., .II .cxc couli a dbuunafiulg mObliu henoei DI the u&«dliu“ mlvhu. ‘ u U J 4.4 A ". 1m ‘ 7 cg: -. a; I,.—.c LU ..-.‘gLII-il' tI‘I.);;;T'~.,J':1IIi__ J i- ‘ Fl (‘. i.e.) (L }-J (I C . 7 ( t 1' Ju--:./ .“I 7r~ \J V \.. FJ C I F‘ 3 I I I K , x ,. C C I C 1' ( l P- C t- F 1 r” (- ( h. m. ' . ,~ —~ .. .7 — _ .- * ‘ . $118 1.0“ valu: kg. to I!) .2kJ..:.3Jl-..LI-;.LJ.~ {ELK}... "9.1... Is ".-. I b. . V . . . . ‘; 1 .. w; [.A x ,. . . . -~ I. . ~x .-; -- l-o‘. ....L '. .1. .... ’J L- . »(.l" .L.—--» 'J -\: . Axg. ..,. w Iz‘~.1'-’.-’ 5-: -'.L .V 1,-1 -';.. 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(III; Jew.— '?firi:mn. oI"t;e ed; urtion L331 UuCkLflLthu-illitludflltIOI.EL‘ c 3-; CCI-.: iIIJ“_:..C,_, 10781.. 1-. the: cauze (3f 2 ll. gsf“teIuI; CLI i1u70115’2rt3IA3' 'tucIT) i It Yr ate' progor'ion of tie sample with Mi h eiucation than \Jith fi:[:i(fjfiugfltiQLJ firiree curt o“ itau: eeygerisorngJyrtiuce o ‘ f“ fi‘dz‘ya . . v..,._-.' '1‘”. .‘. f -5" ~1-.\J_" L. . ..J _ f" '-l‘.' -“i"|”. (‘ , 1. “H ~ ... ‘4. a. 1:1-L "\l \J Lg; )J -:_ L‘.‘-¢.L O .1. LL“: .L 0 v‘. bzl 11*..1. L) a r;‘5_.£.«- ..L. U43; o.) s hC—WBJ. E: ‘J‘LL L! the direction cf the difference is tne ca e. Lne cause of - .3. _ _- ,J -‘ I- J. ' J ' -. .. .' I‘ ‘m ,. ._... fl I -:." - - I x. , -.. ‘ ,. p ., I. , r-tatus lLCUnolEEBWCd L tie t nuenCJ Ior larwe nunceIs oI eI~ r" "a 1 J— “ vvr «n ns‘ -‘ ‘ -- W "f g" " ‘1 ,-~. '. - A” J.‘I '. ~ 1' w J- sons b0 be veI—eiucItei Its bublr cecu3.oional level. It ..I -. ‘K -: 1» -1, - - ~ .—. J's ~ 3 ,'\‘ '1' K . '-~ ‘ ‘ r ‘.v r‘ ' "v : J"" r'- - -L1- -~ r. -. \ r‘ ’| Is yOSSlUie to Losuulete uohIIcId noIIlI J as emu cILse oI n.- . . . J. .1. -, . .~.,.. J." o ., .4 I. .- - h ..g: 1.. ,1 . -__.,. t: s ,stte-I. .Lnqul, use lICqVChCJ pita I-Icn tIis gettein - -. -' . .1. - J- K , — - ' ,. .:- — -. .:. .. . :. .:.; .. .r‘! .. v .1 -. - .. OCCU‘ flu .LI‘.) DUO , let/St 00 we CL; 51.; .‘iIb ‘1 Lil ’uIlL: ILI-\J..:_I- ,s: .Li'. ‘ l‘ ‘ f‘ I" " -‘ 'v n a" ."\ ‘ ‘ - . '.' N " ‘f’ ' - '\ 1 *‘ ‘.‘ '. fl '3 ‘L ‘ . a" “V {a l._..ole .,_:. .:. .:K/‘LLl-- 30;: LU..l DU LLLt L'lL-CJCV‘I “Dull. o4 .LS a. ..IO..8 “ 1 f‘ TIN '\ - {w ‘ 1 ."~ - -" '. ‘ \ "' f '\ ’1‘“ P " g '. ‘ '\ - - ' '.' o ‘ 4" q . 1‘ '. \ TirOuuulo cause of tII: }ctLeII. Iicic Is a s Ion; oeiief in IL eric n society that education is tie road to Iohilit . DISTPI?JTIDI OF STATJS RnNKS BY CQJSISTSJCE o T a \ CLASSIFICATIOI n ‘3‘ 5‘! 317' ' '7. :‘1 r.‘1 KTALJQ, .‘DIMH Kiwi.) QATIJ- . Hierarchy Consistent j Koderate Inconsistent 1 L338137 1 Saginaw 1:Lansiu;, 2:5aoinaw j . 71332; Low Rich Low High I Low 2131‘ Low . 1 Occupation CS 1 3 O 9 74 33 ‘ ‘53 2 109 _i. iii Education 86 l 32 ' o 2 74 100 95 :9 102 I 1 Income . 36 32 , o 1 74 102 94 g 93 23 1 a; a J A __ 1 i 1 Ethnicity 1 06 32 1 o 74 . 158 33 o ‘ 141 Hierarchy Sharp Inconsistent Chi square betweenl ccupation and i BzLansingi 4:8aginaw income distr‘- I bution P 17;:h_4 Low High Low . T r T Occupation , 12 567 6 19 1: 44.3 I 5 TIA— ,4; iEducation ; 145 34 22 3 2: 1.8 Q15 f i l _ i Income ; 34 1 143 22 , 3 3: 200.7 a | I _l 1 L f __ 1 7* T IEthnicitv 9 167 . 12 , O 1 23 4: 20.8 S . ' !| I _i 1 _i J aStatus Profile Classification Iflallll {I'll-1]}... 'Ilr‘llll.lllal‘|¢|l.{lllu{. .I‘Ifili‘ 'nfi_’\ .« - .iei fe;;, Nee 26:1 L13 11‘ tic..-i- m1- , -. a fi' -, 4- NJ, -, 14.1“1‘8 8.1V; iiCt bllLA-LVL:IAAD O’2p_.i_-- -- -- -. -. .0 . 1.x--.“ in .2 tile leCl 6t -ii;; hlhuUbii. oi ‘e these ‘et'c1 educatei pers01s _ .:. ,, -.. Mei .:- 2- . '1 ., x} .. -‘ - I. V. ._ 11,3311 .LG‘JCJ. O 8 iucc- tic--. _. . .1 , .1 4' - n 4" v . UL) .1.-- iii.” lC‘J. .:.- 48.1. L!C:'~Jk.} 4.01 status job”. EducatiL: people for mobilit; thick ice: not occrr create; lar e numbers 0“ status inconsistent persons. This, too, K35 be e 1e eult oi” t e e: eLcc of .nnilit iL society. The iuet that soLe people 3 Lieve better joLs througn Ligher educatiOL leaCs others o ply the me ave- Lue. Ihis euses aL ovei— uQle of educetoi ebor. some must 15111. I fhere is {greggt dfyjl (sf j;.coi. :3lL3oen";. ‘ occuLation 31o etnnicitj. Tnc Ld low ian m1 ;s 0: occupation f) Lcflerste iLCOISistent c:«te l"' LaLsiL sharp iLc;neistent cat eLotner discrete .. r_ I .4... ; .4 fl 5.) xhich eccoun for a ”1;. is the discrepane beteCL Uni figuare etLparieon of high .61 etymicity for the Laneirx 111:2.9 C-AA:1 13",! I. '3 by In both tnere re CESSQS considerably more coplc runhel as nigh iL ethnicity thif there ire high in occuintion. inie is uitner illustrn”ed “witn Tab c 10. thich.¢.mn43 tie LesL status socie 0L seen. status «ie*orcl for all cutc¢oric of consis tenc; for bot; s;unples. .it eecflzilcvel oi CHflJSiStGDIF’ ultiiL,lL53 LQLLiL :sem‘f ile, iiinzicap eifiupic score €.thlii the .meicaecuyatiezpd. score. Txe Line of the defGIelCO increase: Lita tic dc rec of inconsistch'. Il~e lfiuisirgg szunplxe 1:; a zs:gl.e'oi‘1iuiinil :JOIQuz’S gull cons’sts of all pereors with ielativelj low o‘cunaticns. LL . n ). )3 m.#¢ H 0.0m V m.¢F . 0.0m m.0w . o.NF mpdopuamCOQSM oLLOLU . w L mpuflm.a honopmfimmoo _ . . _ _ . , m I . -1 0.0m 5.9F m m.m w m.m_ . m.Pd U m.bo _pCrpm¢mnooCr _ L H . . D mummgmos.m m.mp m.w1 ” m.m m.mm m.m¢ U m.mm ” usmpmflmcoc.¢. Jr _» a p b H _ i a: 1 m.@q 1 m.mm . m.r1 0.1m F.mm m m.do .pcoumflncooma L oaamopm _ m _ madam.m i mapdpm _. 1, I . \0)IJ _. 3 \I «J Jo- . n.mm . m.mm H L.FP L n.¢¢ m.04 0 mo pscpmfiocooce H _ opwpowom.m. _ ¢ . m.m_ o.m. m.m p.03 m.w¢ m.mn pgmpmfimgoo.. osooca coapwodwo seadeSOOO mufioacnpo cofiuwozom goapwmsooo soameHLHmmaHo coapwoamfimmmam _ honopmamsco mo won mm Bmcwwmm “some meamcdq "some 3 medm QH¢ wBHmz¢A "Hmoom MmommmmHm mmefiem E¢m2 92¢ wmmmemHmmOo 0— m4m¢9 mbwdwm Tish; it is gxrt pos;jjjle to £;’tra cflayt: flOXl tie froszul c; of t3pe; of i1;c0Lsist»:3Lcies in the sa: nle to tie freque:.:, of occu‘rence of this type i: the 201iety as : 'aole. sat we may irav some conclusioLs re HLr iL_ causes of incoLsis— teiCy'Ujlnli'KOTlegf la. m 0918. (AL cause a.1x%xrs to b: occu atioual ility, priaarily do”; aid. 3 second cause is :lockcd mobility. Individuals are educated to a relat’ve- 13‘ high level but do Lot achieve a orrcspo main 1] hill occupatio .l lev 31. a tuiid cause appears to be the dlLCIG- p9LCf betteei ettmi status and occupational status. Tie act that the ULited states is Lot ocmoletelj a czste societ., though it has strong tendencies in tais dirccti cL in the area Idill leve the distr presented in as tea for the c occupation: scores for drastic as I interpre of low status, tent is de Ctill1l but the ." Lav ication, rill cause crtaiu Luster of a’gh etunic stat as t have low status occupations. y. a certain number of people of 10: ethnic status hi. status occugatiOLs. Tais is illustrated by a I)!” -z- ‘\ r (1 In» v.1- 1:3 Du. ibution of status s00“es of ti ginax -1Lple Lable 10 The Lea n occupational score increases '3 de (’1 ore shohin; Le tex SB 1ree of inconsistcuc 1r , 0 c3 ombination of a low ethnic status with a hi3hei 1 0 iv 1 ’tatu Tue between L an occu‘atic 111 W l l-‘.‘ ‘ “. " e l u 11 - .., ta educational scores. the discrepolcy between mc.L t this to seen that it is po siolc for a person D b& status he iLCOLsisteLt due to occugaticnal a 1.1ajor cause. that is :pgore intros-:- tendency to acquire a hichr amount of educatioL than is coapttible with their ethnic status. tccugationtl sta us acnears tt be more closely tied to ethnic status than it is to the educational. Let ethnic status is a carrier which grovents the consistenc; betteen eccugational and edu- . cations sta uses KdlCJ would be tse O far-7:3 '1’.“ C1. 11‘ .416 " as- in a co..-1ojLetc , .4 C) achievement oriented society. KAQothesis 2415tatugmingensistents_xill exhibitma r“egter grooensit; t 1 status cons stents_ tOJaid social isolatiCL as reflected in Lithiraw 1 iron rolyntariflsccial izteiac tion. his 1'1;,'::1c:-thesis is tested ‘03" breaking; it into two sup— 1 see I will discuss eaca sun-h'uothesis se aratclf. l) ¢- 1 assis_§iaj Status consis ten 8 when conoared with sta1t1s consistents will {1) have fewer memberships in social associations; (2) umlthlJatb to a lesser degree; and (3) be less lixely to hold office r comnittee posts in those asso— ciations in thich they have memberships. Table 11 L.Jresents th‘ distritution of acLbcrshi;s in h.” social and economic associations by degree of consistency an Lethod of class’ficatior for the Lansing sample. Onl; the unper portion of the table is relevant to this hypothesis. Ehe loner portion is presented for illustrative pur .oses. hhen respondents are classified acccr1in; to status profile 5 scores, the can ”i tents tend to have more heuMoe1shi s in social Ff, O associations than Hit er moderate incons istents r sha ; in— consistents. Chi squares between those having no aenbershi; and one or sore are s'.1;ni'f_'ica;1t for the c: ' asri 01':- set..v-.-s;;-- consis cz-ts azd each type of inconsistent and tile co.-;:‘oined ’1 .A . . -1 I] .r .lll‘lfi.‘..u I'l‘il‘. "I, «I 1 . I'll Ill‘ IO‘IIII. I, III-.... I. n. ’I'i ill cm.c L. «LL . C .L 00 LJ_ pg” wscwuauJoo-H A _ _ W. 4..) . .“l O _ J..\. \J H... _- _ n (.fierrk r\.\ . .:-ICF V1.0 p _ o L o L mom mLL ch “ pcapm flm QLLL .mouqn ..m1n " _ ; - - L H _ __ 96 MCUO-.. . r _. CL .0 , O .- U. r1. :4 n h- Cm. mL10... 3.2.1.9111wmu00.c_. H __ L _ L _ 0....bQCbOn. 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LAID JLICAJ L- iLLCOIJS ..Ln.) . . ,-. L1...) forh S '11::‘tl'f Liw This trend ‘4. 1.031145, WIDCIL Ell-IL; Ct tJ \1‘ 61;. inconsistel C I' LOLIL rt; have uLier forty. 'L' H}— acetizxL berLll 0 11100151.- ten ”(.0 out thuse with COLListents. 1;s number 01 all t- {195300131 '— mmcapmm. go mmwpcoopmm 02H m 243 "mmoHadHoommd muffin-Infill” ~w«BMD505 5H s 5% 8HezmHoHamxm Q .q \) M -fiwwomafio it 55299 5 m A ‘4 4| 5| _ m 5 b F ¢F mw pcmpm-mc0cca . 5 n:d,m.m_ om 5 mm . 5m GOP com pncpuflmmoomfl . m moo 6 m 7 OpmpovoH. Logogmnzzon pm 5 av r 0% mm QQOpmHmcoo. OF . . OHFOQOcm mm mp " mfi mm O_F pcopwfim20cdfl . wkwrm.0 _m mm m M mm mmp pgopmfimcoom 0. mo: 5 mmemUoH.m mwnuuc mm m5 m _ pm cm gsmpmfimcoo.h J 4.: 1'4}. L Ill J H A m_ m m _ w” m¢ “ pcopmflmzoosfi P . Qhuflm.n nor m ed mm on m¢m 7 pgopmamCOOQa museum 5 w mpwpmuon.m :62 “HmJOv mm d? u mm mm_ W pan pmHmCOU. d r. a +. Hafloom 5 w 1‘ v a Jfl m _ m U «6 mm qnfi pug mflmcoosfl . chdnm.m av mp mw qm N5? psopmfimgoocfl ‘ oaflm am 7 opuhmon.m mggdpm mw “ mw a mm mm_ . pcmpmfimmoo._ L p I ll OOFIWN 51 qwuom. QJLMN 5m: 2 5 co 3 6fl_Hmde: :ofng QOfipfim nmcsmpp¢ .mocmpmfimsoo Coflpw Iacwupo .H O 0 Datum £14 ”) ’7 (D (O F‘) U) (0 O". T7) T") W) U) 1 :1 v: :1 a H H--- - L 6 5. - - - 4L . ,Q l m g* p5 4T 41 t’\ N\ (a \(> uw [F\ V) |(\ \3 r‘ rm ‘¢3 (\= C‘! (T) rvx \kl kg) r“ \C) " K”) q* «4 S o o o o o o o o o o o O 53 0‘ '- \ ‘1 M b \ O! M (‘w r‘\ C: 0 <‘) C 0 (j (1? A ..4--..._ .6 _ _ 5.5 -,_ ..- _ . _ . . F } >--—--—-————-——--——-—-—0£«o c-‘o$;o r12 0.1.0 030020 '- -.—i m 3;: '6 0 C: o 7' r: 0 Li 0 C“ \ o :10 "g;- o r3» (2 mm OOSUG ”50511315“. O’):TJr'_d 0021.153 :1 ('33 r.) tr: -.-( U) ml (1 ...! U7 --—l U ; _» w fl (1', pry-'0, H C: 0 r4 0 o o o o o o . . . . , : Q t) ‘— 0! f“. 5- l’\ V) F—C' C‘ C“ ‘— C“ " . J_ - -... .....— 4 A —— ---—-< 7!. C) (3 f: r; .4 3 c) . ) " \ . . 'CJ‘ v] t., I r" C.‘ H {j i ' (>0 :uu .4 75*: vi; a .l'" ":1 43 Q4 (U f» -:3 (19-4. ‘1 :71 C) +7 +7 a; O ,C: 0 c3 0 .1". O -‘ (is I, 43 £4 3 C +3 :‘74 O f? " 0‘ t m 04 U m (0 ‘34 c» m P ;" fimF-rhfi- -..r.-5. ”..---. -. .6 .-‘.._.__.___...-4. .51? ...... . ..,. »_- --,.--.. 4 -— ' - (I . (2 I 0H C»: q—l r—f P ‘- l, $3 :3 O . c? ..,-1 "1 ' v ’ zation O?” m '7- (3.3116 0 .r,‘ m-I QPFH I 71:) .' 2H (Slice again, only the ugper portiOL of the table is directly Ifalevant to the ””othc 30th categories 0; ireonsis tents by either method of cilassifieation, have lower meaa partieilation scores than the holds 0 of coasist Ehis relationship 0.) d. (f) O cc3rrespondihg categorj :fox'all categories over forty but not ror Tine sharp i1; consist3n ts according to status proiile rxaderate incorsistents accordin to consistency see“- hi. her mean participation scores than the correspondihg All Chi squares comparing cor— rethod of class ifica— csite cries of consis tents. with inconsistents for either 131 on are significant eicept for that which eonpares tLe S_L 'S‘tents sharp :1 1(30nsistents according to status 1:Iofile with the corresvond— 1.1;1; categor; of con sistents. and the significance of five out to conclude that The observed trend ' the data beT 'the six ohi lares lead 9e sqr social associations support the hypothesis. *e* be observed in né'nhd' £911 3: rticipation in Ghee again, tie same tendency a mildei JTkannrzgz for economic L.ssociationsT11e mean particleatlol score fc>317 each category of inconsistcrts according to either method 01? (2212‘si ficatior is loner than the mean score for the corres- k3CDli-LC‘iaiin; category of consistents. This relationsdip holds “hi 3 uare comgarihg the moderate ’. “*Wg to status profile with the corres30hr- ‘ sterts 's the only signiiicaat one out C>;E‘ \ A 1:; e sii con utcd. She predicted tendency for inconsistents to participate .soapoopsoo mops own .amoo msaoaon poo poems: can pmoa weaoaon popes: -napoosoo oopscsoo oposom Hrno m2 o~.o m_+_auo.1wwoa.tl55sa. Al,oma. q mm 45 pumpmflmcoocfi a} . 5 nsmem.m_5 mu poo o m_-oa omo. .mmm. sea. an com pampmamnoona 5 mopoom . 5 mpssmoou. P.5mosmgmamcom we sa.o liner ,sso. 5sma. h, ems. ml xxamx acmyWMmzoo. orb caeocoom me qo.QJ, m+mum,.m~ . 50mm. owl. m. oil pcopmHmnoocwll 5 5 . qpsnm.o 5 5 me a_.o mus mso. .amm. mmp. 5 am nna pcmpmfiomooca oHHoOLm . _ H M mpdhmdo..m_ M wzgdpm “ mm oo.©|, mus mop. Hma_. a mm". _ m_ em pcmpmfimcoo .m 5 5 m mm.m,1, osmrs .mmm. «amm. a mom. m ms pampmHmQOOCH A a 5 5 nhonm .m 5 m poo.o mud \mo. 5mma. o_a. em mew pcwpmfimmoocfi mmtoom . 5 5 mumsooo..m honoumamsoo m m_.a } mus ”aha. _mmm. hl,mam. am am. pumpmflmsoo. 5 wt . Hmfloom m om.n;5 m+mna .mso. Xanwa. 5 m_,. [a ema pcmsmamooocfi . i .. A . QLQ Em .M 5 ... m wu.m mu_5 mm_ 5o_a. 5 was. 5 a sea pneumamcoocd 5 maaaopm _ 5 5 5 5 madameou.m 5 mspn¢m_ m mm.mlm m-F5,mm_. .m_m. w mom. 5 mr. mm. pcwpmfimcoo.o 5 v: m oopsadm. .mmoUfllu o¢ Am>o eeoHpLom ale mmanm coHpso M soapwolw sofipmw one meshes. amen: q es -ogm. -gmneoz -Haammwao l -aedmmaao -ficmego r lopwoh pl 90 sopssz monoumamcoo mo cospoa 5 Mo mama OOHMMO UHmS SOHSB CH wofifmhmflfiowm lg “II-lit 52H maoHeaHoomme wmaahsqos nH 95mm memom mm? %H 8).. :w 5ft? rrr wfi Moo Q? Q mmDHkmo Q8 m5 mgmaa T555 35% m. [I mo.5.5 m5+5.105 5 Nm5a5,mmo. _ ooF.A5 M|:. mo pcoumfimcooww 5 5 5 . 5 9L3.m.0fi 5 5 mm 900.0 5 m5uo5 mus. ”mom. . mwfi. 5 qm mom 5 pampmflmcoogfl 5 mmgoom5 , . 5 u 5 mmeomou.rF 5bosmpmwmmoo. \ 5 . o o ._ x; - .) .... I) .3 4 o J. 5 WW $0.0 5 ”plow #NO. .«me 5 ¢~P ” CH 5 LC 5 +CQPUHmLOO Cr 5 5 V. P w 5 5 .5 .mefiocoow mm 00.. 5 mfwthfl Mm.z5.oom. 5 @fl~.¢4 Mr W. OFF a pcmumamdooca 5 ‘J 5 5 5 5 . _ upwmm.m 5 mm mo.o _ mun mmo. 5mm5. 5 omF. om 5 mm” 5 pampmflchocfl . oaflgogm 5 _ 5 5 5 mpufiocom.w 5 mapwpm mm mo.0 5 up now. 5¢ F. 5 m¢P. m_ 5 dm 5 pneumamcon.h 5 . . _ 5 .0 + L 0 r .VP IT .1 an 5m.o . m+muw “an.5 ¢mm415 mom. 5 n5 5 m¢ IQ psopmflmsoosfi 5 5 _ 5 5 5 updnm.w 5 m2 om.o mu¢ mmm.. mmm. 5 mmm. mm 5 m¢. 5 psopmfiwsoocq mopoom5 5 5 opaaowom.m bozopmfimsoo5 m w¢.o mn¢ om... aom. 5 0mm. mm wm. 5 pampmflmcon.¢ . 5 5 . H xh 5 HLHoom m. 55.m hymn .WHW. 0mm. 5 wfiq.x4 mm 5 xmr 5 pcopmfimmooza 4 5 5 5 5 agwnm.m 5 5 mm m~.5 mu. ¢mm. 0mm. «mm. mm w¢5 _ “mopmflmcoocfi 5 ofifikopm5 . 5 mpggooon.m mapwpm mm "q.5 mu. ~__. um. wmc. um Am5 pmmpmfimgoo.5 m smpmnam nwpwoeoo ad Ao>o coappom51 n 5 amazm soame coapmo noapwm ago mmapow pmwmm a o¢ scam. aLmQSmu ufimfimmmao Ifiwammmao Ifiswmgo nH. smpmu 5 .mo measz 5 mocmpmamsoo ho nOSpmz no make gmoa mmppaeaoo cams Scamz CH maaxmgmpamg fill 5cmgc55goo5 m5 QOqe lxagz 1b LwClfil V .. '9- , W. -' . h -, -V ...' (3;..L'e 15:211.]. SJ -LIL a'I . _o ‘ ' -_ .0 , S-LL» “01¢: Lor u '. " I '. ‘ ' ' " " LIZCOLELLLGC L CC 0.11 2:31.131? 8 v ti 0113 file i?"- tl-m S i S tents r a"; -‘ga 1. l.‘ a“: .C’. .,. J-‘ “‘1 ' "" l \« OleCti u‘. 8;. ‘LJ-ZL- six Chi aqua n. gothcsia urder nocgcr: of ccusistexts. ;hase fiLc f.) . o - v \‘ \1‘3 ‘17 ‘y‘|“" - (3" - f‘ ' '~- j. ‘ ~x .‘ J ‘ -\ r. 3"». _ . Cl-t. v.14 LL-‘rJ. ‘- .4~()C.L‘—:--tl‘J-liby \oUl—U 'I—irlk-"\/ “Jib-L811;- ‘_. U. -'V I 1 -, o -- . 1 ”sh ‘1‘" V"l”:- .:.. c' #7 'w.‘ ‘4' “m": .m *W‘.‘ r ’W "" .‘La. 04. LLLV UL.£/ LI LIL.” u .L x. C L) ,1. CLM-n‘» k‘A-‘_:L 00 J—‘ an ,..' A”. ...x" -' 1, ..t ,- -. JW‘ ..° ., ..;. M~ _ gully.) L'... l1:COll:i$:)terklUu Ar» CLU;.',_L “‘3 LLLO‘J Op .:"ve a lower 11:0;01'31011 343.11 CuhSibCL‘lLtE of 1. _' 1 J. ‘1. ..- in I . fl 1 ‘ .;." IV." _. "" .., , .3! .~ .2. _.‘ tll (:21 U~leJ [51:11ch AL‘sI-L".L L1’J..Ll(_le Q .A. I—L;3 ..L. \.'l‘;'~t.~OlA—. 11 A . , c r at 4-" n —m-- 1 — aw - .... L. k :JJ- UL-‘ b. KI.) C (..., J-U ULaKJ y) La 3r-ll Vl \ A-Cw - 1 the correspoadir; cute_or; of coLsistonts. ~, .., ,,' ..-...' - _- ,... -. . . -1 --w '_ ‘ .. ., .‘ .., a Le;e pl.ul;LC¢nt ebceyt tnat nfl*Cfl ccgpngx Lt: accordirfi to cogsibtency score: Lita nae - ’~ ' us run" 4." .2 -' A~ D . I“. ‘ ‘ ‘x '5 . ’ "x‘ = '1 v‘ V - ' ' r ‘.l. .:.k._ ‘;lk1'4'"“,-; 0-1.1le3 L-JLlU. 4.1.x OCC‘LJO;. ..I..C -..‘..C.;EUClJ— {P (D F). "S \' f; O (‘7 P C .. 0 raver All cate cries of incox— higher pruportion of mogbcrships in which he? categorie; of CCLSiStentS. _ o f r. . __ ._ ‘\ ~ \‘t ‘ '5 ‘ 'v‘ . ‘ ‘ 3.85 «7.3.6 ;;.O;1-l-_L 4..._1_.L.LC7.-~;.;V . 'din; committee Dost; held sugport lass :trcna— s unuer *est. Eh: prowortion of cougittee T oiul associiticms for botl categories 01 in— 113 consuxateLcd':3corc: :xrvc c.L;L;u51'1xrcw"1* :t of committee :OSLS hold then the Lod.*; re.3'te ircohsistehts but :31. love: than $1123.17?ll:COI‘Li:l$tC:L.t£J. 1.; ccmoired prom}. tion for J. (D all inconsistents eccordirg to consistency score; (.L; ) is lower than the proportion (.260) for the correspordihg cate— gory of consistents. Lehe oi the six Chi squares coiparihg consistents vith inconsisteits is s'gnificaht. The age con— trolled proportion of committee posts held follows the some 1xIttern as the overall proportion for the older age group. It is less celisisteht for the younger category. Ihc Loderate :u1co;1sistchts eccordin_ to either method of classificatiOh 5v have hijhcr proportion of committee posts held than the cor- respondih; categories of consistents. I tould conclude that the fihdihgo are in Lild support of the hypothesis under test. There is the trend for incon- sistents to hold less comuittee posts 1er or:a.is' eti01 than consisteito, but the differ-hoes are not stetisticell_ sigjtificeht. Tie trend for proportion of coruittce posts held per membersiip in economic ossociatiors runs counter to that for 1 1 _'_ iel associctions. heed category of i; cc1.sistente, except (3 O (.0 that of sharp 1r0oleet nts according to status profile, he; 2; hi; ;l“.er proportion of coeoittee posts per mesherShip. The cusnbired inconsistents according to status profile have a prololtion of ceimittee posts thich aeoroulh.tes that of the co M15 ist3nts (.144 to .14;). All Chi saueres are non—si_nifi— “Me is hO CULSiStCLt pattern of distribution of cant. .wl cot14ittee posts for the age controlled etepories. I; the urr‘er‘;fo1"tv LL’B retro, lMDtZl ccdx:;o;gieas of‘.i;cmnisix:tezrto gzc~ cording to status profile have lo er proportions 01 comuittee posts the: the correspordin; category of consisoents. Loth categories of inconsistents according to cons'stency scores have hi her proportions the; the corresponding cateforj cf consistents. In the older a" e ..Djrcuh the 1:1oder'te izlcoio—D'is- tarts ccoordinv to »chsistchcy scores s the only CQthOI; or inconsistents those proportion oi comu'ttee p ots feilo to e1ceed thct of the correspondinfl category of consistents. I conclude that the sub-hypothesis under test is rea— sonably su portei by ‘he date and to; Le considered to be confirmed. Fourteen of the SlItCCL individual comparisons V tatisticall; re are in the predicted direction and hire ore significant. All eight of tie corperisons betreen corsio- terts er” :rouped inconsistents are in the predicted lirec- tich end six are statistically si status incorsisterts tehd, Lien ~c;;_r>ered to status cor.— sisteits. to have fewer hembe‘ships in socicl associations, O .. . l . -,\ ‘ r-s -.. -I . w ’\ " r. -. V. 0-. -‘- l‘ ’. ~(' 44 ‘ ‘ 1,3 - .. -. r . r‘ .. .. ‘-'. na !" .-\ .’ \r tattehc ck mmalloI‘lflolCellMLLG oi ole hAXBtiutfib LEI'IMALLJZIL‘ F. "O ”J p. '1 LC 48‘fo lkileCl‘ COLE- a o to hold fewer offices per acute Snip, on p1,: loittee posts per membership. Ihey e‘e less prone touorfi participation in svcial essec’ctiors. The age controlled findihgs are inter.stir . Chore sir rerersals of predicted direction of difierences. Lite of these are i; the under fort; age cote cry. I interpret ..l-q, . w‘ Vii. o ,q I - i "- IN ‘ . . -'. " r< . \ 4- .. ~‘v this c~ lmp thq that respons s to stetue luCOhoibbUnLv pic— dumlly develop over time. Eressures caused o. status incon— sistenc; may be felt just as strongl; b; either age :roup, but the younger inconsistent is less likely to have developed the res “)0ISB of withdrawing from social interaction. social isolation is essentially a dBIccBl t restonse. It is acn- LOtledginI that one cannot successfully cepe with the pres~ sures involved in social interaction. It seems likely that the gounger inconsistent may be more active than the older inconsistent because he has not failed often enou h to gi've ‘up hope. The older inconsistent has built up a consistent pattern of unsuccessful attempts at interaction and, there- fore, gives up and withdraws into social isolation. The difference in amount and level of participation in economic associations betveen consistents and inconsistents is is 3 than it is for social associations. lhis could inply (I? t.at the irconsi: tent atandons the battle for status in tie social arena and develops more of his evaluation of self in the economic arena. lhis s;ec culat ion is best supported by the data on committee posts. Ihe participation of the inconsis- tent tends to exceed that of the consistent (the difference is not statistically significant). This also appears to develop gradually over the years. seven individual compari— sons amcn' older respondents indicate greater participation for the inconsistents, one the same amount, and ei.ht loss. Four of the ei3ht co ' risons of consistents with combined inconsistents also indicate 3reater participation. Five Mn Vidue l COLpaiiecns emonj: younger respondents indicate greater participation while eleven indicate less for the in— ,l , M1 ..-w ill]. be U— connoiraai ia-eo..s i. .teirts .in eigaticn for incens1etcnos. 1 .LLA. LOU. S‘J "’otucs1s t:1at t‘v LLS ."fll‘CLd‘dallg; develoo Lill‘Ov the mag 'Ule caniot sueCessfully utilize the see 'msstin of their self-esteen. iney Ar.- ~) . I | ~ 1% u tiis testing; to tile ee-.:-o;nie arena and ticipants in economic Olsohl”“thLS and and cetlLittee posts. atteL1ted to test t1 sub— C‘ Q ...) I also from the Saginax sat lle Jable 14 prese of nembcr siiu in voluntir associations and Letuod of classification. The tene;r .1-‘ ,. ... rm 1 ,. -.,. ,- .° . . . ' -1 .., , Lue data. ins mooe1atc incensistents uC . 4“" lo G'Io r: 7w rw .- 7" "" ‘ 9 vs ‘\ rv‘r": ‘ 3101.1. v own, on 1.18.: -1 1.1L... qu OJ. 1.1L:...b€1 p.11. 1 tin f toe consistents. ;;o to Lie 4- \. inlCOl-S is bUIl “1-('} 1.1 a of ts ;e n number snarp ne cons istents according; to diate to the Loans for the nodere tel? us. The difference is 14:11 i1 both aris ens. Gli szueres for all cempariso fhere are tto factors much ccnfidence '11.; (Le 11 .I.' J. , ’1. ,A‘ -_ OJ. U.lC CL‘liblb- :C‘Js-ar a." _reeter parti— .1. ‘ sax-LOCI» J6 e eta411stent ;J.U1 01 status incensis— ) ‘s tn belief tnzt ial arena fc- tne snift t1;e focus of 6001.8 LOIS active lar— esgecially in effic-s hypothesifisxuitn Leta nts the distribution bj level of con;i — re is no sztte n to cordin3 to statns s ufliici‘ p-IT).1L Vtes lets: than the 1:831”. of mentorships of .5- U S 3.5 it; ClfiA'ue— score she rp ineon: is -— (\ v 61 0:1;— 1h_flCcht. or is the observation fron- the Lansing; data that the relationship "re—“tween 3:7..tte1n of incomistene; and £7.1't1e;;;—.,tioz.. in voluntary» sssoci tie : rliifei by type of 3""ociat1on. 1ne as inuv iota do not m .,._ \{ .QOapoogLoo mmpwwn .mpoa no mco an2 00000800 mmflnmpmpama Hagoflpmuacacgo 0mm i4?! 1— o W lqr1 4.4 444 ‘1] mz . 200.0 . m+mu¢ Fm.0 m0.0 mm.0. 0 0 0W 0 NF ¢¢_ mm . pampmamfioosfl . _ m hymnm.m mmgoom mm 300.0 _ 01¢ 00.0 Pm.0 50.0 F 0 F” P F0 00 ‘00? ugopmflacoomfi mocmpmamcoo x . a . opdpmwom.n _ . . x - n ma nw0.0 . mu. 00.0 mm.0 0m.0 .0 0 10 .F 0 d0 wwm pcmpmfimsoo.¢ A. o 4. 4r. 1% . + V pryJ# 0 . 0 1.. ,4 mm _¢.0 m+0n~ 0m.0 00.0 _0¢.0 0 0 m0 *0 00_ .mfi [m0 pampuflmwoocfl . . . . npdxm.m mafimopm . . _ . -, . . » mz H 00.0 ml_ 00.0 0m.0 00.0 _ .0 .P _m .op .00 #m__ pampmwmcoocfi mapaum _ H . W , , w ” mpmgouom.0 mm _ mm.0 01— m0.0 mum.0 00.0 0 .0 _0. r mF “mm 000 pampmHmSO0.F w. 1| W. w ‘1, A0 _ . #0 1w .11 x4 0 “mmpwscm ,0mpmaaoo 0¢ .Lm>o W HH< pm ”wrm 0 p F M 0 m cofideflmHmmwao ~ coflpmu , «£0 mwfipom hmccmlrw 0w,» 1‘ moamm bosopmflmcoo _ cofipao Impmo mmanmpmpams ngmnama mo amnasz m nHmHmmmao MI mo pmnesfitmmwm .h {V zmszdm "mm0H90H00mm< mm<92040> 2H mmemmmmzmm ho mmmmbz 02¢ MommamHmmoo mme¢em i mqmlt i. OJ- L~LV 10;.8I‘ LII-(J. C3: be (OJ-1131's . U-‘l ‘v s 1.”.31“: I V ” ‘- ' ’"¢ " "‘ "' . 3 '. ‘ f V - ' ' '~ '1' ‘. ’ ‘ F‘. ~ '. " ‘. r". ‘ .- ,' ‘ ‘ - Co tallsoes oi ,. ml JCQL s etu: leVel thh LaCfl :L .ee tLo (an; colol;ed are aJJ.sLLJJifloegt. " ,_-.- ... \(f r“ ' r *w“ ' 1“ Al -. r. o .' g A. ‘. r‘ 1‘ ._.‘. n :\ tl‘ ' ‘.- -'|:" ix! ,--‘ -‘ 1" l-v ... . ".. I 1...]. ...; Lu). Una; LQ‘VC ..Lf.’ U-LM'LJ kl-LLr LIV 0L 'v- .L t.‘ .-.e “101.31 s'. LLJ. ,~‘ i1; 1': 0 Lil;— telv associations. 6 t - "‘. .f‘x ‘ '3- ' .-‘ -r. "-. :3‘4'7‘ “ r-v'*-‘ sr' .‘»-‘--‘r‘ ‘ Tse gositlve uSpOClaLlOL LBbwecL beeer l Sb bun level r‘ ‘ fl ‘- j’ 'l ‘3. '. -‘ . "t ’1'!" '-“ l' V I'- ‘o f I" 'L " "-‘ - " r) “‘ " ' l’ ' - ' -‘ sZOle'J. 10 CC: ‘JE/‘ls.1l‘) 125 V\IOJ—1.:'£l.t bt—LLDr C1.b~‘10(4ia ULULLS , CL—JL-L Ll ..Lh 146} JQi-Lj—wv C -.,, .., .:. .-- ‘. J.-. a .-.-_ ., .. “ .-.-‘-.r 4,- . —. . . .‘ .W , -. l ‘ .-.-'. J- ‘_ asegoclxztiol- tethzsdl‘JeLolel e.lLets JALVUL .40; levefiL o; ;.Uxu.; O I n~ .. . fl - IT“ ‘rv 11 H (I) I, \ 'I" I ' 4": ~~.', - a“ -r, I m .‘ I _ ’- . coeslu;telc., Hoylh: oooust lcur use latl o- t.. .leele.- a. negative association between level of status consistency and '| _ ' .' ,. . ‘7 J- . - - ., .. A ' . 4.». - , y.‘_.. .l .‘ .3 . 1 -“ . I‘ v'. ... ~ ‘1 “ .‘. »;_‘,f‘.-.‘ Lic 1'12: J. .. Ll- J'«_'_LL'L._ LIL-.3 u» s.) ASK; (4--“ . U4. 0.14.... o ‘ I 4"“ ‘ ‘. .- a! l - \_r . '1": - -. ‘1'.“ r3 4- r '3' ,\ .4". . Q ‘1 ‘n ,‘ .‘ '~ 1 ‘. 1 . -.. , ‘, ~'—- ' J. ‘.‘ a U OI KJ C, \1‘1;A . l (I .5. 0L1:- 4 .A. (lbw UL) L'D‘u; \ k 4.21 C U151.) 24' K_, '1 ‘. -- K.) ‘3' L: :72 .. 3 ‘.‘ C, . ‘J -; _ <. _ . . .. v .:I'. , . - D - - r- e . , , l. *— fl‘e. . CL.rLLCJ.‘-Jr.1-1.r. 4 -. t L. .u Lu? J. ~- l1- s .. ..L to t .r, .-L e - ' —~ ~ ’ . - ‘r. . 4,. ... '-' .-_. wi-«m - -‘ — -. ~“.'.. 3:., p, ‘! .-- tg.‘€3.‘5.LS L~li~LCl v00 14. J. ..I...‘. 14-5- ,uL‘ut LLUS‘J ...L.»AI-.t.Ll.. _.y 0...; etl. busillll- ‘1 N . ,0. .. ... I. ' .0 .. . -'- " . f.‘ 3 n/ " .:., .' ..,. . My ,_ .1 .. . A ., CE]. QCL Ol.;_>tf-.’. bit/Ii bf 11.1.7.1 blple 05.11.10.1th11. .0 U?.tu£ lLLCeilggl. F, L.::.’:;_:. joei sot o erate 1L a gsouuu. lt ogeretes ln interection 3.11:") the “£213.81"; stratus level. ot;.tus sloul; ‘o-e ':o:_t:-:»ll':z.l ‘_ . 'r" .‘ f 1. st!“ .1--, Jr ..J...J.. . .‘ - ._ . -.., ...; z -_ l" 31".; 1-1.1.1.,ell: O Yule cllCCbb Cl .2 tuba..- UOuLlS #31:; . l.-l..-. :21 .meoe Lo mco :pfiz .CoflpomLLOQ mmpwwn 00000800 mQHszmQEmE Hmcovpmmficmweo ozw m ems.m m+m-H mm o o o o a ma :0 am 300 .m m .00.0 mufi m0.0 0 0 a 0 ea :m 30H maeewz .0 m w0.m 01a mm.0 H 0 0 a HH ma aw sww: .0 0 umssswm emLNQEoo eaficmLmQEoz m s m m a 0 z coHpmowmfinmwfio nzpmpm . _;e nmfl;owmpxe so .ewnESZ cam: naflszmQEmz Lo Lenssz 3 'fo. .. 4 r‘ . . \L‘ £2 .1. _em.e1vzl CO C“ + 7* 5' UL. 1:trol. oo:4:1stxn.cy [Ii—01-1; ..L ‘.c\ , /‘ Ii 3 '1‘ ’ ' I U12»; _ {at}- - .- (QH‘rllw m.: V M k.‘ l .4- J \l L.;l— ‘ ..,. J. ... J— , 3 i O-L L.— U --'- L‘L I: LJ— “e“.. l at:— r p. 1 ‘ . , - . - _ ‘ ~v -- - rs ‘ 1.”. -.~ - r. QtlxhlJ.C~f1 I'Ljd OJA'A'3L'. LIL; . 0.;- t \J ‘ eir lree (‘l U "‘f-\ AA‘ all ’3’ V— 0 ti In if 1‘ ‘ R454 0311;; l . .. . prone to weld it ice C I — ... *_l o l .- t -.J- --.- 3.. U611 Lu 0 ‘.\-"”1"‘\".- s. ... L’O b.1bgll‘) Lui- I c. SLCLL-l t .1 O. - t “ND ~V f. LLB h .v Qu'.‘ .., - .‘ .AA-~1a--‘, .10"; l U $.25 CL) A P1""H" .1 iiLJ/LJ'J STATUS CCLSI QEUQVI ALB LU; _ .:...I ...Lll LCM JJ‘AMJ&IL i ..u... "..m- -_ I -e 1.1 o;1 of Gone}. 1' ulHSQlflC tiOL C 03 -v- —~.—-— —_-.--.- STATUS Cl:-m ms floatiom -{: «5&1. ' A" 'y \ .W.-..-‘-1-.‘.. I.-.K-Itl er Lsnlem. {H.101 \ -.Dbl :0 10 F. ’1 Ca ,- O l 5.. b C 1'“ Cr dtqtus if0£}i_. -..W .- ...-"o- -.....o‘- .--" “'—-—.-.-— wou- ...—...— .—- w - -..-..,--__. Pro; ortio; CoLelstelc eoL;1:teL scol‘ inc ClnhL te ilt Le ill OJ. .. 1‘ , .... I; 1 till 11 O L: e 3... I“\alqur~ L4..L})3 ‘ . 7.7: r)..:-.“~ “ F-M I_‘l I; i V g f __ O k' a _J__ ‘ __‘ ,' ' IW,‘ ’ ,-.. bell L 1J._L_ . {Q‘C—K' K, g _: ‘—_._" > I- a» fib- T..- 2"» o I LL K‘ o 1 1 f ”A ’3 M2 0 I ,/ ‘- . o -..—o. a. w -M---— u. l .LU-. fl 1' €..lJel .1--__1.~V .-gfl/ .mgmscm flan so boflpovggo: mwumwo .moucoUmmL fldwOOm pumpo Sp 3 name m1>apmamg cmcoammp Hmfloom wohmrnoo cpmswm wxoo .mmmcommmL HQHQOm mac Hw«00m1coc mmLup.oo opuscm finnm 11111 41 .41. .11 fl1 1 «I m 1 1 n: 00.0 _ mW+FFIOF " #wx. .ooo.¢ mmn. .n¢ _ mm .pcmpmfimcooc1 ” M oLm .0, mm 9P.o CF10. dam. ham. mmn. mo . mo. ”pampmamromsfi . . . mumpmcns.fir mmpoom m, 00. . fipunfi_ mum. mmm. mom. mm . Pm pswpmamcov.ofi >ocmpmfimcoo 1 1 1 h r O? L». 1.. nw no.0 .1 n+m111 wa . wmon.P .omm1 _ _ H1mo p1mpwflmcoosfl .11 _ ~ _. .. .. fiMrHCrrmorv, m mm.o rub“ mo1. wdm. wM1. we". mm” asupmflmco:C1 (HwMOLm _ m opmpomoL.m wxpzpm W m m¢.fi . m1»” 1",. omr. _mm. Fm w m» pcopmfimcon.n . ._ _ r _ H 11. m: )u.r11 n+W1 Woe. - gr. 1 1...1¢ 1A 1: so mammoom. 1 1 11 .1. CC \ L q LCC .Or‘ OFr V . 0: u. A? . H _ _ . w ggusm.w o- oom.o mun” mum. mn.. “how. #0 mpm psmpmeQOUuH mopoom m m _ ogupuoom.u .omowmflmcor mm mm.fi m1¢w mA_. ,nqo. .mqfi. m. #0. o:mH woo.¢ “ , 1 11 - 1 p. 1 1 1.1 - 1111 . 1 1k 11 M 1m mmau mu qm.o w+o1rw, wwo. ¢Ma. mwu_. (a .0» pampmfimcoogfi .4 1 8 W _ 8,211....“ . _ mm am.o M mlpfl FQF. owm. dom. 10¢ mn_ pampmamsoosfi mHH%ogm w _ . , W opdpmwom.m . mzpmpm w ww.m ” mnpfi mac. m>_. OPP. “¢_ _mFF pcmpmflw 00., , m wmgmsmmw,11 c01fi111,m¢ po>o Haw M c w m :oflpwo w. coflpmd1w mamdmm Hso_ 1wnmcaoo_ ems: a oq1. » W 1fl1HmmmHo w 1flwfimmmao " Hdfloom oz QoHpLomon.1» >osmpmamcoo N we cospmu_ 1. ode.mmLm MO was _ _ . THH gm. 9......” H Hag ”an: 3 .1 ,3 g .:.. 1.1%: 1.1.1.... 4| I. o _ unmpMHoCOO.w mend Em. . O; M pampmfimuoofiw M mmpoom opdpmwow... “wocmpmflmcom mmcamupmom¢ pampmHmCOn.0~ tl oxmcflmmm pcmpmfimCOOCH 4 p02 “ QL$£0.0 pcmpmamcoocfl cafimopm omemwou.m wgpmpm_ pampmamcom.w my mfi.0 1 m+mr¢ 000. _000. fidoo..fi0 0 dm M,pcmpmfimsoocfl M u _ _ _ ohwxm.w . n? 00.0 ml¢ 050. u#mo. “mmo. .NF .mmm _ucmpmammooca q- mmLOOmW M w _ muwgmvou.m “pocmpmamcomm I o . \4 O O . I O . _ . . 1.... ‘1 O . h _ n2 mm 0 LI¢ mwo .000 “mmo _¢ _mov ”psapmaognc q M ) _ w u n m r 0 {it acmmcmq on .0.0 ‘ Iflwmnp F¢Q.J,M_P. Mm00.l«0w 4 FWiJ pcmumamcoocfi .WI +4 _ . . mhmun.. _ m 0 . . 'r\ .I . m7 mo.o _ mufi . mmo.“ mmo. m¢o. mu mmfi mpcmpmfimsoocfl _ QHHmopm. w w . _ U " mumpmwod.m mSpmpm 02 00.0 ml‘ mm0._ mwo. mmdo. _m m¢0_ psmpmflmcbm.w 5 _ ._ _ m a m nmpmsmm‘4 cow 0%4 L0>o Ham cltfi,n .0 codpwo 1 coflpuotw mamfinm figu -Hgdmmoo pmgsnm fl pm: All _ W -Hgfimmmfio -ngmmuao. . cofingQOLm 0 mosmpmfimcoo mo @OSQmE. mano mmpapmama ”mmcommmm Haaoom E l igjuxc fkd: ta_ ;La;;ic.g ;;11 OT 1L... ubxgglcs. it i. clu M3; ;JJ;1— ‘j_11 y 01 chgji;. rczr chU”. c 1 .0 1;“ it ‘:.cil :sccjng lJLL;;fLItL01. ':.CD ICIiLtiTOS. IVe;.: dgtx. ‘rc ROT}&UWJlle1fiJ.fOI ih:;.30;i;xu_ ;;. -n.plc. cacfl‘ cache 0;;r cf‘.L91431- 114:0;F”“tc_,.c, cc? ciifllcl ;€2tucd of classifilcgtlc“. pro; ' -" ‘ ., ~ fl / . r 1 -‘ /\ v" '1- ». J .3- -' 3‘ J— V 0‘ \,~- .‘ ‘, ,~ - a» y is - ~l : ;: l b;b llOIL-L’IUClsll hbu 0.1. 11.60 UL. U b.-cill ELLE ‘30.: Cr; \.\J....LU..LJ- \/£* 8"” n~ » +ru . -«-~rHu-r h m s a ..1 .0 !H -<3.1;[ oi fibduug QUMbTQLchtn. . LL y«..ttelt “ulTo Tor cot; (— '— - "’3 <" ‘-' “)f t '3 ”‘7‘ 9 . ‘ -:> W ‘0 W" c: r ‘- C‘ -' r ’gtfi "9. r: " _ c;,_4 0, TC pg. Tcn L «c c4; ”juwlc acupu-iuauc Tc c Mt-~ti ’ ASF' “j r '3 -. '3 “ ~ '. \ "u ‘ ."|"- . ~- ‘ w -* 1 Pu . (- ATl JiifCchbefi l2 plo;c;tTuLp 01 uofl~0001cl ch.oh~ a 3 ,- ‘I— -. ‘ '. n .‘I ." ' - .p- 4-! -, :‘11. —. 4— ,3, r. . 4. . a re _L.; tzie £21814)”ch ‘14.de b.LO-- . :1 L:; bel-1~ to cup; 0 C t..- Q , 1 \ .. .- ‘ .0. ‘... .- ~ 1 _,_\ . m ‘ , .-. ,-.1._ p L .. ' A ' r 1-. ° , ~Jtz.kz-.j_ot,esTc hgacl tzub. LAB lawn o; Chuththdl JL_;iiL- :- A A .0 .0 In. . .-. " . - , an“ .1... ‘ ...0- :,- .. ‘3 ,,,‘ 0L11;;<:-: CL lefclc cea tenus to flwahuu ch VOLTiuccce nTcU.nc '— 7' v’x (- . x - ' -- n r“ \ ¢. ' ‘ 4- " " \ '~ ‘. L<3-.r 5-JAlCc J“ t.33. ' ox‘t. ct 1. EL 51 . tesst ccly.c cc 4..~ ‘. 111-l), ' '3 ‘ ’fi fi ‘ , _ .0' 1, ‘1 .L‘ -l. [‘3 __ ‘1‘ ‘ .11 A C~ \J cu.ETC cu: CknfidlLLc 1T. M.;ue TiucTLub. inc cJETcTchcc cc- ,- A‘ -' -. ‘- r 1 4.x. -.., cumugLscclytc “1K1 b;C kg. 63.;; t e fliCtOICLOL o; h ”g- ‘ ' ' -.. '—| 5 N r‘ -:- — - ~ '\ - . - ~ 1 ‘ r ‘ '* ' ‘ Cu. g.g:~_;crlec oi inCOl ~ thGLbL “call a multaLcCUc PI‘GB i1;i.c@ai¢d&cction cue time out of "1~ C" L-LJ "V , . . tJ-Cl c31J¢r Lula relation a“ (‘I TO‘L1;1? diffcrext are catc OIlGS cccOIQLL; to .he 1*, etc: 0 1 13~ status co Si . "x ‘ x o 1 ' ‘ vo‘tSLA. 1n tne predicted were of occurrin; in four bah ility 3 LS ( 1 /3)4 or 01.9 01122.; 9 ix. 5‘31. 4-.-, 'J i: v“ -,_ 143? that I will accept these findin;s c ..,.‘q--. , - . in; L044; 'Bczt. 3\Q§¥)~~Lly'1>0't ,C‘-- ” . .P“ ‘»‘ '1' ‘.‘> ‘- " “‘ “‘ an 1*! -- r. 4-" TLAALDL 01. tue To»; 01 moi- w. .‘J .L -:(r “O; --. ;rcbabillt ly thre e if c ; m: cc DC 1. the mere anal zed for two dlficIELt direction. SLHQp01”tlh v I'- ‘ 0 It \. each 155 case, Tgc firo~ J. ODSCIVfitiOhS OLt of four cufficicht- l T_.\ v.8 restrict f‘ ["_."7 :41 . a (I... ,~ . . r. . n . ~~‘ -" .r J‘ . - ~.. " ir‘ "L‘ . if; ~1 -. ~ '1 . 't22e11 Tree time sec_ml intUIUCLIoU to Ielet12c- Is hUb in- . - ...: .. ~ _. - z _, r. ,. , 7. 1 1.2—” -' -. .. .. '1 1.... . 1- 7-. . - An ,3: . rec/UsrsteUt Nita Uue seccui ,oItroU oI tue ems-n.30tnccis. nut it 11121:; Lot be t;:;;e;;11 2-3 supp rtir. 1...}. d“ O The .rOpOItiOL COUsistCLts, uy eithe“ method of clsssiiicstion, is i;— tel‘;:'ediate to the proportion 01 1'2odero.te incorsistents .211”. of the r latiorsnir is iy~ M .J H. ‘1; H *d i‘“ 1’3 O O H ,3. (x? ...". (..,. C) H p. (F (fl 3 5 C‘ H :1 (T. H fife acted for the tzco potted r1s of c123'rii'11, artx i1-co;::.’-:.s— 1;€3;ri ;y. The progm010L of combined inconsisteLLL sooordirg 13c) :Sta tus profile (.033) is greater than tLe proportion for 1:2i63 cOIIesoc-u U; este3ory of consistents (.Clg). Sinilarly, "2163 _pregortion of eonbined inconsistents accoriihé to COLSiS- '1‘ (_f' H O '— y- 1 O ‘1 6* 5 t;:23:2c3;7 scores (.t%3) is wrextei th3.11the pr rpo C) \ ‘. V o Cc>3b21?xespondirg catcfor; of consistents (. This trend is not sufficiegtl; pronounced to outweigh ‘M1CB .3.ack of statistical si,niiiccnce in the Ski stusre tests. 1T1e3:1?w;2for , Ky eorclusioL is that these findin_s are OLLiC- t9351'13 with, but not sup ortive of, the sub-h; ;ot22 is ugier 1x32321; - ;inav findin 3 oo not sUpp rt the ngothcsis. Tue PI‘:’I?‘C>:rti0L of nou—so1iel Ies;30nscs of consistents t7 either ‘1‘:sd of classification is ,restor teen tge proportio” of file; <30 —.. '\ ’-»r- ’, fl ’ l J '2 - f .«fi --‘ - .- r— -.»~ . a". v “ 1.; C03. GL4 \. ’v I) ..L.:. .:.]..L . .-Jbi; lC .. CI tin -- but: -.,~_. V2.94- 0.- ..... . .-\ . - 3. . h J- . . - -_. -5 , .. ’ , I. c 0113313293111-“ 0... to O.L_J o. o 1. 1131. (...: (. 33,1 1 . 1‘ 3.11 co:..Li11::.tio11 *.-.'it‘-;1 the lacs. 01 (.11. _. r-eut 't1:'e:-c1:. 11; to .:., e iJ. ' "- 1 ... r‘ 4‘ - n. r—‘ .3 - .‘ r‘ ‘ r ~ I ~'~P r2 - -'- 0011 iolle... 0.1301133 ...-1121 t 3 1.3. of 211., 2.1.3.. .n - .-- .:. ”.- :. -, ...- .1. J. J- 2 j 43..» - 2. -_ . . .. ._ .. .1- l .-.;4 u hillbi 2.-- '2'.-. 11:. 2. UL) 3.13 001-0 ..L‘LJ... 1; 3.221. 13113-1. 1111-1-1. . -— ' 4“ J - -L‘ -~ 2‘ ~v' x .L‘,‘ f . ... N f R'. '- rm — - V .I- f‘»' "x 13' ~ I ‘n‘ c 3.11t1221-ot 2.11.- .13 ,o 3-13.13 11-2.11... teet. .11.. 11.2 ., 2- t L..- .’\i'/\,'v'--.l _-"'v"t“C| .fi1’_‘.1 I331; \.I‘.- V J- \—- p) b\»’ v. LJ K4 5/ -... ‘—-.A“~.L (J }._1 5.3 d‘ 1‘ C :3. F. J ( c+ C e : 32.11.1113 t.:e 1'1 — v: ' ~. ‘6'“ -.‘ m1 1‘ .‘ j ".a‘ t ‘1 \‘*1r~.,<-~‘\ ---.‘ '~r\ "- ‘, h u ’- ' 1;: U. 110C Ll...€ . 1.11-3.0 L13. Co: 9124.6 «.1 3:12:1114'311 .1. 1 IE...) 2; 1., . A She Li hest etetus level has 3 leter progortio. of per— ;_; .:.-1-3 with a no:'-~sooi;-;l 1132: 01' iree time than either of tit.- lea—er 3t22.tus lexer ls. Chi 3r; u:.:-e 001.2311: 01-3 or. 2.1.: 1.1.311 ‘313. t}; tee L1'.ddle 31-1; the 111.32. Litll beta. of the lone“ levels 3:23. .1113, 0012;311:011 1:11;}; the 1153120 (‘thJ‘xa‘v‘ -..'. 2. L, &-LI.2.-; CC: ...;,.L FJ L g. L: (D :3 Fl C F) ‘A'r—B ( - - ‘.r- J—--' V P‘“l' 4- ‘n ' ' 4 ~—— 3.3-1 1.1011111 tet.~.=:e1. 31.3.1.1...» lute (+- n W 1.: Fl 0 ' -' ' ' (a - 1.. ‘ .~.‘tt~» <-:-"-J.~ o. ... . \ . .3, lease he to cl: 2sif tae begiie2 iihuluuL a- 3-31 tens The 3313 mixed result apweers for the 10: 3tatu. respOU- "l"? 11313:. To... 1f. p1c—zs21-t3 the [reportion 01‘ 10”.: status ree— 1‘1 :1; 2' with Lon—social 112332; of 1131-3 time by level of co.— 5153 ter. 3‘ 2112:}. method of ol::2::i_£‘io 1ti 1311 11100123133313 30.1.121- mofile are gore 91:01.22 tl1'2211 C1,;1ls’ste11tx; tox.:z.1-.}. LLCJ - ’ , Yo ., ._,_ , .-.... “.1.“ ..1 \ .13 4. -., ‘1, -2 (-191 3 istic.-. Ii.\JOJ..‘.3.LL>'i;1-L:b accos. 111.3 b0 03-113.: 1.3113 C‘ \ . q .- 901‘er 3e lest; urone tua-:11 31312.1 3te11t3 to..;1' 11 300211 1 1201 O ‘ 0 ~ 6 _ r- .I '1 '_' 0 ‘I v ‘ ‘_ ‘ ‘ . . .— ' < ‘1 . ‘ ‘ ‘W Tke finiii's are n 0101u3123 rut tUC, -iele soae .2 / d ,ferestigg food for specule tion. 1‘ JLQLL 1 3 STATUd ALD £53 or ngz TILfi: ’— 5.“. i113}; Social Lo Social :S'Tnatus L 3; pots Response Compari- Chi P 1:,ervel n Propor— n Propor- so: square»i tigg tion *__ 1 -higfiL 2.? z; .23 23C .767; 1-2 7.4:; 5 :2 -inddle 37 4 .831 :3 .255 1-; 6.64 15 35 -Zlor 77 10 .13C 67 .870 1—2 L 4.1; s ‘ fiture .J in1oo Co1oISTfigx 71 - ' . 1 .- _, .1. AAA—.4. in; 1 1' - LUH JILTLS EEJEO: Du: I. ... - . :7: :n ”I. r1 = iLLlJu .L $2.44. L: -X'J JA...1.. L thol 01 f‘ ' _‘_ _I L; QNSillSCoLOL . r: H A: (J d (_I 'AJ 1m 0211-4 m ‘ O ’JO'H. -.-- “-..-O"- -- L01oo1'“t A “113:;11c&§; ‘ 1 ”O: ‘LJt 'Nt 1L v LILCC SiL 14;." :21. t 11‘. 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V U,.,.3....1.;.'VCVLJ-;.II:. . ‘ v 1“: 1' 7- _ . ‘ ‘. 4 . _- i- _ ‘ . a. _ ‘ .1 _,_ c . ,2 ... 5’. .‘4 -. - ‘1 "U"- - , 1, , .,‘ 15. ..r L. Li... “('1 1:93;. _'..'i lL‘L-ix.;u(:fl 0.1. CL: 4.141;..- bit“; OJ- .uLl: QuhC “ t $3.; “E: t‘ " "'. ‘ ‘ »“ ‘ ' " 2 -‘ ‘ ~ (W ' ‘ " 4 I“ ‘ ‘ ' t f“ . r‘- ‘¥' ' " ‘J‘ ‘1 , ‘ ‘ ". -. A" 'I‘ . I". \ "" " I ~- CULUJiLiNuidng; 3.;Ul!olgf oi? CC-“ULLLANALL. iii..ioo-loio€iL (EELL6IZ 1. , __‘ ,:.__ .:-1 .. -.,“. -, a“ 3 ,. ,3 ‘. ., .1.“ _,. " “.- .uoldk .1‘ 33089 1x|zgouixhito ii1~‘iu“ei :.Ve comfy v-3. Viil.toui “ I" ‘ IF- ’3 9‘“ o - ' n‘.‘ ". ‘ " - . ' ‘ ‘ " " ' “ '. " '1' 3’“ ‘. "' ‘ “ 1 . 1'” . " \'- . I l ‘ \“ \ a‘ ‘I; LLLLLL CULM‘AuiLD Glut.) LetheeJ-4 COlLLLLJ LJVA.‘ UL) 34.;‘(VL léiCOllpltu tg4;._tE—J (alt; C K >J\:_ _“ q: ,.- ‘4 J)». —-~r ‘1 3- " -'x 'L - r‘ '~ - , ,«- .3.» .~'~ A,“ +r- l-~.r.rw . -fi" ~_ 7 ~ , * ,1-1‘ 4”,} ....L .L-..L.l_.L\.,‘c.;..;.L; 10 U;LO{.J‘C fr.é§)l)L’.'.lLiL-A U»: C Mm»: 1.1. .LL (J. A, O- -L.L._. UL ‘~ “f‘ . “ ""'.“ ‘.«~‘~ ’1“' ‘ '-‘ " ‘4‘r37'4‘ Cw..;_1‘v.?c;rlSO.=l be UnCCL- uZlC COL-bio uci- b9 ;: (D consistency 300133. I“ " " ' ‘1 A '1 "' '.\ -.. . z . '. PI '- 4‘ " .“ " ("I 1“ —, I: . ‘) 1“ J' r“ ‘( f. - r: >-\ 5", {I . . 3nd the lololata iLCuLbLSUCLLp 30301uin; to LtdtUc pioiil : 1 - '| "' '3 ‘ I ‘. ‘ v' '3‘" ’W‘- v ~, 1,. ~ '3") 4'." ooeitmri tron: 11);JUi0h¢lJ"id-.13vo oi the n“U0tlcsio, 331 four out of Si: Chi :;u3res arc statioti— call); :‘gignii'icaht. I caiioludo that tinge data 33.93011; ”bk-.3. sent: tLo frequency distribution of the 33:1- ‘I ~: ,- - '1' \A -~|'~‘.'.‘ . m? ‘L ‘1'.) "r 1" ‘ “I 'fi v- 1‘-'.~ °~. ~ \ .fi ’3 .4 , an: ICE, 13014111; US in tlvisif.) OJ. but, 14.1/Laue; CLL Cu;.»x.l‘\.u.i.L'L.L':.,L 4.1; ...:.].C‘.‘ ”.9 4n ~- ‘. ~°-- ~3 ,7 -.' . M, -- 3-3; 7‘ ”ma-‘- . 4-- -.-.~.,.-- bfleJ pi e l veu oulin one to“ ¢oUio grebbulu. ble udlkCJo ...-....) nu. 0033's wt n - Ccoordin; to eith3' motnod of 013i; ifl“3£i0; guv3 o ' - .L‘ \r ‘1 \r) ' ‘ :L ‘ . w w N '2'. ’1‘ ‘3 '1' .3 ‘ 4 '1' ' J: '- ‘ ‘y’ L .:.}-Qr 1.13 L-.'..‘ 111/.1A.LtQ .L. (- .L CC1-- ‘XXLL‘I. 1* b—Lb E) C'I l USJ—‘At/J-ACT: LJ:-L‘-A -.iv correspondin_ categories of iLCOLSiStehtS. his p3ttern holds, with one sli at levexsal, for all 3 c oobtx lLllUl ‘oriem Imo elute inconsiotentg accordi35 to status pro- ‘flla why 3&0 forty or over have a Slightl; higher “can Lqu31 0* colnwiitiez of rosidence than the ooiieo;onlihg oatogor; of 001313 “fits (1.15 to 1.14). Al Cli ocuaro co iyiriuohw .‘ ‘ ”a ‘_ ‘ .0 r. _y‘ __ .14 , ' .>_,. 2 5,. . _ - _O ."I _n -_ _p, ," '_‘ .3... _I I_‘ _0 _{r o 3" ‘_ v . ~. ‘ n_ t’et‘lleeli CC&-£J.LL) U\;:lA UL.) L-«iLU. .LJLLCUis-EJJ-o} BelAL‘C 31.1.6 Si;.11J..LlLL-ll-TJ edcegb bl ‘ - y. I“ --‘,"y ‘ ,u. '- '1 r A.‘ J- : " ‘l “'j 3" '1' ‘ "‘ " r" 1 4" ‘. 1 . ‘ t‘ timyt colliunung hOupl‘ m3 guoohuisLmnl.o aocoztuflfi. to st .tU= '\ .f‘ -. f“ 3 r1 -L‘- 1% 3 ». -» .- ‘ 1.. 4 ...I‘- ‘ __ _f '_ ‘_ |-!_ A "W . n-_\ {‘7‘ ital-'0; J—le \.L¢Au UJLe I” In]. 8 Av 1‘)OAAU—L$-._J C‘Dv L114 JO “IJ 0.1.. 06-30;: J-L b:‘- L"; C -L ‘iC‘; (4 ' --- a 5"» -"n-" r1 . J‘ '1‘ ‘ - ‘ - ‘.' "' ' ’L x \ "' f“ 1 ‘ r‘ J“ " ‘1' ‘. ‘, . 3 r“ - '. :rosultb CUntlwule Ute SUu*ud:OquLl un;31 tech. luhiflIOle 5 t’\ 7 5) .SOHuo oapoo wmpdtn .3308 Lo 03¢ 3cm mpacsefioo 3C0 smozpop 3333 momfipwcro» “ A 4 A T . A la , a m m.¢ H w+mu¢ 3m.3 ow._ _o_.P mm _L 3 m3 m_ pneumamcocsp _ _ m _ ‘ _ my.rm.m . mmpoom . _ n . \ I. 4: . 4 4 m 030.3 3-3 om._ 33.3 _Fm.3 m oi Po _o :, pampm Hmcoosfi rormpmfiwgoo 3 fl . _ mpmpmco..m \0. o . o .\J _ O m nmm.m ” mu¢ Cu 3 @F 3 ”m3 3 3m CF _wm .mm pampmfimzoo 3 3 ‘3 4: n A a a 4 . a n mm.m H m+mu_ mm.P 00., 13m., 3_ _m .33 _3m 1 pampmfimsoosfl nrwurm.m oafimopm m1 an.o mn\ mm._ mF._ mp.r m qr an «or. pcmpmflmsocmw mSp pm _ . 3 mammovou.o m mm.m cu‘ m¢.F 33.\ an._ 3 33 _lm _mw pscpmamm-.. 144 ...III A J Lab IM w \Hol I0 % [xvii-.1 m swgwsmm coi,33230u 3 o¢ .Lm>o _ Hafi. m m Mr m 3043 ofim.mnnwn cofi+wo Ham Wmnccn .m ca 3 L, . . Mocmp mach lanammmao a :3-A fil mw meHQSF m mo morpm: _ 3 o . a: , wcor gnu orik r) 3. "mm - "- ‘ (J 9» Si~i\;¢l. Oi- Vl»--~JLJ..'..L..L{Jk'- U...‘v'l—- .M Le»: v... 1,.vu_x.'\.‘-»-.~.’.. - v.————'-..—-.U'.—»W—-O~ u—. o—noc ...-..- -.. ..--..— pn—D-C— ~--a ‘w-“wu— .- .‘u_—I-i.- ...-...... .—-.~.‘-»—o .- --.. .—--~ - ~~- fiwvn Status :3 insistent 753 1 .2;‘;— Pale file 2-.-"..- __isg=.2;+;iat2;‘+i__,-.-.11S- , ..1 1;?» Consis ency cuisistent §§ores_ cousiztei' 131-5 1 .1-" '.--~..— ......— .-..- ‘9’”.— .. ¢_—.~ ...-F. .:.v — 0-— ”-..u- .- “--....- --- m-”-IU~-—~--dwa-t— J- * ‘) “~ 3 Q. " fi.‘ ‘1. “1. 1 Y!"‘_, \“f' ‘.' 4 .' . ‘1 -'g.- .-~«. ‘ I >—‘. I -- u»:ir iCJnntbOfJOOLtth/.luvvl Ci cxrusistencd Cin.143tncfl or .L. I 32- r1 -2 .' 2.“... . 2, ~.,- . 1 C .. . , ,. .‘ .Lpil. VOiiilS-tbi;bp deC-‘li.;m Tax.) Citing; thetiiv‘d Ci 0 '_J :3 U) {-7 H. i- }. J ( J M “l‘ r‘ I“ -~- ' " “’. fl‘“ ' . - ' I" \ ".-.- ~ .C‘ . 4“. (.0 hr; "- ~ ual/“c t_.L__‘;".Cf “its...“ JLGLIJJLOiilCOC; sati £2.1— CLiOit O H {a {f Fl 0 F‘) t.) o C‘ (‘0 cf- Ho O I 5 scores than the corre; on in; categories of inc ns's‘cnts. T‘ 3e are two reversals of this gattcrn for t'c aie controll— ed tnxnrngYri. hojrnxite ijiconsigxteii tsszieeordinjg to sin grOlile the are under for 3 have a slightly bigger LUfiL .. .. ”fl 4. ;_,; ,L- f .7 ,. ‘ . .ti‘J 1,--LIC:._,UIJ OI COL-S.LS" ts ZlCCC) din :‘to ac;w I '4‘ " ‘ 1 N " 7‘ V“ I I 'L"- ' l- 1 I P ‘ .- o ' a ‘ '. L3 beilCJ’ CCOI‘CM .1; L19 C‘VL‘JI :01..le .-CCVG ..,. Ill: 1161 1L-Ltlll “Hui. 9n .t' ... <" . “"2 m i", 1“" - 1' v . 4-2. ~ — c. I" - ,1 2 - m. -'- 2. .LLIC 1C1; ...CO...8 b.i«:‘,ii 'lC CClJ. Ci; p0 l»C.L.hU CL. DCC; ’J. C»; 0.. LLOUKJLM.UV r-‘ .-»J~- .. '2. *7 1L .. . ... .. .J- . Ll "' .LCclib «LS 1:: tie Cit 5-..311C31E3 COI.-.,C.2. 1.4.1.} CUlLL. Lbeli‘tb c10— cordinfi to consis elcg scores u'th the combined categories 0: ° -. .2 J. -. J. _. 'n‘, ..- 1 -. -. 1--..-- ,1 ' - -- ' .. incens .-Ccnts. ine fact tLut as general trend is in tau ‘I r- . .2". 'l I ". IC" 1'1 4" ’LC‘ ““. i’” f " .I‘}! )--' IA. - fiv 0‘ 'I Cl‘d'ctcl direction aid teat bu' uni siuares “are. Ccngaie f o _u A i _ l ...; (O _.I 0 l v ”‘4 H .1. - F), ‘vt - 4 either CQtCUOLJ or own31Cte.Cs .Itr b ceiiCCpC din cote- .. ....-. . 1,! -. __j ‘ . .3 . -. .L.-. «i \ .:.?“ i. ° ..-_« .- .:«.~. .—. ‘ -_ ’ - fl 3035 of contineu LflCOHSlStCLbu are Leta leuiiiCng leans .. - ,. .-'..-.L. ...L. .'.4. J"--. ‘, .:..-. “.-, . --.. 4-1- 4‘ “--.. Lin 'LO CC...ClU ...L'. L -... U Lurk. c; otl DU. Juan]. Ltd. Us... ..at; x' 7U to bite .:L‘.L"'L‘." " ~ d - - -:..1, . . - . J. -, -‘ n poonesis under Cost. . .2 : e»... row 1" .. I: t " = ._ --. v. . . 4-4-4 - .L e L81. ;_ I. L) A-t.-V ..LO «.....- LameA-i u CAM“ ...»... u»--w...-. . Ll L: 04. LL.“ 5- 01“- \ ~--- .13.... -, ., 1x 4.x ‘ 4-'., 3.1., . ‘ _“ ..-- Ctiflfll liliiiin"... qu-i C l's.-lt wild ..‘CLu-'h__ nv‘lie' S. ittg,’ QO._.-L1'-.-.. f". C O C H p. t C *— C' d- O {.3 y. ’— "3 C e (3 ( O Jiniings contradict it bu‘ t st due to the obscuring effect If acneral status levels. inc:(~1'cre, I conclude that tbis sub—;;gotlesis is tlldlj sug~ T’) . ‘v 1 ; _-_ ., , 3 , a- .LA. , . .:. . ,- .I. i 1- i; .0 .. ‘_ ... ;.'. .1. In-.,_ ifiozftcal Tgnere . s CL .11. t; CC;.uc1:c, .LOl‘ sLsiCLu. iingotuolz;tei.ts fl: .pmmmH mo omamp Una godpowmmfipmm mo mowpomome one Op doapowwmapmm pmmpmm a F » Mo momgowopdo cap somzpop .>Hm>dpocnmop .pm mo mmpoom «mfisuflmmn “\0 egg .0 .m .q u I I L ‘V tr omafi comflgmmeooo .oH 0p pmoe >3 umpsafioo new: song I. (NI r m mm.w m+ma¢ om.m mm.¢ oo.m _ m m . mp m . me m¢ .pcopmfimsoocfl_ _ . _ H :Lcsm.m wopoom m_ mm.o mud oe.m ma.¢.tm.m M m. "m .e _ on m_r.mlmmchpm mucosa uosmpmfimsOU w _ _ l opapouoa.m mm mm.m mu: _..m m_.¢3¢o.¢ 0 OP pp u ®¢ Ow wo__pCcpmHmsoo.¢ _ . , aw . \L r y _ n om.¢ m+wnp m¢.m ol.¢_15.m N m_ m¢ _ em mm we, pcopmwmsoocfi . U u 3 deflm.m mafimopm w _0.m mu_ ow.m mo.¢mwo.m o 3 FF 3 m¢ ” me 0m mofi.pmmpmfimcoocfl mSpepm . . cpcpocou.o my Na.m m- .e.m N..¢“nm.m w _ 0— u or m m¢ #4 NW. peep Hmson._ fl . L. . . _»L L r ~ I» C ii I M 4, 14 w m! w . .1 4 m nogdgam com O¢ pope Ham Ham“ woomm one. moow.m055 : COpro codpmo ago uapmmaoo mowsmwm.04 mm pompom pozwupm><_mpumpw_>gmh m . [whammeHU namammmam . demon “coonponnmamc mama :H w bogcpmfim.oo mo uosgwn H l . wsa>aa mxHH so» 06 30m wzHommq uncommommemm mBHR 20H90¢mmHe¢m Q24 NozmemHmwoo mbefiam dm HAV¢B a 13 ~ 1 ' h‘r ‘ ._. ~ ....I— 7“; .3 -. .1 ~r -. '1\-.‘ l \. -'- .‘ »- Ctl“ J r-~ - - ‘~ P —. - ."“- :\ LL) be “I .:.‘E: ‘ [V C} 4.1 [1.1. C’~»l.J—U, .--O’ ..L f. L! Lil; .4 u.‘ LIL)..- COLL: 4-1L. LC..- bk! 0 ~ .- ‘ -‘ .4- .- --- ,- _, - ' n .. 1. r~ .— .1 ' r- “- (Ju-€LL;S , :o. .Jtttxzo i“:cozu3 bt11.b: .htll --‘Xo .-"u tJ'? ‘ .ll-- .. - '--. w. h. I" . .1. .r 1. . . -. + u . , . . ' —-'- — -. J— -. .L 31 8.1;- do US ..-»...E‘. 3 U3. o1”; COL;:J .1..- L131. LIL; . ."'\ ‘j - ’ (‘7 .-|-" 4., '-‘ -. . . -~ _ , ‘1.—’ ‘ ' ‘r‘ - .— .LJ'J-‘CI ‘I‘F; A .L‘C :26..- LIL! [11-3 ..-.L L‘ ‘L‘K/ 1L“ '..L.,I'.I.L\L1-U._Ol-—O.L J-J-a—L-:1_l..- -.v.‘.‘ to ....1. 1. .:.... .. ,.~ 4" r j- ‘l' —. J. ‘3 9.310;-ULL;. u.- 2. U4.) -..L‘imL; 1 0;. U v-11; 9.1.“; tin-V9 “LC ’3 7.. -L v1..- all; '- OJ. J-—~U C‘)1.A \v‘ Jug/La .«LuK’A-.. ' \1 UV C-«LKI L't- 4 U; U. L- {1'1“ ..LL/I . ‘.—. ‘~ . J— . - .I - -" -' ~,, ~ . -‘. ‘uf- ~ —'-.—~ 1 -- - ' 4-‘ I. .. . ‘ ~ ,‘ .I‘ ,«. . . I. f“: LINCLL C1,- u; 3.11.2" 0.. -‘_..-Ct.:1C'.C -L i: u .. .:. DU: t., l b.l;;__' ;-l..‘ th' -- CLL ., l---I.~ .; 4-... J.- —-'--' r. - T, l. ' -.‘. ~_»—. r .r,-~ .31-, . 5‘ -'. r,‘ .:.! . J- .- » --.—...— r- ,- Ca big}- ;-8.S 2". .:l-Q--t: .L . pent]. 111.“. (31' (.14. ,' C" t)” Lu". 1 l L. . -;.‘ L)" 3W - up 1-x};- -°~- . . .. -- -" — .-.-' . -- “:1 ‘, ...» .:-—r. -... ‘ -f' 1_. .. ., .-.‘ .-.-~ 3.1.. , CI. to (or C'J. c._:1-...'-:-_.te.--t._-. . .:.-.2; . tort. ..ol.-:.. -1. 0. ....ll . -.—‘ ' 'fi ‘ ."\ I ‘ ".- I “'I‘ . . ., ‘1 " .., -,' n . .~ ‘ - r‘. 'I" r. ' CCU- L _L'C/ l..-L.( ..L L50. .‘I'; 3 ii: )-'..5_‘. o 'x.’;L_ J‘-‘1LL:1.1 :3 CU;..; LJ. .1». 0.....L U... ‘., .3... ~ .1..- t -.-- UL... .‘ .——\ “1..“ J -~ - J- ,. -. +-.}4\‘.. .\ C 'w 4“ r r. .lr‘ r-Ir. . if“: 1, -.-~ '. '~,_ .- -"‘~. ~I‘C-Cn tfi;\-, \I-Cpk'J~'~L—1~:k U“) ‘\.:..L b-4u/L . btg‘x LIL. Ul C LAVN— 1:) l-L-‘-(J"-' bi" A» n .I- b.1- L’i‘hJ vU—LIVC — ”I‘ " 7'." ' ‘._.L..',.,. "' I .‘ C‘ '~‘ "' J-C‘ fl" 'p .v'. I' '. c "‘7". . > 5' '.:A‘ (I‘LUJK‘OJ. 3m O'f :...:.\,L1I;, __L‘CO-..~iS :3.» UL. LIJALCL UJ-\'/ L!L1.LLJ.L.VCC .C‘ J. I _- . -2. .' -. . ‘..' .. _ ... - .‘ ..'_‘. J. ‘ .2 ' :u' - .. L33. DEC _'-.'.»‘-."..".:.1 o...C'.iLt, .i..‘- CL1..Li-'LL:..b--.C-- ..lo-. t.,“.C 3.1. . ‘_....'.L.’ - ' of four out of .. Girl :4 i1.1-..rec, leads are to co ~uclurle that these fihd’ngs supgort the suo-hdpotnesis under test. ‘t‘a'zglc .26 ;;:';:;.t:::‘.-t;_ CL; frog- -;-c" ‘.‘-.l:;~:tri‘;;1:.tich of L. Iguns’h; rcsgonicgt: it CG‘LS f gUWbGl of job; gltfi t-c1r ‘fingort cor guy b; level of status coltlste c; end .mtno: (xi 0 assiflcutl n. otutuq consistclt; uccn:dl-g to ;o:uu; wrr’il3 have : -aa; .L Der of job' ;Ilc i; lpgbcr Lyn“ that 1‘ g 1 1 J ‘ o - n o I W- 'I o ‘— n- — " ' I f I ' E_ N " ' , ' ;-| I ‘ " - 4" I] ' I I ‘ ‘ ' .J'L, __fi 0; ”9' L‘I.’ ,- OJ. .x» (J ‘0 1.. ...-.. J ,l- —\.. Ol~t~ ...r. u .-.. Lin ' ‘1 .. 2... LJKI ~ Li‘ a n ‘ . .. . .1 ’ . ' 7.. n .J. " . -, . ‘ ‘ . l - .' J. I I -. ' . “ ‘ r‘_ ‘ : -_'; ' 'I\"I ' t‘“, -~ . -t > x‘\ ‘. .'.2-' ‘,‘ ‘ ‘ - .. .. :.-> ._ o‘. L 73-1. CJ. ll . .:.- . .L La- l L. 1....-. o. .-.. ()1. L, It. C .. -. -... UL». -1.-- (.... ..r- I \ ‘ - ' I- - .:- / - . " \ ..- . 0 I ‘ ‘.C‘ I -‘ ’1“ H 1 ‘L ' 1 - ' v "a g ' OZ. .1; \ .._~.LQ Li's/l! U...) K 0 ~ - (J 0 #‘v I O “Q‘VIL L a UK. 0.1. U L. .A..~.\./\4 .-.‘ \ ‘ a o _ u _ ‘ ’ ". --","', TL- I‘V‘IO‘H'!‘ " t” w H ‘l "‘ " \‘J.’ ‘ ' . ('3 ‘ w ’ 4-5-4 v-- Up.) V‘.’ ‘- “...----.) ‘fiv ...:. U".~~\/ L.) .1 -— kl -..L'v’d ‘ -.h-- A.‘/ - .. .mLos Ho 03p msd mgo swozpop somfipwmaood x+ wi‘ M H .1 fl1 H. 41.x. _ . H _ _ H 4 H m m».m m+mu¢ HHq _ mm.m Hm.H_mu.m. H .o 0.0 H H _w _oH OH.HH H20H-Hmc.oocH , . m _ _ n . DHmmm. w. mmmoom m mm.qH mn¢ JHrW mm.m om..nwm.H o H_H.mw¢ mH _oo_mm om HNH HgopmHmcoocH Hozmpmngoo . _ . opapamoz.m n2 #5.. mu: _mHH_ mm.m mm.H mm. H o mm.m m _4H wH mp HmmHmHmmoo.¢. m H¢.m m+muH Hm; mm.o m~.H Hm.m. H o o #.m m “HH.Hm.m¢mHH HsmHmHmcoomH _ m _ M U . m . . pammm.m_ mHHHogm w mm.HH muH .mme om.m mm...¢m.Hn o H.H.omm,m .m .mmmmmflmoH HsmHmHmmocsH _ mspmpm _ n 7 n . w . W _ _ m m CJMLOGOH.N ma m¢.H mnH ,HH ” 2H.J,wm.HW(m.H o H H H“. ¢ Wm MmHMo _mm Hson H moo... . . I. ,I,,_r}r._rHL_. L. - J. n. . M 11.1.. H. . m mmpmsam now. 2 m o: .Hm>ow HH.o mu: nfim pm.__o~.fi mm._fl m ,0 c.o P we .m_mm.m¢ 4mm pm@3m_muoocfi. zucmpmfimcoo _ _ __ n _ mp pore. .m- md Nm.w mnq mm.m hm.F_m~.w Pm.” _ _o owo o P n¢ Frmpm m» w Jcopma coo. ¢_ A w ._ . _ __ _ +1 J 1| v «4p 4 % vim r14! LWJIW w 14 + . \ l\ _ _ n) .\o .I‘; i)? ...:xlla I. _ mm mm. m+m _ wpw or.w.mw._ m¢.. m _o_o c o _o ..u_.aa ”mfi_pCC+m_ocoocw _ H _ w _ _ m m m _ camnm.m mafimogm m mw.m MIF :Ve m5.” mm.— éwmé _ N .0.0w r m MO #31 “mm wa .psmpwmmfiooSH msflmpm _ . _ I- H _ _ _ _ _ m . m h _ mpdxo doa.m mm mo.o on. FF? mm. mm. “um._ No one o “P ,0 _mm NE W pumpmfimcoo .F . . _ . . . . .r _ } l I} _ F _ ufr will .Ill 3821 .6611 . w 4 l -J. 1 +1 T a fl *4 1+. 1 ,1: T . . _ . m . m amnwsom Anew 0% mpm>o Haom Had mLoeWm mwh.m mw ¢ M“ m A ,QOHfiwoflyammeHnfl nofluso H£0,1Hps9800 LooA:.3 OdA ”mo ovtr r A- . socopmflmcoo Iamwmmsao 242Hwanies and tee Se gin1w ds.td on number of jobs held ior one .L...,-nl- year or more both support tie sub—hypothesis under test. I. L’oth indicate a larger LELDGI of jobs have been held by J. inconsistents than c consister ts. Ii'lf’d 'er, the Lansin; data 1.3 on nu? “ber of jocs held in tee pie15ent next my do not support 'this sub-n'pothes is. rhere is some tendency in this di 1ect:ion cut it is not sufficiently strong to conclude that the data I i . This result makes cons idereble U) (0 support the sub—hysothe J. twense and should have been anticipated. Individuals who sflilft around frequently from enplogcr to eugioyer do not re— Lzain with one eleOJer long enou3h to build up a very ler e C.) < }A (2 (5 Q4 F... Q F. U} Lunuber of jobs held for tnat emploger. liéfilt, the findings do not contradict the Qeneral prediction; PI 72‘ V f I} ’ 1“,.H‘ -L JLJL“ C: \-' STATES CULSISIL; 31' ALI) 1.154-113?» Ci“ JOE'S EZVLD CL; ram 0}; LLliZ-EEL: .3A\;Il-.A..' L05 STATS .‘LIJ‘JSPQQDELl’d Method of Consistency 'Kean Kumoer of Eggfisificatlon .plassificgtion .; Jobs __ Status consistent 73 2.T? Erofile ichnsistent 112 2.3C - w” Consistency consistent 34 2.1¢ Score§_ igxxnmsistent 1jfii 2.43 s i .‘ .~"‘ ’ - " "“‘ ’ . '1' f‘ " :‘1 l “. ' ‘ r ‘1’P1L,\‘r‘-~V 1111111‘, numwr of was .lblu e..r-d lcxrel oi" 00111111111111110». 1 .:- -1. ‘ . 1,7 1.1.. . ‘- - v- .11 .' ,1, ., ,', . ‘ -,,~ , ,;_ twot bfil” ere—ufpotuesis lo 101eretelx quyort— F... O O 3.. ,4 O H (:1 ed. There is a tend—1:10; for status 111001;:1iste11ts to change tieir i‘b more often ties status consistents. I'notlesis 3:0, Stet s iucoz -:wi tee :;ts will be more prone tgen status consistents to perc:s ive 1%e treints upon their ogpor— tunities for occugetional mooili -. (I d1s cussed LJ inten - tion to test this sub—hypotnesis indi 1‘ectlJ 1n the resource Sable “3 tresents the proportion of Lansing resp liCuLo ”ho desire or do not desire a different Job, and tLe prOpor- tion of those dcsirin; a different job who have stteupted to .get the desired job. Each category of inconS'stents accord- ing to either method of classiiicetion has a larxei p10 wor- \J-h esont one than the b J- 0 Cr 0 d. ,3 (D "i C a F”) i :3 d (D F1. 'C F! tic; de >i1i corresponding categories of consistents. This pattern holds for all age con rolled etc 501ies. All Chl square comparisons .L Letneer.ccnsiste1ts and in*on i te11ts are statistically sibui— L’S (C' ficaht. Each cate_or; of incorsistc1ts according to cons‘s- tencJ' scores he s :1 1115.».e1‘ ‘;'::1"o-1crtl.or1 01“ those ”11111 :1 different job rho have attempted to get it than the corres- iflflfliihfi categorr of consists nts. The consistents according m3 stat s prorilc have a higher proportion of those atteupt- to charge jobs tn en tee correscondin; cete;or; of doderate incevwvisteuts but a lo*.e* proportion then sharp inCOLsistents. 4L-~L-I :fue 21;e controlled gettern is interestie . Tie incor _sis' ent egze under fort; have higher pl 0 :ort101s- thar the corres— .con pomposs msHLHmmw pom mmonp was msapamow mmosp soospon cowastSOUm 1 ma mqmde 11 1 1 1 1 1 0mm. fl oom. _ m1s. 1 s1 0mm. 1 com. _mmm. em 1s _ pewsmfimsooss 1 _ _ 1 1 1 upsnm.m mmpoom mom. _ mum. 1 sow. 1 001 was. _ mmm. mnmm. mm1 m1m pgmpmfimsoosfi sosmpmflmeoo 1 1 . _ opmtoeos.m 1mm. nms. 1 mos. 1 mm msm. ssm. Mm)“. mm em psmsmfimsoo.s 1 1., 1 1 1. Us 1 1 man. mqm. 1 sms. H mm _ mom. mmm. 1mom. mm ms1 pcmsmfimnoocfi 1 W 1 m asmnm.m mfldeotm mmq. Fem. _ com. 1 e1 mFm. m mmn. 1004. ms 001 pampmdmcoocfi . mspmpm 1 w 1 _ mossmeos.m _ saw. ems. m mom. H mm 1 mmm. 1 sew. mom. on m1. snmpmfimgoo.1 _ _ . _ N r 11 1 _ 1 is ca _ Lo>o Has s o¢ Lope Ham s 2 1 cofiymoawammwao coapwo sons: 1 a ON, some: s o: 1 hosmumamcoo M ufiwammmao sofiugoadpm soapgomosm .m 1 m go nonpmm whammw on now nonposw opamom 1 H I: H , mmHmmmq “mos 92mmmmmHm e mom mmHmmn 92¢ wozmamHmon mpeaem Avmzmapcoov mm mqm¢9 4 4| 1“! | . m mm.m m+mu¢ . awn. fiw_. . mmm. Fm P¢ , ngmpmfimsoocw m omwflm.m mmpoom m mm.mr muq nmp. mmp. "may. mo_ nfim pampmamzoocfi ,mosmpmamcon . F mumpowom.m m m~.q mu¢ mmo. mmm. _mmr. mm ¢m_ W pumpmflmcou.q N if |Ar < | 4| 1 m _@.w m+mu_ K #mm. NFm. hmqm. mm mw_ “ pumpmfimcoocfl ” upwxm.m mafimopm m mm.» mur 5mm. mmo. _m~_. am om_ pampmfimcoocfi . mapmpm , w mpxgmwom.m J m mm.m m:_ m de. wmm. kmmm. pm m_v pumpmflmmno.w m r} H r _ 1|! 4|« .4 fl 4 4 14 m wmpmzcm acmfipmapoo oz Lm>o H Ham C coHywOHMquc m n cofipwo ago LmUCbpm oq _ _ >ocwpmfimcoo m uamfimmmao soapgomdgm yr _ mo oonpmx _ n omgfimmw r , w» no“ pow op cmpaampp¢ RN a—A gondin; cote cries of c nsistents by eitntr nethod o: cla.si- fication. The pattern for those who are forty or over is re- versed, “it: one; category of inconsistents having a lower proportion than the corresponding catebory of consistents. The proportional age mane-up of moderate inconsistents ac— cordin5 to status profile night account for its failure to conform to the predicted pattern. The consistency with whicn differences in proportions of those engrossin¢ a desire for a different gob are in the predicted direction and the fact that all six Chi squares are significant indicate strong support for the sub-hypothesis under test. The general tendency for the difference in proportions of those attempting to get the desired job to be in the predicted direction indicated nild support for the sub—hypothesis under test. The one fact which weakens this support is the general tendency for inconsistents over forty to have a smaller proportioi of persons attemptin; to et the desired job than the consistents over forty. This, coupled with the general tendency for inconsistents under forty to have greater preportions of persons attemptin; to get the desired job than consistents under forty, leads to some interesting speculation. It could easily be that in- consis ents have a greater desire for other jobs than consis— tents as the data on nxpressed desires indicate. This is exhibited by a greater attempt to acquire another job by ,vounger'inconsistents. As this oesire is net with consistent :ailure their hOpe and optimism tends to die. They become 1 rectified and cease to tr;r for other jobs. Thus those incon- sisimnrts eve; icnftr‘tould Le LL gecte-:'m3 have ;:;lc: r inxscor- tion of .erscn; h;c attenpt to get the desired job. All of this is speculation but it is consistent with the l‘.) U1 findings. Table presented earlier showed a tendency for inc nsistents to have more jobs with different companies than consistents. The difference in means is much greater for respondents under forty than for workers over forty. This tends to indicate a searching process in which inconsistents shift jobs in order to try to find something. what they earch for is irrelevant. even if it is nothing more than a U) job from whici they would not be layed off, it still indicates restlessness. it also shone that the older inconsistents have either found it or given up because they cease to show as strong a difference in anount of mobility when conpared to consistents. The fact that inconsistents tend to have more jobs indicates that they are successful in finding jobs but leaves the question unansmered as to their finding aha the; are seehing. The data in Table 2:, showing a continuing iesire for a different job, and the data on job satisfaction to be presented below in Table 32 indicate that they have not found what they are seeking. I would conclude that it indicates that they have simply given up. THCJ have developed a feeling of powerlessness. Therefore, I Conclude that the Lansinq data, eSpecially when taken in conjunction with data present- ed in earlier and later ables, support the sub-hypothesis under tes . Inconsistents are more prone to develo; percep~ tions of bloched opportunities for nobility. The; are more prone to feel thwarted in their aspirations. This sub-hypothesis was further tested with data fro; the Saginaw sample. fable BC presents the proportion of the Saginaw sample who expressed a desire or a lack of desire for a different job from the one they now have. It also pre- sents tie proportion of those desiring another job who never expect to get it. bOtm of these are presented b; level of consistency and method of classification. Each category of inconsistents b; either method of classification has a great- er proportion of persons who desire another job. This pat- tern holds for all age controlled categories. Lone of the six Chi squares comparing consistents and inconsistents is statistically significant. lowever, there is one chance in eighty—one that the four age controlled co parisons would simultaneously show differences in the predicted direction. This probability is sufficiently low that I conclude that the data on desires for another job support the sub—hypothesis under test. The findings regarding expectation of achieving the de- sired job are less clear. The; are all based on small sized cells. Both cateéories of inconsisten s according to consis— tency scores have a higher preportion of persons who never (I) xpect to Let the job they desire than the proportion for th corresponding category of consistents. The proportion for the consistents according to status profile is greater than the proportion of the corresponding category of sharp inconsisten s p) .zofluooanoo wmuww .oawmme on age madmmw cemspmn comfiasoaoom ‘ IL" +, a 11 ll .+| - .1 4 a a saw. mew. mmm. as , mmm. mm». _ mmm. r am am , peopmameoogfl m . . maesm.m _ mmaoom 0mm. e©.. mam. mm_ 0mm. mmm. mm». a as so pcmpmfimcoocfl pocmpmamcon i U M mpmnmeoa.m r mmi. one. ems. a w mam. m coo. mam. . mm we , semsmnmeoo.s . a a . . M all r a - w - n 7 man. . man. a mem. a _ mas. W see. was. a m. m_ _ psmsmnmeooen H i . _ . , unenm.m w new. _ mew. mew. om owe. . ems. . mas. as r scam pempmamcoosa _ maaaonm _ .. _ . mpenmeo:.m r museum m_m. ” ooo. mma. op mmm. ooo.a mam. as N am , pampmflmeoo.n a _ M t. a! L F a a 4 - .J1 14 a cs ' am>o Haw M c_ 04 _ am>o . Has. a m m m GQHpQOHmHmmmHv QoHpmo soon: a 0% i ”amass M a o: . M r mosmpmflmnoo uamfimmmao zofipLOQOLm .IM \W, noapnommpm mw M W ho eczema mnfimmc on- 4 now sonuocm madman ‘J w 2¢me¢m umom. 82mmmmmHQ ¢ mom mmHmMQ Oat MozmemHmzoo mbefiem om mqmoanom homopmflmnno Iflmammmao on pomaxm pom ow pap madame Acmschnoov on mqmde no senses { .1“ ‘ .- ‘1’“! i 1“.- "'~-| r v . . "" .:. ’1» "‘ 1 " ‘ --. ’H'ua‘ J‘ " "’ r\ -‘->‘ ~ . - - - 4 Out l:;’“;) 1.3-1041. 13.19 LiiOQOIElUJ; 4.0]. but: L.:ULLU.L\:; bk; llipbliblhtffiiiub. ‘ Ehe co Line» incorxistcnts according to status profiles have A J... 00 ._-et the ‘ a higher proportion of persons who never eLpect desired jot than does the corresponding category of consis- tents (.:20 to .ZCL). The general trend of differences in troportions is in the predicted direction, but the size of tie differences is not large and all proportions are based on snail n's. rhereiore, I conclude that these findin,s are consistent pith, but do not support, the sub—hypothesis under The findings for the ion status sayinat reaponjents pro- vide further support for this h;pothesis. Tahle 31 presents the proportions of the Saginau ion status respondents who <~v1 V“ a ‘ ‘7 v1 " :irLl saLlU LEV‘Cl GA" m desire a job other than their present one 'et the desired iob b; level of consistenc; and method u sification. Inconsistents according to either method 0 F4) 0 H C) U) of classification are more prone than consistent: to desire different job and to never 9 pect to get the job the; de- 0) r m P. H (T) . Loth the Lansing data and the gaginam data on desire for a job other than the present job support the sub—Lipothesis under test. The Lansing data on attempts to get the desired job also swunxxrt it. The SarirrwzckiUi on expectations of achieving the desired jot are consistent thh it. I conclude that tee suh-hypothesis under test is supported. status in- consistents e3:".1ihit a Lreater tendency than consistents to experience and .erceive restraints upon their ogporthnitiee for occupational uobilit . (’yf: I: (— _2 l J. Jig; J._J ,2 1 ,JIATUS COIJIbIfidK) , Dnolhne Id13.oJP‘”'ATIClb I(11.A’IIJ LLLL JCB: shdlnsh LC” sIAfos hnSPOLDnLTS iethod of Lonsi tent" Proportion Iro>ortion “ es M.f101 tion Clessifica tion I Desiring e n “esirirg ”he Lifjerenyt Levcr‘xfl-pect Joe to t oesir- b ‘ C3 Cl uO —— ~_-—- .:.-9 “m- .u- .o -—.O.- .I--'-.- “--.---.——.—-OO— W “’3‘- status e'hsiL tent 54. .IJE 1C? .LCL erofile 11ccruniapo Loewe; .w. JH ow pmoe osm seapo.mmmwpec we mefis Hesse Op s new .0 .w .a .m we mmpoom - u wan. >9 ra+tcaec seems I t I It, 4 J lflt {WI :4 w. W n n . . - . . _ _u I. l \J m ue.me m+mue om.mwoo.ewem " . M m m o. as "is J as sicpm Wmeoosa_ “ J m . . _ Lsgm. o mosoom m sm.mp was mm.mhmm.m.mh.mn e L we to w._ m- _ nwm proJ_u Hmeoosfi eccopmHmQOr - _ V _ - m m - , I ; .oswwwwo;nm_ n ew.mI mn¢_ :_.¢.mm.¢ we. _ F m ¢ m_ we cu we. pampererom e W _ . _ L . JW MI! 4 1 All I!“ w mm.ec n+m:._ mm.m es.m lm H e M «a J mm “ m we eel pm pLJmcooem_ . i . ssmflm.w mHHMOLm \ \I \t I .u .. x. . . a -. \\I ..V\ «I m L , m mm.mm mil ew.r ec.w _..m. 0 ml m mm W on we to. pso+mflmcoosfi _ museum . L _ m oucseeom.c m mm.e. i mu,“ mm.¢ mm.¢ mm. P J e . mi N me em «ii_p:IJb .m.,n.i i _. . . «I If: . I! I4 J Itl .. .. . . _ . m onegvmm som_ Ge Lose“ Has_ Has voow_ ommt woos nose m sowpmo eofiuso Ann IHLQQsOJImecLeW Jet, .pm pom.0m 90;“1Lm><.mppmsmlmpmu lasammnao " ufierm I:.c L .sso: 14 wood Loom oyHH 30m monopmflmmo . so monumm v W I M hem 30% cases .3os Ham CH HH< L s l wszmsq "oneodmmHB¢m mow and wonmemHmHOU mpe¢em mm mares ‘T v-§- 4-1 . . ’N I .‘ 0 ~ 1 1 ' r‘. f “l‘ _‘. ‘. ‘ ' .. ‘7‘ ‘ - -‘ ,,*\ ' Ivyot--— ~ . e .s iIchLthents till he More Jroic tadn —--.o.- m- -- 0 ~--— -.o——..—_... .— ...—0. ...-~- ..-- - -. “__- .I'-.... —-.--.—---‘- .— _- — cur--... -cur to e'ds thL lrese;ce . ' u \ 3: > . -. .-\ o -' v s I. - -'\ '- ."- ,' . V. < . .' .- .~ .I_ n', A - . . w I] r, . ‘1‘ JG ‘..(.‘l.x Ewl-tULLLLLu 0.1. Up}. U‘-~.Lil LLCJLc. Uv-LUK’ L-flGS .'. 14.0-1.1? __.-.I—oyo— '—— -—-——--—.—..---.—-- -wu-v—un'. ”-0 .I‘-_w- - o-u.’ ---“~-—‘—-'.’- --um-m ..a.- .—0& }r\ '1 Iris hyoothesis till be tested Lith Lute frog the Lane- lo ‘1". the degree of hostility e-.pres:.c ‘ a;;e..'In"-'t the » presence of Levroes, forei_n born, and teach in the respon— dent's ylece of enplognent. fable 3} presents the frceucrcy distribution of IGSpOLSGE reflecting differing degrees of g b" lerel of con-oi t no“; and method of cld-;iiic..t on. d hostilit The mean hostility scores of both catewories o; inconsistents according; to stetus pro file are ;'.i-_her than the mean of the cvriesgonding cote or; of consisten's. This oattern holds fry“ t‘x: roug£s1£.o w0112‘rith.lxairoes, 'taose XnIO do Ith, and for all a,e controlled c te40ries except respondents under forty ugo do not tor; Kite Legroes. Ji-different “”bb in CLGIQEE jhnni the findings accordir to consistency scores. consistents have a hifher Lean hosti- litgr score then s are ir.c censis te ;cts but loner than moo ereta irmxnisistents. This pattern alto holds for LLOSC rcsgonicnts 'pho Lortzfoi'conccrns LLioh enéloy iegroes. consistents rho weii;.for firms thich do not encloy icychs gave a Lean hosti- sccre uhich is identical to the nian of mode*ete incon~ haVc a ncan hostility score sister..ts. Sharp inconsistents whjjfll exceeds both of these. Lone of the four s;e contralled results in a pattern in which the neeL hostility of both categories of inconsiste;ts e: ceeds tde Lean .pmeoa ooLSp Spa: mowsommpjc oaflpmo pan one mos muons .op camp mmoa socoscosw 3 so cowmp %H reasones a! snow or ”oaapmor pmqna 0p pmos sosw mmwsonopwo 0:» on P wow .m .m .s .m mo woaoom (Qwstflmms ,p copnifimne fl. ll .1: A .4 Im Al F _ s a M w _ m a in peep W l _ m uoflmcoocfl U h _ n . (Luxm.m mmsccm m m we ms m moi l mm _ lac en‘s V sccmp . w . Imwmsoozfl . umflmcoo l w , oHCLOpom.m .s s. sl . sm U mi N om u.ow m n m " Imflmdon.¢ . . _ w w! p w , {I s q 4 fi\ fl 4 o m _m me E «w m mm W oss i “new i . m " :mmeOUQA w . m , mswfim.m m mm cs mm . ma _ mes H p.mp mfisoogm M W m . lmfiwfioofiw mdwwum H. _ _ M “....prdcac @930 q is .w . as m s_ M mm _ poop “ m . Imflmmom.s . . n l . 4 a _ 4 4 maucoapm _ opfip Hosp o>ap i mad» 2 _ :oflpmo sofiuuc _ Hmom Idem N Is om . cmor f IHMHmnuHu m Iflmwmweao M socopmwmcoo l we cospoh _ memmm “mmomwmz mmm4moe wHHAHHmo: oz< ommemHmzoozH mbafiem mm qu49 l l . l 4. ll 4 w 1 .7 _. mm . no.0 x+ma¢ It in v I: wh.m mmr.o on.m mm.m w camp _ _ . _ _ Influenosfi v i m i ohdmm.w_ mmpoom mm m¢._ _ mus mm.m ss.m om.m s¢.m wmm.m _mm.mm mm.m l some . cocoa _ H . _ ImumzoocH _ Imflmcon , _ H l “ onuLpAXHH.mW mm Po.o mus s~.¢ _ u: mm.m mm.m .ss.m _sn.m Hs¢.m pomp m l m u _ . Iqaado>.r . m w . ,.;. c s . m . . . I Li + t 4 Li W I 4. ..J o . o O I. o _ o u . we No.0 m+oul on m msu m ms m om n .om.m Hem m_ sm.m “ ppm» m _ . _ _ “ Imwmcoocfl _ w H _ H ’ M cpmflm.m mm oc.l m mn‘ _ no.5 mm.n .sw.m ¢M.M m.m .¢¢.m _¢.m wean oHHmosm . . _ . m Imonflooflfl mupspm _ _ w sates; wenu.n -, I o )IJO \ ).\ o _ -. o\ _ o _\ .. o _ x o \ _ ‘a\./ ma no.0 on Co J co m Cc m _ om H mm . an m _rfi m _ p§o Ham as soro Ham Ham Hoflwuo coHumm . Hfio I Latsoo ”Luwc,thm 0N. LLoUSL .w as r IH%Hmm.HU IfiwflmmmHh m l ...,pfl: who». ptsow _ osflon 56.... “so...” ...ocowmwm:on we scrum...” . »’ -4 . . q osmqu . “Iranl h L" p .F H [Ill J Awmscapcoov mm mqm<8 Lone of the si; oLi squsiee is significant. TLQIG is no Clea trend iL the fiLdiLgs and Lo si;niiice nt differences. I conclude that the hypothes’s is not supgorted. Table 7% 331s He s the frequenc; distribution of res~ — 1 gonses reflectiLg differin; degrees of hostility toward foreign horn t; is el of consistency and method of classifi- eticL. rhe LeaL hostilit; score of consisteLts acc0“ding to status profile is less than the mean ior either corres- ponding category of iLcohsistents. This p3 tteiL holds re— :er the ies-oLwth xzorks for a concern which go H .0 [__J (a m S h c+ empl y2 forci L torn. It also holds for three of the four age controlled comysrisons. TAG findings for reSpOLdeLts ole ssi fied accordin; to ss sugportive of the n’— (D consistency scores are mixed and l jothesis. Consistents have a Loan hostility score thicn is less theL the means for the corr‘sponding cate50rius of in~ consistents. This pattern Lold.s for re: -01md lite who work for a concern which e ploys foreign born and for one of tie lo uorh for employers tho hire 1.: two age controlled categories foreign born. Jourvcr, cCLsistents who mark for 3910 0 'who do not hire fore Li L born have a higher Leon hostilit; score than either correspoLdiL; cate;;cr; of inconsistents. .1. v Ibis reverse of b e ergected getterL also holds for sac? of the two are controlled cute9ories Lithin the larber uicupin . four of the si:-: (iii when... are sirnificaLt. il-e two that are not are ootn coLpa Ii soL2 between the consisteLts and 3:34 TATL QORJ: | ~4—5 n~v FOREI TOWARDS ‘V 7 *~ TILI‘I OS I l. y 1- LD 74",! 21-1.. .COfSISTL- l. I Friendly «a LG 50 U) -H U) C. 5‘1 +3 111 O C: C’.‘ U CJ'G ~13 70 0H O I-\ “ ofile ‘N fry} s L [\... LP. OJ \f') ---.L- __- , -,-_- '— _,/-\ '\ _ O (U {\- I:\ I 4—" L3 ~13 If! :14 I 4:) (V) Si Si: r“: 0 0'3 C‘- 43 ‘ 1 . . ...—J. I (“W .- - _- _L __-.-L. .1 [bi .- J. m I) (D 0H "‘4 U: (2} £3 , C1 C) +3 O o r' t o |--v \ v. r-4 . - .J ,. 1 _4 GP! 3 In 0H I \ ‘- (I) (J H :2 Q) C‘.‘ 0 $4 L: .C O O C) O (7 +3 m C; 30st to least fro ‘t'IOI‘lGS J ( .4 to cat 4. U0 e less ?, Lnd thre 1 h «1‘ m 9'.) a H l " 1 :4 () CH 1 : O U 4.) U) ' Cr ('3 $4 0 13 (,3 P4 U M”? o 4.7 . :5» (‘0 ,fl r“1 O 0:4 r.‘ r. ‘--.—i -: ) I’ _“ ) (j (‘ C) L 0 C) 'J C. If) 0 ' (I) :5 'C n ('3 C) () ba - oompnre 0-, ‘l 13.; o L; i 3(1 ’ J'J - C 0 Pl1 ates p 1 -~.- -.....qr. 1 l1 1.. L 11. J J o 1 . . 1; o . . o . . . o \- _ -..; .. o mm D o+mn¢ II I: I: _ 1: cc mo 0 mo n _ asap i _ nmfimsoosd L w esdflm.m mosnom no omo.o WIN mp.m m¢.m mm.m m mo.m .mm.m ms.m om.mm poop romeo m _ H no--soosfi um1msoo l l L opusocom.m a sm.s mus -- 1- mm.m i em.w sn.o mp.o me.c _ sees . _ M Imfiwzom.e 11 11 L .s L 1 L 1. a 4| J“ . i. q. .4 J . h 1 \1 _. 11 O \ O -1 o m 1 O .. H 1. n ¢F.¢ n+0: mn.m .Ow.m ”mm.r M or m w_ m o_ m “VF m 1 econ w L _ m . Imwmusoo.dw _ M . (“be NO . .M- n .. 77L F1 ... .1 o o ., o 11. o o .0 .... o \ . o x _ . c y 0.. my re F 11s cw M mm m ind m i so m LC m do : mrc r . “Eta (Hamosm H M . -1 4 Eooca mSpapm w 1 . “vamp: aomom.m w F¢.m m mus 1- 11 ism.m qm.m oo.m .sm.m _c.m pews “ a . Im.mucom.. H L . , L1 _ 11 11 w W In} I141 4H1 L 4. J11 .111 4i 11 ~ A oosm5cm com me ”Lo>o M Had Os hope ” Ham L flaw . soapdow coape . a) -n. a} , . s.) \/ ... u . I- \J . .. arc .-HL prom -Loc m L4 cs L .Laeca 1e be L 1 . -LLsumsHo -HLHmmeHo .mpan use: pLsow .. spas who: P1 _ socoomflmmoo mo wormed Aomsnapcoov #m mqm¢e -1. - w .., ' .. _ . .' .-. - 4:-.. "s . , r. 4-. ' -. -. - - on . , LL18 fondly LilcOi,;L.’.S ber- bu. llit.‘ .:. engulf) ULLJl bJ-I‘"(l.xl_aLCEl;iCC.v L4. "7' ‘7‘ 't 5‘ l" "I " ‘1‘): t. 131' “75 (1 ' ‘ ’11 ’ q " ' ‘1“ t." H ‘. r . r-w \7 ’“ : A 4.0)“... 011 OJ. 9.1..- 4;-.. LC}. Mdlbo , llil, Lian“; MD J. 00.1....141‘123 C11“; go'- HeeL consistents and COLblLGd iLCUIiS istents, would Lornsll; lead me to conclude that the findings sutport the hjfi‘thCSlb under tes . Lut in th’s case 1; is too little Lo1~iLte w; in the findings then finer treskdouns ore used. It Lould ar— <-~ /~ \ J- r ,1 fl \ - . '1" .~,- . l“ x ‘ ." r‘ e . " . - ‘ . i “3 ,? -. ix . 4‘7'1--1 * r‘ ' 7. ‘ gee: bhdb lblbLQA Loin Hie not consiiered to oe a silent 2; " "‘ ‘ ‘I . ‘ ‘ 2 . V'l. ' "- 1‘11“. v ‘. ' '- "‘ " 'r', ‘J‘f‘ ‘ 7.": 'L‘ ‘ ‘1." ‘ /““; 1" - inconsisteLts Lio do not Auue diiect CthaCb hlbn ouch, ont that they are consiierod as s threat by tWe inconsistents who do have direct conto ct with the . I conclude that the fir.- in;s re ardin: hostilitj tonsrd foreign born provide hoderete support for the vaothesis under test. “able L] tresents the fregnJLc; distribution of responses - a reflectin: varying rees cf ho ostilitd tOIICli wouen L; level of consistency and method of olassificaticn. consistents ac— cording to status profile have a higher mean hostilit, score than either of the cor1m.:pondin3 cate;01ies of incoLsistents. This gettern 5e e11 eiell" holds for both the conoiLed and the zije controlled categories of ‘er'ons who Lork with to en and the combined category of HOT ers Ln do not Lorh :ith Lonen. ihge only e ce;tions ore ties and Lot reversals. Cono Ham ed. Lm>o w HH( w Had . defipwo M :ofluao Eu J.LS..,,.8 pummm ..l. by. .Ewfi View F “ ..EBQS _ $33.2 pa: ..po: pPCov Wad: Mao: M :osoumwmflo _%o mompmu Awmzcfipsoov mm mqm¢s ' , ‘1 -- ,1 1.- -.n'. .. . — .- COuD o11111 Ln“lh.lgtleL,{AUCOLUJflwb to COL“ “: Chcz’:1co:e;1;”113 :; $1; or loan nostlllflj UCOlC 11gu1'tae corr1epond1n“ oute- ,).- ‘ .5 .:. 0“ r' _O . o‘.‘ '1 _ ._‘ ._\ )0. ) .) 'V‘ .' ... -.. .1) ‘ -' I. ‘)_ J). ‘ ' O J. I) .Lone o1 1H<2.111 on1 inflm1rCo 30 I 115 101£LL_te“te lulu“ ‘ . r. ”I . (‘ ‘ ' ’I '2 (3H. "' r \ .““'. fl. ( (‘ " ‘ H ‘ 4". \‘_"“ “’. ln-oleiotente lS 11at1st101115 111n11101Lt. 1o He elteL —_— tgat ore 12; ea; the“e i” ano1xse1vaole tregd in different 0 ' t I O l u q ”or BBQ of hostility by level of consistency, 1t 1: ln tne ,- otel. I C~1Clul t1:t tge ..1 } o;po:ite Qirootion to that pred i‘i2'1.'11:-;S 0-1 11113411111" toward men co-1t1:111lict tg1e hypotesizs 1he findi;;s re ardiug exoressed Hostility t ward 1e roe; do not 51g sort the argotues is under test. 1he findings re— ”a dim: e111cs- ed Hostilitf to ur; 10131 n porn 1 doratel; support the klgpothesis under test. The findin 5 re arding e1p1essed hostility toward LUL6R LOILeIe o1LLrori .‘ .1- 1.. A . .1 -- ‘- ,-‘. '.. -‘- .'.1 - ..--- »miche1,1L.1 'h “- ,-~ ',‘. ‘ .. .-V lpdht. A41 new 01“ CL DAL M.I. JOAHL 3;, ~ "1" 1 -L “ . ' r‘ ' 1 'L “ ..a' ‘- " "- "l' l ’; ‘1 ‘ \’ ‘ ‘ b . " ' “ ' - n \ - ~4- ‘n 1 I'Eb “3. up 1;-L CW Lu: 5. 3’; 0?. LG; ”Lucile; .L 01 tut; ”Cm;- 33ft: OJ. mu) "’7 -" " .Q\ J. -_ v5" ' \ ‘ r- . "‘ " "I': P.';‘ ‘. ‘ "‘-’ 1 ' "'1 J.’_', >_ \ .-.. ~~- ..4' o J. o 011-. 9.1.1 L114 90 S 1):” 1JL154 .LliCOJa 5.; .L .J UC—A—L t L 1891.. .L 0.1. U.L;C' a) ELL; .LlLvi‘. .C :aLple. '7 _ \ _‘fi a... -r—‘ - 3 ‘ : .-. l_ , . -N . 1 '. n O *' (V ,’ 1 . ‘ w - _n .' ‘ -. _a ‘ J. I“ 1‘ -. -.- _’- {.:wlll’ . .4 I .L O .: .L‘g.lJ-. Dxl..1i.‘ll‘3E-J 3:111 CA1 1:19:18, D“: C! Dlju .(LS CO.\S.L:7 LIKE$J~ LJ 0L .- . _ ., .- J- .. . :‘11. ' 4....1 ° 'L. 1 .--: .Ln.‘ .:.: ,- 1", , -‘ . _ 4 .., .L’Z‘ ‘OLL.,.L-_ uClLL. LulS hmJlE lS UnloS-l 01.; but} b11368 CLLIJKJIISTLUMS \ -C' —\ «» -' 3 J-.,. ~~ - - r, ~ ' ‘1‘ r v .1 (N ' ~ ‘ , ‘ f r“ ‘ " ‘ c o; ctaLLc bJ, CCCufwthJ, dufl GiUCuthL. I lacéu; CiUOdLLOfi; data cm five members a; tag u.i. Forum. ;11 of these were .... ‘2 -.‘ I..- ... 1 f1 ,-\‘¢,.>".. A ”I" w. I '. ~.~. "q ’un ... ~~ n - 4.:r /\ ~ A»; ‘ _ ‘-‘ J. . 4—- .‘u . A» Lg-b.-‘..j.llCQ .s . ALLIJ . ‘.‘.‘.,l.,.'..\.m-\l b0 1.19.-»0 0.1;, {..g..w--.1ur‘ ulpl; DJLIU 1' 5-? ‘nr'w‘ _‘. ‘w‘r ”Km“ '33: “at "rxd‘w- +' u .‘.-'x l’. 4' r." P .7mv“"if" '3‘" L-LQJ " XLL‘Q y‘a‘;'-’\ {I LL'L/Mll- VJ *; —‘ L». r V ('4’;- 19 0—1.. L) CL.k LO int; . (vi-‘ul C—u—\:!J m' it; xvi ‘. (a - g I“ - r“- ‘. m -L "' .‘ ' r~ H (H - ‘ ‘J- I “. I ' v )y' -. - i " '»n"~\ ' u tau“ aw COflLiobCLb. L L} abuULQL.Og LLOVCQ lhcu; act ; -- - - - ‘ ' 0-... A-Vf _41 ‘1‘“n.‘1.’. —... I ‘ r' _V’.\‘ "r‘ .L |VC X‘Gal~(:ll£3‘i tkle -\ . b!)e¢:'li—L bd U-L (JUfiLIl-Ll-lil’lg‘ t‘lb .‘I.’ 1“! ULL{J (Jib r" __. ~ I a « I .-'A’-‘.~ \‘<. 0". ‘ ’7‘ 7". ‘ A N. .' T - ’_, .9 DVr‘CLL .:Ltil tilJ.S MUDLJ‘L‘LLUA, ..1'_?}.s.rg;l‘f; I Lnl'fl’ 1.1. *thm 3.19 OCCUPATICL ALD EDUCATIOL 31‘ 1 .1er o‘ i‘RI .I. F l B O :‘o UTICLS OF hUha (“fl . 1’1 _‘ ,‘ ; ’ I“! .‘ I i -q . fifiv -- | PO ..‘J’ ~ ‘ 'r ‘." “ q ‘ » lu‘lfilLI U 3‘... §tatus DiEEEsion 5e;inau §,I. Forug_ Cdi # n Fropor- n ErOpor- Siuare P __ tion tion Occupetion Unskilled, service 5nd semi—skilled ECC .926 8 .320 Skilled 15 .057 C .326 White Coller__ j ._fl§ ; .360 (2.1 9 Education 0-8 years 185 7317 5 .238 9 or more_years 41 .183 1: .762 g:2.9 ; a totals will not correspond for the G. . Forum as one cas is unemployed and no information is available on the educa-~ tion of five. b skilled and White collar combined Yates correction. .‘ 7'. ' "I, '1 .‘ ‘ \ ,r - D -.‘ ,’ ~ -' ;'| I “V I . I“ ,r', "(I ' v ‘ .. (,,’< f ". UlAqu In vvlu J...u‘_v_ ’L-..: i’. iliaillil L. A 'JU‘J .1}: l- 7421' ha. a -' “n.”- .v rm“ wuv-I- .— - .‘. -A -'\,.- (.4 Lt I ... :~ ‘ .:.”)-y- .' Q~—-14‘L| ‘ grAL LA) UNI¢A .Lo ‘vkl-k).&.~.' LI\JL.L ‘J V~»-L ”..-—...... M ..--II. vw—‘F- -.-..ov -..—n, ”w: ...“-..J- - - . W - - A '"\ ' . ff ',‘0 " n A‘L . ‘ ' - '1 F~ ’ 1") C3. hr‘ 11 riouul big“: 1. il' wk; Luigi/'4; .Juha. c .L -—-‘—-— 7...— ' _v V . . — -.-‘f‘f" Oran-.....- —" - vwm MW ~ .‘. 1. f: . '1 c. . 1 . . /( T \J 0;. a .‘ . 1 -‘- .L (J Lil: m-”— L» V. «t-»». .Lka- UQLI m...-.-.-—.. c «L ri-e ct ion . v .- . .. ....)l. ... f‘” ’4. A’ r—‘v—v 41/ Tue Chi ssuure is si nificant. I conclude that tne findings support the hypothesis under test. 53111311231“ 1 ‘3 I; 123153 Five hypotheses were tested and four were supported. Occupational nobility was associated with status inconsistency. Status inconsistency was associated with tendencies tovard social isolation, espressicns of sgnptons of restlessness, and participation in social movements. Status inconsistency was not associated hith expressions of hostilit; toward LAB; mirorities. ’\O g; ,7. ‘ - .. .... ,.‘ ..,.r L u.‘ .' :1.” ..,” _ ,5 ‘ , .. ,_ ,‘M - . ‘."~ .L‘.-.L‘.L‘J LA: i:U(.;-QJ.~J+J:1.‘..;. ALL-J.) ii ‘..a QUVI_;J.J V.-...’X.L.-J.L.a ALLCKJ‘ALPJU I will LOU exaiine the Ciic t or consistenc, or ineoy— ‘ p 4- . , ‘ ..--A . -. -. ' .: . .. —— \ .._ 4-. . ‘ ° . ...-..” - ,1 C: 1:. 81-037- 138 LMUEIL *.‘;OL;lt.J..O-iE; Oil 5:) Lad» UUL ALLBLQL CI .Li; FJJx'LLJ.lJ.10:.1 V .‘ CO... 'J i118.- H C K r": l r l L}. H: p— G) .— H 7 . .0 ‘ ‘. 4‘ 5* _4_ ‘ ->-r,-'- “1“? . o 1 ~aiis. uaCu sta u:; hillsieu, all a f" 81‘- F;- tn 9 U) tion with all ott. ers. I ill lauel the "f“iois st archies after the MQLHCT of fiomans. Cccupation and income 1 will be considered low; rd dimensions, and education on; sta- nicit; rill oe consideied inve st‘:;ent dimensions. “nose di- H (I) l uenniors ma? be further classiiie . Income is a natcrial we d 33119 occu_prtiOL is a non-natcr sl or social regard. VI‘~ Lducstion is an lflgrfiu:i investnrnjt‘while ethnicitv is gal g»;— r A~A.- ascribed investment. As it seems re eon-Ll to assuno tgat different t 93; of inconsistent: mill vary in their ocn“vioi— al and attitvainal cgaracteristics, I will ensuine the manner s associated Hdflfil'mme various beluviCinl H. in anion each type and etti uli".a]-dime1mions. Social Isolation r otnesis 2 gredicted that status incoi..-i..uciic’ mould lead to withdrawal from voluntarv social interaction into a J fl} state of social isolation. To his 38 presents tVe rela Wic-;;ip between the various status profile types and the vcriables O F. 0 U) C... O .4 3 "5 (’1 O n [__v used as indices of teLwd en rcla tionsnip to be examined is membership and participation in social e<~oci tions. social Associations In five out of six comparisons, there is a jrcater pro- -'wl isolation. 'Ehe first HOHquomH AdHUOm 92¢ 92 HHmHmZOUZH b0 mmwa mm wage mMs. n.a. min. mm _ o.m. mm ,:H 1 ol WOF. . -.nh. OJJW. a Mm, ” mods. «fir .O_l.r..HC. mom. wow. emm. ” mes m sme. mmi pawpm amsooca mum. _ 1mm. awm. H was i see. Fem pcOQCfimgoc ” . . Scwp; O... in. ..IKHHHOHCH. #1.. mmm. m mno. was. H m. m mce. so? rescuzoa Foo. w coo. mme. . as l ewe. m_ . soanmuan ism. M one. mm . _ em Poe. me” i sopmfimcoosa mew. ems. “on. _ mmm com. new . pampmfimgoo m . “ ofioomHnsoHpsezooo mmm. _ sm_. om . i ems ems. am. i nwfimusoa mes. . mam. 0mm. Fm men. mm soaurifim mim. w esp. ems. w me, n_¢. _ mmw pampmamcoosd new. ” Psi. son. i smm sis. . ”mm . peopmflmsoO _ . m u soausosvmlosoosH mop. “ m-c. o_¢. . mm mme. . tpm i :«Hn mofl mmm. a ems. eon. _ m1 _ new. . em . soaurnfir mmm. w one. son. i our _ mes. . new M peopmflmsoocfl mum. “ mes. . ”ms. _ mew . own. . 0mm i . pneumamcoo m . _ h h spfioacspauQEOOmH mam i see. end. up _ ems. r omc _ muflmuwoa mm_. ” ,mo. ems. mm _ qmm. . em _ soauemas .mm. l mm_. nee. .om mes. M mom . gnmpmflmcoocfi mew. W as". 0mm. mam i new. i 0mm ” pewsmfimeoo H n m h soflusoswmusofiuscsoon mas. 1mg. . ewe. . mom owe. . com . swan 20” com. . me . wmm. . e_ _ smm. . mp H zopnxufiy mew. co. mes. _ arm ems. m, . pmonmfimcoosa 0mm. s~.. mes. H mm. 0mm. mu. m , pampmsm300 .. L. I» lwl L.1 \rflHOMCfi ”PM. ICOHMLFSOOO r undw INII moanwl. J MMSHCN q mnflflwm 4. QHIW 4. - .llfi omupassoo r 1: Isoe;om “ usensmu W usensmu 3 tee: Luis; omehcmcp M kw m 0: five: m m1mwmmmw :. sole car i p. 504 i so.ssr H sofip H >-c m . - Soap i i uscaosm . chamn nsoaosm . . 1% . 111.. 1. msoflpm nHa:L;5 dmfioom m-m. “1. was. 1 \nd. .n1. .1. i. . 1 J.\. . \ 1 fit. CLO firC POW fl NO H W C. r i IdO new _ wee. own. a . 1... _. . em .:.. r H om1. . um . _xw. re. 0n? eHr . we _ mom. :0H16.4¢ \.O 5L0 ewe HNH. OOH. 9.0. W mam n_m. 3) ...uv mew. eno. Hs_. Hap. l 1 . .wm. :cu . ..1 .:cpm Hm.cc .: . ... w n . cdH .cL . coo new. :2. m:mpop \ . H «q 2....) . 3 q. , x: . -- . . . J re +c i-. .s. w1ttga oHc woo ceH _ mmH. pom. Hus. m .s i+fi. 0 mm HH ”if. N..M/.Uo «(\HAUO “I’m.” 0 . ....0 MN... \C\|o ... ./\ JUL.\NI H .11.»... .....OH 1... ..-. umc. . ,... _ o “a. w m. ems. 30? .... .00 Pfir -Tw _ Wfifi W F. ~ JMO. u 23 \ \o .) mow. mm). .m.. _ - . n- i . n o. _ new pea .mHm coo:m c nLC vhf n MdH me. Go. . mi! i «on. . . . 1 . _ i i @3002 ISO 5min») mmH #mo 50H _ s—H. TnH. O_m. ” m . M . H -DHVcnaccC ..Hs o . ML- 0 \I- o . X 0 K. - ... K H Or . \O+\ HALH .....I»....Oam. ,cw. wa. one dm. 0L0. awn. w WM M New. Boats. COO v.10 Hm; . mm; . omfi . em 1. _. . . .-.. . - .- 3mm. 0mm. _ asp. i imp. Moi. «.N. M .e. . ecs peoumrmcoor. 1 . . _ x. new m We 1 Ham. pcopmHmCOU T1. - . 1 . . . . . . . CO 3333;} -fioofl Who. nmo _nH _ Ho, nap. mmw. u mmH w 2mm. H r :40 H moo . sac. tT_. i 0mm. 0mm. mom. . mm -ww. umwicc H a m. . mp0. se_. . - . - . a . W M . m... :. -.tHr amp. mm). . on . u om”. mm” 5mm _ omH . sun HseumHmsoa.H r .1 . .¢ pr . oxm. .0 1 . I _ . O O _ ..MQ O H A II (V O emi . men ‘ has n os_. mom. “ 9mm. x and. ..H H..s.. 0 SH smm. . nHH. . oxi. l 1‘1. rxr . x - he. i he» SeHxlon _ 1. . L- . LN i arc mp0. _ Him. mi . Fee. soHu.. 1 nNH i mwo. mmH. i mmH. ~00. . ems. . .ih. . (AH; mew. . mmo. . eom. i m\.. am.. 1.“. Fe. . can pc;+mHmsoOcs h H NM. " .L. aec meH . rem. ucmgmHmQOC \ .0 .0 . m NMCIJ Mp... J14-r._.. J ewe mmc cci. . co.. . Ape. Hon. m-_ n.n. . . .w nScorcoo sou. mso. ,_ . \ . o- \i w. urn {H:usoH mmm r oom see see. man. m 001. .OH H - o .0 -.1, o n I 0 II \ .... I r9-.. r mum. . WWW. eeH _ HsH. owfi mew. onH m ism. HsegmHmCOOmH rx _ H ”Mumfi O . _\J+~ 0 Wu" C \I O . I. II 0 1’ . I n a r n -.H O#H C U mmr M Omm pflmvmfimfloo - i .11 . . 5.41.Cd 1! coHp mass emn.+ @334 moHamo .IMchm ansno.1 ..a. g.ng.Hm soprQSOOO nsomosu _ mo>H m . .1 a -.. .. r._:r. meH: r _ :.p H HmHoom .c+ _ Ismojoz _ flan. ; .:-: UQEHQQPO) _ I 4 x. w ... . . .F V... ..I0 ... ..1 IpHva r r. - r t . my” mm... 074 ..'PHH).L_O) w «to ..‘J .1. r. ..< I. . . . HmHooo _ con l c a Iilli .L prm w -- .. gs spHs mLcHysmw . z . i was: soles .-HOHpssc aor_ma goHp, mzpmpo WOflP ILODOLW Ci ..H .-. .3OHIEOHP . I40TOL. . r M IcHOnchHnH . C C . pl-.. CLO: m 1 l c. r. .H. meawm ms 4 , nsoaoso r . mehr: . . ... mCOHumNHCmthO O HHOQOOM: AvmssHusoov mm qusa N c,- jgortio:;Ii,__3h oeougetioa". incox;r siste Its show I. sli irtl; stron er tendency than lov occupation-hi h income inconsism tents toward Ion-socie.l use e of Iree tine ;Ind tousi linit— in; free—tine social activities to relatives. Io: education— high ethnicit7 inconsistents show a greater tendency than hijh education-low ethnicity inconsistents tovard non—social use e of free tine and to.srd limiting their free-time social ectivities to reletiv-s. dunner; of Social Isolation The following is a sun Hr of all findings rejordiny t7pes of inconsistents and tendencies tot-.erd socie l IIolItIOn. In general, inconsistents show s greater tendency than con- sistents toward fewer renterehips in social volunte.ry 5W6 o— ciations, a IIto-"nor proportion of ion-participation newbor: dips, and s smaller proportion of offices and connittee posmt: held in the memberships which they do hold. The3 also shor e greater tendency toward not belongin' to economic or snize. tions and tonsrd low—participation ILILeIInips. There is no conclusive trend q;erdin_ holdir:* of offices or committee s soneuhst of a tendency for inconsistents to Ho hosts. There be more prone then consistents to either utilise free tine in s non-social manner or to restrict social interection to role— tives. Thus, it egpesrs that incom is tents or- more prone thy- COLLiLWXuJU: tofiui d.xflgt l‘uil‘ iz”u. :cial lLtCl iLto L Ltate of social iLClLtiOL. To ever, tLo LLL1* partic 1L1 t es of inconsistenc; providcs LcLe evidezce participation in voluntary voluLtai we by differc L ‘,' l-l ,__, n . J? te;wL3Lcd :Lor IE.- _ .‘,‘.-L.~ .. aLLOClLLiUn ,"t "‘t?‘ ‘5 V .:.! "n Cl. t4at S IA .., _ , 1 , t.,.i - d Locial literactwo lilCCHL— select one “Ltndithal iw“j0LL> over tgo otger. Lc. cthticityu 11L h eiucatir.;iimexsiLtoLts CJKBIAIFB prone {in ; Jigh :tg; Zw city-low education inconsistel ts toward Lon-mem‘ TLhip and fiOh~pQIthi?9tiOL i; SU“ifll 3*ocictioLL. LLt th“” are Llao .L LtszrO‘wz Loédlri :xaciul.1gss ; oi':f:fi_2 ‘in: I inaulhi intsr— grLL this L LLfiicatin that ion eth icitg-Li3a cducatisr iLCLnsisixayhe fool L,L.L'tn have their‘iuxyt ngoztunities for r wm“ii; social in ‘ractiOL in LMLll inf o;Lc. 3ct—LL eLLLLL rather LL; iL Locicl Lssociations Lo: Li“cwuloq—ii LL1— 1:"citj inc ‘LSlEl‘el-’t$ pgz'Lei'w: their nest ortuLiLi es: f0- reword’fii LociLl ’1tev“ctio in Locial Lnso' r‘tio ~ rather than snail Lt— to et»~'L. it Lust be emphasised that bo“u tyf=”‘<1f inconsiLiLJyh; 13T“Glfi”"UlChF°erS LaziLLvin3 l 33 oyportuuitiea thaL conaiLteLt s for rcrcrdin; Loci: iLturLc- tion 1L eitgc“ Lct1V1t . ' ~15 ‘ *‘fi‘ 'nr‘ *1 "o ". my" " " 1 'r - x I r - 3 1 UVCL ‘- 4 "Lil ‘Lxeu liLCULLbif; Lela-ES (Ire “Ole tc eiiLin fro: 900 .L and time social ‘*ter;c 'I H C U 1.13". 1;; 0019 (.7 (D ‘~\ . 'c' .. 1' u (3 12.11.! :3 H <5; (1 A. r J-",;‘-‘ iJI'Oil'V LzL ..u . . 19.]. L138. 5.: 0 tion r ”:33 1 oc iati to relgt L;L1e:.~ n .0 ,,, l 1.1;; l.3 lecs. ’\‘) 4“ .Lw'i.‘ L; . 1.1. ll _L...—‘\.‘ US Ul.i‘:£.-.L—.LL".I .CU 1v\-.i, LL Ll‘COl’l—lv‘A-Ka bell LJS Ll’e lei) :4 lift-Cl”! than low inVCStLCn -higfi rexard inconeistcnts to belong to sccis ossccic.ti3Ls. Ii3h ethLicit,-lou re de iLcozrs is teLts are less lificly tLLL lo: ethnicitg-Ligh retard iLconeis to: te to Dc 313, part101pLLts, Lna to aolu oiii:es, or cougittee ..,- L; . ' . j ,. L. .2 4.! L. ,-_ .' . -,-1.,0 1, .1 ., ,_ .~ L '1 __ v0 .. ~. posts 14* tne Les CLJEULUHQ lllEquCd tAeJ anst. LeLoei. .1_L cdtuxititL;—nijf1 re? er ichonez steDJLML to ix: hi_fi1 LagrticitwuLt;. and hold ofii es, Lad comLittee posts 1; thoce LLLOClLtiCLL in nhicl tee; are members. Each or these tyfic; of iLCOLs L— teLts is more prone thLL consistents to exaibit L social .:.! _ - ~~~~ iLolfiLiLL icsycls . - - .1 ..,L -33 . a... -. 4.1.. ,.‘ 4“! .. ‘ ° ”..A .., ' .w .- ._ . _ 3 , 4- I youll iLLcrgicL bnGSp iL(iL s LL inolcatiL~~ tLQb over—rewarded inconeistente are leLs li“ely than Le unier- rewarded incolx iste ts to receive satisfaction from soc Ll E:- O iLterLctioL in SLLll inforial vatherings. with the ex e h— \_l tic“ of tiiose 1Lcoeai"t Lt in terms of educatiOL 3L1 rewards, ciationa. It would enpeer tiet the concept of Muilt" is Lore relevant to avoiiLLce cl small 33therin3s but taet COLcer Jt oi’ "injustice“ is more releveLt to LucidaLce of tar— ticithioL in volULtLr v associations. n Tte following is an elatin on of the indices o "i) ere:- Lliz,d ULreLt as L conL«LuLlce of coneiLtchy or incor21's— tency. fable ;» reLeL the various type: of iLcolsis tents related to those varinbles '.eed as indices of geLerLlizei \L, _ . - .\ w _ 3. -. ... . a . 3 N .\ L - f L .. .. ”Hot dwa MKoM. _ .....‘C «LIMA! m WCwV _er‘ k: r\ r.~.( wk. 3 r x c... ..r.l. CH mm.m Mm _ ne.¢. Fm N0“. . m Gnu. _um “ No.0 We . Ow.¢ be _ LOHImtfiy ..\ . 1.‘ \ ..\ \.Ix. . 3. ..\ W. o . u- N o... . t _o x... q.” fill -J r|v\ F. O F . T qmfls - (I Mill N! _ p\|.«.|:~(. “jar“ V WL AV +Nvflu d a m I“ ‘ r\\ dip! _. NLNL m MIJ_ “I. - p r p U o H «IN .F; (x; H ..\.o .... I. ..- o \ ).\\§. )7 o .\. _ 4.. _\. o L H A .0 _ 4‘ _ .\ o \ i... _ .s a n0 Knob ,w H Hrwo ((0 MN _ CLH bdo tr _ l-. L up :JC uCrpmeLOL _ _ . . ull . F L If P x t! L! _r I :p ofic uwnc10cr. 1|] 1||I J]: Illnlrl no u . _ _ L v \I. o o . ..J \I.!. o I: 0 I. ” IN 0 U U. _ a \ . ... M. .... _ . :1 a; ... 1.4 .... . O ... C CO . 3 0 .C C C _(x.. m _ FCC “ C..- rrnl-.0e . ill I o . v‘ 0! x {\. OJ . 0.! fl 1", Lf\ \ _tm _ EOHILMHu ON. . - “__.—ML 7‘1) (‘ix NYC <3“ NV?! r0 Cnm. A scn4s M3 d 1r-1e 1 W34 114104-.h1uh1141 e upre141 a 11310 -1034; Ju; satisfaction score than over—remarded inconsistents. Low income—high occupation inconsistents have a higher mean job CtitiF“Tlct1cw1 scaqxa $144: u1-g1 chcnxa—lo::()cc 1.4-1104 -4:c012:14:~ ,_‘ ... ___ .- ‘1 .. . , ‘--, ..'., “3 .‘.'.,_‘ .,,.‘.s..' -, . 1(thr 4e31 goo Lati sfuct:101 score U454 119m OdLCJblOL—lon .i— ctluaclty 1110014211: 811.33. - . ‘ - -1- -' "n "--— N *"q‘ ‘.“‘. “ ' '.P.‘_'~ ‘. _-,,1 £11; L611‘KJ ---l.‘e‘L—-LU".£-l‘f‘z\41 CL, ;.—L¢‘4 .' 11‘ £1 #0:! C‘CI bL.’.E‘!Q"LJ‘ (1.;‘1u-c .'- »- _ f -. 1 : J. '1‘ L '1 _r '. _ * _. 1 . - . . . -,., ,., 1 .vr. - -~ '1 -» - ‘ :. .~ - -- ~-- -~ -, .~~ .~ : ..... ‘ DU ~.\,v-11.L.'-.Lv .Lbo 11h, .LU.. 1.1LC'.,-..C,";L-L_‘.1 ULnCthtCJtlUl- .L--COA.-- ......r; CUI-LJ , ‘n .- J— -- fl . v Q-‘v -- .7 ‘. 1" 7‘ ' . . '1 . ‘ r v r fifin '3 ’1 'L 3 w- t “ L. . " ‘. ‘ , ‘. 1. - ~‘ , ' ~-. snLl\J\ ' -.‘ LL.— U51 plLilL/J. CU' bllei- L'C -.LJ.‘ -1 J.--UUL-.'Ci—.:.Un OCCWC‘, ':.L_LL,J, .' ._L L 1, . L. A, - . - n 1-. ,L‘ .7 ‘ .', . ' ... .1- ..L .- .* ,0, L - - __ _,'_ lLCOHS io tcLLL to 81.;oLL L ueLLro 101 a 6131 L 1L JoLL LuL . | \. —~-. '.-. --.. -L . .1. ... L. -\ -., . . ..‘I, .. .3. . , . :3 10 So; ’LaLno1ou u) athLLVt Lo LL1L.’¢LLuuL {LLLL LALL L. H"- 1(‘1 5- Lo; 5—1, L c:- r‘ t") ('3 it? (+- r-J {‘3 C - C (D H p. :g131 lenfiil of c any tion 11; ocugdngLio; :jxu1 a leiftstdgiL:;sLa- tus :ro mono upsetting wuLLCLLL of 1L001uistezoy than the reverse COXbihatiO;E. The? ;royid: 15-01 or JOuquL10LStO C4. ( \ 2 1,. .0 --, ,1 ,_ . v.1 CLUSLLB ... 0.;C‘LLLL‘LC 3.1: ‘ L J. L i . - ,A - ‘ ° 1‘ 4.. , foot t1: (1L- '. Liar 1; Lo cl:oL ILlLL1oLLL1f ’Cb Lo“ t w m P o'v ‘2 n —'. - w r. r m D , L (2 1 1 to ’ i’e k! L l .1 .L L .L]. 0.14- J.“ U\ ¢' V“ c-A’lti Av {'11. AbnaLJ. t., k4 fi’lr‘i L»: U . ‘ l -9 . ., "I- _ -. ,. . L- , ° \ -.._.,.v..' , _ -0 .L 01 uhloLL e A.1LJr 1: Job LL 1L1 ; 10L as (3 I'd H3 ’ \“ (1) w . I (D ‘K d —- - -,‘f~ -, .. -- q,- -.‘\ ,-‘ J- .- ,— -.- ‘."~ .4. < . ‘v - -~’-‘ ‘-~ ' ~V ‘1‘m ‘ . — ' ‘ A. p‘lunsoLod 111 ueILLflL SL1 L.1L-w3. In CALL out cu_1.1; ocL.LLcLbL;L '. " ‘ ~ - ‘ ' “‘ . ‘ix '. 'l‘ r . " ' ‘P. “. "~ 1' ‘n . , '. fi' ‘. ‘- r'~ 1' 1100;.*;1:t31t; ELLL1L1 L loLo1 LixmL 400 ;at1Lf «rt1LL :oLze " ‘ ‘ 'K‘ " “n 1 \ (_‘Q ‘. ‘, ',"‘ "' f. I \ " - ‘b ." ‘ '0 \r . ‘ . ‘, ‘ r- ‘. v'z J. " , ‘. ' t:¢1- LLe L011w, 01:111L; LhLe Old <11 COnblLTKH'Uu. IncoLLLLL PLCJ , ' - . l-c1r3.c “‘ rq (W’r‘rzr‘fu *1“ 3 .2 L [1’09- Cg-vLKOJ LIC Lie~:.gv'n.::\.¢~$ JOLJ 3a\r’ .1...‘..LL- C cf. H. C‘ IH' '— 11310 *“ a;i tLon i? ngounts of 50b gatiS' r1 I’lx" 4‘7 .:. . '.'\'~ (’u I. ’. 'I‘ x “r-" "" ”.I‘ " v ‘ I’ .C‘ ' ‘- V '1‘ (fl 4:! - L10 vaILous tJJQL oi iLCOLciSUWACE. In dll 1LU1 oLu.L11~ I \ / f r \ -- r -’~ I .I‘, ". ‘ '1 1 " 4- "' a , ,-. “ ‘ ‘, J,‘ ‘. ." w.’ ~‘r- . ',\ . \ “01,8 v.1-dt.1’ 5-161 13-31 111L:QJLL.-L.;L-LLL:; G: ”13183.- a 3-0..01" “1.29.1 30L o.tisfao Lion score than over—romardod inconsistents. Low (0 income-high occupation inconsistents have a higher mean job I ‘ L .1.‘ 1." ,-. :.‘_,‘,.L. “.1 1- , Culp1llC'7t' 01‘ SCUL'C “1:11 211.11; 1:00;" .I' a lo : ooougfitio; LLCOlLit ('1‘ ‘tctts. Low CLuoatlon-li lethzioity 1100.1atonts hva ; .1019" men: job iatisfuctio; score than Ki;h GdUC3t103'10F E'Chhi“itj iLCOhLiStultS. ‘ i - .‘. -. - - --. .’ ‘0 - ‘ ,1,“ *1 . , .1 ' ,v .r-_ -~ -. ‘11‘. ths . Le1uo LA-01—1oLaerd, LL.1L 3 1oz OLLUyflLLLh\ status in COLqucticn with a high income, and he ving a high etl’.;:-ic :t7tus in conjmgcticzz "..“iti: :7. lot. lev;l oi" educatio, are all ccndlti nL of irconsicten r ich are ligely to lead to decreas131d job satisfaction. Sunnar. of Lo.tleseness :he following is a sunmar, and an attemyt to integrate the findings re:ardi:; t.e various indices of indiV1iduel u; rest as they relate to tyres of inccnsistcncg. T‘ere is a tendency for inconsisten"s in COrDal s01 to consistents to have had 2 Six eLteI numb e: of com1unities of residence, to have held LOIS jobs, to e1hibit a greater desire for a change in jobs, to have unsuccessfully attetnted to chanL e jobL in lover level of job line with expressed esires, to c11ioit a satisfaction, and, in the case of the _nvestucnt—lev'rd in— cons stents, to exhibit a lower level of nei h‘oo: hood satis— faction. n short, the inconsistents show IeeteI te1M enc; than the conSistents to exhibit syuytoLs of generalized in» t. dividual unres Tzier re is variation in the tanner in which ther symptoms Lire exhibited by the various tyaes of inconsistents. Hifh jJIvestnent-low COHUflIiSOH to (‘tEIe sertisfacticn, reward the 101; over-retarded) exhioit a lesser number ir consis tents (t the Lander—rewarded) iI iztvestmer Mt~hil .1 reuard inconsisteItL of neighborhool 0 CA lower level of conmunities of residence, a. 3reater nun oer 01 jobs Eield, a greater tendency to desire tc> change jobs, a greater tendency to attempt a job Chan 11? it is desired, and a lower level of job satisfaction. ”he 'n . " ‘u ' "“ ‘5 ‘1 . "a 1‘\ I-‘I " I (‘ "‘ . P. ' r~ r . r“ ' ,.u- * 1‘ " - 4". '.l - ‘7‘ ' iihdin s eh ntlthOIflOuL sablofmCfilefl, LuuLCI OJ ”Owe held, 1.1 Q O .-'l of job eat '1...,f.<,tio« Lill con; bins to indic:~.te that it is w.; c olo ice 113 acre ugse to be under—rein rd ed then it is to be over—re aIT ed. The findin s on nugber of comnrni- ties of residence and the failure to achieve a desired job chan;c then one is a tenpted tehd to indicate innit the under- rewarded inconsistent is LOIS subject than the over—ieteided inao11s1 tent to the de.elo. nt of feelings of powerleisness. Sigh education-low ethnicity incensis en S do not si Li- iicantly differ from low edice tion— hi h ethnicit;.’ inconsistents in nuxoer of c n.1mu1itie of residence, and level of job satisfaction, but the; exhibit a tendency to have held LOIG different jobs, a greater tendency to desire e ch.n_c in jobs. a greater tendency to stteuyt such e chen5e if lesired, but J etc r tendency to express satisfaction :ith their {D ...-J {.0 O F: ( I present job. Ehe i1cons stent pattern to these findin s leads me to conclude that there is no si;nificant diffe ie-ce in level of unrest between types cf investncnt inconsistezts. The hi L occugation-low income inconsistents, when com- pared with the low cccugation-high income i1Hc015istents, show a negligible difference in number of communities of iesidencc, a lower level of neighborhood satisfaction, a hi her 1umbe1 of jobs held, a lesser tendenc; to desire eiother job, 3 greater tendency to attenpt to acquire a desired job, and a higher level of setisfaction with their presen job. This in- consistent pettern of findinh: leads EC to conclude that there is no significant difference in level of unrest between types of inconsistents in terms or reward dimensions. figstility Torard linoritieg The final predicted consequence of inconsistency which I will examine in relation to type of inconsistent is hostili- ty toward certain social categories which might be perceived as a threat. Table 40 presents the findings of xpressed hostility toward hegroeg, foreign born, and women working in the same place as the reSpondent by type of inconsistency. In two out of six comparisons, including one out of four com— paring rewards with investments, a higher proportion of in- consistents than consistents expressed hostility toward Legroes working in the sane place of employment as the res- pondent. In six out of six comparisons a higher proportion of inconsistents than consistents expressed hostility toward foreign born working in the same place of employment as the respondent. In two out of six comparisons, including tro out four comparisons between rewards and investments, a hi her ‘proportion of inconsistents than consistents expressed hosti- lity toward women working in the same place of employment as the respondent. The combined total of ten out of eighteen is so close to the chance level that the findings do not ‘waliant any conclusion that inconsistency results in an sugpreciable increase in hostility toward social categories yfiaich may be perceived as threats. A different pattern results when we enamine the findings b;' type of inconsistency. Three out of four under—rewarded mom. _ me an, osm. W cm awn smm. _ cl_ h min; ;:Hru:oa sis. _ o. _ an 0mm. _ m i m sea. w m u s. H ron-n-sr use. _ mo_ . spa mum. _ mm _ owl mmm. “ -i_ . new W pecpua,goocH 5mm. m moi m _ww mmm. q no u an” _ m m. a man _ New n seepmsmcoe r rs, L l r. i i . rr. hpfiOfisupmuesccsH mam. mos m was mwm. cm em, ism. on” m was mascueofi mma. av mm mme. as am _ mmm. as _ an . poH:muHr mmm. Om. _ qmm mum. Pm mm" mum. we” _ one” usmwnflmcoocfl wms. am Wow Fem. ms on? mmm. an M owl” asepmnmmoc . _ ||rli JP‘ >| r L F ill Ll F soflpnosmmss0wpcasooo L \ .- . v \ . . _ . . . «a..- . emu. _ lm_ men arm. me one mmm. em? _ use. ,zarumoa mmm. " m M 000. O m . 00m. w _ or i refllcvar aim. _ ems oma inn. mm me m emm. m owl nun. sec mwmcoosa elm. .n ma mew. _ am ins a 4mm. m as _ am.” sempmamcoo L H r i _ . _ b F h pi n h L F soapsom loam «K ruaoflcnpmnsoapaQZOQQ ll. ’ 'l‘l ”a (w‘coapsom,4 ox m MoHpsomxo Mk V mudflysm, M I loam F tosm w HI asympm season 20 E a 02 , “soaleraesom mmOLUw. In wmswdm r’ spaaapmom r cameos spaaapmom «pesos spaaapmon wmweemm HmO? ”were PAH m...HHHmOEHH_.M Dmficog MESHHmOT 9.4. HHMBMHmHOUEH mo mmnrw oemfiQB / lee. _ mi . am H moi. ” m m om new. " a a, w emaeueoa mes. m me i mg m mme. m mm . aw mmm. m em w mo_ _ :oHurrHr ope. . m\ i mm_ _ mew. M la . mos mam. m me M OFF _ peopunmcoosa amm. W mm_ m mmm ” wmm. i mm _ mmm fl 5mm. i mes . Jom _ scopmameoo a b! r .1? a a +, it La :1 goHpmosemnspfiofisspa » 4 J l .1 .- mmm. _ me m om mos. H in H on _ sow. . _m a an m reasseoa nmn. m m m_ . mmm. _ m w m m mmm. m s M me n . soaunsan mas. _ Ne m we ‘ cos. em mm m sow. _ mm i we peopmameooca lam. _ eel “ mim _ mam. mm . mam H smm. _ mmi w sew peopmameoo oroocHlsoapeasooo amm. es W was _ mam. mm w moi m wmm. _ me n _el _ measures see. fl Fm _ me * use. ea _ mm M mam. m _m _ is _ sea-seam olm. mm mc_ . m m. mm mew i smm. _ mm was” peepmfimsoocfl 0mm. gmii mmm M lam. we mmi w ssm. Poms mom. psopmamcoo l r. _m r. w e n I: soapwoscmnmsoocH soapamm C u soapsom. C 2 soapsoq .C ta. L mmsaxcwm Iosm nosm loam AH! L mapdpm Imago; ssonnqmwoaom mooammmv condom cameos spdaflpmom masses spfiaapmom osmzop spaaapmom Awmssapcoov 0d mqmde categories have a higher proportion of persons eipressinj hostility to ard 1e5roes than the ccrrespondi n5 proportion of over-reward d inc onsistents. Two out or four cate5ories of under-rewarded inconsistents have a greater proportion of respondents tha11 the correspindin5 cate5ories of over-remarde1 incon istents 1.ho exgress hostility toward forei n born. Four out of four cats or ies of under-1enarded inconsistents have a 5reater preportion of respondents than the correspond— injc ate 5ories of over- -re.:arde d i11oons istents who express hostility tomard women. There is a tendency for hi 1511 invest- nents coupled with low rewards to lead to an increased pro— aens it to eXpress hostility to"ard certain social cate5ories 1r11ic1 may be perceived as tnreats. Similarly, a higher proportion of high incone—low occu- pation ilwcon is tents than of low incone-hi5h occupation in- HOLSl tents expressed nostilit; ton rd ie5rocs, toward forci5n born, and toward noaen. It see s that a person who receives hi 5h nrte:i I re ”arr (incone) but low sociil revs ds goccu- pation) is more prone to:'a1d b1e1115 status insecure and, there— fore, more prone to perceive certain social categories as thre ats ar d e: :pres s hostility toxard then. The lon educrtion-ai51 ethnicity inconsistents are nore prone than the high education—low ethnicity inconsistents to e press hostility a ainst foreign born, but slightly less 1‘ 4-— .. e .. 1 .' -' .. - m ‘ . r -‘. 1—.~ —7- ;ronc bU >1 ress hostil1t5 a 11.-st ne510es, 1rd less piohe to eLpress hostility against women. There does not appear to be .1. 3" significant difference betteen the two types of investnent I‘L‘d inconsistents in terms of their propensity to express hosti— lity against minorities. 11.? 138118113; 0.31“ Jlnienesewmljiiisa I have discussed the relation of inconsistenc; betLC3n paired rankings and propensity f r chan5e-oriented behavior. I have also e:-:.-.-1L;ined the relative degree to which types of inconsistents exhibit these symptoms. this provides a picture of the relative de5rees to which this prepensity is exhibited, but it 5ives no necsure of propensity for each type of incon- sistent relative to consistents. Table 41 presents the nunber of comparisons in which each type of inconsistent is more or less prone than consistents toward change-oriented behavior. Details are included for every item taken as an index of such prepensities. I will discuss these in clusters iessurin5 n U) tnedencies tomard social isolation, re tlessne s, and hosti— C lit; totard ninorities. Social Isolation ever—retarded inconsistents are more prone than consis- tents tomard social isolation in ttentd-one of forty compari- sons. Ihis is sufficientl5 close to the chance level to tarrant the conclusion that they do not exhibit any such general tendency. Iuey do shop a tend ncy tonard social iso- lation in their use of free time. They are more prone than consistents toward non-social free tine activities in three o . i 1|l [Ill h. BZMBmHmHOozH mo mmwe .m> BHHBmHmZ U umOH>¢mmm HbHBomAAOo QHHHHHMO I unadmu Qm¢fioe NHHmmmmomm MbHadqmm F¢ mdm0r-vw9c36>w(Mr-~«¢v~c>cc3c>cH—C)C)Oc3uV WOF‘V‘OOOOOO"FOMFFOOOQCUF‘OOF’LJ- "OP‘OOOOOOOOOO‘—OOOOOCJOPO‘“C\INN wT—or-wfzrw-wwv—onw--mr-v~r~vv-r-Loo'-o~ HPr-V‘Q—rf‘v—‘c—CDV—O‘lv— mC>CJC>OO"COFOOOOFFOOCDCOV‘OOC00' U) o: F mm®JMflmuoa mama . mmmq opou A mfiooca 30441.c04pmmfiooo yoq maoosfi 304 newpwrSCOO rad FFHmmeopm Icofipmoswm swamxb120proswm cm Hm chHOFGSFm swam ImpFoFcho :qu F0 mmOchH m g 9 > pdmpmammoocH urawpwzmmthmccb Ammssfipzoov F¢ MAF¢B .1 4 4 Maw. w:.om weHmnmmo \www. in! mwm. 11% mmw. FF +1. am m w ‘mF , oF FIN m F mF F F ‘MHqF m [F11 umHF,w mwm gapoa F n F +1 m .m:1 “I o F F m IL ;FH H-mur Manon n F o 4 F F F o o F F . FL.oF rnwaFmQ o F F _ o F F _ F F n F F . FFoFu(.quoF mFFFFFmom F - o x o F F F F F o F . FL 0 - mm r.mu FFFHFFaop m Ii m ‘r m in \w F a mi, m Ml w M F Mw nanmqmnmmnF uqmom o F F F c F F F c F F ‘4 c _ .oFchqLFF m pom O F F a F _ F F o O w F czdgro 90F unfiwppd F O n d F W F . 0 F H a o.mdmc non mpmmwm F o M o F F u o F F . o mmbm Fo Fmpaz; o F F C H F H c F F m . . o mnfluo«Mnupnm vooypoorzfic- F r o W F F, o v F F m F1 F pl a - F,FF.2F(coo mo mmxte. m Ir m ‘fi m, .Fw‘ m‘1»Mme Mm m ”w m m11 a F» ‘1 xcHeFchH Human a. F J4 F fi1 0 ‘lw c . F 11F F w‘ 0 Memo ocFdeme FUHOOm a - F , F o‘IL F IN a W F F 0 Fr FmFOOmugo: a m .w[ m 11 0 HF F [ism] F (M F\ .H a F mnHm warm 0 F (‘ o F A o M F M, F «i o ‘w, wrow pcow mmFFFy:0m o F o . F c F F W F m a w @Fms chFFmo F o F o . F F o F o F F . :oFFpnFoFFL m 0 - F m, 0 v F F O w F 0 F mnHrmLCchv Mo mmflfirr F _ m H, F m w F M» m m m mnonmmenwmo Junoponm o F F F M C _ 0 M! F F o F mflcx vwnoc amp Ffiaoo o F F m n F F F o F F o F @me mmOFFFo F o F u o . F o H F c moFFmpFOFpgam n. F IF F p o F F i: o b F O mn.F wflYeméFmo Leap 3< F In atFN 4. o m F 11F q 0 Fa awn nnzmo 4¢Hooo omen Jammq ago, mmmq oaom mmoq 0L0: mmmq up vagm 204 noflpfiozwm Boa noapa alooo :oq ozooQH 204: >pfimcmnomm Ison oz": Aw F Ibpfiofldm H flmflm ImeooCH a? F Minerva osooo Swflm go mmOFUQH pcmpmamaoomH amoupmm>sH pampm choocH Uncamm [E FumschcOOF FF r ere .ae four types of over—regarded inconsistents do not exhibit identical patterns. gne tno types of lon education- nign retard inconsistents each exhibit a tendency toward social isolation. They are each more prone than consistents toward isolation in seven out of ten comparisons. Lhe, snou tendencies to nitnirat iron social associations and toward non-social free time_activities. they are not prone to qith- dram from economic associations. Lou ethnicity—hi;h rexard inconsistents exhibit no tendency toward social isolation. the only exception is in use of free time by lon ethnicity— nién occupation inconsistents. Under-re arded inconsistents are nore prone than consis- tents toward social isolation in thirg—one out of forty com- parisons. Enis general tendency is shared by all four types but in differing degrees. :nc; have different profiles. Each of the n1;n ethnicity-low retard tjpes of inconsistents is more prone than consistents toward social isolation in nine out of ten comta"isons. rue} exhibit tendencies toxard social isolation in all three areas. 1 3h education-low occupation inconsistents are more prone than consistents toward social isolation in six out of ten comparisons. Tue; exhibit ten- dencies to withdraw from both types of associations but not rom free-time social activities. High education—low income inconsistents are more prone than consistents tonard social isolation in seven out of ten coaparisons. They exhibit tendency to tithdraw from economic associations but not from social associations or from free-tine social activities. Reward inconsistents are more prone than consistents to— ward social isolation in thirteen out of twentp co: ‘IlCOns. They diirer by type of inconsistency. High occrpa.tion~lOL income inconsistents are were prone tlian cons istents toward .m social isolation in eight out of ten comparisons. lacy ex- Wi it this tendency by tithdrawal from social associations and L.;‘ from social free-tine activities but not by itlci-.al 110“ economic associations. high income -lo.. occu vtion inconsis- U) tents do not exhibit a tendency tonard social isolation, a they are sore prone than consisten s in only rive out of ten ons. i‘his is enactl; at the chance level. They do i (I) 0 O ’J "5 .oc1ations. 7O eihibit a tendency to nithdrav iron social as nvcstnent inconsistents are more prone than consistents toward social isolation in nine out of tnenty cor paris ons. This tould indicate a lack of this tendency if it here not for the fact that they differ by type. ii 3h ethnicity—lo: education inconsistents are more prone than consistents tosard social isolation in seven out of ten comparisons. Ins; exhi- bit a tendency to nithdraw fror social associations and from free—tine social activities but not from economic associations. .‘ Lit ctinicitV—hi h education inconsistents do not cihibit a ,,-I q tendency to.c rd social isolation in any area. 1 R-stlessnes U) Cver-retarded inconsistents are not prone to eihihit symptoms of geneie li: ed i1dividual unrest. rhey are 1655 likely than consistents to exhibit such synptons in fifteen out of twenty-four coxpciisons. Lone of the four types eg- hitits these s;Q toxm . U1’1der-re‘.-eardcd inconsistents are sore 1:1-one than cons-1s- 1-! to 8,-1 iulc symptoms 01 lELStl€.o1nJLL‘ in twenty out Of U) .I. b ,_1 tel txen 1ty-four co pa risons. nach of the four types exhibits this general tendency. -euard inconsistents are more prone than consistents to exhibit an.to s of geher lized individual unrest in nine out of t'.-.elve comparisons. sacs ty pe exhibits this (general tendency. Investment inconsistents ar not prone tovard restless— ness. They are less prone than consistents to eggibit symp- tOLs of generalized individual unrest in seven out of twelve comparisons. Ieither type exhibits gene ral tendencies to\:ard restlessness. Hostility Toward Hinorities Over-rewarded inconsi ste nts are not prone to be hostile 1 towald minorities. They are less prone than consistents in nine out of thelve conparisons. no: education-high occupation inconsistents provide the one exception, as they are aore prone than consistents toward hostility in tuo out of three comparisons. Two out of three is a slim enough margin as to cause doubt reparding its sibniiicance. Under-rewarded inconsistents are more prone than consis- tents to be hostile to“? 1d minorities in nine out oi tnelve comparisons. Tiis tendency is stron;est in high investment- lou OCCLpation inconsistents (three out of three COIPCllSODS, eaca) . ”_4 ~ .‘_ __ ‘_"' _0 ‘._ ‘ ..1- _‘ 4' ‘,“ - 1~Q a'w “.l ‘A.: hehgiu inconslstents a1e more be hostile toward minorities in The tgges of re: rd inconsistents low income inconsistents are nOt Linorities, while low are. The latter are 1;.Ol‘G prone than hostility tetari Linorities in three Inev ets -:ent inconsistents do not express hostility tonard nirorities. the n consistents in tno out of three and oonelus10“s :5 u mma ry I will discuss each type of zrosensitv score and wcneral ‘A .L A L‘ .— general pensity scores are taken as piten type of inconsistent is tion in change—oriented collective b pensity score of equal to that of consistents. greater propensity and one under pensity. These scores represent the in "hich the consistents to eyhibit a Line out of twelve types possess propensity scores The total propensity score .552. This indicates that status prone than four out difier. Li, prone to oc cupation-high income 51.11001: profile. indications EWlC -dis havior. n One over .SCC indicates a given type of inconsistent mas for the entire inconsiStency bea s a consix:tent::‘to of si; comparisons. a occuzation- 1 be hostile towfiru inconsistents consistents to e;- nrcss out of three comparisons. exhibit a tendency to ach ty pe is les: prone comparisons. sistent in terms of General pre- 01 degre to xhieh a posed toward partiei; general pro- .500 would indicate a propensity exactly .SCC indicates a lesser pro- propo tion of comparisons more prone then selected index. above sample is general elaticnship to prepensity tonard participation in change— oriented collective behavior. hot all types of inconsistents "here this prepensity and those thich do differ in degree and in mode of expression. The two types of 101 ethnicity—high re a1d inconsistents possess the lorest prepensity scores of tie twelve types. Low ethnicity—high occupation inconsistents have a score of .31( and low ethnicity-high income inconsistents have a score of .ZCE. i.eithe type exhibits tends ncie es toward social lEO- lation, MyrntOLs of unrest, or hostility tonard LihOIltiCS. Both types of low education-high reward inconsistents possess moderately high p101>ensity scores. Low education—hiph occu- pation inconsistents have a score of .632 and low education— .L‘.» 4. U hi,h income inconsistents have a score of .E2t. DOOM ypes exhibit tendencies toward social isolation as erpr seed in tithdramal iron social associations and free~tine social activities. The Theory of Distributive Justice predicts that over— rewarded inconsistents will feel guilt. It also predicts that this guilt Hill lead to attempts to alter the situation in a manner which would bring about a balance betveen invest— ments and retards. It folloxs from these predictions that over-rewarded inconsistents would be eXpected to exhibit a higher level than consistents of propensity tetard cher e— orientcd collective behavior. This is not borne out by the findinss This heory must be eith 1er rejected or more ass ump- tions must be added to eipla in the results. The latter is a possible if to treat The Theory of Distributive Justice as a specific theo*y derivable from dissonance theory. \‘x! I stated earlier that inciivid ls Lill have cagnitions regarding their investments, their re ards, and the appropriate ."1 relation betneen investments and retards. These cornitions may stand in a relation to one another of dissonance, con- sona nce, or irrelevance. The Theory of Listributive Justice adds the as sum tion that 1x ople Lill believe that high in— vestLen's should be accompanied by Righ rewards and lov in— vestments by low rewards. Thus, low iLvestment—hi;h retard inconsistents should experience dis so1ance. This dis SOLaLce would be expressed in the form of guilt. The The01y cf Di:- tributivc Justice predicts that dissonance mould be reduced b; th81 ts to change either investients or rewards in such .9 manner as to brin-g,- about balance between them. This pre- diction is suapcrted by the high proyensity scores possessed b? log educa tion—hi h Is:.e“d inconsistents. It is not sup- ported by the low propensity scores possessed by the low eth- nicity—high reward inconsistents. This result does not leal to the necessity of rejecting this hypothesis. It may be ;Ml inod in terms of alterln ti.e Lethods of reducin; disSOIance. Dissonance theory allows for the reduction of dissonance through the addition of iurther co nitions. Low ct.LiCitv-ui h r .:Cri inconsistents nay develOp a value sgsten which holds that re- tards should be proportionel to achieved investments but not to escribed investments. That is, persons should be remardcd proportional to their own efforts and ability and not propor— tional to their position of birth. The develOpment of this value system mould Lake cognitions regarding ethnicity and )5 ‘k 0 \{J '7 ‘ u" a ‘ . "I 'a " V t' ' '4’ ‘ ‘ I“~ ‘ f" 4‘ j ’ '3 ' ‘ 9- “ . ‘ ‘ - - > 9‘ _' I: . reuurus lllOlQV%éU $0 One “floouc1. -J 1i88043h0€ HOth be present. ,1 4 '1 o _I f \ J.‘ -L -- . _> -| . ‘ V 1 .7 ~ ‘y' .‘ - ‘_ Q!“ I. ~’ LJCle lS ev1eence bflab low BLLLLCltJ-uiud returd incon— sistents do, in iuct, dcvclo; tJiS type of velue systei. Lenshi di9s covered that this type of inconsistent developed strong libe1a tendencies in political beliefs and begavior.1 Inconsistency ner §§_Has related to liberalisu. r.’ inconsist=nt bossessed the stron_-et de9ree oi libere 11 em. I would argue that liberaliSu, especially as measured by Lenski, is a set of values uhleh hell: t11et p0130143 should be re“;‘rded in terns of their efiorts and abilities and not in terms of their ascribed characteristics. I conclude that low ethnicitJ-ni h reward inconsistents do not POSSGSS guilt feelin s as tnev do not believe they a. U U W V are over-rewarded. They reduce dissonance by stptinw a liberal value system 'zich mazes tseir co; Iii “i018 regerdin; their ethnic status irrelevant to their cognitions retarding the ir reward s . U) The four t;rpes of under-remarded inconsistents posse s the four highest propensity scores. Lll four ty; es exnibit tendencies toward social is oletion and restlessness. Both types of hi 3h invest1eent-lo*5 occupation inconsistents ensibit Q propensity to e::pres s hostility toward minorities, while tJe LA. two types of his; investment-10“ inco e lflCOullSuCubg do not. / _ __1 - :%\J 1 -er11srd Lenski, "Status Crystalli “tion: A Ton-Vertical '11.?1 ‘ -09 - iDimension of social status," nie"ic n :90; 010 ical 1“ {1111311813, 1354) 412. I .l.‘ I ““ “- .I‘a"‘\‘.-“'L.‘ 1.1912019. 01 D1...o-11uu.o-Lv’O 9 ’9 “a: ‘ \ 4-” - .9. , .911151111. 91911 Ugugbl ou' LO..<.2.lu (bully ‘ . . .. .91 . .‘ , .:- ‘1.“ .j 4-," mt not 11-9.e1uste to phylein 11.1- «CZI‘QQU. 111co;-;:1s' ents eje1d1n t1eir lnv-stu9yt level, Justie e is an: 1.2;; ‘1; e c-orie1 the i l" .J- ... to C9..— collec— ',9 \ A \-I I n r-. C‘ (T‘ ' 'U NJ 5 s. L; g) A r 1‘ 9 - m 9". L' I l w..- LL 1L3.€l, ndJ the ggroprinte 121:? ion :licn should hold oe' een 11vtnat1141ts cue; its: Ides. 'liese; cogg;iti1nis : 111.;3toln; ill a relation of lies 0; once to one anotLer. Lenard; received rill net be it tee level Inicn mould Je c0111(e e'9 as aggro- - 1.. -.9 "’I""_ '9“ ‘..-'r ..Ll1 .- ‘Jp o1..€11 Ln.) 0 feelin;s of injustice. Injustice ;1Clll‘»,(; hill lead 0 5111- 'I t9ce. 19",L,li,-;;;r-. oi 1'9'9justicc crecte inner 11;;1 " est 9.911101; is reflected in s; "ntor of "011011311391 11.1191: dual unrest. 13.11" also lead to t1e rejection of the social s"steu nd, t1us, mitndratel into social isolation. ditic1-a essuxptions are required to exp 1ngc regardin; expressed hostilit LOLard Lino MRS assumed that minorities r “erceiJe It hOL vjeare thet they u1e not so yerceived tents. L w OCCUMuLlOu—ul invest ent inconsi to gerceive ‘=ed as threats 3 inconsistents do not. to inves t1.:e::-t9 lotive r\ ‘ 1“ \ I‘j (1 1 -£\‘ ‘4 (1 g; ti I Lould sgeculstc that .1inorities P. U) I (D C. C?‘ 1r retard 1 illceme—higl la ste \a :gich 1n tie 11nd— rts egpe r investment . ‘.— 1.53 101. 1:”- ‘ ‘I- I _V \ 1.134111”; C -1: 1‘(9.C"' 9.( are net consi— de“ed to be an :conomic tire at. 5. ployed pers ES late 3 SOLIS oi’income. Liror1t1es VorLin; for the same errlowr are hot likely to remove tist source. Inc; LE7 oorstitue a threat to social status. 111ch are li'izol, to $10131 the s::-.mo or higher level occupations as the low eecrpation-hi;a investment in— consistent. Thus, they receive the sane social retard des- 4 pite their low investnent. 1111s violates t.1e pr nciple of distributive justice. Findin;s on expressed hostility touar: niiorities are consistent with Ihe rheor; of Distributive Justice if we assuue that ninorities are [erosived es s 1 ecial status or esteem or status insecure 'J (0 threat to one's one s economic pwsition by low income cf- 0 persons but not persons. both types 01‘ retard. ineo isistents e::hibit relativel, s‘ron;.yr0pensities to participate in chanQe-oriented colloc- tive behavior. The tne tyees diifcr in degree and tanner of displeyins these prepensities. High occupation-low inCOLe \ 1 .e25 and the low 0 inconsistents love a propensit; score occupation-high income inconsistents have a score 0 Both types are prone to withdraw from social associations, though only the forucr exhibits a general endonc, toxard social isolation. Both exhibit syagtoes of restlessness ‘while only the latter exhibits a pretensity to ezeress hosti- lit, tousrd minorities. its Sheer; of Social Certitude and The Theory of Distri— (D ‘butive Justice both provide ezelanstions for th so findin;s. 'lhe latter would predict that beople expect to receive the 9-‘1‘.e general level 01' I'GVJ‘CLlK F' on all 1:‘-.im.;1‘1s'e'11s. Retard in- (d I-d’ (eonsistents sould develo; feelings of injustice then this chdition in .hicn .Luld brig; ‘LCUb jug the01J .ou1d also 1 ilgin ; ’oee not wcticnl. ;: £1 CCLetiohe erw held Lr ati e11 other forLs o “coo pen, a #1ven form of ' expecL th1m a gcreon of a 1 financial me Le 21“}. income k) occupation-low requirci to hold their can "'-I;Y‘fi—. *L.|-K45-L They re3301d b; Iithd Lon oc cu otLon—nign income problem The; can more 1‘ ’\m -'-\I their occu;.at10 l leVel. into soc'al 1501at10n. ihe L o tire: 01 1ans C CCU L11; C '1vcn soc f‘. 1“ u 1 -‘Lv11 12313 uO 1 ‘1»1e131ce for cfionges U10 . I Luv;cete1 uboxe thgt 111: v; tgc status iLSECULB h1g1 inccne~ : mould develo; hostillL“ tome d 11—-1g OCCU;atiQL inconsistents for (u:rfltk~4-‘-j-11:J, “411.1;L1(a;l exchange hhich ahould In other ”ords geogle 9 111 status 2111 have the vel oi intc: ction. ‘. $ " -1 -". (:231 ‘JLLJHL inconsletents vill lack the Lean: in this tyre of give anfl t “a. 1‘1 011 vol 111 tor; ~-\IC. ‘fiL—I inco istcnte 1315: their 01.11 211311 Iweogl. t 1c, have no need to tibndre. their prcpon;1t" tonaré c1ah e—orlented oolleet1ve Hohavior. Tigh etnn1c E ~10“ caucetlon income; tents eve a ,LOyeo-1t; score Cw . 26. 33mg, e1h1 1 imamhaaciwe tcwn1i? social leglzr— tion aw* e.H1L1cio" of :; g5015 of rootleeeLeeo. X13; “ducae tioA-lO‘ eth11c1t 1nc01313tcnts have a QIOQBLSltJ score 01 .LL. 'l‘hc' e:;‘.-_1‘oit 110 tenacnciee tom rd .-ocicl 1:33 at on, no DJIjtomc of Ie' loco £38, 311 L0 yropcneit; to expreee hortility LOI rd _metc results crc cxplvincblo Li Ih- rccory of -ocl l ”crLiLr”c. Eeo;le gold 2 IDL of beliofz uL tic u;nucr l: lich ct;nic CLCIucLerisLi shoulfl be associited Tlth iquootlo;:fl_zacaievcgcrdx:. ,thIéiL; ’:;LxmL;iieI2d :IILIICIide igveotuonL ahl civcaLion ”L a. love“ in. ILmegt Zigh cLhnI— citj-lox cducstl n inconsistents Lavc not yanaged Lic’“ cchieved invcctgegt u: to a level consonnrt ascribed le cl. The; guy he cofihcfl L; Ieusclvo as feilu;e.. jhc socially agreed—uDOL dof’LiLlo: ma c3 ’LLCIRILion uHCOIfo ILzble and ELIGLC“iin. 3 015.1 " solzx'Lion. .ootl ' l L ’ Loa'czl'd Lilil’LO'i'tiOS .:1 lcvclo; I; 'he incowvistent must Jl.'c h’moelf fo _;1 ‘lu(;:4dx>t.1-lon oLnels, snullgf tflGhS succe€m3:xs. Inelr “ irlves L out is at a level than Lhelr 38031“ ‘4’»! \_ O p“. -‘ - - . I uls IaIlaIe 1 -.. .1 1 I .. ‘efiu3u od Ichievel " 2:1 .I’.) ... -‘ I, I“ - 11V I. TALL-31“ b0 SLtLDIZI" The agreed—upon deIlniLion of cucces 3 would leLi I; patte“12 o; soc_:l IILL33cL CL L11 feel; n c of Lein* at xorld. Inercforc, L cze is no sociz.zl is olatlon cgh 9 minoritlos. ‘,/ ‘A . {Mr- r'. . -. ‘r '1'- ¢ .- 1:} lth “111-033;: 110i 1‘0 tllit UOHCLI (-4 1A . \ ..1 .... .' r. . - . . -‘ . ‘ -. ‘. -- . tile ‘. " .LLL. Iilcl‘- lo [I LICGLL f0; CilS'IuC. , .- ‘. J- (A ' _ . f7 ' ‘ N .1. .~ - J. n. D n- ‘ -'- ‘cw,) . ‘ o- 3 I £.-Ik»‘LL—) .i\ v-z]..‘_J‘ Gilt bcil UL» Div- .1-!1 L; V 0.1. 1 ~Lr‘ \ A -'~ v . L'vv' '- , "fi ‘1‘ '10 a 1 — a -4 -. ,_ 4-" -,« a x- Pro enaILd ocoILo w.ILHL L1 all L9‘bUlzw oI y L 1’ _1‘ I": [‘1‘ .1' V. ". . r - . J~,J ‘ _ 11C)- ‘ Jo . O ‘. 13"- . "l. q '_‘ ,L ‘ ..J I", .u'f‘ .. . Inc. lDB"O.L.LC:.LL pcl CO L, blVV upndV 4.01 mlC cl C, . .. - ' I..- , ,L .-...z. ‘. -HA r... .L I -8. . k, 110 :JbiOLlC. .LG MAIL)"- UL.l\1 S 1J1. U.L U c- LLC, 11 ill L" ‘1‘. - -., ‘ ~ -..- -.---. ,. («3 .4. . , x , . . - ‘ I -‘ - ., IIlclL - O -‘, 1' O__ Cumlby SCOI‘CS .1131? D.) COI LI._.>.L,..€LL ‘ I‘G f1 '_' aptoms All i” U- of res rell vita {.9 L38 J. 11153.11". "13 . - C. ' 1 ‘. '. 351: L101. , ‘ . ‘.I .' - 5;} iii.) liLJ-g pi gorClc; oi ' ‘ 0 I fl V o- .11. .J1 135;. «a 5;. v ‘, . “ I —~ .I‘ . - A _' . -, ‘s -'o .,‘ ol— ‘ not con0¢u31vc. 4“. ”r. f .A. b. 1- _ LIL) .1. DISSCUJJILL COnCnUoIOLJ. hLD dbEGLsLICgb non EUnIEQ; inasnlon 9 . Discrgsion Vu _- Thc time has come to retrace our steps in order to deter- mine there we have been, there we are, and there we should go from here. The point of origin was a concern with the delineation of structural characteristics which give rise to predispositions for change-oriented collective behavior. The logical first step in this process was an exanination of the work of those scholars ;ho have been concerns with the social change process and its relation to collective behavior. works of Sorokin, Edvards, Lrinton, Dawson and Gettys, Blumer, Hopper, and Naisanen were examined. A multi-stage model of the social change process resulted from the synthesis of their (1 works. The first stage of the actual chan5e process is a stage of social unrest. However, a s age of ¢eneralized in— dividual unrest is a necessary antecedent cond tion for the development of social unrest. This means that the seeds for social chanfie are carried in individual unrest. It afgearei that an analysis of the causes of individual unrest would yield insi;hts into the origins of pre—dispositions for par- ticipation in chaige-oriented behavior. The model also pro- vided clues for the direction in which to seek these causes. he noted that some of the behavioral and attitudinal syn - toms of individual unrest arc geographic nobility, occupational mobility, and job dissatisfaction. He also noted that the '7. ‘1 [i -/ J ' 1 -. . -.. -"~-' 1. r~—' -. --- >1 ‘ ,- ‘A -r'~ . “ ‘ ‘J' "! - >-‘- r~ .--vy -. groups union elnibitec tfluLs bc-a.-oicl and attitudlnul LJMQ- '1 ‘ O .a 1 f 4- . .. . ya .~ .. _ .—-‘ - ‘ s r‘ K. x - v . -\ —-.—«'- —: I . ‘- fl." . .'— -i‘ ,- -~‘ ,- r — . 1,. - . UOZ-ES -— sl-l “nichl.;u.se.inn.tlj gin..lc1 {the i in. sheen s—orexx.t3d p4- _-_ 3.} L13.C.o Flo behavior —~ tenC to eiiibit sone form of status incon: It seemed that status incensis t:;10" ii 1t be the structure indicrtor that Lt Lere seeking. This possibility gave rise to the search for t.e cause of stntus inCOIsiste e:-cy. This search Mr u ht us full circle. It seems that social e1;::":.;»;e U _ ~ .- nay be the cause of status incon sistencv. in unchanvinn or static society “ould hcve evolved a sgste cf assigning status and Laterial rererds such that each individual tsuld be easily rrnked tithin the presti;e hierarchg. This is only possible if there is a Slnqlfl din nsion for assi’nin; status or 11 the sever l diH'ChS ion. are perfectly :crre ela scd.' If we take this ideal- -tym ical static societ: as our starting point, it seen; reasonable to assu;‘ e that change xeuli be likel“ to disru t the status assignation sysgen. tne result of t' c disruption ould be the develo; ment of a number of imperfectly correlated ranking systems based on different criteria. In short, it would bring about the existence of a number of status incon- ( .‘I e O C‘ ‘0 (‘1‘- ; . 0 Fl 5 (... IL (I) O 110 H M O L H H (D r- (1 ( "5 Ho r4 H (a O sistent persons. V ‘ ’1‘ - s —. j — Si; EL) b- gull EA '2' 1‘0 VP). (A C (0 persons LOUld exhibit tie :antons of restle 1 as es of further caange. fhey U he society mith the potential V - 1 1 . n ‘," "\ . "i " r .“1‘; u- .. air “‘ " '\ would srxn: ae CalénfiS of theii ctisconte1:in.. ins; utxfi.t cone 4-1 to believe that their troubles are rooted in ta; social order. change hi ht seen to be the solution to their problems. see .. . L] Syd 2. V 7‘ I-“ ,— . , ’ . ‘- 01 hilt: luuuern _v'inth. 1For an eayirical an .srner, and J.b. Love, The socie- 52s (Les Haven: Yale tniver;ity Eress, 13+ The effecting of clanges satisfactory to tAiS group would create '. ‘\‘ . ~ 1‘. C' '. ". " . “F "‘ "“ r‘- “",‘v‘ ‘ . "“ -. l\ ‘vv' -.- '- ‘. '7’ - - Lore;:status lIJXNJSlSceann Thus, nut sse1112'umat a cimnnxu,4 30- C O 1‘. .Juu (:) ciet; contains Lithin itse lf the se f further change. Lhe rge is probably carried out at a geonetrically ac- O y. ’— P.) i D :,roccs s of celeratin; rate: c.1en csus—s pore change at a more rcpid rate. This does not anster the question of Kflat brings about tae initial change. Trere are two po ssiole sources. Cne is the contact betvcen two different social systems. Tris would provide each Lith a source of stimulation for change. If two different s cieties develop in different environments, they till develop different social SEStEHiSo :his s not to say that so raphv completelJ deter.ines th nature of the social system, but it does set limits and parameters within thich a society must develop or perish. If in the course of even 8 two societies which have develol Jed in adaptation to different environments come into contact, they Lill provide each other with the stimulus to change which would set off the cyclical process described above. The second pos' sible scurce of chr n: _e doe es not involve con— tact bet een societies but still depends on the relation of a so— cial systen to its physical environment. The econo: ic orde r is that portion of the social systen thich is most directly dependent upon the physical environment. It must adapt to that environment, or the social system will be unable to provide its menbers Litn q the reouired minimal level of satisfaction of their basic I ceus. The economic order is not ssssive in its relation to its envi- -. w __ - r_ '7';- 1‘_ .- . ' c - 0_ _'_‘__I_’ '.‘. '7 _1 ._‘ (__._ (- ,, rennin t. .Lt c.unl es ].b iLLluanJ \h&jb. It LlecS c, kdvrtcjni resources, brineiz.w about their depletion; it {onesticates flora and fauna and breeds then so as to develor he. species. In these and many Q‘her mays, it brings about alterations in the physical environment. in e sence, it creates a re: en- vironment to ¢fliCh it must then adapt. This adaptation takes the form of alterations in the economic institution. The eco- nomic institution cannot change without bringinb about changes in the other social institutions. The economic order ray not strictly determine the nature of the entire social order, but it mast be in constant interaction with the rest of the social order. As it changes, the rest of the social order must make some corresponding changes in order to create some minimal level of functional harnoxy. It is at this point that Ogburn's notion of cultural law becones 10st relevant.2 The econ mic order changes in response to changes in the 1h7sical environment. This change sets up certain strains in the system as the economic order is out of paas- with the rest of the social order. The rest of the socia order changes in the direction of bringing itself more into harmony :ith the economic order. he nay then project this process into the future and forsee the economic order elaborating itself to its fullest extent and so altering its environment that it is no lenver adaptive. This rould require further changes U ‘fi;iCh'Loul: set off the process cggfzz. Thus, we have a,iorc ".0 evilliq; i. Ogburn, soggw; Cheese (zen York: The Vifiin: 1 13 ."I H H a (1 (W —t 1 ‘ nodern statement and specification of Lar; s earlier insiyhts.3 Our analysis wusses's that one iorn that the strains of cultural la: nay take is the structural condition of status inconsistency. This condition leads to the development of a state of generalized individual unrest which, in turn, may lead to change-oriented collective behavior. I propose lat this is the vehicle through which the larger institutional Changes are brought about. his gives 3 an overall theoretical approach to social change which accounts (1) for stimulus for change in the f ') H 5.2 E E} (D "3’ econ mic order; (2) for this change bringing about of persons the are status inconsistents; (E) for the strains resulting from inconsistency creating a prOpensity toward change-oriented behavior, thich would bring other as:ects of the social order into phase nith the economic order; (4) and for these strains ultimately br nging about further changes in the economic order. However, this chain has a weak link in it. Iothing has bee presented thich would ac- count for the behavioral and attitudinal consequences of status inconsistency. This is the reason why we examined the history of the development of a hulti-dim nsional approach to social stratification culminating in current theory and research utilising status inconsistency. ”-*- .— 3See Reinhard Bendix and Seymour K. Lipset, “Karl harr' Theory of Social Classes," in Reinhard Bendix and Seynour L. Lipset (eds.), Class, gtgtus, an“ lower (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1953) pp. 26-55. The Theory of gocicl Certitule and the Theory of Distri- butive Justice are two theories thich attempt to explain these Consequences. Each of then appeared to have utility for explaining some of the observed consequences but neither to E??Wl i11 all 0: then. Each had a certain scope of IL (I) applicability out neither ras aoeguate by itself. It J-fl not possible to reconcile then by simply merging taen. They are based on dif i‘e rent assumptions. The Theory of social Certitude assumes that a set of expectations accoz mzy the oc upation of a given st: tus. The occupant expects certain behaviors from others and others expect certain behaviors from him. The holding of discrepant statuses sets up a con- dition in which some of the eXpectntions associated with one status rill conflict with the eipectations associated mith the second status. This condition nakes it impossible for ‘e of appropriate be- Q4 (2; anyone to have an unarbiguous hr 0 le hevior. The Theory of Social Certitude assumes that this unambiguous knowledee is a social need. If it is not net, it creates strains which result in disrupted social interac- tion. ”The Theory of Distributive Justice assumes that certain status dimensions nay be viewed as inve stnents into th :e sc ial situation and certain others may be viewed as rewards from the social system. It also assumes that persons, explicitly or implicitly, compare their investments with their retards. It further assumes that the most satisfactory arranyement L} is one in which r w:%1d and inve tnent* are b l; nee ed or in - f1 ,1.» proper proportion to one another. any deviation from this balance creates strain. Those :ers on whose retards are too small for their investnents Kill have a sense of felt injus— tice, while those whose rewards are too great for their invest- ments will have a sense of guilt. It states nothing regard— ing the relative strength of ;u ilt and felt injustice. The lack of this statement would imply that each is equally dis- turbing to the a.ffected individ ual. The theory predicts tha the affected aersons will take steps to minimize the conse— quences of injustice or guilt. These steps will often take the form of altering the basic condition itself, by chan in; either retards or investnents so as to bring them into harmony or balance. Each of these theories appears to 11Lve considerable utility for explaining certain of the conzequences ;hich have been e1upirically de Lonstr ated to be associated xith status inconsisten y. They appear to mutually supplement one another by each explaining so1ne findin that the other annot. They cannot be merged because of the different as—J sumptions lat they make. Eaca is too valuable for us accept one and discard the other. Thus, it seems that the most fruitful step is to relate them by presenting a third theory mhich eXplains them both; that is, by demonstra tin' that they each may be derived from a common theory. I suggested that cognitive diss one.nce provides us with such a theory. The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance states that thr“ relations may hold bet: een cog1itions simulte 1eously present. 'Ehey can: conscnnuice {eeiaj41te1eyj, cilasonesnx: (incornjhstency), or irrelevance. It assunes that dissonance produces strai11 and results in a tendency to attcrpt to achieve conscnance. This may be done by chan3 in3 co_niti one, deleting some, or adding other s. The simultaneous holding of conflicting sets of behcvieral expectations for a ;iven situation is one in- stantiation of the general class of dis so1ant co 3nitions. Sinilarly, the holding of a set of co 3nitions about re1.e1ds, investments, and the sorelriete r‘lcbiOUpflip between ievazds and investnents may yield 13301m1ee or consone nee de endin3 upon their content. Tue Theory of Cognitive Dissonance nay not exylein the :crtie ular consequences of status inconsis— tency, but it does explain the theories thich attempt such an explanation. Our chain is now complete. ”e have before us a chain of reasonin: which ties together the social change process and eollectiv e behavior thIo.1 hout their cyclical development. This chain is not sufficiently poli.;hed to ear— rant the name of theory but it apyears to be the the01etical fraaetorh upon which an adequate theory may be co11structed. This is a distant goal not yet in sight. we have developed a theoretical franenork which inte- grates some 11st theory and which is consistent nith resea‘e- fi1‘.dings1ublishei in the literature. This is not sufficient to conclude that the theoretical franeworh has nerit. The next step is to tak s011e unanalyzed data, derive predictions from the iramenork and test these uredictions with the data. 1 1: Therefore, I derived five hypotheses thieh were testei zith data at ered from Lansing uaiual morhers and ‘ron dz3inar Hexican-l.ericans. These hyyotheses derive from different points in the reasonin3 process. one bears on he relation- .:.}, shin hetuecn chan3es in the economic order and e develoe- ment of stat s inconsistency in certain affected gersons. Three bear on the relationshig of status inc oicisteic and individual behavioral and attitudinal synptons thich may be viewed as indicatin3 a propensity for‘ c an3e-oriented collective behavior. The fifth hypothesis bears directly upon the relationship betteen status consistency and rtici32 tion in a social movement (chan3e-oriented collective behavior Lhicn appears a a late stage in the social chan3e process). The first hynoch _s piedicted thee veitical occulw tienal nobility tould result in status ’nconsistcney. Tliis hypo- thcs s is based upon the assumption of an ideal-typical stable cociety with a perfectly correlated system of status assigna- tions. Such a society tould be nade u3 of status corsiste1t persons. Occupatiozs agd other rewards would be assigned in a manner consistent with investments such as ethnicity. “enerally exhibit comparable level: of ethnicity, k.) People mould nu1etion, occu ation, and income. Industrie lisation dis rupt: this system. It creates a demand for a mobile 3 pulation. O 7 The occupational distribution chaun- 3‘es as H 1e1 occupations evolve and others become functionless. This means that the svsten of ec'i-1in- occu3ation can no longer follow ethnic U or kinship lines. Some low status etrJ1ics will receive train— in3 (edu~=tiun) nore in line Lith higher status occutations . -- ,-_ ,1. -.,, ,. ° 1 .:-: 1 731.1 , '- _, .1. . ,~ _- , 1 . ‘- :3-J. hr1d~ hullgo 13e12e -xw: u- e 11;;L431 Liturt11e c>ee ui>o bifl 1-; fi:-1= t;-o 1 . y» ~ ‘ _>"y - - . 1- . - - ‘.-‘ -’.‘. ~ ‘1 ' 1 p"; '1, '\;-v ‘5 '1 " ‘. .1 7“ ' ‘. -. , .- ~\ .LCeoMJ,l411e IKEMLbiS. hoollt 3&1 Ah“) hiLl ee :2-.m131neo ‘. - . J‘ 0“ F‘.‘ ‘- ‘. -. “ I 0 '. » .:— ,' fl" .~‘~ ’fi .1 -1 "' :\ ‘. 'l “""‘\ 'H 0 SJ.” flit. 1114-13 Li:COl‘.S.LubL:flu,dr i- .L. Il t C‘ng- bug»-L_L-¢' kl- » 5:. we? LLB u ’ _ 1 n I n ‘ f p ‘ f - 4‘ o . ‘4. '40“ w I ‘ o the wool l 'Cllhlt; L o1 6””b3 o u. see eiauqu —- cosinl | x _ '_ ‘ ~ - r 'I ‘ ' iv” -/ ‘ 0 fl . 'J_ c caunLC Ld“ b #11,: —- out 54e1e .ill no Jt ekot a tgtuolg1 11100113 ss'tenoy I-‘1-- , -.‘ 1', ‘1'- 4‘ I I ‘ ‘ “ ""fiv “ I r H“ l “' . ‘I ' £‘(~ ‘3 I‘ lue dab“ SHLIOFde this nggoouehls. 1Leye 1e 3 LUJLLJ- ticallf significafit he etive correlation betfi en SCLJ Z 30o13 deviitions f: n to: and status consisteLe; scores. Ten re— fresonts stability or Len—:ouilit" 1L teras of 10L; : "cores. DeviLtiOL; frOL t n realeseLt LOQilitj either ejrxii or d Iifiird LepeLdiL; ugon the SLQH. The eboolute Value of the ((4 O [.43 wresegts the amount of nobility re “rile“: aireetiox, ;.lnhfi1 congiot01m3*zeeore regzecw3 lymsz10'letivel; . -:- - .. Ir --- v v‘ \ v v - ,~ — -r\ - p( -L .- - .1 ~- ‘ n ‘ —_,--I - an. J~ ‘i 11 tle 110 31:51:; Lane I , smile o. lo..- U\J;-Sl_,.;2 toxic; bCCI‘C e_._,.1 eel; up .1. "filatively: .ore inCOZSiSuQLCJ. ihe 1:e dtivc cor;e letion is lot a *1eater QLOULE of obilit " result; in ‘ I... .‘ "‘ ‘5‘. ‘I ‘ ' "I .- I". ‘ ‘ ‘\ "‘ ‘ " , V'fl {“~ f'j "( N a v\ . A 111101ent lCuUlt OLOIICS ”Len no Louoare occv\ tion: .. o .0 3”,. ..-. , “1“,.“ . . ".1 .--'-1 , H, .z.‘ . . .L‘,‘_\‘ Lobillt; b; compa11L¢ the Leoponueub e OCCM33U10M to bumt cogsisten3y see“e tuaL the ationa y or non-mobile idifferenee . -1 .— O ('1' cl- atietieally sirnif'caLt), 31d both 13‘ higher COHQlS- tency scores thLL the dew aordl; nobilo (ootli iifferenees statisticall“ Sl_u111L;Lt.) This fiould seem to indicate tzat the do LJL111 mobile are the only ones to develop 3 stu: -. -- -—-~ 3 . ("q -'- ' "1 .'v-' 1,7 "‘,T‘ v I-. " 1- r' ' 1 ‘ ‘x ‘I '3‘, V 1'! u ---3- . - ' '.' .:. L1..CU-1.3-L‘~ b-V'LCJ' . -LU..€VC£, ..e :.. XXL £1.01) .11; 1-11.1111 LAME 1“,? 3p- ,. .' . ,. - ..- .1;- , -. ._- ,‘h- . m . ,1 - . ,.. -32., ., d£x1l111J h1_t1 .1 1.11:113 01 11111111 ;.u11u-JL. l'O H. -. - -s- ~ 1A. —--,. . CdnflOo hc':3 trcvellc: mucn 111u310e ., . .l- ‘ -‘ ,‘J .. 0" ff. '.1‘ "‘ ‘V 1:: 1.4111211. 1... LL: 1 M1} tional lev el. In iu“t, tLey 13y have position SL‘.ffi01c11tlJ to 1... . .w .....‘ .A-‘..H XUL-J‘ 11:3 \n-L U-‘ tions structure. Ige ectltardly goLil oy‘zur; criteruxxr. :uuz, 142.1:ve deuous 01.1 1 1.311;"; O J..-— U-L La bleL Lardly mobile anon; low occupation grougs -..-., 1 ‘J- . H 0.. 1 -..N' (1. . 1.. n .:.w. . . ....ru status 111c01.11..tencJ thei'l We 11011—1 speculate that Le would discover the up ardl; Lijh occu11o1o grougs to be sin1luilr inc 1111s tencJ. 4.; ‘ .3 4....LK.’ prom-3 J 10bile. 1Lgroved ‘t;121‘t 13.0338 to1n1ri \. DC are QOVLLurle .‘ ,N; L,_ ".I 3.0.0110 CC“ .L1 , ,0: -1, unc11 C Li "I'.r — J1 .o‘A-O Ull‘: dozn prone These results give sOLe support to our chain of iJr . qucver, tLe size of the correlst k.) smell. It does not account for all of A closer exaxination oi the inconsistcgts yields; ing finding that a lzrge pro educated fox the ir occuuooional level. .L‘- ’ ion coefficient the inc 011:; is tency . limit is , 1 hi her educational level t1nn is normally 'I .L p0 Lll'. son: at their occ pationcl level. I _stcrvmct indication of a; unsuccessful utterpt a flhe ideology of ogcorturity includes the pay rise above his statior of bizth era that such mobility is education. fo the lievcd by pcoyle ;i”L as gim1t us, they cate theLselves or their cl1ilo: for c . r If t is belief is surficic11tly widcsure tLe1e oein a greater supplu .1: i l l . . v1~ -J . \J the .0- e::tent 1311;. L. thi s mobilior 13.11 (‘1 L.) e 1. 11.1 11..- 0’1 ' k—d ’ .1 o:'.L—'i‘.'t and C' L.) F" LL 'tte 13;) ‘t to tile .1... LO- ,- awv «u. e: u v 61 -— ("Tr 3 s.»‘.'{—r “ — T'— ‘- '70:" k"“- d O '\I' vehicle 01. ...) , . ' O " 4. e ‘- ILL VII, L L30 1. - 19d Hill Iuil in tnoi: rcbilit; J :1 n J C) C *— H 1 {.2 Q Q 0 F1 '6 O .-\-‘- - . .-.1. . ,‘ 1 17-, -.. J..-’1 . . -.. ,, .‘ -1 -1 -.- .;_ crutchzinbL 1--.-.1 11;,1u to bio-«11,111 ..01 1111.81 0001‘;. "(310111. l e :.CCe ':“‘ ‘fi'v r4 I", ~" “.2, -. ‘ "‘ * ‘ ' '1‘} ' 3 r‘- --. "'1' . ”c" . “ /\ 1 bust thC~L lamlhrLH Loulu come ironionoition teL llOm 10 c1 1" A .- . - ."1"- ° 1 .° - -—- -‘.J- a ,3 1 - J.‘ , -,,- .. etnnie dioups. 111s lS sugyo- e« Of tie iect t;:;t sexen out -C‘ .L- r R It — I) > »F ’- '—. 1 3- " 4 1 ‘...‘.~ 1* \‘ .. ‘-‘ ‘1' "l . ‘1 '1‘ *‘ '1‘ . v . -- -\ - .-p 01 m.ellM3 151,1) 01 't1e ILulSlLL).JAJI;1.luCLuF;lb CL-us, 'tue1xkj- J. Lonsin; noocrut incon- O H) C (9 nine out of thirtv-eigdt (7Q, sistents, t enty-two out of tmenty-five (SC ) of tn: gaginuw fl. _ - q h.” ._ .' .1 ,. .1. _ .1. -.., ",2 .-l‘: -, . [a , , .,\ .1.-- 8113.21,. incon: is t» 11ts, ....d 1.1....) 09011 Ollb of 0111-3 .-L‘..--...rc-1 t-.-.c1-ou,'- one (1&1) of th: gaginct L021er3tc inc one is tents are incon- (1, sistent as a result of hoVin; a 4i her edueution than would be expected for their occupation. Tue eipcctei figure on u change basis would be 33—1/35. The only ;roup which fails to -xceed this figure is the Surinar noeerute inconsistents, and this is a res.1 t of t1.e feet t‘.-. t ninety-tire out of one hun red t‘.-.:ent;r-one (76.) are inc nois tent es :1 res ul 1‘. o. 112-21.13.11"; :11}, a medium OI‘LKMMBYJEG total family incore. 1L- 2:.means that (0 they are sli ”h 51" ebo:e normal in their family incoxc. have no control for the number OfW101 ons contrioutin; to that income. It is quite possible that a nun persons :ouli b: recloooiiie1 as eon< istent if he ueofi a measure of individual incoue. I conclude tint there is a tendency for ethnics to beooue over-educated us a reoul the mobility ideolog;. The fact that seventy-five percent of the Lansing group of thirty-six, and eighty-five percent 0 ‘ 1 _1 0 1a ' *rou* of fort~r lox ethnicitv-hi i cuucetion .-1 l d 3 g, V. L) O f the SC. inconsistent- also have low occupations is evidence that these mobility aspirations were blocked. \ "H-e;’1;fl”1i11xs a1e (xx :ieixnit Liflfii ou11chdi11cn;' their 1.‘i'th;;1'z:.x::xl from the social arch: xith the belief that they may 1~‘e able to iz'ugtnrove their lot through cot-1101.110 action. They on y develOp feelings of peter essness in the social arena aLd not 1;". the cconozi._ic one. This small 31011: "s the one much is most fiele 'owexd che.n;e- -01iented collective behavior. QLe Lens 3; incozsis cuts also eihibit a tendehcy toward L01- ‘ ies 33d toward limiting tLeii free I . sociul fiee time ecu vi' tine social activities to “eletlves. All date from the Sawinaw eurvcv Mere reJCCted as u v;lid test of the h*3otheses because of the conplicatinv effect of 3313 a]. Litzzuus leis’cl Tue tendency toncrd sociel icolation :33 Lot equally shared by all thes of incons’stcnte. Four out of the edeive tytes of inconsistents eiLibited no tendency tetard social i3 ole tion. 4his included both tyges 0: low ctfinlcity—hi33 ieuard ilccnsistents, high income-lo; occugetion inconsistents, Lnd l-i h education— low ethnicity iflc 1::isteit3. The ci ht .L . ._ . .. - H! .‘J-,\..‘.!.,_ ~ ‘ A V . 1-, j .5- ,1 ,. 3,. .-. ..., 4,‘ m..' ,. tJ-Ees of lilcoueleteiWQ “no e.--1. .Lbi i.e.- a Venicec; bO-iJikt ;.;.tic...._l . I \ .- l" 'L: v '. I " ‘ ' -‘v’. P. 'n ‘ "“ 3“ 4 "‘ "‘ ' ‘. 1'" .' “1' "~" I. -.' ' 1.120.141. ULOI‘; ..C’lG 13.18 10 4U 138:; OJ. 10.. ' _LLLCLULOll’Wlih‘LL .:.U. ....l". inconsistents, tne lour tJJes or under—res reel 1neons1stents, nigh occupation—low i11ec1:1neo-cie1cnts, and high ethnicitj- lo: edugation incons stents. The third point et1'.11ie1 our 0110.111 1:2.s tested 1.11s uredietion that status inconsistency mould result in the exhibition of synptons of boneleli individual unrest. $1.13 is :. 12'.ij point in t11e entire chain of reesonirq‘. I this rere to fail to hold, tne entire thes LS rculd risinte- V grate. Generalised individual unrest is the Ioundstion upon which eha1~e~oriented collective behavior is on; lt. “ll of the relevant liteie ”tux on social change surgests the indices used here are the groper indices. The indie or symptoms of unrest used in this tes xere geogrannie mobility, neighborhood satisfaction, occupational nobili desire for end cttenpt to effect a enen:e in jobs, and j satisfaction. Status inconsistents were more prone than consistent 132121't J-r" to exhibit symptoms of unrest. This held for all srnot010 used as indices of restlessness. This tendency us: see} in attempts to acquire desired jobs. Ineons stents over forty " ere less prone than consistentc over forty to attempt to effect a desired job Chane . After eonparing this :1 indi: s regarding job satisfaction, nu*1oer of jobs held t .'e 9 .1. So “.1. and desire for e dirferent job, I ir terprete this as indi— cating tee develornent of e feeling of hoplessnes; and p ‘ ...” ’1!“ r: 1;: _" - q J__¢ -. I r” . .1... ‘ (.0 ‘, a _I_ .-' _‘ _p _ 0 ~. . _ lessncse. £1e= Leie still dissaulsiicd end 'ebiflh. 01 d ._ . IZIIitrLIL 30.; but 1-0 lager 'II'L'te‘ILJKLi‘IIjJ; to “.‘2.cl:i~:ve one. It seenm; iie J 'thht;'tiey'1m2?e CiJSCOVBITH1 that,JiIst jcdi Ih€11*c- have Lot lead to improved seLi Isiue etio; -- their trcubles tcrc not solve;. By the time the; rescue; Iorty the; sis;l* gave up and quit trJ ing; U0 get other jobs even tn Uél the; more '5 not seti; Iiei tith tneir uresert ones. I cu rge tould mean L) P C that they vould SSCIiIlCG tie s IiO‘iL and security of P0 their nreseut job ~or something they hvd reason to bel eve would also be unsatisfactory. Inc; are, in fact, pager less f. ~ ‘-— .I.‘, .7 . -~ -» -L ~A ... - -.“ ~~r ~ '1- J‘ 1‘ ' x w v "'.‘- qr. 'v 1‘ wv ube to we :JeIIe rel LeIIecIIeJ IlOb to II re ;:OJ.I"Ielu OJC-I‘ iortJ. n The axe y:Ls or JC‘I tioulrr tJ oes or ineonsi tell J- us Vielded some valuable 11K sihrts as to the type of ince wn iste lie-Jr r to lead to restlessness. Six out OI the twelve tvues of inconsistents exhibited no tendency ton'a; d Iestle ss ness. Tgis includes the four types of over-rewarded incon- sistents are the two ypes OI in estment inc20nsistent . he inconsistents which exliibited a tendency tonard (O F. 1 4+ ‘4 6 r-g restlessLess includes the four types oI under-r n"'ei incor— LIFO types OI“ re..erd i;=.=-coru_:'c .-teII s. m1 . .. .:.r‘ . .1. ,.I. -JI' u 5,, ‘ ,.-, , ,IJI Icy. ,.t (I, Iue fourtu u01nt 3L ”dice ouI oeuIn of leesOLilJ ..s tested was the prediction that status incons iItc Hts. woule be more prone the; consistent; to exyress hostility eéeinst minorities. Lenski suggested that a jerson could blume his troubles on the wstcm, himself, or upon otuer persons as individua 5.5 I extra 01: ted tLi is to include the ooss ibilitJ, 3Gerhnrd Lenskl, “Status Cr"st: llizetiolI: A L Dimension of Social Status," American Socio lo o~ieel Levies 19 tsubust, 1Jz't) 41;, ‘fiuit tncg'wouli blane tJ;lr trutolee o; othcr per: 1; a: mcubcre of a social cute3ory which ui3ht be gcrceivei as 2. threat to tlieii 02:11 so: tua. ibis; ti"; t.,.zesis is 3::1‘i1‘11;e:;:1l to our L313 limo of recconing. The oresence or auscncc of hostility toward minorities does Lot inhibit or increase the probability of paitic i‘“u on in change-0“icnted behavior. I” m relt state: eon ethin; ab ut the e o movements fihiC; 1 mi ‘ “91-- .. C’CL. illi‘l'e IS 110 "CGi-LLU1J.C°-f tent; to exg‘css c grog er amount of Loctility '— O '5 H F O C: H i H (O tents tor2“d fore131 born, but 108 ho: tile to ard :oncn. e ”a" et’ll derive 8013 intcreotin; insi3h : from an “Wig” of Hoct’lity exgreesed by ty3es of i: )ESlgtCAbg. Cnly tin3‘; tgfts ofTiJM,1hliuterts cxflxioited cugr.:i3:i- ficant tendency to e13“ess hostility toward Linoritics. f 1" ‘ ._ '7 V ,7. ’ (w 1 J-~,--‘-‘ Ar'fi ‘n . (w. 'I "a J‘ ' 'W . . '7 Luis inelaiou botn ”3(3) 01 Luca izz‘,esuz-.e_lt-lox-. oc cu}. ctioz- inconsistents on high ’nco Lie-10V occu;j:at on inconsistents. .3 .1 three types of i1-cozis"stente who have "on: occupe‘ations IllLlCC of tendencic s tonerd social isolation, restless, ness, and hostility tenurd minorities were combined iLtc a SlLilO index of oro 03ria1te to their investments Hill feel guilt. (a) Inconsistents those over-rewar ed i11vestrcnt is asc1’ ibed till a tcnpt to reduce dissonance eli Linate tilt feelings) by developing a 11b,1¢l value system which terceivcs rezards as irrele- vant to as; cribed .' -. ... 4-,“ .... t2}. 1.11‘1‘9 S b11191; ' (b) IKCOJS ”tort- those over—ret. ardc:1 lLVEJt.3; e achieved dill attempt to reduce dissonanca by avoiding situations which involv e a confront - tion of their guilt. This will lead to a ten- dency toward social isolation. 7. Incons’stents hose social retard M le3r than that deemed to be appropiio te to their other status di— mensions will tend to percei1ve 1:1nor1ties as a threat to their status securit;r. This «ill lead to hostili- 4"? (v. Q" - - -. ‘ ed against nlnorities. n " w a , r o. Inco sistelts .:Lose me lover'h111 t1e1r social 1e1:a1 re1lected by re ‘f1 CI ards are at a social retards, soc and t.hc“*l will be re: to sant latior. ths.n is appropriate to intere ction 1:0 tendenc;r tetard 9. Inconsistents those ac; hi her or 10"31 level to their ascribed inve n:;nce. 1hose incons me nt is higher than ex (3 vestment fill be defined as successes, ence for changes in the social system. lower If material rewards 111 not DC unolcccant social isolatiozt. terial re-“ards are higher or 4a1e level believed to be aplaroyriate to :fill feel 1 Anger will cc to a prefer— If Laterial appropriate axq;er. ~i::1.l:l.. 10:34.11 0! U.) €1.11CL level than is 1311 1r 1teraction will be untied— te11dency torard social iso- e.t a higher level then social here will b: '4. h‘. rl‘Yfi («J- social "snares, a .1 Lu. '1J—‘31‘J 8C1 111VuS-t11-e~1t :LS git 8 than we lieved to be appropriate stnc1: t will ezferience dis— istents YThOS e achieved inv st— ueeted for their ascribed in- while those 11 cons M tents whose achieved investnent is lover than eipected for their ascribed investrent will be defined as railure cs. Successes will reduce diesellanee by develogin; the belief that their success is due to outstanding personal (zuclitics. Thei succers mill be just. iailures will attempt to 1educe dissonance by avoiding situations the realization of their failure. which will confront them with This rill lead to a tendency toward socia' isolation. Proposition s 1 and 3 each include an axiom and defini- tions. Proposition 2 consists entirely of definitions. Pro- position 4 is an engirical sge Mei“ ication of the concegts in- cluded in 1Hro>osition 1.1r0positions 5,6,7,8, and 9 a‘e nf‘ .L de ived satirical hypoth propositions enable the predictim- uf the findi1'4.\;s l‘effEl din;- tjge cf i;_co;;:-..iste;':t aLd propeLsit; for cL;L_e~orieLtei collective eenuvior. I“cyo- sitions 1,2,3,#, aLi Ca lead to txe chdiction that lon etLLicity— A hixh retard iLCOLsistents Lill develop liberal value systeLs ELL will not exhibit tendeLcies tomard social isolatiCL, be restless, or hostile toward Lino; ities . Proposi ciOLs 1,2,3,4, LLd {b lead ‘ to the prediction that low education-Lign ; Lard iLcoLsisteLts (l q bill ex ibit tendencies toward social isols tiOL. PIO‘OSithhS 1 9 wk. 2,3,4 aid 8 lead to the grediction that high iLvestLCLtulOL iLcomg , , iLCOLsisteLts rill exhibit tchCLcies to .:sld social isola tion aL‘ will be restless. Iro no itioxs 1,2,3,4,E, and 7 lead to the gre- diction that high iLvestment-lom occugatiOL inconsistents Lill einibit *cheL01c touerd social isolatiOL, be restle;s, 3L1 Le .ostile toward minorities. ;ropositions 1,2,3,4, aLd 8 lead to the predictiOL that high occupatiOL—lo; iLcome inconsisteLte Lill exhibit tchCLcics tousrc social isolatiOL aLJ be restless. iro- gvieiiction that low occupa- ,ositiOLs 1,2,3,4,€, and 8 lead to the tior—hiel inCOLe iLCOLsisteLts will be restle; s and hostile op itions 1,2,L,4, 21d 9 lead to the gre- i”! C) ('3 afiainst minorities. y-lov education iLCOLsisteLts Lill e;— E. iictiOL that high ethn libit tendechi s tower; social isolation and that low etLLicity— hi;h ed‘cetion inconsistents Lill cLLibit no propeLsities toxgrd ciyn“‘-orl Lted collectin; bchLviOL. lppliee.‘9i9§.s...ior r‘urimer “ESEQE‘LEL I fee tLLt txis series of proposition: Lust be retested oL a broader socie. The empirical date used iL this stud" are taken frox blue collar workers. liere is no may of in- ferriLS twat the observed relations Lould Lold for finite collar workers. A sannle should be taken of individuals at all occupational levels. Date should be collected from this sanylc on the four status dimensions and all of the in- -J dices of 1r03ensity tomard chanie—oriented collective behavior. titudinel data should be gathered on beliefs regarding the proper method of distributing rcnards. The finiings from U} ueh a study mould point toward modifications :Lich should e made in the nine progositions. OJ A second study thich should be carried out is a histori- l co:21positional analxsis of che.1;e'e-ori‘111;ed evenedts. Ihev should be historically analysed to discover the degree Lhich their pattern of develoyment corresponds to the model presented in Uha5 ter II. The movements should be classified as liberel or co11servetive and reform or revolu— tionary. I would expect that the Mi ferent CYPOS of move— ments mould differentially attract dilfe rent tvnes of in— consistents. “he theoretical frsLeLork presented herein does not yield 1L edictiOLs regarding the relationshig be- tween tyge of inconsistent and type of s ciel movement. Therefore, I .ill not attenp such predictions. I will leave them to futLre researchers. LFILLDIL A LT; ITAD :ri‘1£13~5 A‘OV‘L—IL‘LL‘AAU; .I‘ 111510.111. SUI; bTATIJi‘ CAL 1.1L1'CI11‘ILJ} 5131111313. 131313.. 1111111., D.C. '30: 1,11 eri :13111 1 :n "'PC‘T'I. C“ ti U‘ 1- 15001101111110 3 FR K: willie; J. Hicke1, ;- seereh LL; D "ElOJLBLt Lruncu, L C Lessereh Divis ie11 :\ 1 (b V 5 E; f; r l P. 1 3 O 1' {J H U; (‘1' $3 c+ c+ U s'LTLJEC/‘i‘: Dt'3ve1012-1'1‘1e11t cf the 55?._~;'.1-11E1.L, I—Liehigun 311:1.11i371—Azeri 0:11 0 111‘} UJr DeeeLber E, 19g1 L i ,- r . 1—3 tr. '1‘;- e 5113111—111:eric:111 ‘1'1cuee'1’1olds in the 53.111-11.11, ieh; ;:2.1- $1.11,— pie frame Here estimated by rune“ led sable geogle to be 1,CC‘, -ith fer 5.A. house} elds outside the saw; 5le f1e ime. The su file fraLe covered 232 blocks that uvere;e 3. o.h. 1mou eW1ol per block. Ld streets clearly e; Lei. Cluster sexpling, Hi'h bloc: a cluster, yus e. “lo ed uLd a; design, every 5 hold in each s2L1le block res enunere ed. 1his s;;5 dure res se ected because it provides equal 51 eotoil ty selection of the 3.;. household, xhieh 1;: desized. It 3;: small eve1a e number of 8.5. household per cluster and it he; s eason ble cost. The sample 1ruLe was outliLed on the city Lap with the ’3 HWAo (Lib ) ‘OHO‘. JHOC (3' ()() I The "r“‘l iLtervel es devH107ed reflects 3 1C perceLt eu55le- ment for non—response aLd a 33.; percent SU>OleL18Lt for COL- bijeneies. The sup lenents are in additiOL to the desired ‘OU seLples. TL1- seL:ule ir ervel used was .Qf ever; third block, after an i;itisl 11nde.selectiez1,was(d.§§1'L3lgreLL to ideLtif; it as 'Le reserve sample. 1 \\l \ 1:1 .‘ r . _‘J- ,1. ., - 1d.113, 0111;11. ger1or11108, uaxxl., 01.1 .01 Social Classes, 11' C l. . v-\ ‘ j I UdlL-QscLs. , of ;LICEIQJEEI )3 ., 3.1;. L11411 0 status, on: '. .‘ TLoory } I ‘h J‘C 031:) "‘><)-'-’- Mug 0 ~'../fi& 'I nl'v Q ‘—_— ‘_O-. I“ 1 ..V " ‘ ... ~ 1"" Lila; , 1‘50 iIJ-‘L . .'~r‘.: O , WLLQ .4. QJJ Joooulfl J'- I , $10-160‘J : J. It...) 11 . . ‘ '4 ”’7' . . fi .L‘IC’G .LI'GSEL, _f/‘j, £13. U“ o €1Ll+uiC1-S , " 1'.A'1’_'.4’z) '15.}...wa ’4 1T _/ J 11‘ . Blumer, forbert. "001100 ......I $9.- 1110. , ,g. _gI flCit_.LUllJCL, 1-11C. 5“” 132-! 111.8 I'LL C 8.11 this ...lfrvl J:¢O , J.- 813‘ 1 us, Status Types, and status IA- §001910g1£g1 on10;, ; (Aaril EC:.3VlOI‘ , YorA: 1r1n01iples of {2310- Barr nos and a.IOL)lL3 , ,\l I: Revolutigg. Aer York; a... Brinton,0ra:10. Aorton ' “so 1: BTOOH‘L , L3 U113. ~0v1QlU“ 311d £10 bbrt..!_l, 135i. 0:.429—41. '7‘ KL. Iodi". eds. 30012,, S1arles H. social (“a r‘ 4' 1L./‘Uo Dahrondcrf, Ralf. borkeley: University ‘dl I". '7' (__‘ U (Au 5.) 0131 D1ficro1t1rt101 and Leonard S. _, _‘1 (..le “...-...,“ otr3t1f103t101," hooort K., Loogsrd., ‘Iorfiz: I:m:., 120 1" 0011 , Le: 1100;, basic 500 s, ’1 o o m 3 ( H IN 91110121 22.53.131.011 . .3101 s gonfliotC In industrial JOCiQL O1Cs . o1 31'1f0r11a Pr ss, 1 ED. Doison, Call 1., .:d Gettys, Earner E. 2: utr0.L t1:;r To §g§1010.T, :ro edition. Lon York: Th;..1-10 13.2: J :- ”organy, 134-. D a;or,-11060 . ”t2 300*s 91 America} Jor‘011SA. 1 10r1. The V1113: Press 1357. Durkheiu, 51110. suicido. translated by jfouldihg, J;AA 1., :nd Sim: son, leorgo. Glenoocz The Free ircss, 1951. El. T‘lie J at Ighforfi _ of C1101 0 1181- iii-"Hr Fe:ch-31,ford 1., ionderer, ”"ubutob1vo 3th tus a; Jourifll OJ. 1LU1’JOAA".C.1 C. 12' ,‘T‘T‘ 470-7 (9'. m.“— Postinger, l;02: 1:9 00 Leon. A 18011 a: 00., 1 uzal History of Press, 1327. J' 01; OJNl A.11Jx‘*, 1hrgen0. 1 The Louilibri tion HJootl.~1 A1 social Es m0103., (CotoLer 3., 4C oVCLCtoL: - . “ #123013109. ,‘ I ‘4 “\J “T119 ‘- t.T nth“ " “1+.f3 "t .3 l‘."‘““‘.' ":*'J and ’3 . .‘v J-AO 1- JR»: “$-L.) .1... L (I O-I— UV U-Ll-L U.._ " g,- -1 ‘_ “L \1)“-—"d-‘U V ’ —-um~.’a——~—— ' _ .- . - _C‘ '1 -2 ‘... - _ J. .. . .. —. - .... -- ~ ‘ , fi“. {-1 _‘ ‘1 Q ' _ _ ’...| _ r F} 7' . _ ., ‘: A‘ASUVSI‘jI‘Ae A1.) CI; _L1.J.]..z..;l L_U biV»;~ . L:_ . .L‘A ”1qu , i.” --..__ .4&~':J- . -‘en --- —.—-.—-.-—-,_\ —— ",— T—‘_ J-Olj-L;, 131k», E.;’|.U_)—\ILQ r“ _1 ' ‘1 1‘. “ "'. J“ "' ‘ 'I‘ ' -... 1‘ (‘- t‘ ‘ ’. ‘. I. r‘ -. ,3 2‘i2 h I, LuItOL 2., Chi HILLej, DbCthL L. g - LugLLLLL 2; :‘~ , 4- » ‘ ~~ 73,,2 -..'. ‘t . 4., . Ieople 202 IL. AHL Lr2or: The 2JIV J 2caa2ru2 2ehte , "_ w 1521- _o ' _‘__ — .’ 1 r“ 1 v _ __ _fl ,, «. T‘“ (‘ n‘ . ' .C‘ -\ ‘ I Fora-~, 3|.Llll:;£.. Li. , Pal-1‘ ‘JeuCllueL-u:l , ' 'v-Lleb; ...-0 "M00. \A._L :sSLGrU;-l 3 A 59513 of Jo‘o L2tisfacti on, LLcr’can Sociolo: 2a hcvict, " ' r‘- ' . - . —----ma— _‘ “H w __7 :\ .‘LI'I'il 1 Q '212 ) [LEO-LT . ' '- "‘ .2. ". ' .. 7‘ ‘— '1. . .1 h. ’ ’1 n - 2 - . 1’1 , L.Jr3nhlln, fllCCn LOJILCOIulC. 2luncce: LLB IIOO - — 0*.- . Al ,2 -. 31-.7 ' -.\ r " “A Tr 'v‘v ra - "‘1 u ‘ 1 3'» r a» ’fi l‘. g 1‘ - . rq~A fl 22222L3232 , 02me2 A. rheOIy anLI Leas IemeLt o- Lccug_t1222 ' - Ie- Elaulltbion, ALE c ’ r r‘ '. ' _- ,- '_ a; K; (Jug—.0 1 - 61 ) —_/¢: 0 Jibbs, Jack ;., and Lartin, Walter T. ”Status Integration LL” Suicide," Amergggg ggciolgLical Levie , 23 (iglil 1,32) 1 ."!.C-."é.r{ . Ioffxxxl, Irnin L. '”“b;t COLsist in IQ. GI Dis tri Dution,' ' -' '18]? (June 19 M) A 7r\-OU0 ‘7‘ - " a '2 ‘1, - r a; I efercnce LOI :LQLU- Ofical heVleL, z; -.. .w "' 1“ url Teaye;, CPIl 3., Cid CD CLheim, Laul. e LQ is of 3:;lg2L— tion.“ ;:_adi:“: in ;§g ILIIOSQIhy £L_o“lch . e . Psi l, IeILcrt., aLd Brodbe ck, Lay. Lew York: Laplcton, Century, -— 1" r ». Croft, ILC., 139L, 3p.c,—22. .--2. 1 ° :. 1 L.~\ -‘,~ "' . .'z "a' 3‘ , ~ ~ t’h :e; :)—~C| Vv U5; ’1'. Bll‘Jlllv , i -9.L¢ aoALxl 1.15.; .l OI‘ICS: T ltd N) ..zlwll‘JL; Of L, l- . ‘-"f" 4‘ ' i ‘ \ --~' 4: v- i 1 £14 ;" ’ ....— tuILJ.--L22IoLcngL,..Leh (CPA: -;“-. RL02I, .,L,2. " “' " l‘)‘ .I‘- . . r‘I‘A‘ “‘1‘. 7 A, '3 O " ~ A "I ‘ ‘ ‘ '7‘ " "' O [‘1 4" ‘. r‘ f‘~"~ A 1 ‘ IL “'1 ‘ --C'...L-:,f, .11: "1C . .:....E} .LLLLp 1281142 ‘JLI . .L 0.. I041... .LLLC 2L.--er.LU-L.-; .LJJ.L.'I.. 2L ' ' ,— H- ‘ — ,4 -‘ ‘ -.. -‘1 ~ .'~ - .- n. , 0' «v- «2 --, . ’N - w 2u2gn2, ’Ic ' e U. 200LCL L2Lawiorz Itu Lle cutr“ -cI L. LcL V r — n. . . , U "uu r—o———- IO; : ”LICOLr L H '71}. ‘ ," ..2 . - fl— ,‘ . . h Avv —- o ' I“ . T.‘ '. -1 ‘ ‘,’I ‘. f r: -. 24.0.:liv'641, -.~LU4‘...1-L-C .LsfiLJVOl‘Ll biOl-cz.rdr lioceng, ”QC—8.1. OLLeQ , Lv I. ‘_ ‘w-g q [- d‘r-I-L’s r-‘ \ -.‘-‘ --..—- (:Li- .:. .LJ. :C) .- ‘( ° -_ Lughes, fiVlrett C. “3112' LLLS and Contradiction; p. A 2.-. W1 we 2 - 1 a L-« r 1 ‘ - ~ --o-‘Iu.'. .:.-(gull;- J O»‘..~AAC- L‘J. ’J‘JC-LO-A—‘K’ ’ , JV Ll’ifi}..L V11 “T 1‘) / 1.1....) ,-’I O __.. ”M ...—— ...—.- .. My. ' 1 ‘ ' J:=.(32;;3’01:, "ltol; 71‘. tus; Co:-:i:t;11 ‘* ,... - .' »-r,- >—,/h./"\/) /L/_}-(::I\J o 1 3 L CJ'II‘EOJfJ 0.. :32255. ILA; LL.b01?: LIL; L- . m”— dun-.- ...—~— —- ..-- -..- . J- 4 I ‘. ‘ O "I '_O J__' ‘p '9' 1 _I fl.‘ " I‘ a. LL 1-, Lave r SJ. Ly OI I102 511-, 1C, _ 0. Yr \ "' ... . ' V" tr" " “" V_ -' '1’ " ‘.' PL‘A '. ' “y‘- L"; " ‘ " -' ’1' ‘ 1‘ 4‘ 1 —. ,1" “ " '. r4 ‘ 1“ -'. ‘ 7 L Lel, ullllam L. 128 nel2LLoL2uLp L; Lee; 242222 2022L2t2LL. a _q ~ 1 ‘ o . a .1- n p -~.« _‘ _fi: 5‘ -.. :I. 1‘: fl .2 _. ‘ " L2L LolItho ccnomlc 4ttiuUd s, nutfilL84 202L219“:u2I 21 ( 1 .’ ..q “ Vw" ‘. "' -'-'| TY“ ' ‘ g 3 ..’- " ‘7‘ .' (u ,. 'V I - . A ‘1. L01nnaune: “1111-1. Ac 1cl1t1cm 91 “181 ooc1c f. Zchcoo: ‘ ‘ ’3 _ -..~- .. ”mu—r.“ a - ,‘--' '. H I l ‘fi‘rr- r‘ V 0 rr .1... -3 . .. . 1 3 L3--§SJ;»J. , - ”DI Alg~ldo Jt~ «Ll/t .4 Gnu ultb.ll.luab 0-1.. -- .. v11—Vbl blCl 1 DJ.- -- ,- -\ a o ' ‘n ‘ ' V -‘-'. ,— " . -'-. - ' 1o1~1on of Soc:1a1 otctuo,’ 14311c ..icc1olo c 1 LCZ1c , 1") (5111 11.9 t 1,15%) J'tC,—1_5 o l 1 -' ..1. l » V . ..,: - ' _ __ . “3c'1.hne;-t&: 011 ixerztell S KJOHJLU4LLCL.'1ku ," _1 c; LCcdl cociolc ice; 1ev1c., 21 g8u1e 1TVC 36’— ‘. 3" VS .' .~ -'_ ° -..- 1131101101510 1031 nonvn, 21 ., and Bo Idil, Reizhard. 529131 LoBilit; in 12113- ‘ _;_'A 11501-1: iv;a:, 33131 {9c1et7. be1kelc;: Urlveycit; of Ca 1- ..J’G C 031 7" P- T K I. o . -1 I‘ ~. , --A "I D‘- '3; , ~-. . . - I '~ . ‘ .- r - - '. ' uvv:“LJ 1, lxn). 21d “uttcrLJ1, LOfibJLLH 11.1313t1 of De~e1 . rk: Berger 1 Brothers, 1 4;. ‘p“ _. .- v‘v ‘ r‘ _" ;.“ ‘1 r.. ’ . 1 I 1 1' v‘ ‘ I ‘0 ‘1‘ ’ _ .0 _‘ 'I ~ .r V. ‘ L211 1311., ”ad Buwelc, Fredrlcn. A 111e13L101, Iquo; ’ o . E‘ ‘ —'. ‘- fV‘ '. _0‘ ‘~" ' -- '. 1‘. f‘ -' T q I 1 01 La“. Cd. L1llL, b. ur1but. 10$ Yor.: georrc :ra;e1lc*, ... —‘—-- ' .. b . ‘_'..‘ J. '.' «a " *3 . ~.’ ' 1. 1‘ ""~ -.'-o.-' ‘~~ J- ' .. t. '7‘ ~ ' 1 c1 o0-., 1.UL4311LJ 1; ., 3.1111 1102.1..l , .1110 J o. ucl‘.o11L';‘.o1 .. ‘11; .v; r ‘ .. ..L‘ T .p In ..‘ ._ .2 ‘1 , ° ‘.' H .' ‘ ,. -._.. 13-1601“! OJ. l‘stLO er LCC Xl‘OL’.L- ‘JCLlpLVlC/L‘, 50C «(11.1 T;;_i\: n ., p.11 :- m.- .‘V I .1 DOCJ. , ’1” 31 3 rucc“rc. ed. .trton, Robert K. 41;u :Lc 1 hichclc Robert. 'OlitiC'l lartleq. tranzlrted by Poul,1daL., ...'o1‘1:: Dovel P‘bl‘lce 010118, 133,. 03burn, Jillicm F. 300131 Chon;c. Le: IO‘k: The Vikifij rregu, 1r:‘]f‘f) _,.'_- L-. ’i“1_el, .3.1. 3,5‘.31111, .£.L. "iKJLiticCJ.thtrctj_: t3 1;. Iraht“ 1313:3412 9:1;1011 .311 tog-1;, 1C) (..131'tc: 13":ZC-ZL) L8: 4761 . Sult_, 1.3., 1u1.1cr, Ro;., cdfil-(“LtLCf01L, 32:. 232.;Q§_531311. 0"""o;‘."t 1331133123.:‘13; J 41:141. K11-_;,;;‘to;;: 11.117011" 13;; College of The West Indies, Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1960. Revqut1o . Philadelphia: Of _ R. Sorokin, Pitlrim A. The Sociologi --- -—-————-. J. B. Liooincott Company, 192 . Socggl Mgo111_1. New Iork: Tarper and Brothers, 1927. __---am-—.—-. __- - _ - __-----50019Q1» Culture, and Per? onalitx. New IorK: Harper and Brothers, 195 r‘ P‘- L’A- ..-.v .'-n " C' —» A— v l—lk) , f) 52‘s.! “‘Q-_;’-‘ J- '. L’J 01.8.1 ,_) 3" .- M o - _l .L t,Jb ”V '- . ~ . ..,; L; —-~.'-. 0 .msl "a L} ' V. . I eve rly..l In a _. . 0 ..IL OI . 1.. T: .3 r .g 3 .1 | v _u ‘ . O C sf; I. .. ‘. o X c. I: e? ..,- fi -’ ‘- ‘I k‘a‘. 0- 1,(.. I. v'...A ~ I‘ .w“_ H: 3 o u 8. 07 wkm n .. fil. ,nTU fi .. 1 my 1.». a; ‘...u a . wnt JLV rub ....+ r C C I m. r; v «V - ..l. ai .A. ,3, .1; fl 7-: F. TL 0 ..11 .. 7*” al.— . , O w-d.+u .3 ..L .3 3 a . .1 1 pp . _ u Q C -.L 1v r. 91. FL QM . c l ”.9, fia+ up; :51 CA. ~ .p .1 ”4. h. , 0 Is", PIGEIS} [I‘- -“.-U ’7 ‘ 1153-- T . 0.; . . 1.. l 1» 1L A. . o 1* ”\NU r ‘4 .t . . _ «IA mu .-w ..l 3 . ,w r.g L:(3 , . ,‘.‘. I (‘1 (-v U14... 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