sg-{Qmmm Hm? mamas

CHAR§€$E§ESTZCS 3?: A géfiA-QY

CGW’EMEERYLLQQM ‘fié‘ifi‘f‘

Thesis fie: Em Dog?“ 05 M. S.
MlCHtGAN STATE CSLLEGE
James 3.533% Emmet?

W4?

THESIS

Date

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

venom-rm mm. minus
Wanna or A mm
W mar

presented by

Janos Bmott

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

luster: degree in lemlugca his.

  
  

I

Major professor

  

5/ 26/49

 

 

 

SHORT-TIE? HEAT lnLATIAq

.«-—\ ~r‘r1T : . .. v3. ".i"“{_f
Chxlfliululil JULC- V; A -JILGLL‘LJ.

C OP fi‘En- 333.1...4L I cf t ALLC Y

by

c rr“: ;: r'“ .r°-r"1
J 4 S R:BAL:LT Bulte.$lT.
W

not.“

Gr;du3te Studies of Lichigan
3nd Applied Science
nts

Submitted to the School of
State Colle: e of A; griculture
in partial fulfilln.ent of he requireme

for tile de Jee of

EASTER OF SCIElCE

.I.

Dejertment of Cheeical and Ketellurgicel Engineering

1949

A3212; OW LED GE'tEiJ T

The author wishes to express his appreciation to
Kr. J. W. Donnell, 1r. D. D. be Grady, and
hr. V. D. Hildebflsndt for their interest,

guidance, and assistance.

216923

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Within the last forty yee°s (13), a new field has
Opened to the metallurgist and the en ineer by the
discoverv of a treatment which an be ajolied to a
lsr;e number of alloys and hf which their proaerties

con be Cdsnysd radically. This treatient hhS been used

JOEt effectively with the ll‘Jb Alloys of eludinui and
the hesvy ellous oi co‘pei, iron, nickel, odd ;old.

Since it is demendent noon the tite c2 rel es tendersture
. . 3

the term are herdening is coqnonly used. However, this
'lVC—E no indic:..tion to the E..CtU‘;El ol‘ie;"1o.:.enon - th.u_t of
orecioitvtin; d constituent f“on a sujerssturgted solid

solution. It is a well known fsct tint this Drecijit tion

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14.5-1 coh_t‘..ct1Vit;r alloys ire usually so. 1,: lb... Of to: -..ill

in the fully hyrdensd condition (ll), the followin"

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tauqtelln (3) f uti an unin Jn Constituent, com on to

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J. "CH3 cc 0116 OJ. DALE) This Cenrtil

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retained in LL5110~L SClb.-tlilC CJ. "CLCE o “Owen/cl , .Lu n.09t
CCunErléfi it has given was to the name ceryllium.

It was not until lc2; th.t the }ernan scientist

fidhler (3) first isola ed berylliun fron its salts by

(

heatin; its chloride with flat ores: d balls of c;lciun.

Zhen very 'ittle work was done until Le Beau (3) instigated

w-

new methods of :rocucir; oerylliun by electrolysis. in
addition to his research on the :roduction of beryllium
ated several beryllium alloys including
that of copper along with those of chronium, tungsten,
wolj'odsnum,and csrbon.

However, it did not get oeyond the labosatory state

F
until about 1925 (5). gasin; in Geriany studied the
phenomena of orecioitation hardening of copier-aluminum
alloys and concluded that it was A function of solubility
varying widely with teioe‘ature. Since a phase diag‘an

of coooer-bergllium published about 10 years earlier

indic;tsd_this alloy had the rith type of solubility-

began wornin: witn it. Thus Lisin; oroved his theory
was Valid and as a by-vroduct discovered the age-hardening
proverties of cooger-berylliun.

About two years prior to this, work was done in

0
(0

this coun+rv with cooder-berylliun as a QO~ isle substitute

J

I

for tin-copper or zinc—copper. However, the high cost
of extracting pure beryllium stood in the way of commercial
production.

With tie news of hasing's discove y, the picture w;s

ut

(-I'
('0

er a suosti

changed. Cooper-beryllium was no lon

a:
fi

alloy. ourin; the following few years, the technical
oopular press gave cooper-berylliun cuite a play. It
became a "wonder netal" and a wrest and glowin; future
was freely oroanesied for this alloy.

About this time a much lower cost orocecs was
for getting the beryllium into copver by
converting berylliun oxide, powdered carbon, and powdered

cobaer into a Luster alloy of about 4% beryllium.
This could then be remslted with additional cooper to
get the conoosition desired.

Laboratory rese;rch by 5.1:. Smith (5) in 1932

‘

on an alloy containing about 2.50% berylliun confirmed
the unusual crooerties obtained by orecioitxtion hardening
and established initial mill orocedure. however, lost

of the labor;tory work had been done on standard test

bars of relatively lar section and the effect of size,

_- . . ,1 ,. .3 , 1, . .. .4. H ' - , ,-.J
mess, and cold worn wls nOt -iven groper wei i.nt.

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Since the announce en
of codiec-bery liun have led to a number of applications,
nsny successful and sons disa>oointinv. Cvecent: lusiasm
and insufficient data in some instances have ed to
failure. Today, however, the aVailable data and inforiation

on physical oroosrties and heat trestuent are more

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cozzole se, and successful :—::.>_::lications are found
v:.riet ' of oroiucts. Jisr-o-ryl iuz. is not only as
corrosion-resistant as brass and jhosahor bronze, but
a so is nearly twice as strong. It is non-maynetic.

4.

It has endurance strength nearly equal to steel; hi.__ner
under corrosive co ndi tions.. Its electrical conductivity
is nearly twice th:t of bronze and it will saint in
ssring arooirties uiter tetatratures 100 F hi :he r th:.n
bronze. In add tion, it has less tendency to drift or
take a set than almost any ot_er syrinj nsterial.

6 nos it is hurdened by rent-tne trent after forning,

P.»
F

A . ..5 D '- '~ .- -. I‘ - . F. ' A
U l“ .LO “4:. £410. EtilthJCS

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coooe r— beryl liun osrts can be in

imposs sible to dupliczte in nary other alloys.
The copier rich section of ne Dissently accsited

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be of :lpha dentrites with toe hix oer bets onstituent

at the couniorie . Sucn a vertielly iiszs1sei conuition

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incre; es the eese vita wnicn a sctisfuctory solution

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her..-t tre:t,_.e:.»t can be single 3.11;; ;l;~.o _':reve-1t-
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after t suésr-seturatef solid solution is ioried oy
quencning from tne aloha solii solution r.n e, cones the
oroole; of Jrecioityticn hardening the alloy. Another

.1

.17 c - LL '\ . -; . ." >u .* . -.r\ - 'w - 's . »- . - - .
1001s (it; L312: 83b '.L.j. iQIjiu‘x 9.1;. r;‘.121 ENLO‘L'E 1911.531. tx.l£; tab-"1361"- ture

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te per ture list :e so regulatefl as to yive en Optimum

fie. In accoroence with the

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particle size : H01 c es the lexiuum ssount of Leg-yinQ

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action On Lne )Ouentl;l slig QloueS Niel u rcshltluo
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lust be such that there will be just sufficient atomic

sobility to éroduce tJlS size.

f-.f\,_fl'\'\','"
PL“: u LiJUJKE

The 2% cc)oer-berylliuu alloy W18 Made from electro-

W

lytic cooper ounchin;s and master covoer-beryllium
alloy of 3.~L% beryllium. These were ielted together

in e electric induction furnace and poured in core send
molds made by nixing 100 parts of lake e no, 10 ports

of cereal binder, 5 parts of water, and 5 osrts of oil
binoer. These ;reen molds were oiked in a gas furnsce
st soorcxisstely 500°F for 24 hours and, when co;l,

pasted to ether sni beked again for about a hours. a

6+
(0
m
c+

sold frOu a mixture containing sieller quantities
of cereal binder and oil hinder Wis found to give very
rough surfsces on the cast bars.

The mold box,

 

_ w——A-O— —-

 

-10-

and thus eech mold

 

r

Was ssde so as to yield ten bers approximately 0 1/2
inches long and 5/6 inches in dieseter. Since each
mold required about 9 3/4 oounds of metol sni the
cavecity of the furnsce wes only 12 pounds, it Wes
necessary to uzke e seoerste heat for eecn mOld. It

wes decided thst 30 bsrs would be necessary, requiring

three hests, the celculstions for which follow:

Heat #1
weight of m;ster alloy 2.323 ks.
2.c23 x O.CZ\C = 0.11236 15. weight of Be

0.11236 4 0.02 = 5.618 kg. total heat
1

(.
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0
1,0
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H
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.506 kg. weight of Cu

5. weight of
Cu required

-11-

w:1:ht of duster alloy 2.241 Kg.
2.241 x 0.03“8 : 0.0:919 k3. we';ht of Be
o.oe919 4 0.02 = 4.450 kg. total heat

4.450 X 0.9o : 4.372 kg. weight of Cu

4.372 - (2.241 — o.o-9) = 2.220 kg. wei ht of

Heat #3
weight of sister alloy 2.044 kg.
2.044 X o.o:;s : 0.0! 35 kg. weight of Be
0.05135 4 0.02 = 4.068 kg. total heat
4.03; x 0.90 z 3.9;? kg. weight of Cu
3.907 - (2.044 - 0.081) = 2.024 kg. w
f uired
It w;s found oy diliebrsndt that the calculated coioosition
of such Ch°t1H¢E egreed with the actual composition
within the nor :1 eccurecy of enolytical nethods of

anulysis. Therefore, no such quantitative enslysis Wes

s were ellowei to cool in the mold, were

A +0.01

H
s
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¢

f
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then broken out, and the test bsrs hachined to 0.5

inches in iizieter. In order to hsve a sonole thot would

(D

ose to teuoer.tur. quickly, they were cut into wafers of

‘

bout 1 c inch thickness on a wztor-coolei sorcsive cut-off

go.

wheel and drilled with a £54 drill near one edge in order

to soceot a is ghuge Lichrohe wire for hsndlin; in the

-12-

salt bath and quench.

 

 

-.

Tne solution heat trestin; was acne in 2 Salt bath

at 1450°F (i 10°F) for 2, 4, 7, 11, 1+ ‘ 22 minutes

U\
.

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5

p.

. . . . r o- ;
ano tne quencning in tne tap water at aoout 00 r. Tne

aging wes done at 700°F end 750°F for 2, 4, o, 16, and

. - -._O . +
32 linute: eno at 8oo°F cgo F and 9000s (all - 50F)
! 3
for l, 2, 4, o, 16, and 32 minutes. The aging was

1

arrested oy quenching in water. During both tne solution
heat treating and the aging ooer tions, the sangles were
agitated for one sinute after insertion into the Otth,

then for about seconds at 2 minute intervals, and for

\N

20 seconds iliedistely )rior to quenching.

A clean surface on each se ole was obtained by
rupoing on wet #150 emery oeoer and the penetration
hardness ietermined on the B and/or C Rockwell scale.

In order to nuke a giaoh on one soole, both E eni C

-13-

nordne

m

s V lues were taken on s moles of 90-100 R:

H

r‘ ‘1 ‘ A a . r.,-\ id - 1‘ '9 ‘5 ‘.r~ '~ / - " . .‘ ', A , ,' ,- . . ,
and tn: ever: e of tie difiorences UECJ 2; tie conversion

f ctor. This vae R: 7 I; + 77.

Photoiicrogr;jns (p. 26) w e oxen Lt 100x of tne

/

followin; s, )les: as 0 st, solut on ne;t tre ted for
1+..1nutss, silnition negt iJ%:'toi -on 15 “invites, and

. (x .- -'- q ., ..»- - J-r, -. ,~ 1‘ ~.’\ - ‘ 1 A Il‘u A A; 4‘.‘ :
Echral no sscntatiVe uyc& s, )ies. inc etclunt used

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-14-

of a 25 cooaer-oeryllium
for 2 minutes at 1450 F
t

Rockwell: herdnes
binary alloy solution ne-

All values are he sverege
four being taken on etch

m
00

Tine of Aging (minutes)

0 1 2 4

(L)
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700 51 53 70 75 c5 95 25*
Temp. 750 5 57 71 75 02 9O 96
of
using Soc 61 59 60 67 74 34 so
(’5?) _
ago 51 61 63 35 72 :1 L4
900 61 59 53 53 53 77 79

* RockwellC

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fiockwelli n;

1 ess VolUSS of a 2k cooger-heryllium
binary allov soluti o *

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on ne-t crested for 4 iinu es at 1450JF
d

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'eo us indicated.

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L ‘JUI‘ val“; u -.e- on e- c.1 of two 2%.ng .

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Rockwell, hsrdness values of e 2% cepver-beryllium 0
binary alloy soluti:n heat treated for 11 minutes at 1450 F
and &;50 as indic;ted.

All values ere the aV;T;£eS of ei;nt readinds,
four being tsken on eeci of two simples.

J

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of
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( ' F )
030 56 59 5 05 79 L9 93
900 56 E” 61 65 72 a: 96

 

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Rockwell nsr dness V21L es of a 2; cop nor-s, Vllium
oinury alloy solution ne-t trs tted for 15 minu utes at 14SOOF ’
and ;;ed as iridiceted.

All values are tne averrges of eight reudin n58,
four es in taken on see. of two sangle s.

 

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Rockwell: hardness values of a 2% coooer-beryllium
v. . .J . _, . ,_ .2
Dinery alloy solution nest tre1teo for 22 minutes at 1490°r
and aged 25 indiceted.

A11 Vulues ere the averages of eight resdings,
four being token on such of two sunoles.

Tile of Aging (linutes)

4

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703 55 61 62 74 25* 40* 39*
Temp. 750 55 62 65 71 c9 25* 5o*
of , H
'ging 630 55 55 57 62 76 69 94
(OF)

v50 53 E6 61 62 75 c9 94

200 55 51 6o 65 so 65 9o

 

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Sclution he:t tre;tei gt lAEOOF for 4 minutes

 

Solution heat treated at 14500F for 16 minutes
lOOX

 

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Solutisn heat treated at 14500? for 13 minutes
and egei at 7OOOF for 4 Aigutes
lQOX

 

 

 

Soluticn he-t treated at l4SOOF for 16 minutes
and Lged at 7OOOF for 54 ginutes
lDOX

 

 

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and aged Lt 500 F for 4 minutes
lOOX

 

 

 

Solution heat treated at 14500F for 15 minutes
:ed at 800°F for 32 minutes
lOOX

 

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Solution heat treated at 14500F for 16 iinutes
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lOOX

 

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in Cuiulilb tsunlcfutfllc iglhzlt 08 Ol Songs [16].).

 

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. -v '--\ ‘I ‘ ' ., ... " n ‘
(3) Del1onte, d., 'JerylllUL an“ *5 Alloys", ietol: -fia
AllOVS, 7, 175, (1930
(4) Hells, 3.3., "BerlliuA-Copjel Alloys" getels and
Alloys, 19, 3:7, (194o). ,

(5) Carson, 3.1., Jekin" IeerliuA Seaeve", het;l: 1nd
11191: 1;, 14, (194:).

(6) Hunt, L.3., "Processing Beryllium-Coo)er", -et:ls
and Alloys, 1?, 594, (1943).

 

', 17, V12 03, :(12213 0

 

 

(9) Hilde brenit, V. 0., "Heat Ire:ting Choreote rietioe of

Five Binary Berylliui-CO))er Alloys', Thesis,
Lichigen State College, (1945).

(10) Carson, 1.Y., "Design Stresses for Beryllium Copper
PLTtS", Electrical yenufuoturing, 41, 76,
Aaron 1949). ‘

(ll) Richerds J. I., "How to Hezt Tre t Beryllium-Copper"
Iron Are, 163, (February 24, 1349).

 

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SUESLiii 1 RE BIBLIOi; PAY
Persons, j.L. "'A5eriee of :eryliiu1”, Science, 26, :59,
(19-7)
------- "Zluciniu1 and It: Alloys”, Scientific Aneric n
SUUFISAGRt, L4, 92, (1917).
Peter, A.J., "‘ wr 1 1 .9a :eryl", chitel ct t~e Dureeu
of he: Infor1;ti:n Circular A2.oer o 33, (1321)
' 2| 3|, - F“
Bossett, H.£., Eerrlliug,jooper Aiioys Institute 92 ‘
etfils Divi<wi on, Axerioen Insti ute oi Mining end 4
“eteilinrficul iiiTiflc;”€, 7;y., 21;, (1927). f
---—--- "Beryllium", Solence ns, 66, Quj); 10 (1927).
Archer and Fink, Ins titu f etels Livizion, A1eric;n 3
lnsfitute (of n i - an; :e tallur ic A1 in ileere ,
7K1, ‘315,/2—y: w
Borohers, H., "Researches on Co))er-3ery liium"
Ietaliuryizt (:uq) to 3n;ineer), 154, 154, (192C).
0

Kirk, 51erylli

Techno-Lon,

I."~ 7?
1‘. U 0 g

.L' . “ ,' or:
um--Li hter than hlUAiflUfi', Ainnesota

c, (192d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Easing, 3., Age h:mri enin v in Zer lliium- CO)oer"
Yetellur“ist (su3713 to Engineer), 145, lcj, (192o).
, 4 ~ 1 . ’“- ‘ 3 -r\'
lasing, 1., ana Deal, 0., "alloys of oeryliiuA',
.etuliurjist (iujp to in3ineer), 5E, (192c).
- ...... "jeryliium: A Survey", .inin; Alfie, ,c, 220,
(132;).
-----—- "w1errl iUm, An Cli-new Letcl", Outlook, 194, 446,
(192;).
'7“ 1 0 1 -- _l 1- ~,__ 7, ‘
------ - 'gerfi_Liiu1: :..:ietorjfl', ihin;;.xaurne1 (lfihxl), 167,
gerlub-Sobel, 1., "Beryi;i2.", get ls --: 11:935, 1, 59,
(1929).
"“5 I" I .3 ‘ J.
chlehzig, J., aeryl 1L“: occurrence Lnl Prouuction
n I _ .‘J -- "‘
lurner, J.i., "”~'rl ium- ~ziese;r cliea", _et;l Induatry
(uOhd), 3:, 320, (1329)-

m .,.
iurner,

0.
g
(‘1
(I!
"S

:‘O'Yt,

(J

L *‘l 6 13-78 ,

 

 

. "‘ : (w ‘ .1 4
\‘kgb It).. ‘L-L.

 

~ryllium", ilectrical

 

 

;;Aich Alloys
L011»: ) ’ 35 , I

- 2-- ‘ .. -— .---"- ‘H
V: “A- “-A—VCJ'. Z... , CU, F‘—
I
I
I

 

 

 

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a. Dell 11'..- , ”TL, avg- , J.“ /v) . Iii—'1

 

 

Ho

 

 

 

 

 

. __;, r. i

 

 

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-2;-
Xlrscn, 7.3., " er;;,igm Co;;er--Its AlActli c 1 Pro arties
An: AupliCAtLons", LlActWic:l A fFAutrLAL, ll, 14,
(1933).
v" _ _ _-. f - a U"- 1 “v V II ,_ ‘ p," F
QQlEChS, J. 30d I'V53rt 5., ' r" 7155 nLlOJS , -Ac15n1cAl
Er“in;erin\, 55, 752, (i933 .
Aoble, ?., "Casting: Cf Ze-Cu AL ova Vin Several Different
.-, H , ,. »._.,-
Ages , IPDA A53, 131, 7:5, (195:).
n A A“ ». A” n ,., +4"
------- Aut0{otive Ages of AeryA LL. JFOLLG , AALVAJAAve
"A- .. n p -. _ 5-- ., . , {\7 r5
- ----- - pAr3151um , QUElHCAt AAA, JLUULIJ ll, 10, (4j/3). 3
'— .__ -1 0‘3“, 1", u ‘ . ‘ ,: ‘r‘ '\ '7
~------ 'Aer31515m”, U4: lcal A33 (pang), 2A, ,0, (153,}.
-- r- n - “A,“ rum »' . il
---~--— Moaaer All 33% Idgt AAve 51A btrtflgtd u; oteel ,
..-.-.,-;lL1<JI‘1, 43, 102+, ( 333).
. - . H w, w- _ v-
--~-—-- uLVelcl a Aeryiliu5 Copper AAtal inqustry (bond)
33-, 1:77, (1d;33 o in“
H ' ~ -- ‘—
------- Aivcrsi5e B;:ylli-u Copper" Aiv: relae AeAAl Co.
(19%
‘ PI .'7“- ' . fl " n A ‘ -.
Cone, L.;:, 59r;%ll Aopper rroaucts , Iron Ame, 13 , ‘
39 (17}4)0
. "1 "1 fl _ - "’ ’
Cone, 5.9., Lev 111035 of uCFJL luA Ir;n Ate, 134, 30,
(19%) m "“
.-. _/ o O
. ~ -~ "A . ~— .5 w x ,,
Sawyer, -.o., er3lllt:m develOQAents Ana CutloAA for
l . _‘_ J g '_ ‘ f. ,t — 1 -
Sugvly', Alnin 5A5 Aetallupm 13, Qj, (5)34).
------- "Advant hA As of Der 3&1 LAA 00::Ar Inc e_ei:'ly
Utilized , we STItIfX, 40, 740, (1934 ).

 

 

" . .. , . .1 ‘r,.. , A , H g,‘ , 3.- , 1‘ , n
------- Anaconua cAr~l.1uA COgQST , TAA AAArgg;g AFAAS C .,
(19f4). "
. . 7 ,- ll- _ ,_ . ‘ 7_ J" ,_ , A ll *1 - .. _"' °
Benfcrd, E.&., 3Ar3111uA ng)Ar Alloys , JAn-ral AlGCtPlC

A

j

2:
.2.)

(1 ).

Beryllium—COpDGPJ z

"' 93

A ll
Cogper ,

. '2 f.

297,

r"Lav '
.L\v v

Benford, 9.3.,
“‘jgneering,

42..le

r-r— /'*’
. W‘w
3(9 ‘3.) 9 50)

 

,_ . -- . I! A ~ .
GArson, A.W}, Ebrvlilhni

Llloys"

 

Prodbct marineerirg, o,

 

175. (1935

(L
H

D—r.

a 'BArjllium Alloys"
“192. 57, 1A3, (1935).

188

erxo arunch1,e W.
EL-li‘ji

Leenanical

 

Larsen, E.n., "33L ercL 1 Production of Letcllio Beryllium",
Journal g: .1“ er;l Con see, 21, 251, (1935).

 

Keeley, J.3., float Tre: ting 1000 Different Ports", Steel,
. 1 ‘
19 )

Preston, G.w., me oerinc: Coover", Llectrical heview (Lend),
116, 940, (i9f‘ 5).

 

----—-- "Beryllium: Prooerties, Aoolicetion and A110

'C
0w".
Ketallurrig; (Supp to Engineer), 150, 91, (11935).
K., ".ecnenism of A5e Hardening in Cooper-
oeryllium Alloys" , Tonoku Imoerial University
Scieroe RGDOTtS, 5. Honda Annive sang Volule, 702,

(1935).

Saunier, W.P., "B eryll ium A11 o3ei With Cooser", Industrial
and gnglneerin5 Ch qeListrx, 2o, 1401, (193o).

,
”'1

 

 

Stott, L.L., "Properties and Alloys of BerV1iiuu", Institute
__ a tale Divis 10D, A erican Institute.g§ Alain" ,5,
229 eta llur icel Enjineers, 122, 57, (1936). .
1

Stott, L.L., "Properties an; Allo
and getollur51, 1"

'C
us} he
(, 39;, (1936)
------- ":eryllium Bronze an Ld Some of Its A: lications",
Autonotive Inoust rie 0, 74, 703, (1930).

- ----- - Lon-SocrAinL Tools
Sufe", One.ic;1:LK1
304, (1936.)

he Proces In’ustriee
rhie:1 *W'1AVLring, 43,

FT. .J:

(9

“1)
t

kjr-L
S: i"

 

Fink, 3.3.,"A1ectr01ytio Production of Beryll ium- Coooer
Alloys",21ectrocnemice1 50 met:, 72, 317, (1937).
Killeffer, 3.5., "Beryllium Coop: r A110y2", iciontific
Amsrioan, 15o, 19;, (1937).

 

'1

N r , 17' -- 1‘ '1
Lon-SvarLLilL 'Loo Ls

5c, (1937).

, oii

(,1
(O
m
C4
0
('4
"S
y.»
$1
H
.

Stott, L.L., 'oery111un-ooooor for holds", Aodern Plastics,

14. 37. (19‘ 37)

 

«a H

Stott, L.L., and Simonds, J.L., Beryllium Cooper Al1oys",
Looern Plagt1cs, 15, 137, (1937).

 

------- gB'eryllium Coo'oer1110ys notable for d-rdness"
oience Lews Lette 71 105, (1937)-

/*’

------- "Brush unmounce Che;3er Ber ryllium for Beryllium-
Coooer Laster Alloy", Iron “Ne, 139, 133, tl937).
"yeJ jtrv131um Al oys" Jetal Iniustrv, (Loud),
35, 434, (1937).

 

------- "Precioit: ti:3 u3zoeuih' of Alloys of Beryllium
witn Coa:er 31d Aickel", 4gtallur'ist (Supp to
Lngineer), 29, April 30, (1937;.

 

- , .1 u.‘ ., ' ,3 . . .“ .~ ... . _
033cm, 3.3., alloys 01 tne L1, -btals , 311331 strv 3no

EEQEELEE: i5, lel, (1335).

 

 

 

 

 

.__ I .. , , . , , ._

------ - 'bcrylllum an; Its Alloys", Let31IurKist (DUQQ to
gagineer), 146, August 25, (I933).
""— ~ 1 :. -‘ , ,. -

------ - Ugta on nor-Syarxln; serylliom-Copper", nutoIotive
Industries, 78, 699, (1933).

7 v~ Chi ~ - ~ 7 3

Nichols, u.o., nystery ;.et;l of tne fiorla”, o111 ti n
Science logitor .3el:lv Lagazine, l4, noveloer 25,

 

I1939).
n -_y la, - . , . . a
Perry, 3.1., 'Laryllium nllovs in A 1ve Proauction",
Automotive Industr'es, CO I
1- 3H - o - 1 ‘1
Stott, L.u., '3eryll1um, A Jers;til

(D

Letal", Iron A38,

3 .3 a
Bow: 133n1d J.m., "alloys. rith Beryllium Cou-1z.nd Intolest',

’
3 €31,105, 113, (1333) .

.‘. _ "r A _- -~,_ _ .1 , . Y“ "A -
ivler, 9.3., dzceht novelOQIentc in :eryllium" , 2331;
Industry (Lend , 54, 403, (1339).

 

--—---- 33rylliu1 Which is Lighter IHLM 3nd Ltron: er In;n
~ fi‘ . ’ ‘v-h l' ‘L: » . ' ‘
Alumlnhm , Hui-hoe ns, 39, buoy ll, (1939 .
H . .1. ° ° ., ". ' .A ,., 1'. A , --
----- -- 'TLwfiblZln; eryl ium" gus1ue33 Jock, 33,20,
. 1 "‘2'
34: (-L‘2 J).

" - . ‘ "1 .1. "I _‘._ - '1' - ’.
------- hetzl of tne buture L33 thraoro1n3ry ttlffness",

3
Science Jews Letter, 35, :40, (193;).

 

 

L vver, 3.3. and KJell ren, 3., "Be ryllium -ul 83.3 of Its
AlU 1mm: Alloys”, 43L 3 2nd A 11313, ll, 163,

(w 0 s " n J. ". ' ' . u ' . ’.
cthn, 9.3., ueou3;nte -et:l",ocient1fio hme4icvn, 102,

-41-

 

n - r N , 1 1 a H w, _
otott, L.L., 3.rjll1u 311;1 3 er Copper , 1et3l
.., —.. \
Pro regs, :1, 5:9, (:143).
um. - ._. _ u .3 1-1,- - 1 r? ,
— ------ Jaryl11um Good-r , “ECflluCrY (L3nd), ,3, ‘21,
(1740).
- ————— — otltp-e 13y: of J.en", Industr131 artg and

 

Vooa ti:n3l Eiuo: t13n, 29, 349, (1340),

 

I

=1 and I: ldustri1l D13:covery of the
'stry cni Iniu.tr1, 50, 730, (1341).

 

,\ — ,3" ~., .- ~ -_- ,

Spwycr, 0.13.,3erwlliuu , Cxem1o31 and gfiballu15}Cul
r, . ..‘ »-\ \
Enjlneering, 4o, 133, (l74l),

 

Sewver, 3.2., "Leryllium a a Lifiht Letsl Constituent",
V tLlS and Allols, 14, 37, (l34l).

 

- ------ "L rylli11-3o3oer Brush Syringe", Automotive

1:111U8tr €93, U5, 30, (19—11),

 

 

of Beryllium Copqer", hero Digest,

 

f

_ r-a , n -. , _- ,,~ - I
Cluueen, 3.1. and bkenen, J.n., "13lleaole Qeryllium'
1etals 3nd Alloys, 15, 53 , (1942).

 

Hunt, L.3., "£13r13_t13n of Boryll ium Cokaye 5c
tri)" She3t Met 1 Industries, lo, 139?, (1942).

 

r", - I 4. . , .- n .. ' '1“
olnks, 1.d., '1etel T33t never T1res", rozulwr bo1ehce,
140. 59. (1942).

Stott, 1.1., "Jeryl71iuh—-Its Ere
Future Applicati3ns" ge
224, (1942).

 

Thorpe, P.G.;., "gaterials for 33r1n5e for Electrical
Equipment", Electriegl Review (Lond), 133, 405,

(1942).

*yl iuu Al org in “vi: tio n" ,Avigtion,

Borkin, J. and Welsh C.A., "Teryl ., The Wonder Aetal"
‘ i 7 l 0

Cross ley, D.?. and Foster, 2. ., "Beryllium Cooper and
Its up‘liC3t one", Journal of Scie.tific Instruments,

 

 

 

VI-J‘

20, 7, (1943.

 

 

' "r - o -." ."N.vx- -.,,-.r- ' ‘ A 3
1. :C IJEA re-;, A). C O , dilnyll 11.111.- , A-«llil$;,—'~ ...... 51,211.63 , y), 273',
(1047)
/ J O

- r? v fl "- Ac 'rfi 0, 7' ":!V1 -’

fiArren, A.J. Ana Th013san, n.A., ' erylliqm', AIA r, lo,
32, (1y43).

----- "- "3 (311371 111/11... II)Cn fiffi, 151, 46, (1:94: ) O

 

------- "3e Mr3llium" Aetal Pregress, ’3, 934, (1343),

------- "Beryllium-Copver Alloys IA>1ovei for Lan3 Uses
0y Aew HeAt- Tr eatA-nt", Sci;-ntif1c AAerican, 163,
114, (1943)

 

-- ~ - _ I m - - ,1_1 - -. A -
- ----- - "ngnt AetAls', Ausiness fleex, 5:, August 2c, (194;).

 

'V - ' 4. - ., --~,,_ - Tfi .1. ,. : ’9 a }.
------- 'JAr Aetal FFOA nerfl", sortuLe, 2c, cc, (IBAZ).
Hunt, L.5., "Berylli Jm-COQQSP I1 Instru mts”, Aetsls

 

Lewis, H.S., "AASic Aetal", flobbies, 49, 123, (1944).

- ...... ~e ylliun Producti: n” Aetals and Alloys, 20,
994. (1944).

 

'3

A :ck, A., "SerF ecent DevelOQegments In Eng1nccr1nv
Laterials"1.ecn:n cal 11;,12 -ring, 67, 191, (1945).

 

fl

Habart, A., "Corrosion zxesis tant Anti-Friction EeArings
Of Isnel all oys, Stain ess Steels and Be yllium
Coaper" Iron Age, 55, 70, (1)45).

33

 

- ------ "Physicgl and Electrica 8r31erties of Beryllium
Cop er Alloys", Avieticn, 44, lcl, June, (1345).

 

p ‘ 11t11 AerjlliuA-coover for Sprinzs
’ -3 -riCL~l o ;-iUf» CtLLl’: irl-«' 37, 192,
Feoruary, (1340).

Bolcnd, L.r., Eer3llium-Copper As a Hold gateriAl",
13uern Blastics, 23, 139, FecruAry, (1946).

 

Willians, :Z.}., "Zery111uu-c040cr, Its se AHA Poten-

tiAlities", Steel, 11;, 06, buy 15, (1946).

 

Peters, F.P., "Eeryllium: Workadag Letal", Scientific
AAericcn, 174, 249, (1946

 

*r
ll

Scrson, 3.3. and LArtin, fl., "EconoAies desults 16G PArts
are Jezignei for Beryllium-Copoer", gateri:;ls and
:'-et-l.rq ’25, 79, Ijece..-ber, (1947).

 

I}?

 

-1]-
-----—- "Ul1ul1 uishin the Ze-Cu Al oys", Letal Progress,
2, 250, (19177.

"Stres E-ncllmf-upruefli L of Bery1liu3-Coppir ,

CE I‘S On , R. vhf. ,
".4 Hf\l\ / r—n n/Q r ‘ ‘ \)
-ccugilv Eup1LC;PiJC, 09, Oyl, (1Jw7).

[Guy 3 A o 3 o ’ iéirr'e tat, C O S O , 41:63.11]. ’ R 0F 0 , :- -8 CLIMI; Sui Of '
1'“, '
Pleciéit tion in Al oys of be ryllius 1n Copger ,
hetgls Technolaxi, 15, Fe b1 Lu ry, (1:49).

 

 

 

 

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