{NVESTEGATQON OF MULTI PLATES TESTED AS COLUMNS Thssis for {'he Degree cf M. S. MKCHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Richard Parfer Géilespie 195G This is to certify that the thesis entitled INVESTIGATION OF MULTI PLATES TESTED AS COLUVINS presented by Richard Porter Gillespie has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M.S. degree in CiVil Engineering CW Major professor . Date 3“ /0 —\’§—0 ' 7‘ "‘12.. 0.“. ' "- u," '. 1‘ ' v. ~.. » mb.‘ it t l‘éfi‘tg} “'9‘." Al! ’1‘ . ‘1 ’Vf'fihljhfi -’t“/3'4'; 9 J7»; ,’ ' ' ' s‘ft‘ u .L -, ’ a a . x - ‘. 1H)", I":;{5'lt\ ar'h‘zir . J 'i \ ‘ .. ,‘ '7‘ $19.33.. waif-4‘3 @Wfi 'l .9 i I ~ “ t. .2 ‘\. i- . t- ”fl 0 I 4'5 ‘.~ -_ . ' 4K, /.. ,‘ ' P'z’l { 0 . .311“ an 4' 14.1:- ”L“ 5 A&&1‘;3.7.. ; j; ' ‘- ‘..‘,"." ' ~51“ 3“ - a , , t - . . . 1‘ I" 3 i‘ INVESTIGATION OF MULTI PLATES TESTED AS COLUMNS by Richard Porter gillespie A THESIS submitted to the graduate school of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Civil Engineering 1950 JHEEIS 10. 11. TABLE OF CONTENTS introduction............. ........................ 2 Report. ................... ........... ..... .......5 Report on Column Test No. 5....... ............ ...6 Design of Test Press.............................8 Dynometer Rings K-l and M-i..........., ..... ....15 Presentation of Data............................19 Size and Type of Corrugation....................67 Gauge of Metal....... ........ ...................75 Conclusion......................................83 Research Data......................... ...... ....84 Bibliography.........; ...... ...... ..........108 fiiifl’i’ig -1- ACKNOWLEDGMENT i wish to thank Professor C. A. Miller for his helpful comments and guidance in the preparation of this thesis. I want to express my thanks to the Bridge Division of the Michigan State Highway Department and the Research Division of the Michigan State Highway Department for the use of their material, time and equipment. Richard GilleSpie -2- lNVESTIGATION OF MULTI PLATES TESTED AS COLUMNS introduction The practical success attained by corrugated pipe un- der a wide variety of conditions-— its resistance to crack- ing and disjointintg under unfavorable loading and founda- tion conditions, its immunity to damage by frost, fire, and by termites and other borers, its comparatively light weight, ease of handling, hauling,and installation, its freedom from maintenance, and its adaptability to extension and re-use-— led to its employment in larger sizes than were first con- templated. Natural Limits of Standard Corrugated Pipe The qualities that made corrugated pipe so much in de- mand for small Openings were also in demand for waterways of from 50 to 60 square feet in cross section.’ Many small bridges have been replaced by Standard Corrugated Pipe of from 8' to 9' in diameter, but because of shipping diffi- culties, larger diameter pipe can not be used in this form. Deve10pment of Multi Plate in 1931 plates of larger corrugations, 6 inches wide by 1% inches deep, made from metal ranging up to No. 1 gauge, 2_ inch thickness, as compared with the former limit 32 of No. 8 gauge,‘L; inch thickness, were develOped. These 64 -3- '. plates are corrugated, curved and galvanized at the fac- tory, and shipped in knock down form for bolted assembly in the field, in pipe or arch form. These multi plates have been widely employed on highways, railways and in cities, and they have in many cities taken the place of bridges and sewers of much more eXpensive construction. in 1944 the multi plate corrugation was improved by making it 6 inches wide by 1% inches deep and of an entire- ly different shape. This new type corrugation proved to be more efficient and increased the strength approximately 40 per cent with the use of only 10 per cent more metal in any gi ven gauge . Description of Plates Improved multi plate sections made by Armco Company are structural units of corrugated metal With corrugations 6 inches wide and 1% inches deep, running at right angles to the 1ength.of the sheet. They are available in No. 1 gauge (2:), No. 3 (&"), No. 5 (21). No. 7 (§£). No. 8 (11f). 32 , 32 16 69 No. 10 (21), and No. 18 (7_") gauge. Plates are made in three wigfihs, 9 pi, 15 pi? and 21 pi. The covering width of each sheet is designated by its number of pi; that is, 9 pi is 9 x 3.14 inches wide. These improved plates are made in two lengths, 6 feet and 8 feet. They are punched along each edge and end. Plates are furnished flat or curved to any radius of 30 inches or longer. -4- Standard and Special Punching The standard multi plate is punched With one bolt hole in each crest and valley in staggered rows 2 inches apart on each longitudinal edge of the plate. There are also additional holes along each end, corrugation punched at 3 pi inch intervals. For special cases such as extremely high fills over a multi plate structure, it is possible to obtain the plates with additional bolt holes along each edge of the plate, thus making 31X or eight instead of four bolts per foot. it is also possible to obtain the plates with bolt holes in only the inside valleys, thus eliminating nuts or bolt heads projecting inside of the inside crest where that is objectionable.- Additional holes in the end corrugations may be ob- tained for watertight construction or other special pur- poses. Spec1ally punched plates are not carried in stock and may cause some delay as compared With standard plates. Comparison of Three Manufacturer's Plates The three leading manufacturers of multi plates, are Armco Products Company of Middletown, Ohio; Republic steel Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio; and United Steel Fabricators Inc. of Wooster, Ohio. The Armco Products Company will here- -5- after he referred to as Armco or A. on graphs and pictures to avoid crowding of material. The Republic Steel Corpora- tion will be referred to as Republic or R. hereafter, and the United Steel Fabricators inc. will be referred to as United or U. hereafter. Difference of Pitch and Depth of Corrugation Armco uses a 6 inch pitch and a 12 inch depth of cor- rugation. Republic uses a 6 inch pitch and a 2 inch depth of corrugation. United uses a 6 inch pitchtand a 2 inch depth of corrugation. Difference of Type of Corrugation Armco uses a sine wave type of corrugation. Republic uSes a sine wave type of corrugation. United uses a box type of corrugation. Difference of Jointing (Butt or lap) Armco uses a lap type of joint. Republic uses a lap type of Joint. United uses a butt type of joint. Report The Michigan state Highway Department and The Public Roads Administration in conjunction with Armco, Republic and United Companies, furnished the material and place -6- where these tests could be run. The tests were run at the Michigan State Highway's Testing and Research Laboratory at Michigan State College in East Lansing, Michigan. The multi plates were furnished by Armco, Republic and United Com- panics. These tests were run to see if a-standard type plate as to gauge, pitch and depth of corrugation could be put out by all three of the multi plate companies. The Michigan state Highway Department and The Public Roads Administration also want to find out if a standard type of joint can be used (either butt or lap). REPORT‘ON COLUMN TEST NO. 3 For the column test on 150" radius plates, each manu- facturer sent 3 plates which are lettered X, Y, and 2. Two of the plates, (X and Y), will be used to find an average value of load and displacement, and the third plate, (2), will be used in case a mistake was made in testing either plate X or Y. If the testsx and Y compare favorably, then test 2 may be used to find additional information on what ever kind of test you care to run. The multi plates from each manufacturer are cut to a length of 52% inches and a width of 22 inches, for this test. The bolted columns are of the sane dimensions, and the bolted section is in the middle of the test plate. The guages used in this test are No. 1, 0.2690 inches -7- thick; No. 7, 0.1793 inches thick; and No. 12, 0.1046 inches thick. The total number of plates for this test is 3 tests x 6 plates xIS manufacturers, or 54 plates to test. In this report only 18 graphs were drawn, one from each test. A short form type of designation will be used on these tests for ease in drawing graphs for each type of multi plate. I Example: A3Y7P stands for Armco Manufacturer test No. 3,p1ate Y of X. Y, 2, and P stands for unbolted plate. An S will be used in place of a P for the bolted plates in the designation numbers. -8- DESIGN OF TEST PRESS The testing of multi plates of 150" radius presented the problem of designing a press of 150,000# capacity. We had on hand a Dake hydraulic testing jack with a capacity of 120,000#, and we built our press to conform to this load. The loading head was mounted between two reinforced angles, see Fig. 1, and the sides were made of 7 inch channels. The base was made like a ribbed box and this box was filled with concrete (see Fig. 2). The frame was jacked in place from the ceiling andshims were put in so that the machine would be tight under load. A steel plate was put on the bottom of the machine for hearing load, and a raised platform was built so that the 52%fl'p1ate would fit in the machine and leave enough room for a 6 inch travel of the piston in the hydraulic pump. The t0p and bottom of the multi plate is fitted with adjust- able angles which have half rounds welded on to them, see Fig. 3. These rounds fit into flat pieces of metal which are grooved out. One piece is fastened at the base, see Fig. 5, and the other piece is fastened to the loading head, (see Fig. 4). The loading head is built up with flat stock, and four edges are smoothed off for rollers to be put on to take care of Side thrust (see Fig. 4), which would otherwise bend the piston of the hydraulic pump when the load is applied. A dynometer ring, called K—l which iscalibrated to 50,000# see Fig. 6, and a dynometer ring M—l, which is calibrated to 150,000#. (see Fig. 7), are used in these tests. They -9- have a hole in th; bottom of their base plates, which fits , over a ball which is set in a moveable plate on the load- ing head, see Fig. 4. The rollers move on flat plates which are recessed in two 9 inch channels (see Fig. 5). straps are placed on each side of the rollers and fin- ger tightened for light guage plates and wrench tightened for heavy guage plates. This is to keep the channels from spreading. The head has a tendency to turn and follow the curve of the plate, therefore, the straps are needed (see Fig. 5). For raising and lowering the loading head, hooks were placed on each end of the loading head, and a pulley system was used to raise and lower the head. The vertical displacement was measured by two 3 inch diSplacement dials, and the horizontal diaplacement was measured by two 1 inch displacement dials, which were reset for each inch diSplace- ment, see (Fig. 5). TTe concrete blocks were from another test, but they were left as guards in case something happen- ed during a test. -10- 1. Pi g. -12- Fig. 3. -1 3- Fig. 4. -15- DYNOMETER RiNGS K-l AND M-l Two dynometer rings, K-l and M—1, were calibrated for use in this test of multi plates, used as columns. For the ring K-l, an initial load of 2,000# was put on the ring to take out any slack in the machine, and then it was loaded to 50,000# in equal loads of l,OOO#. The initial curve was then changed to the corrected curve, which was used to change dial readings to load in pounds readings. See Fig.6 page /6 For the ring M-l, an initial load of 10,000# was put on the ring to take out any slack in the mactnne, and then it was loaded to 150,000# in equal loads of 5,000#. The initial curve was then changed to the corrected curve, which was used to change dial readings to load in pounds readings, see Fig. 7page l1 . -15- ‘ ‘1 i -4 l t i in . l o - . . . 9 . ._-. - . ..-,._- l O t t , . t I n 0 1‘0 ”$1---. I i 720 «0'0 . . h . 8 ' L . . . 8 .. _. .- -. . .- r. , -. . N I . . . a D . . l v . o o I 0 w . , a . ~ , to e-- 9 -- > - .4 - A . .-- , _ V . . .. . -+-’ . ‘ Q . t . T 0 ~ » . - a ’ . ' . _,, ' _ ' . f . . | . ' . . ' i ‘ : l 1 . 1 ' ' . . .-. . o - — o t . . . . q . , g > A . , _‘ 7-.---- . -..§__.~._-- _ - i - . . - . — . 7- Spam...“ rs—‘-. - .._ . _. i _ . o ‘ —o . A: o : . T ; . , . . . 9 ' I . -Q a. 9. . I . i I . t t . . - o . __...¢_-_. - . _._.--......._.._.—..—.._.--.. . - - - . . . . . .._‘_-.?.--.oo-- 1 I Fig. . to" 03an II “8 ' o o o u o ry— -7.-¢---- . O . . t l t. ----._..-L... .1“ l a I _ . _ - o t I A -17- 9‘. 7. F1 3. -18.. The following are the factors to be con- sidered in this report to check on the use of a standard type multi plate: 1. Size and type of corrugation. Gauge of metal. Method of jointing (butt or lap).. Tensile stresses in bolts. Torque resistance of bolts. Single versus double bolted joints. -19- Presentation of data: 1; Size and type of corrugations: A series of 18 graphs are used in this report to show the diSplacement plotted against load for the vertical and horizontal direc- tion. Six cross graphs are used to show the difference be- tween the different manufacturers plain and bolted plates for the No. 1 guage, No. 7 guage, and No. 12 guage plates. §;_Guage of metal: A series of 6 graphs will be used to compare the different guages of each manufacturer. Three graphs will be used for the plain plates and 3 graphs will be used for the bolted plates. The graphs will be iused to compare the No. l guage, No. 7 guage, and the No. 12 guage plates of the same manufacturer with each other. .2; Method of jointing (butt or lap); This data has already been shown graphically in presenting items (1.) and (2.). The method of presentation would be in tabular form, showing the % efficiency of each type of bolted joint as compared with a plain Specimen of the same thick- ness. .2; Tensile stresses in bolts; In direct tension where the pull is applied to the head of the bolt and to the nut, the average tensile strength.per bolt is approxi- mately 27,000#. -20- _5__._ Torque resistance of bolts:. A torque of 200 ft. lbs. has been used during this test to insure a tight fit of tie joints. The overall test was primarily run to test the plates and not the joints. Under actual field condi- tions it will be found that different men of different strength will be tightening the bolts, and it is assumed that the bolt tightness will vary between 100 ft. lbs. torque to 200 ft. lbs. torque. A torque wrench of special design rated up to 1200 ft. lbs. torque was used to check the tightness of the bolts in this test. A test was run on Armco, Republic and United bolts to see at what ft. # torque they would fail. At a torque of 700 ft. # none of the bolts failed, so the tests were discontinued and the bolts passed as adequate. ‘§;_single versus double bolted joints: Failure was found to occur outside of tie limits of the joint. When the bolts are strong enough to hold the joint together it doesn't matter if tie plates are double'bolted or if the plates are drilled for double bolting and no extra bolts put in the holes. The load at failure will be approxi- mately the same as for single bolting. This test was run on Armco and Republic lap joints. United's butt joint could not be tested for double bolting. -21- Data sheet for Armco plain and bolted 12 gauge plates with picture of the two plates taken after failure has occurred: Elastic Limit at 15,000# for plain 12 gauge plate,(see Fig. 8). Elastic Limit at 15,200# for bolted 12 gauge plate, (see Fig. 10). % efficiency of bolted specimen com- pared with plain Specimen taken as the standard: 15,200 x 100 = 1.013 9% 15,000 Failure of plain (see Fig. 9) and bolted plates (see Fig. 11). Spreading, crimping and buckling at the cen- ter for plain 12 gauge plate. Spreading, failure of the plate below the bolted joint for bolted 12 gauge plates. - 22- 1 w t o ---'..-. .-w- . .-~.- A3XIZP 7..---_..__.. .-- l t n I l . ‘ . -o—-- O t l O u . a O . .--.--. 0 A Lg '- .. 7 O ‘-c L i a ’ O ". “M0110. OI ms -23- Fig. - 24.. . . . . _ . . v . t o t. Otllto. . _ . . . _ _ . . . . . . . o o .- . . . ,_ a . . . , . . _ o ttttt vi . trottv 0 74 . .1000?! 0. Iii tilolIAl'tlut. _ . _ . . _ _ . o. A _ . w I o 0.. o . . . o o o a a . _ O _ , . . . . . A It. i .o . o . .. a o It- not . . . . . . . o _ . . o s o it let I . . . . It to I . I . _ o . . i . . O I 0 .till llt fiflxa g . i --~O~---§-<--oo-———T-o-o<-—~c .... i§.otl9ltt i.-«_ --..-_..‘-i I ..t 9 A...-...,i ~ I . . . . . i to- 0. u . o o . Iolttvtlzo ilv. ” tlotwuifiiil- . .H.4-.--..-.. , .-"4 l »“.4~M‘,...- .. O. o. n . c . nu. _ . . a t. c . . ,. n i _ . . o. .. . . . c t .6- tattll .0 . , . . . o . . oo. I . i . . . o v . . . o y o i . . . .t , . . i i. o .- .1‘llll‘llu.lottllollli6 v. bl F v t , . o . o . _. i . * o H . . _ . u . . H o. ...ht. I .ui . . . . cI—IAVIO: Aral'ttltg.‘ tot. t t..ct.ill . , . . . n , . . V . . ..o . . e _ it ., _ a ? I .L Fig. 10. - 25- l--‘ o 110 Fig. -26- Data sheet for Armco plain and bolted 7 gauge plates with pictures of the two plates taken after failure has occurred. Elastic Limit at 37,000# for plain 7 gauge plate, (see Fig. 12). Elastic Limit at 29,000# for bolted 7 gauge p1ate, (see Fig. 14). % efficiency of bolted specimen com- pared with plain specimen taken as the standard: 29,000 x 100 : 78.4 % 37,000 Failure of plain (see Fig. 13) and bolted plates (see Fig. 15). Spreading at the center for plain 7 gauge plates. Spreading at the center for bolted 7 gauge plates. ‘ ‘ . . . c ,. f “2— . . . ‘ News» 3 .nn-...Mn-;9n 3 3 on 3 ca 2 e. 3 w. a. h L... o; .i .— . o . . 7|: .0 . -27- . .FHW‘ >0 -4 Y "o W- —- I . t o—-~" _ . . o .. w _ . . . , . o . I ttt _ l IVI l .I libil t It I It 2.3 Ms s: s i , ii g u, Fig. 12. -28- Fig.13. -29- 5, HM '1.” . 3 3 3 8 B 3 3 n. 3 a . hII a?! I . I - . .I -- I ,iIII . , i A A . i A . . _ . c i . . r . A A . _ . , . . _ . . . . A. c . I o . o o . it! y it; . 9 o a u . _ . 4 . . . . _ _ . . . H . . u A . YO! u c- o I c y . u o v v a t t c III. ll---‘ 0 t tot o l _w l .-.ttzltllflt . . . . . , A . _ . . . " . . . _ . . . , _ . . _ _ fi < u . . - . c . e . . 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I‘LIIIOOIin’oc|.-fi.t ttttttt rt.vto.lwlyl‘lttl ul'loOltIlL. tfittu.0Inlt9l.£lil ‘1 . . . . fl . _ . H _ . * . . . . . ., _ fl . . . . . . . . . . H . . * . .. . . E . . .. . .. . . . . . a _ . . . A r A A . _ . . . . . . . . _ . . _ _ a . u A . . _ . _ _ I. o I-.. I0 I- Qt I. ... I . Ivot.tto.tlt+.l .. tl+v IchIt Ioit.Io,IItlit..I+lIIIlII .0 . .tIie IlIbI ..rolt . o . . _ . . . _ . . a i . . . v o > u u . “ i . . a . _ . . i . . . . ,. . o L . . .o a o in . . an. toi. .vth 601 . . ., . . J M . . u N u .M . _ . _ _ . . . . A A _ . i . . . . I9, . . . c It. I. .a I.. .tIO :VII . >,I ct. V ....... u o I It, .ov .yiltT ‘11 by . a . . . . . . . _ _ u _ . . . _ . _ _ . . . . . H A . m . . _ . . . . . t . . q . tvtt. lvtlt...IOt.tt¢llll o A . . . _ _ . 0 . . r o o. ., .0 Q 7 I n l A l 0"! ll- III'I ll - l‘llll 7 n ll]? ‘l I'll Fig. 14. " 30- 15.- Fi g. -31- Data sheet for Armco plain and bolted 1 gauge plates with pictures of the two plates taken after failure has occurred: Elastic Limit at 45,000# for plain 1 gauge p1ate, (see Fig. 16). Elastic Limit at 35,000# for bolted 1 gauge p1ate, (see Fig. 18). % efficiency of bolted specimen compared with plain specimen taken as the standard: 35,000 x 100 2 77.9 % 45,000 Failure of plain (see Fig. 17) and bolted plates (see Fig. 19). slight spreading at the center for plain 1 gauge plate. slight spreading at the center for bolted 1 gauge plate. 5.” . A. 38... z. Slogan ‘ 1. .759»: o.» a... a». 9A»; 3-11:3..wa 3 3 o... 9. 3 3 2 n... -h; ‘ _ A . 1-.. .. u v _ .H. _ fl . a t . , A A .173: f g . . . H . ii A. _ N _ m . AT A * m5: . Fig. 16. -33- . v a- n. \t.101’ 0..) Ina? . .0. 5.1V Askew .\‘. O 17. Fig. -34.. a... on 0.» 1» 3:9,» 3 .31.: 3 on ,3 3:13.13 a. 1 Q -4, 4-!‘ l .\.Iv‘o’l I111] _ --..__. FR..- ' I . o c ‘ . Q ‘ ' a . p . H . . . _ .. . IIOIOIOI. 0 6 o 0 to Y « .. N M U . , . {‘11: 1-- F7.-. ...III . c . I -a . _ . . 0.11.?! 0 . o . o H M . n y u v . . . , w- . .. . .. . .” - - . . ”.90 cl». . t . ..o.. o .0 * N _ _ . fitL‘? .. -. p N . . . . .l . utt|vl05 o 11 . T. y; .;°’f"*“" . . . . _ .. . .... , ...i . . ooooooo o . . T... ._ _ . . . . . . . m . . . F . - -3 ---IM-------- -. a . m . u . m . . « ..cu‘k...vl.. _ _ o I ~ ~_‘ 0 m 2. k. . . l-._.-_:.- _ ,_. 18. F1 g. 4 4 . L ..A. L- -35.. -35- Data sheet for Republic plain and bolted 12 gauge plates with pictures of the two plates taken after failure has occurred: Elastic Limit at 27,000# for plain 12 gauge plate, (see Fig. 20). Elastic Limit at 23,000# for bolted 12 gauge plate, (see Fig. 22). % efficiency of bolted Specimen com- pared w1th.p1ain specimen taken as the standard: 23,000 x 100 = 85.3 % 27,000 Failure of plain (see Fig. 21) and bolted plates (see Fig. 23). Spreading and buckling at the center of the 12 gauge plain plate. Spreading, buckling, and tearing of the plate through the bolt holes in the 12 gauge bolted plate. -37.. " "- ul I {Hunt-1 m w W Mum homun- DIOPLAOIIIIT II mu 21. Fig. -39- .-\Y'l wart. em \ ”CI... V 1.. "I‘ D « -40- P3X12$ -41.. Data sheet for Republic plain and bolted 7 gauge plates with pictures of the two plates taken after failure has occurred: Elastic Limit at 48,000# for plain 7 gauge plate, (see Fig. 24). Elastic Limit at 34,000# for bolted 7 gauge plate, (see Fig. 86). % efficiency of bolted specimen compared w1th.plain specimen taken as the standard: 34,000 x 100 = 70.8 % 48,000 Failure of plain (see Fig. 25) and bolted plates (see Fig. 27). spreading at the center of the 7 gauge plain Spreading at the center of the 7 gauge bolted plate. ‘1 4‘ . mg 8. Panama‘s—$20 Samantnuneanuqucuuufi 33:29 an en §mum -42- 2’ uh>n¢ Fig. 24. -43- 25. Fig. t ISIWI «mnemg -44- 7% NH?“ Fig. 26. 34 u at“. m i: [A III In to 2.! 2.4 u 21 so u -45.. Fig.27. -46- Data sheet for Republic plain and bolted 1 gauge plates with pictures of the two plates taken after failure has occurred; Elastic Limit at 73,000# for plain 1 gauge plate (see Fig. 28). Elastic Limit at 42,000# for bolted 1 gauge plate (see Fig. 30). % efficiency of bolted spec1men compared With.plain spec1men taken as the standard: 42 000 x 100 = 57.5 % 75,000? Failure of plain (see Fig. 29) and bolted plates (see Fig. 31). Slight spreading at the center of the 1 gauge plain plate. Slight spreading at the center of the 1 gauge bolted plate. .. 47- 0....-.00 I at If 1 Mann -48.. 29. Fi g. r - our. 9. an on! I' n i m -\ ' "not an 2 mg 12". Mums -50- -51- Data sheet for United plain and bolted l2 guage plates w1th pictures of the two plates taken after failure has occurred: Elastic Limit at 35,000# for plain 12 gauge p1ate, (see Fig. 32). Elastic Limit at 23,000# for bolted 12 gauge plate (see Fig. 34). i % efficiency of bolted Specimen compared wittxplain Specimen taken as the standard: 25,000 x 100 - 65.8 75 Failure of plain (see Fig. 33) and bolted plates (see Fig. 35). Spreading and crimping at the center of the 12 gauge plain plate. Slight butt joint failure, crimping and buck- ling of the plate below the joint for the bolted 12 gauge plate. Z x 335.1: 2:51.338.» Fun. in. x 35 32. Fi g. -53- . .7. -54- : main: ......... may—oz. 2. 202.0 unmmo oTIEIIRuH3 8 a .3 v..- - 2 2 a. ..- S 9- - - .. >b. .1 4 . ... .. .. . 1%. o.. .n .10.... . .o. . ..... . 2.. . . .. . . . .o . ..... . . .. . ....v 9.0:! Ill .191 fi Q ..... . ..... 34. Fig. ~55- -55- Data sheet for United plain and bolted 7 gauge plates with pictures of the two plates taken after failure has occurred: Elastic Limit at 66,000# for plain 7 gauge plate, (see Fig. 36). Elastic Limit at 36,000# for bolted 7 gauge plate (866 Fig. 38). % efficiency of bolted specimen compared with plain specimen taken as the standard: 36,000 x 100 = 54.5 2 66,000 Failure of plain (see Fig. 37) and bolted plates (see Fig. 59 and 39(a). Slight rippling of inner corrugation for 7 gauge plain plate. Failure of butt joint plates also failure of weld on the edges. Gig!» 0.” NH Qnflu ~57- mfiine ad‘s Nu .mn!.z-£gnmeaa ON n.— v.— u”— 9.. 36. Fig. 09.. .49. .00. o o . . -60— 39. F1 g. -61- '- “.f.P , ". ~. .' ' P . \ ' .4 y P -'.‘....' .. -- 2 J. - 'r ‘ ‘ ‘ "“““"‘~*-—-ww...'.". ”I I )'. U. .-l.')l) {',".""J1 1. f")‘,“.‘ v ‘\I "<.\c....'.\*f~.'-F-.‘- d: D .. , - , «a _. ..UW“‘HT* ' an”... gem“? . "'~' ,. . I. ‘ '. .. f. \ I I "_\ ' .‘ o Fig. 39a. -62.. Data sheet for United plain and bolted 1 gauge plates with pictures of the two plates taken after failure has occurred: Elastic Limit at 120,000# for plain 1 gauge plate (see Fig. 40). Elastic Limit at 61,000# for bolted 1 gauge plate (see Fig. 42). % efficiency of bolted specimen compared with plain specimen taken as the standard: 61,000 x 100 = 50.8 9!. 120,000 Failure of plain (see Fig. 41) and bolted plates (see Fig. 43). Small change in radius of curvation for plain 1 gauge plate. Weld failure and butt joint failure for bolted 1 gauge plate. U... -64- \ . . at... .33.... and. . ”4%.. . 1V...~.. a...“ . “oo't. .» a.... v 41. F1 g. ~65- LOAO m THGJSANDS G L“. 3. , o . v . .0 ‘ t ‘ "-.fl . I . b . b 0 «AN WV | A ..---¢~.-. i I . .-.ep.-- I . .. ..oo“.-- I -a.§o.oe I O ' ! F090"... -.-.£-.-. 1 O ...aQ.... u ' .-.§-... I . t .-.-...- -.-a-... H -66- 43. Fig. -67.. SIZE AND .TYPE OF COE‘RUGATION The following 6 graphs compare the plain and bolted Spoolmens of the same gauge of metal With one another: DATA SHOWING ELASTlC LIMITS ARMCO REPUBLiC UNLTED 12 gauge plain plate 14,700# 28,300# 37,000# See Fig. 44 12 gauge bolted plate 15,000# 22,000# 26,300# See Fig. 45 % efficiency of bolted specimen compared with 15,ooo=10% 22,ooo=78.6%' 28,800:71.5% plain specimen taken 14,700 28,000 37,000 as a standard 7 gauge plain plate 39,400# 49,000# 65,000# See Fig. 46 7 gauge bolted plate 28,500# 43,000# 36,000# See Fig. 47 % efficiency of bolted specimen compared with 28,500=72.5%43,000=87.8% 36,000.55,5% plain Specimen taken 39,400 49,000 65,000 as a standard 1 gauge plain plate 44,000# 73,000# 120,000# See Fig. 48 . 1 gauge bolted plate 36,000# 44,800# 61,000# See Fig. 49 % efficiency of bolted Specimen compared with 36,000 81.8%44,800=61.4% 61,000=50.8§.§ plain spec1men taken 44,000 73,000 120,000 as a standard AnalySis of data: The Armco Company uses a 1%" depth of corrugation and 6" pitch, which develops a good efficiency ratio between -68- the bolted and unbolted specimens, but the overall loads that can be withstood by these plates is less than the Republic and United plates. The Republic Company uses a 2" depth of corrugation and a 6" pitch which deve10ps from good to fair efficiency ratio between the bolted and unbolted specimens. The over- all loads that can be withstood by these plates are in all cases better than the Armco Company's and in one case (No. 7 gauge) they are better than the United Company's plates. The United Company uses a 2" box type corrugation with a 6" pitch. The plain Specimens of the United plates are in all cases better than the Armco or Republic Company's plates but the butt type joint fails on the bolted plates I and does not let the bolted specimen take a high load. The overall efficiency of this plate is poor but thisis due not to type of corrugation, but to the butt type joint used by the United Company. mum at. u. t. A. Q 9 a 9 ‘5 c...-...-.- -69- ! -“-—--‘-- —-.—.—.o-o¢-4_ - mo 0 -..- .1-“1'1 Fig. 45. -71- 0‘0. '0'. ...o.... 7 a I i 3 D o o ' i Fig. 46. -72- 12 b Fig. 47. Q 1 >0 I Q Q . V 4 Han—Q..--§-~v ~-— v 9 .5 . . u . 3 g . o~ 1 I ~ 0 .o . | - I . . . . . , . . I - . . . - . . I .~» -7 . » - — lIiLllututlnIIHEI to m var l4 1‘ fl “Ifi-I“ -73- UMBNIININMIIIOFtJS- . . - --- -;-.- . . D ' - -.....--_-. _ J . \ o z - - . . . .-'---o a --.- -~- “bu-4.- - .. .. ..._-- . . 7 t 1 1 .. .1 : ; . . . W DIIMBIIE NT lfl l2 l4 - 2 .2 ,3 . d: 12 Fig. 48. LOAD IN 7mm W LI. 1. --;-1-'.* oooo’w a . u -75- GAUGE OF METAL The following 6 sheets of graphs compare the plain and bolted SpeClmens of each manufacturer for the No. 12 gauge, No. 7 gauge, and No. 1 gauge plates. An ideal series of multi plates would Show that the bolted and plain plates would both.have the Same elastic limit for the same gauge plate. Also the difference be- tween the elastic limits of the different plates (No.12, No. 7, and No. 1 gauge plates for the same manufacturer) is in preportion to the section modulus of the different plates in an ideal series of multi plates. The analysis of data will be run on the plain plates to test the section modulus against gauge for the various plates. If we were to use the bolted plates we would be studying the joints instead of the gauge of metal. Comparison of the ratio of the section modulus to the ratio of the elastic limits for the various gauge plates to see if there is a definite relationship between section modulus and elastic limit for these plates, is made. i used Armco plates as a standard for elastic limit and sec- tion modulus. 2 - .0786 in ,'12 gauge United 57,000# at Elastic Limit 2 = .0585 in , 12 gauge RepubUe 28,300# at Elastic Limit 2 - .0520 in , 12 gauge Armco 14,700# at Elastic Limit Ratio Armco Republic United Section Modulus 1 : 1.125 : 1.513 12 gauge plain plates -76- Ratio Armco Republic United Elastic Limit 1 L 1.925 ; 2.520 12 gauge plain plates 2 = .1298 in , 7 gauge United 65,000# at Elastic Limit 2 = .0984 in , 7 gauge Republic 441000# at Elastic Limit 2 = .0865 in , 7 gauge Armco 37,000# at Elastic Limit Ratio Armco Republic - United Section Modulus 1 i 1.135 : 1.501 7 gauge plain plates Ratio Armco Republic United Elastic Limit 1 : 1.32 : 1.76 7 gauge plain plates 2 - .1945 in . 1 gauge United 120,000# at Elastic Limit 2 - .1450 in , 1 gauge Republic 73,000# at Elastic Limit 2 I .1280 in , 1'gauge Armco 44,000# at Elastic Limit Ratio Armco Republic United Section Modulus l 2 1.152 : 1.52 , 1 gauge plain plate 5 Ratio Armco Republic United Elastic Limit 1 : 1.66 : 2.73 1 gauge plain plates' Results of comparison of the ratio of Elastic Limit to the ratio of Section Modulus. For the plates tested as columns there seems to be no definite relationskfip for a basis of comparison of Elastic Limit to section Modulus except that for all gauge plates tested the ratio of Elastic Limit is higher than the ratio for section Modulus. -77- i ..o»_‘.---. *I .---g-..» .1.. t I l .-_-.I-.~. ...-..- _..—--.._-—-¢ -—7 o -4 1 u - - 9 . 1 l -. I . . l . . .. . . v . . . 7 . I . . I v I l .. -“mk fi-Hv . . _¢ J ...—...fl .--l . I‘ . l . . 1 I 0 ‘ . . . u I I I . v A . __._.._,__,_,_ . . '- I . J A . 1 l 1 t I . ... .-. . . . ... .-- o ‘ ‘ u - . . . ‘ . . . I . -‘----_-.--_.. ..-.-. c . - . . ' 0 £ . . , f . . .. . ., . . . I ‘ I . 9 I 1 ._..--- .. .7 .— . . . . . . --.-w- I . ----.-.- .. .. . I I o I .;.. . c 9 - I I I I a Fig. 50. -79- 111 a. I . I 1 11I1II111I4 1. 1 1 4 1| 1 I: I -. 1 o . - 2 . _ . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . _ e . . . . w . . . - . . v . . . o o . e . .. o. .. .- .,,. . .II o. - I a . _ _ - . . . . - . . - . . . - . - .I101+1110111+II101I311|.IIOIiI-Yl.IIII. I 11.. to ..O. . .. . . _ . - . -.-IF---- . - - I I III '1»; . .- . . . I. .o. .- - - . - I - . . H ..._ . I11.- II. . - - . . - ----..-‘. I - . ---.1 1.111111 . - . . _ . _ - K c — - . - O. o - . 41‘}...- * . 6..., . .Io .- - . + . - . - . . . v - - _ . _ . - . . 001-411-1611 10.. - 110511I III-I III-OI . . . . .. . . ~. ~ . ~ . ... A . _ . .. ...: .......- p . ..- . . k..- _ - . . . . . . . _ . _ .- . . . . ~ . . - - . - . - .IlYuliI’allII.I*1-.'IIIIAYI.IC.I¢. . . . - . . m . .. fl . . . . . O ,--. --.--.. I l .-.-e--. v I ..--.. .-. - ....v.-. I I 9. ..-.-. .---- ...-o.-:- _ - m - ..1--- r H I...ocI- - _ ...-..-..- . - _ vvvv ...o--- I I I ---o--.. -_-.‘-....- -I I c o - .-.—.---- ...-9---- . q . I e I I --..-a.‘ I I I . _ ....4-II.‘ .....11. g . v I... ..fl‘ .- c. 'eoo'vo‘ a .0--. O --- 52. Fig. —~oOoO-o a i l 9 . ..-— .1-_.. -.....¢..-.- t . _.,_ LOADINTWN L08. m. . v- .‘.~'a'¢‘o -31- -82- 0'00 '~o. 3 a g: E 31' 1.55. -83.. CONCLUSION This test on multi plate sections was run to see if the 2" depth of corrugation was superior to the 1%" depth of corrugation, also to find out if the box type of corru- gation was superior to the sine wave type of corrugation, and to see if the lap joint was superior to the butt joint for joining the multi plate sections together. The Armco Company uses a 1%“ depth of corrugation with a sine wave type of corrugation and a lap joint. The United Company uses a 2" depth of corrugation with a box type of corrugation and a butt joint. The Republic Company uses a 2" depth of corrugation with a sine wave type of corrugation and a lap joint. Results: The test results show that the 2" depth of corruga- tion is superior to the 1%” depth of corrugation and that the box type of corrugation is superior to the sine wave type of corrugation (see Page57’for computations). The test results also show that the lap joint is superior to the butt joint (see pagel1 for computations). -84- RESEARCH DATA The following data sheets are the ones from which the data for the graphs for this report were taken. The data sheets follow the same order in this report as the graphs do in the front part of this report. All of the data sheets have an identifying marking on them which is the same as the graph and picture marking. For example on the first data sheet Opposite Spec. Designation, the marking A3 x 12? appears, which means it is the data sheet of the Armco Company's test 3, plate x, and it is also a 12 gauge plain plate. in the first column the dynometer readings are placed, the second column is used for load in 1bs., the third and fiftlicolumns are used for the vertical displacement. (see Fig. 5) in inches, the fourth and sixth columns are used for the displacement in inctes per increment of load used. The seventh and ninth columns are used for the horizontal displacement (see Fig. 5) in inches, and the eighth and tenth columns are used for the diaplacement in inches per increment of load used. in addition the thickness of each plate is given and the radius to the neutral axis is given. Form 579 (3.1.9) beta Hachi e W cm 3 Observers Sheet No ___[______ Source of later-1d - a Spec. Designationm Type Connections Test No. .2 Spec. No. - ‘ GegeA_7v__ Plain bolted I‘hiclcneee .41“... Length Radium ' bun-mm momma Picmree 0' / ‘ ‘ /-/ [J -/ ”3/ {:4/ 473/ 4’ ,../ a; j} / .2. -86- Fem 579 (849) morn-mm lumen-1m HEW DATA Source of material Type Cormgaticne Plain -37- F011: 5'» (84.9) _ [mm-m1: manna 1 l a l mun v Sauce of laterial Spec. Desimetion Type Con-u tions 'reet No. .1. Spec. No. age Bolted Thickness , t 73 Length____ Rediue_m___ Pictures a: y z 2 2 2; ‘/';f/ -/ ”a? / -88- ‘ [on 5'" (H9) NULTI-mm INVESTIGATION _ RESEARCH DATA Source of material Spec. Designation ' Me Corn ations Test No. 1 Spec. No. (‘08. Plain Bolted 5, Thickneee , ‘5; Length hMuIL. Pictures ,2 / [924/ -89- Porn 5” (3-1.9) Dnte Eachi ease-men can “"8 ”° 01180er Sheet No L __ Source of Hater-1&1 ' Spec. Designation 4 .2 igfl . Type Corrugations Test No. , 2 Spec. No. # Gage sum-mm mama! Plain 3.1 ed ,5 - ickneee , '2 3 Length Radius-111:— Pi'ctures 3-3 Z7 5’ / ' - _ / . 7 . 2%. 7/, 4‘] ~/ ‘ . . 62/ ix. 127 3/ 4 dd/ J -90- Lm ...... mama: ’°"' 5” “"9" ‘ Some or lateriel Spec. Desi tion ' 14 Type Germ tions1 feet No. c. No. “—éfeft - Plein Thickneee . 3L. , HY.» ,_,'. OWL“ 0') 3.13111.‘ . HULTI-PLATE INVESTIGATION assesses DATA Source of material (hmgj Type Cormgnti ons Test No. olt Plain B 'ed Pictures 2 Z? [5‘ Length Form 579 (849) D' to ulelfl. I ing No. Ubserver Sheet No 4 _, \ Spec. Derimation g 5‘ 42' Spec. i-io. g Gage / _-Z_._ M i Thickness ~ Radius 4 11 __ j 44 -92- Porn 57618.13) ’ MULTI-PLATE INVESTIGATION - - liESEJUQC+I IIIII Source of Material /' Spec. Designnt Type tions Test No. Spec. No. Plain Bolted Thickness Length Pictures ae/ . 340/ 94/ af/ A, "/ -95- . . ran- 5” (84.9) mum-mm MIMI-Ion . RESEARCH WA Source or Natalie-1M Spec. Designatim * Type Comagatione Teet No. Spec. No. l Cop-“T , Plein Bolted 3' mickneee - Length______ Recline.“— Pictures I 2 I 1.1 _ 4’2; ' . '4/ 12/ 2/ at/ / A I 0/ . A) -94- P011 5” (3-49) MULTI-PLA’I'B minimum . Date __ Hechine i 5’ Ping no. - 1 RESEARCH DATA _ _ Dunn" ' . A ' Sheet No. Source or Haterisl [PMQ Spec. Desi tion 1? 3;?7P TYPO Commutions___‘___/ Test .80. Spec. No._in_.__ Gege____z__p_ Plein g Bolted ‘l‘hickneee Length ._ __ Mun—Liz.— Pictures .3 a )’ 7f #7‘ " J . ‘ -95- ° ' Form 579 (84.9) bin-m mama ‘ Dnte Hschin Ping 80 W cm _ 0.8mm Sheet No . m of “uteri-a]. '14 Spec. DesignatimLW Type tions Test No. .2 Spec. No. # Gage , ” Plain ' Bolted Thickness , 13 Length—— Radius__{£___— Plum": 5 F JAIL f./ x; 47/2/ 4 04/ 0.4/ A .2 :wLn-Pum: INVESTIGATION RESEARCH MTA Source of Haterisl , . Type Cormgations Test No. Plain C Bfilted Pictures I? 3 7P 1%: -96- Spec. Desi: ntion R3 Y7.” i Gage 7 ...-3.— ‘I'hickness .123 Length Form 579 (84.9) Date llchingly‘iitfil‘gfifgfbVZ Ping No. -1 ._- Sneet No. Radius__/.ia_’1__ -97- ‘K For- 5’ (H9) mum-mu: mmnoe . . - ' RESEARCH DATA Source or Haterisl ' Type Cormgations Test No. Spec. No. K 1 - Plain Bolted i ‘l‘hiekneee Length Mu » Pims Zr ? I 2 ' .4— - flee-L , ‘/ 3.6/03? A, an A 422/ -98- ' ‘ Porn 579 (8-49) [asp-m. mm . _ l mu Iacbin f ing Re. . Observer I Sheet No._‘z_____ Source of Interiel ' Spec. Desiensticng¢£ELJ£‘[:2LflL____ Type Corrugations list No. Spec. No. A: Gage Plein Bolted Thiekneee Length Mega—— amt-2210' - 1f;- - / llfilllllfltl (IND! -/ I - - ' ax ~/ 54/ ’62/ 07/ 4x 3/ A: 3‘ A!“ 7 ,1 ' Po:- 5'» (H9) maul-mm manual . Date ESEARGH mm 31.3,”; M ‘0 _‘—_ Source of Material ' ° ' .Desi tin-425% Type Corru ations Tee No.__3____ 4____Spec. polio. GOG. Plain Bolted Thickness . 24¢!“ Indium-.- Pictures av, .. 2] ' ‘ 1 a2/ 43 0,2/ -lOO- Form 579 (84.9) Date .- I . Each ' Fir. NO. essence sen . g ' Observers aleet No._L___, MULTI- PLATE INVESTIGATION Source of Haterial ' .22 Spec. Designation Type Corrugations Test No. Spec. No. A: Gage / I Plain Bolted ,5; Thickness .- Length Radius-411;.— Pictures -1 Y/ 5" / ‘3 -- aa / 13/ .0/2/ 4/ ,3/ fl/k/ j) ‘/j,/ -lOl- . ...‘y— ' Pom 5'79 (84.9) Linn-mm Hives-nation , . . Date ' Hecbi a.” Ping No. “1| ' - Observers Sheet No._£___ 3m. 0!” "fit-”101% Spec Destruction Type MON-mastic!“ 3 Test No. C Spec. No. ‘ Gage 43‘ Bolted Thickness a ma Length Radius A Pictures 0° . 44:4 "40/ 12./u A, 0121/ A; Ola-l A, Dial Ar -lOl- *.-—’— . . Form 579 (8-49) [mu-Puts mamas ‘ . M can “"8 "°- Sheet No.__4___ e»... offload-am 3p... comm-«4mg: ”Connections 1, Test No. .2 ‘Spec.No. ‘ Gage (a. M Bolted Thiclmess Length Radius ” am 4“" ——'. L D" ' 4;; ...J £1,21/ A, a, / 4‘, Dm/ 4, 12.2.1 Ay -102— , . Form 579 (8-49) bum-Pure investigation ‘ P . assesses can .1“ ”° Source of Material Spec. resignation M12. Type Comgstions z Test No. 2 Spec. iic.__x.__ MEG—LL— gain Bolted ,5: Thickness .laz Lenettl_____ Radius-414L— ctures Z 2 I 4.1 ,E 4 “2. . — .-.f “7“ 34:; pa/ 013/ 912/ d). 013/ 4! 0 / -l 03- - ‘ Porn 579 (8.1.9) Inflammation , . * Date ‘ Ilsebi M can fins ”0- 5 0560"". aleetll #— Source of Heterisl 8p”Speco DesignationW. Type Corn tionsl Test No. Gage 4 %gb . :zi—Z— Radius ‘11.;— i; ”4“” 42/2/ 4, (2,2/ A ,1/ A 55/ / ~104- HUNT-PLATE INVESTIGATION ' Mun Source of Haterial Type Corrugations Plain ”/4" / d 2 ..Fom 579 (8.49)“ ' Date , “Serbia. ' /,’ F‘lng No. ’ Gheerver Sheet No 4 Spec. Designation a z g'ZJ SF’CCr3 NO. flag. 7 Length _ Radius 412' ' pé/ J.) .0/4/ j -105- lmgg-aggymsrmaflox ....___, ‘7 mean .‘ l Source or let Tm t 1* Pi -£,/ aa/ 4 413/ ‘1‘ ‘LM 0% I I (3'52! 4.2.?! _ 4J1 t./ -1112. (J19: 134,? I 2 Z ’-L .. ‘ r‘ ,1- -1C6- @314»ch 814.3» m - rar- 5-29 (.49.; . r - c Inegifigg: -ng “""9W Sheet no / _ source or Istariel ‘ Spee.Deeignstion_W .ype Go tions % Te so“ 2 SpeeJc. Gaze 6 Plain 2 Bolte Thicknesafiunst 5'42 Mm, Pictures ~Z/ 17$ 1 “f. (22/ /Z{/ az/d/ .013/ (I; 033/ j: 422/ d -107- WLI‘ULTImPLA TE IHVLS‘ HORTISN 5"“ ‘5'” (6-39) m I 3‘W . O ne . . ' I“ Sing No. # Ob..mrfi—M—— Sheet In. __ source or uteri-l Insomnimtionw .ype Corrugationa Spee.lc. /' . Plain Belts 5 "Thicknesswengt ”FEW Picture I 633.; ’22" 033/ 41' ”’3/ dz 0’3/ Z i&/.‘./ 4’, .ga -.w - I .27/ 2124/. 6.4.2. 1.4! O -108- BIBLIOGRAPHY "Handbook of Culvert and Drainage Practice" Armco Drainage and Metal Products, inc. Toncan Sectional Plate Republic.Steel Company. Folders from United Steel Fabricators Inc. Interview with Mr. Jerry Evans "Armco representative for Mich1guu" Interview with Mr. Shaffer, Research Engineer for Armco. Wm USE ONL fl .‘ . up)