a.

r0 ,

. - ‘ I" - Q
s
_.,
. '.l ‘ “ -' - ’ '_. .-- _;_- _ A I

 

DEFFERENCES EN FRQG&ESS AMG‘NG FAMBLEES EN
AN lefiNSEVE EXTENSEQN PROGRAM

Those}: Em We Degree og‘ M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNEVEBSETY

Theodore James Goering

1958

' 1”‘EOIS

 

LIBRARY

Michigan State
University

 
   

 

DIFFERENCES IN PROGRESS AMONG FAWILIES
IN AN INTEHSIVE EXTENSION PROGRAM

BY

Theodore James Goering

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the College of Agriculture, Michigan
State University of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of

EASIER OF SCIENCE

Department of Agricultural Economics

1958
' c 2 2° / ,
Approved: \\ /:?ZEQ¢/ r A4¢J \,a,,/V

 

r

K

AESHVCT

The objectives of this investigation were threefold: (l) to
explain the wide differentials in rrtgress which families in sinilar
stages of t.e fanily cycle and with similar resource endowments have

made within a given time period; (2) to determine the im-act cf

0.
.-

an intensive extension program, the Michigan Townshil Program,

0

uion the families anLlV3d, and the role it llays in Lronotin;

q

chance; and 3 to obtain insi:hts into the irocess or which change
c.) .L J «.1

U

=cals and attitudes of the individuals

!
LL:

occurs on ferns and in the
involved.

Six fanilies, exhibiting the desired houoqeneity with regard
to certain fanily and farn characteristics, were selected on the
basis of the degree of pro ress they had made during the period in
which the Ibwnshig Pr0¢ram was Cperative. Three of these families

V

lésrs* in View of: (l) the significant

at

were classed as ”hi h-che

U

changes that had been made in the organization of the farm business;
and, (2) in the nunber of recommended farm iractices which had been

adopted. The other three families, exhibitinv

Q

considerably less

(u

lcw—chenters.

1r05ress, were U
Variables which were hygothesised as being of sivnificanee in
winr degrees of gropress were: (1) the amount and

1
u K—J J

(2) the attitudes of the family members toward farm life, the

tin
><

tension Service, and the Townshil Irosran; (3) the Ooals and values

of the family; (A) the formal and informal participation cf the

family in the social ect ivitics cf the communit‘, (5) the attitude
of the fern oierattr toward the use of credit; (6) the mane erial

4‘“" -d ,(7) tin inu43 or Crinion

H
*1
n
0
(u
01
04
(I;
0

f:
H
C:
(J
C21
0‘

Q A
C“
C"
(D
O
(J
H
s 7
(‘l
C
""$
(‘0
p-

which the farm 01M“ ttr hclds of hinself and Lf his 0 eretion.

The usefulness of the various hy;ctheses is indicated b; the

y.

substantive fi 1din; 5 cf the investiuation. All of the hi-

Uh—chanbe

families held generally favorable attitudes thward the Extension
Service and the Townshi; Pru;ran Both high and le—cha.ve fenilie
with the exceLticn cf cne ltw-change family ,ertieiiated in the
,rcgram. However, there was some evidence that the low—change
families did so le ss intensivcl

The chellenJingr nature cf the goals of the hi;h~chenpe C,rou
contrast d with he muen ncre madest geals of the low—chan3e aroui

The hiQh—change cgerators exhibited no aversion toward the use

of credit in the ultra tion. The law—change broug used credit

s,arin;ly and in aitunts no lar:er the n to meet necessar

(<1
‘1
O
9‘
£1.
0
ct
P.
F
:3

exlens es.

Althouuh the highechange families were relative J
the social activities of the ccnnunity, high social ,ertici.ation
was not alweys assccioted with ,rogress.

The imLact of the ircbrem u,cn the hi change fanilies was
cor side ered siQnifieant ntt only in lrcnctin; the changes which hed
occurred, but also in reu;rd to the increased socinl interacticn
which the lertici;utinq families exierienced. his es.ect of the
ircgra .a we s V: lued hiunl; 3; these individuals. lh: ,rtgrem he;

“J

_ifica1ce in develc n' neg? arie] abilit; and

so
I .1
DJ
(1
b—v-J
}

,3
<;
H)
C...’
t

k

:5
n
’—

LI
L75

Mandy-mt mm, ;-.-1- 1'», #- .----:s° hm'f"
— v- -vL 3.;1' mu. .lene -.,J - I by... - .1. sin]. -lu.) -

fl 7-“ \ «1' ~ '7 'na ,‘ ‘ ‘V-Er‘r"w" '1 ' - 'a .a ~. -- ‘~ ‘wJ-‘H -' ‘1 ~ 3 4-1 .
3.13:1? - 3;.1 3-3 ' _._ um: .. , “113.12%; ._ 13.3 .L 3‘7 11‘“ mi 3 s: (1L1; inc “‘15

3ricd (1953~1937): 331% ch“; as #3 13d b33n isle W323 “itiiLut.i tL

:31: ”in“- hi; 1:9(drs .

Th3 :rcc333 Cf ch‘nq: w“; IECLUHiZJd 33 3 ViIU'flUJiVB 3ntitg.
It was su' “Sb an t this _rcceas r21r3322t3 tn3 n3t 3ff3ct Cf th3
int3rilag cf 3 wi€3 Vfiricby Cf ;CsftiV3 3nd n393tive fcrca3. T13
Townshi: PrCOrv» ““y in thi‘ r3g3rd, S3rV3 33 3 v31; signifi33nt
*CjitiVE fur«3 in ‘“I“C“i1J 317193.

L113 31*viy 1 «ii/:“t;*d '1 ; ILIL"I“,T-13 C_f 3;] -31;i”\J Cl-'3jl:_tgi;13

U
3r23t :33i3t3333 tu IC111i33 in tLi3 I“;?1d find 331d1d Chntian3 to
d3v3lc; lregains which will 3nccur303 families to Lian iCr the future.

Th3 attitud33 Cf the fcuil ‘ m3m03rs trwsrd chanra, the

Extension Servica, end the U33 Cf cr3dit was 33en to b3 (f sibnif—

(p

ic nca in ete'ninin* the ircgress thut is made. The in Cr rtanc

of attitudes in eitaar inhibitin: cr lrchting chant: su3=33t3 that
extension ier3(nnal, in ordar tC d3al with these attitud3s more
:ffectiV3ly, m3; chfitably utiliz 3 lrelaretory tr3.i1nin5 1n
SCCiOlC‘“ and gsgcholtdg

(x u . ‘-~ . '— -v‘ . -, 'l- 1w ‘ ‘ - ‘2 _‘ tn, \ w .
1;.31vn1f c-31t LL13 111 he rILQyLUDSlVC

‘EB sdsun;ticn thit this rcle will b:— coal

5“
‘1
fi
{.3
F\
H
>43
)—
p...)
P-
N
f
(‘f
P
C
,._3
;._
C
r:
C“
t-

idkortant, the suCC3ssful farm inn: 3r 1:; W311 3 the
individual who is ccni3t3nt in its u33. These ccnsid 3rztiCr s indi
CQte that 3xt3nsitn 4ILQII13 d;3lin' with this LC is 13% b3 antrenaly
b3n3ficiai tL 'Nrn C43rattrs.

gtiCn 33“v3d *0 3n,h33iz3 th3 vnqna concegtitn

Iarnars may hold Ff th3 functiCn Cf the ngtcn.;ntn Service 3nd the

«.0

p. -
1‘ - -, I I Z-VJ
J 4.1. L\-' -3 u

71

«J

3

'v ’ .
.3 “
_-- 4- .aJL

*Tn=

-I‘;

.—

.-

l I O
333nu1C:

~‘|

-
.—

3 la

reach

V

I

...' 1“ C _;-
illilu \.

3V91L

d

:J

.1

DIFFERENCES IN PROGRESS AHCNG FAMILIES
IN AN INTE€SIVE EXTEESION FROGRAM

BY

Theodore James Goering

A THESIS

Submitted to the College of Agriculture, Michigan
State University of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Agricultural Economics
1958

b ”We FLL‘DGI'L II‘

0‘ JLBOK-

The author ex:r3 sees his heertfelt apprec ii i nendg re.t'i Cude
to Dr. J1mes M. Nielsen for his able guidence and rvisicn during

the course of this stud;. His willing essistanC3, high scholastic

standards, and astute insights in matters relevant to extension

evaluation served to make this exnerience stinuleting end rewardin:
Algrecietiun is elsC ex;ress3d to Dr. de;rd 0. M03 of the De-

gartment of SCciOngy and sithrolclo ,, Michigfin Sta t3 University,

)

H:
O
H
D"
F’-
;3
l-J
(U

comments and suggesticns during the conceptual
3 Cf the i11v stL ;ction. Thanns are due to Don 3,;l3heiner,
wandhir Agent, whose cssistanee and observations aided greatly in

the develclment of the studg.

clerical wor rk by de;artn;ntcl enplorees is also acknowledged.
The euthcr neintains sole r:s;cnsioilit3 fC:r tin lresence Cf

any errors in the text, be they in tiling, Cbservations, analysis,

or conclusions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
I INTRODUCTION 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Purpose of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . .

TheProcedureoftheStudy ...........
The Selection of the Farm Families . . . .

Summarizing the differences in farm and family

characteristics existing between the high
IOWBchange families 0 o o o o o o o o o 0

II THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMENORK OF'THE PROBLEM . . . . . .
The Effect Variables o . . .

The EXplanatory Variables . . . . . . . . . . . .
Review of Related Literature . . . o

and

III A DESCRIPTION OF THE SELECTED FLEILIES AND THE CHANGES

EACH HAS UNDERTAKEN DURING THE FIVE-YEAR PERIOD 0

Family A

Family B o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
Family C o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
Family I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Family'Y o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
Family Z 9 o 9 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Summarizing High and Low-Changers with Respect to
Extent of Change Which Has Occurred . . . . .

IV AN INTERPRETATION OF THE ELEMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE

DIFFERENTIALS AHONG FAMILIES o o o . . . . . . o

Family'A

Fhmily B o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
m 1y C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Family I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
Family I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Fami 1y Z O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
V CONCLUSIONS
Explanation of Differences in Progress . . . . .
ImpaCt 0f the TOWnShip Program 0 o o o o o o o o
The PTOCGSS Of Change 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
Implications of the Findings . . . . . . . . . .

BIBLIOC‘RAPHY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

ii

O O O O O O
O O O O O O

the

Page

NW“)

13
16

16
17
25

31

31
39

h9
53
S7

61

6h
65
72

76
81

90

9h

102
ion

108

Ia

b

l

l.

.J
.0

Fanily and
Families
hE—Forn

Selected

T9

&

. J
0.. - 1C.

1.)

Cf\

, 1~9-
. ‘7‘;

J-
L;

In
L.

‘
1.4
'J

ern Busine

. ."‘\ -'~

Lieu- ;‘

(.1

U

v

ARC ; the Six F3

Feail; CLerocter

harecteristics
f ‘nese Verie‘-
-l~e fron which These Feiil

p.

(“A
A \
A \

(U

U)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The Coogerative Extension Service has been charged with the task
of “diffusing among 1e geolle of the United States useful and gractical
information on subjects relating to agriculture and home economics,

. . ”l ,
and to encourage the alxl1cation of the same. Acting as the off—
camlus educations arm of the Land~Grant College System, the Extension
Service has gerformed the valuable task of disseminating to farmers
and homemakers useful information evolving from the research iro-
jects of the Exgeriment Stations.

While its role in previous years has oftentimes been lirgely
conceived of as supplying information of a technical nature to the
farmer and homemaker of the rural areas, its krogram in recent years
has been substantially broadened in scole and purpose and today it
is recognised as a vital and dynamic force in shaping the welfare
of both rural and, to a esser extent, urban society.

The objectives of the Extension Service have been stated at

various levels of abstraction by extension administrators and Her—

L
l

sonnel but the ultimate goal toward which the EXLensiLn Service striVes

is that of iromoting the divplCimEHt of more fruitful lives and better

 

Extension Work.
1914.

 

l 1-. _ . .
-An Act to rrov1de for Cfogcrative Agricultural
38 Statute law 372, 62th Crngress, let Session, May 8,

"1-.

R)

living for all ieo,le. A Very basic facet of the extension yhil—
OSOPhy has been artly exlressed by Bailey when he suggested the
Extension Service had as its task that of teaching “. . . those who
have a desire for information, and to create a desire for information
in those who do not yet have tie desire.

the assun,tion that not all in—

[—1.
O]

Imllicit in this statement
dividuals ,ossess the desire for information which may be of value
in their work as a homemaker or farmer. As extension lersonnel
will readily verify, this assumLtion is quite realistic and encom«
Lasses a lroblcm area which has ,lagued ,rogram administrators since
the inCeotion of the Extension Service. The extension worker of

today must, in his role as an educator, also s

(b

s a catalytic

9.)

I‘ve

H

(1)

agent or a motivator who encourages t. reticent and skeitical to

garticiiate in the activities of the extension irogram. The diffi—

culty of this task is contingent ,on a great many cultural, isycho—

,C

logical, and social attributes of the individuals involved and it
is these elements which have received the attention of those concerned
with extension evaluation.

The Pur;oses gf_the Study

 

As an educatirnal agency, the CotAorativo Litension Service is
vitally concerned with the lroduction of changes in human behavior.
Changes evolving from the educational grocess may be in the amount
and kind of knowledge

.ossessed by the individual; there may be

T
4;.

changes in tht reasoning skill or in the individual‘s Lhysical skill;

 

2David L. Kelsey and Cannon C. Hearne, Coogerative Extension
Work, (Ithaca, New York, Comstock Publishing Comfany, 19149), 1s. 117.

 

3Liberty H. Bailey, as resorted in Kelsey and Hearne, ibid., £-
33.

-3-
or, more ultimately, changes may result in the attitudes and phil-
osophies of those involved.

It is these changes in human attributes, the factors responsible
for change, and those inhibiting change that are of great interest to
the extension evaluator and it is in this area that this study is
couched. It is a well-known fact that farm families living in the
same community and under similar family cycle and resource situations
may respond quite differently to a given extension effort. On the
one hand, certain of these families may react in a very positive
manner to the program, becoming enthusiastic participators in the
activities and putting into practice on their farms and in their
homes the techniques and recommendations evolving from the program.
At the other extreme may be found those families who, even though
given the same opportunity for contact with the Extension Service, do
not become active participants in the program nor do they show many
significant changes in their farm business organization and in the
farming techniques which they employ.

It is the two situations described above that represent the
focal point of this study. Primarily, the objective will be to ex-
plain why families in similar stages of the family cycle and with
similar resource endowments may exhibit widely dissimilar degrees
of progress and advancement within a given time period. A second
objective is that of determining the impact or role which an in-
tensive extension program, the Michigan Township Program, may play
in bringing about progress or change. Closely related to these ob-
jectives is an attempt to develOp additional insights into the pro-

cess of change, i.e., the "how" and "why" of change -- both in human

4,-

ehavior and in the farming ogerations and farm organizations of
those concerned. Thus, by what yrocess and in what manner does the
farm family resyond to an extension effort which may eventually
culminate in the adoption of a recommended practice or a reorgani-
zation of the farm business? What factors glay on the thinking of
the individuals involved and what forces encourage or inhibit the
imglementation of any action which is anticipated? What role does
the Extension Service flay in this lrocess? These questions regre-
ent some as;ects of the 1roblem involved and will serve as guide-
posts in the study.

Admittedly the ask set out to accomplish apgeurs to be a
formidable one. The insights which would be desired are highly con—
ditioned by a complex of psychological and social attributes which
are not always amenable to analysis in that no well-develoged body
of theory exists to guide the investigator.

It is not suggested that all of the questions resented above

"1.,
will be answered nor is it to be assumed that the objectives of the
study will be met to the comilete satisfaction of all. Rather it is
hoged that the results of this undertaking will be of value to
extension administrators, field workers, and program llanners by
providing some insights into the Lrocess whereby change occurs in
farm organizations and in individuals as ell as by isolating some
of the elements which may tend either to encourage or inhibit change.
Such knowledge would permit more effective extension yrcgrams to be
develoyed and ilee.ented in the future.

The weaknesses and strengths which appear in the yresent research

design should permit researchers doing future work in this area to

-5-
develog more effective studies which will irovide the needed insights.
It is also believed that the study may be useful in yointing out re-
lated areas where additional research is required.

Although the classification of research studies by tyies is
always somewhat arbitrary, a reasonably satisfactory categorization
of an investigation may be done in terms of its major intent. h On
this basis, a three-fold classification system is suggested: (1) as
an exiloratory or formulative study when its major purgose may be the
formulation of a problem for further investigation, or the develog-
ment of hygotheses, or the establishment of areas for further research;
(2) as a descriltive or diagnostic study if it has the Luryose of
evaluating the characteristics of a larticular situation; or, (3)
as an eXperimental study when it has as its function the testing of
hygotheses.

In view of the major objectives that have been stated gre-
viously, it becom’s a; ya arent that this study is of an exploratory
nature. The nature of these objectives further suggests that a
case method alproach is most feasible in that such a technique,
characterized by intensity of study and flexibility of approach,
best enables the researcher to establish the interrelationshils
among the relevant variables.

Advantages and disadvantages of the case method. It has been suggested

u.

 

 

that the attitude of the research worker represents one of the

 

h

Marie Jahoda, Morton Deutsch, and Stuart w. Cook, Res oarch
Methods in Social Relations With glacial Reference to Pre 'udice,
Pertll: Basic Processes, (New York, Dryden Press, 1951, 2

+-—.—-. -

 

-6-
features of the case study a ,rcach which make it an alprcgriate
lrocedure for the evoking of insights.5 In the idealized situation
his attitude should be one of alert receltivity, of seeking rather
than testing.6 thher than limiting himself to the testing of ire-
existing hylotheses, he should be guided by the features of the object
being studied. His inquiry should be flexible, changing in direction
as new information is obtained.

A disadvantage of the case study alproach is its cost in terms
of both time and money. This fact makes it imperative that the re-
sgondents be carefully selected. With the objective of obtaining
insights into the relationshils among the relevant variables, it
becomes desirable to choose the resgondents in terms of their likeli—
hood of offering insightful contributions. On this basis a selec-
tive, rather than a relre‘entative grou, of farm families should be
chosen.

Collecting the data. -e bulk of the data utilised in the study was

 

obtained through the use of a series of intensive or ogen—end inter-
views carried out by the investigator. It was believed that this
tyre of interview would allow for the freest exgression by the
reSpondent and would not restrict the range of discussion to a

Specified number of topics if other avenues of conversation ayieared

 

51bid, }. A2.

 

/

OThe reaponse of the researcher may, in less than the idealized
situation, also regresents a yroblem of the case study technique. He
may develoy a false sense of certainty about his own conclusions which
may temit him to generalize unwarrantedly. Because of his close con-
tact with a relatively small number of situations, he may be led to
believe that an oxglanation relevant to these situations is valid in
the entire ”universe.“ This tyge of ad_hoc reasoning relresents an
area of concern for the individual engaging in the case study technique.

to be 1rofitable.

The a1proach uszd in obtaining o1inions and attitudes was 1re
dominantly dire ct and straL ht- forward; the 1hiioso1hy behind this
a1proach is well ex1ressed by All1ort:

If we want to know how 1eo1le feel: what they ex1e rio nc e and what
they remember, what their emotions and motives are like, and the
easons for acting as they do——why not as k them? This is the
sim1le logic of the intros1ectionist's 1ositirn that commends
itself to many in sgite of the scorching dis1, lea ure of the be—

haviorists and objectivi mo .{

The Selection o£_the Farm Families

 

 

The Townshit Extension Eri.r°m. During the 1ast five years, the
state of Michigan has undergone a unique ex1eriment in the intensive
a11roach to extension education. The Michigan TownshL .Program is
an ex1erimental intensive e: {tension 1rogra m in which five extension
agents are concentrating treir efforts u1on a limited number of farmers
in five geog a;hic 11 areas throughout the state. S1onsored c001-
eratively by the Michig an Cor1erat1ve Extension Service, the W. K.
Kellogg Foundation and the 1artici1ating farmers in the five areas,
the ex1eriment offers rather unique o11ortun1t1os for res arch by
virtue of t.e detailed and com1lete records which are maintained
on a random sam1le of thes farms.

The wide va ri-ety of useful information contained in these

Larticularly valuable for use with the case study

records make them 1
a11roach and it is on the basis of this information that six families

were ultimately chosen.

 

7G W All1ort Thee Ube of Personal Dccune nt in Psxcholoi ical
Science, (New York, SOCillm Science Research Council), No. 49, 1. zoo.

 

 

-8-

Although the Lossibilitv existed of choosilg these families
frcm any one cf the five areas or gerhals from a combinaticn of two
or more areas, the geograghical area that was chosen as the locale
for the study was selected on the basis cf certain elements of homo-
geneity rresent within the ttwnshif. Notewcrthy among these were
the soil tyle, the togcgraghy of the area, the tyye of farming rrac-
ticed, and the fact that the same extension agent had remained in
the townshif during the five~year feriod. The selection of this gar-
ticular townshi; thus yermitted holding these variables constant within
the townshig——an asrect cf the research design which it was hobs

would render the analysis more meaningful and comgrehensible.

 

The locale 2:.333 study. The townshi; chosen as the background for
the study is located in south-central Micthan. The soils of the area
are loams and sandy loans with a level to rolling toyogralhy. Dairy,
hogs, and cash crogs are the dominant enter;rises.

A study of the ;ast history of the area revealed that the farm
geogle held widely differing attitudes toward the Extension Service.
Some enthusiasm fo cxtensicn work was evidenced by the aggressive
action taken by a grout of farmers and businessmen to obtain a town-
shit agent in the area, while cthe~s seemed quite reluctant in using
the services of the county agent.

The grocess of selecticn. The frocedure emrloyed in selecting the

 

families was to study the grou} of #2 farms which constituted the
original samgle drawn in the tOWHShif and ulon which detailed infor-
maticn was available. Of this grtul, 12 were chosen on the basis of
the criteria discussed below. This grouy of twelve was then submitted

to the townshig agent who selected the three farms which had undergone

-9-
the greatest change during the Last five years as well as those three
which had exterienced the least change. This loint is to be discussed
to a fuller extent at a later time.

Homogeneity of the families. In addition to holding soil tyre, tyre

 

 

of farming, and the extensicn ierspnnel constant amtng all families,
it was considered desirable tt select those families which were rel-
atively homogeneous in regard tC certain other lersnnal and farm
business factors. The Lersrnel factors which serVed as criteria in
selecting the families included (l) the formal education of the farm
OLeratcr; (2) the years of farming exierience Lossessed by the oi~
eratcr; (3) the stage in the family life cycle as determined by the
age of the olerator, the ages of the children, and the number of
children; and (h) an extension karticilation index which measured the
number of contacts the families had made with the fixtension Service
in 1953.

The gkerator's formal education. In attemiting to exilain differences
in lrogress, the formal education Lossessed by the farm clerator was
considered to be of great significance. Because those managers with
higher educations would feasibly be 8Xj€Ct3d to show greater advances
within a given time Lericd than those with less formal education, it
was considered desirable to select ogerators as nearly homogeneous as
Lossible in this regard. Thus with all orerators being similar in
this resrect there would be little gossibility cf attributing various
degrees of irogress to differences in education.

The oierator's farming exfierience. Somewhat related to formal ed~

ucation is the farming exrerience of the oieratcr. Thus, it might be

argued that the inexierienced individual who exhibits an eagerness to

-10-
learn would be expected to show greater strides forward and more sub-
stantial changes in his organization than an older manager with a great
deal of farming experience but who may possess a set of entrenched~
habits and techniques which were not susceptible to alteration. To
preclude the possibility of explaining differences in progress by
existing differences in the farming experience of the various in-
dividuals an attempt was made to select managers who were relatively
homogeneous in this regard.
1113 233.53 33 the w _J;_i_f_§ 319143. The changing dependence of the
children in the family as they mature will significantly affect the
material needs of the family and will thus influence the behavior of

8

the farm Operator. Thus the manager near retirement would be ex-
pected to react somewhat differently to a given situation or Oppor-
tunity than would the young or middle-aged operator who had ahead of
him a number of productive working years in which he could anticipate
good health and rely upon family labor for assistance. These con-
siderations suggested the desirability of choosing families who were
similar with regard to the Operator's age, ages of the children, and

the size of the family.

Previous participation with extension. The family which had de-

 

veloped a number of contacts with the Extension Service, prior to the
inception of the Township Program, could reasonably be expected to
respond somewhat differently to such a program than the family with
only occasional contacts. It is also suggested that the family having
a close affiliation with the Extension Service would tend to be more

progressive than the non-participating family. In view of these

 

8Irma H. Gross and E. W. Crandall, Mans ement £25 Modern Families,
(New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. 19%55, pp. 115-115.

--ll~
iossibilities it was considered desirable to choose these families
who had develcred aiproximately the same number of contacts with this
agency in years i.ritr to the Townshi; Program. Although the final
selection exhibited some disgarity in this rebard, this element was
not considered of as great a significance in influencing ircvress as
those discussed i.revitusly and therefore did ntt warrant a new
election of families (see Table 1).
In addition tc these lersonal characteristics which wtuld serve
as criteria in selecting families of the desired homogeneity, a
number of farm business factors were also considered as elements which
might influence Irogress and which therefore should be controlled as
nearly as gcssible. Included in this groul were: (1) the sise cf
the farm in 1953 as measured by the number of tillable acres; (2) the
financial gcsition of the business; measured by the ogerator‘s 1953
net worth; and (3) the efficiency level with which the farm was being
oierated in 1953. This was measured by 5rcss farm income yer till—
able acre and gross farm income fer $lo© exlense.9
Existing differences in these farm business characteristics among
the various egerations might feasibly be exlected to influence vary-
ing degrees of change. Thus, the manager ogerating a large farm (in
terms of acres) midht well be more lrcgressive and more susceptible

to the adortion of new techniques than his neighbor who olerated on

 

9The usual conceit of technical efficiency refers to the ratio
of useful outrut to inyut. The difficulty of comguting these com-
ionents for a modern farm organization usually results in the use of
some measures of efficiency which are less satisfactory and less com-
Llete. Thus while it is recobnized that land and cash exienses are
only two of the inguts cf the yroductive chcess, the mess as herein
emiloyed do :ermit some comiarability cf the various organizations in

this rebard.

-12-

a smaller scale. likewise a large net worth might Lermit changes in
organization which, because of risk considerations or lack of caiital,
would not be undertaken by the oierator with a relatively small net
worth. The measures of efficiency which are used would also be de—
sired as nearly homogeneuxsas Icssible among the various farms.

Because one of the fundamental yurtoses of the investigation
was to study the irocess of chanée (both in individuals and on the
farms involved); it was ho ed that the farms which had been selectel
would include both 'hiQh—changers“ end ‘low~chan;ers”.lg To deter—
mine the degree of contrast which was yresent among the 12 farms the
list was submitted to the thnshi; agent whom it was assumed WLuld be
more familiar with the changes that had occurred on all the farms
involved than any other individual. He wls asked to examine the list
of farms carefully and then select the three forms which had mide the
greatest number Lf changes as well as the three farms which had made
the fewes’ chan 33. His comments indicated that such choices were
relatively easy to make sugy;etin5 that a bcod deal of contrast, with

res act to chanye, had been caitured in the groui of 12 farms.

 

lC" o - o n n o .
Change, as used in this cont;xt re :rs ‘rlharlly to changes

in farm organisation and farm lractices. Changes in attitudes tow:rd
the Extension Service and the Townshi; Program are also of interest.

In studying the various degrees Lf irobress which the families
have made it would agjear that the criteria for selecting 'hiéh—
changers” and 1low—Chan;.z-rs‘ should be those elements which would
serve as the detarminants of ‘rooress, namrly. the socio—economic
status, net farm earnings and net worth. ‘he ‘rocedure used here of
selecting the families on the basis of changes in farm organization
and farm Lracticzs was necessitated by the fact that at the time of
selection no information wls available as to the changes in farm earn-
ings and net worth. An underlying assumytion is that the adortion of
recommended farm Iractices and the reorganization of the business
according to rectmmended i.rincLles will ultimately result in hig er
net farm earnings, net worth, and socio~economic status.

-13-

Summarizing the Differences in Firm and Family
Characteristics Existing Between the High—and Low Changers

Although the six families were selected on the basis of homo-
geneity of the various farm and family characteristics which might
rossibly affect the degree tf grogress each makes, Certain disfar»
ities were yet Lresent between the families which had undergone con-
siderable change and thud: which had undertaken less change (see

Table 1). It arrears that a thoroubhgoing analysis should consider

c+

hese elements in reaching cxnclusions even thcubh yresumably they
are not the dominant factors resyonsible for the differences in iro—
gress. These will be discussed here to further clarify any differen-
ces which do exist.

Family attributes. A study of the education of the six farm cler—

 

ators indicates that very little diffe ence exists between the high
and low change1s, with regard to this variable. All tierators had a
minimum of 12 years of formal education with one high change and one
low chanée c orator also att3nding a Shklt'CCUTUE arisivn st Whe state
collefie.

s is the fast tart tLe lLW"ChQHU:

1
'1‘} - n v~ <
- LJLL I. L L.—

r‘}
H
.1
.4
N
A
3
L
P
1..
u)
h
1
,—v—J
)
{f3
(.1
.l
{'T‘
[—
‘T‘
J
r
.r
F5
\
,
V
5.
s
.J
_.J
J
l _.

qu:ntly, 5058333 a ;reater EUJblr ff years of farming exierience. In
addition the low—chance families have slightly lar;;r families with
the children being somewhat older.

With reQard to yarticiyation in extension activities Lrior to
the establishnent of the Townshi; Program it a;;ears that the low—
change families may have had a greater number of contacts with that

agency than the hi¢h~chan¢e families. It is to be noted in this

 

-lh-

l.

and Family A hed

rt
£3
< J
ch
01

regard that Family B had no such Arevioue con
relatiVely few.

Although no definite date exists as tC the c eretcrs' ;artici—
ration in the fcrmel Groaniveticns of the ccmnunity iricr to the Tawn—
shii Program, the fiburee available in this regard for 1955 suggest that
the high~chenge c;:-etcrs mey have been slightly mire active than the

yeer, had a social

low—change individuals. 0 erattr C, during that

Larticiketicn index cf 395 as ccmgared ta 3 high cf 136 fcr any lcw~
change cierator.

Farm Characteristics. It is in this grou; of variebles that itssibly

 

the must siénificent differences erist between the high and lbw
changers. These differences will be carefully ccnsidered and should
be keit in mind when reaching any conclusions concerning reeetns ftr
the differentials in ircgress.

Of some im ortence may be the disierity existing between the
number cf tilleble acres clereted by the high and low—changers. The
high-chan5ers hid larger farms in every case with the average number
of tillable acres fcr the hi5h~chcngers being 181 acres as cigcsed
to 1U5 acres fer the lcw»chengers.

The net worth figures showed less disierity when contrasting
high with 10w~chenge farms. In fact, O;erator B (a high—change farmer)
had the smallest net worth cf any cf the six families being considered.
The average net warth fcr the 1tw-chenge families was $25,3bb as can-
trastcd to $55,6co for the high—changers.

With regard to efficiency of lrcduction at the outset of the 1r0-
garam the high~change families were somewhat more efficient as reflected
‘b0th by the gross farm income yer tillable acre and the 5rcss farm

Zinccme fer $100 ext nsc figures.

HpmHE H

WDKHhM DAG waz wdeZEmm Om>w>0HEmeBHom 0% 6mm me WPEHHHHm >2U 8mm
wbm m cm amumm <wabWHmm Ow Emu rm1W>wz m>zwfim wwoz zmHOm Hmmmm
W>KHmem.mmwm mmbwoemb

i---

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

whewa owmemoewwwmewom mews owHbmmm ovmwmoeaewwdwnm
waHH%* mmcomdwob women 0% ZCSme¥mxewbnmns ewwwmdwn Zwe towdw macaw weds macaw Wade
0% wwwsHsm paw ow >mww ow ow meeHOH- Define Ammo. wwc Hboosw tww Hannah wee
oewemeoe nevus»- oewemeoe oemeemu oewp- emeuoe flew WV Hemwv ewppmepw were
meow @st Hugux boww Awwmwv ExemSuuAmewv
a. .Iaueuu- I . I.s:I
e Hm kw mm a memew e mm wa wmccoc 4w mpg
m pm 4 we 9.: w w a Hmm chmcc mp pan
0 pm e ww w m,p w rm MNI we won my pet
I I I Y I I I I La I I I I I I I I .r I I I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
x pm pm ec were.“ w r4 pct wpcmcc mp poo
e pm pm mm Hm Her e am pm» mecnco em Hem
w.m
N pm pm we we ewe m mm mm Heywoo me Hem
s V cm trail! i
wmsmm ow mmnpwm
m-~w 4-xc mwimm H-:w c-m c-eu we-mwp fleece- em-mm . poc,mwe
oatmcc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*wmsHHHmm >» we 95¢ a mum eweeruormSWuemme wwewwwww Ncmc meg N imam opmumoa mm .Hot:ofimmeHm.

 

-15-

CHADTJR II
THE. Coussrmd. L me» IOhK OF TH... P1101,”

The‘corce5tual or5ani3ation Cf the yroblem involves three

cries of variables. The first Cf the3e—-those which were rel~
atively hunc5enetus anbn5 the families at the ince‘ticn Cf the LrC5ram——
have been discussed yreviously. A second 5roui of ”effect” variables
attemyts to measure the advancement and lrcgress which the families

have made over the five~year ;eriod. Tying these two grouls of
variables tngether are a 5r0u5 cf “exilanatory”v maria ble .3 which

attemgt to ex _la in why three of the six families have lrcgrcssed a
considerable distance u; the financial and social ladder and why the
other three have made less significant advances in this direction.

Th: Effect Variables

 

Included in this cate5cry are tw~ ty523 Cf v1riables——the first

economic; the sec 11d may be classed as social.

9)
,1
IL

The economic variablgs. The eccncmic variables are those which

 

measure the financial irc; r333 Cf the fanilie 3 involved. Satis-
factory measures in this regard are the net farm income and net wcrth
figures. By comiarin5 the 1957 fi5 ures with th cs3 for 1953 a fairly
realistic iicture cf the financial 5rcwth of the families can be

obtained.

 

1A note of exilanation is required in regard to the time -ericd
included in this investigation. The Michigan Townshii Pro»5 Iram got under-
Way in the area herein considered on January 1. 1954. t was to continue

—16—

-17-

The social variables. The social elements involved are considerably

 

more difficult to quantify but some measure of gregress is gossible by

(D

studying the level of living enjoyed by th families in 1953 and in

1957, by determining the extent of family yarticiiation in the civic and
social affairs of the community during these years, and by attemiting
to develog some insiths as to the welfare and satisfaction which the

f‘

O O O O 0 C3
families ex erience from their Lresent way of life.

.5

The EX lanatory Variables

 

The variables which are hygothesiaed as being of significance
in exolaining the differentials in 5r05ress realized by these fam-
ilies are (l) the amount and quality of l.~,:-ir”t;ici5atior1 in the activities
of the Lrogram by the family; (2) the attitudes the family has toward
the Lrogram, toward the Extension Service, and toward farming as a way
of life; (3) the goals and values held by the family; (M) the formal

and informal garticiyation of the family in the activities of the

 

for a geriod of five calendar years, or until January 1, 1959. Be-
cause this study was done during the string and summer of 1958, much
of the data and the observations are relevant to this four and one-
half year xeriod which had elaised since the lrograzn as begun. The
financial data which have been gathered during the course of the study
are atplicable to t.e years 1953 and 1957. Net worths are considered
as of Dec. 31, 1953 and Dec. 31, 1957.

2 l'. n o H 'I o a Y! o

The terms level of liv1ng, 'plane of liVing, and scolo—
economic statusH are often used loosely and interchangeably. while
plane or level of living can be used synonymously, socio—economic
status differs from these two in being more inclusive. Level of
living is defined to include cultural and material Lossessions which
contribute to the tell—being or satisfaction of the family while socio-
economic status would include these two comionents glue a third, social
particiyation. ese definitions are derived largely from J. C.
Belcher and E. F. Shart's 5 Short Scale for Measuring Farm Family
Level of Living: §_M0dification_gf.Sewell's Socio—ggonomic Scale,
(Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Technical Bulletin
No. m-h6, Sept., 1952), 5. 6.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-18-
community; (5) the farm emerator's feeling toward the use of credit;
(6) the managerial {recesses emgloyed by the farm 04erator; and (7) the
image or cginion which .the farm olerator holds of himself and of his
organization.

Amount and Quality of larticigation in the grogram. If the assumition

 

 

 

is accelted that the activities of the Extension Service §£:_those
which will enable farm families to enhance their welfare then it seems
quite grobable that the active Larticigators will be the high
changers with resgect to farm earnings and family welfare.3 This
statement is borne out by the findings of Beal and Bohlen who suggest
that larticiiation in adult extension frograms is Lositively associ-
ated with the adCLtion of recommended farm lractices which then iro-

h
sumably will increase farm earnings.

Attitudes toward the irogrem, the Extension Service, and farm life. The

 

 

attitude the families hold toward the ‘I‘ownshii Program is considered

of great significance in exglaining their resionse to such a rrogram.

A negative or hostile attitude would agpear to be one of the greatest
barriers to :rogram accegtance and to utilizing the information which
evolves from it. On the other hand, the family who feels the trogram
may have a worthy contribution to make is likely to take an active fart

in the activities of the irogram.

 

3A qualification of the above statement is in order. A I'non-
particigating” family could gossibly rely very heavily ubon sources of
ideas and information other than the Extension Service and as a result,
show considerable Lrogress during the five—year geriod. A tossibility
existing here is that the ntn—iarticiiators may glean many valuable
ideas from their neighbors who are active in the lrogram and, as a result,
adoit these ideas without ever coming into more than iassive contact
With the irogram.

hG. M. Baal and J. M. Bohlen, How Farm Peoyle Accelt New Ideas,
(spacial Refort N0. 15, Agricultural Extension Service, Iowa State College,
November, 1955), r- 8-

-19-

i

The family's attitude toward farm life may also be of ~ignifi-

canoe. It sees reasonable to cssune that the family who i dissatis-

U4

fied with farm life and who may dislike the lrng, often unrewirding,
hours will not make the ad*ance and Lrogress that comes with enthusiasm
and interest in farming as a vocation.

The significance of ideas, values, and sentiments to which the
farm family subscribes in exylaining change is well brought out by
Nilkening who suggests that the acceptance of innovations in agri-
culture is a function of the social relations and of the ideolcgical
system (ideas, values, and sentiments) of t.at family.5

Goals of the fanilv. It is hv‘othesized that the roals Vessessed bi
_._...__._._ a: J- t) .:

 

the farm family are imyortant determinants of the irog see which that
family will make. The family which has a clear, concise iicture of its
objectives and how it is to achieve them will realize these objectives
more fully and in a shorter duration of time than will the family which
does not gussess this attribute. The imiortance Lf establishing real-

istic goals is also emghasiued by social syohologists. Lewin's comments

on this Loint are iarticularly heliful:

A successful individual tyiically sets his nex goal scnpwhat, but
not too much, above his last achievement. In this way he steadily
raises his level of asyiration. -lthough in the lonD run he is
guided by his ideal goal, which may be rather high, nevertheless,
his real goal for the ste; is kelt realistically close to his
,resent losition. The unsuccessful individual, tn the other

hand, tends to show one of two reactions: he sets his goal very
low, frequently below his last achievement——that is, he becomes
intimidated and gives u; reaching out toward higher goals—-or

he sets his goal far above his ability. This latter conduct is
rather commtn. Sometimes the esult is a gesture—like keeiing

 

Eugene A ailmening, ”A Seeio-isychological Aggroach to the Study
of the Accegtance of Innovations in F rming,“ Rural Sociology, Vol.
XV, (December, 1950) i3. 352~36b.

 

1". \
-r’ '—
L-

u, without serious strivin;; it maya at ot1 e‘r times mean that the
individual is following blindly hi.3 ideal goal, losing Sig ht of
what in t.e L csent situation is ,ossible. To develo, and ma in—
tain ; als, and at the same time, to kee, the ,lan for the nex
action realistically within the limits of what is ,ossible, seems
to be oje of the best objectives for and a criterion of high
morale.

Eormal and informal ,art ciL 3 tion in the community. This variable is

 

 

 

consid;e red to be of im orte oz for two reasons. First, it can be
hylot esised that an imJortant by—lroduct of this intensive extension
argrrach is the increased social interaction which jarticiiants of the
,rcgram exterience. The ent lent to which this is true can be deter-
mined by comiaring the social ,artici,ation index for 1953 with the
index for 1957.

A second im,ortant as_ect of social contacts are their value as
medium of information useful in okeratin; the farm. Many of the
formal organizations which farm families are affiliated with are not

only educational in themselves but , rcso nt the ojjortunity for in-
formal discussions relatin; to the farm. It is highly ,robable that
certain of the ideas and techniques so acluired will ultimately be
utilised in o‘eratinb the farm.

In this regard Baal and thlen state, ”ParticiLation in general
farm organizationsa and farm-e r coolera tives is associated with early

7

adoLtion of new farm lractices.

Attitude toward credit. M dern agriculture is characterised by rapid

 

technological advance, increasing farm sine, and a substitution of

 

 

Kurt lewin, iTime Persiective and MOrale,” Civilian Morale,
Edited by Goodwin Watson, (New York, Renal and Hitchcock, 1942), i.

7G- M. Baal and J. M. Bohlen, 9g, cit., £- 8.

IF‘
up,‘ I .—
L—

ital investment.

.A.

C

(J

machinery for labor. With this ccmes increasi

63

In such a situation few farmers find it ,ossible to keel abreast of
these changes without rescrting to a considerable use of credit.

In view of this it is hyyothesi ed that the attitude of the farm
ogerator or cwner toward the use of credit will significantly in—
fluence the changes he makes. herefcre, the individual Who sees the
wise use cf credit as an in4rrtant necessity in his farm business can
be exlected to make greater advances than the individual who is re-
luctant to use credit.

It is recognised that these elements hinge u;cn t.e value
structure cf the individual. With change usually comes risk and this
may be somethiné the individual who ,laccs a high value u;on security
may be reluctant to indulde in.

Managerial grocesses embloyed by the (Lerator. This variable is

 

 

iarticularly troublesome to examine in that little is known as to what
constitutes g od management nor how it can be measured and evaluated.
It is, however, considered to be of utmost im,ortance in exilaining

grcgress. In this regard it is yxothesised that the individual

0]

sing the largest quantity of this elusive entity will be the

rcsse
individual who realises the greatest advances during the five'year

. A Sliéht digressicn is reguired at this icint to elaborate uron
the techniiue devised to evaluate mane erial ability. The irtblem
encountered here resolves itself into develciing a technique for
measuring this ability, nct of ccurse, in cardinal numbers, but rather
in ordinal terms. This, as has been susgested, ytses to be a difficult

task—~a task which has been attemited by some but aggarently comileted

to the satisfaction of few.
It has been suggested that decision—making is the crux of

9

management. Chess and Crandall state that ”manabement occurs when
there is some iroblem to solve, some choice to mace.lb They suggest
that decision-making includes three successive stels. These are:
(l) seeking alternatives; (2) thinking through the consequences of
these alternatives: and (3) selecting the of the alternatives.11
Using this line of reasoning it was conceded that a feasible
agiroach to studying the ma agement lrocess wis to gresent the farm
oterator with an hy4othetical situation in which he was asked tn reach
a decision. It was sugéested that he elaborate to the investigator as
to how he might troceed in such a situation, discussing t e altern—
atives he would consider as being of significance as well as other
elements of the situation which he deemed as being cf imlortance in
”making u} his mind.” The assumgticn underlying the use of this
technique was that the 30nd manager would be mcre aware of the various
alternatives Lossible in such a situation and would iossess a greater

1
knowledge of the consequences of these alternatives.

F0

 

8

Cf. F. J. Reiss, “Measuring the Menasem2nt F ctor, ” Journal of
Farm Economics, XXXI (Nov., l9h9), LU. looS-lo"2.

.LL

 

QIrma H. Gross and E. W. Crandall, EL'.E£E°’ ,p. l9-35.

loIbid, ;. l9

¥lb§d, L- QC.

12 . . . .

An inherent danger of this technique is that certain of the farm
managers would be more vocal in their rally or more adept at exlressing
themselves thus giving the imfiressicn that they ;ossessed greater caiacity
for sound decision making. A second difficulty was that the hyro—
thetical situation which was ,resented might be one the individual had
faced in the not-tco—distant ,ast and had thus done some thinking about
alternatives and consequences. To circumVent this ,ossibility if it
Lresented itself the tierator would then be asked to state the most

(‘N
—l.-—-j

The image held by the oierator of himself. Imyortant as may be good

“gm—.—

 

managerial ability. a ready access to kertinent sources if informa
tion, an oien mind d attitude ttward the use of credit and the other

variables ireviously discussed as being iossible ex l nations for

Lrogress, mativation must also exist to utilize these attributes.
While motivation has been the subject of students of human behavior for
many years still relatively little is known about it Lther than the
it is a comL ls“ x fact r conditioned by a number of iersonll and social
forces.

A study by Hess and Miller indicates that this element is a
most imlortant variable in ex;laining the actions and success of

13

farmers. In their investigation one of the facttrs which influenced

motivation w13 considered to be the oxe1atu:r s conc 1tion of what

constitutes a ocd out ut fcr his rescuio es. es s and Miller stato

U)

that the individual ”. . . may not be motivated because he believe.

)

correctly or inc rrectly that his 1r resent level of Nerf rmance is

‘—

quite satisfactory when comLared with that of other o;erators in the

.11
community.“

A hyrothesis used in the Hess-Miller study was that a farmer's
rating of his 1::rf rm‘noe as com;ared with that of his neighbors
. . . - 15 . -
influences h1s achievement level. Thus, if a yersrn feels his

l.erformance is much higher than it actually is com ared with that of

 

 

 

inf mdnt decision he had made within the five year eritd and then res
Construct the lroc s sby which he 1ad reached that decision
13 - p - - -. --
C V Hess and L. F. killer S‘me "arsenal , s (nomic and Soolo
3”; 1cal Fnoix or3 Ianuencin“ D'i1‘m :n‘s ‘ctirr 53d §P££Lii (Pennsyl—
v 11-1 111.. k1571/1111“ 11:13:13; 7,777 JZE?"LT§-;u 4*. 11,25.

la . 11
lb 1d -.-_ - 1;;‘v‘ .

1* . ,1-
‘/Ib1d 1- 1;.

 

~$4
his neighbcrs, he may be dissumded frcm exertind hims; f tcwurd higher

'——— v

levels Cf achievenent. fhis thinking was 'nccrivreted intL the yresent

L":

study by asking the t gratur t. Late his bility as a farm manager with

ether farmers in the ccmmunitV. On the basis rf Whit wls kntwn ab ut
his organisatifn thrCth available r cards ubsarveticn} and censul-
tation with th: townshiy scent it wls felt a fairly accurate iicture
cculd be obtained tf his success at maniginé a farm. This could be

cumgared with his Ciinitn Cf this ability and the results checked

. 1
351.3 I

r)

with the existing hyxttl

Releticnshi;s am n5 variables. It is not assumed that the distinction

 

existing amcng the th ee cateécries of variables is as clear—cut as

the ireceedin; discussinn miyht imyly. Such a conceltual organisation
is merely to serve as a framework to develci and guide the investi—
gation. Rather, it is su:;csed that there exists a merging tr blending
of all cf the variables involved with th;ir et effect being imytrtant
in exilaining irogress‘ cr the absence bf it.

It is alst suggested that im4Lrtunt interrelntitnshi*s exist antnb

running frum ene

w
53
(w
:0
(1+
[—1.
r.
S

the exilanatory veriibles with the lines cf c:
exilanatory variable to ancther until eventually same change Cccurs in
the effect variables. A hyfitthetical exemile mioit be as ftllcws: A
fierable attitude ttwird the Townshiy Pragrdm will influence that
family‘s ;articiraticn in the £rtgrem. This iarticiiation in the irt~
gram may result in changes in the attitude the family hclds t ward the
use of credit. The changed attitude in this rlgerd may result in
significant changes in the farm (réenizatien which will Lermit its

mere irofitable t;er2ticn. Only eventually will n:t farm earnings

0.)

| I _ w
nd the family 3 sgcir~cetn\mie status be enhancsd.

It is 11gJ xi thwt
interectien
*Cintin;

1"’7" f\
CLLw-11D-A 1

Review Cf Rel“

 

elité:*;ture

- ,- . ,Vin- . _.-e.J_.-r.1 :- .0 ‘~-_-J.,.--',

cunsidereticn—~thst kl uifiei-ntiil
1‘ 1‘ . :7 . L " w '1‘ ' ~ ‘ " ’- -. ’ «r W .

Cu 11;?“ lgnilC- L. .1 g; :.I_' t ’1 Cu'llltlfl ,7 (1

area cf

uni r the

(1 studies irinwril; ccnczrned wit
eic'ted end the reestns fcr ed Ltic
caticnll effectiv:ness of thw veric

used; (3) th se iri‘ngrily

r1

n.)

n
K,

(b) thcse concerned with the c ic-

e nditicn th

facttrs which limit

lb

AJ' . r1 3-”
UUl“4 4;) '

CII‘ (.

4

r: :L

_s in lregrgss

,ernit these fietterns Lf

be determined. This wuuld aid in

key icsitians in the ,rccess Cf

Iiteretu“

"ll” '1 l.

\Jm-J.

H -

‘.

——.— __

eteni tta'th:

8 l" E? ‘7’.

18 ; rutress

J 1
élllét C;

"

x-)

(D

le iart cf thi WLTK is in tha

:sttuliee; CLlLUl

These

fclltwin; “enerxl heedinus:
h ayircved yrwctices that are

'L‘
DIAMD , p

n; (A)

ccwrnniicutitsijnedia iflurt

denlin; with the edu-

UJ {A I‘ j

cancerned with the diffusion Jrccess; and

cultural and dLCiO"lJyChCleiSfll

1‘
3 cu

eticn (f iertVBd f°rfl and

These studies declin. wit the edn;titn ti fern irectices and
the reasons far their ad: titn as Well as thus: concerned with the

effectiveness cf the

e preach used by sdministretcrs (f

1".‘3
,u‘

frtnted with t - need far devisin;
Mfr: closely related tt this

dealing with the diffusicn grccess

Which influence the cdcxticn cf farm irec-tic:

—-.—.__

 

K
1 mu

0 . .
H. F. Liunberger in; Diff
an Area of Sccitlcgicel Resecrch,

! l

"1")

.r

J6; -

variuus ccmnunicsticn media are

indicative cf the

Pcticui ;rr¢1 wht.}xrwe be:n1 ccnr

r11 3'

mar: effective educational technilues.

investi;eticn er: these studies
end the

~13ychcltgicel factcrs

1

SJ 0

n cf these

p.

C rte

end Htme Infcrmction es
Vol. XVII, (June,

usion (f Fern
Rurel

SkClBng“

 

studies warrant further considersticn.

The diffusion irc ess. One Lf the Lioneer studies dealing with the

 

diffusion Lrocsss was that dcne by Ryan and Gross in relation tc the
. ., l' . - . .i .
adcftion of hybrid seed corn. In this study a limited number ci

“'1

farmers were initially interview:d to determine where they had first
learned about hybrid seed corn, what fectcrs influenced its adoytitnj
and the ieriod tf time which clalsed between becoming aware of the
yractice and actually adolting it.

According to Lirnberger, the fundamental contributions evolving
from the study included the definition of an adohtiun time sequence
tattern and a descri;tion cf the role various sources cf information
and influences glayed at the different stages of accertance.

A more recent study of the diffusibn irocess in summurised in

.. ‘ l \—
Real and Bohlgn's How Firm Peo;le Accegt New Ideas. 9 This study

 

indicates that geolle go thrcu;h several stages in learning about and
ad04ting new iractices. As dBVBlLLJd by the authors cf the studyv
these states are: (l) an awareness of the new idea; (2) the interest
stage in which the individual strives to Cbtain general information
about the idea; (3) an evaluation stage during which the latential

adogter evaluates the new idea in terms Cf his own situation; (h) the

ne individual is ccncerned with getting infor~

J
C}—

trial stage in "hicn

nation Ln hcw and when tt use the iracti e; and) (j) the edcytion

()

 

l(Bryce Ryan and Neel Gross "The Diffusitn cf HLbrid Seed Ccrn
in Two Iowa Ccmmunities,” Rural S\ciclnfiy Vol. VIII, (March l933),
L .

 

H. F. Lirnberyer, 9;. cit., ;- 135-

l9G M. Real and J. M Ebhlenj‘g;. cit.) p. ll.

.L

 

 

 

7

tage in wh cn the id33 i3 Ctd;l3t:ly accgitad.

The B33141, hlen study also itints cut munbir cf lerscnul mid
sccial chcracteriatics which 3r: relat3d to the adccticn of new
irectices 9nd to the individutl fumily‘s 3u523fltlbilibl tc ChinQB. On:
in;crtant variuhle in this regard is the valucs and cx cctaticns cf tn}
individuals invclfad. fih;r3 there is cansid:rtcla 3m hnsis u*cn mxin~

taininb le finily traditicns aid values, chin;2 cccurs mcr: SlLWl .

Likewise, whcra n h sis is uficn individualism 9nd igrscnil succ:5s

chants occur; mar: r";idly.

(.2
The 3xt3nt and nntur: cf sccisl ccntccts within th: ccmnunity

arc also in trtant in tha ficcsctanca Cf ch9n92. In this raqird Ecml

and Dchlen étft;:

The 1rescnca cf urginizvticns wh(3: Objectivss include tha
rcmctitn of ch13933 will aid dir5ctly and indirectly in th:
iffusivn ;rcc733. Cn the c”h3r hcndi wher: sucinl contacts

iriharily thruugh kinshi;, Visitin; and other infwrm l activ-

ther; mwy b; irset r rasistenc: to chnngc. . . . H3DC¢,

)

("1

C-

\U

n8 :cts in a community is en imLcrtcnt factcr
(L...

J)

_ 1 fl __ -. ‘ . .1-
ur: Lf tile ..,C»;1-ll Cunt,
. v-- in ~. “1” r ‘

h: ir‘CZOJ Cf cndnwa.

A numbcr tf individual and family chnrictaristics are also in—
dicntcd by th; Jtudy to ccnditicn tha extent to which chunga Lccurs.
In this redard the aducaticn cf the cLeratcr is Lositivcly BSSLCiath
with tha acceLtnncj cf ngw idgas while the 3&3 Cf tha c;er3ttr tends

to be negatiV3ly nsstciatcd witn change.

00
0
Ci.
p
<
(D
p.
)b
H.
( 3
I__l
m
(‘1‘
C
*‘S
U i
H-
:5
C
l U
:3
( a
*1
p)
F—’
'fi
5
:5

These individuals who were

 

 

-28-
more raiidly than the lcw ;artici;ators. Likewise those families
whose children took iart in the activities cf the b—H Clubs and
studied vocational agriculture in school were more likely to adcit
new Lractices. Access tc new ideas through contacts with bulletins,
farm magazines, and newsia;ers served to lromote change.

Certain family characteristics were shown to be cf significance
in conditioning change. The goals of the family were imrcrtant in iro-
viding motivation for action. It was also found that the family
whose entire membershi; took an active lart in the decision—making and
Cieration of the farm tended toward acceytance of a greater nueber of
a;proved Lractices. The value structure of the farm family ilays an

imiortant role in that the aversion to risk and the desire for secur-

H3

ity will influence the extent of change which occurs. The lrocess o
change usually incaryorates an element of risk which the family valu-
ing security highly may be reluctant to take.

The basic ccntribution of the Beal-Bohlcn study is the further
understanding it affords of the stages involved in the irocess of
rractice adciticn. A knowledge of these sta3es lermits the educational

agency to select the most a proiriate and effective communication

en‘in; u,on the larticular stage the wculd-be adoiter is

p,

technique de
iresumed to be in at the time. The study has also served to ioint

u, the im,ortance of customs, values, and asiirctions cf the indi»
viduals with whom the educational agencies are concerned and the role
these attributes llay in the acceptance frocess.

5.80cioePsycholcgical A;;rcach. A Lossible attrcach to the study of

 

the lrocess of change is that emil yed by Hilkening in his investiga—

tiCn of the accegtance cf imiroved farm tractices amcng 80 farm owners

 

 

qr
O O O 0 d
in the Piedmont community of North Carolina.a This alproach reire—

sents the socio~tsychological ioint of view and regards the acceitance
of new ideas as a function of the social relations and of the ideas,
values, and sentiments which the farmer holds. The assumgtion is that
although the techniques of farming serve economic ends, the economic
behavior of the farmer cannot be fully understatd abart from certain
non-economic considerations.

The grocedure emiloyed by Nilkening was somewhat similar to that
used in the Lresent study. The trimary source of data was the indi—

n—

(U

vidual with information being obtained throuah the intensive or ol
and interview.

While the basic iurgose of the study was to demtnstrate the
.ethodological grocedures which a;teared to be atLrorriate in this
area of research, the substantive findings follow closely those of
other workers. Some of the imiortant socio-Lsychological data which
tromise to be heliful in understanding the grocess of change include:
(1) the extent to which the individual feels the change can be of
benefit to himself; (2) the attitudes toward and contacts with the
persons and agencies disseminating information about farm matters;
(3) the extent to which formal education and scientific knowledge are
considered to be essential for success in farming; and (h) the levels
of aspiration as reflected by standards of living, size and tyLe of
farming Operations desired, and socia status asLirations.

These references are but a few of the many investigations into

the diffusion of farm lractices. They are discussed here because of

 

22 .. . , .
Bugs 3 A. Wilkening, Sign Cit.

23Ibid, 5- 36h.

-30-

their relevance to the gresent study and, in the case of {the Nilkening
study, demonstrate an aggroach somewhat similar to that emgloyed in this
investigation.

The case method, however, has been used relatively little in
|grevious diffusion studies and it is hoted that the intensive investi-
gation which such an ayyrtach affords will be valuable in revealing new
relationshiis and insights.

It should also be emghasised that this study is not intended to be
another diffusion study, ;3£_§3, even though this element blays an
imgortant role. Rather it is oriented around a special asrect of the
Extension Service, the Townshig Program, and is more concerned with the
role this }articular agency ylays in the grocess of chanre than have

been many of the Lrevious studies.

CHAPTER III

A DESCRIPTION OF THE SE 7 TED FAMILIES AND THS CHANGES

EACH HAS UNDEiTAKEN DURING THE FIVE-YEAR PERIOD

It has been suggested ,reviously that the irocess of change and
the degree to which a family resyonds to an extension irOgram is con-
tingent ugon a wide variety of cultural, bsychological and social
attributes of the individuals involved. A number of family and farm
business characteristics have also been shown to condition the e ant
to which changes are made. These considerations suggest that a satis-
factory exylanation of differences in grogress would require a rather
thorough knowledge of these variables as they relate to each of the six
families.

This chatter will ansist of a descriltion of these families
in terms of the variables which have Lreviously been considered of
imrortance; it will also discuss tie changes which have occurred among
these variables during the :eriod 1953-1957. Each family will be dis-
cussed individually in horas of maintaining it as an identifiable unit.
It should be remembered that families A, B and C, lave been classed as
high—changers while X, Y and Z, are low—changers.

Family A

Family_attributes. Of English and Irish extraction, the husband and

 

wife of this family iossess a better than ave age education. The
husband, who was 39 years of age, is a high school graduate. After
graduation he attended a 16—week short course at the 3 ate college. His

-31..

-32-
wife, who was one year older than he, is also a high school graduate
and, in addition, comyleted one year of schooling at a business college.
Four dauahters ranging in age from 9 to 15 years constitute the re-
mainder of the family.

Operator A 3 ant the major yortion of his 17 years of married
life in farming. However, immediately following his marriage in l9hC
he w rked as a machinist for a Leriod of two years. In l9h2 he gave
Hg his machinist’s gosition and rented a small farm in an adjoining
county. This he oferated with small, inadequate equigment which in-
cluded horses rather than mechanical ,ower. These years yroved to
be disappointing to him and his family and it was at this time that
he seriously considered leaving the farm and taking u, other emyloyment.
However, through the ,e~suasion of the county ayent he sold his
horses, acquired a tractor, and trooeeded to look for a larger farm
which he might rent. He and his family succeeded in renting the farm

uton which they now live and have stent the ast 13 years at this

1
location.

From information obtained in 1955, it was indicated that Family A
was at that time relatively inactive in the organize grougs of the
community. The family seldom attended church and, although Operator A
was a member of the Fara Eureau and the Granse, his attendance at
the meetings was sgpradic. The wife was a member of no organisations.
The husband was chairman of the ASC Committee and this reyresented the
only officershif he held in any organisation. He indicated that this
level of social iarticixation was also characteristic of the family in

1953.

O erator . s interest in the activities of the Extension Service

-33...
irior to the inceytion of the Townshi, Proéram sugjest that he had been
only an average iartici;ator. From the 1953 questionnaire comyleted
by the oierator in conjunction with Lrogram evaluation it was learned
that only occasionally did he attend meetings called by the county
agent, or garticigate in farm tours and demonstrations. This fact was
substantiated by a later visit with the oterator at which time he indi-
cated that his Lrevious contact with the county agent had been xurely

social in nature”.

Farm characteristics. The farm uyon which Family A resided in 1953 was

 

com;riscd of 156 acres of which 139 were tillable. Of the total acre-
age, 80 acres were owned by the ogerator and the additional 76 acres
were rented. The land was mostly level with Miami loam being the ire-
dominant soil tyie.

The farm business in 1953 had a net worth of $36,050. Lia-
bilities, in the form of a mortéage debt,7 totaled $1,000. Gross farm

711,035 with a net farm income of $5,873.

4°-

inccme for 1953 amounted to

The enterjrise organisation consisted of a dairy-cash croy com-
bination. Forty—six gar cent of the gross farm income in 1953 came
from the dairy entergrise with h? ger cent of the income originating
from cash croLs. These were whea and corn. ll: dairy herd had an
average annual lrcduction record of about 7,900 tounds of milk ler cow.

In the crolying ,roéram 25 jer cent of the tillable acres were
devoted to row crois, 51 ,er cent to grain crois, and 2h Ler cent to
Sod crois.

The tLtal labor exLended in the oleration of this farm in 1953
consisted of 10.5 months of labor by the orerator. During the winter

he did not devote his full time to the oieration of the farm and instead

-3h-
was emgloyed in an Lff—farm ij for a leriod of 2.5 manths.
Changes which have occurred. During the Leritd from 1953 to 1957 some
rather sisnificant changes cccurred in the organisational structure of

the farm (see Table 2). Mwst notewtrthy in this regard was an in-

crease in farm size. Total acreage increased frcm 156 acres in 1953

L)

’4

to 255 acres in 1957. Operator 3 had l.urchas-ed additional acr;ag

(

in 1954 and again in 1957) thus increasing his total Lwned acreage
from 80 acres in 1953 to 227 in 1957.

Additional changes were evident in the sise and catacit; of
the farm equilment An additional tractor was iurchased and the fre—
viously—Cwned tractor was traded in fer a more iowerful model. A two~
row corn Licler retleced the old one—row Licker.

Srme of the farm buildings were remodeled and enlarged to
handle the larger guintities Lf grain and forage that were lrtduced
and 2,750 bushels of corn storage siace were added. Hay mangers were
enlarged and the caiacity of the milking floor had been increased
with the addition of 6 stanchicns. Increased chduction had necess—
itated the iurchase of additional cooling equilment and milker units.

The dairy enteririse had exianded both in numbers of animals and
in grcduction her cow. O‘eratcr A had moved frtm an average number of
1M milk cows Ler year to 23 and had grogressed from a total of 3b head
of dairy stock to 50 head. Milk iroduction yer cow had increased
from about 7,960 :ounds ier §ear to over 11.7CC i.ounds. These changes
were attributed to better feeding and management of the herd in con—
junction with greater em&hasis u4rn good sires. The increase in ger
animal iroduction is judged remarkable in View of the less rigorous

culling that was dtne in order to build ur the herd size.

I
L O
\J1

I

The CFClPiné trogram, in res;onse to the exianded livestock
ergramj had under¢one considerable revamiing with relatively more row
crois and fewer grain croys being ilanted. In addition, over 7 too feet
of tiling had been installed on the land .fences had been removed and
relocated to lermit larger, more efficient field sides and about 6 acres
of woodland were cleared and gut into cash croi yroduction.

The labor used in oierating the farm has increased from 1o.5 men
months in 1953 to 18 men months in 1958.

The volume of Lroduction as measured by the gross farm income
figure had undergone considerable change. In 1953 the gross farm
income figure was $11,035 but by 1957 it had increased to $18J37A.

The ”efficiency“ of rroduction, as measured by the gross farm
income ier tillable acre had increased from $79 to $91 over the five—
year Leriod. On the other hand the “efficiency” of iroduction as
measured by the gross farm income her $100 eӣense had declined from
$?14 to $171 indicating that Lroduction extenses were advancing rela—
tively more ratidly than gross farm income as lroduction was increased.

Because relatively little was known about the formal tartici-
iation of Family A in the activities of the community irior to 1955;
this comrarison will involve only the years from 1955 through 1957.

A study of the data indicates that Family A had become somewhat more
active in the formal organizations of the community in 1957 than in
--o l . . . .
1955. During this time however, O_erator A’s soCial larthllatlUn

o . \ 8
index had remained constant at as.

 

ll‘Formal organisations are here defined to indicate those organi—
zations which hold regularly scheduled meetinés and to which membershii
dues must be laid.

f\
d o o - [:5 ~ _ o
This index was such as to reliect the extent to which the o‘erator

l.articiiated in the formal organizations of the communitv. It was

-36-

Although no rigorous attempt at measuring informal social parti-
cipation of the family was made over the five-year period, visits with
the family revealed that the members felt they had definitely exper-
ienced a considerable increase in the number of informal social con-
tacts both within and outside the community. Part of this can be ex-
plained by the increased number of social activities which the daugh-
ters took part in as they grew older and became involved in the school
and church life of the community. Operator A also intimated that only
within the past few years had the family become financially able to
engage in some of the community's informal social activities. The
activities of the Township Program were also mentioned as repre-
senting opportunities for increased social contacts both within and
outside the community.

To measure the extent to which improved férm practices had been
adopted over the five-year period a simple unweighted system of index

numbers was developed.3 On this basis the analysis indicated that

 

weighted in the following manner: Membership in the organization was
given a weight of one; each meeting which was attended received an
additional weight of two points; being a member in the organization
received a weight of three; a board member received a weight of four;
and being an officer in the organization was awarded with an additional
five points. Thus, the higher the participation index, the more active
the Operator presumably was in the formal social activities of the
community. '

3The method used in the computation of an index to measure the
extent of farm practice adoption over a given period of time has been
a matter of controversy among those individuals concerned with farm
practice adoption. Elaborate systems of weighting have been devised
which are based upon such factors as the investment required to utilize
the new practice, the net return expected from the use of the practice,
or the magnitude of change, or action required to put the practice into
effect. Thus, the adoption of a practice requiring a large investment
or a large change in the habit or custom of the manager would be
weighted more heavily than the adoption of a practice requiring a smaller
effort on the part of the manager.

The procedure followed in this study is that of weighting equally

Ope ator A was usin5 r latively more re’ ccmwn nded Lr re ctices in 1957
than in 1955. Of the 37 Iractices explicable to Farm A in 1953, 19
were ein5’ foll1w d yielding a iractice adoiticn index of 51. This
index contrasted with an ado5ticn index of 65 in 1957.

In addition to usin5 a 1ar5‘ 3-r number of recommended farm
Ira ctice s in his farmin5 (feration, Oierator A had also increased the
intensity of fertilizer agplicatitn during this geriod. In 1953 he
.1yin5 an aver353 of 57 gounds Lf Llant food fer tillable acre.
By 1957 this had been increas3d to 112 rounds fer tillable acre.

It was indicated earlier tha.t F mily A's contact with the Ex-
tension Service grior to the inceLtion of the TownsLi; Iro5ram had
consisted of occasional attenda nc-e at county—wide meetin 5s, tours and
demonstrations. This was altered considerably by the Townshii Pro5ram
which develo5ed within Family A deer interest in the activities of the

Irogram. Thus, the iartic153tion index for the year 1955 r3vea13

“

 

all gractices that a e ado5ted. This approach is based u¢on the be-
lief that such a technique will :3rmit essentiaily the same result as a
more elaborate system of wei5htin5 ——a belief which is substantiat d

by the results ofs 3V3ral investi5atitns at the Iowa station. On

this goint Beal of Iowa in a letter written to the investigator on
835tember the oth, 1958, ste.tes: ‘The information we do have is
scattered throu5hcut a number of theses, where the research worker
used elaborate weightin5 systens and then the simrle . . . sys em and
found that there was a V3ry hi5h correlation between these two aigrc-
aches."

The com5let3 grLcess involv d in devel(.5in5rt11e index nuflbers in
this study consisted Lf examining the list of fem m fractices from the
questionnaire which was submitted to each oieratcr in 1953 and again in
1958 and selectin5 from tie list those lractices which could be c1assi~
fied as being definitely reco meenied. Those lractices which were aiylic-
able tr the }articular farm bein5 considered were then examined to deter-
mine the number of iracticrs which were bein5 fclloW3d in the reco-
mmended manner. Ly dividin5 the number of iractic3 .3 which were bein5
followed by the total numb r of 5ractices which Were agglicable to the
larticular farm, a 53rc3nta5e fi5ure was obtained which constituted
the farm 'fir ctic3 ado5tion i.d:x. Ty com55rin5 this in Md x frr the years
1953 and 1958 3(me idea could be obtained as to the relatiV3 number cf
r3crmn3nded ;raetice3 the mf:1c 5:r was folitwin5 at the cutset and Bldc 9t
the termination Lf the Ttwhshi- F1x5rem.

.L

that this f [N111 had fled: ,55ICX1J3131U 1&0 ctnt3ct5 with the 5ro5r3m

‘
U'
|

durin5 that year.
The net farm income fi5ure hed und3r5one etne alt ratitn durino
the five—y3er 5 eritd increasin5 from $5,873 in 1953 to $7,6“1 in 1357.
This WOUl d 5u55 35t that Family A may have fLUHd it cssible to enjtv
a hi5her level of livin5 at the close of the leritd than was 5tesib1e
in 1953.
The net worth fi5ur3 had also under5one crn5iderab1e ch3n5e

during the five yeur5. Frvm a n3t worth of $30,05t in 1953 it had

grown to e55rrxirwtaly :73 f~ ”L FLe :DG if ':31
’ L i hie“ 1n‘*3311d in ,4 “rlier r115tcr ‘h )-C1k‘ ,1 1 1:
“1L1; (f 3 ;T 1175 v5 1 L 1 ( 1 _itfe ’: 1 -13 ‘ 5d r r1 3
r ;s .;<3ir'yy: 171:121: “W "illfllfl'"., ”2; TC' :7: 31.3;1—15 ri;_5 1'1‘ 3'“tj,5i‘scrtii:ri 3 5
57311 '35 ifl1311‘ n-ci_él “ *rti. i :ngiri. Zfliis ri3fi: _.T.tir:1 1mxx.ld.ifi:us i;3hd.

to subsune the net fern uernin55 end the net worth fi5ures which have
been discu553d 5r3vituslg. E3 c9 use thesc twv 1'15 u135 have both in»
creased over the five—year eeritd alhn5 with the level cf social

gertici59ti0n, 5resunehly the fa n1 13‘s socio— 3ccnvnic status has been
enhanced to some ext ;nt

In addition tn incrsDSJS in these fi5ures, Family A had made a
number cf chan5es in the home which would tend to increase its value to

the family members. The hCfiE had under5one considerable remodelin5 in—

c1udin5 the in5talletion of a 5ictur3 window and the acquisition cf

 

This index was desi5ned usin5 a weight of one for 'ach contact the
family had made with the 5 r:5r3m durin5 the year. For exam513, one 5oint
was added to the ’emily's lartici eticn score eezh time the e53nt had
visited the farm, as well 35 c5ch time the C53 etor hed attended meetin55
s5cnsore d by the 353nt9 reed the e53nt'svzeek1y news5e5 3r otlumn, or
held a t31e5htn3 conV3rsetitn with the 35 ent.

new furnishings and l1oor— “Vii aiiliences. Some :1nd3c Uh d

1l3c been dc ne ETFL 1d tle htme including the :lwntinv cf shrubs and

.- 4
’-

(D
Y—

the res edinU cf t"

Oger1tor A also indic J.t: d that the increased earnings thet were
bein; realized lermitted the family to enjoy life a bit more, to '¢et
away" from the farm for more da3s each year, and to enjoy certain of
the stcial niceties} such 13 "eating out” which Irevitusly had been
denied then.

F2? 1111" _E_

F mil; attri out:3. Thie family, of SN :di3h b1chrxund, V83 t e younb~

 

est cf the six fenilie3 selectzd. The husband was 33 years of age

:raduated from high school but his

f.
(
U

0 erator B

A
L_1

\/

V
t-h
OJ
1:.
H3
(
,4
1..
L
" 7
C 1’)

wife coml eted only her soihtmore year after which she was married.
There are four childr3n in the family-~th e3 daughters, who are
9,6 and 5 years of are and a son who is less than a year old.
Operator B had bsen farming for a feriod of lo years, 7 of which
were spent on this farm. He held no other fullwtime occuLaticns but

did work tart-time in a local rarage during the winter months immed—

during one of the visits, 1Full-”tine farming was always in the back of
my mind.”

Both the olerator and his wife larticiiated to a certain extent
in organized community grours irior to the in Mt ation of the Townshir
Extension Program and were reg wul r church attender re. The husband had
been a member of one of the general farm organizations of the community
and attended the meetings with considerable regularity. He serve d as

V103 ~1resident cf the organization in 1955. Both he and his wife

-101
attended the lLC al PTAm meetian and in ly$ he had b en elected to the
school board.

A study of F nil; E's ;ertici,atitn in extension activities iricr
to 1953 rev1al.3 that very few or no crntacts had been.ande u,L to that
time. Of this Ogeratcr B said, ”Before the Ttwnshii Prer1m was
started I never used the crunty aQ3nt. I nev: r asLed him for an; kind

of advice. In fact, I wouldn't know the county 1Qent if I saw him.”

‘ 1 o 0 o ' n o _-.r-r\ a /,—
Farm Characteristics. Fenily B s Iarm in ljpj CUHSlJtJd of 1c; acres

 

\L
31.:
l...‘
I

(

of which 185 wer1 All of this w13b1inQ rented at that tine
tn the basis of a 50—50 ownervolerattr lease. EL: land, (f Q1ntly
rolling tothra,hy, consisted of a gravel loam soil ter. The fern
was considered to b: an exc1lleht dair; fern.

The family's net worth pr $13,5C7 in 1353 was the smallest of an'
of the six families and tended to reflect the ytuthfulness of the finily
and the slow and d_ifficult start which Ogerattr B had exlerienced in
farming. (His fath r was ntt ccnside red to be a successful farn1r and
consequently, had little mot rial wealth or Lrectical knowledoe to
gass on to the s n.) The family at that tine, l953, was encumbered

by liabilities tot alir” $‘,8CC, the bulk of which consisted of a nortQJQe

The gross fern income for 1953 of $11,373 was Very con,1rabl: with
the other two hi h~c1-nQ1 fiii1i1s. Bet fern income for that year
totaled $§,Cs6.

This farm w1s ,redoninantly orQanized artund the livestock ,rogram

Which consist:d of a dairy herd, a shell HUID r of o- .ef cow.3 and several

brotd sows. In 1353, To mgr cent of the Qross farm income came from

-%l-
these livestock enter ri3-:s with the emaininQ 2H ,er cent arisinQo ut of
es of cash croQg. Th1 th ent1r_rise resulted in 39 er cent of the
Qross farn income for the year.

.rr’rai lean1 d rather heavily trwerd the Qroduction

of wheat and oats with 52 ,or cent of the tillable acres devoted to
Qrain cro;3, 25 Qer cent to sod crOQs, and 23 i3r cent to row cro;s.

The labor utilized on the farm durinQ 1753 consisted of 12 months of
work by the o1erator.
ghanges which hgze ggggrred, While the chanQes which have taken Qlace
on this farm were fewer in number and s aller in n Qinitude than thos

which occurred on the farm of Fanily A, they still aQiear to be of

significance (see lele 2). Total and tillable acrea e durinQ the five-

.1

'eriod remainer th1 sane but Ogerator B QroQ ed from a full

L
«L

y ear
renter to a kart owner having Qurchased 1&0 acres in 1956.

The machinery cake-city of the farm had also been ex and1 d with
the iurchase of a new four—Qlow tractor and, in addition, a hay chOQLer
we 3 acquired to lrovide th - ehiQh quality forage needed by the dairy
herd.

Noteworthy chanQes also included the buildinQ of a silo and the
erection of a modern Qarlor—tyke dairy barn. .4ith these cha nQes was
a large eXQansion in the dairy herd from 16 to 30 cows and the disxosal
of the beef herd. The th enteririse was exyanded to include the iro-

duction of about 70 feeder liQ ,er year. The ,er cent of the Qross

UJ

farm income from livestock has thus increased from 76 er cent to almost
90 Ler cent. The labor months required to oierate the farm likewise
increased from 12 to 16 man months Qer year.

The volume of lroduction as measured by the Qross farm income figure

increased from $11,373 in 1953 to a l)57 fiQ ure of $17, 21). Gross farm

-uge

income Ler tillable acre increased frcm $61 to $92 while gross farm
income fer $160 extense decreased, as did Farm A, from $180 to filhh.

03erator B's social larticinaticn index far 1955 was 128 comiared
to 186 for 1957 thus indicating that he had become somewhat more active
in the formal crdanizations cf the community. The family, too, had
beccme somewhat mcre active as evidenced by their regular church
attendance and the wife's membershii in a Home Demtnstration Unit. The
husband's frequent meetings in conjunction with his wnrk on the schhol
board also served to raise his social iarticilation index. Both the
husband and his wife indicated some concern cver this increase social
Particigaticn and suggested that it may have been to the detriment cf
home life and the management cf the farm. This concern had even devel-
oged to the extent cf causing Oieratcr B to resi;n from iositicns he
held on the church board and in the Townshif Association.

With regard to infernal lartici'laticn of the family less infor-
mation was available but questioning of the oLerator on this matter
revealed that the fami r may have become a bit mcre active in the in—
formal social affairs of the community. This was attributed to the girls
becoming older and thus, taking a more active gart in such activities.
The Townshi; ongr m was alsc believed to have been instrumental in
bringing about this increase social interaction through the oxlor-
tunit'es it afforded for develobing new friendshirs bcth within and
outside the community.

Oberator B was using only slightly more recommended iractices in
his oberaticn in 1958 than he had been in 1953 as evidenced by an index

of 61 for 1958 as com5ared to 58 for 1953.

-h3-

Even though F mily B had develoged few, if any, contacts with the
Extension Service grior to 1953, this family became active Lartici—
Lators within a relatively short while after the irogram was organized.
Although the larticigaticn index suggests that these contacts continued
to grow in number with the ‘e of time, (from lt7 in 1955 to 13H in
1957) both OLerator B and the townshig agent indicated that they were
becoming more significant in nature. Thus, while the cyerator had
in earlier months called ufon the agent for information of a SuMSWhat
more trivial nature, the yassage of time had served to inform and edu-
cate the oterator-to the extent that it became necessary for him to
call u;on_the agent for assistance only when he faced decisions of a
considerable magnitude.

Of the three high—change families, Family B's at farm income

ad increased the smallest amount, having advanced from $5,Ch6 in 1953
to $5,289 in 1957. However, in sharg contrast to the relatively small
change occurring in Family B's net farm income, the net worth figure
had more than doubled. With a figure of $13,527 in 1953, by 1957 this
had advanced to $27,550.

Family B had undertaken a good deal of remodeling in the old
farm home in which they lived, including the addition of a new kitchen
and a large number of new ,ieces of furniture. A small amount of land-
seeping was also done during this Leriod.

The neWJmilking Larlor yermitted a more ra,id, efficient system
of milking and was recogn'sed as a great labor—saver. The words of
Operator B are interesting at thisjyoint, "We felt now that we had a good
enough milking set—uy that we could get a hired man in here that would be
able to handle the job suc essfully. This termitted us to take a few days

Of vacation last year. In fact, last year was the first time in six years

-hq-

that we've taken enough tine off to go on a vacation. It was only two
days but to us it was very enjoyable.“

Family 9
Family atfiggbgtgs, This family was relatively young in com,arison
with the other five families. The husband was 36 years of age; his
wife was 28 (195Cfl. Of German background, both were born on the farm and
have spent their entire life there. Both have had 12 years of formal
education.

The children of this family were the younéest of the six families
and ranged in age from 3 to 5 years. The two oldest children, ages h and
5, were girls; the boy was years old. A full—time hired man also lived
with the family.

Operator C had 9 years of farming exierience but s,ent only three
of these on the ,resent farm. Previously he rented a farm in the adjoin-
ing townshi, but moved to the iresent farm after ,urchasing it in 195M.

Family C Wauld easily be considered the ost active in the
formal social activities of any of the six families. An active lure-
bred swine and dairy breeder, Orerator C was a member of several
national and state breed associations as well as a ember of the Fgrm
Bureau. The family, members of the lutheran church, were extremely
active in church affairs and were known to seldom miss a Sunday morning
worshig service.

Family C maintained a relatively large number of contacts with
the Extension Service yrior to 1953 and, in fact, had develoied more
such contacts than any of the other five families. It was intimated by

the townshi, agent that Ogerator C was the tyge of individual who would

may well for any service which would enable him to become a more successful

-.. L's/T...
farm oberator. Consequently, he disglayed a great eagerness for new
ideas and information which would aid him in the oteration of his farm.
He was known to rely very heavily ulon the Extension Service and con—
tinually required confirmation and reassurance from the agent in any

0 erations which he undertook.

i
.1.

Farm characteristics. The era u,on which Family C esided in 1953

 

consisted of a total of 391 ac es, 220 of which were tillable. 04erator
C rented this farm in its entirety and owned no other additional land.
The family had acquired a net worth of $27,318 in 1953 end at the
time was free of debt. Gross farm income for 1953 totalled $13,320
with a net farm income of $6,133. These two figures were both large
than for any of the other five farms.
The entergrise organization consisted lrimarily of a large swine

enterlrise. accounting for 58 fer cent of gross farm income, a beef

cow herd which grovided for 1h yer cent of the income, and a very small
dairy entergrise. Operator C had done a considerable amount of custom
baling in 1953, a fact which accounts for the bulk Lf th: rznaininb dross
farm income.

The cro‘ rngran did not include cash crors and was Lrinarily

eveloied to su,tort the 1°vastcck enteririsas. The tillable acres were
devoted almost equally to the J:roduction of row, groin and sod crois.
Th3 labor BXLQHd3d in the oieration of the form included 12 months

by the oierator, A months of family labor and 1 mcnth of hired labor.

Chanégs which have occurred. Family C 3ossib1y made the greatest number

 

of cha res with rssfect to farm organization of any of the six families

(see Table 2). Bzginning with a farm of 321 acres in 1953, this family

 

.—

i/
-140—
in 1957 W13 farmin; 51o acres of which ANS were tillable. Of these 510

,
r‘r/__

acres the family had 3urchased l{o acres durino the fiVe years.

To handle this r'reatl‘v JXLQDdid acreaoe a considerable amount of new
and larger cayacity machinery had been acguired. Noteworthy in this re—
gard was a new E—rtw corn yicker, a D—row r1anter, a b—row cultivator,
a L-bottom Llcw, and two used tractors. To handle the increased forage
groduction a new hay cht*_;r was l.urchased along with an unloading wason
and a baler.

Omerator C greatly exyanded his dairy enteririse during the last
five years. While owning 9 head of dairy cows in 1953, he exianded this
to a lresent herd of 60 cows. It seems highly ,robable that this figure
would have been considerably higher had the dairy herd not suffered an

"'f

outbreak of B.ng s disease in 19; which necessitated the sale ‘f 26

0\

animals.

This greatly increased dairy herd encouraged tie theretor to
modernise his f;edin; and mi kin; system. He Jurchased a fixeline
milker and a bulk tank and installed automatic waterers and feeders
in the milking larlor. A yole barn had bee erected and the milking
iarlor wxs rencdelad. A silo had been built and a silo unloader was
installed in the silo. To facilitate feedin; the barnyard was cemented
and an auger feeding system was develoyed.

As has been indicated, the livestock lrogran underwent consider-
able alteration. A Lorticn of the greatly increased dairy herd was
acquired with funds obtained by the sale of the beef herd. The swine
entertrise was likewise oxyanded to yroduce about MC litters of i.ids yer
year. During this leriod this entcryrise had cone under the comilete

ownershig of the oyerator. Pr3”ious V, it had been 04erated on a 5U—5b

-hT-
basis with the husband's father—in-law.

The cropying Lrogram was charged to Ler nit the Production of rela—
tively more forage and corn frr us 3 with the dairy and swine oberations.

The labor requirements eeded to oyerate this greatly exranded
farm organization more than doubled. While 17 man months of labor were

equired in 1953, more than 36 man months were needed in 1957.

The gross farm income figure which reflects the volume of iro—
duction incr3as3d from $13,320 in 1953 to $36,9 74 in 1957. Milk kro—
duction yer cow increased from a yearly average of 9,908 founds to
11,0h1 Lounds. Gross farm income yer ti lla ble acre increased from $61

to $82. Gross farm income 1 er $100 expense declined somewhat over the

Period. From Kr1:35 in 1953 it dro;Led to $159, again reflecting the

relatively higher expenses associ Rd with larg 3r out ut or lerhaps an
incre mély unfavorable larity r tio.

It was noted greviously that O;erator C had been very active in
the formal organizations of the community in 1955. From an index of 305
that year, the intex for 1957 drorped to 261. This droy in social
oarticitation was a tributed to the increasing demand for time in the
oreration of the larger farm organization, and particularly the greatly
extended dairy 3nt rlr Hi 3. In this regard, t.3 Q erator suggested,
"We like to be good Lartici.ators in any organization we belong to. If
we don't have time to be a good tarti Hi ator we'll drop th-3 membershi;

The R: en d3s ire of the Operator for new ideas and information on
imyrcved farming techniques is reflected in the farm tractice adoition
index for 1957. With an index of 66 in 1953, by 1:57 this had increased
to 82. In addition, the intensity of fertilizer agglication had been

increased from MM pounds of ilant foot yer tillable acre in 1953 to

69 rounds in 1957.

As was indicated, Family C had been active ,articiyators in the
Extension Service Lricr tv the Townshi; Program. This level of rarticiu
pation steadily increascd with the iassaae of time and.by 1957 the family
was again having more contacts with tle Lrogran than any other familv.

In addition to these contacts O,erator C had been very active in the
Townshit Association and was elected secretary—treasurer of the organi—
zation during 3 of those 5 years. He had also served on various
committees affiliated with the Association.

yeriod Family C saw their farm‘s ngt inccme

During the five—year
more than double. From a figure of $6,133 in 1953 it had grown to
$13,767 by 1957. is net worth figure also increased grodigiously
during the ,eriod. The net wcrth figure at the end of 1953 was
$27,318 while by the end of 1957 it had grown to $56,228.

Although this family exterienced a greatly increased net worth
and net farm income, vary few changes occurred in the modest, but
comfortable, farm home. This is quite remarkable when viewed in light
of the great many changes which have occurred on the farm. These
observations suggest that Family C may have considered material acqui-
sitions in the heme as being relatively unimyortant but may have derived
a great deal of satisfaction frcm develoiing a larger farm oreration.

The modern equi;ment and the many labor—saving innovations e.—
iloyed in the 05eration of the farm were doubtlessly of significance in
reducing the heavy manual labor required. Oyeratcr C stated that the
family took fewer days of off—farm vacation at the end of the yeriod than

I
at the outset of the 1rogram. However, the hours spent in the actual
05eration of tie farm were fewer because of the many labor-saving changes

which had been made.

Family attributes. This family was one of the oldest families in the
grour. The husband, who was MS, was the oldest farm oierator of the six.
His high school education glus an 8—weeks shortucourse in dairy iro—
duction would also rar' him near the to; with regard to education. His
39—year old wife was a thh school graduate.

Five children were living in the home of which three, ranging in
age from 9 to 17, were rightful members of the family. The two youngest
boys, ages 5 and 6, were boarded with the amily through a nearby foster
home for which the family received $20 gar week. The husband and wife,
both deegly religious, considered the boarding of the two youngest boys
as a Christian duty. HOwever, it was suggested by the husband that the

iayment received for their maintenance had not only Laid the additional

xgenses involved, but also germitted the family to lurohase a number

( i)

of new household ayyliances.

OLerator X was btrn and grew u, on a farm although his wife grew
u; in a nearby city. At times she exrressed considerable dissatis—
faction with farm life and would agparently welcome the oyportunity to
move to the city. This fact was yrobably resyonsible for the family
yutting the farm u; for sale in 19hh. However, the farm was never sold
and the family cuntinued to reside there.

Operator X also lossessed the longest farming exierience of any of
the six farmers. He had farmed for 18 years, a leriod during which the

amily lived on four different fa ms. The Lresent farm was turchased in

19h3. Aside from church attendance, which is very regular, this family
garticigated in no other formal organizations. Oyerator X had demon-

strated some interest in h—H'work and served as a h-H community leader

in dairy during 1935. In addition, he was a member of the school board
during that year. He suggested that a good many of the social organi-
zations served only to take u; one's time but considered church attendance
of extreme imgortance to family welfare.

The amily's irevious contact with the Extension Service develoyed
lrimarily out of the children‘s yarticiiation in h—H'work. Oierator X
suggested that seldom had he seen or contacted t.e county agent but
occasionally he had read a bulletin distributed by the agent‘s office.

Farm characteristics. Family X's farm in 1953 consisted of 160 acres

 

of slightly rolling land. Included in this were 20 acres of muckland.
Most of the farm was made uu of a sandy loam soil. Of the 160 acres,

.1

10h were tillable. The farm was owned by the family and no additional

2

The family's 1953 net worth of $31,5LO as the second hi éh‘est

figure of the six families. A mortga e debt of $3.5oo rested adainst

\J

th land at the time. Gross farm income for the year was $5,270. This

(D

was the smallest gross farm income of any of the farms being considered.
The net farm income for the year was a negative ¢.Sl. This also was
the smallest figure in the broug-

The enterrrise cr;anization in 1953 consisted of a dairy enter—

}rise, a small sheer ent;r,rise,zrd.a laying flock. The ,oultry enter—
,rise accounted for M6 yer cent of gross farm income; the dairy enter—

0

ris» for 36 yer cent. Wheat sales irovided for an additional 5 rer cent

In. .
(

of the income.

Of the tillable acrea a, El ,er cent was in sod cro,s, h? yer Cent

.1

in grain CYCLS: 33d 25 Per cent in row crOJs.

.L

During the year 1953, OLeratCr X had not devoted his full time to

the oleretion cf the farm. H: 3*3nt arrroximately 3C0 days cf the year
as an artificial inscninetor fcr one of the breedinQ associations.
However, the fomi 1y ldbcre 1C on“ with his Lart-time hel; on the farm
resulted in 12 man months cf labor being exkgnded in the farm‘s cler-
aticn durinQ the year.
Chanes which hav: cccurr d. Total acre aQ 3 fermed by C ;rator X remained
unchanQ. 3d cwv r the five~year Qeriod and no additional land had bee
iurchased. Some cLeans had been made with reQerd to farm equiinent
including the Lurchese of a used FerQuson trdctur, a used hay ChCL43r and
blcwer (Lurchased in ;artn3rshig with his neithcr), a used corn iicker,
and a used lick—u: truck. No building remadeling was done with the
excthitn of some minor releirs tc the home.

In the liV3strck IrOQrem a number of chenQes had occurred.
Oysrator X di53cssd of his dairy h rd and exiendsd his hug enter—
lrise. He had also beQun a steerwfeedinQ ogsration. Holstein steers

earlb years in the lericd. Iatsr

Kr

(D

were used in this rsQerd durinJ t1
Hereford cattle wer: Jurchasad throu. h the encpurerment of the tcwnshi;
OQQnt. T13 CTO;§ind ;errem hsdu ndechne littl.3 chan

The entunt of lionr usgd in oieretinQ th: farm d3clin3d stendily
thrquhcut the Jericd. Fro;n a hiQ’ n fiQure cf 12 man months in 1953,
tlzis had r3Qr33°3d to 8 min ficntrs du:;L;3Q 195?. O; retcr X crntinuad
his off fern amhlbynaht but QoV3 u; his former work es on artificial
inseminntrr fir 9 jcb in e n Tro; futc essgnbly Jlunt.

Gross farm inCtne incr used slithly over the fiV3 " ear ieritd.
The 1953 fiQure was g5,27© wh'l3 tn3 195' ’ur3 had incrsased to

'~ - . .~ .. .¢~ , An ,
${I3hl. Gr 33 arm incom3 Jer tilleble acre rns: frtm $21 to @i1 3nd

, . . , _ . .1” n s. dine}
gross farm inCUme ijr $1CC cXledd had also incr used Ircm ilCC tc VLLh-

OQeretcr X's f r191 scciei JerticiJfiti n d: fiesed erfl Sn index
Cf 122 in 1355 ta 1C? in 123T. This we; attributed tr his wcrh Ln the
nith shift which Qrchibitsd hin frtm tehinQ u_ membershil in an; cf the
C(mmunity orQeni; etinns which custtmerily held meetian durinQ these
hours.

Ocerntrr X's wife suQQested.that infernal stcidl 1 Hrti aticn
had also declined durinQ' the five 3~ ars. She attributed this to her
new rechnsibilities in cirinQ for the tw: foster ycuanters and the
added difficu1ty involved in takinQ the family awe frcm home durl u1Q

t

:3”
(U
(D
s}
l ‘J
:3
,..J.
D

The farm iractice edcttion index indicates that Cieretor X was
using ebuut the same relative number cf rBCCflfl1flde irectices in 1957
as he had in 1953. Frrn en inns; Lf MS in 1953, tle fiQure had risen
only very slithly ta AG in 135(. The int3n3it y Cf felt lizer anli~
catitn had been reduced an eleient Cf stronQ ccntrest with that Lf
Operetcrs A, B and C 0137 o 8V3rfl e if 2o chnds 1f Qlent focd
bli;d in lQET es ccniered with 31 ltunds in 1353.

The number of Ctntlcts with the TLwnshiQ Pichnn increased frtn
72 tt 1C“ durinQ the 38*r5 1335 thrchh 135 T filthLth CQerzt r X h31d
no itsiticns 1f res tn ibilitQ in the Itwnshii Asstciutitn. he hdd
exhibited an interest in the _rthcm frtm the cutsst nd 't that tine
had csmieiQn d quite fictively tc establish the thQram in the cvnmunity.

Althchh the I 1n busi 3.33 r,eli zed a negative net fern iflClfld in
17‘ 53 this fiQure hed increhjcd to $1,h13 fcr 125T This; cf C(urse
was yet quite law but it did reQr3.3:nt C(nside table QrLQrass- Net

.,01

W rth increi.3;‘ slithl; frtm $31 53; in 1353 to $37,QCQ at the 3nd cf

1351'

m,
4.1, -

"4
'N
.1
iv
"v"
_.

tr-r ~w .--. \‘r. ‘ 'yx '- ~,,' ‘, . 1. .-'.r,.L| ~ . -~ ‘ ,3 l ."\ ~ '."\,".‘11 '3' '3 ~ "1' '
.|.*-. L. m... -3_ L, ..,.;..1.;/--l Lu. r34 lilq 1.1.13.1 @011.le 1‘11:

‘ ‘.""'."\‘ n ‘ \3'3'1- 33'3“.“ "fi ,.1 j 's‘ .4- V.) I"? . fl . ‘ D " ‘ -"
dCQulolLlhn CI 331,131 Q1333; b1 new iu1n1tu1- and 3 hUJL3T Ll Ltusehtld
anliences. A new c:r:hes washer and drger edded to the convenienee

«7 3.‘ 0 w— 1‘7-1__,\ '1-.. n. ”.-,‘ .. .— '1 n. -. ..—-.m.. 4--~
ELQ ease C1 Ltu33nseQ12Q some 13nd3c3L1nQ w», OLA; eiodnu tLe

3 iect which :nccur3.3d OQeretcr X tr suQ est thet the home W33 CLn~

U U

ifborhttd.

K.)

(‘t
[—1.
*3
d-
D“
('1‘-
{j
\l
H

yJ

sidered tt be the cf the hretti-_

F3311; Attributes. 0f Dutch and thlish ertrectitn the husband and wife

 

were both hiQh SClCLl QlfidUfltfldt H3 we; 38; she was 35 inure were
ftur ocys in the fehily raninQ in 3Q: frtm T to 15.

Both the husbend and wife had sQent their entire lives on the farm
and lived tn the Qresent fern far the Qast 1Q years. hs did Family X;
this family lived «n 3 different farms durinQ the 15 Jeers which they
have been farminQ.

FollcwinQ an outbreek 0f B nQ's disease in the dairy herd in lj5hl
OQerattr Y held an off—fern jtb with the countv rtnd deertnent. The
BenQ’s incident ftrced him tn disQwse of his entire dair3 herd Lf 28 ctws
and, at the suQQestion of s“?te veterinarian no dairy cows were heit on
the farm for the two years followinQ the outbrtek. Only within the last
ieretcr szun rebuildinQ 4‘he deirv herd.

Fefifly Y h;d been quit: active in the 360131 cranni3etien3 of
the community and was 3 gurticulerlv enthusiastic ~3r"icii3t3r in the
farm oranizntions The ttwnshiQ 3Q:nt suQQested th3t social iartici—

QatiLn W13 3 irinnry interest of this 133115. Only cf secondary in—

rcrtance was mehinQ 3 success Lf firming CLerdtcr Y encouraQed his

. .

sons to becgme active in #3H‘work and served as 3 h~H leader durinQ

ntst of the five—year Leriod. Church attendance was irchulnr and nL

cle in w1s hid: Cf church A;nt3rshi4 in 1155 (tn: : 1;13st year for which

0 eratcr Y had h33n charactgriged b; h3 thnshi4 augnt as a Strflflé

”family man” and was v3ry much interestsd in th: schCol activitiss cf his

sons. Both he and his wif: wsr3 avid b1s3bdll fans; ticulnrly cf

ans: 5 in which th3ir suns 4ertici43ted, and frgqucntly treV333d to
neighbcrin; tcwns to a t3nd the contests.

The int3r33t in h—H Wtrk which the fsmily exhibited 33rV3d to
dsvelL; r9th3r fl‘lU‘Pt Cunt1cts with the Extsnsicn S IfiCé £v3n iricr
to the i11c4 tirn cf the Townshi4 Prtérum the 11Udb8nd indie: t3d thdt h3
had been a frggu3nt Visitcr at the county a¢3nt's office. Must of
these visits were in relation to hnH work and arparantly f3w dealt with

1rcblems the theretor may have encountered in his farming 01eraticn.

F1rm characteristics. he farm uLon which Family Y resided in l953

 

consisted of 16 05 acrzs Cf which 129 we re tilldhle . Of the 39 l65 acres,
100 Were owned b; the fanily.

The soil 3 heevv Jcam, had hi;h ireducticn retential althcugh

U

i

drainage was a rrohl3m. During these ten ygdrs awhich Fa;nilv Y
cwned the farm no attemfits had bsen made to estaeblish a dreinaba systam.
Th3 f9mit* 3 net wcrth in 1953 was $3M.8£C. a figure which was
about averaga when com4ar3d tn the other fiV3 families. The family had
a mCrtbaée debt of :h,300 at that time. The QTOSS farm income of
$6,202 was sli ghtlgr smallsr tlen tlm at cf 18 arms A B and C but it was
hi Uher than tlcse of the C th 3r two le—chang f3 arms. IE 3t fE‘ r:n inccm3
was $2,208.
313 enterkris33 Cf dc1113nt in;crtanc3 in 1‘53 w3r: tth: in ths

cash crc-Ling ;r0 1 n w ich 9c311nt d icr ML J3r Cint Cf t1e dross fzrn

inccns. Tie air; enter.riee ;r0vid:d far 2% $er cznt cf th; inccne with

the reneindgr eriein; cut Cf the custcn ba.in; wh'ch the c erettr hid

dcne that year. is has b;en indicated, the crtfi;in¢ 4icvran was truanigsd
arcund the *rcducticn cf wheat, carn and cats. Nine ;;r cent hf th;

tilieble acres wer: dcvct d to ha; chduction

The lTbCT usgd rn the farm during l9j3 consisted bf 8 5 mcnthe by

the Okeretor and three htnths Lf lcbrr by thc fenily The wife was en»
llcbed iart bllJ 33 3 clerk b; (L: (f the Jcicl merclznts.

 

d
H.
O
H
..J
EJ
L.
*‘S
H.
{'3

C _;
('1‘
'4
p
(
H\
H
<,|
(L.

1
(L
\-
r‘i
[’ A]
H
H-
(L
<‘
N
h‘
(1'
An
(I)
("I
*‘T‘
w-
H)
H
U
H.
C
{‘3
a“,
*- 3
}._J
(

J
’ \
y.‘
d
O”
5:
C I
(I
p~d
k
f
H

.1“, L.

was gcmemnut
susller in site then it had bzen in 3353 heviz':Q d crefis:d in tillcble acres
frcn 123 tr 3 49; th: r;sult cf nc JCEQET farming the land which
had firevicuslg been rented Already mentioned was the unfortunate out-
break Cf Enng's diseeag which rgsulted in tte die;csdl Lf the dair;
herd

Seq: chin;;3rf a iueitiva ty‘e had also cccurrzd. A machinery
shed{ a hcg hcuae, and a chicken house were built during the Iaricd
A slightly larger used tractcr hnd been acquired. Some mincr re»
mtdelinu of the dairy barn wcs don: ta meet sanitaticn requirements
for the lrcducticn cf Grade A milkl (Oiercttr Y indicated that he
ilar'ined to legend the dairy herd frum 3 ccws to 1C.)

The crbxging ;rcgr1m had been altered to include the lrcducticn
Cf mere forabe for the dairy enteririse. thn 95h;d abcut chances in
the crc;ping Lrogram the c;erdtcr indicated that he was fertilizinb

eavier at the end Cf the _ericd than he had irevicusly. This we;

_/‘
"'L/C‘"

substantiated by the fertilizer_agilicatitn records which shcw:d a

'1

significant incriass of fram 28 ;ounds cf llant focd 4er acre in 19“3

\

cunds ‘er acre in l<57. (This aLLcdrid to b: the of the majtr
Chen es which Ogeratcr Y had made as a result Cf his EarticiLation in
the lrcgram.)

Gross farm income figures shcwed no such ;ro¢ress From a
fiéure of $6,202 in 1953; the gross income had decreased to $13621 in
1957. Milk 4roduction reccrds for 1957 were ntt available but 1953
records indicated a lroduction level of 5,h35 iounds.

Gross farm income ;er tillable acre decreased from $L8 to $Eb
during the Leriod. Gross farm ircome L.er $1CQ exysnse had alsc de-
creased from $155 to $QT.

Oterattr Y became more active in the social orQanizations in the
community as reflected by an increase in his iartici;ation index frtm
68 to 13k. During the Jericd the family became affiliated with a
seccnd farm organization and had become regular church attenders.

The work with the h-H club required additicnal night meetings both
by the father, in his ca;acity as a leader, and the sons who were be~
coming increasingly active.

The family had become mtre active in the informal social
activities of the community irimarily as a result of the sons becominb
more involved in the school's athletic events an their larticitaticn
in a summer baseball leaQue.

Operatcr Y was using sliéhtly fewer recommended iractices tn
Iiis farm at the close of the ieriod than at the outset. The farm
giractice adoltion index in 1953 had been #2 but by 1957 had declined

:SOmewhat to 36. A noteworthy exception to this decline in use of

—57-
recommended :ractices was the hioher intensity of fertilizer agili-
cations.

Net farm income declined from $2 2t8 to a negative $1,827 during

the geriod but the family's net worth showed a slight increase of

[0

from $2',820 to $19, 65.
An evaluation of the change which may have occurred in the
family‘s socio—econnmic status involves a number of difficulties.
The family's greatly increased ,articiiation in the social organi—
zations of the community would Iresumably increase this status. Even
though the net farm income declined durinQ the geriod the husband had
obtained a wellulaying off—farm job which may have increased the
family's disiosable income over its 1953 level. The wife was em—
yloyed nearly full—time during l957~~a factor which may also have
raised the family's disgosable income. This factor of course may
also have certain disru3ting influences ulon home life which are
not conducive to family hainness.
The home had been modernized to some extent during the LJIiCd
and a number of work—saving aytliances were acquired. The oierator
also suggested that the family was iutting in fewer hours of work and
thus xenjoying life“ to a greater extent than ireviously. This, he
indicated, had come out of the realization that ”there's no use working

yourself to death.”

IN

Eamily

gpnfily attributes. This family, of German and Polish extraction, was

 

lsnique in several resmects. The members of the family were the oldest
of those being considered. The husband, a high school graduate, was

1+1 years, of age; his wife was 40. There were six children in the

U;

family-~3 sons and 3 daughter --ran¢ing in aye from 1 year to l?

ti

years. 1e oldest child was a 17—year old son.

03erator Z had been married for 18 years, l5 of which were stent
on this farm. From 1936 to 191:3 he was engaged as a welder in a
nearby city but, following the death of his father, he moved to the
farm where the family now lives. This farm was formerly owned by his
father} gassing on to the c erator at the time of his father's death.
This family iarticigatod in no formal organizations other than
the Roman (fitholic church and the Farmers Union. A devout Christian
family, they were extremely rebular in church attendance. The meetings
of this farm or;anization were also well-attended by Operator 3. He
was a great grotagonist cf the viewioints and ;hilosoihy of this
organization.

The oyerator was also unique in the sense that he 'as the only
one of the six bein; considered who was overtly oilcsed to the EX—
tensicn Service and larticularly to the wanshi; Program. His ;revious
contacts with the Service consisted of reading newsyarer articles
written by the agent or occasionally calling the office for infor-

mation on disea as or insects which may have been troublesome at the

U1

time. He indicated that he had never met the county agent and thus
“wouldn‘t know him if I saw him” He reiterated on several occasions
that he failed to see a luricse for the Townshii Proaram or the LX-

H

a waste" of tax money.

(U

ensicn Service and believed them to b»

(‘1'

Farm characteristics. amily Z's farm in 1953 was comgrised of 120

 

acres of which 83 were tillable. The entire farm.was owned by the family.
110 additional acres were rented. The soil was in extremely heavy clay

loam.with drainage being the dominant barrier to hifiher frcductivity.

-59-
No drainage had been done in the yast and the oierator was keenly
aware of this as a fault of last management. It should be noted
that this farm in 1953 was the smallest of the six under consideration.

The net worth in 1953 was $19,287. The family was burdened to
some extent by liabilities totalling $h,7oo. Gross farm income for the
farm in 1953 was $",274 while net farm income totalled $2;333-

The farm in 1953 was lredominantly a livestock farm_with 99 yer
cent of the gross farm income arising from the dairy, hog, shee} and
Loultry enterlrises. The dairy and hog entergrises were dominant in the
organization and together resulted in 83 yer cent of the income.

Corn, utilized in the dairy and hog oyerations, was the dominant
croi on the farm. Some oats and wheat were also troduced. Of the
tillable acreage, 39 ier cent was devoted to row crois and h3 i.er
cent to grain croys.

Fifteen man months of labor were used on the farm durin; 1953
including 12 months of oyerator's labor and 3 months of family labor.
Ojerator Z slant some 15 days in an off-farm job during the fall of
that year.

Changes which have occurred. This farm gossibly had undergone fewer
changes than any being considered. Total acreage remained unchanbed.
The dairy herd was involuntarily reduced from 18 to 8 cows as a result
of a B ng's disease attack. The only chango in regard to machinery and
equigment was the gurchase of a corn licker. Corn storage cayacity
has been inc eased with the addition of two corn cribs.

The livestock and croyping grograms remained virtually unchanged
Ciuring the geriod. Although the dairy herd underwent a sizeable re-

Ciuction in 1955, this was alntst conlletely rebuilt to original numbers

O\
(‘J
I

by 1957.

The labor used in the o; eretifn of the farm increased s1i6ht1y
from 15 to 18 man ntntks Ler year.

Gross farm incone declined during the geriod from a fi6ure of
$5,274 in 1953 to a 195} fi6ure of $M,5M2. Gross farm income yer tillable
acre and 6ross farm income icr $100 eX£ense 11TGW153 declined; the
former from $64 to $55 and the latter from $179 to $117. No milk iro-
duction fi6ures were maintained by the oyerator durin6 this ,eritd.

Particiration by the family in formal organizations remained

aryroximately the sane with the churci and the fern organization being

the Lrimary formal activities of tlw amily.
Informal yartici,ation by the f ail; now have increased somewh t

durin6 the five we:r3 as a result of the browinb u* of the children.
The orerator su66ested thet the fanily was less active in this infernal
6axticiLation than the averaue family of the coniunity. This he

attributed EL his work on th; ni6nt snift at a nearby factory.

The farm .11 tic 1 11 d06tion ndw .had d creased fro ~ 36 in 1953 to

25 in 1957. A631ioetion of Llant food ,er acre increased sli6ht1y from
30 l.ounds in 1953 to 39 ,ounds in 1957.

O erator Z's attitude toward the Townshi; Pro6ran remained un-
ohan6ed durin6 the :ericd. The Lnly contacts wk ich the family had
develobed with the gro6ran were those of reading the weekly newsyaier
colunn and the occasionrl circuler cards and letters written by the
:16ent. The extens ion yartioiLaticn irldex deo lined fro:n 83 to 58.

fir.‘

ND

[—4

Net farm incone declined from $2,333 in 195 3 to 6075 in
v o . fl. ,1 ,\ r-w J- . L1- ) ,—
lJet worth had shown an incr .ese iron e19_e8 b0 e:;,+58.

The socio~ecunonic st atus of Family Z nay haVe been enhanced

~61—
very slightly durin6 the 6erird. ilthou6h social 6nrticiinticn was

unchen6ed, the metericl yrssessicns rf the family war: increased

U.--

through the ncquisiticn cf 3 hcne freezer and a television set. In
additicny some nrdernizetirn was done in the hon . A water system*
was inst :11.d and the wqod strve fcrne rly us d 11ccohin6 was r: 1:C1d

.A.,\
~14

by a mcdern 693 r11 3.

ounflcriuin‘ Hi6h end Ltw— Ch:1n;er

1.)

to the J1111t of Ch°n6e hflnich ri1s 01111161
In studyin6 the chen6e which has occurred cn these farms durin6
the f-=r10d in wh icll th: Townshii Pro6re1 was in cff1ct one is in-
}ressed with the 6reetly increased scale of o erntitns which th- hi6h—
Chan ers have undertaken (see Tible 2). In all cxses have tle hi6h—
"ers increased their gross farm incomes by rather si6nificent
cncunts. On the ethir hand, of the 1cw~chen6e families, only Family

eward while Fenili 3 Y and Z have

L)

O)
H:
\

.ro6ress in thi

X has shown sons 1
realized smaller 6r03s incnnos in 1357 than in 1953. All hi6h chen6e
families have enjoyed increesed n«1‘t fern incomes but of the 1cw- ch n6e

families, only Femily X has realised any increase.
Althou6h all families have increased their net wcrths, the hi6h-
chNn'e families have ex6erienced a considerably 1ar6er 6rowth then the

low—change families. Families B and C h8.V e more than doubled their net

'worth durin6 the Lerind.

Very notewcrthy is the lrtg ess the hi 6h chen6' ers have made with

Ire6erd to land ownershig. M Jaily B urchase d 117 tilleble acres durin6

o n o _ /
‘th 6eriod, Family B increased its owned tillable acres by 120 and

(U

Bhunily C gurchased an additional 150 tillable acres. In stron6 contrast

31%? the low—chnn6e families of which none had iurch sed any additionil

-62-
land.
Th

b°=~h rub-)7 :“x A' “raw-"q -~“ 1 5-1:, “P‘~11‘('T} '- _-.-;x 7;-->~~u~ 1 ~“°- “
"3‘;; 4"» 5-451U ‘ L',.'_) 1". ‘L'I- f_ .3 :‘I~ ,. . __-7}.:. 1 _v1 3 I1_)_L .4 4“,}. _,,‘); ,1,)L_15 1

{ 0

xx: labor,
and embloying elatiVely more recommended farm yractices in their ogerations
than were the low-change farmers. Although only Operator X had held an
off-farm job at the outset of the program, both Y and Z had taken u; off-
farm emyloyment during the fi’e—vear gericd.

All families, with the exception of Family Z exlerienced increased
farticipation in the Townshi} Program in 1957 over what it had been in
1955. N0 definite trend could be isolated with regard to the families'

social particifation.

Hbmbu m.

Owwzmum EmHom OOOGWWEU FBOHQ Hmm mHN WPEHHHPm aHBm mbobwo
HO mbfifioamd fibwfi bad WMEHPK OmPWbOHHmeBHom

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mHUU-OSmsma MosHHme Hbznormbmw mmswwwom
QSQHmodowHuewo WmSMHH b Wmdwww m wousw 0 WWEHHK N wiawww K whawww N
7." EIJIIII || atlililiyllt
Hmmw pooh mew Home Homw pmma Hmmw Hmmh mew meh mew Hmmh
III! D 1r|5i|llitli||i|lv: JV

anemp enocmepm moeom we mam Hmo Ema mac rem Hr: Ho: Hmw mm mw mw
035wg dwwpeep. eoewm or moo c Hog o pmo How we: 4m mm mw mw
awe seed: matcmo mnemom chmm4 mqtmmc mhcwpm mmcmmm wp.mwm Whtmmw mr.mmo mwcmmm H@.mmh mw.rmm
macaw mafia Hence” Hpcowm Hmcwqr pp.w4w H<.mwe pwcwmo wm.m4: mcphc fl.mrw momom pcmmw memo: :.mrm
Ewe ewes decode m.m4w hcmmp mccrm m.mmw mcpww Hw.4m4 -.mp Hcrpw memom -Hcqu mcwww mom
Qwoum wads H5005» Wow

doppmepw moew go my my mm mp mw mp 4H rm me m: mm
Gamma WJHB Hmooeo row

epoo wxewsmw my: who owe Her Ham pmw Poo Hm: Hem r4 Hem Fwd
emcee Sondra wo.m oh pm pm He mm pm Hm Hp.m Hm Hm m
ZHHW wwOQCQdHou Ewe

no: hcrwo Hpcqrm groom wcpmo o.emc Hp.ceo m.oco momma mcrwm 2.». z.>. mcmwo
wocsge ow wwwsd WOnQ

”we dopwmepw woe“ m4 Pom mm m r: mo wp mm mm 4m do we
wwmowwom mmowdwos

Hummx my mm wm my “A mm :m rm m wm we mm
axdwsmwos Emwdwowwhdwcs

Hsawx pro Hem H04 Hwy me Hem hm Ham we Hm» aw wm
moowmw HowdHonodHos

Hzamx mm poo pew; pow wed map Hmm How mm me me own

1311.-...- iii it! e d.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-53-

CHAPTER IV

AN INTERPRETATION OF THE ELEMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE

DIFFERENTIALS IN PROGRESS AMONG FAMILIES

The Lreceding chatter has served to emphasize the two distinct
tyges of families that are included in this study. One grout is
classed as Lrogressive when viewed in liyht of the significant changes
its constituents have made in the total comylex of farm organization

and family living. The second grout includes those families who have

(U

xperienced little or no such irogress during this Lericd (1953leBT).
It is the task of this charter to attempt to isolate those
variables which ariear to be of significance in exllaining yroaress, or

lack of it, and to trace out any interrelationshils which may exist

(0

e intensive study of each of thes

E?

among the exylanatory variables.

families has served to ;cint u} family and individual attributes which
aptear to be of ingortance in exglaining change, and it is these ele—
ments which will receive consideration in this chatter.

Because all families were relatively homosenecus in 1953 with
regard to are education. and resource endowments, these garticular

variables are not deemed of ingortance as exLlanatory elements.

1The views tresented here are those which have evolved out of
‘the author's close contact with the families concerned and may unknow-
ingly reflect his biases or prejudices. Although every attemrt has
'been made to remove such elements when they are known to exist and to
;Eresent a factual, objective analysis, it is well to realize that this

:therent danger does exist in such an aiproach.

-5u_

-65-

The aLproach will be to examine each family individually and to

\a

J...

discuss the 313m nos accounting for the differences in chgress in the

order of their imLortance as th3y have aLLeared to the investigator.

In nCt all cas es, of course, is this distinction of magnitude 3a to

..
i

make. It should be noted ans: that a study of these families has

—.

turned uL certain 3l33 lents which have nct1r3vicusly been considered
as exLla natory var mbles but which aL pear to be imLortant in eXLlain-
ing why a famil; has or h33 not made significant advances durin3 this
Leriod. Where such facttrs aLLear they will be discussed in conjunction
with the othe e xLlanatory variables.

In attemLtinL to determine the igLact of this intensive extensiCn
LrQ ram on th3 various faiili3 s, it is of significance to note the in-
fluence the Extension Service may have had uLon these farnili3s in Last
years. In this regard, it was noted Lreviously that the su33: zestions
of a county agricultural agent were instrumental in encouraging Fgmily A,
in l9h3, to remain on the farm rather than take u; a nonfarm Vocation
as was being contemplated at the time. This fact may be Larticularly
noteworthy when it is recalled that at that time the family was living
on a small, LcorlyuerLu iLLh'Ld rented fa rm, but in th3 subsequent years
have advanc 3d to a relatiV3ly large we 11— equiL Led o eration.

{fititudes tows: ‘d; 3nd int 3 _r;3t in, the farm. In ChaLter 2 it was

———- .n-—_-

 

sugsested that the attitude of the family toward farm life will
condition the extent to which a family Lrogre as s. This hyLOthesis
Eippears to be well suLpCrtLd in the case of Family A. The study of
tfha family revea 3d that the family members were deeLly interested in
both as a way of life and as a means of earning a livelihood.

fa rmin

o)

-66-
The satisfaction and gleasure which the family members exierienced in
farm life became evident during discussions with the family. During

these Visits 0*erator A sgnke of his enjcynent in ”working with the

171 H

oeing clo 3 to Lature.

6

Lu

land,” ”watching things grow,“ and
Of significance is an agperent change in the family's attitudes

toW3rd farm life during the years folltwing their decision to remain

g“)

on the farm. As the f nily advanced tcward full f91n owne rshil, the mis-

ivings held i.revir.*u.-3ly abtut farming aliear to have been sugplanted

C
O

by a realization that farmin; may cffer a satisfactory inccme in

I

return fer TfiCd manarement and hard work. The omerator su rested that
t.) u .L 00

role in this re—

0.)
U}
[—1.
b
:3
H.
H)
H.
O
f.)
B
C+

the T0wnshig Prtgram may have llayed

H

gard by . . . "WCintln out them

1
.L .~

po ortunities that exist in fa rming
for raising farm inctme and the level of living.” He re 39 rked that
the Lrogram thr ugh the fa mra business analysis ”has shown us where
we are going and that some financial lrcgress is b‘; 1ng made.“ This, he
indicated, was ingortant in "boosting morale.”
The family members exhibiteda hi 5h de: r33 of fa slily integration

(x

and were all concerned with making a success of the farming oreration.
Althoua- ;h the dau hte r3 w-: r3 r latively boung, each had a lart in mm- inb
decisions relevant to the fern business and yossessed a ready knowledge

of the fin3ncia l as ects of the oieratitn. Of this, Oferator A said,

”After all, they are all hard w rkers. Th 3y are an litcrtdlt art of

 

Family int; raticn r f: rs to the e sent which “h f9 mily
functions as a unit in attaining goals with the interest of the indi-
vidual members being considered. This attribute was shown by Wilkening
to be tositively associated with the acceitance of inirovements in farm—
ing- 33 Jilk nin , uge 3 A., “Change in Farm Technology'as Related to
anfljism, Fan y (n Making, and Family Integration.” gflerican

A
q

.- -l—‘
e U n
1 Deal

31
Eiggiologica Review, Volume 19, (February, 195M) 3;. 29-37.

 

Kw

the business; 5L why Jhtulin‘t thj; kntw ahtut it.

An addititnal gl513Ht ‘LoSiblu bgarin; udnn th: $QCCJJS cf the
familg was *Le ictiv: rile _la7;d by th: wif: in the cJeretitn Cf th3
farm. Growing u“ in a .ro,r:sgiv3 farm fanil; and tbteinin; additiunel
ing cf the farm businsss and was if valuabla assistance tn the t :r
ltcr in flakinq in artant f3:m d:c;3itn5. C,:;;tt; A lac;d a
d;el cf faith in h:r m2h2;::ia3 ability and ccnsultid with h:r tn

3 cf

11

L4:
(;
(

nearly all busin335 TittBTS .srtaining tt the film ”L: in;«rt

.L

| 4 - “‘ " ' I‘ t‘ , n . ‘ . ‘ -. 'I‘ ~ ‘ " A ‘5 _;, " ‘~-” ‘ ‘ . A "“ * ’-"é'- .' . 4— _,s'. L 1‘ r J"

ha: dauloudnle lo lldlCUu;d L; tn, LLWMofll; flu;hb a Qultlhgnt that
-1.- “J--- ~. .‘ 4N» -,.p l . "» . ¢-—‘.. -, A ‘ r.‘ ,1 ,«A‘ —«~ . '—
1‘.“ ii L.) A 31" C 31.1; bf tall-:3 l ,3 _) 11 U ~J.L :‘ 1;! 1. 1; (1L: ‘3 o 3 V7 4471- ’L_-.J he hit 3;) l.)

the hel. h: ¢et5 fstu his Wif;~

fittitude t‘wird the LTCQFPH. Oiaiatcr A's fielinog tcwlrd the lrubram

 

were ntt immediat:_3

those cinducivs tc conJleta r3c24tivit3, althtu_h
he had shtwn sons intersgt in having the lrtgrqm established in the

ccmnunity. The tiwnshii a cut Charactariz:d O;3r3tLr A as initiall;

\.J

baing cctl' toward the :rfgram. Th3 adent fuithzr sui_est3d that

OperatLr A less3ssad '. . . a sat Lf ideas as tt JUdt what the ,rtgrfin

[ .

shculd db for him and whsz it shculd cost.

- w

4- 7- - . ' A ~ ' ‘ 4 - -' 3 1 1- Fifi V _‘ a t A
r‘ A ~ A A \ ‘v r‘. 4 4) 1
:‘ t "1.1.6 3r 1,- ’ C -l ’ :l I. l 1 '. __‘, \flCJJ. J . f 11.3» Li , _ 3 L V

.2 it ~ . . i - ~. w , . n f1 ‘ -- .o., ,_ , fl ~ " . ‘ , " J-.. A." t 1.‘ t -

Lid -1 -4; J "‘ _- I - 1‘. J ', 2 L - . A.) , _ ,1; .3 -« .f. ‘. 1; Ev t. f_ ,:l _j‘ _,v r.) ,.J ‘ Li..v,!, J. L. __; “.0 L: y, J

”I : 1 _ A“ ‘ '_ -'fil 3 ‘ ‘ __ ‘ _ q- ‘ .3 a
\. - A. .. ‘4‘ g‘ - ' _ 2 .a , g‘ ‘ La Alt! J ‘J— ._ m J\.. \o ..

*4
)

r
P

\ Lt
r

I

1"

,rétcr 3 vvi tuic; LC 51n5; t
~ -— ‘- . . .‘ ,.,... A J— -. ,. - .. L °v ;
fulngss of the :rcbred Lt hi; fill afln b:311; 9h withali:5tic su‘gtrt;r

at its activitiss. he s:rv:d on th; EJJLCiStiCH 0 1rd ltr th‘ed cf Ch;

. s “,3 ..,.-,J * .- ‘- 5.5, —, o —, .1,“ .~ . ,. -,..'..-, _,---.:.. J ..
$89173 Fr‘ii’u Lac). DADA 3‘. ;_-..ul-J.,I‘ Cl pen/elcii .:‘..z-.J{..C:‘-.--1L,-1_L--l LLw.l..-luoe.2.).

five

P -1 ' . . n‘ ‘ .‘ .- .Vfi ‘J' “-‘J --. 11i8 —-‘. r1 4". 'u" _~- .1, . .: I ‘3 j“\ . If: 1 * " ‘ “ ‘J
-p:lielC11 :thhl it; the ,_ir¥,._1 1._d.c;laL -MLAlqukjsd Ln.c LAilJALIIII LL Li,—
"Vr-A’ r" .— ." 3'1 ‘) fi,\fi <"‘ w. 3*.7-*'
crne thlVB in she h-H ClUuo Cf the CCmfiUA .J.
’ .' \ V . ‘ ‘ ‘\ n "5".“ "‘ ‘ 'r) “ "-1) '; . -3 "Y ‘ ' " " ..1' l‘x' ‘. ' a . . ‘ _J ‘1') “
In atten,tiib tu deLdnL lUr rehild A o LeL'Vi‘l in thlo r-Ueid,

it is beli3v3d that this he? have neen an instance in which the 1f CFJESJd
,articiLELion in the ,rtgrjn r33ulted from a change in the attitude
h-ld t verd the Ext555i0n Service. As the fenilr became ntre familiar
with the grcarem and didCtVerJd its usefulne53 to then, they beefine
increasingl; active in it. Thi 3 increased inrticiLQtixn me; then have
sgrved to influence chin :s in fern Lrpnnizetion, Cdt ticn cf recLil=ml-
,rectices, and 50 forth, with the eventual resul t being increased in-
ccne and net werth.

The behi‘itr Lf this icM1ii-y 3nLh35izes the in,nrtehce of dentu-
str etin; to a fenilg the wcys in which an ext3n5itn ,rt an czn be Lf

value to then. Only after its u5efulness tn then had been ,rnven was

0 erattr A willinr to becoae an effectiJe and enthusiastic iertici,atcr.

\ U

This exam le wculd su “est that th: dxtension Lqent in his rtle as an

O

educator, tust also h: en effective sel e5nin th can d‘utn5urute in a

convincing manner the us,iulh .53 cf his knowle 3 :nd technical kan hcw

Md tow3rd chin'e. In exleining chanQe and iroéress it is

s1

:21)

afferent that the faailg's attitude and susce,tibility ttwerd change

becomes bf significance. A though the family had been characteriZed

. . . 1__‘_.__' r'_ V. n . .'; ..-.,.‘
by tne ttwnshi, agent :3 neiho CUflochath: in r:uard tc edL_tiho

new iractices and renrvenizin; the business, the 01er0ttr did exhibit e
keen interest in en; inn Viticn which would result in hiQhBF earning
1bW3r. H3 remarked that an iHLUrtant elenent influencing hi5 deci5itn

to adeit a new technique was “whether or net it is ,ractical for me and

”be-

will work in my ,articular situation. I have gtt to see that this
thinb will helk me before I am willing to try it. I an nc guinea tig.‘

In consideration of the acun’tude cf the changes made in the farm
organization and the number of recymmended iractices that have been
edoited during the five "ears, it 3,1ears that 0,3rator A's conser—
ative attitude in regard to change may have been altered to some extent.
This lerhats was the result of the townshi; frobram in that the ,rogram
demonstrated to him in the convincing terms of dollars and cents exactly
what a reorganization of the farm could do for him. He acknowledged
the great hel, the farm business analysis had been tr him, and it

may have been this estect of the ,rcgram which resulted in the chanQes

in his organization.

Goals of the familv. A tentative hylothesis tf Chagter 2 was that the

family who tossessed a clear gicture of their objectives was more likely

to attain these objectives than the family who had not so contletely

"thought out‘1 their goals. It is believed tha' an element of majnr
imiortance in extlainin; the ,rodress realized by this fanily was their

ability to select realistic but challencing goals. The realism of the

C.)
coals selected b“ the famili is attested to bv the fact that the =cals
Q J I. U

foals

U

chosen in 1953 had nearly all been achieved by 1958. That the

C

g;;eered to be challengin“ is 'ndicnted by their nature. The, had
inclhded the ,urchase of additional serea nndernizction Lf the home,

“f the communit,.r

$1)
f3
:1.
d‘
:3" .
Q)
(+—
*%
O”
H;
(‘3
O
i:
H'
L 5
C
:3
f)
5
( 'J
F.)
O
,+
H
‘A
‘1
K
H
Le
r+
5"
(L)
U;
n
(3
1...].
,L
L.)
H.
H)
K .1
n

In this regard the trwnshi. 5,3nt stated, ‘Thet family ,robablg has as

clear a iicture where the; went to *o and htw to Get there as any of

Operator A indicated that the Townshi; Program had been instru—

mental in the echieveient of these coals. It was through the enCCUragement

U

-10-
of the townshig a ent that he had iurchased additional land. This, he
su55ested, Lernitted him to exgand his oiereticns which ev ht ually
resulted in hiUher earnin5s. liese hi5her earnin5s h;d then nade the
modernize tit. rn cf the the cssisle.

In re5zrd to Ogeretcr A's :bjeetive cf theconin5 atre active in

'V . (w -| . '9 , . 4:. J-T- /— -\ ~ 5“?“ . J— 'I . -" . w . -.-~-'» 4 -1 , <-"r- .--\ ~ _._ a > ' .‘ V “ ~'
1113 QOCldl 1111 (1 IAIJ cL :1131“ 11 1s lubLLfiogjth a, nLte Lflie mannent
Of'CT e f *“1! - - “~i*~ ’~ . " ' 's ‘° '“l'1 f‘ l“ ' ‘ ~ ~ * ““l"
IL. C LL11 CC'Vl 1LL1__L;U~ .3 11 L _-1 :J... T Clt 3 u : no . ,1 It :J_.1[-W 1..) L. -‘.ru3111 -J
_ o _ _‘ ‘ OI‘I‘1__ ‘4‘ ‘_‘ ‘ ‘_ w _‘ a, a ‘ ‘n ._--. . ..
5onjn5.,laces ilei5notieaceacert TIIJIIKJT o CBL 3,:113 1s a s11hxi.fellcw
. 1 . . .-fi 1, H .1A-~ .s- «1.1 an”, -. a, 1.. ~ - . ,. V . .
and a 5Lod farier. The siwieni, e5 Lt also sa55ested that Operatcr A

had grown ncre in sreiel status than any other individual in the

irc5ram.

 

Attitude toward the U33 of credit, The wise use and nana5ement of credit

 

y Family A is an elezent accounting for a certain extent of their irogress.
05erator A had relied uJLn credit for the gurchase cf additional land,
machinery and livestock. His kanled5e cf the value of credit in the
modern fern O;3 ation was su55ested by his statement we can't see
anything wrong with bcrrowing nL ey at 6 ier cent to buy fertilizer
when we can .nahz 18 ier cent tn the investment.” He su55ested that
the use of credit Was a ne essity if the farm business was to exgand
and show grogress.

Oyeratcr A's use of credit was usually 5receded by a careful and

exhaustive exanination of the Hit aticn to determine whether the use of

 

3Although little definitive evidence can be Lresent ted either in
suitort or refutation of this 0 inion, it is be liev d that the Townshii
Program was in Lrta;1t in deve lo,in5 the le adershL- qualities of Operatcr
A. This intensive 1.r05r a:n offered excellent oiportunit as for farmer
Iarticigation and ,er:rnitt t-ed the e- yarticirants to become committee
members cr hold offi ices It was noted Ireviously that Operator A had
taken on various of thes‘ ' re gLns ibilit is 3 during the five year leriod.

-71..
credit in that garticular instance would be grcfitable. The olerator
indicated that it was at such tines that the townshig irogram had Lroven
its usefulness t; him through the 'arm business analysis and the accur—
ate farm accounts which were maintained. The agent was also indicated

particularly useful to the orerator at such times “. . . be—

i

as being

cause his intimate knowledge of the farm business hernitted him to

hel} me make the right decisions.” The OLeratcr suggested that no other

'osition to assist in such crucial decisions

.1.”

individual would be in the
and that this function of the townshig agent was valued highly.

Monagerial Wrocesses E:_the c;erator. If the iresuiposition is

l
..L

 

acceLted that managerial ability can be measured to some extent by the
ogerator's knowledge of the consequences and alternatives which exist
for a given decision, then Operator A was one of the better managers of
those in the studV. When tresented with the hy;othetical situation of
deciding whether to buy ho acres of additional land, his knowledge of
consequences and the careful consideration of alternatives would indi—
h

cate the ability to reach sound decisions.

In studying the managerial ability of Orerator A, it is of inte est
to examine the extent, if any, to which the wanshi, Program may have
enhanced that ability. It would seem likely that such an intensive edu—
cational Lrogram should enable its garticigants to beCome better managers

by reason of the relevan and current information which the Lrogram

sulplies. This fact was mentioned by the oierattr as being im,ortant

__-._

A ”sound decision" is meant to represent a decision which is in
accord with the value structure of the individual and is conducive
to the realization of the goals of that individual and his family.

-72”
in heliing him reach decisions and utilizing the newest in farm yractices.
He squested that an additional imgcrtant function of the ,rogran was
develoging in the farmers an awareness of good manageient and its im—
portance in the trcfitable oieration cf the farm.

trog ess of this family, it i

..L

Ox

Goals and values. In exglaining the

 

1::
('0
O

necessary to consider t e imyortant role of t yerator's value

5

systen. His value structure was one which rave extremely great en-
;hasis to farm owne~shit and good farm management. He remarked that
owning his farm had always been of imyortance to bin, and at the time
the townshi; grogram was initiated (l953) had considered this ulter—
most on his list of objectives. The value Llaced uxon sound manage—
ment is evidenced by his decision to resign from his church board and
his yosition as president of the Townshiy Associatitn. This, he said,
was necessary in order that he ”might do a better job of farming."
The imlortance 03erator B attached to management to the exclusion of
some social activities was in shar} contrast to the values em,.asized
by some of the low change managers, larticularly Operator Y.

O,erator B's ambition of becoming a skillful manager is Larticu-
larly interesting when it is noted that his father was rather un-
successful in this resLect. The realization of this fact by Operator

B may have encouraged him to rise above his father’s low level achieve—

ment and thus may be an infortant element in accounting for the {roaressive

 

5The difficulty of determining an individual's value system is recog-
nized forthwith, and it is not suggested that such has been identified
in this instance. Rather it is believed that the goals of the olerator
are indicative of his value structure and it is only through the
recognition of his goa-s that insights can be obtained relative to his
value system.

-73-
strides forward that he has taken.

A valuable adjunct to his goal of land ownershil and the desire
for trOSress and achievement was his calac ity and liking for rh.sical
labor. He remarked that he “felt he st” when he was working hard, and
that the long hours required of farm life "never bothered me." The
townshi; agent's state 1Cflt that He kn(w.3 just where he is headed; he's

cot lots of drive, a goods at (f goals and the ambition to get there,“

P0

is descrigtive of the Leer - l ty and behavior of this individual.

Decisicn inking ability. O;era+or B's catacity for hard Wka was
watched by his ability to reason out Iroblenatic situations and to
cone u; with logical and reasonable solutions. Eilibiting considerable
independence at tines, he was seldom'willing tot acce t immediately the
recommendatit:ns of the t(m ”n hi; agent without first having studied
them carefully.’

His aiiroaoh consisted of first :athering information from
many sources—-the agent, farm magazines or friends--a nd the n evalu-
ating this information in terms of its validity and usefulness to him.
After careful study in this manner he was ireLared to draw his own con-
clusions and then sulyort and defend the decision he had reached. £3-

4‘ 1 r- ‘ 1 '7 . ‘ ’1 .~‘ —1 a- - 1'- J- ” _ «‘1 ‘ t V '1 ‘A - _ “. I
Dn‘uuh his indejesien ago rtceeure wes somewhat

i-I-

be 3 through this

annoying to the agent, hi? facility at thinking through such situations
and of considering the "on3ewu ass of the various alternatives would

5Ué735t that he iossessed C(,n-sids rable iroblsn solvind know~how.

U

 

His inde; endent attitude is 3hown by the i

e of the farm u on which he 1cw lives. He was 5
ext nsion skecialist not to jurchas the farm at that iarticular tine
but failed to heed this advice. He remarks d '
=ade ug,“ and this was afyarently sufficient to cve‘
from extension gersonnel.

involvier the

AAQ

Particigaticn in tie _rutrnn 5nd attitule toward the jxtension Service.

__. HQ- *— ...— _—---—o ---.c.———- 4—— - w“ -~_ -—.—-.—-—.—-. “—— »—.—-—_

 

 

Fimily B hed develo;ed no contacts with the ditBflSlCn Service trier to
the Ibwnshii Frcdram and, like Fonily A; had received little assistance
frtm the ccunty event. In View of the breet change which had occurred
in this regard durin5 the five years, it is of interest to exenine the

chain of eVents which led to O;erattr B's active ierticigotion in the

frtgram and his reliance ufion the agent as a sturce of infcruetion.

.L

His first c ntect with the iroéren resulted frtn e question he faced
in regard CO the recommended antunts of fertiliser to e;ily. Sometime

«L.

later the agent was called qun for infcrnation os tL the reconnended

cro; varieties to seed. Then, questicns about the dairy enterlrise

J

arcse. Eventually 013 EQdHt was called u_on frr advice concerning the
integratitn of the variuus enter rises. The outcrne of this entire

iTCC335 was the event 3 invitation to examine the fnrn business recv

-n their ends

LJ.

crds and to assist sis. The time reguirsd for the agent
to be fully ecce ted by Family B wis nearly two gee s During this

{1

isccvering fer himselr the i.roorank's usefulness

‘1
U1
51
3
ps

rccess Cperntc
to him . This set served to break dLWH any existinb barriers which had
irevicusl; irevented more effective cocLereticn between the edent and

the txerator.
On the whole, Operator B had develcied a great deal of interest in

the Lrogran during the course Cf its five years of cleretion Already

dency in 1956 end his

04
5.)
p4.

noted was his election to th: (SSLClathn ires
membershi; on various conmittees uring this iericd. He had utilized the
services of the agent and had iut many cf his reconnendetions into

ogeration on the farm. ijever, 0*erator B was somewhat hesitant to

attribute these elements of lrogress to the townshifi aoent and instead

”75».
surgested that "Maybe I would have learned these things without the
‘rogram.

Although Ogerator B’s iarticiraticn in the firecran had steadily
increased during the ieriod he suggested that his need for the services
of the agent were nct as acute at the end of the :eritd as they had
been in the irobran‘s earlier staéesr This he attributed to the fact
that the farm business accounts had been established, the various
enteririses were thought to be organized near the loint of neximum
Lrofitability and no lLHQJr was the agent needed for assistance in
the making of decisions '. .'. because a fellow should naturally get
smarter and wiser as he grows older and gains exterience.' This
observation wculd suggest that the irogran may have had the desired
effect of develofing managerial ability in its iarticitants as well
as demonstrating new tecuniques and iroviding an iminrtant source of
information.

It is of interest to examine the influence which the Townshif
Program may have had uion Ojerator B's Iarticigation in other formal
community organizations. His social iarticikation index in 1953 was
103, and in 1957 had increased to 19?. During this ieriod, O;erator B
(who had been characterised as an introvert by the townshir agent) held
the offices of Vice—lresident and lresident in the townshi} association
as well as menbershi; on several committees. He had also been elected
vice-gresident of the local Farm Bureau grout, and in 1957 was elected
to the school board. Although it is ingossible to state this con-
clusively, it does not aggear unreasonable to sudgest that Oierator B's
increased tarticigatitn in the Townshif Prograi may have been the initial

element which resulted in this great increase in formal farticiraticn.

-76-
A feasible line of reasonin; would be that his ,erticiiation in the
grogram resulted in his argcintment to an association committee. By
virtue of his outstanding work on the committee, he was elected to
the association board. Other board members then elected him to the
vice-lresidency of the association. Thus as his sualities of leader—
shit and his abilities to shoulder reslonsibility were discovered by
others in the conmunity, he was elected to lositions of greater and
greater resionsibility.
Family 9
As the children of this fanily were quite young and thus unable
to iarticirate in the oberaticn of the farm, little can be said of the
extent to which the family worked toaether in attaining common goals or
the extent to which each member l.artici’fated in the decision making

process. It was a“ arent that the olerator rlayed a dominant role in

.t.”
-L .L

'—

the oieraticn of the farm and in the reaching of in;ortant decisions.
Although his wife was interested in he operation and took an active
gart in the farm chores, there was some dcubt as to whether she fully
comlrehended the scoge of this relatively large oleration. Her role was
one of suhtcrting her husband in his decisions, a task which she did
faithfully and resolutely.

Velue structure and goals. Oyerator C placed great value ulon the

 

develogment of a large farm oteration and expended a yhenomenal amount

of Lhysical effort in working toward that goal. This emihasis he gave

H

to 1bigness as well as the extremely long hours he syent on the farm

 

(Because of the dominant role llayed by the husband in the
oneration of the farm, the views gathered by the investigator are
alplicable in most instances to him individually, rather than to the
family as a grout.

._( I"...
would distinguish hin fron the other five oierators. Although his
feelings that he Vdidn‘t have time for vacations“ are not necessarily
condoned as being the mark of a successful manager, they are indic-
ative of his ambition and desire for advancement. Aiyarently he
and his wife Llaced little value ugon extensive travel, leisure time
or a luxurious home, and instead recoanized the necessity for iersonal
effort and sacr1Mfi if the goals were to be attained.

His grals for the years beyond 1957 were also illustrative of
his objective of devel03ing a large organization. Included in these
were a continued expansion in the size of the dairy herd from 60 to 10o
cows and the ,u urchase of additional land if it were of 'good quality
and located right.“ (At this time Cyerator C was farming 510 acres of

which he owned 176)~

 

frogress wa stheir use of credit in the farm business. Oferator C‘s

attitude toward the use of credit was described by the township agent

«.139

as being ”. . . fearless, almost reckless The extensive use of credit

~ eration is evidenced by the fact that in 1953 the family had

 

8The latest in farm machinery and equiinent found on this farn
contrasts somewhat with the much more modest a, yearanoe and furnishings of
the farm hone. Thislsuggests some contradiction of Wilkeninb' s findirgs
which indicated that high adcxtion of ingroved farm :ractices and
modern techniques is associa ted with hi Oh ad03tion of modern ho-using
and home equignent. In the case of Family C this contradiction is
exrlainable on the basis of their rather unique value structures which
valued the development of a lar "e or so highly. See Iilkening,
Bug ene A., Adc3tion of Im roved Farm Pra .ctice 3 a3 Relat d to Fimily

—— ..__-¢ "._ ..nn.’ 3..._- -_._...._— ”—-

Factors, Res earch Bulletin l83, Tniversity of disconsin, *Dece:nber, 1953.

9This oierator's attitude toward the use of credit is not to be
understood as being desirable in all situations. It is only reCOgnized
as being an element res,onsible for the great changes that have occurred
on this farm and should not necessarily be considered a requisite for
sound management.

 

-78-
been free of debt, yet by 1958 almost $36,0tb of liabilities rested
against the business. In this re¢srd Operator C suygestsd The ex£ense
involved in making changes is not too initrtant to me. I don't ever
have trouble sleeging at night. I always say that more money has been
made with borrowed money than with your own."

,He was not concerned with this debt load nor the fact that its
value changed little from year to year (that is, as old obligations were
paid off, new ones were taken on). Rather he believed that the use of
credit was a means of hesiing his fern or5anization "in balance.” Thus,
with the exiansion of his dairy herd, the milking system was modernized.
The extansicn of his dairy herd also necessitated the iurchase of a silo.
This, in turn, led to the yurchase of an unloading wagon, an auger bunk,
and a hay chorper, all cf which was done with credit. This suygests the
trccess of change to be a continuous grocedure in the farm business,
which in this instance develoied from the single decision to enlarge
the dairy herd.

'It is of interest to examine the extent, if any, to which the
Township.Prcgran may he‘s influenced the remarkable change in the use
of credit by this familV. Operator C was the tyre of individual who,
before he was willing to gut his ideas into effect, required scme
assurance they were profitable and worthwhile. The township agent was
the individual u;on whom he relied for this needed assurance. The
assurance Operator C received from the agent may well have been the
factor which was required before he was willing to undertake the many
changes, and consequently, may be imlortant in exglaining why he used

credit so extensively during the later years of the grobrem.

Attitud: tow3rd ch3n;3. A3 has baen su3333t3d by grevious discussion,

 

Operator C W33 willing to ace: u an" change which would aid him in attain“
ing his LbjiCtinS. H3 w33 ;cssibly the mcst avid s3ek r of i. for33t1cn

and ne id333 £l133blt3 his fern business of any Lf the six cieratcrs.

ECW3V3r, in ccntr33t to the netzcdiccl analysis 334loyed by C*er3tor B

0..)
w
H:
F'.‘
'1
u)
13)

n3w r3ct1: w33 3nglofsd) O erattr C t3nd3d to fullnw advice

Cf th3 agent witL f-w:r r333r73titn3. His? rt‘c~ in utst instenc33
W33 that cf tots “1-4 5d,“: from £311 130:3I3 I I: 113 33 .Lqu th>
ccrfiruind th3 Vflidity cf th3 ideas with th3 tawnshiL agent. If th3
aU ht 1nd ' d +hct the id33 w33 33ti3f33tory. is wr3 ‘ut iLtL lrectice

very shortly. In this rzg3rd, the agent h3d suggested that Operator C

'QB which C43r3tor C had ttwerd nihin; ch3n933 in his f3rn
tion as e rJSult

cf the a.3sm‘3nc3 CII ”3‘r3d by th3 agent t at then c 233 wtulo. likely
b3 irtfit3bl3 3nd u33ful. TEdJI the s3sistenc3 irovided by the agent in
these instenC33 33y w3ll have been the elem3nt which 3nc(urao 3d the
Ogerattr to actually carr; cut a contemLIsted ch3ng3. Some 3vid3rc3
of this is r3flect3d in his 3'.t333nt I'wa, I am not afraid to mek3
che 533 on my fern. I am not worried about the criticisms of my
eighbors like I used to b3.“ Cge~etor C statsd the ttm any cf the
changes he had me 3 during the COLITSG cf the LrOgram had 3vclved from
ideas held Lr3viou3 to 1953, but ”I just w3nt: d to ch3ck wit the
townshil 353nt b3fcr3 I tut th3n to use.‘ This b3 h3.itr in O 3rator C
would 3u3;33t th3t where th3r3 3xi3t3 sone conc31n 3btut the “criticism

from the neiéhbcrsrr th3 rcle Lf the extension QQBHt 33 an “assurance

giver' is 3 3i“nificont ,1c33dt in 1r; notina ch3n 3.

 

 

:JTPithi" txxz-rfl ‘fl43 L::;‘ :‘ii"‘3412"!cs '~x1 -ILJ “ 1K~'Aj;_ PIT‘4I” 1. CL_)r—
atcr C had rglicd uiun th3 Extsnsicn Service tr CLAJidsrable extgnt
iricr t0 th: COAin; cf th,fflaw;5hi;}7ro;rfiq. This rgliencg congisfigd cf
EL: fissurcnce frcn th3 9;:nt thgt his fQTQinQ c44rsti\n WOJ in accord

. ‘ " ‘V T ‘ H" r " {-1 (w . T 3 r‘ h‘ a —\ ‘ 1 - *1— v ----- A- ‘-<J- ,- , ., \
"711.111 8:; ILm/‘id. OU‘«;1K-‘LvrvaAJ - fl» ~JJJJU LLo‘id m1; Ck LET-Jud] ‘;..\_J,|.Lu p“) 3 -.)L,1L}.Lr 3 L f

(

an: ,_ - - . ..‘L - ,‘1, - 114‘ - ._.p---~_ ,‘L. _ - - - .7 . , - .2 . 1 , .J m- -i‘ ,A .
lulCrfiatlbfl Mulpn nw.up ifb-iulul be ut1i1u2& 1“ U3- L4-1Jvlhfl-

' ’ '- 1r 2"" «r- "r— ‘ . "Jv‘ ‘\ ‘~ .
lrubzng) 0.:1;bor C ohlip;a L;u
* - r‘. r _. ’ -, 1~\_ . '1"? ".— ,‘ '3 «‘3‘ ”h - - ; - ~ ‘1. .' r_ ‘. ,‘.‘.—~‘ *' I v‘ .u' \ a' --‘
: Leclfinc, fr.n the CCULVQ by,nw be the 1(WAJH1; &kub Bud bacan; 44

enthusiaJtic gu~gnrter Cf :13 new “rLgrfin'within a 3h(rt tlne. Althuuqu

‘ D a.- ~ ~. v—J- ' .- .- ~-' ' 0‘, T ~ --'- a . ° ‘ L —‘. ~ 4— .. .—-« -. x ~~ v-
hls L313 WT; Hub ¢-;;:e 14 t“; ULanhl; 1n WgfilL uLB _rt¢r91 mfiJ L zl~

"“iiu 1 r H ‘ “”‘Y i ‘j ‘ f, +1: ”nW" ‘* i: xr“: “I b I ith
L: .ili;ilfl : f3; -“ -“ " 1", -L,. I: r- ttz;-C 1‘13L Ely.
rjnting of ihi; fiCIVTJJ W“3 L(t 4r3fitthl3 in it3s;f) bag tL“t 1h:
bangfits accruwn; tv hi“ L: @ r:sult Cf hld firticl “lltl in tLe
chgrmn mar: flhfin cff;;t bny 1:333; h: might hav: ;x;;ri;nc:d from th;
rank: acrsdia.
V

His rjliil“; tn th3 tcwnshi: sq;n* durinQ th3 39r13 yecrs cf th:

erOTBfl W15 0f 3 diff:“unt nfiturs théz L73t cf C gmntcrs A End B.

Rathar than askih- ffr assistvnce in rsgard to dgcisivns of nmjyr
iagcrtance, Ogarnttr C riqugjtgd Pdflcd an a rcvt nultitud: Cf farm

Hrcblann and rglied urcn thz 9:3;t far many “f Eh; $Jfl(dt trivial

_ o o _‘ ‘ ‘ _’_'w_ I“ o__., . ._’_ ___ ,_ ‘ .1. 1""- _4. ,I‘ m ,_ 1' “f - r.: 3 1‘ Y '_,
d:c151ono n2:_;d 1a 1b) [-CLgblbg- Th3 dosup ifjulugd thdt n; “OJ,

~ ' ‘rJ- ' ' q d. ‘-‘ "c‘
“Edit Cfibfiflt QUllN uh

cf advic: and agsiitnnc; in r :3r

"[1-

”New we talk in ;3rna

of dollars as w: u;:d

(15:11:72 serial ability Cl

O_;r3tcr C to iixti: lb

d3v:lc: Gunfidzncs in

3 ,- .‘. ' . , —‘r\‘
pfl: townonig ;Ikbidd

\fi‘q :‘\r. i"- ‘ ‘3 ‘*--.fi
LA. “CA. .LL'.'\_,rv=-~-J ,U. 14.1..)

.-.~ _ ~--, ‘ .~.. ’1'“ .LI.) .A: ..'_n, , _‘ i 1 L.
ht itig r i;_uii:l bu; adolg. he; cf tn: Ju:nt

. . ,- ,1 1- , t" - ”.3 .- .. ”.1- t
-1). luv ,.1 'Llr lei- 1;: rJLl J; U._C.’TL ULL: 40‘;le LO C".

;usiqt;d

r.

- .~~:--I- . .. ~ --'-'L- -*n . - -- , - .
e lutU¢r icntho (f tn: $rtoigi, L419 c

(DJ
(-
O
3
E
*‘S
F.
‘. _
H
"J
(‘N
‘2‘
(
r
k a
1...!
L
l...)
r“
:1
b
C

’“”V’ '" iii re mafizgd
_:;.1_‘ .n.,.. -, . - . ,, ._ .w

C; but unilnda Cf dollar» imitxd (.f in hundrsdo

- U u—T‘ . w . -- ‘J_ r~- 1 .- -'- ‘- |(‘ w ~ . r‘ -~

to. £111.) ILL-J wiles, a; in thc cm, : Lf Oi :rcttr

i.rc.;r3_;3 w-is sibnificunt iL'i dsvslcl ind th;

ifl;:.;;&r9tcr. The ircgran m3; hav: :ncour39;d

1“ (Li .1; :Jf, but -301“: i.‘1__(‘rt'::;tly 53rvid to

1‘ . ‘ 7.11‘. ‘1 ‘5‘; [j . " 1‘. ’ l 17 - ’\ F' in, \ ,:\\fi ‘1 ‘1'“ 3/3 _ “ j)‘t1\ 3.
Lil) C n..; C‘.--L.._ul\ .5... lLuflliiuo .-v...v.‘—J. . Dix-«U. 171.9 .L*\,r

iroficisncy in rgachino stund

_,
I

l thgt its functicn cf su-tiyinw inftrnation had

.L.|. U

in this rasigct. H3 9152 3u3;:5t:d that tk;

townshif 1rc5rai hcd bgen of value to him by makin; him ". . . mgr:

aware cf what toad gracticas er: and mcre intsrsst:d in thc trends and

level of farm irices."

It is to be DCEJ

d that ‘his family '3 the first cf thtse who hav:

" _' ‘:-1” 1‘_‘A . ' f '_ ""-r‘—; 10 ‘n )F“ 0 ,‘7 3 A‘_‘ _
-een classsd 3o lLW chsn ;rd. The dktrtath till ndttoqerilJ b, Qua:-

what diffzrcnt tLun thwt an lcyed with th: rrevious faiilies. Rathcr

than ettsniting to isulite tn: elements resulting in advancement

was done with th3 thra

a» t

l“

0.1
U

3 Irevicus familigs, th3 irocedura will consist

of an attsait to isolat: tLe facttrs ras;cnsibl; fur the rglatively

few Chan :3 has: thrse fa ilics have madc. A; was dcne irevicuo‘ly,

L)

. -* ~-“-l- V
. Ell 3.13 flint.)

cf-
:27
(U
(u
(U
0
Y0
C
m

‘3 thay 9

H-
I.)

3.,
0
Ti)
5
O
( L)
Q)

will be discussed in the crd3r cf th:ir

ayeargd tc the investigator.

|
.5. A

Manererial ability. Bradftrd and Juhnsgn hav: suggsat;d that the task

of the manager i1cludss. aicnb oth31 things, th3 IFKiLl cf dgcisions

. . . . lo
he besls of th3s3 dcc1s1tns. It is b:-

C+

and the t h' no (f action Ln
lievad that Oysrattr X lerfcrnsd thess two functions somewhat inoff3c-

1

tiV3lg in the C;crction of th3 farm. Evid3nc3 of sone JQCA of ability
to ranch sound decisions was s;cn in the h;4cth1 tic cl situation iraw
33nt d to OL Wr: rK in WILich h: W? 3 askad to slubtrct3 on th he

' -4. -. - ~.-1.».°. 1. .- . __-.,.- 3.3- .-1
n1obt chceed 1n r31cn1n o c-3111r". In disc13 11- LL331d2r131cn3

couli think on]; of th3

2—»
;J
(3
m
<
C):
H-
(«J
3

r .1
:4.
L3

(

‘3
f
H
’1
u
.—
' .J
3
; J
( N
1")"
§ L.

r
H
H.
0

( v

and the lL cnticjn cf the land as bgint i1*crtnnt. This w:s in shwr.
controst to the n13L nrr: c01 lcté 3lnerntion rf cit rnttiV33 9nd

:3 (ffsr d L” th3 thr33 irsviously diSCL‘333d C43r3tcrs whsn
lrsslnt d wi'Lh tho id;nticnl situation.

SLne swidcnc: th;t Ojsrctcr X wo.s nrt ndsit ct 3X3cutin
of action was 3u4433t1d by an oxcnincticn of his farming oi3ration and
in 3 eahin; with th3 town3hi‘ n~3nt. Th3 chors cf dzhcrniné the
fseder st3ers was 1 ng cvsrdu3 but was disnizsgd by Ogarntor X with
”I just didn‘t ¢2t around to it.” Th3 townshii GQJHt indicotxd that

a verv d3tcil3d 4172 of action 13d b :en d: vel(;3d b; the cgsn‘ and

3r1tor 4'o fccilitct3 th3 ord3rl; and ti1jly war; tin; of th:

i
.L
41 3.1» o o 1 I; la 0 o u_ "“..‘ J4 I ’ _
JCerJ '3. '31 l) 11., Jfi—L\L) I U. ‘ l: Ell-1V '33:]..1u) 1:0 .1.) CL“ 111131 113
1.1. .3 ~ 4.1. °. . '1 ..J '4. .3 ° 1., I , - .._ .. . ‘ ,- - ..-
should do Ln;s: vulMUJ; 313 it dust deA t 33:1 113: he wodld flli

d
(1)
H:
O
’1
C+
TV.
\.
p.)

1

. ~~ -- ‘ v v ‘ n .-‘ n 21? r ' ~11! ‘ . , \ J- r 1‘, _ 1 ~-_ _‘ 1
J. .3 '..')’ IL ...;~’. 39.19;; 4.L t 1 _-.- o ‘. JV... ..." b-v .« .
Tbi‘ ”anr“t J ‘ L c iv> it c9u l riLU * 73 to C1 (r
3.- 97 fnct 1T3. 0 arctcr‘EIIrni b:e11:nc.3rixncin" 3r1n3<iif1iculiiss

factor which night be rasicnsible

m

with his hcaith in rccsnt ycnrs~-

 

lclawranca l Lrndfori 9nd Glenn L.

‘sis. (33w York. V313? and Sons, 1? 3), 1-3-

‘1'

C4

Ohn3L111, F3r1 1&913 zicnt

——-— -M.‘

fl -,A h
' timid.

 

1
CD
L1)
1

for his lack of oibitiL: and initiative. Alsc’ he had b3en en;lt33d
full time in an eff—the»fvr1 51b for the last 33veral years. This fact
ni;ht sug‘est that a shcrtagg of tin: and Jabtr was res aniblfi for
this slovenly nanagsnent cf the fern. Although in this rzgard, it
should be not3d t.::t tin o'd33t of th3 children a l{ year tld sLn,
should have been ca¢able of should3ring some Lf tn: resronsibility

of okerating the fern.

G,als g£_t;e ‘11fllll' Tin anus ness of the goals held by Fanily X

IH

would suggest t1at the famiiv he d never clearly cr;stalliz:d their objec~
tives for the futur3. The CD‘ectives which had been given by the

family as beino of in;ortan ace at the outset of the ircgram (lj23)
indicated that the daily rlaced little value uion 3x*endin¢ the
og.ration and develoling a grofitable organization. These included

such things as i1iroving the looks of the ilace,‘t 'tutting down a

base .9nent. or “buying some furniture for the living room.“ When

asked about the . oals for future years, 013 ator X stated ’Well, I
suliose we'll just try to leint tbs: buildings and keey things u}.

The Lossibility of purchasing additional land was dismissed by
Ogerator X with 'No, I have never considered extending my ac 3353
because we didn't have the money to buy more land, and I don‘t go in
too heavy to borrow anev because of the riskiness involved. We found
out it wasn‘t so in iortar t to work all the tine. We just decided to
~enjoy life a little instead of worl ing day and night.“

__s:* of credit. The trevious discussion has sugge 3 ed that 093 9rator X
(iid not favor the use of large amounts cf cr3dit in his farming Dyer-

éatitn although he had used crsdit far the iurchase of livest Lek and

-gu_

rvative attitude toward credit and his

(a.

machinery. Ogeratcr X's cons

to underte 1:3 the ”risk‘ involved in its use was su;ple~

(.0
L1

unwillinén
ented with a i ailar belief by his wife. She had been chara ct3ri23d
by the agent as being extreeely conservative in advocating the use of
credit for groductive lurlcses, but aggerently saw nothing amiss with
gurchasing home furnishings and a;gliances on Veasy“ iayment glans.

Particigation in_the'lownshiigprogram. Operator X had taken an early

 

 

interest in the grogram and was one of those who had actively tried to
”sell” the Lrogram to the faruers of the conninity. He believed it

to be a valuable adjunct to ”. . . those who haven't had a chance to
get more of an education," and garticifated in its activities when his
off farn job --riittcd him to do so. He enarked thfi b his w::rkin5
hours often Lrohibited him from attending the irograrn meetings which
he felt would have been beneficial to him.

Although O erator X was an active Larticigator in the grogram and
relied quite heavily uion the townshig agent for information, his farming
cgeration did not incornore te the us 3 of a large number of introved
Lractices. This fact ccntrasts strongly with the situations existing
in the thr33 lrevious cases (F3nili33 A, B and C) and also to the
findings of thlen and Real who suggest that particiiation in the
activities of the EXtension Se rvice is associated with high adogtion

ll .
of imlroved farm practices. It also demonstrates that gartic1-
Lation in the gro “ran and maintaining frequent contacts with the agent
is not a.lwav3 sufficient to result in Lrogress. Awnrrentlb in this
instance, the Dyeratcr's ma .Jrlol ha Md and lack of initiative
overshadowed any benefits he,had obtained from the prcgram.

gelf ima§g_a.nd wife's ike for the fern. The alla rent misconce tion

-—-_-—--u—o_

 

 

Glorge M. Real and Jre M. Boh en, 03. cit. y. 8.

-85-
which the ogerator had of the ;roduction level of his dairy herd and
his wife's dissatisfaction with fare life nay be additional elements
in explaining the lack of grOgress of this family.

The ass—Miller study sugyested that a manager's misconcegtion
of the level of outlut of his resources may be a factor resgonsible

l2
for his low level of gerformance. Thus, if the manager feels his
dairy herd is yrcducing at a much higher level than it actually is,
he may be content with this level of Lroduction and make no efforts to
introve. Indications were that such was the situation in this case.
When asked about the yearly groduction levels for his dairy herd rel-
ative to those of other herds in the county, 0 erator X retlied that
his animals would rank ap;roxinately in the utter third of all herds
in the county. vaever, an exanination of his herd average revealed a
Lroduction level of somewhere less than 6,00C pounds of milk yer cow
fer year, a figure considerably below the to; one—third of all herds
for which records were available in the county.

The second variable of significance in exrlaining the family's
lack of progress may be the wife's dislike for fern life. With the
suiposition that farming regrese.ts an integrated family effort and an
oneration which requires the moral and 1hysical sugyort of all family
members, it seems reasonable to believe that Family X may have been
handicagped to some extent because of the wife's feelings about farm
life. This factor aplarently was re tonsible for the farm at one time
being gut up for sale. Operator X had indicated that leaving the farm
“. . . would have made my wife a lot hayrier.” The wife's comments are

illustrative of her feelings in this reward: "I was born and raised in

V0

 

C. V. Hass and L. F. Miller,

51/
~LJU-

the city, and I guess I never did get accust01:d to farm life. I
Just don't like to fee d all the hired hel1 we have around here, and
it always see as like out he e all t11e money we make is sent ba ck on
the farm and not in the house.”

Partici ation in conqunity ac tiv viti es. Fenily X we—s the most inactive

 

 

in the formal and informal community activities of the six families.
This low level of 1artici5ation did not Lerait the fenily to cone into
contact wit h 1ore 1~ro w'ree sive farn 1eo1le and thus may he e reduced
Ogerator X‘so ortvnit ie.3 to leam of new teaniqm and fern 1ractices.
With the assum1tion that formal and infornal activities may serve as
in1ortant sources of infrrsation to fern fanilies, it seems that Family
X 1robably did not have access to as many channels of infornation as
their more active ne i 5hbors.

Family X

Value structures of the o erator and family. Very in1ortant ele ents in

 

 

ex1lainin5 this fanily‘s wer;etuation of the status quo were the value

J.

 

structures and the goals they 1ossessed. Althou h th efamily members
apgreciated farm life, they apnea ed to enjoy it more for the freedom
it afforded then rather than the oblortunities it ni5ht offer for
lossible advancement in return for individual ambition and initiative
One rator Y 1lacede hi h value u on maintainin; a closely knit fanily
5rou1 and strived to maintain the I"to 5ethern ass“ which charac erized
this family. Only of minor iniortance was the sound mana5e.ent of the
fern. Of interest in this re5ard was his connent, ydverytine I want to
50 fox huntin5, I should be licking corn."

Both the husband and wife 1ortici1eted in the sucial or51nisations

of the conzunity and were -ntr‘Ielv activ ve in the Gran5e and Fern

—b(—

Bureau. Ttis active iartici;ation in these crganizations is indicative
Cf the value which the family glacgd u;on socisl activities and did not
apgear to reflect the desire to use these orgnnizetions for sources of
ideas and informaticn which could be ircfitably incortoreted into the farm
business. The family also llaced a great value u;cn being socially
accepted in the coiiunity. Of this Operator Y remarked, “We enjoy the
sociability of these things. I don't know how much you learn from
then, but you always have a good tine at the neetings. I think a
family should take éfirt in t ese activiti23 if thgy went to b3 a
lert of the conxunity

T1: faxil; .tt3nd; d u h; school functions end Were Lift ml rly
311thu3i33tic fella-73113 of it col athletic tags of 11‘: i :11: 1th: 30:13 w:r3
nehbers. Oggrator Y indicut.d an inter 3t in organizing and fifinfiQiHQ

a ‘little lee u: bo3sbell tjun If his off fern job would Lerhit him

Wio and

<;
Ci

doinb thing3 torgther 12v; 3 hi;h iritrity for this non

F74
H
(u
C:
S:
01
('1‘

doesn't se;u to ggt a kick Lut of ircducinJ

(.3

ten more bushels of corn

" " ‘ " "' “ \ ‘ 'fi ‘1 ' Dn‘ \ t! ' r :'L ' 'n 3’ 1 ' ’ N
(30.33 1? tn: fzu1il; . Althctqh tne icrn was new ui of son, very rro

—_—-—.— ..-_ . 49—‘_ u.- p—a -—- -

ductive soil, OLerotor Y was o;ynr;ntly little i‘1t r33t3d in deV3loiin¢
its full iotential through :51uhd mena.Q3n;nt and the installation of a
tiling systeh. The ob33ctiv23 cf the family were an those corducive

to the exearsiC-n 021d QJVJlCLJCnt of one farm business. A11t1tu h the

sons were reachin¢ t1: or; where they could suilly a lerv‘ amount cf labor
to the farming ogcrstitn, ther: had been no atts; t to exland the oier-

eticn to utilize this TCSC ce. When questioned as to his objectives

r3

fcr future 532r3, O;;retor Y reglied} ". 3'd like to t“h: a trir out

Jest before the boys leave hone. 1e also want to fix u; the farm a

little.”
The mcdesty of his 50 als for the years ahead ran garallel to the
ayyarent satisfaction he ehysrienced fer the :ro 5ress he had made in

the Last. Indicative of this was his statement, I lave always wanted
to own a farm. As far back as hi5h school I used to t1in1 about it.
Even thou5h I (.we s01e mone’ on this farm, I think I have almost reached
my goal." It 2,5ear; d the t tlie_fanily was satisfied with East
accomglishhents and had little desire to accegt new resionsibilitis‘

or additional financial obli5aticns which ni 5ht be incurred with the
exlansion of the business.

Ehnageneht quth._; firfl. O5uerator Y's work as a M—H leader had en-
coura5ed frequentc mtacts with the township a5ent, but he aLQarently
benefited little from this association with re5ard to informaticn useful
in the more Lrofitable ogeratitn of the farm. Ojerator Y in Mic t d

that the 1r05 rum had b en of value to him lar‘ely throu5h the assi3tance
it had given hin in his fertilizatit.n' irobleas . His conce tion of the
Lr05ram's usefulness to hix1 seen ed to rest lar5ely ugcn the infornation

it could offer in re5ard to the correct amount of fertilizer to aiply.

He afiarently failed to a5greciate the broader retential of the ir05ra n in

O J
i-J'
{D
(‘1
"S
( J

heliing hin inte5rate the various entergrises of the busines
Lrofi to ble unit.
He sta ted that he had never us 3d the tcwnshig a5cnt to assist him

with farn reccrds or in an analys1s of the fern bus ize 33. This point i

O)

of interest when it is noted that the three hi5h chan5e cgerators indi-

cat d that this 1hese of the 1r05ra m had been the most valuable to them.

-393

The fact that Operator Y had not called uyon the a5ent for this
assistance would su5533t that he was not willin5 to let the a53nt be-
come familiar with the financial side of his farmin5 okeration. In
this re5a rd, it is not3d that Ogerators A, B and C, considered it
essential for the agent to have coaglete knowled5e Cf the financial
anECtS of the business ”. . . if he is to be of any real hely.”

Ogerator Y ayyeared to have soae MloLOHC‘ tion of his mana5erial
ability. Even thou5h net farm earnin5s Were a ne5ative fi5ure in 1957
and few reco nend d irecti were Miloyed in his business, he still
considered the nanasev’nt of his farm as being "somewhat better than
avera5e.” The townshiy a5ent su55ested that the as nax5 -3rial ele nent
was so goor in this case teat the fa :nil; would have realized hi5her
earnings fron the farm had it been rented to a more cagable oierator.
This misconceotion by the 05;: rator of his mana5erial ability su55ests
some support of the Hess—Miller findin5s that the Licture a mana5e
has of the level of out ut cf his resources will deternine the extent
to which he strives to iQ1 rove that level of 3rfcrninc3.
Additiogil EiELEREi' Factors which may 03 of lesser inrortance in
explaining this family's lack of .chan5e may be tne operator 3 con-
servative use of credit in the business or his off—farm job which may

have 1revented him from devoting his best efforts to the mana5ement of

p.
0;

the farm. An element which would also receive some consideration
the unfortunate outbreak of B n5's disease nhis herd during the suamer
of 195 . This incident doubtlessly affected adversely the morale of

the family and may have served to reduce the initi tive In cessary t0

’3‘
:realize gro5ress and advancement.lJ

‘

l3Althou5h the same 1rcunsoane sbefell high change Family C, it

L3hould b3 note d that Femily Y‘s C331 tal structure may not have been of
ésufficient stre 5th to withstand this shock.

 

This family is unique in tne sense that it was the only one of
the six bein‘ stud.i d who wa5 overtly 1posed to the townshi; yroa a .
Although the olerator 35reed to garticibate in an evaluational st dy
of the program, he had never called uion the a531t for assistance durin5
the period in which the kro5ram‘wa5 ogerative.
Some consid3ration of the n3i5hborhood in which the family lived
nay be enli5htenin5 in exglaining this attitude toward the prog an. This
neighborhood was congrised gredoninantly of older and retiring farmers
who had throu5h the years had consistently maintained a bastion of
defense against the Ex ension Service. This attitude held by the
n3i5 hbors toward th cExtensiLn Service had azparently yersisted with
little alteration during the five year period.
The very limited contacts the family had develoged with the grogram
during the ieriod would su5' 5*est that th3 oro 5r3n may h3ve had very
little imgact uyon the family. The validity of this s-te t3 nent deserves
further investigation and a attemit will also be ands to discover the
elements behind Family Z's resolute refusal to accept the grogran.

A titude toward chan53. The neighborhood in which this family resided

 

has been scribed as being made ug of older and retiring farner who
were 53 erally inactive garticiyators in the extension grogran. In
such an entrenched community it would be h ygo thesized that one would
find an adherence to family tradition and to values rooted in the last
with relatively little 3m; hasis glaced ulon individualism and Chan
This was agrarently true in tie case of Family Z.

Oyerator Z had acquired the farm from his father at the time of

the father's 33th and had not bothered to change its organization

-91-
at that time or in the years following. He was quite content to con-
tinue the ope ation much as it had been done by his father. Some
su55estion of Oierator Z's conservative attitude toward chan5e is noted
in his stateient that a very useful source of information for Operating
any farm came out of contacts with “. . those old lite, well estab—
lished farmers.”
gttitude EQVEEQ.§h§.i£EQFZHf O5erator Z's ngosition to the grcgram

kartialls attributable to his failure to fully comlrehend

may have been 5
the cr5enization or the function of the fixtension Service or of re—
lated governmental a encies. Fe indicated that he knew little of the
organization of the Townshi; PlObrEfl or of the role it was to glay in
assisting farmers. He envisioned the functions of the Soil Conser—
vation Service, the townshif a5ent, and of the county agricultural
agent as being thereby resulting in “. . . a waste of
the taxiayer's money.“ A comment illustrative of his confusion in
this re5ard is his question; “If the SOS is for soil service and
the Townshig Program is for fern glcnning, what's tie county agent
for?“

Even thou5h the family was outwardly ongosed to the Townshih
Program, there apieared to be a desire on the gart of the cferator to

learn more about the Lrogrem and to use some information available

through it in his own oieration. A513rently the iride lossessed by

Ff“

the fanily and the resulting eluctance in asking for assistance
'ented them from develoging additional contacts with the lrogran.
Operator Z had at one time indicated that he wculd ” . like to look

into the gr05ram,“ and felt that it ‘. . . might be of some use to

Eoli;ical 1hil so h“. flith the entrenched attitude ttward chance
noted earlier, 01er-tor Z ha: aunioue 1oliti2el Lhilcsc1hy character—
izzd by a strong dislike for tr e Ferl Eur‘"u a11d the Re;ublican Party.
e was a staunch advrcste of the F rears Union and f1? iled to recognize
'anything desirable in the Lrinci“les of the Lthe 1 io1:n or; onizations

This aureared to have a direet bearin: u1on n13 attionae toward the

~ and w. r1--'-?*~a1"- 14-. an "‘1 ~ 1. or 1- a '.
L’L) L .q. (.14- L‘..“--_J-.'_A . L'- CI]. .' 1;; Ha Lil-L-‘-Q --...4. U ‘4. MLILL Al—z TLQ)

d in”. H1 shculd tfihe a middle of the rt 1 st-nd 2nd ltt co

P
0
CU
. I
U)
1”;
H-
’- .l
r 1
\ .1
('1
"t
y...)
9

K J

3e1ubliean Party ma; have advanced to the

extent Cf in luencin; his thinnin; in regard to the future of his fern

b...h.

and his objectives for the future. He re 1ark2d that the 1liqht of
the ferrer would to oinr‘ll; VFlSJn “ . e3 71“ a) buts- 143

'7 r 1- . H“.'-‘~'z‘ ~ v » 'ur'. 11—. .1 ». --'— —-"“ -~1»1 . --~ *\
a of r rieulsuee E.n) n and Plesloent Lisen;CWe1) are in

A 3 rn" V a. h 'r“ ~a-\—: ’ ~ ‘4'! .~ ‘ ~n " 1
1v r i-1s b2l1e: n J J 1;,u to r,duce his uL , fCl the fUUuIi
'1 ‘I ' ~r‘ ‘.\’\r- ‘ ‘1 . -.-‘ . - -‘ fl- «a
th . . Uhso 1 ring -~-n1.s “no 1 ejllq tn‘ fo11ld. h edless to

snv, such a bleak :utlook for the future of a riculture was su110rted

by a very ctnservotive attitude tcward the use of or dit in the farming

These objectives cf the o eratcr) reflecting his 1essimistic

 

lu . -
If such a situation is known by the egeht to exist these

barriers sight be rentved by tact and understandint~ and a harmonio~s
relationshi1 be established between the 1rogrem a

l
\0
LA)

I

ticcl cutlcck, er: certainly not thos; which would be stimu-

'

lating to the fuxil* ncucsrs but a“; chduciv: to : ‘whgt's the usa

attitude. I: W¢uld 5::n ligzl; that such an flTtiEudB tn the kart (f

would nct SHCCUTSJS LTDéTJSJ. It 8 pscrs to b3 a

al-

“ . ,. 0. .,. “(V3, J", 4. '4 - r~.-" 1." “1-,“- ' __,.‘_..,_ :1-“ i)
actLr in J“-ivifliuq phlq fldiix 0 ob Clbflpig oLutc.

" r. 1:] —. J" . ‘ --_ ‘ .1 ' l"- .0- 1 v: ' | . 9-. ~, ' ,x -. ‘ “1 t‘ ‘ f .'\ . ‘ H ." ,4
a; :duiuicnul sleigh” Ci Ji ciiicsic: Wgo -n ai;¢13nt ludfi Lf

dcsire b: (veritcr Z to in rev: his le-

v - ..L

<1

31 cf ‘9rfcricnc3 as a farm
munubsr and th lchl Cf ;¢1fcrnénc3 cf his dair; hard. TL: qucsticn
wns sshgd 33 fig Where ha would hcv; rcnkzd hiiscgf a; E fern n:n:93r

43-. ‘3 ‘ ‘ ' 4" -:-‘; ‘ ‘ ‘. V . - ., ‘1 . " ' V ~ ' r‘ - 1 -‘ -, :3 . -. -. x. r'
Liv; gears a (‘ cu cue _r;gzn 111;, and flV: éearu chc-, in LOJLST—

13cm to oierctcr; in 31111:: rggnurc: JlBUDLlUHS his answar

sid2r3d. H: clsc indicctad tiit his dairy h:rd in raucrd to xrc—

‘ ' r 'w _- ..fl ‘ a“ r \ r\ J'“ ~ 1' "L 4‘ r "a ~ ~ ' " ’1 ’ ' 1 fl '1' I“. x " . ' 1» '4
ducticn wqud rsui nu-r in: LOuukfl Lctn in th: quu ind lfl tn-

«v L . u N ~ ~ < ‘ . 1 ~'—‘. ‘r---’- 'I' ‘l . ,“I " ‘ . . J- —‘ r J- ‘ «1:1 1 . v 4* . \‘w 3 " “
futuie. lb 13 guUQJJwJQ cdgc bLlo bslief bhdc h: VLuid LOHuluuv Lc
.. c , ° L \. J. -4 3 - - 1,1 - ‘* _- 1 - . \ .n - n

r~zfli 1r1 t.m3 WLXI‘J‘ uhlx i 3.1 , 1,. L -iIJ ' cjin-‘v , .3 L 1 , J

”x: ..C"_ ~4’ r‘ .1" ‘r- -- ---=~— J— :— - --'r\.. -'-1i-'
T'~ ”up; Y‘L‘..i?‘.. ‘ - ‘i ‘ , J ". bC‘ -L.ALLIi\tr'3 [-111.14 _

f""“"“!l‘1 m T?
V-LL.-1.L-Ln.l ‘4

(inf-Mr - *0 n- '0
v Van‘uJuvL, \-';uu

f‘ 'l . "\r h". ‘ I ‘. "l‘ .'?' 'p 1'1. ’. ‘1 \J--< vr ~ \ J- . . ~ ~ q. '- r" \ . ‘ prv ~.':‘ ’ "
‘ I 1 J‘ 1.. U. C‘Qui v": .1. i 3 (4.1. u--.l.-J J gb-IlJ “7 . .) UL lJC -4 .‘ w -3 L-ILCs’Sd .1. .‘..'~ 'u'.. r»

 

inf]u:n~i:1U (r rgsulting in 1L: wid; divsr'guci:3 (f It r43? which
U - L)

tb; various fcuili,3 ;;Lili:.d. In thig r U”:d. c Lu bgr Cf su‘lc~
5iiicn; w,r; (ff;r;d i; Chc_*:r II 13 ficusibl: EI‘JFAWLICHJ. Albhcuqh
‘th: JCIQ‘J-Igd.llltlrl c1;'b1; iIsfgytigftiLmi dccs rmi;;_3rnit 111:.5tcti3»
tiisl *;5tinq Cf thgja 1;“LtfiJJJJJ c;aniu Usucrcl :cnclusicnu ere
warrrntcd rsu~rdi34 their usciulncus and Vfilidity in Tth: ficrziculvr
c0535.

J::-"i“lxi(g.ggiiDgggigr.quii 2:1 P11 r*3 ;
:§;g Riv“ Clhjgi 25;r?: :3. is 3;; hULLLLdJIZ’4; the Rich ch nqc (*4?-
ctcrs ~Vfip“.x.ucd C L '1clI; f “LlilJiBETtCiCUQJ tcvwixrififi. uAanJiLli

Scrvjc; duri" the five~i::r -JMiCd. le:v:r, two (f thes: individucls

ccntinucd tc WL34333 :srcii; TJJ:IJCLiLh5 r;ugrdiu¢ tL: uq-fu3n;53 cf
the ciunt; echt L‘ LL; indiviiuél f ru;r. TL; tLWfijLiL ‘rcgrun W”;
crngid;r:d bd 1h,5: c;;r»t.r; c5 LainU uxtrsaulg VzJUTbIJ Lo th;a in
the #:ruticn (f the IDIJ Lusin;35. Althcuul C3; cf the individucls
we; ;M;q?wh3t .1:§;QiCil ci’fl;,_1;erc;1:hi its gi‘iv‘.3brp: , tiria 5h:;ti:~

l

I
“a

I
,_)
(

p.
i
”.4
D

I
C?
C
f“.
C.
\
(u

I
P
»

3
C I
‘J
4”

fl
*4
( L
[—1
k;
H-
n
*‘3

C 1.3.11 W 'J J

' “ ‘ ‘ r~ ‘ 7-. -. 1~ " u \ 1 ” H" . I ‘ i. I .
dfich Cf tie liuh c“ AU} ininiiu-3q h a ann 21:,c,u iC cu Liilc, in
-1. . 1r. ,1. 1.- I *1 ‘ ‘ - u. ‘ ~fi. ‘-

51-”: TOVIrAJ'.4.1 J" .Js.)( -1-‘ ble. Du '1 ‘9; .1 4 (c111 1.1.9 1.1.1:) J. _. - ltd.

1. 'u .',.~‘. _’_‘.o'v‘1“_‘-‘
‘1 End Udaflhfiuva irLfiwan

H:
(.5
H;
:5
H-
H
1..-
G".
if
p.)
Q;
4
N
\v
S
H}
"I
’1
L2
v
1.4
P.
,_
C
{U
r
,4
("T
y
C
I;-
‘ T
h J
y l
H.
r
L

.VL,
7/

\ ‘ J - J" ‘ 1 " 3 .. . 3,, .1.” . .1 .fi 1 j '- . ,3 .. . .1 ,3- 4. '
cns The lilii; n 10,1s win w-i; old duthgd to it so LOCI Ln BCblV:
,. w+ 1.- - - -,—,.. .- ° — A ur- 3-1 ~ .03. . .- ‘. .L . . w ' ‘v ..
.. f l k‘ in tILsk—j t.‘ v1. ‘ClUil ( .L Us- -f .L -, I l], o ill .3 J LIrJJ.lL.~'.L L1,.) *1.” J 1&2? J- J ‘LJL, l ..ili'xrl.

”ll-l ~ \. , -‘ .‘L- ' -. ‘ '- . - .‘nj- <4—~ .‘ .' v' 3' . " ' ‘7'. - ~-. ' - 'I x ‘ ‘ “ . ' ‘ '3 '
Lu: Usi‘l'vl't-ll; 2‘1-) L-L L/JLJ. ."Jus! 1 . -l‘glglg 1.791 21-1.ng V1-1; J{,:L‘ 51113-1"). 3'5

i . ' ._ ,. ,_.'_ fl Lfi o '1 . n . 1
'1 V (I .fi wn 4 A ,\ fl 7 ~ ~, ' y - - '-‘ H ' ‘ . ~v — ' '~ “a ' "‘ 'v 1 ‘ " *1 t 7 ‘
I; .f :30 ,1. ‘ -.I . .'...M13_~_) (I till.) W (,4. J ll .2 and- W 31'; In t, L ,- Lu .5 3_

‘ -.-. ‘ fl ‘—. ’I-‘l‘r‘hu’: , n
) 11101.1.) LLLJ; .4'v~-‘J.1[.x? - .13

The Value structur:3 (f th3 high Ch”flUJ individuals, to th3

1

‘. V ‘l- 4- fl '- ‘ - u A - ' I v " 'lr‘ .‘ . a 1 .1 ' r ' ,‘I‘I
sfiant undb thess 1r: sscsrtuinanle, rsfisctgd a

thchht cut, fiviny su ‘Crt
hy40thesis thfit th; EXQEHt tn which a fdnil? hss cr;stnlliz:d its

U

o Is will dstsriiis the extgnt tc which th3~ hrs achieved. Also

\L'I

- ,r , . T,‘ , ,. V‘ J- ‘. , a _. .,
th:WOrtLJ wss the cufiilai

flectsd nut C333 the ¥lflflfliuq th3 fiflllied hid duxs in this rss;cct.
but also thsir rtbiticns to r‘?lizs Lrtgrsss
Particularly significant in the high chan;3 families was th3

wide use of crsdit in the farm business. Crzdit was TSCLdniéfd

I

o w

by two cf the o;s“3tcrs as 3 ns 3ssary elsnent 1f the orbsnization
was to ShLW grcfit and chgress. One cf thess familiss had mcvsd
frcn a debt—frae gositicn to th3 extant cf havin5 sons $36 Lt; cf
liabilitiss restin‘ a ain‘t the business It Was suégcstcd that the
Townshix PrCQran m3; havs bscn of siénificunC3 in this instance by

virt 3 (f the assis+anc3 it Qave the 01er3ttr when cents: lating

.L

chsn;;s which r3quir:d crzdit.

Anothsr clossly rjlutsd factor in this rsgard was th3 wis:
nsgsbsmcnt cf crsdit by these clerstcrs. In nos ihstcncss any
Chanda squirinQ the use Cf crsdit was ;r3c3d:d by a carsful inslgsis

-96-
of its profit potential. Also noticed was a reluctance to use credit
fer consumption purposes.

Although the managerial ability of an individual is recognized as
extremely difficult to evaluate, the techniques used in the study,
supplemented by observations of the agent, suggested that these oper-
ators were quite proficient in this respect. Two of them indicated
that the Township Program had been of value in developing this ability
through the current information it supplied.

'Zhg‘ggzfighangg Operator . An examination of the low-change operators
revealed a substantially different set of values and goals. Absent
to a large extent was the emphasis upon achievement and progress

that had characterized the high change group. In some instances
goals other than a profitable, well-managed farm were in evidence.
Thus one family valued highly the participation in various social
activities of the community.

The vagueness of the goals which the_low change families held
suggested that these individuals may have given relatively little
thought to the future. In instances where goals were explicitly and
concisely stated, their modest nature suggested that these individuals
would be content with smaller achievements than those anticipated
by the high change families.

Managerial ability among the low change group was not as pro-
ficient as that of the high change operators. An apparent miscon-
ception of this ability by two of the low change managers may explain
their lack of desire to improve in this regard and lends additional
support to the Hess-Miller hypothesis.

The low change Operators exhibited a great reluctance to use credit

it,

in amounts larger :,n_.n those

One of tne oyerators sugge:

was the el>nent wlzic h had ,rev-.

Antther saw an Trenely dark
was hesitant to extend his us3 of

L)
V

w 3* 3
54-3-

chang families, two of ti o;

the gurchase of home furnishings

CO*n.:_arison of high and Low—Chang:

 

types of families is garticularly

of the various hy otlw s It wa

attitude toward the irogram

it1e s would he of si nifica nce in
lieved that a faVorable attitude
particigation in Lrogran ac ivitie

su;jositions were

change families. All high—change

and maintaired generan ll; flVCTG bl

conVerse of these hyiothese were

5

one of the low-change oyerntors.

toward the rc .ran and cons3ou ent

activ1

HoweV3r, two of the low—chan

suppositions.
of value to them.
effort in attempting to establish

Although both had develo

ently had held fsvcra ble attitude.

1ted him from s

arators had used credit quit

-nd their partici;

completely true

Both of these o‘erators

One of these had ex xten ided 3

:ed frequer 1t contacts

ssor to meet groduotitn expenses
lot the 'risk involved in credit use

,..

spending his o‘eretion.

future for agriculture and consequently

credit. In contrast to the high

)

w

freely in

F"“ill9i' A congariscn of these two

g‘rq
K’JL'S.‘

valuable in mining the usefulness

s hypothesized that a family‘

ation in its a tiv

It was be-

Us
01

ex; laining trog

in this regard along with act1v:

fl

s would be assoc ed with Chan

in regard to the three high-

families were active larticigators

Th;

c attitudes toward the lrogram.

, of course, slid in the case of

His attitude was generally unfavorable

ly he did not garticilate in program

g3 case Were exc -iticns to these

rec0gnized the lrogram as being
great deal of 1ersonal
the irogran in the community.

with the a

gent and agpa

3 toward the 1rog ra.a fc w changes had

A second hy1othesis su*‘ested that the socially active family
(1articularly in rega'd to farn organizatitns and the dxtension Service)
would be nest likel1 to exhibit 1rcg .r.3 ss. This was also generally
su11orted by the high—change families and its converse by two of the
low-change fanilies. One of the low-change case s however, had been
very active in these LrQQnizations but exhibited very little 1rc $r3ss
during the five-year 1eriod.

The hy1cthesis that a favorable attitude toward farm life would
be conducive to rcwrsss found the least consistent su1port of those
here considered. All of the families (both high and lOW-ChflnédrS)
exhibited an a11reciation of farm life. (A minor exce1tion was the
wife of one of the low-cha31e 01erators.) It is 1ossible however
that these various families may a11re ciate farm life for diverse
reasons. Thus, there was some evidence that th;3 hi: h-chanbe fanili es
a11re ciat 3d fern life because cf the 011crtunities it offered for
advancement in exchange for hard work and initiative. On the other
hand, certain of the lcw— Chan 5e families may have a11r3ciated farm
life because of the freedom and inde1endence it 1ermitted, a reason
quite apart from that exhibited by the high—change 5rou1 and 1ossibly
of some significance in lex1laining the various degrees of 1rogress
which were noted.

Certain of the hy1othes es offered at the outset of the study do
a11ear to have considerable merit in ex1laining 1rogre ss or the absence
of it. One of these was the ass—Miller idea that the conception which

a manager has :f the qua Ht of his 1erfornance will determine the

extent to which he atten1ts to mrovc that 1erfcrt1nce. This was

-9)-
garticularly well s Lnorted in the case of one low—change operator.
Thus his low level of 1 mrnance as a manager may be attributable
to the misconceiticn that he was above avera 32’ in this resgect. A
second low—change operator, however, fully rec05nized his limited
ability as a manager, but indiC9t ed no desire to iznircve in this re‘9 rd.

The extent to which a famihy has crystallized their goals and the
nature of these goals was seen to influence the ex ent to which these
goals were achieved. A favorable attitude tovard the use of credit,

9 reco:. snition of its necessity, and its wise management were all
associated with Lrogress and change.

As has been suggested, the nature of the study has grevented
confir nation of these -ylotheses in the statistical sense. However,
their usefulness in this invest i 39tion indicates that they are worthy
of further consideration and might grofitably be incorlorated into
studies of a nature which would ternit more r1 U‘crous ts sting of their
validity.

IWLQCE.QM,EE£.EEHE§hiLM Pro 4113

A second obiective of the study was to determine the ingact of
this intensive extension lrcgran in gromtting the changes which have
occurred in f9rn org9n Mi stional structures and in individuals. The
difficulty of this tc9 sk is magnified because little is known of the
changes which these families have made in years 1rior to the Township
Pregram, nor of the elements which might have influenced these changes.
Regardless of these difficulties s, however, a nuiber of conclusions have
evolved out of the investigation.

The Township Program.wasr regarded by all of the hi Eh -chan

Operators as a valuable at to them and was recognized by each as a

‘-lCQ-
rel1able source of ‘nformotion. They considered certain aspects of
the pregran, notably the fern visits and the farm business analyses,
as particularly useful.

The inrortant role of the agent in many of the crucial decisions
made by the hign change onerators would imply that the yrogram was of
considerable significance in promoting these changes. In this regard
it is noted that the advice of the agent was intertant in encoura-
ging two of these individuals to purchase additional land. The role
of the agent in a great many of the managerial decisions of one of
the Operators was also noted.

Although one individual exhibited some reluctance in acknowledg—
ing the wanshig frogran as the element responsible for the changes he
had made, the agent's inlortant role in sugglying technical infor-
mation and advice in regard to many of these changes would sug;est
that he 3, too, the irogran was a very significant element.

The ingact of the grogran uyon the low-change families was
gossibly less sidnificant in 1romotin5 change. However, it is noted
that the advice of the agent was the influencing factor in the
decision of one oyerator to develop a steer—feeding yrogram. Another

attributed his increased intensity of fertiliZBT EPLlicatiCn to

uggestions he had received fron the townshi; agent. Tlese exanyles,

(u

as well as others which were noted, suggest that the Township Program
may well have been the dominant causal factor in yromoting the rela-
tively few changes which this grouy of families had me e.

Although the trogram would usually be considered to have the
greatest intact ugcn the active larticipators, the study indicated
that non-participators nay learn of new techniques from their Iartici-

gating neighbcrs. his fact would suggest that the imyact of the

.. 15:1-
program, althcu5h difficult to evaluate, Lay be ncre si5nificant in
9romotin5 chan5e than an exawinao1on of the fortici1etin5 ferns would
indicate.
The author's association with those families who were an inte Jal
gart of the wanshi1 Program has su55ested other desirable elements,

which may not necessarily be associated with the Jomction (:f chen 53,

DJ

e attributed to the Townshi1 Prtgram. Th:

(u

op1ortunities the pro5ran afforded 1artici1r'a nts in re5ard to holdin5r
offices, bein5 medbers of connittees, and serving in various other
ca1acities as SCciated with the 1r05ram may have been of im1ortance in
develoying latert leedershi1 qualities in these 1artici1 ants. Noted
in this re 59rd was the case of one of the hi5h-chan5e Operators who
became an active newber of various community or5anizetions and was
elected to resgcnsible gositions of leadershiy durin5 this period.
Other ranificatiCns of the 1ro5ran are concerned with the in-
tan5ible benefits which accru d to those individuals affiliated with
it. Althou5h the objectives of such an educational 1ro5ram are often
couched in terns of hi flL yields and income, many of the benefits
of the program were not of such a tan5ible nature. The gartici1atin5
families ex1ressed the feelin5 that :nany of the se benefits could not
be measured with dollar values, but re1 esented the welfare ands atis—
faction arisin5' out of the increased social interaction the families
ex1erienced throu5h the 1a'tici1ation in the activities of the 1ro5ran.
These fanilies acknowled5e thatr ew acquaintances, both within and
outside the connunity, had been made. New sources of information and

-.

ideas were develo ed, and a new sense of unity and coc.eretion xer—

.h a. A.

vaded the community. It is i11ortont that these elements be considered

I.)
11‘
FN

‘,~ r" 1 r- --r~-‘*-. “a .'_‘. a ’\ _,—\,.., “m "‘ «'7'.
WHJZI Nil 3‘.r"J-L.L.-'i--_LL:1 (f 515.. 101ml" :1 is w-d3r”t.-.k :14.) Ll 1:55:11 01111.31.

. ‘ ‘H 5 1 o ‘ - l_ '1 _-_ :1
'rcor°15 51: 051- ““L‘l _r. 5.
N—J -
:7“. - _ 1 o
J“ Pr‘~ 53 (l L”v a
A a ' A 4—— ~—'. I‘— .J
A 7 “/if‘ ." <. ‘. -'- . L a w J-" rs '0 “A . . 4‘ - a . 1-
;. L5i-il. CLRI—CLJJIJ rf“fl 5 L54u5 ‘rws L51 5 C1 (.LL":L::1.w 1551.1155
I »_ L. F ‘ n 1 fi >I ~ _‘\ g 'x _ , ‘J_ ,_
1 L0 553 *rrc,3; Fl h. .v-. IL fl 5 1 lb 55 5 51: :J'5? colufirf5

1e figuraycithcry :u1 COHjUfi.C Lixz_11ith 115: coz’

r2c0“d3 avail ble cn gosh I nilr, wculd i ssgnt a; cxcellent wigcrtunit

“w . - r‘ ' , ~ . . r , - ‘1 . ‘ - ra ‘ -‘ " ."H I‘ -. ‘-. a . '0 x ' "‘
to :59flan L5: races; 51 Unlch chap 3 cccur5 Ln 15@1vldunl 55r15.

‘U

'5 .r—v .1, r‘L ' ‘ ~ ‘4' 1 *\ r 'v»:
51141 JCL C-‘ L) tlle (‘LLU J LL—t “..?.:.'J..A.)

L .1 . - J -x‘ 5 ‘ D ‘- -" A J- 1 5 ,-
2 3 the 5‘ Us; ”C! ' Tu.) :C' ~ --5 a 1 J ‘ v ‘51 :J ) CL b-5103 5:43 Vl-v U (U 13
- .1. 1J . "- .' - ,1 .- .L L. 1.1 '. -- .v: , 1.5.1.
“4:_ ZI‘-I15 . :5. 5 (37:4 1.5 -L3 "‘11L r :7 ,Luq_%3- Lin? L ”.53 111V7,Sl_-LJ” 511.11 .1 11L b
-~ ~ L ; A m»!— : ‘1. — a, ‘ - . -. JV. '5, . .. J.‘,— '1 5 . - 5- - - - .1
Lfive 5,35 ‘55Lleulmrl 55:5555551 13 Lur511g u& 55: 5351r:d 1n31v555,

3 nunbfir of hygctl 5L1"“l c«ncl 51(113 PEpear to be CLQJQt.

IL is sugg35tad Lhit t.e :r00635 cf chgnga in the fern orsani-
zeticn .13 not always be the cuteone cf an unusual occur5n03 of con-
siderable magnitude or a strikinc echrience in Lhe livas of those

__V_
I

involvsd, but more r: 1318 icollr may be Lhcubht cf 53 the and r sult
of the interglay of a wid: v5riety cf dissinilar forces. These forc35
may include such diver5e 315ments as the waather, family h: alth, farm
Erica 5, an outbraik Lf cro; er l;ve5LOcl d1555555, its GV5il1bili L3:

of land for Lurch“5c cr rcnt, ere; yicld5, in5L'LuLirnal elensnL5,
accidant5 or winfifall gains, ll Cilitv cf CTJQit, etc. The5c
31515nt5 33y intaroct in 5uch 9 way as to 5vcncuall
ch5n*u in the yr 631355; a.

' ~ ". '1 ’- '\ -" ‘ \ ' . ,9 .A- ' 1"\ “ H‘, nr' .v- '-- - “ . ‘P v v‘ :V. -\ , I ‘ q ‘ “‘
Th3 CLL55*5ufil 5CL;1- 545 u: Lluqalnil 11 th353 icrc,5 Jr: c05-

V ' 1 ‘ ‘- V 3 o - :1-‘ "1 - --- 1",. . -\ - r . 4 -- -,- .‘.-:‘ -‘-._ ru‘l ‘ ”V- . {‘1‘}; 1
oluerad 15 b51nv wlbddr ;.5jLiv 3 or he 3th3 la “VDULJ. 1533 31} o:

4 r ' " ' f a '1‘ ‘ ‘ ~ ’1 ‘\ 1. 1 I \139 .‘4 ,1 -~L .‘rr 3 "x *’-:_3 «r "r
v 1kg,“ «J le w -— \J J ..‘\,L l L1.- V,,( --D .Lk‘..4 93.1. 11-;q--'11‘1 .: 1..-»--5 L'iivu ~3:_L ‘1‘; DO
-. 'NI‘ 0‘ . “:- .W ".1" 3“ w‘ ; r‘h s— * ' ‘ '4 " V ,-‘ . ‘. ~ 1' '3‘" r * 1 1 '1 - "‘ 1"
155.1015 51.151; 77 545.- ..9 J - .L;_.,L’.:3 J C ; I‘t- 9122-343le .‘ C-.‘.';;- -UD. C cut-1‘5 Van-:11 '51-:
" J-.-"‘ ‘n r1“ —: “fl. ' -‘ ‘1 » "I ' ‘ "" '3 + J‘ ‘7 ‘ r‘j-l r ' h ‘r -
1 Or \- (— I — -k—l— " I- J _._ J -I I a ..( J. ‘5 J J 1-5. 54 4‘51.) ‘_ A'.-.¥J JO Ll '—‘- t, f -1 4—4 3’. 3U I 1V- ; i L I‘C N)
‘1 4 N "Y '-“ ‘ . \ " w a ‘ P “IN ‘ '- ' ~ *- ‘ 1 1 '- . x n.‘ w'v- . I" .
15- ‘KJ51‘1_ -‘qulw , 3 - 1 11Lcrp155 5_3.‘1L 15 ‘lxlelflU

(‘11,. Q -,-~ - *3 b v vw 'j 1~vri r- r', '1 (‘- ‘ -1 - - - ~I- '3 P ' -,\ w. '3 {T11 '3 n _-1-vr—? ‘) ‘74 ‘ ~_ 11".] . ’3 ‘ - "-
V--.‘ ' 1. Jul ‘1. n. ‘4, 3 . \ ‘)_-‘-'-L'b a .A.L.J.C,u I .LL 'J. \J-V_5_C4’1 '~«5.lC(JL-J.i~Q-wl.fillb;
f

n a o
'1“d, "— 3/311" ‘l "W’ 1 ~”‘. ‘ -" 7 "4‘ '1'" D A‘ ""f'f' -“ L5 ""7" > "’(".TV‘ 5‘1"; ' n. ' 3"— “-1 l ' ‘7‘ ‘ m
5.... n-5,- 15.5w: .1. 4Q..~) g» ..V 5 v 5;; ‘ ‘4le u. Mun-aha.» . -..u '5 .L. I 41'1" 4-3 51-9

“ '4' .7 3 f"' win. ‘1 ‘ .’~‘.- ’2' '. ~' '\ “"‘W'Y‘ ‘. 'l“ A “"{tq ~ ‘1 r“ I 1-»1-' \. a - \. -—. ~V'\J-‘ .V 51-. I ' ‘
CI)- 51].- l- .1. 5.1-) _. 5x. .. .34; 2-‘5 up L‘f'Jl-VL-le “ a) 51.15 ..3 Lf J.;»5U"ql'f-3 IL‘ZCJ‘)

,. -0 ._ '~ 5- - - .7 U. __ 5. -AA.‘ .-5 .4 ,1 _~. 2‘

IL 15 fusfilir 5u55/1 _ - ‘1.5 J r_ ‘~"‘5’ U 5,
3:151L151; ‘ l iV", l Lu , ‘- i”? 5“*-54 f‘ .m‘r. 3113 ‘“;'la‘ 0 «17-fiiul
-5;U°Liv; ii1121‘13 it was 1;;"d53 C'5: cf‘ifl-a le»LflrrgJ5 (;5?CtCI‘VflK
?£;~11315L' =".;.;fl *d-- ,3- ‘5; 45 ”LilifiQ'LICCJSSTIj ‘LO F3LLY’L5 315

n . ‘1 ”‘1‘: 1,' """"! I "’1 J “A; 1: . ‘ ‘1 7! k r“ ‘ 1 _ ‘ A ' ‘ "l- ‘r
5 ,511 1.; 5;..- 5 ,5 -1 I C... 5-5 1.? ”xx 5‘.- “93 C 5r ” 5L1“ Thu 2 :3 L - .51 5- ‘fi ‘ L, -1’
I ‘ . 1‘. w _ __~ .5 1_-_ ‘ I‘ “—1.7" ‘n ‘~ ~ " w ‘\
12 5d :1 3 {-‘L1 \1‘. JS‘J.an-‘C V: 3 .31"__ .r'l" O L'..Lb.&C ‘Lloi‘l L’L\-l ‘ t- LJ ‘3 5: -)S ‘Jd. t1. 3 J asll'U-I

5‘ 4- . ,_ _ .. _,__I 5.0.- ."_ ‘ “ - T‘ a , ,. 1:5. - ‘ .3 4.1, - ‘ .,. .1.“ _ .L "‘ L! 1 ,-
3.“ 4; :I‘LC ll" : 15f .1 1.01.1, T“. Li: ILL-Pa 5 , 1:: r; _:_U.1r:u 5-;- : 2'? 5 50.1”- 11’»: ( I L;l;'~:

_ _|_ fi‘ f. \ N .0 I- . v‘ _ 1 fl _ g 1‘ t I_ _ _FI_F\ _p_ . 1 O 1
vQ-5L b: or; L5 w 5 Ulljlfiu LO LuL b5353 154‘5 1“ L 5' :35 1n 515
fr ”“i”4*1c*

Q“ A”... {4‘4 L) -10

_- K n.“ O _‘_ I I -\ -- ~ _I- - "f‘ I _ _L1‘ _ 0”,“ . / _ ~1 1" _= ‘ ,—..—’v- _o‘ --.. ‘1' ‘ n , —

D_.ӣ1215l51:3 .l-CLLL15.gu;L 13 L555 5-52L;. ix; Cb 5551\52r3591w-515 vnm1ld
-._.. -- -—-- ——-Q- Q.— .- "n— I..- —.——-

 

. J..— --_*- .- -. n 7-...- ' -.‘3 , 54- - 7"“.,-' . .-' . 5 n1 , - ,_
b: cc: 13L: WlLuCUL an 5cl5x4155 -235L of Allllcu15155 951 we 5555535

.4. k.)

‘L . ‘.‘ '7‘1"‘ - ‘1 5 ."'21' .-~ _‘i .w - - .\ «a- "\ -~ -'-1- _‘ I ‘ . -, '-1-' n " \ "I"
JnccunLarsd 15 55: Ejusrp 5150. I r scuat 5-L59 55-5; 15 L515 r-Qzlu
.* 4'1~ ‘» 3.:va - - f 7'r‘yv-a‘3fiI' .(l ‘ Hurry; r}.—-¢-' '7“~7—1‘N v‘rfifi 3-: ‘-, aw -'j
13 \‘lé.’ ..o. ~ALU;r LI Ll. H 5.1. 1-U ax ‘ 5.11;:.L". --l J-| Ll( :1 \ ll...‘~.-—A \ ._) Kn...) 5.11.30 .5 L

1 . “ .- 1 ~. 4 ‘¢‘ -\-‘-tr ~. ‘. w a" ‘1: W a . ~.‘ , A ‘ '.t - _,
:“rljcr Qua wlll rJCGLVJ clJv cur5er cc5olqgrfithn ner-. 5n: 5155

2.- . ‘5- .-.'-- 1" fl '.. ,. .J-' .,-.'- . , 1-. 1 ,,. - ..J - l” '
sLuav C fr5ecn -5"1155 555 KJVJQLleLCI b0 055515 clLra15lJ I5Jlll5r

'4. 51, - ,. a 3., -. -- ._.. 5,1 ,-‘ 1 .1. _. ,.. .._.__ - ‘ .- -. \ - ._ ._ ’ 131,51- ,1"
V15h L5: c 5-5 lazulv55 555 Lhuo 1-J l5.d L11 UL u-llcv- bu U -A

,1, A . 7- ',-..- ,- -- .:-1n 04,-. .J-- - 0 . "a. O... - "_.- - . ‘

3-1; 1.377.574.2101; I” .13-” ..‘TK : m. g- '. -3 .51 :4 p3 ulfsfl lg szuiial 1;; 1J1; : 7-1V 31“?) 2 .

r-v‘V O ‘ 1 .4 o 1 _I » _.'- . ‘ ,- ‘_' V‘ . ’ .'. . fl ‘ 'l ‘

ibi- ”fig31LLb ll a--3 0 3r \3 .ibgu .1-3 br(wxl * Cr JILJ‘LlUna Li iuia-J
.h

r . . ‘ ' b‘ . 'v\ K' j r - 5‘ ‘1‘ 'J- ./ fi "‘ N“ 4“
Q .1Ln, 1) flu“ u “U, Li _Ju_,u w.u rér,-infld. ”11 I'J r-1i33p LCC
If '4‘ ‘.- A ‘ x 1" j . J 1 ‘ L‘ W‘ ‘ VJ' - >'- '1 I .7 1“ ‘ '\ ‘ ‘ 'I "
in] .M: Li1'.i f1 Jr-dudlc-J Li Ur: luv-iviu be pub Clap Ll; acuch
,- ~,- \r " r1 . ~
’7‘“! 1.411,.1 :3. 1:. airy -J o
'1‘ ’q "\_ I ’ ',__ p _ _ _‘ .. '_ fl . - n u a .1 J- ‘ 4 o
1 *\ i‘ii 1‘] LL L.J. 1.1i‘4 DL 13 bi bi- ' Qigru-J rsjirciv: in,

Esthniguzs in tuli 5r_1. Con441u3nle ouscrvutirns rapzrdin; Vfiluaa

.. ,_ A. . ~. .1- -.v. 1 - .. ~. .- , 1 . - . j - 1.1,- ”, , 1. , J- . 4 . .‘HJ. '1 .1 7 -.J.- ' y -.
91d goal; 3r; DLu .0 0: 1;“.10-d Co luifllllulBJ Udb r &r-3-nb L U;.-ir-
"L I ' "V ' ‘ J” “ D F." . " ‘ "7-: P)’ V 3‘" J- i" | ‘ ') \ .' ‘ ’f" V 1‘ ‘ J‘ ‘, ‘ "n ’ . "1‘
«'3 VI 3 TL; to LIU Lil v 2r .13-;713 «Ting. .3 $5711.]. ‘ V 3 Lung“) ; ..l - 1 --: vi.) 0 :31...) C 1 L“...- f lull"
-‘ . , ‘. - ~. 1 ‘ . ..-— -‘- ‘-'_ -. r“ r; ' - x ‘ “ - “ (1| , ~, 4 .- 1 '1‘, . I l' 1 - . "1 4‘ “ 'L . 4- —- ‘. -.‘-
Jiqu- ;1*l£d-d in ;-bl‘ ui.g 1.”_v-riei cvlll d 11 Lib WlpLLUb

busstiLn.

(1 Mum ' , 1.: m~1---- \
J\-l l_'~. 1_l ‘\‘.__-L.L-.L(.,L.-.U .L _,..

LJ
J
F J
L...
LA
J
m
C.
C"
of“!
H)
(r-
W
(u
u.‘
1‘:
y I
(-
Cl"
(-
P— I

thscr; avail;bls

an lcwafl iaclw4*d 2hunch 3” mf th3 cu-hcr whi1h JJL21rsd int3r33tiao
1nd wcrth; cf inv:;ai¢ativn, as wgll as 51:1-nt3 gathergd frcu a
iumber cf studi:5 siiildr in son: rssgcct; y-t widely diff3r3nt in
Lthers. 3 VJ} :“co: cunsf&¢rtticn5 which suqu;sfi;i th.' this night

 

filthnu;h the exilcrntcrg nutur: of this stuu; r-suitsd in
findings somewhat less thfin conclusive, cartain cf thess observatiuds
aupaer to ha'3 iitlications fcr th3 deveLoinent of future B‘Uension

Lrograms.

Of brinary SiTRiIlCQnCz, Lerhegs, is the lrgvicusly rec1gni23d

fact that the value svst3n3 of the reciiiant5 c: an educational lrogran

U A.

are of signal 1ngurtnnce in d termininf hc-w w ll thwt irtgran'will
be received. Thu3 tie grouy pl- cin an he3i3 u;cn change, ro Jr: 53,
and education, will reec enthu3ic3tically and Lositively to the iro-
gram, while the ind:1vi‘1url_3 veluin; trediticn, custom, and a ger—

getuetion of the 3t§tus 33“ will show a less favcrnble rasyon3e.

r“

Thi3 cb33rvctic1 re. i333 the question a3 to tLe stability and

ermnnency cf the indi vidunl 3 velue 3Jstem. Ari3in5 as it does

FF

out of the gest exgerience, environn3nt, and education cf tie in—
dividual, it grcb3oly rejr3331t3 an element cf considsreble stability

n res‘on3e to anythin

p.

and i3, tn refcre not 3u3c3Jtible to chen53
as epheneral a5 an extensibn fr03r9m. Howevar, an extension Jo ran
may do much to uc€ify and crystfillize the goals cni objectives which
evolve from thtt valtve 3t ucture.

The study hn3 indicated the ifi;ortence of selecting challenginr
end r3clistic Jcals. It hes Bu;;33t3d that the chcice of 3u‘h i3
conducive to tneir PC'”ln1 nt. In this regard th: Extgnsicn Szrvice

cwn b: of greet cssi3tence end shtuld continu 3 tc d3v3101 3rcgrqms

which will aid end encoureg3 families tr ‘ivz 3C3? thtught tt tL:

l
-.4.

future, to estcblish Cb actives fcr the3e yecr3, and to develtb

{lens which Loint the why for the r33lizaticn cf these objectives.

Such :rcgrcn: would serve t1 direct.the fcuilizs‘ effort3, to

ernit than to recagnize grogress thrcugh the reulizetitn Cf less

I
-,

ultimate objectives, and to reduce deutr3li: in ;disag1cint3ent and
frustrctions which r13ults when unreelistic gtel3 are selected.

The qttitw153 of tle fcnily trwcrd tie Extension Service, toward

 

lIt is ec"nrv131 :d that the Farm and Home Develo me nt frcg rnwfi

are steis in this directirn.

b

1 T rm .3- .6 3 ‘1 1. - o 3 ” 1 “.5 -
23-n155, C 7 ’4 t‘.> :3 r1 \.r “ 1 .1171173 1 17 _11 3 Le., o 111
.‘r .3.,. 31-- ,3 ‘ 3:1 ,_- ~. 'h-H _ , -.. 37.1 1 41.01.- 0.1. JAN..- ,. 1', , .L_
3--11:1. 11) 113 E 1 3.15-111:1 f1_3:: 1:1 11.1h11 11: 1 :5, b1-) A.1L;5Ifi:3:3 1&111311 til}

“I?!” , . 'wv r 1r ‘W “Q J" . ‘0 1 3—. \ x-A . - - J— . ' ~ . e - A1 5 - .
ignilJ .9333. It 13 r co5313:d ,ncs attitud33 Dr: 3130 en cut5rcwth

1" 3 1 J ”'3-” .1. 3, 3. J- ,, ._ 3, ‘1 a 3‘ .3 ‘. ... link. .I-,_ ,_ ;_ 313' 3-7.
LI Jelt3 53ru33u12 Lut 31; Lioorblr gtre Ufl-m pl; 3o Jloxr73lL“)

extension 5ersonnel 3hould hove soae conc35tirn of the 13ycholo5ic3l
and sccial elenert: involved in th3ir imrr tion, 23 well as how these
attitudss, when th3v ere dsletsrious tn ir05ress, ni5ht be nest effec—
tively cher53d. These considerations indiccte the in;ortence Lf

‘..J

extension 5erscnnel receivin5 trainin' in the related areas of soci—

Tle investi ction has ei5hcsized the siwniiicent role that

credit Llags in the node rn farm 0} eretion and the i: crtance of ve r;i;-

Mt it JdBS in deteriining its use in the business. With the essu ' wti
that this role will bJCKNS increasin5ly 51 ”n1 ic mrt in mode rn c5ri-

culture, a knowled5e of where credit 13y be cf value in the 013T-
ation as well as the inherent den5 ers in its use will become of
acunting in ortence to the successful farm ”one5 er. The Extension
Service can be of greet 3r hssistence in this area by educating fern
gcnagers in the wise use of credit ands 833 i3ti115 nane5ers in
obtainin; credit, when it is me -d d b" fa iili criz in 5then with the
various a5encies with 1rQV1de a5ricultural credit. This would
su55est that future extension activities could ;rcfitably incorgcrate
educational 5ro5rens dealin5 with this togic .

An interestinv observetion evclvin5 from the study has been the

\J

very vs5ue ccncextioh fdrners may have of the Extension Service,
including its cr53nizetioncl structure and its 5ct:ntiel usefulness.

Of the six farmers herein considered only two hzid develOued 31v oerscnel
Contact with the ccunt """ e5ent grevious to the Township Pra5ren. The

re meinin5' four individuals had never relied Uitn the agent for

assistance, with one even ststizg, “I didn't know he was there to
helg." Althou5: h this situaticn may not be ty5' czl in 0th: r areas,

it does gcint u; the Ct’nbl li t] Cf an inte1sive Extension trC5ran
in ecqueintin5 farmers with its serv1ces. These observations would
also su <est that 5resent extension *rL5r1 3 hey lave failed to demon-
strete with suff ic iert clarity low the act'vities may be of value to
the individuals they are to serve. I.‘1 this re 5crd_ Che case is
recalled of the hi5h-chnn5e cgeret " (:r who ori52 ins ll” heldc ertein
reservations about the lrc5ram. These reservations were dissolved

only after the r05rc 3 bed d3 nolistreted its us eIulness to him in

the convincing terz1s of d.olle rs and cents.

BIELIOGM PHY

E’)
~ 0
:3
(W
l b
I

   

Allrort, G. N. Th3 U83 Cf P=r.3oncl Docun3 t3 in P33 chclc_ 3iCCl S
. ‘ ‘ T‘“ ‘ m —r-‘ _._._...__....
Bull3t1n 1'30 4;. So cial Sci3nc3 R3333rCh Council, _L‘AE.

BQFFCH; JAMES A P3ratvgt1v3 on FoC1V°tiol R3‘33rcl in M r1; tin .

_... .._.__:-_

Technice 31 S r133 No. 'I- “P1111 51d 1: hia, P: ado lvenisz Naticnal
Analyst, Inc., A} ril, 955.

 

3crg
L 3C1

J-

(L-

M. , and thlen, Joe M. How F rn PEC'le AJCLUt Few Ideas.
1 R3.ort No.15- A133, Iowm: *A; 13 ' X
rvic 2, I W3 Ste t3 Cull33e, Novanb3r, 1955.

i.)

(D

CDC/3C3

Belcher, J. C., 3nd Shorz, E. F. A Shcrt SC“‘3 for LCC3ur1né F rn
Fi nily I3y;z l (f 11V13_ A ”od1f1c3t11n of §v3ll‘3 Socio-
uCCnoii ggjls. Technical Bulletin No. T—Ao. Stillwatgr,

Oklahoma: A 3riculturfll EXi Brinent Station, Oklahoma State
Univ3r51t3, S3_t3n 3r, 1-552.

 

Bonner, Hubert. 332333 nterdisc

York: American

H.
'

1

H
L)
$0
“5
{/l
‘r)
‘ “i
F..-

"S
O
LJ
C)
:34
’2’.
(LI
2‘.

 

 

Bradford, 1.3wr3nca A. enl Johnson, Glenn L. Firm Ngn 33m3nt Analysis.

New York: 11 l 3 and Sons Inc-; 195 5

 

Grcss, Irna H., and Crandcll, E. U. Mnnn33n3nt fCr Modern Families.
New York: Aggleton—Century-Crofts, Inc., l35h.

 

Hess, C V , and Millar, L. F. Stna Persr;nal, Economic, and Socio-
lo 101}.F ctCr3 Influ3n_cin Deirynsn 3 Acticzns and SuCce 33.
Bull: tin 5;? St?' 3 CCll3 3 Penna lvnn11 College Cf A3ri-
culture, A3ricultural Exteriment Station, Pennsylvania State

University, June, l35A.

 

 

Hcffer, Cherlas R. SociCl O_rg 3nizetion in R313 iCn to the Ext3nsicn
--1, 1__.-._.__“ a .11_ M_:,r. .-
Service 1n Afiotn COUHEC, mlcn“r n. Soecio .1 Eu 113' n 350. Fast
a lo 3

____.,___. a... -—.- -. i
t on, M

 

J.

Lansing, Michi3e ‘ 3ricultu1al EXQ ariment Sb
State Coll333 , August, lDA6.

ehoda, Marie, Deutoch, Morton, and Cook, Stuart W. euearch Metths
in Social R333C1cn3 with 33.33131 Re f3 rence to Pr21ud1C3, P1rt I:

--.— *“c‘ .._.... ._.—

9-31C PrCC3£323- Ne w York: Dr3d3n Prées, 1351.

 

 

 

 

 

 

K3133? DiVid L. and Hecrne C n1 cn C Cooparetive ExtensiCn Jork
v‘ , ) )

M -~——d~_-o——-—- .—-—‘—

Ithaca, New York: Conntock Publishin: 00., 19A).

Kilpatrick, F. P. Pfilcholr/WC.1 Survey TT hnioues in Mark3tin5 3
Tech.‘1ical Sari N1. l. P1il3d3lrhia, Penn 3l aniaz National
Analysts, Inc., QFebrunry, 195A.

 

 

Iewin, Kurt. ”Time Per2;2ctive 9nd Morale,” Lg. 98-70 of Civilian
”0r219 Edited Ly Goodwin Watson. N2w York: Reynal and
Hitchctck, 19M

Linder, William H}, fiurbach, Herbert A., and M:r 2h, C. Paul. A

CO1 :1ri3tn Ef_§;ftlfl “ii“: 9nd Irn— P2r21_"39tin; F 91112: in
F In 9nd H012 D‘V’IC v2nt. Worth Circlin2 I‘Vt2nsicn Svalu9tion
Studi22: u1b r 1; Pro r232 Regcrt RS 29. R l2iqh, North
Carolina: Agriculturclh Ext2nsion S2rvice, North Carolina Stat2
College, June, 1957.

 

 

 

Lionberger, H. F. ”The Diffusion of Farm and Home Information as an
Area of Sociological R2229rch,” Rur9l SOlelCQU, XVII (Jun2
1952), 139—199.

 

 

Nielson, James A. How H9V2 F1r19r) Pcc2ite d the Township Ext2.3ion
Progr9g in Od2332 T-wn2 ni_g, Ioni:1 Cou:n 3? Agricultural Economic2
Bull2tin—gh9. 392t Inn3ing, Michigan: A;ricultur9l Exg2riment
Station, Michigen St9t2 UniV2r2ity, Agril, 1956.

 

, and Bittner, R. F. Farm Practic2 “dcption in
Michivan. T2chnic91 Bulletin 263. E3t Lansing, Michio zin:
Deva rt12nt of A ricultur9l EcononiC2, Michigan State Univ2rsity,
January, 1958.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

: and CrOS WI‘ite, Willian. The Michigan Town2hii Ex—
tension EX}: BTIMILt: }.'h9t H gi2n2d During the Fir2t Two Yeur2.
TechniC9l Bulletin 266. E92t L9n2in3, Michiéun: Departnent of

Agricultural Econonics, Michigan Stat2 Univer2ity, February, 1958.

 

R2123, F. J ' e92 urinr the Unn1921 nt F;ctcr," Journal of FM
0

Ecor1ic3, XYJI (Io em 2r, 5199), 1U65-1C72
Ryan, Bryce, and Gross, IT291. "The Diffu2ion Cf H3brid Seed Corn in
Two Iowa Connunities, ”Rur91 Sociology, VIII (March, 1993), 15-29.

 

Subcommittee on the Diffu3icn 9nd Adoltitn of F9rm Pr9ctic2.3 of the
Rur9l Sociologic9l Soci2ty. Sociolo;ic91 R2329rch on the
Diffu3i 1cn 99d fldfjtion rf TNew F9r11Rr22tic23: A Review of

Previru3 32229rc§_9nd 9—St 2 tenent of H3-rth2322 9nd R ede d

Res29rch. lexington, Kentu cK§?~HUfiiwersity (i Kentucky,

Kentucky Agricultural Exg2r r1129t Station, Department of Rural

Sociology, June, 1952.

 

 

 

—.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

True, A. C. i Fiborr" of I ;ricultur91 Education in th2 United States
1795-19?3. 2h1nbton. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1929.

 

 

United States, Congress. 9n Oct to Provide for C c12r2t1v2 fibri~
cultural Ext2ns i n Jo k. 32 Statute Ipw 313, Uhth Con r233,
—"‘:“:“ ‘ ",““‘_ ‘ “T ”17"?"

12).? .1 b 2..) .3 it .LJ. ’1 11:12]. ‘u 1' .1. / .1211, o

,2-
21x.«..
\4

/

Unitsd S 1t13, :g1rt1311t cf Mriculture. EJUJUTtiUn 1n Efitcn3icn.
3 ,l 2xt::3 ion Sarv11ce, Divisicn of 319-43irn “133:1ch and
ining H13h111.910m U S va In13nt I13 13t13' Office,

*0

Unit3d St1t33, D351rt13nt Cf Auricultur3 Rr3j1rch in Ex 3n310n.

 

-—--_-_—-“—

Relcrt of 1 H.ticnnl NOrk3th, Faderu .l #133131cn S3rvic3,

Divi3iLn 0f 3xtan3111 3333¢r111end Tr1inin . I 3hixg ton: U.S.
Govarnajnt Printing (m 0 wr1vh), M y 9—13, 1955

‘“ ’L‘ .1.» “\ ‘7. ‘ - . r J“ a} 1‘ . . -‘ . .
, D351rugahp (i Aurlculbure. Orr§1113121fcr U31n1
is

3
. - - 1'.‘~v-'- - -q . -- » ‘ v 1 -—‘ ~r‘
search 11 341:13103. Su111r5 cf 1n j:*

7'“)

31‘1in333351h Work-
1 11', Divisicn Lf ansicn R3 silrch
aiming. fi'3hingtcn: U S. Gavarnngnt Printind Ofii“:
’13:] 4 f‘ ‘ 7- lair)" 1 , ) I". 7" L5 .- 7 {I ' 'I :] :rl‘

«~ 3 M1“ 2 wa «, [-

1'1": 5 .._"- .-‘ /
.L‘“U.~.31‘_2_].- ghuq‘nuil. ll Serv
7"

:l A;;rc12h tu th3 Stud; of

c
ngwgccUgtrn13 3f Izntvaticn3 in F*rnin;;v l';ur1_l SOCiLlCQQJ XV

. AdC' i :1 GI I 1;r1v d F1r: Pr11t1133

...._— .— ~.‘—-

L3 Re ‘Ff‘bv (1 4C0

—.-.-—.4 -—.

‘ 1 . .1 \ -."‘ "v . ‘ I v1-. » ._ 1 ‘5 . ‘3 ‘
P 1115 3 13113. L33351¢h Lul1uu1n lu3. 113131“. 4131Ch31u.

niv r3135 of Hisccn3in, Dsccfiber, 1/53-

 

 

. "Chfiuqz in F1‘n T‘1n101vrv 33 Rglgt3d to Fenilis1

UV
0 . 1. . . - -.- fi" . “x ‘. ‘ . '
111153013311—n R135, and Fenily Intsbrut1pn. A13r1c1n

o " 5 ,5, P r‘ T‘ v I .‘ 'r '. a“ .. . _ \ A““ r‘.
Soc1c1r7133l égiggw, AIK (F3Uru9r5, l)54/; 1113;-

——_—-.-.o —.- “cu—Q. - —

 

“ha—.‘d

 

llllll

lllll

930

l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Al
lu—
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

31