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A COMPARISON OF SELECTED STEP TESTS FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
EFFICIENCY IN COLLEGE WOMEN

By

Bette Ruth Goldstein

An Abstract of

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Health, Physical
Education and Recreation

1968

 

 

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III Ill!
llllllllllll III] I]! 'l'l I. III II.

 

ABSTRACT

A COMPARISON OF SELECTED STEP TESTS FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
EFFICIENCY IN COLLEGE wOMEN
By

Bette Ruth Goldstein

This study involved 103 college women to determine
whether an eight—inch step test with a rate of 30 steps
per minute for a period of one minute could produce re-
sults as good as or better than one of the best tests cur—
rently in use for women, the Skubic-Hodgkins Step Test.

Selected anthropometric measurements were taken
prior to the performance of both step tests to determine
possible effects of weight, height, and leg length vari-
actions upon cardiovascular performance in step tests.
'Pulse rates were recorded electrically with the use of
surface electrodes during the recovery periods of each
step test, and were counted in lS-second intervals.

Pearson Product-Moment Correlations were computed
for all possible combinations of pulse rates on both step
tests and the anthropometric measurements. Analysis of
' variance was also performed on 30 selected subjects in
good, average, and poor cardiovascular fitness to determine

the discriminatory powers of the two tests.

 

Aifi.lllllllll Jilly

7-09

Bette Ruth Goldstein

On the basis of the results of the analyses, the

following conclusions could be drawn:

1.

There were significant correlations between the
the results of both tests at the .05 level.
However, the correlations did not account for

a large proportion of the variability in the data.
Taller women had significantly better perfor—
mances on the more severe Skubic-Hodgkins test.
The eight-inch test created a relative dis-
advantage for the taller, longer—legged women in
terms of heart rate response.

Heavier women consistently performed signifi—
cantly poorer on the Skubic—Hodgkins Test,
whereas there was no significant correlation
between weight and any eight-inch pulse interval.
This supported the conclusion that the eight-
inch test is less sensitive to weight, height,
and leg length variations.

The Skubicefiodgkins Test had better definition
between groups of fitness levels than the eight—
inch test until new variables of raw pulse rates
were generated. The new variables involved the
pulse counts in the O:M5—l:15 and 1:00-1:15

intervals and were:

.4"?
.

Bette Ruth Goldstein

:1 a
’f’

Else rate in that interval X Weight
Height

5. Pulse rate in that interval X Weight

tes: as the Skubic—Hodgkins Test had achieved.
5. A cardiovascular fitness index for use with the

eight—inch test was determined mathematically

to be;

Cardiovascular Index =

\ z -1: R S
110 _ (1.A3, 6 H5 1, pufieigfigunt X Weight

6. The eightvinch test is well within the capae

bilities of most women in a wide age range, and would

therefore be suitable for use in longitudinal studies.

A COMPARISON OF SELECTED STEP TESTS FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
EFFICIENCY IN COLLEGE WOMEN

By

Bette Ruth Goldstein

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS
Department of Health, Physical

Education and Recreation

1968

- DEDICATION

To the memory of my Dad

11

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express her sincere appreciation
to those persons who have greatly contributed to make this
study possible.

To Dr. William W. Heusner, her advisor, for assistance
with the concepts and statistics involved, and for his en-
couragement, without which the task would have been im-
possible.

To Mr. Robert Wells, whose technical skill and ability
made the data collection possible.

To Mr. Walter Smith, whose assistance with the sub-
Jects contributed greatly.

To Mr. Brian M. Petrie, whose assistance with statis—
tical calculations, and interest were invaluable.

To the students of Michigan State University who gave

so willingly of their time and effort.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION . . . . . . . .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . .

LIST OF
Chapter
I.

II.

III.

TABLES . . . . .

INTRODUCTION . . . . .

Purpose of the Study.

Need for the Study . .
Limitations of the Study
Definitions of Terms. .

REVIEW OF LITERATURE . .

Brief History of Cardiovascular

Pulse—Ratio Test . . .
Harvard Step Test. .

Cardiovascular Tests for Women
Brizendine Eight—Inch Step Test

METHODS OF PROCEDURE . .

Selection of Subjects .
Preliminary Instructions
Step Tests . . . .

Anthropometric Measurements
Preparation of Subjects for Testing.

Testing Routine . . .
Recording Procedure . .

Analysis of Data . . .

iv

Testing

Page
ii
iii

Vi

r--9_

Chapter Page
Iv. RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 2“

Presentation of Data . . . . . .
Correlation Analysis . . . . . . . 26

Analyses of Variance . . . . . . 30
Cardiovascular Fitness Index . . . 38

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS “1
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . “2
Recommendations . . . . . MA
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . N6

Table

LIST OF TABLES

Means and Standard Deviations of Pulse
Counts During All Recovery Intervals

Height and Leg Length Correlations With
Pulse Counts Following the Skubic-
Hodgkins and Eight-Inch Tests . . .

Correlations of Weight With Pulse Counts
Following the Skubic-Hodgkins and
Eight-Inch Tests. . . . . .

Correlations Between Pulse Counts During
the Skubic—Hodgkins 1:00-1:30 Recovery
Interval and All Recovery Intervals
Following the Eight—Inch Test . . .

Height, Weight, and Leg Length Character-
istics of the Total Sample, the Selected
Samples and Subgroups of Good, Average
and Poor Cardiovascular Condition . .

Analysis of Variance: Skubic-Hodgkins

1:00—1: 30, and All Eight— -Inch Recovery
Intervals . . . . . . . . .

Tukey Test of Comparison of Means Two at a
Time Following an F-Test: Skubic-
Hodgkins 1:00-1:30 and Eight-Inch 1:00-
1:15 and 0:"5-1:15 Recovery Intervals .

Analysis of Variance: Eight—Inch Test Re—
covery Intervals, 1:00-1:15 and 0:M5—
1:15, and Variables Transformed by Use
of Anthropometric Data. . . . . .

vi

Page
25
27

28

31

3A

Table

a Time Following an F—Test: Eight-

Inch 0: A5- 1: 15 and 1:00—1:15 Recovery
Intervals. .

O O O O O I v 0

of the Cardiovascular Fitness Index

 

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vii

 

.vv.-.._‘,.‘-‘ fiH-‘-—tc‘.fl.."--.—Qp a.— w-.__.—_..

9. Tukey Test of Comparison of Means Two at

10. Measures of Central Tendency and Variation

Page

38

. HO

 

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Beginning about the turn of the century, there de-
veloped an increasing interest in cardiovascular fitness,
and consequently, an interest in increasing the reliabil-
ity of its measurement. It was reasoned that since the
heart and circulatory system respond to a stress in pro-
portion to the degree of the stress, then the heart's
response to a standard, known work load would determine
its ability to meet and recover from the demands placed
upon it. This response would also serve as a measure of
the dynamic fitness of the individual.

In 19A3 Lucien Brouha, with the Harvard Fatigue
Laboratory, developed the now standard Harvard Step Test.
This test, designed for men, utilizes an exercise pro-
gram of box stepping "so severe that no one can perform
in a 'steady state' for more than a few minutes" (2:31).

It classifies yOLng men into three groups of least fit, fit,
and most fit. The individual's measured heart rate after
exercise is used to "evaluate the stress imposed by muscular
activity upon the heart and the circulation with a minimum

amount of interference with the subjects' freedom of motion

 

0‘
'-

and performance ability", due to the close relationship be-

tween heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption

(3:197).

From this start, a number of other modified tests, in-

cluding a very few for women, were devised.

Purpose of the Study

There have been various modifications of the Harvard

Step Test for girls and women (5, 13, 19, 27, 28, 29, 30).

However, even with the best of these tests, there is still

some difficulty. Part of this occurs with the administra—

tion of the test, but even more occurs with the subjects'

performance of the test.

If one considers the best of the modifications yet

developed, a 3—minute test using 2” steps per minute onto

an 18—inch bench devised by Skubic and HOdgkins, there are

still the problems of:

1.

Time consumed in the testing procedure. Three
minutes of exercise plus one and one-half minutes
of recovery for a total of four and one-half
minutes are required for completion of the test;
Height of the stepping box. It has been observed
that shorter and heavier subjects have a great
deal of difficulty executing the 18—inch stepping
height; and,

Cbmbination of height, rate of stepping, and dura—
tion of the test. This combination of factors
tends to stress muscular endurance of the legs as

well as cardiovascular fitness.

0

These last two factors tend to limit performance and bias the
results in favor of the taller and lighter subjects.

Another factor to be considered, and one which should
be mentioned in support of this test, is that the authors
claim that it will distinguish between the 3 cardiovascular
fitness classifications of highly trained, active, and
sedentary at the .01 level of significance. However, when
this test was administered to 30 students categorized into
3 groups of good, average, and poor cardiovascular fitness,
it distinguished between good and poor, and average and poor
at the .05 level of significance, but did not distinguish
between good and average at this level.

In 1967, S. F. Brizendine, reporting on "A Comparative
Study of the Harvard Step Test with Tests of Varied Times
and Heights" (1), found a high positive rank-order correl-
ation of .89 between the results of the Harvard Step Test
and the results of an 8-inch step test at 30 steps per minute
for l—minute duration. AS with the Harvard Step Test,
Brizendine found that his test did not discriminate signifi-
cantly between good and average cardiovascular fitness levels.
It did discriminate between poor and good, and poor and
average degrees of fitness at a higher level of significance
than did the Harvard Step Test.

It was decided that this problem should be studied
with a view towards the determination of a cardiovascular
efficiency test that would be more feasible for use with

typical college—age women. Such a test should create neither

the extreme fatigue during testing, nor the discomfort pree
sent for a period of several days after testing, as is pre—
valent with those tests currently in use. It was decided

that the effects of height, weight, and leg length upon per-

formance should be studied as part of the investigation.

Need for the Study

There is a recognized need for the measurement of
cardiovascular efficiency of both men and women. Unfortu-
nately, very little of the work which has been done in this
field has been conducted on women. As a result, the tests
used for women and girls have been modified versions Of
the Harvard Step Test and are extremely difficult tests for
females.

The Skubic—Hodgkins combination of an 18—inch step
with a rate Of 2“ steps per minute for 3 minutes is so
severe that 13.3 per cent of a sample of 2,360 college
women throughout the country could not complete the testing
routine (13). Observation of those students who could com-
plete the routine Showed that the stepping rate is difficult
to maintain and that when the test is administered to large
groups simultaneously, the pace of the entire group can be
disrupted by a few who lose cadence. Due to the demands Of
this and other tests, those who experience difficulty modify
their own performance by their inability to establish an
ferect position on the stepping box, irregular stepping, and
missed steps. This negates the standardization of the work.

of the test and may be the result of insufficient leg

strength rather than lack of cardiovascular efficiency as is
presumed (1A, 29). In some instances, there is the added
difficulty°of counting extremely rapid pulse rates caused by
the severe test conditions.

It is believed that the amount Of time required to
complete the test, and the severity of performance with its

resulting inaccuracies are responsible for practitioners in

the field of physical education not making as much or as
advantageous use of cardiovascular efficiency testing as is
possible (13, 27). In order to realize full utilization
then, a satisfactory test should be relatively short and
not too strenuous and should involve a common activity in
daily use. This type of activity would eliminate the pos—
sibility of improved performance through practice and
training (9, 10). A test such as the 8-inch test, used by
Brizendine, at a rate of 30 steps per minute for One minute
with one and one—half minutes of recovery would meet these
requirements (1). It would also eliminate the need for
specially prepared benches, as 8 inches is the height of

a common stair step.

In addition, if a test can be found which will give
the same information as the more strenuous Harvard Step
Test, such a test could be used at all age levels. This
would prove invaluable in longitudinal studies on both
males and females, an area in which there is a dearth of

information.

Limitations of the Study

One of the prime difficulties of studies involving
recordings of heart rate is control of the subjects. Ac—
tivity, smoking, eating, and sleeping habits will all affect
an individual‘s heart rate. Testing during the Spring
season with heightened activity out-of—doors must also be
considered as an affecting agent. In an effort to control
these factors, the subjects for this investigation were
tested and then retested, during the same hour of the day,
within a period of from 3 to 7 days. They were also in—
structed to continue their normal daily patterns Of living
with no alterations other than cessation of smoking, and
avoidance of large food consumption 1 hour prior to test-
ing. Subjects were cautioned not to participate in stren-
uous activity for a 2N—hour period prior to testing. Un—
fortunately, these directives leave quite an area for
possible error.

An additional difficulty occurred with the placement
of the electrodes on the female subjects. Due to position-
ing of the electrodes on either side of the sternum, and
to the limited number Of electrodes used, respiratory and
muscle action patterns were also recorded for some subjects.
This tended to "clutter" a few of the recordings and
created a difficulty in reading those particular pulse
counts.

f Another limitation, brought to light as a result of

the study, was the failure to take measurements of the

I44.

7

subjects‘ leg strength. Observation and evaluation have
shown that it is not the length of the subject's legs which
permit her to complete the Skubic—Hodgkins Step Test. Quite

possibly, leg strength, as a component of muscular endurance,

is the determining factor.

Definitions of Terms

In the interest of a common basis of understanding,
it is best to establish a standard terminology.

The test to be used as a criterion measure is that
devised by Vera Skubic and Jean Hodgkins. It is a 3—minute
step test, using a stepping height of 18 inches and a rate
of 2A steps per minute. The subject performs the prescribed
exercise and then rests in a sitting position for l-minute.
At the end of this period, a 30—second pulse count is taken.
This test will be referred to hereafter as the Skubic—
Hodgkins Test.

The experimental test is one developed for use with
college-age men by Stanley F. Brizendine. It utilizes an
8-inch stepping height in combination with a rate of 30
steps per minute for a duration of l-minute. Pulse rates
are recorded for the last 30 seconds of a one and one—half
minute recovery period.

Leg length of the subjects is defined as the distance

from "the superior surface of the greater trochanter of the

femur to the floor" (21:563).

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The use of standardized exercise as a means of elic-
iting a cardiovascular response which could evaluate an
individual's level of fitness is not a recent development.
Such tests have a history of almost a century of research
and application. Experimenters have persevered in their
efforts to establish such a cardiovascular test due to its
relative ease of administration to large groups. However,
the research which has come down through the years pin-

points a great many inaccuracies and conflicting studies.

Brief History of Cardiovascular Testing

Originally, experimentation with cardiovascular
measurement arose as a result of the interest vested by
physiologists in muscle strength. The ergograph, invented
by Mosso in 188A, "gave rise to the develOpment of cardio-
vascular tests" (20:223). This development was further
strengthened by an interest in cardiac function.

W. P. Bowen was the first to publish results of a
cardiovascular function study on the relationship of pulse

'rate to exercise and physical fitness. His work was

followed by Crampton, reporting on heart response to activity
in 1905, McCurdy in 1910, and Barringer reporting in 1915

on the relationship between blood pressure and physical de-
ficiency (20).

Then, in the 1920's, researchers at Guy‘s Hospital in
London, England, began experimentation on a test which would
evaluate the physical fitness level of men (A, 9, 19).
Originally, they worked on a staircase, with subjects run-
ning up and down the staircase a given number Of times
within specified time limits. It was found that the exercise
was uniform for each individual, but was not standardized
between individuals. Each subject had his own particular
style in ascending and descending,Which affected the total
amount of work performed by each individual. The researchers
then attempted to determine a standard exercise to provide
a specific task for all subjects. They decided to use
stepping on a l3-inch bench at a rate of 2A and 30 Steps
per minute for 3 minutes. This task was equal in total
height stepped to the staircase exercises (9). They used a
stepping exercise because practice causes improvement; and
rather than allow unfair advantage to any subject, they
wanted an exercise which was a daily activity for all. It
was their Opinion that "the rate of the pulse after muscular
work to which the subject is accustomed is a good test of
efficiency, for the reaction of the pulse to muscular ex-
ercise involves adequate adaptations of the nervous, re-

spiratory, circulatory, and muscular systems" (9:373).

~__‘f-

 

 

 

 

 

10

The Guy's Hospital researchers then proceeded with a
pulse—ratio type Of test. After an exercise of stepping on
a 13-inch bench 28 times a minute for 3 minutes, the subjects
were allowed 5 seconds to sit quietly, and their pulse was
then counted for 2 minutes. The ratio was determined as
the number of beats in that 2 minute period divided by the
resting pulse rate, or:

Heart beats in 2 minutes

Pulse ratio = Resting pulse 1 minute

After working with the pulse—ratio, the researchers

decided that it was not as useful as the rate of decline
of the pulse after exercise, which "gives a more accurate
and more detailed knowledge of the behavior of the pulse
and a better indication of a man's fitness than does the
pulse ratio" (4:272). However, after all their experi-
mentation, their cohsensus was that no single measurement

they had used was infallible.

Pulse—Ratio Test

Experimentation with a pulse-ratio test continued on
into the 1930’s. W. W. Tuttle (35) felt that the response
of the heart rate to exercise was an index of cardiovascular
efficiency. He believed that the "cardiovascular reSponse
reflects the physiological condition of the individual"
(31:5).

The pulse-ratio "represents the ratio of the resting

pulse rate to the rate after exercise" following a known

ll

amount of exercise (31:5). It is determined by counting the
pulse for 2 minutes post-exercise and then dividing this by
the resting pulse for 1 minute. The object of the test was
to achieve an empirical pulse ratio of 2.5, an arbitrary
goal which was within the capabilities of the majority of
subjects originally tested. This technique necessitated 3
separate test periods to determine the pulse rate ratio.

The first test was calculated to produce a pulse ratio

below 2.5, the second a pulse ratio above 2.5, and the third
the theoretical 2.5 pulse ratio. This was accomplished by
using a l3-inch stool on all tests and varying the amount

of work by adjusting the number and rate of steps within

a one, two, or three-minute exercise period. This fitness
index is therefore a function of the amount of work required
to produce a 2.5 pulse ratio.

Two of the limitations inherent in this test are
obvious. First, conditions for the first and second tests
are estimations of a person's performance. Therefore, if
the experimenter over-estimates the work for the first trial,
the subject's fatigue level would be high. This would ad-
versely affect his performance in the second and third
trials. In comparison, if a person‘s work load was greatly
under—estimated, then it is possible that he would be in a
far less fatigued state by the third trial. Thus, the per—
formanCes for 2 subjects, even though both attained pulse

I ratios of 2.5, could not really be regarded as equivalent.

an.

12 .-

Second, to maintain a standard work load for each test,
regardless of intensity, each subject must assume an erect
position. In addition, Tuttle (3“) stated that application
of this test must be limited to those individuals whose pulse
rate was within the normal range.

Other experimenters dealing with the application of
the Pulse-Ratio Test have reported conflicting results.
Flanagan states the pulse ratio is a reliable evaluative
technique for endurance (6), while others have found that not
only is it unsound as a criterion for endurance, but it is
also not as reliable as it Should be for use with individual
subjects (7, 11). The consensus is that the pulse-ratio
test may be applicable for discrimination between groups of
subjects, but not within groups.

Tuttle also attempted to apply the Pulse—Ratio Test
for use with women. Working with.Henryetta Frey in 1930, he
conducted a study on college women to determine physical
efficiency by means of the Pulse-Ratio Test. In their con-
clusions, they stated that "the use of this test indicated
that the pulse ratio after mild exercise is a good index
to physical efficiency" (33:20). However, further investi-
gation by other researchers disclosed a measure of re-
liability too low to justify the expenditure of time re—

quired for testing.

'It was results such as these that kept researchers

.working to find a more reliable and efficient cardiovascular

test. Among these researchers was Lucien Brouha and his

colleagues at the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory.

13

Harvard Step Test

Brouha felt that in order for a given task to be a
valid criterion of cardiovascular fitness, it must provide
an exercise so severe that no one could perform in a 'steady
state' for more than a few minutes. The 2 factors involved
in this test then, are the length of time one could continue
the task, and the deceleration of the pulse during recovery.
It was stated that the "easier the work, the less clear out
are the differences between the fit and the unfit" (2:31).
Therefore, the task Chosen for the test must be one of great
severity. For this purpose, Brouha chose a step test with
a duration of 5 minutes at a height of 20 inches and a rate
of 30 steps per minute. This was the test which has come
to be known as the Harvard Step Test.

The subjects perform this test and then rest as their
pulse is counted at 30—second intervals for 1 to 13, 2 to 2k,
and 3 to 3% minutes of recovery. The fitness index then is
computed by multiplying the length of the exercise for each

individual by 100 and dividing by twice the sum of the pulse

counts:

Duration (sec.) X 100

Index B 2 X Sum of pulse counts

An individual's index score places him in one of 5 fitness
categories: Poor, Low Average, High Average, Good, and
Excellent. However, when the Harvard test is applied to

groups of good, average, and poor cardiovascular fitness, it

1A

differentiates significantly between good and poor, and
average and poor, but does not differentiate significantly
between good and average levels (1).

The major feature of the Harvard test is its severity.
Unfortunately, it is this faCtor which causes the major
difficulties. The test is just too severe for some men and
a larger number of women. There are inaccuracies with
counting and computing the 3 separate pulse counts, and the
test is quite time-consuming and fatiguing. It is for the
above reasons that this test had to be modified before it

could be applied with any success for use with women and

girls.

Cardiovascular Tests for Women

AS nearly all the cardiovascular fitness research to
this time had been done by and fOr men, the tests produced
had to be modified or adapted for use with women.

In 1943, Harriet Clarke, among others, attempted to
find a cardiovascular fitness test for women that would
be as good as the Harvard Step Test. The test she chose
was, again, a step test so as to reduce the element of skill
and practice required. The exercise consisted of "stepping
up and down on an 18-inchbench every 2 seconds" (5:358),
for as long a time as possible up to a maximum of A minutes.
Clarke retained the Harvard pulse count and fitness cate—
gories, but modified both height and duration of stepping.
This test, too, is extremely severe and time—consuming, so

that its practical application is limited. In addition,

15

further research by Scott, Mordy and Wilson on this Clarkee
Brouha Functional Physical Fitness Test indicated that it
"has little or no relationship to the individual‘s capacity
to do work" (26:128).

Further modifications of the Harvard Step Test were
devised by A. W. Sloan. He compared the fitness indexes
of two groups Of young women performing the Harvard Step
Test at varying heights of l6, 17, 18, and 20-inches, with
up to a maximum exercise period of 5 minutes, to corres-
ponding groups of men performing the standard Harvard test.
He found that a t—test Showed no Significant difference
between the fitness indexes of men and women.. The closest
agreement on fitness indexes occurred between the Harvard
test and the modified l7einch test. “Not only did the mean
fitness indexes correspond, but also the distribution of
individuals in the several categories of physical fitness"
(29:985). ‘

Sloan admits that the 20—inch height of the Harvard
test "has a particular disadvantage for women in that the
limiting factor is often lOcal fatigue of leg muscles; in
these cases, the test is not a true measure of the capacity
of the body as a whole for sustained muscular effort"
'(29:986). He further states that this limiting factor can
' be prevented by lowering the stepping height to lB-inches,
"since large muscle groups are used, the limiting factor is
usually cardiorespiratory embarrassment rather than local‘

muscular fatigue" (29:986).

 

 

v " ——-~—-

([n.[‘[[[. II‘III‘IIIUIII.IAIIII||: 1| ‘I. ‘II‘ I II I .I II" III «II. III I

v"

16

Following current trends, Sloan also experimented
with the possibility Of replacing cardiovascular tests with
the resting pulse rate as a fitness index, but found it "a
much less reliable measure of physical fitness than is the
Harvard Step Test" (30:169).

The most recent of the modifications for girls and
women is a test devised by Skubic and Hodgkins, which was
used as the criterion test for this study. They desired
a test which was short, efficient, not too difficult for
women to perform quick to evaluate, and yet would still be
reliable and valid. To meet these needs, they developed
an 18—inch step test with a rate of 24 steps per minute for
3 minutes. After the test, the testees rest for 1 minute
and then the pulse is counted for 30 seconds. Unfortunately,
even with these modifications, 13.3 per cent of a sample of
2,360 college women, to whom the~test was administered,
could not complete it (13:N55). Although this test retains
severity of performance, and cumbersome administration, its
value lies in its ability, according to its authors, to
discriminate between trained and active, trained and seden—
tary, active and sedentary, and trained and untrained sub-
jects at the .01 level of significance (27). Thus, the dis-.
criminatory power of the test is far greater than any other

cardiovascular test devised for men or women to date.

Brizendine Eight-Inch Step Test
One further modification of the Harvard Step Test is

'worthy of note for this study. Experimentation and comparison

r44_

17

of the Harvard test with other step tests using varied
times and heights produced a very high positive rank order
correlation between the Harvard test and a l-minute, 8—inch,
30-steps-per-minute test. It is also significant that in
one sample of men, the Brizendine Eight—Inch Test had the
same powers of discrimination as did the Harvard Step Test
(1).

On the basis of this high correlation, it was decided

that the eight—inch test should be used as the experimental
test in this study.

CHAPTER III
METHODS OF PROCEDURE

Selection of Subjects
The subjects involved in this study were 103 young
college women enrolled in HPR 105: Foundations of Physical
Education, and HPR 109: Individual Skills Courses, at
Michigan State University. Each subject volunteered for
participation in the study. Prior to agreement to serve
as a subject, the students knew only that they were to take

part in a research program which their instructor was con-

ducting.

Preliminary Instructions

Once a student had volunteered, she was informed as
to the purpose and procedures of the study. This served
not only as a source of information for the subjects, but
also as a means of motivating them to perform well in each
of the tests.

An attempt was made to control possible biasing of
the results due to circadean variability and external fadtors
such as training, activity, eating, sleeping, and smoking

habits. Each subject was scheduled for 3 test periods at

18

19

the same hour of the day, at least 3 days but not more than

1 week apart. They were instructed to follow normal sleeping,
eating, and smoking patterns, with the exceptions of cessation
3f smoking and abstinence from large food consumption 1 hour
prior to testing. The subjects also were inStructed to red-
frain from any severely demanding physical activity for a

2A~hour period prior to testing.

SteppTests

 

Two step tests were used in this investigation. The
criterion test was the Skubic—Hodgkins Test which consists
of stepping for three minutes on an 18—inch step at a rate
of 24 steps per minute (13). The experimental test, de—
velOped by Brizendine (1), consists of stepping for one

minute on an 8-inch step at a rate of 30 steps per minute.

Anthropometric Measurements

To determine the effects of body structure upon per-
formance of the tests, it was necessary to take various
anthropometric measurements. The weights of the subjects
were measured on a springless scale calibrated in kilograms
to the nearest hundredth of a kilogram. Height was measured
against a fixed centimeter scale. The length of each sub-
ject's left leg, from the greater trochanter to the floor,
also eas measured in centimeters by the use of an anthropo-
meter. To determine test—retest reliability for leg length,
22 subjects were tested a second time at a three week in-

terval. The reliability coefficient was found to be .8A6,

20

which was considered sufficiently reliable to warrant the

use of leg length as a tool of measurement. All measurements
were taken with the subject barefoot and wearing only a

light gymnasium uniform consisting of thin cotton shorts

and a blouse.

Preparation of Subjects for Testing

Since this study required accurate determinations of
heart rate, immediately following the exercise of stepping
up and down on boxes eight and eighteen inches‘high, a
Gilson Recorder was used to record both exercise and recovery
pulse rates. Three Grass surface electrodes were placed
on the subject prior to exercise. Of these three electrodes,
one was placed on the small of the back, one inch to the
left of the Spinal column, as a ground. The remaining two
electrodes were placed on the subject's chest. One was
placed directly below the left nipple in the fold of the
left breast, just underneath the line of the brassiere, and
one inch toward the sternum. The third electrode was placed
in the fold of the right breast, below the nipple and one
inch toward the sternum.

The sites of application of the electrodes were first
prepared with a coating of an adhesive substance. Then,
by scraping with a sharp blade, an area was cleared for the
placement of each electrode. Electrode jelly was used. The
electrodes were secured to the body with crossed Strips of

adhesive tape, as were the wires leading from them :3 the

recorder.

a”!

21

Testing Routine

 

The subjects reported for testing a total or

three
times and followed a set routine each day.

REX—l? Upon arrival at the laboratory, the huhjpct sat
and rested for a period of five minuteS. After thin. her
resting pulse was taken and recorded for further Unu as an
indication of cardiovascular fitness. The electromen then

were applied to the subject. Height and weight ”Unsurements

were taken next. Finally, the subject was led to

the testing
area, where the temperature was kept betWoen 22 nun pm de—
grees Centigrade. The subject was allowed to rent .HP a
few moments while the electrodes were attached to In“ re-
corder and the equipment for the specific test to hp perform-
ed was arranged. The order of tests for each Bthun‘ test
had been predetermined by random assignment. Fulluwlng
this procedure, the subject again was inSLructvd in th
prOper technique for executing the test she wan tn pnrform

that day. The subjeCt then performed the require” ptpp

test,
and immediately upon completion of the test,

out 1“ N chair
placed three feet behind the testing box.

DAY 2: The subjects followed the Bth

 

I)I.00U\‘\.pp
on the first day of testing. However, on this day.

{18

Pnuh
subject performed the second of her two tenth.

DAY 3: On this day, the subjects did not pen‘“v

m
either of the step tests. Les length measurements supp

taken and recorded. The greater trovhanter of the Inmur was

located by palpation.

 

‘— e-..._——.. _

'd
h

22

To enable the subjects to maintain the cadence of the
step tests, an electric metronome was used. The metronome
was calibrated, and periodically re—calibrated, for 96 and

120 beats per minute which yielded a rhythmic cadence of

2A and 30 steps per minute respectively. In addition, a

twelve—inch diameter timer was placed in clear view of both
the subject and the test administrator, so that each could
see the expiration of time for each test. The subjects
were verbally cued at the half—way point‘in the stepping
exercise and at fifteen seconds prior to the end of the

test.

RecordinggProcedure

Heart beats were recorded electrically during the last
30 seconds of activity and during the first one and oneehalf
minutes of recovery. Fifteen—second intervals were marked
on the recordings by means of a built-in timing device on
the Gilson Recorder. Once a test was completed, the heart
beats in each lS-second interval were counted manually and
the statistical results were recorded on data sheets for

analyses.

Analysis of Data
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were
computed between all possible combinations of reCovery pulse
counts and anthropometric measurements. Thirty students,
ten each in relatively good, average and poor cardiovascular
fitness, were selected for various tests of significance of

mean differences between subgroups. The minimum acceptable

23

significance level was set at .05. On the basis of these
results, the discriminatory power of the 8—inch test war-
ranted generation of new variables to eliminate any possible
effects of anthropometric variability. Finally, a pre—

liminary index of cardiovascular fitness was formulated.

p... cm»; .-..m‘e‘mnm--FXW§ ‘ I" ' l

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS

Presentation of Data
The study involved separate testing sessions for the

administration of the SkubiceHodgkins Step Test and the

 

Brizendine Eight—Inch Step Test. Each subject completed

both step tests. Recovery heart beats were counted in 15-

4
A

I
d
'1
I
g
'4.
I.
'.
i
i
i
(a...

second intervals to facilitate comparisons between tests:
One and one—half minutes of recovery was deemed sufficient
since: (a) in the SkubiceHodgkins test, which was used as
a criterion, only the pulse count during the 30esecond period
between one and one-half minutes after exercise is recOrded;
and (b) the eight—inch step test is of a lesser degree of
severity and thus should produce a significant drOp in pulse
rate earlier than the SkubiceHodgkins test. It follows that
the highest correlations between the results of the two tests
would not be expected in corresponding time intervals.

The raw data collected on each subject consisted of
anthropometric measurements of height, weight, and leg length,
and recovery pulse counts during 15esecond intervals from

0:00 through 1:30 for both the SkubiceHodgkins and eighteinch

2A

25

tests. The 15-Second pulse counts were then combined over
larger time intervals for further analyses. These intervals
and the pulse count means and standard deviations are shown
in Table 1.

TABLE l.--Means and standard deviations of pulse counts
curing all recovery intervals.

 

 

 

Recovery Intervals Skubic-Hodgkins Eight-Inch
(Minutes & Seconds) I S.D. I S.D.
0:00-0:15 43.22 2.87 32.40 3.40
0:15—0:30 39.35 3.02 27.3? 3.66
0:30—0:45 36.65 3.30 24.6: 3.19
0:45-1:00 34.78 3.49 22.17 3.27
1:00—1:15 33.01 3.27 20.83 3.15
1:15—1:30 31.60 3.38 20.37 3.27
0:00-0:30 82.57 5.52 59.77 6.69
0:00-0:45 119.22 8.45 84.37 9.59
0:00—1:00 154.00 11.66 106.54 12.42
0:00-1:15 187.01 14.73 127.38 15.11
0:00-1:30 218.61 17.86 147.75 18.10
0:15—0:45 76.00 6.08 51.97 6. 2
0:15-1:00 110.78 9.37 74.15 9.69
0:15—1:15 143.79 12.48 94.98 12.50
0:15—1:30 175.39 15.65 115.35 15.55
0:30-1:00 71.43 6.62 46.78 6.29
0:30-1:15 104.44 9.75 67.61 9.17
0:30—1:30 136.04 12.96 '87.98 12.25
0:45-1:15 67.79 6.66 43.01 6.24
0:45-1z30 99.39 9.90 63.38 9.34
1:00-1:30 64.61 6.53 41.20 6.28

 

The anthropometric characteristics of the subjects
and their lS-second pulse counts were punched onto IBM
cards for analyses by a Control Data 3600 computer, using

a variety of programs.

26

Correlation Analysis

Utilizing all data, including anthropometric measures,
raw (15-second) pulse counts and transformed (combined)
pulse counts, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients
were computed for all possible combinations of variables.

It was interesting to note that the correlations showed
a significant advantage, at the .05 level, for tall women
with the Skubic-Hodgkins test. However, tall, long-legged
women fared less well and had higher pulse rate responses
during the recovery period following the eight-inch test.

In addition, there was no significant correlation between
heart rate response and height in the eight—inch test until
30 seconds of recovery time had elapsed. After 30 seconds,
the taller women had higher pulse rates (Table 2).

There was a consistent trend, although non—significant,
for long-legged women to have lower heart rates and faster
recovery times following the Skubic-Hodgkins test. These
women were at a significant disadvantage in terms of heart
rate response during the entire recovery period after the
eight-inch test (Table 2).

In nearly every recovery interval, the heavier women
had higher pulse rates following the Skubic—Hodgkins test;
whereas, there were only a few significant correlations
between pulse counts and weight, during the recovery in-
tervals after the eight-inch test. This is illustrated

I in Table 3.

27

TABLE 2.--Height and leg length correlations with pulse
counts following the Skubic-Hodgkins and
eight-inch tests.*

 

Recovery Intervals

 

(Seconds) Height Leg Length

S.-H 0:00-0:15 NS NS
0:15-0:30 -.19 NS
0:30-0:45 NS NS
0:45-1:00 -.16 NS
l:00-1:15 -.20 NS
1:15-1:30 -.18 NS
0:00-0:30 -.18 NS
0:00-0:45 -.18 NS
0:00-1:00 —.18 NS
0:00-1:15 -.19 NS
0:00-1:30 -.19 NS
0:15-0:45 -.18 NS
0:15-1:00 -.18 NS
0:15-1:15 -.18 NS
0:15-1:30 -.19 NS
0:30-l:00 NS NS
0:30-1:15 -.18 NS
0:30-1:30 -.18 NS
0:45-1:15 -.18 NS
0:45-1:30 -.19 NS
l:00-1:30 -.19 NS
8" 0:00-0:15 NS .25
0:15-0:30 NS .24
0:30-0:45 NS .23
0:45-1:00 .17 .24
l:00-l:15 .22 .28
1:15-1:30 .20 .29
0:00-0:30 NS .26
0500-0:45 NS .26
0:00-1:00 NS .26
0:00-1:15 NS .27
0:00—1:30 NS ,28
0:15-0:45 NS ' .24
0:15-1:00 ' NS r25
0:15-1:15 NS .26
0:15-1:30 NS .27
0:30-1:00 NS .24
“ 0:30-1:15 .17 .26
' 0:30-l:30 .18 .27
0:45—1:15 .20 .27
0:45-1:30 .20 .28
1:00-1:30 .21 .29

 

rfi '.

 

“Correlation between height and leg length; r=.82.
r 05 ' .16

TABLE 3,-eCorrelationS of weight with pulse counts following
the Skubic-Hodgkins and eight-inch tests.*

 

Recovery Intervals

 

 

(Seconds) SKUbiCVHOdgkins Eight-Inch
0:00-0:15 .20 NS
0:15-0:30 .19 NS
0:30-0:45 .24 NS
0:45-1:Oo .21 NS
l:00-l:15 .18 NS
1:15-1:30 NS NS
0:00-0:30 .21 NS
0:00-0:45 .23 NS
0:00-1:00 .23 NS
0:00-1:15 .22 NS
0:00-1:30 ' .20 NS
0:15-0:45 .22 NS
0:15-1:00 .22 NS
0:15-1:15 .21 NS
‘0:15-l:30 .19 NS
0:30-1300 .23 NS
o:30-1:15 .22 .17
0:30-1:30 .19 .18
0:45-1:15 .20 .20
0:45-l:30 .17 .20
l:00-1:30 NS .21

* s

r.05 .16

Overall, the eight-inch test appears to be less sen-'
sitive to weight, height and leg length variations.

Since the Skubic-Hodgkins test yields a Cardiovascular
index based upon the last 30-seconds of the one-and-one-half-
minute recovery period, it was necessary to correlate the
pulse counts during this specific interval with the pulse
counts during all of the eight-inch recovery intervals
(Table 4). Although all of these correlations were signif-

1.icant at the .05 level, the results were deemed inconclusive

by virtue of the fact that the variability in the eight-inch

. - __ fl...“ 9".
’1 In C fl ‘1‘. A. '

'--1,.. ~21 .2 .9

to"

29

’

TABLE 4.-Correlations between pulse counts during the
Skubic-Hodgkins l:00-1:33 recovery interval

and all recovery intervals following the eight-
inch test.*

 

 

 

Recovery Intervals (seconds) Correlation
Eight-Inch Step Test Coefficients
0:00-0:15 0.4412
0:15—0z30 0.5178
0:30-0:45 0.5195 r
0;45-l:00 0.4849 5
1:00-1:15 0.4097
l:15-l:30 0.3814
0:00-0:30 0.5073
0:00-0:45 0.5270
0:00-1:00 0.5349
0:00-1:15 0.5250 .
0:00-1:30 0.5074
0:15-0:45 0.5294
0:15-l:00 0.5306
0:15-1:15 0.5147
0:15-1:30 0.4943
0:30-1:00 0.5164
0:30-1:15 0.4948
0:30-l:30 0.4723
0:45-1:15 0.4614
0:45-l:30 0.4421
1:00-1:30 0.4044

 

*All correlations significant at .05 level.

test results could account for c:;y a small amount of the
variability in the Skubic-Hodgkizs data. Even the highest
correlation of .53, which occurred in the recovery interval
of 0:00-1:00 after the eight-inc: test, could account for
only 29 per cent of the variability.

It was then reasoned that a high correlation might not
be the answer to the problem at hand. The object of this
study was to find a simple cardicvascular efficiency test

that is at least as effective, if not more so, than the

3O

Skubic-Hodgkins test currently in use. If two tests measure
the same thing equally well, then high correlations between
test results should exist. Conversely, if one test is
capable of discriminating between subjects to a greater de-
gree than the other, or is of a higher power, then one would
not necessarily eXpect to find high correlations between
test results. Working under this assumption, it was decided
to further test the power of each of the step tests used in
this study by means of analyses of variance between selected

groups of subjects.

Analyses of Variance

To facilitate the analyses of variance, three sub-
groups Of subjects in good, average, and poor cardiovascular
condition were selected from among the total sample of 103
students. Thirty students were selected--ten for each sub-
group. The subjects were assigned to subgroups on the basis
of subjective evaluation by the investigator, stated levels
of activity, resting pulse rates, and height-weight re-
lationships. Unfortunately, this technique is far from
precise_and leaves a great margin for error.

One possible source of error was eliminated in the se-
-lection of the subgroups due to the fact that the total
sample was quite homogeneous with regards to anthropometric
measurements. There were no significant differences between
the total sample of 103 subjects, the selected sample of
thirty subjects, and any Of the subgroups of ten subjects

classified as good, average, and poor, as far as height and'

 

pm

31

leg length were concerned. However, there was a significant
difference between groups on the basis of weight at the .01
level (Table 5). The subjects in the poor subgroup weighed
more than the subjects in the other groups.
TABLE 5.--Height, weight, and leg length characteristics

of the total sample, the selected samples and

subgroups of good, average and poor cardio-
vascular condition.

 

 

 

 

F»:
Group _¥ Height Weight Leg Length '
X S.D. X S.D. X S.D.
Total
103 165.21 5.61 59.07 6.88 82.50 4.20 ,
Sub-Group .-
Total 30 166.40 5.92 61.38 6.28 82.88 3.23
Good
Gr.I 165.54 6.16 57.60 3.79 82.74 3.99
Average '
Gr.II 167.59 5.71 57.89 3.90 83.00 2.92
Poor
Gr.III 166.07 5.59 68.59 6.57 82.83 3.07

 

The analyses Of variance to determine the discriminatory
powers of the tests between subgroups were performed on the
results obtained during the Skubic-Hodgkins l:00-l:30 re-
covery interval and during all of the lS-Second and combined
recovery intervals of.the-eight-inch test.

The Skubic-Hodgkins test was shown to be highly dis-
criminative between subgroups, with a Significance level of
less than .0005 (Table 6). Although none of the pulse

counts in the eight-inch recovery intervals were as

1“?

32

TABLE 6.--Analysis of variance: Skubic-Hodgkin: 1:00-1:30, and all eight-incn
recovery intervals.I

 

 

Recovery Interval Y S.L F p
Skubic-Hodgkins 1:00-1230
Group I 61.0 3.40 12.02 (.0005
Group II 2.8 5.‘7
Group III 70.0 3.86
Eight-inch 0:00-0:15
Group I 32.2 3.36 1.28 2°r
Group II 34.3 1.89
Group III 33.9 3.79
Eight-inch 0:15-0z30
Group I 26.4 4.04 1.27 20”
Group II 7.2 2.82
Group III 28.9 3.79
Eight—inch 0230-0245
Group I 23.2 3.6L 2.0: C’"
Group II p 24.0 2.50
Group III 26.5 3.21
Eight—inch 0:45-1:00
Group I 19.7 3.0 6 70 CPL
Group II 2 .7 2.4‘
Group III 24.3 2.9?
Eight-inch l:00-1:15
Group I 18.3 3.02 7.04 L0:
Group II 20.3 1.9?
Group III 23.1 3.u5
Eight-incn 1:15-1:30
Group I 18.2 3.05 5.60 CCC
Group II 20.L 2.0:
Group III 22.7 3.71
Eight-inch 0:00-0:3C
Group I EE.E 7.2? 1.19 .33“
Group II t1.? 3.». '
Group III 62.5 7.05
Eight-inch 0:00-0:45
Group I E 8 10.7E 1 .z 1”
Group II 5‘ P 5.8
Group II: c”. : ml...
Eight-inch 0:00-l:0C
Group I 1C1 ’ 13.14 2.00 Ct
Group II 157.: 7.4”
Group III 113.t 11.7
Eight-inch 0:00-1:15
Group I ' 110.8 15.75 3 r. 53:
Group II 27.? 8.93
Group III 13t.7 14.85
Eight—inch 0:00-1:30
Group 1 135.0 IE 0 4 ,‘ C33
Group 11 1LT.” 10 a?
Group III 159.L 1: 3L
Eight-inch 0:15-0:4F
Group I 49.: 7 ” “ ””
Group II ;.I 7
Group III SE.L r
Eight-inch 0:15-lz0f
Group I $9.3 1C.lv ~ 7 .0-
Group II 72.9 ".09
Group III 79.7 r,3”
Eight-inch 0:15-lzlf
Group I 87 L 12.8‘ 4.42 C22
Group II 93 ’ 8.7.
Group III l0; 8 12.6’
Eight-inch 0:15-lz3C
Group I 105.8 15 6° 4-7€‘ 017
Group II 113.6 10 C
Group III 125.5 16.1"
Eight-inch O:30-1:00 ‘
Group I 42.9 6 3° “-00 012
Group II 45.7 4.57
Group III 50.8 5.9t
Eight-inch 0:30-1:15 ‘
Group I 61.2 9.13 5.88 00c
Group II 6t.0 6.32
Group III 73.9 9-30
Eight-inch 0:30-1230
Group I 79.4 12.07 5 95 007
Group II 86.4 8~?“
Group III 96.6 12.78
Eight-inch 0:45-1:15 -
Group I 38.0 5.87 7.18 .003
Group II 42.0 4.27
Group III 47.4 6.35
Eight-inch 0:45-lz30
Group I 56.2 8.87 6.84 .004
Group II 2.4 6.11
Group III 30.1 9.83
Eight-inch 1:00-1:3O
Group I 36.5 6.04 6.49 -005
Group II 4C.7 3.8?
Group III 45.8 7.01

 

'I I Group in good cardiovascular condition.
II - Group in average cardiovascular condition.
III - Group in poor cardiovascular condition.

31

leg length were concerned. However, there was a significant
difference between groups on the basis of weight at the .01
level (Table 5). The subjects in the poor subgroup weighed

more than the subjects in the other groups.

TABLE 5.--Height, weight, and leg length characteristics
of the total sample, the selected samples and
subgroups of good, average and poor cardio-
vascular condition.

 

‘ rm”. fi‘ 7.2.1!
'3
ll

 

 

 

Group _, Height Weight Leg Length
X S.D. I S.D. I S.D.

Total ~ 1....
103 165.21 5.61 59.07 6.88 82.50 4.20
Sub-Group

Total 30 166.40 5.92_ 61.38 6.28 82.88 3.23
Good

Gr.I 165.54 6.16 57.60 3.79 82.74 -3.99
Average

Gr.II 167.59 5.71 57.89 3.90 83.00 2.92
Poor -
Gr.III 166.07 5.59 68.59 6.57 82.83 3.07

 

The analyses Of variance to determine the discriminatory
powers of the tests between subgroups were performed on the
results obtained during the Skubic-Hodgkins l:00-1:30 re-
covery interval and during all of the l5-second and combined
recovery intervals of the eight-inch test._

The Skubic-Hodgkins test was shown to be highly dis-
criminative between subgroups, with a significance level of
less than .0005 (Table 6). Although none of the pulse;

counts in the eight-inch recovery intervals were as

33

discriminative as the Skubic—Hodgkins test, several were
highly significant. The best lS-second recovery interval
discrimination occurred at l:00-l:15, and the best combined-
interval discrimination between subgroups occurred at 0:45-
1:15 (Table 6).

It was then necessary to obtain comparisons between
individual subgroup means to determine how well the two
tests could distinguish between each of the pairs of sub-
groups. The Tukey (T-Method) Test of the Comparison of
Means two at a time following an F-test was applied to the
data (8). The results Showed that the Skubic-Hodgkins test
discriminated between the means of the good and poor sub-
groups, and the average and poor subgroups at the .01
level, but did not discriminate between the good and average
subgroups. The eight-inch test differentiated between the
means of the good and poor subgroups at the .01 level, but
did not discriminate significantly between the good and
average, or the average and poor subgroups during either
of the two best eight-inch recovery intervals: 1:00-1:15,
and 0:45-1:15 (Table 7).

It is of interest to note that in this investigation,
the Skubic-Hodgkins test did not have the discriminative
power ascribed to it by its authors (27).. A possible ex-
planation for this situation is provided by the homogeneity
of the sample of subjects used in the study. The young
college women involved were all in good health, maintained

roughly the same level of activity which could in no way be

mum mi. "11.“!!"N": WITH-'71. *1!

rfl‘

34

TABLE 7.——Tukey test of comparison of means two at a time
following an F-test: Skubic-Hodgkins 1:00-l:30
and eight-inch l:00-1:15 and 0:45-1:15 recovery
intervals.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Comparison "'* Significance
Skubic-Hodgkins
l:00-l:30
I , II NS ,1
I , III .01
II , III .01
Eight-Inch 5
1:00-1:15 g
I , 11 NS
I , III .01 _
II , III NS a.
Eight-Inch
0:45-1:15
I , II NS
I , III .01
II , III " NS

 

*I = Group in good cardiovascular condition.
II = Group in average cardiovascular condition.

III 8 Group in poor cardiovascular condition.
considered either sedentary or unusually active, and were
in a highly restricted age group. The sample was drawn
from what one could eaSily term a 'typical‘ population of
female college students.. The ideal simple test or evalu-
ative tool would be capable of discriminating between levels
of cardiovascular efficiency within such a group as this,
rather than only between extreme groups, such as highly

trained, active, and sedentary individuals which are not

'typical of college populations.

35

AS a further step in the search for such an evalua
ative tool, it was decided to re-evaluate the data, in
light of pulse counts and anthrOpometric measurements, with
the idea of eliminating the effects of height and weight
upon the cardiovascular responses to a test performance.

For this purpose, new variables were generated, making use

 

of the pulse counts during the two most discriminative 7_7
recovery intervals following the eight-inch test (l:00- i
1:15 and 0:45-1:15) and anthropometric data. Analyses of I
variance were employed to determine the effectiveness of

the new transformed variables in differentiating between 5’

subgroups.

The transformed variables were:

1. Pulse count in the interval X height = P.C. x Ht.
Weight Wt.

 

2. Pulse count in the interval X weight P.C. X Wt.
Height I'Ht.

 

3. Pulse count in the interval X weight X height =
P.C. X Wt. X Ht.

4. Pulse count in the interval = P.C.
Height X‘Weight 7 Ht. X Wt.

 

After this treatment of the data, the greatest Signifi-
cance was found to occur when the pulse counts during either
of the recovery intervals under consideration were multi-

plied by weight and divided by height or were multiplied
by both weight and height (Table 8).

35

AS a further step in the search for such an evalua
ative tool, it was decided to re-evaluate the data, in
light of pulse counts and anthropometric measurements, with
the idea of eliminating the effects of height and weight
upon the cardiovascular responses to a test performance.
For this purpose, new variables were generated, making use
of the pulse counts during the two most discriminative
recovery intervals following the eight-inch test (l:00-
l:15 and 0:45-1:15) and anthropometric data. Analyses of
variance were employed to determine the effectiveness of
the new transformed variables in differentiating between
subgroups.

The transformed variables were:

1. Pulse count in the interval X height P.C. x Ht.
Weight Wt.

 

2. Pulse count in the interval X weight = P.C. X Wt.
Height gth.

 

3. Pulse count in the interval X weight X height =
P.C. X Wt. X Ht.

4. Pulse count in the interval _ P.C.
Height XfiweIght ‘ Ht. X Wt.

 

After this treatment of the data, the greatest signifi-
cance was found to occur when the pulse counts during either
of the recovery intervals under consideration were multi-
plied by weight and divided by height or were multiplied

by both weight and height (Table 8).

 

36

IABLE 8.--Analysis of variance:
intervals, 1:00-1:15 and 0:45-1:15, and variables
transformed by use of anthropometric data.

Eight-inch test recovery

 

Source

X'

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S.D. F p
l:00-1:15 X Ht.
Wt.
Group I 52.74 9.31 1.29 .293
Group II 58.74 4.01
Group III 56.43 10.52 ‘rm
1:00-1:15 X Wt. ;
Ht.
Group I 6.37 1.10 15.84 <.0005 :
Group II 7.04 1.03 E
Group III 9.54 1.69 S
::00-1:15 x Ht. x Wt. 1
Group I 175224.44 11550.90 13.13 <.0005 he
Group II 197703.74 30900.50
Group III 263002.10 49627.62
1:00-1:15
ht. X Wt.
Group I .002 0.00 .78 .470
Group II .002 0.00
Group III .002 0.00
2:45-1:15 X Ht.
Wt.
Group I 109.68 19.18 1.22 .311
Group II 121.49 8.64
Group III 115.81 20.40
5:45-1:15 X Wt.
Ht.
Group I 13.22 2.04 17.06 <.0005
Group 11 14.57 2.24
Group III 19.57 3.25
5:45-1:15 X Ht. X Wt.
Group I 364041.13 73443.25 13.29 <.0005
Group II .409362.67 68048.12
Group III 539521.04 93291.75
2:45-1:15
it. XWt. -
Group I .004 0.002 .77 .475
Group II .004 0.002
Group III .004 0.002

 

 

Again, it was necessary to perform the Tukey Test
for comparisons between means (8) to determine how well
each of these two transformed variables could distinguish
between pairs of subgroups (Cable 9).

It is interesting to compare the discriminative power
of the Skubic-Hodgkins test with that of the eight-inch
test. When the raw data were analyzed, it was found that
the Skubic-Hodgkins test gave better discrimination. How-
ever, when transformed variatles were used, the eight-inch F
test had a discriminative power equal to that of the Skubic-

Hodgkins test.

 

Because the discriminative powers of the two tests
were found to be equivalent when transformed variables were
used with the eight-inch test, it was felt that the eight-
inch test would be a much better tool than the Skubic-
Hodgkins test for general application. Several factors
contributed to this decision. These were:

1. The eight-inch test is less sensitive to vari-

ations in weight and height.

2. The eight-inch test is much less demanding in

terms of leg strength and endurance.

3. The eight-inch test is easier to administer

iand is 1eSS'time-consuming.

4. The eight-inch test is well within the capabili-

ties of most women in a wide age range and thus

would be suitable for use in longitudinal

studies.

38

TABLE 9.--Tukey test of comparison of means two at a time
following an F-test: Eight-inch 0:45-1:15 and
l:00-l:15 recovery intervals.*

 

Comparison 0:45-1:15 Sign. Comparison l:00-1:15 Sign.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

P.R. X Wt./Ht. P.R. X Wt./Ht.
I , II NS I , II NS ,.
I , III .01 I , III .01 7“
II , III .01 II , III .01 1
P.R. X Wt. X Ht. P.R. X Wt. X Ht.
1 , II NS I , II NS
I . III .01 I , III .01
II , III .01 II , III .01
*I = Good cardiovascular condition group.
II = Average cardiovascular condition group.
III =

Poor cardiovascular condition group.

In order to facilitate practical application of this
test, it was felt that an index should be formulated so that_
practitioners, knowing the mean and standard deviation of
such an index, could place their subjects on a cardio-

vascular fitness continuum.

Cardiovascular Fitness Index

An index was developed so as to convert the existing

range of transformed scores into a continuum with the ideal
score approaching 100. The pulse count during the 0:45-

1:15 recovery interval multiplied by weight and divided

by height (0:45-1:15pufizig§:unt X Weight) was chosen as

the transformed variable to be used in the construction of

the index since this generated variable had the highest

14‘,

39

F-statistic in the analyses of variance and a discriminative
power equal to that of the Skubic-Hodgkins Test. However,
this equation yields a limited range of relatively low
scores. It was felt that for the test to have more practi-
cal application, the index should permit a wider range of
scores and should present them in a manner readily under-

standable to research workers, clinicians, teachers and

subjects. For this reason, a scale with its upper limit E

approaching 100 was deemed apprOpriate. E
To Obtain this scale, calculations were performed

with the data obtained from the study subjects as well as

with hypothetical extreme values of pulse counts, heights, "7

 

and weights. It was found that the application of two
constants to the transformed scores would cause the ideal
cardiovascular fitness index score to approach the upper
limit. The complete equation, including the constants, is:

C. V. Index Score = 110 - (1.43) P935? ngigfif 831Eht

When the raw data for all subjects were converted
by the above equation, the scores achieved ranged from a
low of 72.7 to a high of 93.7. Measures of central
tendency and variation for the total sample, as well as
for the three fitness subgroups, are listed in Table 10.

It must be kept in mind that these results are
limited to a very homogeneous sample and that further re-

search is necessary before a table of normative values can

be established.

40

TABLE 10.--Measures of central tendency and variation of
the Cardiovascular Fitness Index.

 

 

Subject Group Mean S.D.
Total populatiOn

103 subjects 88.02 4.18
Group I-Good

10 subjects 91.10 2.91
Group II--Average

10 subjects 89.17 3.20
Group III--Poor

10 subjects 82.00 4.65

 

l..!.:'h'.'\"“' ?’_k..-. '

 

If. .' ' -\ ‘ 'I'JJ.’

U

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

 

RECOMMENDATIONS
rm.
Summary ‘
There have been a number of recent studies related L
to the testing of cardiovascular fitness. However, most
of the studies have been conducted on men. Lucien Brouha
and his associates (2) developed one of the most popular he”

tests of cardiovascular efficiency in 1943 at the Harvard
Fatigue Laboratory. A less strenuous modification of this
test was developed for women by Skubic and Hodgkins (29).
However, even this test was found to be cumbersome to ad-
minister, and extremely severe for some subjects (13). In
1967, Brizendine (1) reported the results of a study on men

in which the Harvard Step Test was compared with other step

.tests. An eight-inch test, of one-minute duration with a

rate of 30 steps per minute, appeared to be useful for
general application.

The main objective of the present study on women was
to compare the more severe Skubic-Hodgkins Test with the
easier, more feasibly administered eight-inch test. In
addition, the influence of selected anthrOpometric variables,

upon cardiovascular performance in step tests, was studied.

41

42

To obtain the information desired for comparative pur—
poses, 103 young college women were tested_on both procedures.
Their heights, weights, and leg length measurements also
were taken and recorded. In terms of these measurements, the
group was remarkably homogeneous. Pulse counts following
exercise were recorded electrically with the use of surface
electrodes.

Pearson product—moment correlation coefficients were
computed between all possible combinations of recovery pulse
counts and anthropometric measurements. Thirty students,
ten each in relatively good, average, and poor cardiovascular
condition, were selected for various analysis of variance
tests of significance of mean differences between subgroups.
On the basis of these results, the discriminatory power of
the eight-inch test warranted generation of new variables to

eliminate any possible effects of anthropometric variability.

Finally, a preliminary index of cardiovascular fitness was

formulated.

Conclusions
From the results of the analyses of the data, the
following conclusions were drawn: . .
1. Taller women had a significant advantage, at the
.05 level, on the SkubiceHodgkins Test. The
eightsinch test created a disadvantage, in terms

of heart rate response, for the taller, longer—

legged women.

 

f"

”3

Heavier women consistently had higher pulse counts
on the more strenuous Skubic—Hodgkins Test. There
were no significant correlations between weight and
any pulse count following the eight-inch test. The
eight-inch test is less sensitive to weight, height,
and leg length variations.

There was a significant correlation between the
results of the two tests at the .05 level. However,
the correlations did not indicate the existence

of a large amount of concomitant variability in

the data. A

 

Analyses of variance showed that the Skubic—Hodgkins
Test had a greater power of discrimination than did
the raw data from the eight—inch test. The Skubic-
Hodgkins Test was capable of discriminating between
the good and poor, and the average and poor, but

not the good and average cardiovascular fitness
subgroups at the .01 level. The eight-inch test
could only discriminate between the good and poor
cardiovascular fitness subgroups at that level of
significance. However, it was found that when the
eight—inch test pulse counts for the 0:M5-1:15

and l:00-l:15 recovery intervals were either multi-
plied by weight and divided by height, or multiplied
by weight and height, the same differentiating '

ability as the SkubiceHodgkins Test was achieved.

 

 

an

5. The cardiovascular fitness index, calculated on
the basis of this study, holds promise as a p05?
sible tool for the evaluation of subjects on a
fitness continuum. Such a continuum could also
be used for the development of a table of
normative values for use with the eighteinch
test. The index equation derived from the data

was determined mathematically to be;

‘ A

Cardiovascular Fitness Index =

 

O:H5pl:15 count;x waight

110 - (1.43) 4V Heightfi

6. The eighteinch test is well with the capabilities

of most women in a wide age range and would,
therefore, be suitable for use in longitudinal

studies.‘

Recommendations

The results of this study have indicated directions

for further research. Recommendations are:

l. Tests of reliability and validity should be
applied to the eight-inch test. The validity
of the cardiovascular index, especially, should
be evaluated.

2. The eight—inch test requires further study to

develop normative values. For this reason, it

F; A .' .Fv‘ ‘ rlmhm- iii—DTWCKL 15'3"???”

C

is suggested that a larger, more heterogeneous
sample be used. The sample should be separated

into objectively derived fitness subgroups prior

totesting._

 

Wr"

 

 

.449.

10.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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”u—oflam... ”Q" - .A

C..-

.k.—..-¢- "w-ve-yop - a. —u

--w ‘-p *— fl..,.

 

 

a. . -:1-4':;'v-vgm

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E7. Wyndham, C. H. et a1. "Maximum Oxygen Intake and
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