— — , — 7, 7 __ , ‘ — — — — — — H l W I : I 1‘“ l . -‘t , —'0'|_\ -Iooo (ID—8CD 5 I THE RELQTIONSHW BfiWEEN MANSFEST AMEN AND DEGREE OF SEXUAL DRWE REPRESENTATIQN EUCITED BY VESUAL IMAGERY AND THEMAYEC APPERCEWEON Thesis for the aegree of M. A MECHE’GAN STAK— ifiNWERSflY AL‘LEW GUGBfi§AN E§?2 LIBRARY ’Michigm Stab: ' University ABSTRACT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANIFEST ANXIETY AND DEGREE OF SEXUAL DRIVE REPRESENTATION ELICITED BY VISUAL IMAGERY AND THEMATIC APPERCEPTION BY Allen Goodman Clinical experience and empirical research suggests that visual imagery may serve as a vehicle for the symbolic representation of repressed material because visual imagery is more closely related to primitive cognitive organization than other vehicles of representation such as verbal asso- ciation. Consequently, since visual imagery stimulated by viewing a sexually provocative stimulus would be expected to be more under the sway of primary process regulation than thematic apperception elicited by the same stimulus, one would expect visual imagery to be characterized by more sexual drive representation than thematic apperception. Furthermore, since manifest anxiety may be considered to be an indication that defense mechanisms such as repression are not successfully blocking or distorting the emergence into consciousness of ego-alien ideational material, mani- fest anxiety may be expected to be positively related to degree of sexual drive representation” Allen Goodman The objective of the present study was to determine if visual imagery stimulated by viewing a TAT type card would display a greater degree of sexual drive representa- tion than material elicited by traditional modes of TAT administration. Furthermore, an attempt also was made to relate level of manifest anxiety to the degree of sexual drive representation manifest in visual imagery and the- matic apperception. In addition an attempt was made to ascertain the inter-relationship among various paper and pencil measures of concepts such as manifest anxiety, ego strength, repression-sensitization, and neuroticism. The Biographical Inventory, composed of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Hysteria, Psychasthenia, K, and Lie Scales from the MMPI, Byrne's Repression- sensitization Scale, and the Extraversion and Neuroticism Scale from the Maudsley Personality Inventory, was admin- istered to 20 volunteer, male students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Subjects who completed the Biographical Inventory randomly were dichotomized into an imagery and a thematic apperception group. Subjects in the thematic apperception condition were shown a TAT type card that depicts a small boy holding his genital area as he stands at the threshold of a bedroom observing two partially undressed adults embrace and were asked to relate a TAT story. Subjects in the visual imagery condi- tion were asked to obtain an image of the card and then Allen Goodman describe whatever images, feelings, or sensations they experience. Protocols were scored for degree of sexual drive representation utilizing a modified version of Pine's system for rating drive content. The reliability of the scoring system (.95) was considered to be sufficiently high for research purposes. Statistical analysis indicated that manifest anxiety is significantly, positively correlated with psychasthenia, sensitization, and neuroticism, and nega- tively correlated with K (ego strength). Further analysis of the data suggested that SS in the visual imagery condi- tion did not describe imagery, but rather became very defensive when presented with a sexually provocative stimulus. Hence, the hypotheses concerning imagery were not adequately tested because the imagery condition failed to elicit imagery. A correlation of .23 and .51 was found between manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representation elicited by the imagery and thematic apperception condi- tions, respectively. Neither correlation was statis— tically significant. Furthermore, the mean amount of sexual drive representation manifest in the thematic apperception and imagery conditions was .73, S.D. = .35 and .58, S.D. = .31, respectively. The difference be- tween the above means (t = 1.07, df = 18) was not Allen Goodman statistically significant either. Positive relational trends, however, were found within the thematic appercep— tion condition between manifest anxiety, psychasthenia, and neuroticism and degree of sexual drive representation. Failure to confirm the research hypotheses was attributed mainly to the unanticipated finding that sub- jects do not image when presented with a sexually provoca- tive stimulus. It was hypothesized that asking a subject to engage in visual imagery in response to a blatent sexual stimulus promotes the utilization of powerful defense mechanisms to defend against anxiety associated with the representation in consciousness of derivatives of repressed drives. Suggestions for future research that would enable one to determine if the interpretation of the present data is valid were made. Q 0 / Approved: L/Mé/ /( 1371' 457 L2/? majof'Padfessor f/li/ 7 2,. ’Date THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANIFEST ANXIETY AND DEGREE OF SEXUAL DRIVE REPRESENTATION ELICITED BY VISUAL IMAGERY AND THEMATIC APPERCEPTION BY Allen Goodman A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Psychology 1972 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge Dr. Levine and Dr. Zuuker for their valuable assistance. Their help and criticism has made the preparation of this thesis an easier job than it would have been otherwise. My deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Joe Reyher who has helped me from the initial planning stages to the completion of this thesis. His patience and guidance has been most helpful. Lastly, I wish to acknowl- edge my wife, Marilyn, for her help and patience. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDICES INTRODUCTION Hypotheses. METHOD . . TABLE OF Subjects and Materials. Procedure Scoring. RESULTS. . Scorer Reliability Biographical Inventory. Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 Relationship Between Personal CONTENTS ity and Sexual Drive Representation. . DISCUSSION. The BiOgraphical Inventory Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 Suggestions for Future Research. Conclusion. SUMMARY. . BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES. iii Variables Page ii iv 10 10 11 13 14 14 14 16 18 18 21 21 22 24 26 29 31 36 39 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Intercorrelations among personality variables . 15 2. Correlations between personality variables and degree of sexual drive representation elicited by imagery and thematic apperception . 19 iv LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page A. Biographical Inventory . . . . . . . . 41 B. Pine's System for Scoring Degree of Sexual Drive Representation. . . . . . . . . 54 INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of visual imagery received consider- able attention prior to the influence of logical positiv- ism on psychology. However, the study of visual imagery declined quickly because, after the rise of Behaviorism, the study of private experiential states came to be con- sidered an unscientific enterprise (Holt, 1964). Recently visual imagery again has become an area of serious research concern. From the field of verbal learning (Pavio, 1969) to psychotherapy (Reyher, 1963, 1969) imagery has been considered to be related to important pyschological phenomena by many investigators. Freud was probably one of the first to note that visual imagery may promote the uncovering of repressed material. In The Ego and the Id Freud (1950, p. 23) states: . . . it is possible for thought-processes to be- come conscious through a reversion to visual residues (and) in many people, this seems to be a favorite method. . . . Thinking in pictures . . . approximates more closely to unconscious processes than does thinking in words, and it is unquestionably older than the latter both onto- genetically and phylogenetically. Prior to the development of free association Freud uti- lized the "concentration technique." The patient was instructed to close his eyes, and any emerging undesirable l ideas would be changed into visual images (Freud, 1950, p. 14). The utilization of visual imagery to uncover repressed material was replaced soon by free association and Freud did not continue to determine the effectiveness of visual imagery as an uncovering technique. Since the time of Freud many investigators (Gold- gerger, 1957; Horowitz, 1968; Jellinek, 1949; Kanzer, 1958; Kubie, 1943; Leuner, 1969; Pinard, 1957) have noted that visual imagery may serve as a vehicle for the pro- gressive symbolic representation of repressed material. Most investigators concur that visual imagery as a vehicle of representation is more under the sway of primary process regulation than most other vehicles of representation, and therefore the utilization of visual imagery in psycho- therapy promotes uncovering. For example, Howowitz states that ". . . visual thought images are the result of un- conscious thought processes which construct condensed, symbolic, visual representations of various motivational trends" (1968, p. 58). Although many investigators have noted that visual imagery is a powerful process that may promote the uncovering of unconscious conflicts, few have developed a program of psychotherapeutic intervention that emphasizes and utilizes visual imagery to bring about psychotherapeutic change. Reyher (1963, 1969) has described a powerful pro- cedure for the uncovering of repressed material that employs visual imagery. Termed emergent uncovering because the therapist only facilitates the emergence of repressed drives and related unconscious fantasies and does not make interpretations, the therapist directs the patient to close his eyes and describe whatever images, feelings, or sensa— tions he experiences. Both the therapist and the patient frequently discover the nature of the intrapsychic conflict which has given rise to psychopathology and problems in living by noting the manifestation of resistance and symptoms as the blatancy of images increases. Theoretically it is believed that visual imagery is an effective vehicle for the representation of repressed material because visual imagery is more closely related to primitive cognition organization than other vehicles of representation such as verbal association. Werner & Kaplan (1964) differentiate protosymbols from symbols. A symbol is an entity that represents the connotational and denotational structure of a referent. Symbolic representation implies that one is aware that the vehicle of representation and the referential object are disparate. However, vehicular structures, such as imagery, do not always entail a distance between the vehicular structure and the referential object. In such instances the term protosymbolic presentation is used and the stream of imagery reported by the patient consequently may be considered to be a protosymbolic presentation of repressed drives. Since according to Werner & Kaplan (1964, p. 454), "representation in imagery brings to the fore a level of symbolization that is, genetically, one of the most primitive," one may be led to posit that imagery as a vehicle of representation would be influenced more by primary process than other vehicles of representation. Reyher & Smeltzer (1968), compared the uncovering properties of visual imagery and verbal association and found visual imagery to be characterized by more primary process, more direct representation of drives, and less effective defense. Reyher (1969) has noted that during the course of therapy the patient progressively is able to differentiate the vehicle of representation (imagery) from the referant (repressed drives emerging into conscious- ness). As a result the protosymbolic nature of the visual imagery is transformed into a symbolic representation of repressed drives which can be assimilated by the patient. Therapeutic progress consequently is made. According to psychoanalytic theory (Freud, 1936) the intensification of sexual and aggressive drives consti- tutes a psychic danger for those who have associated the expression of sexual or aggressive impulses with an ex- ternal threat such as loss of parental love or physical punishment during childhood. If unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego, un- conscious signal anxiety is generated which warns the ego to utilize defense mechanisms. The drives are blocked or distorted to the extent that they do not become directly represented in consciousness if defense mechanisms such as repression are successful (Fenichel, 1945). Although the repressed is prevented from being represented in conscious— ness, it unconsciously strives to be discharged. Thus, according to psychoanalytic theory anxiety is ". . . a theoretical construct which is anchored on the antecedent side to the intensification of a dangerous drive and on the consequent side to the rise of defensive behavior" (Rosen- wald, 1961, p. 666). According to clinical lore, as repression weakens manifest anxiety increases and symptoms occur. Empirical evidence demonstrating the consequences or effects of a diminution of repression, however, is scarce. Employing post-hypnotic stimulation of hypnotically—induced conflict, Perkins (1965), Reyher (1961, 1969) and Sommerschield (1969) have reported that somatic symptoms tend to be re- placed by psychological symptoms as repression weakens. An inverse relationship between number of symptoms and degree of repression was obtained. Construct validation of the above findings is provided by a study by Basch (1968). Using paper and pencil questionnaires, Basch found a significant relationship between degree of repres- sion and number of somatic symptoms. Thus, if repression does not successfully distort or block sexual or aggressive drives, symptoms occur and manifest anxiety may be experienced. The Manifest Anxiety Scale developed by Taylor (1953), although initially considered to be a measure of drive, appears to measure a predisposition to experience manifest anxiety. Rosenwald (1961, p. 667) discussing the relationship between scores on inventories such as the MAS and intrapsychic processes states, By theory, subjects who rate themselves high on anxiety by reporting experiences of psychic dis- tress and physiological stress are not only anxious in the primary sense of the word--they not only become defensive in the presence of the drive--but in addition, they utilize ineffective defenses which do not distort the drive suffi- ciently. An inverse relationship between degree of repression and manifest anxiety thus would be expected to exist. Ericksen & Davids (1955) found Manifest Anxiety Scale scores negatively correlated (-.41) with repression ratings made by an experienced clinical psychologist. This evidence also supports the hypothesis that persons who experience much manifest anxiety are not able to utilize repression successfully. Psychoanalytic theory posits that unconscious drives are regulated by the primary process. Arlove & Brenner (1964) delineate three characteristics of primary process: (1) complete discharge of mental energy without delay, (2) mental energy is highly mobile, and (3) cathexes are condensed. Focusing on the first characteristic of primary process, Holt & Havel (1960) indicate that the degree thinking is organized and compelled by drives can be considered to be an index of degree of primary process regulation.' Degree of drive representation may also be an index of repression. Burns (1968), studying the effect of repression on visual imagery, found degree of drive repre- sentation to be a valid and reliable index of degree of repression. A positive relationship between level of mani— fest anxiety and degree of drive representation therefore should exist. Manifest Anxiety maybe considered to be a sign that defense mechanisms such as repression are not effectively distorting or blocking ego alien aggressive or sexual drives, and as a result blatent derivatives of these drives are becoming represented in consciousness. Projective techniques such as the Thematic Apper- ception Test have been developed to aid the clinician ascertain quickly the nature of intrapsychic conflict and defenses. However, since creating stories in response to viewing an ambiguous stimulus is a cognitive as well as perceptual task, much of the task may be regulated by secondary process. A projective procedure which is more under the sway of primary process should yield material which is more closely related to repressed drives and defenses, and, therefore, may be very informative to the clinician. Since visual imagery seems to be regulated by primary process to a great extent, a projective technique which utilizes the client's visual imagery may have more clinical utility than existing projective techniques. Discussing the relationship between projective techniques and visual imagery Holt & Havel (1960, p. 267) state, This (imagery) is a preferred mode of operation for the primary process; without the requirement (such as the TAT imposes) to produce a connected narrative, there is less demand for organizing and synthesizing and less necessity for secondary process thinking. The objective of the present investigation was to determine if visual imagery stimulated by viewing a TAT type card would display a greater degree of sexual drive representation than material elicited by traditional modes of TAT administration. Furthermore, an attempt also was made to relate level of manifest anxiety to the degree of sexual drive representation manifested in visual imagery and TAT type stories. In addition an attempt was made to ascertain the interrelationship among various paper and pencil measures of concepts such as manifest anxiety, ego strength, repression-sensitization, and neuroticism. Hypotheses 1. Level of manifest anxiety is positively related to the degree of sexual drive repre- sentation elicited by visual imagery and thematic apperception. 2. Visual imagery stimulated by viewing a TAT type card is characterized by a greater degree of sexual drive representation than thematic apperception. The following questions were examined also: 1. Is there an interaction between level of mani- fest anxiety and treatment, i.e. visual imagery and thematic apperception? What is the inter-relationship among various personality variables measured by paper and pencil tests, and what is the relationship be- tween these personality variables and degree of sexual drive representation? METHOD Subjects and Materials The subjects were 20 volunteer, male students who were enrolled in an introductory psychology course at Michigan State University. To assess various dimensions of persOnality a 256 item questionnaire entitled Biographical Inventory (see Appendix A) was employed. The Biographical Inventory was composed of the following nine scales: the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (Taylor, 1953), the Hysteria, Psychathepia, K, and Lie scales from the Minnesota Multi— phasic Personality Inventory (Dahlstrom & Welsh, 1960), Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale (Byrne, 1961), and the Extraversion and Neuroticism Scale from the Maudsley Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1959). The stimulus uti- lized to provoke thematic apperception and visual imagery was developed by Reyher & Varble (1962). The card was designed specifically to "pull" sexual and/or oedipal themes. The card depicts a small boy holding his genital area as he stands at the threshold of a bedroom observing two partially undressed adults embrace. A standard stopwatch was used to time responses and a Wollensak model #1520 was employed to record the S's responses. 10 11 Procedure This study was conducted in two parts; the first part consisted of the administration of the Biographical Inventory to a group of male subjects, and the second part consisted of the elicitation of visual imagery or thematic apperception from individual subjects who had participated in the first part of the study. Twenty male volunteer subjects in a group were told that the experimenter was interested in the beliefs, atti- tudes, and feeling of college males and wished to relate these variables to imaginative processes. Copies of the Bio- graphical Inventory were distributed to the subjects, and they were instructed that they could leave when they com- pleted the inventory. Subjects who completed the Biographical Inventory randomly were dichotimized into an imagery and a thematic apperception group by utilizing a table of random digits (Rand Corporation, 1955). Subjects were contacted by phone approximately two weeks after completing the Biographical Inventory and arrangements were made to see each of the subjects individually. Subjects were seen in a sound attenuated room where they were seated in a comfortable chair situated in front of a table upon which §_could display the stimulus. Subjects in the thematic appercep- tion condition were read the following instructions: 12 This is an experiment dealing with imagination. I am going to show you a picture and I want you to look carefully at the picture and begin to tell a story about it while you keep your eyes open and look at it. Tell me what has led up to the event shown in the picture, describe what is happening at the moment, what the characters are feeling and thinking, and then give the outcome. Speak your thoughts as they come to your mind. The following instructions were read to the subjects in the visual imagery condition: This is an experiment dealing with imagery. I am going to show you a picture. I want you to look carefully at the picture until I ask you to close your eyes. (After 15 seconds ) close your eyes. I would like you to wait for an image of the picture to form in your mind's eye. When an image of the picture forms in your mind's eye, raise your right hand. (When S raises hand) Now just relax and describe whatever pictures come into your mind's eye until I say stop, at which time you may open your eyes. Remember, relax and describe whatever pictures, feelings, or sensations you may experi- ence. The images may or may not be related to the picture you saw. Each subject in the thematic apperception condition was permitted to relate a story until he was finished. Each subject in the visual imagery group was permitted to des- cribe his imagery for a period equal to that amount of time utilized by one of the SS in the thematic apperception group. Thus, 36 minutes of thematic apperception and 36 minutes of visual imagery were obtained. The recorded protocols were transcribed and two graduate students in clinical psychology rated the proto- cols for degree of sexual drive representation employing a modified version of Pine's manual for rating drive expres- sion (Pine, 1960). 13 Scoring To obtain a sexual drive representation score for each protocol the transcribed protocols were divided into clauses. Each clause was assigned to one of the following categories: Level I, direct-unsocialized drive expression; Level II, direct—socialized drive expression; Level III, disguised, indirect or weak drive expression; and Level IV. Level IV included all clauses that contained no expression of sexual drive. (See Appendix B for a more detailed explanation of the scoring system.) A score indicating degree of sexual drive representation was obtained for each protocol by utilizing the following formula. (3°LI+2°LII+1°LIII+0°LIV) SDR = Number of Clauses Per Protocol SDR = Sexual drive representation LI = Number of clauses rated level I where: LII = number of clauses rated level III LIII = number of clauses rated level III LIV = number of clauses rated level IV Hence, utilization of the above formula yields an index of degree of sexual drive representation bounded by 0 and 3; where a score of 0 indicates that there was no sexual drive expression in the protocol and a score of 3 indicates that every clause of the protocol was rated level I. V""7W;" '" RESULTS Scorer Reliability Pine (1960) reports 82% agreement between inde- pendent raters who scored TAT stories for level of drive expression.. Other investigators report that level of drive expression can be rated reliably (Burns, 1967; Goodman, 1965; Perkins, 1965; Reyher & Smeltzer, 1968). . Since the scoring system employed in this study is a modi- fication of Pine's system, information concerning the reliability of this system is required. The author scored all the protocols and half of the protocols were randomly chosen and independently scored for degree of sexual drive representation by another graduate student in clinical psychology. A Pearson-Product-Moment Correlation was com- puted between the two sets of ratings using the clause as the unit of analysis. The obtained inter-rater correlation of .95 was considered to be sufficiently high for research purposes. Biographical Inventory The inter—relationship among the various personal- ity variables that comprise the Biographical Inventory was ascertained by computing an inter-scale correlation matrix. The results are presented in Table 1. 14 15 mH u BB Hoo. m.«. Ho. m.. mo. ax H onom EmHoHuonsmz 00. H mHmom conHm>Oprm ***vh. mm.| H mHmom :OHHMNHUHmsmm IsonmmHmwm 00. HH. mH.I H mHmom anmbmmm ...om. GN.- .«Hm. NH.- H mHmom mHamnpmmnosmm mm.| mm. *mv.| vo. mm.| H mHmom mHH vm.| mH. mm.| mm. mv.n mH. H mHmomIM ...NA. mm.. «.mm. $0.1 {.mm. Hm.u «Imm.u H meom mpmeam ummMHcmz z m mum mm em H M mfiz mmHQMHHm> .Aomuzv meanHm> muHHmsomnmm macaw mCOHDMHmHHOOHmusHII.H MHmHB 16 Analysis of Table 1 indicates that many of the scales are highly correlated. Of theoretical interest are the correlations between manifest anxiety and the other scales. Manifest anxiety is positively correlated with psychasthenia, repression-sensitization (poor repression), and neuroticism, and negatively correlated with K (ego strength). The neuroticism scale of the Maudsley Personal— ity Inventory correlates positively with the psychasthenia and repression-sensitization scales. It is interesting to note that the E and N scales, which are theoretically orthogonal, in fact correlate .00 with each other,lending support to Eysenck's hypothesis that neuroticism and extro— version are orthogonal factors. Byrne's repression- sensitization scale is negatively correlated with the psychasthenia scale. Hypothesis 1 Analysis of the protocols obtained from the imagery condition suggested that in most cases gs did not describe visual imagery, but rather told TAT stories with their eyes shut or became very defensive and described images of neutral objects such as buildings on the campus. Conse- quently, one should keep in mind that the visual imagery condition generally failed to produce imagery when con- sidering the results of the study. To determine the relationship between manifest anxiety and the degree of sexual drive representation 17 elicited by imagery and thematic apperception Pearson- Product-Moment correlation coefficients were computed between S's manifest anxiety scale scores and the degree of sexual drive representation manifest in either the imagery or the thematic apperception condition. A correlation of .23 was found between manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representation elicited by the visual imagery condition. Manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representation elicited by the thematic apperception condition was found to be correlated .51. Furthermore, sexual drive representation and number of symptoms was found to be correlated .51. Although the results are in the predicted direc- tion, statistical significance was not attained for the correlations. The significance of the difference between the correlations between level of manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representation in the imagery and thematic apperception condition was calculated by employing a test for the difference between independent correlations to determine if there was a significant interaction between level of manifest anxiety and treatment. The obtained Z value of .78 is not significant, and hence there is no interaction between level of manifest anxiety and treat- ment, i.e., imagery and thematic apperception. 18 Hypothesis 2 The mean amount of sexual drive representation manifest in the thematic apperception and imagery condi- tions was .73, S.D. = .35, and .58, S.D. = .31 respec— tively. The mean amount of sexual drive representation manifest in the thematic apperception and imagery condi- tions was compared by a two-tailed, independent groups t-test. The difference between the mean degree of sexual drive representation elicited by imagery and thematic apperception (t = 1.07, df = 18) was not significantly different. Hence, hypothesis 2 was not supported. Relationship Between Personality Variables and Sexual Drive Representation Since a variety of personality measures were obtained, the relationship between these variables and degree of sexual drive representation displayed in the two conditions would be of interest. Therefore, correlations between each of the personality variables and degree of sexual drive representation were computed for each condi- tion. Also, to ascertain whether there were any inter— actions between the various personality variables and treatment, the differences between the correlations between each personality variable and degree of sexual drive representation present in the imagery and thematic apper- ception conditions, respectively, were tested by employing 19 tests for the difference between independent correlations. The results are presented in Table 2. TABLE 2.--Correlations between personality variables and degree of sexual drive representation elicited by imagery and thematic apperception. Personality Ima er TAT Z value for difference Variables g y between correlations Sexual Drive Representation MAS .23 .51 .78 N.S. K -.25 -.21 .08 N.S. L .52 -.09 1.30 N.S. PT -.02 .50 1.15 N.S. HY 1.17 -.57 1.63 N.S. R-S -.31 .39 1.50 N.S. E .14 -.17 .62 N.S. N .05 .42 .80 N.S. None of the correlations between the personality variables and degree of sexual drive representation mani- fest in the two conditions were statistically significant. Furthermore, all differences between correlations among the personality variable and the dependent variable for both experimental conditions were not statistically signif- icant either. Nonetheless, several of the correlations are approaching statistical significance and their 20 magnitude is sufficiently great, considering the sample size, to warrant attention. Manifest anxiety and neuroticism were positively related to degree of sexual drive representation in the thematic apperception condition, but are not so highly related to sexual drive expression in the imagery condi- tions. DISCUSSION The Biographical Inventory The intercorrelations among the scales comprising the Biographical Inventory were consistent with theoretical expectations and previous empirical findings. According to psychoanalytic theory manifest anxiety is related to poor ego strength and the consequent ineffectual employ- ment of defense mechanisms such as repression. Conse- quently, one would expect manifest anxiety to be inversely related to ego strength and positively related to sensiti- zation. The results of the present study indicated that manifest anxiety is positively correlated with repression- sensitization and is negatively correlated with the K scale (ego strength). Manifest anxiety is also one component of a matrix of behaviors that may be subsumed by the concept of neuroticism. Hence, manifest anxiety and neuroticism would be expected to be positively related. The manifest anxiety scale was found to correlate .72 with the neurot— icism scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. This finding is consistent with the findings reported by Bendig (1957). Another interesting and significant relationship among the scales comprising the Biographical Inventory was the positive relationship between neuroticism and 21 22 repression-sensitization, highly neurotic SS tending to sensitize rather than repress. Also, the manifest anxiety and the psychasthenia scale were found to be highly cor- related (r = .83) as was found by Eriksen & Davids (1955). The high intercorrelations among the Manifest Anxiety, K, repression-sensitization, psychasthenia, and neuroticism scales in the direction predicted by theoreti- cal considerations lends support to the construct validity of these scales. However, one must be aware that the con— struct validity of these scales cannot be established by only noting intercorrelations among the scales that are in accordance with theory. Rather, it must be demonstrated that these constructs are related to significant behavioral manifestations outside of the testing procedure to establish the construct validity of these scales. Hypothesis 1 No significant relationship between manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representation was found in either the imagery or thematic apperception condition. Theoretically, manifest anxiety may be considered to be an indication that defense mechanisms are not functioning properly. Consequently, highly anxious subjects would be expected to display a greater degree of sexual drive expression when presented with a highly sexual arousing stimulus than low anxiety subjects. The obtained correla- tion of .51 between manifest anxiety and degree of sexual 23 drive representation in the thematic apperception condi- tion, although not statistically significant, is of such magnitude to suggest that there is a trend between level of manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representa- tion for the thematic apperception condition. The relationship between manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representation (.23) is not as great for the imagery condition as for the thematic apper- ception condition. Analysis of the obtained protocols suggests that subjects within the imagery condition were more defensive than subjects in the thematic apperception condition. Within the imagery condition one subject upon (eye closure developed an eyelid spasm and reported that his *mind had gone blank, another subject described various scenes around the campus; thus achieving a defensive distance between his imagery and the stimulus. A third subject indicated that he did not wish to say anything. Such reactions did not occur in the thematic apperception condition. Subjects in the thematic apperception condition were able to relate relatively easily a story concerning the stimulus. However, few S's in either condition re— lated protocols that were of a clear oedipal nature. The above evidence leads one to hypothesize that the imagery condition was more threatening than the thematic apperception condition. Hence, subjects in the imagery condition appeared to become defensive regardless of level 24 of manifest anxiety. The relationship between manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representation in the imagery condition was not great because it appears that subjects within the imagery condition became very defensive, and thus, any relationship between manifest anxiety and sexual drive representation was vitiated. Hypothesis 2 Previous research (Reyher & Smeltzer, 1968), has demonstrated that visual imagery is characterized by more primary process regulation, more direct expression of drives, and less effective defense than verbal association. Other investigators (Goldberger, 1957; Horowitz, 1968; Jellinek, 1949; Kanzer, 1958; Kubie, 1943; Leuner, 1969; Pinard, 1957) have indicated that visual imagery may serve as a powerful technique for the uncovering of repressed material. If visual imagery is more under the sway of primary process regulation than verbal association, one would expect visual imagery stimulated by viewing a sex- ually provocative stimulus to display a greater degree of sexual drive representation than thematic apperception. The results of this study indicated, however, that there was no significant difference between the degree of sexual drive representation manifest in the imagery condition and the thematic apperception condition. In fact, more sexual drive representation occurred during thematic apperception. 25 Failure to confirm hypothesis 2 is not interpreted as a refutation of the hypothesis. Rather, it is believed that the experimental procedure was not an adequate test of the hypothesis. Previous research by Burns (1968), Perkins (1965) and Reyher & Smeltzer (1968) demonstrated that there are individual differences in ability to engage in free imagery among college students, but that most subjects can describe visual imagery in an experi- mental situation. Analysis of the protocols from the imagery condition of the present research indicates, how— ever, that few subjects described visual imagery. Rather, they either became very anxious and described their minds as being blank, or they prOCeeded to tell a TAT story with their eyes shut, ignoring completely the experimenter's instructions to describe only whatever images, feelings, or sensations they may experience. An essential difference between the present re- search and previous research concerned with the uncovering properties of visual imagery is that in the present re- search subjects were asked first to obtain an image of a sexually provocative stimulus and then to describe whatever images, feelings or sensations they experienced. The other studies concerning imagery were less structured in that subjects were told to merely close their eyes and describe whatever images, feelings or sensations they experienced. It appears evident that the imagery procedure utilized in 26 the present research was more threatening and anxiety pro- ducing than the previous research procedures. It appears as though the stimulus employed was so blatent, and therefore associated with deeply repressed sexual and/or oedipal conflicts, that subjects within the imagery condition could not bring themselves into close proximity with primary process regulated imagery provoked by the stimulus because of the anxiety that would be associated with the emergence of blatent images that are related to repressed conflictual material. Consequently, subjects brought to bear powerful defense mechanisms such as denial and did not follow the directions. Rather, they told TAT stories with their eyes closed, thereby avoiding the threatening properties of primary process laden visual imagery. In light of the unexpected finding that subjects generally are not able to describe visual images when they are asked to begin their visual imagery by focusing on a sexually provocative stimulus, hypothesis 2 was not ade- quately tested. Rather than reject hypothesis 2 it seems to be more temperate to withhold judgment presently until a more adequate test of the hypothesis is undertaken. Suggestions for Future Research The results of the present research suggest that various paper and pencil measures of concepts such as manifest anxiety, repression-sensitization, and neuroticism 27 may be related to the degree of sexual drive representation present during thematic apperception. Also, it was hypoth— esized that visual imagery stimulated by viewing a sexually provocative card is more threatening and arouses more anxiety than telling a TAT story to the same stimulus. As a result, subjects asked to describe imagery in response to viewing a sexually blatent stimulus may bring into play powerful defenses and do not generally describe imagery. To asSess the validity of the present interpretation of the data future research must be conducted. If a blatent sexual stimulus arouses more anxiety and pomotes the utilization of powerful defenses to a greater extent than a more attenuated sexual stimulus, one would expect that galvanic skin response (GSR) activity would be greater for subjects asked to image in response to viewing a blatent sexual stimulus than for subjects asked to image in response to viewing a less sexually blatent stimulus. Furthermore, if thematic apperception is less anxiety arousing than imagery, because it is pos— sibly more under the control of secondary process function- ing than imagery, one would posit that subjects asked to relate TAT stories in response to viewing sexual stimuli would display less GSR activity than subjects asked to image in reSponse to viewing the same stimulus. Utilization of GSR activity as a dependent vari- able in visual imagery research also would facilitate the 28 discovery of more meaningful relationships between various personality measures and the degree of sexual drive repre- sentation manifest in thematic apperception and visual imagery. Pine (1960) suggests that a great degree of drive representation may be an indication of a weakening of ego control or indicate that drive energies have been suffi- ciently neutralized to be utilized for productive idea— tional activity. The present research design does not provide for the differentiation of subjects that are able to regress successfully in the service of the ego from subjects that are unable to block or distort ego-alien derivatives of unconscious conflicts that are becoming represented in consciousness. Subjects that report mate- rial which is highly saturated with intense expressions of drives and do not display an increase in GSR activity could be classified as adaptive regressors. In contract subjects that report material which is highly saturated with intense expressions of drives accompanied by an increase in GSR activity could be classified as persons with poor ego con- trol. Utilization of the above procedure would facilitate more meaningful interpretations Of the significance of the presence of intense drive representation during visual imagery and thematic apperception and any relationships found between personality variables and degree of drive representation. 29 Future research aimed at isolating those variables that are related to the degree of drive representation manifest in visual imagery should avoid the shortcomings of the present research. Primarily, since clinical exper- ience and research evidence indicates that there are great individual differences associated with the ability to engage in visual imagery and the content of visual imagery, a sufficient number of subjects should be run to compensate for the large variance (individual differences) associated with visual imagery. In light of the fact that there are great individual differences in response to instructions to engage in visual imagery, it may be better to employ a well designed repeated measures design rather than an inde- pendent groups design. Conclusion Although the findings of the present research are inconclusive, the results suggest that visual imagery in response to a blatent sexual stimulus promotes the utili— zation of powerful defense mechanisms to defend against anxiety associated with the representation in conscious- ness of derivatives of repressed drives. Furthermore, significant relational trends between various personality variables and degree of sexual drive representation have been found. Further research will be able to determine if the interpretation of the present data is correct, and 30 will attempt to demonstrate empirically the powerful uncovering properties of visual imagery and the efficatious- ness of visual imagery as a technique to effect psycho- therapeutic progress. SUMMARY Clinical experience and empirical research suggests that visual imagery may serve as a vehicle for the symbolic representation of repressed material because visual imagery is more closely related to primitive cognitive organization than other vehicles of representation such as verbal asso- ciation. Consequently, since visual imagery stimulated by viewing a sexually provocative stimulus would be expected to be more under the sway of primary process regulation than thematic apperception elicited by the same stimulus, one would expect visual imagery to be characterized by more sexual drive representation than thematic apperception. Furthermore, since manifest anxiety may be considered to be an indication that defense mechanisms such as repression are not successfully blocking or distorting the emergence into consciousness of ego-alien ideational material, mani- fest anXiety may be expected to be positively related to degree of sexual drive representation. The objective of the present study was to determine if visual imagery stimulated by viewing a TAT type card would display a greater degree of sexual drive representa— tion than material elicited by traditional modes of TAT administration. Furthermore, an attempt also was made to 31 32 relate level of manifest anxiety to the degree of sexual drive representation manifest in visual imagery and the- matic apperception. In addition an attempt was made to ascertain the inter—relationship among various paper and pencil measures of concepts such as manifest anxiety, ego strength, repression-sensitization, and neuroticism. The Biographical Inventory, composed of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Hysteria, Psychasthenia, K, and Lie Scales from the MMPI, Byrne's Repression- sensitization Scale, and the Extraversion and Neuroticism Scale from the Maudsley Personality Inventory, was admin- istered to 21 volunteer, male students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Subjects who completed the Biographical Inventory randomly were dichotomized into an imagery and a thematic apperception group. Sub- jects in the thematic apperception condition were shown a TAT type card that depicts a small boy holding his genital area as he stands at the threshold of a bedroom observing two partially undressed adults embrace and were asked to relate a TAT story. Subjects in the visual imagery condi- tion were asked to obtain an image of the card and then describe whatever images, feelings, or sensations they experience. Protocols were scored for degree of sexual drive representation utilizing a modified version of Pine's system for rating drive content. The reliability of 33 the scoring system (.95) was considered to be sufficiently high for research purposes. Statistical analysis indicated that manifest anxiety is significantly, positively correlated with psychasthenia, sensitization, and neuroticism, and nega- tively correlated with K (ego strength). Further analysis of the data suggested that §S in the visual imagery condi- tion did not describe imagery, but rather became very defensive when presented with a sexually provocative stimu- lus. Hence, the hypotheses concerning imagery were not adequately tested because the imagery condition failed to elicit imagery. A correlation of .23 and .51 was found between manifest anxiety and degree of sexual drive representation elicited by the imagery and thematic apperception condi- tions, reSpectively. Neither correlation was statistically significant. Furthermore, the mean amount of sexual drive representation manifest in the thematic apperception and imagery conditions was .728, S.D. = .348 and .578, S.D. = .305, respectively. The difference between the above means (t = 1.07, df = 18) was not statistically significant either. Positive relational trends, however, were found within the thematic apperception condition between mani- fest anxiety, psychasthenia, and neuroticism and degree of sexual drive representation. 34 Failure to confirm the research hypotheses was attributed to the surprising finding that subjects do not image when presented with a sexually provocative stimulus. It was hypothesized that asking a subject to engage in visual imagery in response to a blatent sexual stimulus promotes the utilization of powerful defense mechanisms to defend against anxiety associated with the representation in consciousness of derivatives of repressed drives. Sug- gestions for future research that would enable one to determine if the interpretation of the present data is valid were made. BIBLIOGRAPHY 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY Arlov, J. & Brenner, C. Psychoanalytic concepts and the structural theory. New York: International Uni- versities Press, 1964. Basch, Judith A. Degree of repression and frequency of psychosomatic symptoms. Unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State University, 1968. Bendig, A. W. Extraversion, neuroticism, and manifest anxiety. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1957, 21! 398. Burns, B. The effect of repression on visual imagery. Unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State Uni— versity, 1967. Byrne, D. The Repression-Sensitization Scale. Rationale, reliability, and validity. Journal of Personality, 1961, 334-349. Dahlstrom, W. & Welch, G. An MMPI handbook. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1960. Ericksen, C. W. & Davids, A. The meaning and clinical validity of the Taylor Anxiety Scale and the hysteria-psychasthenia scales from the MMPI. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1955, 50, 135-137. Eysenck, H. J. The Maudsley Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press, 1959. Fenichel, O. The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York: Norton, 1945. Freud, S. The problem of anxiety. New York: 1936. Freud, S. The ego and the id. London: The Hogarth Press STP, 1950. Freud, S. The interpretation of dreams. New York: Modern Library, 1950. 37 Goodman, J. Primary process thinking in children. Unpub- lished Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State Uni- versity, 1965. Goldberger, E. Simple method of producing dreamlike images in the waking state. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1957, lg, 127-133. Holt, Robert R. Imagery: The return of the ostracized. American Psychologist, 1964, 9 (4), 254—264. Holt, R. R. & Havel, J. A method for assessing primary and secondary process in the Rorschach. In M. A. Richers-Ovsiankina (ed.), Rorschach psychology. New York: Wiley, 1960. Horowitz, Mardi J. Visual thought images in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1968, 22 (1), 55—59. Jellinek, Augusta. Spontaneous imagery; a new psycho- therapeutic approach. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1949, 3, 372-391. Ianzer, M. Image formation during free association. Psychoanal. Quart., 1958, 21, 465. Kubie, L. The use of induced hypnotic reveries in the recovery of repressed amnesic data. Bulletin of the Memoringer Clinic, 1943, 1, 172-182. Leuner, H. Guided affective imagery (GAI) a method of intensive psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1969, 23 (1). Pavio, A. Mental imagery in associative learning and memory. Psychological Review, 1969, 3 (76), Perkins, K. Repression, psychOpathology, and drive repre- sentation: An experimental hypnotic investigation of the management of impulse inhibition. Unpub- lished Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State Uni- versity, 1965. Pinard, W. J. Spontaneous imagery: Its nature, therapeutic value, and effect on personality structure. Boston Univ. Grad. J., 1957, 5, 150-153. Pine, F. A manual for rating drive content in the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1960, 24, 32-45. 38 Rand Corporation. A million random digits. Glencoe: The Free Press, 1955. Reyher, J. Posthypnotic stimulation of hypnotically in- duced conflict in relation to psychosomatic reac— tions and psychopathology. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1961, 33, 384-391. Reyher, J. Free imagery: An uncovering procedure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1963, 19 (4), 454-459. Reyher, J. Hypnoses. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Pub- lisher, 1968. Reyher, J. Emergent uncovering, psychotherapy and the objectification of pathogenic psychodynamic pro- cesses. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., September, 1969. Reyher, J. & Smeltzer, W. Uncovering properties of visual imagery and verbal association: A comparative study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1968, 13 (3), 218-222. Reyher, J. & Varble, D. A pilot study of repression and somatization. Unpublished paper, Michigan State University, 1962. Rosenwald, G. C. The assessment of anxiety in psychologi- cal experimentation: A theoretical reformulation and test. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psy- chology, 1961, 62, 666-673. Sommerschield, H. Posthypnotic conflict, repression and psychopathology. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1969. Taylor, A. S. A personality scale of manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1953, 43, 285-290. Werner, H. & Kaplin, B. Symbol formation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964. APPENDICES 39 APPENDIX A BIOGRAPHICAL INVENTORY 40 BIOGRAPHICAL INVENTORY The statements in this booklet represent experiences, ways of doing things, or beliefs or preferences that are true of some people but are not true of others. Read each statement and decide whether or not it is true with respect to yourself. If it is true or mostly true, blacken the answer space in column T'on the Answer Sheet in the row numbered the same as the statement you are answering. If the statement is not usually true or is not true at all, blacken the space in column 5 in the numbered row. Answer the statement as carefully and honestly as you can. There are no correct or wrong answers. We are interested in the way ygg work and in the things ygg_believe. Remember: Mark the answer space in column 2 if the statement is True or mostly true; mark the answer space in column E if the statement is False or mostly false. Be sure the space you blacken is in the row numbered the same as the item you are answering. USe only the first two columns, the ones labeled 2 and‘g, Mark each item as you come to it; be sure to mark gag, and only one, answer space for each item. Here is an example: T F 1 2. 3 4 5. If you would like to be an artist, that is, if the statement is true as far as you are concerned, you would mark the answer space under 2. If the statement is false, you would mark the space under E. I would like to be an artist. I If you have any questions, please ask them now. DO NOT MARK ON THIS BOOKLET 41 l. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Page 2 I am often sick to my stomach I think a great many people exagerate their misfortunes in order to gain the sym- pathy and help of others. I do not tire quickly. I have had very few quarrels with members of my family. I am about as nervous as other people. I would rather win than lose in a game. I have very few headaches. I worry over money and business. I work under a great deal of strain. I think nearly anyone would tell a lie to keep out of trouble. I cannot keep my mind on one thing. I do not like everyone I know. I have diarrhea ("the runs") once a month or more. I am against giving money to beggars. 42 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. I frequently noticc my hand shakes when I try to do something. I find it hard to make talk when I meet new people. I blush as often as others. Once in a while I put off until tomorrow what I ought to do today. I have nightmares every few nights. People often disappoint me. I worry quite a bit over possible troubles. It makes me impatient to have people ask my advice or otherwise interrupt me when I am working on some— thing important. I practically never blush. I like to know some im— portant people because it makes me feel important. I am often afraid that I am going to blush. It takes a lot of argument to convince most people of the truth. My hands and feet are usually warm enough.“ 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Page 3 I often find myself worrying about something. I sweat very easily even on cool days. My table manners are not quite as good at home as when I am out in company. When embarrassed I often break out in a sweat which is very annoying. I find it hard to set aside a task that I have undertaken, even for a short time. I dOunOt often notice my heart pounding and I am seldom short of breath. It makes me uncomfortable to put on a stunt at a party even when others are doing the same sort of thing. I feel hungry almost all the time. If I could get into a movie without paying and be sure I was not seen I would probably do it. Often my bowels don't move for several days at a time. At times I feel like swearing. 43 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. I have a great deal of stomach trouble. At times I am full of energy. At times I lose sleep over worry. I do not read every editorial in the newspaper every day. My sleep is restless and disturbed. Criticism or scolding hurts me terribly. I often dream about things I don't like to tell other people. I have often felt that I faced so many difficulties I could not overcome them. I am easily embarrassed. Sometimes when I am not feeling well I am cross. My feelings are hurt easier than most people. I often think ”I wish I were a child again.” I wish I could be as happy as others. Often I can't understand why I have been so cross and grouchy. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. Page 4 I am usually calm and not easily upset. I am very confident of myself. I cry easily. I certainly feel useless at times. I feel anxious about some- thing or someone almost all of the time. At times I feel like smashing things. I am happy most of the time. Once in a while I laugh at a dirty joke. It makes me nervous to have to wait. At periods my mind seems to work more slowly than usual. At times I am so restless that I cannot sit in a chair for very long. Most people will use somewhat unfair means to gain profit or an advantage rather than to lose. Sometimes I become so excited that I find it hard to get to sleep. I do not always tell the truth. 44 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. At times I have been worried beyond reason about something that really did not matter. I have often met people who were supposed to be experts who were no better than I. I do not have as many fears as my friends. What others think of me does not bother me. I have been afraid of things or people that I knew could not hurt me. I get angry sometimes. I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job. I have never felt better in my life than I do now. I am more self-conscious than most people. I like to let people know where I stand on things. I am the kind of person who takes things hard. I gossip a little at times. I am a very nervous person. When in a group of people I have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. Page 5 Life is often a strain for me. I get mad easily and get over it soon. At times I think I am no good at all. Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk a about. I am not all confident of myself. I have periods in which I feel unusually cheerful without any special reason. At times I feel that I am going to crack up. At times my thought have raced ahead faster than I could speak them. I don't like to face a difficulty or make an important decidion. Sometimes at elections I vote for men about whom I know very little. I have a good appetite. At times I have fits of laughing and crying that I cannot control. I wake up fresh and rested most mornings. I like to read newspaper articles on crime. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 45 I seldom worry about my health. My daily life is full of things that keep me inter— ested. I am about as able to work as I ever was. I have had periods of days, weeks, or months when I couldn't take care of things because I couldn't "get going." There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time. I seem to be about as capable and smart as most others around me. I enjoy detective or mystery stories. I do many things which I regret afterwards (I regret things more or more often than others seem to). I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting. I feel that it is certainly best to keep my mouth shut when I'm in trouble. My hardest battles are with myself. Much of the time my head seems to hurt all over. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111.. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. Page 6 Once a week or oftener I feel suddenly hot all over, without apparent cause. Much of the time I feel as if I have done some- thing wrong or evil. I am in just as good physical health as most of my friends. I am almost never bothered by pains over the heart or in my chest. Most nights I go to sleep (without thoughts or ideas bothering me. Most of the time I feel blue. I think most people would lie to get ahead. I cannot understand what I read as well as I used to. I have little or no trouble with my muscles twitching or jumping. Some people are so bossy that I feel like doing the opposite of what they request, even though I know they are right. I like to study and read about things that I am working at. 46 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127, 128. Often I feel as if there were a tight band about my head. The sight of blood neither frightens me nor makes me sick. My memory seems to be all right. I commonly wonder what hidden reason another person may have for doing something nice for me. I believe that my home life is as pleasant as that of most people I know. I am afraid of losing my mind. My conduct is largely controlled by the customs of those about me. I have often lost out on things because I couldn't make up my mind soon enough. Once a week or oftener I become very excited. During the past few years I have been well most of the time. In school I found it very hard to talk before the class. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. Page 7 I resent having anyone take me in so cleverly that I have had to admit that it was one on me. I almost never dream. I frequently have to fight against showing that I am bashful. I easily become impatient with people. I have never had a fainting spell.’ I forget right away what people say to me. I seldom or never have dizzy spells. I usually have to stop and think before I act even in trifling matters. I am worried about sex matters. Often I cross the street in order not to meet someone I see. I can read a long while without tiring my eyes. I have a habit of count- ing things that are not important such as bulbs 0n electric signs, and so forth. I feel weak all over much of the time. 47 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. I have strange and peculiar thoughts. I have had no difficulty in keeping my balance in walking. I get anxious and upset when I have to make a short trip away'from home. I wish I were not so shy. I have no dread of going into a room by myself where other people have already gathered and are talking. In walking I am very careful to step over sidewalk cracks. I have more trouble concentrating than others seem to have. I have few or no pains. I have several times == given up doing a thing because I thought too little of my ability. I can be friendly with people who do things which I consider wrong. Bad words, often terrible words, come into my mind and I cannot get rid of them. It is safer to trust nobOdy. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. Page 8 Sometimes some unimpor- tant thought will run through my mind and bother me for days. My eyesight is as good as it has been for years. Almost every day some- thing happens to frighten me. I drink an unusually large amount of water every day. I am more sensitive than most other people. I am always disgusted with the law when a criminal is freed through the arguments of a smart lawyer. Even when I am with people I feel lonely much of the time. I am likely not to speak to people until they speak to me. Are you inclined to limit your acquaintances to a select few? Do you generally prefer to take the lead in group activities? Do you like work that requires considerable attention to details? 48 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. Are you inclined to be moody? Are you inclined to keep in the background on social occasions? Doryouthave frequent ups and downs in mood, either with or without apparent cause? Are your feelings rather easily hurt? Are you inclined to keep quiet when out in a social group? Are you inclined to be shy in the presence of the opposite sex? It is difficult to "lose yourself" even at a lively party? I am neither gaining nor losing weight. 110. :11. Page 9. PART I prefer to pass by school friends or people I know but haven't seen for a long time, unless they speak to me first. Are your daydreams frequent- ly about things that can never come true? Are you inclined to be over conscientious? Do you ever feel "just miserable" for no good reason at all? Are you often troubled about feelings of guilt? My plans have frequently been so full of difficulties that I have given them up. I have at times stood in the way of people who were trying to do something, not because it amounted tomuch, but II 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. because of ”ale principal of thsthing. Do you often find that you' have made up your mind too late? Would you rate yourself as a tense or "high-strung" individual? Does your mind often wander while you are trying to concentrate? I have never vomited blood or coughed up blood. 49 19. 20. 21. 22. After a critical moment is over, do you usually think of something you should have done but failed to do? Would you rate yourself as a lively individual? I am apt to pass up some- thing I want to do because others feel that I am not going about it in the right way. Do you like to play pranks upon others? At periods my mind seems to work more slowly than usual. Are you inclined to take your work casually, that is, as a matter of course? I must admit that I have at times been worried be- yond reason over something that did not really matter. I am very seldom troubled'wf by constipation. My judgment is better than it ever was. I sometimes keep on at a thing until others lose their patience with me. Would you rate yourself as a happy-go-lucky individual? 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Page Have you often lost sleep over your worries? Do you like to mix socially with people? I usually feel that life is worthwhile. I enjoy many different kinds of play and rec- reation. Do you usually take the initiative in making new friends? Would you be very unhappy if you were prevented from making numerous social contacts? I am easily awakened by noise. I do not have spells of hay fever or asthma. I don't seem to care what happens to me. Do you sometimes feel happy, sometimes depressed, without any apparent reason? Have you ever been bothered by having a useless thought come into your mind re- peatedly? I believe I am no more nervous than most others. 50 10 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. Do you spend much time in thinking over good times you have had in the past? I like to flirt. Often even though every— thing is going fine for me, I feel that I don't care about anything. Do you like to have many social engagements? Do you have periods of such great restlessness that you cannot sit long in a chair? Sometimes without any reason or even when things are going wrong I feel excitedly happy, ”on top of the world." Are you sometimes bubbling over with energy and some- times very sluggish? Do other people regard you as a lively individual? Are you happiest when you get involved in some project that calls for rapid action? Have you often felt list- less and tired for no good reason? Do you prefer action to planning for action? 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. Page 11 I have often felt that strangers were looking at me critically. I drink an unusually large amount of water even; day. I go to church almost every week. Do you like to indulge in a reverie (daydreaming)? I have often felt guilty because I have pretended to feel more sorry about something than I really was. Can you usually let your- self go and have a hilariously good time at a gay party? Do you nearly always have a "ready answer” for re- marks directed at you? Are you inclined to be quick and sure in your actions? Do you often feel dis- gruntled? Are you inclined to dwell upon your past? Do you-often experience periods of loneliness? Are you touchy on various subjects? 51 58. 59. 60; 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. Do you ever take your work as if it were a matter of life or death? Are you frequently "lost in thought" even when supposed to be taking part in a converstation? Do ideas run through your head so that you cannot sleep? Would you rate yourself as a talkative individual? I sometimes tease animals. I brood a great deal. I often feel as if things were not real. I am a good mixer. I have difficulty in starting to do things. It is safer to trust nobody. I wish I could get over worring about things I have said that may have injured other people's feelings. Everything is turning out just like the prophets in the Bible said it would. People often disappoint me. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. Page 12 I believe in the second 83. coming of Christ. I do not worry about 84. catching diseases. At times I feel like picking a fist fight with someone. I feel unable to tell anyone about myself. It makes me feel like a failure when I hear of the success of someone I know well. I have never had a fit or convulsion. I am apt to take dis- appointments so keenly that I can't put them out of my mind. I very seldom have spells of the blues. I have several times had a change of heart about my life work. I like to let people know where I stand on things. When I leave home I do not worry about whether the door is locked and the windows closed. I have a daydream life about which I do not tell other people. 52 I feel tired a good deal of the time. I do not blame a person for taking advantage of someone who lays himself open to it. APPENDIX B PINE'S SYSTEM FOR SCORING DEGREE OF SEXUAL DRIVE REPRESENTATION 53 PINE'S SYSTEM FOR SCORING DEGREE OF SEXUAL DRIVE REPRESENTATION Pine's manual for rating drive content is essen- tially a modification of Holt and Havel's (1959) method for assessing primary and secondary process in the Rorshach. Pine reasons that ego control may be reflected by the level of drive expression. Hence, material which is highly satu- rated with intense, primitive, value-violating drive ex- pression indicates that defense mechanisms such as repres- sion are weak of that drive energies have been "neutralized" to a sufficient degree to be used creatively. Three levels of drive representation were distin- guished: (I) direct-unsocialized drive expression, (II) direct-socialized drive expression, and (III) disguised, indirect or weak drive expression. Level I (direct- unsocialized) includes sexual drive representation that is directly expressed in a manner directly contrary to con- ventional social mores. Extramarital sexual relationships, prostitution, and observing others engaging in sexual activities, for example, are rated Level I. Level II (direct-socialized) includes direct expressions of sexual drive that are congruent with conventional social mores. Included within this category are, for example, sexual 54 55 relations between marriage partners, kissing, and sexual rivalries. Level III (indirect-disguised; weak) includes two types of sexual drive expression: drive expression where the underlying impulse is neither explicitly thought or acted upon, and drive expression that is greatly attenuated and highly derived. Examples of drive content that would be rated Level III are mention of restaurants, saloons, and familial affection. Three additional points are considered when rating degree of drive representation. Drive expression that is negated is rated identically with positive expression. Thoughts and wishes are rated equally with actions. Also, the context in which the drive expression occurs is con- sidered. For example, kissing as part of the seduction of a married person is rated Level I rather than Level II. The following examples taken from the present study will give the reader an impression of the manner in which the scoring system is employed. Level I: "Eventually it seems that this couple will have sexual intercourse." "This man is removing this woman's clothes, he is moving his hands up on her body." Level II: "The husband is starting . . . right now his hand is on her waist turning her on. 'They. are about ready to go to bed and do the job." 56 Level III: "The parents feel that they are alone. They are feeling love between one another." STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES Hum IHIII 30615417 MIIIIIIIIH 3 1293