aim-a M waxes-,1 cr-

FEKO B U

 

‘5‘} PQND H51

F * ,
Him.

“'4' : R .4 “an {arr-"'45 3:“ .3 g
nVfi-‘sfi' sC-J. La .4\-': A gs “x, m

' ' -~ ‘ . ’2‘

n :..r 5‘ - ‘fl ! I I-..‘ 4’. \ f~,‘ : ‘g
AI\.\{\:1-' ILQ‘£..‘3 a 4‘, :I. \«\_J 1:); ...\‘. :

0 “('3 r
-S " '~ (1-7": - .. . I
.5; z -_3. w’.?§2))z

9"; ‘ ,’
4a "' R 0 ‘ HQ " '
96:: X“: fit I

     
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
   

~ r ‘L \ , - —‘-
‘ . l J
T..." on M» ”'5‘ ,- f'

‘.

thesis entitled

'Production and Harvest of ram Pond Fish.

presented by

Thisistoeertifgthatthe

ldvard I. Grail

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

__H._§.__degree in_1_d|;.l__

”‘3

1).... MM Mimi?)

C

Major professor

 

 

v.._-_ .—

"_—u

—.'—-- 4-

a,..r-' .-¢ .0 - n-lr'a

 

 

.
(.. .
_ .
u .
.\
A
.1. . . .. - .. . 4.. . !.t .-....lr ..
I. \m‘bmflum J... ...i‘nWMwM. x. “Miners ... .1. an .
...}Ho! ‘- ilc". fit.‘ (0 ¢ 'u’tKu )0.- .fi'. L 1 I .J {41. “‘r a. 17.1.9.1 ...-‘f - . .
r . \. . .... ..
. t . .
than... t ..‘n~...m.’.0..
('5 ... on

 

. . . . .. .

.. , 4.4:: «...... ...3. ’. .....11..._......4..u. .. .1”...
... NJVW. .1: ..Jfa ( h .v .f.’Ja$....\ JV. .. . .. .
2qu a. .. a _ . 2 . . \ . . . .

 

lioJITJTILZ. :1... I‘LL-17.71333 OF I'LL‘L; ELLE) FISH

133’

Edw rd Francis Grassl
C”

5 :5“: . --. -\ ~3-
£L $.14 1b.».S

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of hichigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Scicnces
in Partial Phlfillnert of the Requiremrnts

fcr the Degree of

I! A " ."’ ‘H ' T1 ‘ n ' TIT [CT-I
. . ill b, 1‘ '
J. ...lnl. .L‘ Ulla.“ .L:

Departmrnt of isxcries and Wildlife

+63%3
(-2... 76 q

(9//2./53

TILE LIF CQLZTZJIU.‘
Section

I Iéil$BO~JUnrfiILfv 0.00000000000000000.0000000000000000

II DVZSCT.IITIC'H k1fl‘LQ-AauJu-LI‘LL 1301338 ooooeeooooooosooooooooeoooo

III :I‘r; ODS .....OOOOOOOOOOOOO......OOOOOOOOOOOOO......OOOOOOO...

StOC}:inS pLCetj—OS 00............OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.0.0...

DI‘SiI‘lj—ng 01:)el.ations'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO....0.0.0.0...

IV I-IORT ALIZ‘I DLIIIL DlmliilliG OPEEITIOI4S,1932 ..................
V EXPERIHEITAL S"OCKITG RADIOS CF ADULT ZLU.GILIS IE

CGI..JT.1A:‘IOMI‘KIMILi: FIJ. G'."fllll- G lJbCIJ.tU-.L .LLAC 313.83 ooooooooooo

VI BALAIGJ OF TWO SPECIES IN A POIULATION ......................

VII IImV.‘1-SEII:C: lTAli PC1‘DF1'S;: ......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO......0.0.0....

Design and Construction of Hire Fish iraps ..............

fi‘apLOCa-ft'i01’linP01K15 ....OOOOOOOOOOOOIO0.00.00.00.00...

Experimental Trapping Procedure ...............,,......,,

Theory of Fish Capture in Iran Pots .....................

Fe ctors Influencing Co.pture of ish in Wire Trap Nets ...

VIII “A151: 3 OF F184: £11101; PRITJA-LE E‘IA'SHES 0.000.000.0000000000000000

H D:SCUS 3:01: .....0.........0.00.00.00.00......OOOOOCOOOOOOOOOO

X SI)“; mv .0....0...............OOOOOOOOO.......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOC

fl LITEE-‘nyfjper-J‘ CITfiD ......OCOOOOOOOCOOOOO......OOOOOOOOOOOOCO...

33-13

C”)

P ()0)

l_.l

14
22
28
31

1.9
57
59
£2
66
68

ACi‘l.J‘.~z'LEDGlL-El 7?

These experiments were carried out through c cOOperative
program between Michigan S ate College and the Institute for
Fisheries Research of the Michigan D nartment of Conservation.
Katerials and equipment were yrovidej by the Cell go and the
Institute gave financial assistance.

The author wishes to thank Dr. A. C. Bell for his exyert
counsel, Dr. P. I. Tack for his patient guidance, D“. D. W. Hayne for
his statistical assistance and the Institute for Fishéries Research

I

for yroviding the use of the hatchery faciliti s where the experiments

were completed. Also, the assistance and COOperation given by the men

at the welf Lake State Fish Hatchery is Sincerely appreciated.

IETROUUCTIOE

Pond and lake cultivation of fish is increa

m

H.
}_D

. J
(‘2

throughout the
world, particularly in those countries in which there is an acute
shortage of protein foods. (Compton, l 53).

Russia has established four fish—breeding stations on

1
I

Kuibyshev Lake, ”11 five above Stalingrad. lish are reared at these
stations for introduction into suitable waters, chiefly as eggs and fry.
The fisn b in: used for these introductions e i experiments are said to
include six varieties of salmon, two species of trout, and sturgeon.
Israel's annual consumption of fish amounts to 32,033 tons. Of
this amount A,000 tons is obtained from carp-breeding ponds. The
carp—breeding ponds probably have reached the limit of th ir capacity
because they compete wiih agriculture for land and water. However, the

"W

country's climate has prov d suitable ior ranid growth of carp, and it

has been possible to obtain tvo-and-arhalf fish harvests a year. It is

,lannec To extend pond culture to rainbow trout, tenca, ane grey

The Chinese have had extensive pond fish culture since 2,000 B.C.,

0‘!

but their methods have shown little change. The chiei Species cultivated
are the common carp and oriental perch.

The pres nt annual hungarien pond yield of carp is about 2,50:
tons. The shallow ponds rang, from a few hundr<d yards to a mile or

i

more in len th. I: novenber the larfe wat rs art drained the iarket-
’ -. ’

n
.1.

able ish removed, and th: young and breeding fish separated and put

into smaller winter stockponds.

2

The Italians ha.ve established the largest eel farms in the world,

r1!

with a catch of 500,000 kilogre :as or more annually. Inc farms actially

consist of large traps to catch migm ating eel 8.

Holland and Denmark have both established sizable export
markets for rainbow trout. Denna k alone has exports valued at some
2 million kroner.

The giant carp 3r Catla of India is of great value because of the
great size attained a:?.d the ra1id :Lty with which it grows. Under ideal
conditions, Catla carp have grown from fry to a length of 26 to 29
inches and a weight of 6 to 9 pounds in the firs' year. Full grown
these fish will reach a length of more than 6 feet and a weight of 140
pounds.

.1.

n Kalaya, a muiply of fresh-water fish hzs been built up by
transporting Chinese carp—fry by air and establisjfi _n: then in farm
ponds.

.0

In the Unit ed Stages the practice oi preserving water by impound-

m-t for so: 1 cor scrvation, water storage, stock watering, irrigation
and fire protection has been recognized as an important 1m rt of our
economy with less importance yiven to fish production for food purposes.
Interest in farm ponds for fish production was noted as far back as
1900 (Dyche, 1914; Townscn , 1041) and increased ' mu quorld War I
(liechean,1052).

Hardy (1952) states that over 300,000 farm and ranch fish ponds

F‘)

were being used for raisins h in the United States with an area of

1, '1
a: "'

U]

3
360,000 acres and a potential Tield of 18,000,030 pounds of edible
fish per year.

The Agricultural Conservation Programs Branch of Production and
Harketin n5 Adm .is”racion a overn"ent a5ency that ma_:es cons rrvati-on
payments to farmers ani ranch rs for construction of ponds that are to
be used primarily for soil and water conservation, estimates that assis~
tance is given ranch rs an; farmers to construct ponds at the rate of
59,030 a year. An unknown number have been built with011t assistance
from PEA.

In the summer Of1950,t119 Fis and Uilcll ifs Service of the

$$

1 lited States Department of the Interior ceiservatively sti:uated that

0

there were about 1,066,000 farm and ranch DOHCS present in the United

Pros the cale u_ations use: by Hardy (1952) the potential yield or

edible fis ifron hues: ponds eer ar could be 133,23“, 000 pounds. ‘ven

A

though the pot ntial yield is this great, fish

S13
a

a protein food and a

an important crOp of farm ponds 18 not seriously considered by most pond
owners. In Lica-5an, except for conner ial trout} atcheiies and Saute

Fish Ha tchrries, the actual prepagation of fish in ponds is left to

chanc aid frequently the results are far from encouraging. 3118 con-

(A-

d tion leaves much to be d sir'd and of cons eeuenc - nuch uork has been

',.JI
I

root: :tl; directe7 toward farm pond management.
Severa_ workers (BC nrett, 194$; SviLgle, 1950; Ball, 1952)

have 'nv:stiaated various fish combir lat ions'in farm ponds and have

(3*:er
,
\-—L~—

proposed sev

of harvestable fish.

recommenda'

,ions viiich when fol o"ed give good yields

Closaly related to proser Species combination is Lhe problem of
dots rminin" the most suitable reLio of those fiJ1 for a given erre of
water. Anther prohiem is LhaL of ‘irvrouiir 3h: ‘diblfl-SLZCG fish fron
the pOpuletion, ILL; fern ponds are not being uLi 1i ma Lo Lheir “re ts st
capac'ty because, ethourh L'iey proluce fish, Lho owngr may be at a loss

"DC "lrlpiAS Melt“

A

xccnigen farm pOHIS "

part of

C 5‘

Species in cembinaLion and
harvcs*in3 eflibLe-sizcd f’

thi

trap svitable for
strucifi

iL farm The rel:

pond s .
coneruction are

were dvvised no informs

avail able slid it is hoped
will help Lhc pond owner u

Lo harvest Lhe
orvzzL

(.J

all i

y..-

'7. 1

ish from

C‘
b.)

ion of horHe-iade wire

ive cfiic

.4.
ul 0:

osired portion of Lhe fish croy.

!
4.
l

:'zvd Lo :sLablish suock 'ocoxnenuguions

v

Lo find suizeb e reinois for harvesting

s report is con :;ned wi_th refiios

}-‘-

Lhe sscond part is cone rnwd with methods of

J- 1 ,-
L111;

i‘ish— crOp and includes dcsigning a

purposi. Emphasisi splsccd on the con-

fish Lraps de° if zled Specifically for Operation

Laney, cost of materials and plans for

s far as is :nOWL, at Lhe time those traps
regarding hon -m‘ e “'r~ fish Liaos was

that Lin information fownd within this report

Lilize a fish crOp more fully and efficiently.

ESCRIPI‘ 1 1P ' - -
.L‘ s. LJ‘ 0?». 15.}..-4lliml r‘Ui‘ Q

J. ._

The experimcnts describefl in this icport r;ra conducted at Wolf
Lake State Fish Hatch1ry near Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Three slrrin s suply "the 1'11 car for U11 ha tchzrry ponds an. huv:

l'z

_ - - '1 -.. . .:.,. 1 .t.,\ ,
an avw age annaai hater sunowravnrw of ' 1

1
Q
\

-rree s F. Che nical :nslysis
showed that thc Spring water as high in caibonat h: ldIQSS, having a
methyl orange alkalinity of 169 parts per million. Water was main—
tsinei a5 or near ovgrfloz levels in the penis.
The surface a1eas of the ponds ra1lfe from 2.1 rcrrs to 4.6
acres, and th‘ basins slop“ graiually to a maximum d:pth of six feet
at th. overf7ew bcs'n. Several collecting ditches fan over the bottom
from thv drainag; outlet to the pcriphvry of each pond. The pond bottom
con ists of sand an” mail overlain by a layer of much in the deeper areas,
A-Cctailed description of the ponds is given by Patriarchc and Ball (1949).
In September 1949, two ponds were stOCM1:oc1with 83 large— mouth
bass fingerlings 32% ll afiult olvegills per acre and two ponds were
stoctvi with 100 f ngorling largix1outh ham ans 100 adult bluegills per
acre. One of th: four ponds (Ho. 20) had been fertilized in 1947 and
19/18. Fiyure I shows location and size of the several. ponds used in

A’erV'fi‘1/V ..‘L’.
uv-~

(F
H.

Figure I. Diagram of Ponds at Wolf Lego State Fish

Hatchery

 

 

SPRIN63

 

METHODS
Stockinc Ratios

\)

The ponds were stocked with adult blue:

 

maerochirus) and yearling largemcuth black bass (hierOpterus

salmoides). Table I shows the total number per acre ane average

tota’ Jen th of rach syncies stocked in 1949.

 

 

 

Stocking Ratios
Pond Species Total Number Average total
number number per acre length in
(acres) inches
20 Sass 180 83
(2.2) Bluegills 22 10

21 Bass 230 105
(2.2) Bluevills 23 13

22 Bass 210 100
(2.1) luegills 210 100

23 Bass 464 100
(4.6) Bluegills 464 100

qw um aw aw

 

o
/
Draining Operations

In September 1952 four ponds were drained, (Figure I). Water

flows from th- nonds thourh outlets into concrete scifid n" boxes which
A t,

are so 002 str1c ed teat they 0' n be di- Jidcd into three separate compart-
ments by means 0; scr cons. One Win n; box scrv s as a catch :ts: n for

. ..‘1 ..‘ °-'-1._.:‘1 0 -~ ,1 - .1 Lu- ..-.u': '
EDCVCI‘LL'. “Oil-(is 1.1 U11 CO-le HI“). . O-L “£761 €11 . 10.1-1LU€13.ALO\L :35, V' L 1er L18 L14 ‘Jii.‘ 0L; JQC-D

In yelds 00:2 taininb densn growths of aquatic plants 3h
vegetation was filed and eiaunelel to ;aeil:'t ate nov nent On ~h toward
the outlet. rhis Wroeepuce reduces the nnnber of fish stranded in
collapsed vegetation. in: rate at which the ponds were drawn 1.9" largely
Mb rmizzed by tha munt01v*;atic v r,.as-on presrnt.

In previous years t‘1e water levzl low r d slowly during drtining

op :ra ions and the fish neLted in the s inine E x below the pond.

They were then tram m‘ed to tanl: tr11cls and moved to holding

tanks in the hatchery building. Cons d rable mortali y of fish occurred
due to the change in temperaturc from rrlatively warm pond water (79oF)

to the cold water in the holding tanks (52°F).

In the draininge pera tions of 19 2 the w1ter from each pond was
drawn rapidly thr ufh the SClLlng basin. Agproximctcly one half of the
total lumber of fi sh com;ng through the drain pipe were collected
immediately, loaded on taik trucks and transferred to another seining

1)&Sin s weliei with wa ter of the sane temperature. lee fish entering

lO

(1: .. .-. fl. .- J. ',..Y ° .L. 1.1. .:- r. _ _- f L., .1. .2. _ :1", '
s re" ...?0 to the 111.32 salt consent 0., .110- 1.19. she water. 2211s

IJJ

[—1.

ll

-.. t "' .7 vr *3 i' 7— r“ , ,a .— --- 'u D '. .2, - - ..- ..-?
l-].ev--*-oe. by. ;.ivc-1 a t lar. c a..1ou..t OJ. wees: into the

.L. —
s.

‘ .. ~ ‘7 . .Q g Q q :n -., 3- J—‘a — .‘.\ '. H ~_ ' —-. ‘ ,-‘- - \ - ~~ . Q
sc._n.1 JaSin .-ron anon}; : pond 1.2,--ch at sec 91.1.0 was not i.1,l..dcu in

Weight and Length Souputation

The f’sh were so; arai'e. o? into S? groups by the. use of sorting

'1 .. --' t4. 3 .- ., --v :. .4. .1- .
130...“. .lt_'l:"luS mic: (.fc'C Hr3z1ents of L-LIC 3.1 :h we: : U34: :1 an. the s lily

‘ . I 1 v , e .‘ *. “.-. ‘ - "L n I ‘. 0"L 1".-". 'V‘: . "! '-’ ‘ .
oaSin end proc..rsscr. fie...ret1r1;eeo a so erase ui.:L:..lon oi the s---.. 1-118

7303:. ill fish were weighei by sis-e elases. Z".s.12do::1 .5 1271‘s of 2210131
21.17.1711"; were esunted to i‘ i122 the nutbe'; per pound with t.2e to ml 1'1u221ber
of fish e:,1le;;le.te‘ from the total weight. 31v: n 'th*.'-‘._fll s no 217.3111; of
vce'“1 '1 nr' "1.1 we“ 1" 0'1" the “We; "‘3' sh 0:20:12‘1‘081 in the sert’anr' boxes

J n ' "" o. “ '* ‘ V "‘ "‘ ._2

l .
on~ n “\nv- ‘1"
L) V131.-- ‘_«. Ul' Lu.

n 'l. "' ' 1 ' .‘ ". " -;— I at --5 ‘3‘
0:. the one 0.3.33. 5 was F1OSSl1gl‘ in host cas:-.-s. men con-

-» 'L’ n '0 173 1 N ”rm ”3 3' q ‘ "r- ['1 0'1- xv’x“ -:«J' 1 . n1 ‘- t’ r -~
.; .5C UJ—O-~ OJ. (:4... a---‘. ..LL) OT) '8- ‘! ._ A)“- 1 -X J-..‘ V -1 .. ...l);1 ." ll .LLI UL 7 ‘- V‘ll U0 A1.) :.:)011 \S
p 1 - . .1. ‘ ., , , . .3- '1. .- J... . n .1.1. .. g '. r ... .-.. _.- 3 - - . ..
..rozt: w1-c.. shew no. _.:3 :11- an ...: 11inc- .L.‘.3Ll i. 1.13: uh --.: 51-41212. to
1“ ~ ’1 _0V _ I r A- _" : _1_ | _l_‘ I _ ’ *r'. ‘.I v .0 ...

{10 ‘JOI11_.S 1.5.1]. b0 CC)- -31“- .L‘ t; -‘-I‘1 1"! la .ffl‘ izC‘C ul’ -1 1-; 8:1 3 l ‘ ‘1') ‘To.

\ I\ “1‘;"" ‘1" ‘5" V‘ '\-_v*' f L“, * (‘
‘AJu'L “Ll-J- -J "L-Ll‘G -"~u— IA ....;3 b; .L‘--J‘.._.Lk4.h‘l) 1.952

HortaliL 0y eitlr return 10 Llie Ion:ls LS inclrdcd here mzrely to
ShOU econo tic losses whn :pond dra leng is nsei as a harvesting method
and has no beam in; on results of this :xo : m;nt. Since the ponds
were drawn quickly ant nearly a.i aquatic plants piled as tho water
receded few 518 h w r stranded in Lh' m'oLaL. R. IL was UOSSibWC there—
'fore, to obtain a fairV" accurate csciniok of total morta‘:1qysfm 1the
lo.s,s occ rring in the Gaining oasins rnd after 1 Lara to the ponds
uherc the end fi: h Herc: PCCOV‘TCd and weighea.

Table 2 shows Lh: mgrsality of eacn size group in she fish
soyuM m’i on for each pond after draininj Operations in 1952. At the
time of draining the Jo:m sof'saall bluegills (1—3 inches) ranged from
26 to 60 per cent ani the loss es of the larger oluegills (A—Q inches)
ranged fro: 1* oo 32 per cent of total we ght. As seen in Table 2, the
recorflofl loss as loss in I01d20 usich yes cue L3 incomplet: coilecLionS
:f fisii after reLnrn to pond one to the fact that Lhere was no loss of
bass in sh? holdin' flanks. 1n ail other ponds lecoiainr 0; aead

‘ --. - 1 V “ . ‘- "x‘t -‘~1' r :, v “ . ”do \ ‘ ‘n ‘r‘ r~ -. 'o “r
concinuea anvil nuns w;ie f‘ufld. in, “inn los‘ O; b,ss in Pend 22 was

12
TABLE 2
Hortaiity of fish r

. ' V ‘. A : rd s - ‘l‘ '. ‘ 1w -. a w. L.
n.1n; draininl Operation, lJ l )2.

Data in percenta'e o

 

 

Pond Bluegills sass Combined
number lo

 

small - largo total
20 26 26 52 O. 29
21 1.7 32 79 0.1 57
22 60 16 76 1.3 . O 52

23

IN.
W

10 55 15.0 51

 

‘P

In Ponds 21 and 23 the large >ass preceded the small bluegills
into the s fning basin and Her. r.movwf as thyy entered. Th re was
very little nixiny of small eni large iish. Possibly the lower mortal-
ity of snal’ lish in these two bonds, as in:

icated in Table 2, was due

to removal of large bars

In Pond 22 the fisg p.ssed into the s ining basin without

Segre ation of size groups or species. More many small fish Her

injured bv the crowdinr action of th large bass. The highest mortality
small blue ii 8 occgrred in Pond 22.

From the observations made during draining on ra ions of 1952

the following conrioions were found to influenc; mortality.

1 ' ° ' 1-1 .-. 1 2 ”V- .. .
a. Diaining a ,ond uicl y senas so s-gar Le the large from

‘P‘ '1 .1 If". .1" v v . o 4‘ A 0 u -: f‘ ,- . ~~~ . h n '
tne Sthl..ilSd. .Liiov1ng, die la‘pc>iZnJ1 Lliisii.tes the

J

.0.

d.

‘flfi ._ . ,. 1‘
L LA. I 11----.. C1

4' 1‘ F. I

1.1;; ‘ (J. .13 1

azard anfl 1010“"

”" o"’ir~"' I .P.’
swpaiaae ale larrze iron

.
CTOULZ-

rq'; hr-
IJ.;V\_.--. IJ-a- .J ‘1

groans

97".“ Q _: 1"" 1 '3 ’. -’~,. ~1ar ‘fi D 0""1") ’ '1 f.‘ (‘1‘ ; I" n q , 2'! 1 q
.'_'-‘.. .(J-:_.‘.-i;~_') 3-2.13.0 J.—-LL..~J -Jru 0.1. gnaw“... .Luu. ....x. ' - ‘JCL‘.') I10 'u ...). uL. (.2
~ . r\ s ‘L . J” 1 - u w- "- -L‘ ~. J.‘

dce1‘rf'1ncreases”nx‘“liufxrrcxubl_n anxx.n ar the

1 . ' .. .'.—‘ .2 V ‘

cotton of one life.

Y .\,- I - .‘ a (“ fl. '1 h "r 3 - r. ‘ .~- ' 4-,\ 7n - 1‘-
JLL1 caz‘ in; his ll iis. iron sernin, oiSin LO Una trucl

mor'tality
for

n “r"?

0....--“

v . ' 1 \fl
than A dcgiees

large large

9 ‘L‘

of 74 degre s F

the complete t

N -! 0
I) :11fil‘":
p --.HVL,’-

h"'r\ '\ I '-1
ereaucr L1an 4 deg: es r

W: . of‘.‘
CO; LCLLuJ. --c.

I
E H ,f‘,
._ ‘ .

ransfa“.

. .z. - ,1. .1. |
"erauare Dresser

1" (w --.' -'-' 1L (\‘Wufi- PO'\ :‘1 t-71
, . l ‘ ‘ , g - ' '
u-Ju--‘- 5—) .... .|_ L]. I.) L’OhJ w‘.( \JQ ‘\ .J - .1 J-l- '_ -4L

11 ,_ l ,. J. .'. .J.! 3 '1 r. .
r pwr near Javier Leas large blue gil ls

mouth bass (lO—l2 "no-nos) Vi t1 st nd a. cesmgc

per than s:. 1:11.]. be ss.

' .9

1 -- L , .-.. n n, - ‘ ._ _
hatc1e1r bass r novcu iron a tautr

“ ‘ 4‘.

and vrld ovlrni”ht in water temperature of 52

‘ H - ~-- er. v 1 -' —- ‘-
agu am s relies the Change

ill affects

'1-.'J

50 par cent mortal qy. tnzar

bluefills suffered greater lo re

.- .. :_ .L'. ., ° .. ..
arenas Jean in Lao sncll SlZC groan.

EXP" IKDLFAL SZUCLILG y1rios LI ALULJ JLJEF‘.Lb IL AOLEILA IOL MIM
1‘1::G-;:;-LI: e Listirogiiz U BASS

The success or 3 form ton” in producing crop of harvcs' table
sized bluegills enl bass is clos 3; allied to the initial 330 king
r ties Lfld “orblLLtLone. A3 determincfi by hell and Tait (1952), the
age so stocking of each Species in s cm) 3““1u10n hes a lerf' bearing
on 5hr length of tin; necesser3 to broorce hervcso b e si ed fish.
Stocking ratios have considerable inf? once on rate of growth of fish
and on the degree of s ccess of a species to reeroduce.

Iiany combination: of fish hove been tested in various parts of
the country. Leeheen (1952) in. surve' of the combiLe ions QS‘k in
ponds throurhoul the Uni ed “sates pointed out that, elV ocr'1hass and
bluegil s are most widely vs fl, ihrre are as nenv vs I] oth-r Species
1sed elone or in va r‘ us c01Liznations.

In Alcheme, as gany as 2) species have been tested or are in

-. 'l 1"; F' n
various boa: oi

tes ting for su7tnbility for pond culture (Suingle,

/ 0
Where Lh: water to: re irres err below 74 degrees F. the buss~
bluegill coxbination crn be r pfaced by cold water fish such as trout.

‘3 ' J- ..

3

fish, 1 Species h

cousin tion even

I C ’I
”2"“ " .. " "0’54' (‘u ’
1¢Ls‘beeg_1quloiol 1

more TTflCLlCCl

V
the

an Ciall, 1”52)9

W J. '2‘ '\ 5“ - x ‘ ‘ ‘ 'l‘ x 1 - ’0 r‘ l ' ‘ ' .
:‘JOSU WELLGIS (ll , COT-S {10330 1.1.10 13-1-1 .LOI‘ WuIrl LE1 CI‘

ave been trsted (Bhoreson, ITSE). The bass-le egi ill
Mfiou h rccomaemo'1 for the few worn rater ponds grcsent,

CCOI‘X {EC-ICOPD 11.11 a VG?" few 11183811005.

Heroic; have been tested to d ternine

.‘ I l _:_~.’1
eonbinasi bloc.

l-'-

this lam

ens for voters of

15

H.

t is doubtful that a1" combilation or any SptCl7S alone will prove
satisfactory for cvpry body of water.

Since primary emphasis on fishing in Hickigan is often directed
to capture of 1M rga fi sh, fish pepulatio 3 containing only small or
medium siz~i fis h sre less "t rac ive to fish ruen. Combinations of
bass: bL c; ills, rrgar:l;ss of rate of stocking, usually result in
an overpoyulation of bluegills. Th rciora, it is desirable to
deteimixe th rate of stocking that will give good fishing for large
fish in the shortest ti e aftcr s ocilr“ and maintain it for as long
as possibm

t has been establishefi 13y T1 ll and Tait (1952) that adult
blrerills and fingerlina bass when stocc:d in combination gch
fishinh in : shorter time than fingerling bluegills anfi finserling bass.

As a part of ihe exp rimant to debs i1ine stoc in? ratns for ponds
in H ch“~:r fo1nponfls at Wolf Lake Si:ate Fish Hatchery were stocked
with adult oluegills one fin~erling bass in the pr oortions shown in

Table I. Shcsa penis were stocked in Sop en1be1, 1M and drained in

September, 1952. Data wer1 obtained on the growth, numbers and weights

29nd 20. This pond was stock d with 10 adult bluegills and 83
fingerling bass per acr . The aver 3c length of the blue ill. was 7
inch 8 and th: Qerage lcnrth of the bass was 3 inches. There was more
Open water ans rrolei of verotation was more sisrsc through out the

nest sunner of this cxgerincnt than in any of the other ponds.

1.6

Upon draining in Scat mbeI, 1952 a total of 38 pounds of fish
per acre was recovered. The weight of each size group is shown in Table
3. The large bass present at the time of draining were quite uniform in
size. It was impossible to separate the or ginsl fish stocked from the
fell 01¢ y: ar class. Advcntitous fish present censiste:z of 23 large
suclcers (Gates emus; comgcrsoni) averaging 2.1 pounds.

The bass Spawned successrfully each summer, as evidenced by three

ze groups. However, in 1952 there was a survival of only 75 young—of-

P°

s
the—year from 348 large parwnt bass. The bass stocked in 1949 spawned
late in 1950. This year class produced the large base recovered in
1952. fl1es“ bas saveraged 1rss tlan one pound in their fourth summer.
(Stu Iable 4).

lion; of th 2? bliegills er1 "1h-11‘ stec};ed were lecevered durin
draining evera ions in 1952. Several iish of the size of t? is group were
removed from the pepulatien during the experiment. 3h; removal of $3086
fish (bluegills) early in the experim.nt may have altered the rrpreductien
potential in the pond for thcre was a greater number surviving from the
1950 spawning season than from the 1951 Spawning season.

As shown in T: eM s3 and 4, Pond 20 produced 136 pounds of edible-

s.1zed blue: ills pM acr: thxring the period from September, 1949 to

September, 1952. The ",ancins crep of edible siz bluegills was higher
and the standin: crop of yeu1g—ef-the-year was lower thaL in any of the

other pends .b'Jl“ This {:3 the ozly pend which centa ined bass of

MVC‘y year class.

17
From an angler's vieWpoint the combination in Pond 20 was
satisfactory.

I

Ehe presence of snekers in Pond 29 may have infilueneed the ratio

u— y D
o.

of edible ann small hluzgills. 1s is an ass uption that their presence

played a part in this respecb, however, reports by Hubbs (1933), and

Neibe (1935) indicated that the presence of golden shiner minnows and

/

other forage LiSh interfered with reproduction of species in a pOpulation

q

and that fish with similar habits might be eXpectcd to do the same. The

a O
...

removal of many large bluegills early in the experim n for food stnuies

may have altered the usual trend toward overpopulation of this species.

Table 3
Production of bass and bluegills in four Michigan ponds.

Data in pounds per acre.

 

 

Species Pond 2o Pond 21 Pond 22 Pond 23

 

Large bluegills 136 45 63 82
Hodium bluegills 20 6O 66 49

Small bluegills 219 200 269

m
‘cn

Large bass 98 151 200 63
Hedium bass 62 — _ _

Small bass — - 14 2
Sucksrs 36 - - -

Total 387 475 543 465

 

29nd 21. Pond 21 was stocked with 105 bass iingcrlings and 13 adult
bluegills per acre. 1* ly the entire pond surfacu was covered with
iloatin: higher aqua ic vegetation early each summer of the expirimcnt.

The original bass stocked were not identified at draininé in
1952. The absonc» of intermediate cad small bass size grouds innioatod
that the original bass stochofi in 1949 reproduced successfully on; season
only (1950). There were 75 yOL g—of—the—year bass produced in 19§2

. . ‘7 1

which survived to draining. It should on noted that th: UClghv of la‘ge

bass recov rea from Pond 21 was cons doranly higher than the weight from

l9

Pond which produced an intarmodiate size

Seventy per cent (20) of the or-

survived to draining in 1952. Th; average lenv

1110.1 0.". Ult blue

_V
'1
J11»

51‘ 011.11 .

('11

U-_*

4. .J.!
€16 41.1110

was ’7. 0 inches and at rec0‘sery in 1952 was 9.5 inches. Lacs f1sh
V'T I] a (1 o r‘ 7 I. ‘L v\ N"\ 1‘.‘ ‘ ‘ 4'
spanned aurin each summer 01 tnc e14e11nenc.
There were thr e slzu groups of bluegills pr s-nt at draining

:nd one group of bass. nn'rori 19

.-. 1
[,5 he. 112s

‘
‘, ‘I 5“ . ’1
j0\1.AJL-\ :J

- 3
SPOT €1.01”) UCIC l“CCOVF‘.-.‘C‘(_..

.J.»..J “7‘:- _O DQCIS $.11

V’s large

bass av«ragod 11.8 inch 3 3rd ;ne 1arge101uogilis av.ra:ed 6.2 inches
(Table A). ibis is sli,h;1y 11ss than ;he av.rage for bluegill and
slifhtly higher uL-n the sv;rag- for boss in Pond 26. In Pond 2U, «ven
though the bass vrve V“ry nearlv nae samc average l-ngth a those in

 

I'

Pond 22 and 23. Ponds 2 Ltd 23 were stocked with 190 bass
fingerlings and l'O adult bluegills per acre. In Pond 22, except for a
31'11 are near an; main drain box dense mats of detached floating hi'h

3 1 L;
aQHatic plants ccv r d the entire surface. Pond 23, the larger of the
tuo pores, na1 for r a1 at 0 plants and afforded more opcn rot .r for hoo-

(h

Pond 22 prodlced the g‘eatas; por g: of Iish of this xrerimwzu
’iilding approximately 543 pounds of f "h oer acre Jaca -ee pond was
drained in 1952. The ba 3 showed tfie nest growth in this pond ane

produced; o;Q in 1950 and 1152 and none

\7'

yi 1ded 14 founds of smrll bass (voung of—the—

in 1951.

e

rs at draining,

2O

00. ooo .00 .00 o... 00. Comm 000 OUHAwH

93325
m.: w.m m.o m.m .... o.m m.o m.m Human
00.0 0.00 0900 a... 0000 000. 001—“ mofiv qPHuWfivOflH

<.NH m.HH ©.Hfl N.HH <.mfi w.HH b.o N.HH om.mH

......de
Fr
«.0 o.m H.: :.m H.o m.m 2.0 H.m Human
e.H <.m H.H m.n 0.3 o.m u.o m.e gases:
q.m m.o N.H 0.2 e.m «.0 c.» w.s sauna
urflflutzfim
m.om:o nozomfl noocso nogeaw .meosSo 3.:ocm mouQSO nozosfl
mm egos mm exam -m seem a egos nonoogm

undo:
fiewwzofiz Hfiog EoAH Coaue as: :nflm mo nzmfio: fine enumefi oudnz>- .< omaea

21

. $11

I stocked in Pond 22, so

Table 5

Date concerning bluegills stochel in 194} and recovered at draining,

 

 

Pond 1919 1952 Percent
Number Length Number Length Survival
(inches) (inches)

 

20 18 7.0 O 0.0 O
21 28 7.0 20 9.4 70

22 210 7.0 as 8.2 42

23 464 7.0 52 8.1 12

 

The combination of 110 fingirling bass and 100 adult v'uegills
per acre tested in those two ronds showed a composition and yiviu in
Pond 22 very nearly the same as in Pond 21 which was stocked with 135
fin erling bass and 13 adult bluegills. Ev.n thou h st cked at 52; same
rat: as pond 22, only 63 pornds ner acre of bass were recovered at draining
from Pond 23 as com cred to 200 pounds nor as“? of bass from Pond 22.

(Sr-:6 table 3).

-'L1C-'.". congres; non (;V_:'; whiz; as

I flag I; n IOPULAIIQE

L3
y.

F?
(

hi
:1
<4
(..

U)
'1‘:
C J
H
U}

‘4‘,” L -- “— ,1 A' .7 . -\ ,.,. I r :- r I \~ . 4‘. x .\
Ponds "nuclei a equal ra us SJUU a SICCo dtal Ll 'erfiulOfl in

-1, ’-.\ .2.' l - “,fi ,1 ‘ ...!- -.h -10 ' . a, .. .‘ ' ‘ ,‘7. -1. 3..
ccnoinacion ar~ eonSiaerea. A pale oi b.1s variation is ale UO she pond

Indian an? f rtilitv. It is therefore not Leasible to attfnnt

“ 1‘ 7' u . D ' ‘1 r‘. ' - . .-~ :' ‘. ~, 1\w "L -. Z‘ -. -\‘-’-‘ “'1 5 -,-, “I ~"- . ' ‘ 1". 4-
811...] £18 01 EELS-f V'm‘ch,1-PS uklb 18.51.01? '..-.L uh; WO-nlliaulOZ'l 1f]. 1“,-..‘3 “CC-u t0

‘LJC
.‘75
d‘
"S
I
’1
f3
I..J
m
C
lu—Jo
O
7'3
"I

7 ’n l -1 I" ' I: ' . -. r .
minag acne of Michigan non

u° ‘ 1 ' v-'.. . . ,4- 4 a 3
«,nlps between snaelos 33H LUthfn groans Lithin soecles.

is is relativclv new, and as yet critcria

/

1 J '

3' p' 1' .I 3'." ' “, "‘ "' 0‘” 5" .1" V 11‘1“--l , r h’V V ‘ ’ ‘a’ I
a , ,7 1 : 111313. .0115, bL,-tz.;€~+:n harassed and 7.812)“.-Ldl'lC at ,owmlations hath not

"~ ’\ .r \" -‘-- ‘~. 3' ‘.
Lav» neon set «b UnlCfl Snow

balance in a p yula'ion. Swing-

In the South, through the efforts of Svingle ct. a1., criteria

limit: for ”lab rs a”slnel to be a favorable

'lo coasiccrs a no ulation in balance when

0 I
j (‘V‘

year after year satisfactory amounts of ha‘v stable flan e a present in

u.

accordance uiih the oasic fertilitics of th. bonies of water containing

Llfse populations.

in"

The followinr interpretation of results will parcld come from the

ia of pond balance firepos.d by Swinfle, which are:

E/C ra io — ratio of forage to carnivorozs fish.

.fi 3"

'r -‘<. . . -p p ‘ ’4‘ " I. ‘fi.-.~v‘ ‘1
l/C ratio - ratio C1 100a awa-laoie to b&:“,VOTOuS f

li0

sh.

At value - percent of total weijit of pepulation composed of
fish of harvestable size.

E value - forcent of wei ht of a bejulation nomposed of that
species

total pepulation of a SpOCiGS of

d'
O
*t

A, I, S values — parc~n

large, iLtlinediat-g: an‘. small iish.

Production in ELIChi 3:1.1 Pads 0 v1 r a Five year Period.

0-1 ,3 -n o a A. . O _ _n_ >0 3 ' _ '. ’ ‘ -3 a ...u‘ .1. . I (-1 ' - .
111.: _ollow.1_:.3 in... 0.710. .--on concurred m. a. the 19x... .1 .a 1 )43—1'

.._ .° . ,1 '3' ”..., A \ :‘I.1 w 1‘ ~ h A! '“n .
prod 1.01101 in Po.1..s ...:O ...-1 r. co...es -... t1... 1.....- 1.111%“. on by Be} -1 an; 1 at

A..." c1 1 /. ..1. —. 1 ' ‘. .-..- , .- . 1 ...-L;
(15-2). aole o 0:101:33 .1 m at: 0113:: i 431 beaker- spc .--os am. v.1- on.

3‘ _. .~ 9-1 '9 _ 7". .1 ‘ A r (‘1 r} u), ':_' -.. t A -' v. ‘ ,'<‘ f: ... Y
Sp-.c.-:.., -LIl ran s .20 and .21 lair m1~ gears 13' a taroin 1932 and ..1

D.‘ r1 . ".r ’7 0- I‘ ‘ '. q ’
ior Pom-s 22 am 23 ...:c also ineludel.

In tnc spring? of 1947 Ponds 23 an:‘. 21 1-3ercstocked each U1

in

w -1 - “VO 0 . - . n . -‘- 7- “.A f‘ .1 f I“: 1' 1 w L“. \ r ‘ I'
“:1- co- ;1;.~ oi a in o.pw:1...~.-I‘ 194.) 3.1.]. 1...v'.‘ lien welc 10-...1ned to .te

‘ I .- .. ,. ‘«‘. pa. ,-‘ '\ . ’5' 1" \. Z ’
DOLCLS f1 0.1 w'.1- uh fury can». . In S...f1t.11..}cr 194’) thee-.1

._ .... .1. 1,: ._:...- - .. ‘_ ,1 - ,ar 1 4 . ..- _- ,
\1I‘81110u. m, .1.is..~,1..-. Petr: 2") was restocxex I]. U1 lo) oass 1.1.1.};“1'1111 3

GET“ .1- A ’5’11‘1." 1. J" 2""; .10 I c' rt,- .rr‘: r'h'" “‘5 ‘-“ _ " .r- 7' 3‘11 ~ on" can" ‘ ‘
LA.¢. .6 -h') (- gt. .4 3.) "“(IC ...-.- Ll . .LAI- IJ ‘,--_: .L‘I {J 3.1" \ VL-Z 1)( l O... _ -- LILA |Dk 4. L\ VJ- - .- 1

21!. -., . .3 -v-_- , :v .1. . ,. -
--:o /C ..a is, w;-:r.ch is a rasio of .110. total we. 31-; of all

.2 I .J-, .2.‘ .1. .x., . _.' -.'-' n 1 z . If H 3 1“” ' .
flew. .1 c .o..11 .-r«_v._;nt. 0.: a1 ca; .-.-101:0. s 113.1, ..s a: rived from

dividin" '51.: 1-rr‘:7-:—:Z-t of bm'cills by the whifft of bass recovered from

the pond

Pol W11 m1 hips botMCC:u species end betr'en 3rod)s in fish

auctions in rxyerimoroal nonds in Richigan

 

 

Pond Ioar F/C Y/C At E Values A I 5
Ratio Ratio Value Bass Bluegill Bluegill Values

 

20 1948 4.0 4.0 20.3 19.8 80.2 -.6 .... 93.5
194;) 305 202 {£1602 2206 704 3‘,§-05 6505 o o o O

952 1.1,. :\92 69.0 Z'rSoO 54.0 71-00 1003 13.2

21 1948 2.0 1.7 26.6 31+08 6501 5.3 00.. 91+07
1949 2.0 0.3 62.5 2.3 67.9 54.3 31.7 14.0

1952 2.5 1.7 37.4 «3-7 71.3 12.0 16.1 71.9

22 1952 1.5 .9 AC. 39.4 60.6 19.6 20.5 59.9

G\
o
...!

23 1952 4.1 31.2 13.9 86.1 20.5 12.3 67.2

 

Swingle found t1'1c dos rLble r.r"e for F/C value' to be be con 3.0 and
6.0 with values below 2.0 indicaiir3 overcrowding 01 mass and v0 uos

above 10.0 indicatin3 a larrfi pOpuiation of meoium.ani small b1ue3il].s.
Ir M:C‘1:an Ball (1945) sunmirizinj data from thr 0 natural lakes con-

} fa _1 - _q 1'“ 'y _o 0 ~ .3 -. _-_ o . _: _ ' _ o q .( .- ‘ _ 3. v . 1
side o. co “axe flea po;u avious in which a1- fiddC—fisn comeononts LOIC

y—c

ov- I'ura 1".“ -~ r‘ . I " "‘ - * 1‘*- ' . I ‘5". '1 ~ ‘A r 'V ‘L -\ ‘
Cro - a0 an av rage raqu lOde him F/C ian3e to be aeowcen 1.3 a1c 1.6.
=.s C «n+4 c 1 an .S« a .4 q... -x¢r 1 a

1.- .1 J. I 1110..) 8.1.01.-- 1111. . 90.11. S '.'.'_ l 01°10 -I1L€CL WJ. b. . Jays

3 ‘1‘. '-_ .' ‘ O .—.-O fi' (1 v ‘ ‘ .14 3'“. _‘ - ‘ 4-. 3* o 1'“ .0 -R 5‘5. vs ‘fi .
U100 one cicoption oi Feed 23. Altnocgu .uo goods ased in unis eigoiiMOau

. .m- .1:..1 .. .1
we 11.5.11 01.8.11 L-Ifla't

(“‘3
)
4

...}
3
*‘5
_1
I
1
C;
C.)
. J
l
x
O
’J
£3
C)
V)
1
Q
1‘5
C3
‘1
L)
U‘
1‘“)
1
U)
L:
(1‘
O

is presnnea o0313a01e in a iuaaccc rorh.aoion, there is every reason to
believe that in fine near future conditi ms :oulfi favor a large production

borne OU‘ by tho. suum. f of 32 1akcs poisoned in

O
1“)
0"
- J
(3
I
I J.
H
_l
C
0
F:
:3.-
DJ.
0
*4.

25

Table 7
Weight and number of fish p.r rare in ponds in

I
3‘. 10083 SlVC‘ 3'0: LI‘S

 

 

1948 ' 19/+€' 1952

 

Blue Bass Total Blue Ba 8 Total Blue Bass Total
gill gill gill

 

Pounds 584 137 721 518 151 669 222 160 382
Ho. Large 16 138 1,590 116 530 161
No. Heliwn .. .. ,. ,, 415 593

Ho. 311.11 14,500 275 53,16“, 1,160 5,225 3.4.

 

Pond 21
Pounds 178 88 266 161 76 237 324 151 475

No. Large 17 155 430 133 291 192

He. Medium .. .. 692 .. 964 ..
ho. Small 8,700 390 2,800 193 35,441 ..

 

Michigan (Ball, 1945) of which -nly one lake had a stunted bass pepulation
but lakes containing pepulations of slow growing and stunted bluegills
were co men in the state.
Ponds 22 and 23, OVen though stoczee at the same rate (Table l
bowed a wide difference in F/C values. It may be that spawning success
influenced the difference in values rather than predation. From

,

observations made during tee sunmer of 1952, Pond 22 was found to contain

syawninj beds for

P. I

o

l.)
J

0

f‘:

l

P

f3

very little area around its :1riphery that of‘

»

‘1‘. ‘y -.'—n t‘n m~
"n 0311...) J 110-1

..A.\,a

1 , T a 1 ‘ ‘
Slepeu So Una:

1 -—
, \‘
‘l
5.,
(1

1.2.1,,

an n‘r- “1‘1‘fl
VA;

A LOupL l.LL.. l

, n - J
dcY of co Pref

I"?

ll

...
{.J-

'1 ‘: V 'L: w ‘I “ h‘ 4‘. ' ‘n a v
S C‘3.’l\,‘._‘- 45.01,]. CI J. b...‘ L31 K-Sx'11C"; UL '-L-..'1’1

Fri ‘J“1;tn-x

.-‘\ _ ~— .' u_|‘
' 2:93! 81.111111).

IlOI‘fi)

I

.C‘
“r

V ..P '. .3-
US if" OCC‘ll‘i c1; «3 60

1V
.5.91

"i

.l

.‘I _ ,.,. ' .‘ ..'_'. ‘ .
acne. -;1ei 6H0 an- ov

STOUDJ o

.n 8 to 10 f In Ionl 22 the

...-l.

cov.red the the bluegills

C031 Ct]- 61011 1401110. L'ZELVL“

H-
0‘

U
svavn1n;

ska} ”lorer'a

‘ 7
"n .__
V‘... A‘i ~

33.07.? ('36;

dcwta

J‘ '
:_,-vr

Wis rile

1" ‘ '-. - v v ‘ t w , I -. J‘ Y r.
eluc;11-s "Tl; ob321v: d in MA? s

C::fl..l:i-1-.fl CL CO:.-‘8 ' 5".3- r) "j 1. ‘C

of nests

aper water than

freratures wer‘ not taken

thw *a‘
Al'

.Cd!0\f.1‘,

-5”
AI-\

{:1

f”U if

pounds of all thos:

WLS a

£1 I‘CL

or ale
aquati c
l'lOV'.’

be

.
7"qu
, v.
‘

...,4‘...’

t—‘L- ~‘_l

OV’I1

icd_.iduiis in the "F" group t1

-1 ~ on .
rajia grep oil to a

Ivclm dcrp layer of

,, , , v-»
S “01': Lfl

of aquatic
Llaan to clean

.a w-\n1 fl )1
L)

_ ... 11‘ UP I‘ a)

I
q-fiA-r.
I114 LO

who evei,

1
A.

.-
.'"'SLS

~/

fir‘
ELL),

I V I
[1?» V" '

v g tation completely

d1

0
., 1‘
-...A.

:n no better than

f‘ r - “-u
ior s1asni n SlO)C

cl r: a: - ad. ul t

_" ‘
11 ‘

...‘g
\l

ajority

L!\

Laue fell!

deep water in

sh owe d

SS:

.2! _ an
at; Po .uiy

a reouired

5

es the t:nper t r

LL

.«j
(ed

1. Aft‘.

V‘.)\

S

W*r: depositcd.

I
'3"
.Le)

the y/c ratio.

1,.)

QU-

are saall enoufh Do be eaten
Sp'ClOS divid d ty'thw tota1.,ifht ii the rounds in the "C" group. The
youngnof-tWe—year ar usually e.nsiir:13 the "F" gr up.

Swinglc found the [/0 ratios in balanc d nonds renerd “r n 0.02
to 4.8 and that between 3.02 and 0.5 all "onulations sizeuld b. considered
"tenforarily balanced". This sitm tion existed in Pond 20 in 1952 and
in Pond 21 in 1949. D rinf the three yccr p riod, Pond 23 was the only

a- 1 "... .. _. .. ,7 t ‘ ., :-° ‘,° , . -L‘, - ,1. ,.
yona anal pron can : yooalaJion waicn was above bnv dos bl.e 3:3 u, 1.0

. 3 , J. . .- ‘v .0- g . . .I. _- .'-l n a 31.1 '- * ,\
.dia 331“! s eldx: 313,11151s. Tnf_s nu iIL MIC lOafl? menus :Lalziea Imuuitd

_‘

l . . — . .
fr:u 20 009 percent of thr otal xoa“_etlon 121thc south, 8: njle

foun‘ tic ave a.“e "ngc to be be tw::n 1 —85 yercent.

"‘r 0 "3“r‘j 1 '3 r‘ ‘---r-~:‘ “ v-w.h“v‘. '.""'\t" ' ‘fi ’ ' W" W" fi“‘ 1 "" '1”: 1 11d

UV at; ...L‘ V-.- 1, ._ .3 .4: .) _ \r 0).. .. LM .. L- M S.'-u\ vs) 0.. . 1‘; 1Ow..l(".a .1. \JJ. 08.0 ..v L»;‘. . T701 ..‘1 S
i . A ‘ o " —-‘_ L‘- .o r ,. —. v. ... '. ‘ ‘ f‘ _. r... - " 1 ~ ‘ o q .c

for 0116311 8. la unis -1“ rimenf sass o LumJCS lwhh Una elm-71413 »

' . . , .° .1 w ...9. .- 1 .9 .' 1 L" ,z- ‘1'. 4. _ .
incnes lon were consia,rcn n;a L 1 edisle s zes gueruiore a :c:.cu com-

0. Data gained from three drainirf op razio;~s over

A
<

n: - .- - .. -..' _- 4. , :V. -L-. -. - V 4.} 1. , . .0 . J.
a live ;<xxr geiior :1: as» ,iczngwu1 Ponds -JMchat Ailmlt a range lITLC..) to

a ‘D ‘ 3' D Y'V‘ v ‘ "n. .3 - ' 7" "v -‘ - , -- 1‘ ‘ r~”' - a
55 L010 at b1 ear: Squ e size llSfl Jr as be :wected in seiulc ons

- - -,‘ -' 1 .
c as deuw in anlance.

”.7... ’ 4H. - . _. .3 v- Lu .. .- -.--'- -L-‘ - ' 7 -» 3 A -'~
'JI. 130 on.- 01753711.. t....0 ..O 7L. (Readily-£011 {7.3.53 OC’ .-1 l’f.!.VL-'l". b0

4

erudite Lion :11 far-'11 ponds the... to adequa- ic— Tile-£1018 OI 'z‘lal‘vm.

1 . 1 ...... °
LOO-S C-v. 118.1711 .3". 0.3.81!

_ .1. q (H . _ " f H - r‘. . ' H . . VI. _ - .. -.-
5.1.11. . Adana-:1 be met: 7.:. we 011.0. 33.32 .1 011.7; em: 1‘ ..o .10 “v. 3.

"" ' ' I . - .I‘ '. ‘_ n 'L ‘- ' v -, - -_ ‘ - , .- > 1‘ ‘n_ . -. ‘ . . .
ire-:- s-Len. 1.01133. SJ.-‘- -: 3133- 1.23ters .... L..‘.1:-.-3Ln rre «es-mus more
... - ..._ .1. .L .1. .. .. .- . , ... . '7 -:‘ '.. ., ° .:. .7 , 3.-. -3. ...:. 2.1. . .1.
1.;HeJi‘uaDu farv food 3113;. for .1. er._-a:...o1Le... .3..-- 1r; 1.. .3 .LLQJOI‘ .31... on. L.

T . . ~ . , -L P (2-... . -- .—.
ere:- as. _. 1.133'0: er. 0.- i.;..:..1 per-d 313313-9—

2. .. _ n. - ....1. .-'..-'1- -1 ....1 -- -_._ -‘ , _ ~ 1 v ,-
L...a-. -3 b n ...-a. “LL-21ZCLL 3111-. 3L. .Ix 3311-2 1.1-1-: 0. 011-3113- tne ens-nee

f or ov<--1‘—j10j111.7.atien by Ir-Loving; ..tcuLy,’ of the
va-~1-- .

1. ,, . .L..- . .9 .L', - . ..-. - , 2. ,. H J. ,1 ,1 V ‘. " 3.
L144. [LCCULCL OJ. UL-C .L‘OQOI‘LI 7.1.33? US . -.LC U}:OK..L OukL’f-".‘".Iab--.8 L10

”fin 5'1? 1
—h L‘A- AA.

'.—-.-1~ “1 3 .: -..-7 -' u .--- ‘. . '- -. . NJ.- , a . ‘ -
3:011:7- 3, '..'f:L-?J. ..LJ. e.--3-LJ..e—-_z---. 113.. 1.1.3”. .J-: 33.31.03 bed when J---3;'«.1".o end
,. .-. . r- ,
vi i311 30:10 2.3323330 :n 3330133.
1"! 1" “if =\fl7~1'0("‘!' . '1‘ (- J"; c... (’-‘ 31 ”rho-’17 7 Va , v; ; f
i' ... IJL-OC L.) L- ALL...- JVLJ l-—‘ .1..LbJ-L :JC. 0-. (4‘1.-.) illvo ‘. 1$Cz O

‘ .- . 1 2. ‘ 2-- "\
(2) a 3:211: 31" rue-v.3 uQCl, (j, r

-L- I .- -. - '1 --J— 22-.
of rev-.1: -.11 902.6. wire-“2...: , an. ....) L11 .3 or. pr.

trap 'Tihelf. ":1 3n Lenin-3:133 on en1.:111‘:‘0 "Elbert: i:‘: we

.’ ‘,
RC

(-31:10?an-

-1' - ,1 .7 - ,3 _ ... 0-- .. - .' -1 11',.V..'- - .‘

.1: :1. - 331.: 7: 3r 113113-23; used Lo: rec: :L‘tJ-elLL- -- .L 1.3-2-113 :. "s
'31 3'1 fir? A $171": 1‘." 1 "‘3“ 1(17‘S’N ' f" ("h '7 ‘3, -~ 10 i r! ‘; “'11 n “Lfl1‘l‘""~ '1 " 1‘11
i-tel-)L’1v‘\i \r‘ UCJ‘~-L—‘I'- -...a-J- ’ - llvd 0-!- U... -L IJA A .—1 - A0111C U ...- k) Lad-one” V04 ~U*-;...l$.| . A'.“

7 ' ,

TIC’U‘LOC as 5. :-.LL: 3:. .a'. for :“2'101 ...-13 ”he 11 mbc er reeui rel at the 1.332%: 3 pond

‘ . t ~«‘ ~ "3 4—3 ‘ r‘\ 1" - (1 “I" '1’. . '1. p. 1" ~" ’ ' ". “(i
0"“ ICI‘ -‘z‘u LL, 1181 - k. 4-.) |).L‘()C S.) U110 C‘ L--.b1C-S- .ZOU’. .L lull U' --. I‘ 0Z4; 1.. ,
'2 ‘1 n ‘ "\ .“--- - I “'1 , ‘ - ’7‘ - -~| ’
CCDNLRS e. :or :.mov1n, a ewsirem nunour 01 L 333
table #33.

-~ - '\o‘. co - A]

C- -.)“O 77.0"?) {7.-.}..i‘ZC‘LlV' 811C:- 0113

}.J-

I} ”I (I! “‘7' - N o -\ § ‘
ven thou-”h 31'..;.--L1.1.1-;‘ 3. none

L' -1

34-1.? 311-] “\n on?! '" (\‘YD‘r, r“ ’ "w' ‘1 OJ‘F,.I ‘q- 3 ' r-‘. y: ‘A -.‘n-s,’ my flier. 1
k . ‘UfE1CC..\J.~ --«i... . l) L! ..L:, .~..O CI"- ’- '_ -.L .l 3411.. '22:... .2 q... l

V‘ '1-
f 11 u'LlC

2
' , ..L:;~° n .:. . ‘.. .‘-,. a . ' ‘ ‘u. °\ .: ,. . n . . .‘ . .. . . 1 '1 .,
31.5 u-l....lel “:41 3.8-; fl ...: ...; :; I." V. ..ILI ,L;l-;.2.;:3 u. 'TO.... 0..“ 1(..-.W.’ 11171-”: Lil
r~.*~v*' q. " ‘ J'r -."-" r W 1 - - .. ~-- - .7 \ .1 ... ‘ -' -‘-‘, 1“ ~ 0
11: “1‘. ' _ {7.1 -.101‘ u 1....1. ,u _l.:; {12! L2 '3 ...""0 ‘.“)SS 1." l C O.“ uLIC_ T) “' -O“' Us.

33 p ‘ n " "fl'x “(1."T‘ -"' ‘.’ "‘ (x 1 Of‘ f rear" ~\» '3—(1 - 1~+5r3 \ 14‘H ‘f‘n ,-,r~<r<n--r -'~ V5
L}.- J r.” .J-- 41-... 4J~‘- - C(- Li ' ’ ’~1\I ”Ob-)0 O ”Lt-b.) U4-¢’i Lad al’lbL UJ-fiC/ILUU ¢-‘.4C\A$JL)C‘ l/ .LJH‘.
~ I ‘ ". .1 . - " "Y ,- a ‘2“ “fl "' (\q 7“. .fi , '1 if 'I‘ " '1'?

the foo» enu_n (3010’l cc_aJ UJU KVOU a bf LMC :;¢11 +LV‘ raiw*"zch UV one
‘- ‘ f.
I Olli‘b-J.
. .;. .1 . .ru. “ 1 , - . p .- 21, .2. 1.‘ ..v “1 ~- ,., .. ,
AJLO “Cr -..C UL 0.1. (3]. 510... J--(.‘.». J." \.-. KS :zlk- b 12:1 v11 C“ . 3-0”, 8 8.. 1'1; ' QI‘
_ .L _ ‘ ,1 ‘ ..f _. , , f‘.? -..V , .. " 1‘ ' .'. ‘f _ , - - V J ‘ .' . .. _ '.‘ “
-‘7‘10. '4‘ . .V.;C'.‘. CO‘ TLC "C _J- - .L __._. ' .-'3.1~’ 3. {cl uCl ., QC; ‘lx ”S :3. uuiL . -1 met.
‘73- “ H "'\-I 1 ‘ w' 1- ‘1r'"‘ 117' ‘\ ,- ~ I In "A t "“7“ M)!‘ '1‘ r'I‘ fl 1'"‘ ' 0""
14-k’ in. V r..-°" «.44. L I.u\u_ .1...J “av. SAJGI‘” (1.]. 1': .xl fill L/J Vu 00 u‘. 'C‘V ~ ~“J. 0.... .L
4‘1. , .- «'- . L~r : \ -. V n I a J“. ,\ s — .A fl" ’L a '1 .
LI-;J f3 0.. VC‘I‘TLC -°.' .17. ”.8” ml).-- ' Cl l 0U 01 ml ILOJ. A‘ Cu. - .Un u, ”38 "..." S x. um “ole
0, D . .‘1- .°‘;" .- .1. run. - -‘J. .°. .-.,‘v '. W .-- r .
I or .L (11'; ,0: ICE" ...) . i1- ”2.-., 1;: u, .L‘, .'- 1.1 b, 33.4- , (zap. LITE _. l C u c'.‘ ‘C', 40 3.
"0 "‘fi: ~A ---"~ » .3- a .77 -. nq‘ ‘1 r f' ‘1 ‘ q-nv- (‘3‘: “ r‘ 3‘: n .\-- .fi,‘_,-, v~ HrQ r‘ T.
\Jvr\1\_~;.-" .~U{ IAU, l)" ' .Lx’-‘;-l...\/' .~ ‘DJ. .1C\ 3' 's.) J—Llo; . ..- J. L).- ..-. .LLJ. ~ 1,-On—x L). ALOI‘ICV or,
. —‘ a— - - -'- .1 J 1 - - ~‘ -V - . ~ - - A j 4' ‘ . n r‘ J- . ~
as W11 bu ; lhqu wuu, U“QOSHTubIO CLul‘ll'S u~flL uo rexuco Op “uul L
f,“ ..' ' __
C f,c inc .
l.
o“ H ‘ 'L . -\ 0:. ~ 5 -: .- r- ' y ’ 0-: '1 u w — ---. '- -: -:- a
{wall 1-0 V 18 a 1mg-“ 0;. C:bD..--1' 110.- -f,..hf‘ -. 1" ,-.-CC,L,.J’ -LI'l 11C DC; UCI‘
6T" 1. "'fi r-j fir! ‘l':‘1‘ f”; :31 -? for} - my" .~(~ (- 4517 ~rr n "— 4" r\"‘.-~ ' '1 hr! ' wr-l
W .(.L on _J_,I‘1k I. 248-} UAAI-a i -... Al 4.11 I.1\;L¢ A 01) IA-.Ln‘ .0 8.x.) UL4\,O .. LIl KI$ALLJB JO IJQ~§354 .-.‘I‘OI.L“__L‘1 .
‘. w " J' ' ~rn- ‘ r‘ . \‘ .~ .vx . a, q u I ’, - "
C141 uCuS arfl Cnl‘flnlvfl ehd Hue“ luerperxg Cij for o;orioratc rapii7 f.

t"
5..)

Control over the number to be

0 Q)

a

Sine most f fihc

vvr'cia 03 .e anoant of

"1‘25. 73.011573 only \-.' er

tort firquxi of time.

11“.:

HU Ll(

Fyke nets are consbrw

I
a"! 1
“. at..-

3d

captured in a well-pepulatcd pond is d1

. .1-
0" , nu.
u. Of L) 0...

-10d h Q10 short ti t entfi‘g

4. _
\IL)

F. .‘ .1.

.1. ‘ ' . ,. 3...“.
wasvo LM_M3. L111 . ‘TCJLCRl

14.
3.4. O

130

;‘(\

. 7arg‘ ifsh are r.movad OVHT

no
.1..L

'Ialleuds

extendiny 0L,Vdr* from the entrance. A fg“o nst has a funn l shaped

é
entrance loaliLy to Ibo insii of the trap. wficu of th-; offici¢ncgr of
.V. '. .° , ..'. fl ’1 A _ " O l .t_ 0 f , - ‘ - o _v_ o v_ .0 c .-
.n L Vrup g-pcr ds on SW1 1 1n sautlng. howov:r, {gailplcs Uu_Ch limit

f...

JO-

30
its use in 11:33 pond are evidcnb in the cunbersone size, comparatively
high purchx s :3 cost and tie inability of th: pond on: er to manage
setting Operatiels frin the shore of the pond.
A sein may be used in small :1‘eas of water where fish are con-
ntra ed aid where relfi ti v ly little frovth of aquatic v getetion occurs
Since thesr ccndi ions seldom occur in farm ponds and since one H alone

‘..L

i a pond owner would consider lb inadeex ate as a

y.)

cannot Operate a seix
means for harvestiri a fi’ sh crop. Seines are also cumbersome, expensive,

and arr subject to re id deterioration when imprOperly cared for.

eh

A trap net is an impounding device and may be celm tluctel of cord
Jebbing over a heep franc. Tile fvgs not w: th thc lon3 leads removed is
often regarded as a trap net. The qualiti that limit its use in farm
ioncs are similar to those of the fyke net and need not be considered
here. However, of the several metLods described the p1 rir ciple of
capturing fish by impoundment appears to be the most practical for farm
pond use . In order that this could be determined by experimentation, a
'neeesscr; part of she pioccdare was to desi{: a trap apprOpriate for
gaining the desier inform s1 01-. Ni: poultry netting "as 81:180th

the basic Hater ial and sev rel wire fish t“sps were constructed.

.- 1 n _ 1 4.: ~r- ~1- «L 1-
Des13n ani s nssrucs1on of hire risn iraps
Q'm- ‘ n - . v - . > - ‘1 ' i - -« ‘J. 4- *‘°
3he e erilenis her» ear‘iee out at the wolf Lane beats r1sh
: 3 ' .- _o _'_y ’_ 1 ,- \ f. ,v .3 .~ ‘A o J .. . ‘ I‘ a v v ‘ ' o v ‘~ J. _ o _.. I .
Latcn-ry 1n SoucA11n “1c; gin. Firsi abbthlon was given 0 dealening

31 traps of pea? try netting inc rpe*atin3 the desired qualities for

cffic‘ent and practical use in 1arm ponds. ”he following fa. tors were

considcrud. (l) EXpens c, (2) ueirht, (3) s11nl‘ cit* of dcsicn, (4)

J

-'

silecti vity for edible-sis d fish an: Specirs, (5) ability to retain

"D

is as ble nurbzrs 01 fish without harm for several hours, (6) maintenance

('1

8

1d, (7) ability to oyerat« in water of various depths.

ql
‘1
C
t
{.1
*3
1
$3
0
:3-
(+-
*1
p:
*3

' . ‘ f- r1 ’11. *“I ' " . ’. ' *7 'q (1":"‘
Infezart on 3.3a1e1n3 e11ic1encJ he s 3 nCC

f

1 1 i o o
1

try pen s UHlCh were considered similar to the averace fa n pond.

. . .13. '11- J‘- “'v ' 7. .L. ‘ 1 - _ _-. ~ . - .2“: ,_ I .L. . 1 .:.
Immediately 1 1101-.(1113 cnc ces15m an. co.,.strucu1en, sac: 1,rap'..rs_.s tested

DA 'L‘ . ., ~ ~‘. “1-‘,- 1 -. -’ ,w -:-‘ -. vs ‘V'L — r ‘ -: n 1‘ -. .

1 or bi;(. d.::.11 J. qr- all sies so are c 0:3-.{1'111 t.-. hens. 11:. t 11.1 ur1al 1d
-. ”J31 d ."-'1 h ' 1 . J' ' 3H 1 'r‘ ""- '1“! 1. i "v .1 " j ‘ ". 1 '1’” ’1"? ‘ ' '0

error -.1". 10' . FYI ”.141. 1.. L.)- C . -CLLl VlL/DJ .. of» p-.~-.~171...]1.bt C LII-I1 a. ‘.. QC; 1. L11 1‘“. - OJ.

Oraptavility under eev rel differ nt pond con1_s1ens U13 poss: ble. Seven
types of wir: trans "rr; and; during the St' r of 1952 erd of thvSC, four
of the nusl practical a‘e Icscribci in d tail.
, 4 and 5 show the fonr traps 1w1<ier consideration.

1

- ' J - H . 1 . - .. o 7'. P'.' .‘w ‘ 1
ares; Meeg , fri—Ro, £1003, an: Dian, were glJCH the tlaps

k

v"

The following n
at DAG time of co- :3 ruction and are original. The names were derived

from the shape of each trap or from the cem1i ensation of ts vores des-
cribing p.rts of a trap. For exar>lez Tri—Ro is a condensation of the
words triangle and round which describe the 310-0 gi1m n the wire at the

"I
A

two ends of the trap.

32
The basic material required for constrvetion of wire fish traps
‘ J"

consisto 2O 3auge one inch hexagon poultry net in3: iour icet hi

1

roll 01 s on; cord anx several sq are- feet of one inch mesh, No. 24 twine
fish ne+tin3. The poultry ne tin3 sh uld b- of 3alv:.ized wire on; inch

mesh siz to allow ’ we no of nonedible—size firn and letain the edible-

J

c‘~ Q ~ ‘. -' n «‘1‘ "a "7- * . ' \ '2 ,~ 4 ,
sh. Anr less resistan haveria" wonld deteriom e too rg _i_1ly ey

better but C10 cost may be too hi h.

bedgp trap. Figprc 2L. ?hc traw consisgs ”SSCnLiallV of a cylinder
of one inch hexagon poultry netting four feet hi3h and 23 inches in
disneter. in indentation 17 inches deep extending the full length of
the trap anywhere on the pe rifi11cry of the cylinder s rVis as the lC“Q to
the entrance. night inches from on. end end at the base of the indenta—

tion an Opening 5 inches lon3 and 3 inches wide is cit from the U;“C and

n ranCr: to the inside of the trap. In the TDd Opposite the

u
LJ
l _J
o
r“
..
CF
’1)

entrance an oval shaped section of wire eight inches by fon~ inches is
removed and cotton xcesinc lacC(3 OVcr the Opening. The center of the
webbing wten cut and stitches with stout cord may b1 Opwdnd and closed
much as a string purse and is s means for removin3 the trap contents. A
stout line twenty feet long attached to the eni nearest the entrance
facilitates settinc and r tricvin3 from shore without entering the
water. -As1in3le row of cork buoys laced across the trap teps . Sists in
Mfilho.-nl3” an upri1ht pos ition when the trap is placed in the water.

Tr L-Ro trap. (Fi Tare L The trap body may be made in any

reasonable sizv depending n the de'1res cf the pond owner. Ba siccl y,

“1"‘11'0 2. Ned. go trap

I) ‘

 

 

W9

 

3:. mm; mm 5:

5

KL)

I ‘ ‘fl' WA J‘r‘f",."‘ ‘ . r -. "" -\ ' \'~" ‘: J" . '~ ""I ‘ ‘ " . ‘fi -“'“
tncz_1oin1 can 11 qy blag 1n1 4'n1. fi) -11 bflli) 1:3) -:L1eni.€n.e C51111(11ical4 1he

r‘

- -: —- r-‘I. 1" I. v ~ '. .l. . 1 ,-- 1 - ‘ ,-~ w" .‘ J" u J— . A . k a ,7 '
n1nde. bion is yre1aeeu o; causing 1 l nrtn o1 LOUloTy mobbing & 1eut

' ‘1 l f.“

r 4“ , ’ U L ‘7 . ! "v '\ ~ 1 I ~ r C -'- 'L- 1 3 ?4\ r ‘I ‘1 ‘ "‘l
lonu end q 1tee 1:1 h. 11e 0J0 1rec CLLS sic brOnLho bogeoner one feseened

1

- . ..‘ '3 "v t (I q '
J1 f, .:-1111_.V1.lue.18e; 1 "nos

)

o - ~ - -... . .fl__‘ _- ‘ W 1 1‘»: _u_.: L" ’.V
9‘! :‘(‘E‘. V 111:” u" l” _ l. 01."; ICC! D‘.’ CU. .1 olIlr" oLI‘Ollédl
9 .J U x.

l 1

1his $0113 a cylinder 48 inches high and 34 inches

:xa on shaped mesh.
in klchtu_o One end is made into an eque stersl triangle by drawing a

length of one fighth inch r;in:orc ment wi 10 exrow~ the last row of

i o n 1 ' ' V 1 l

meshes. Jhs £310 or funnel :wx'dc1 1orns one enerenee to use trap is con—

"7

strucbed by cuutinr a length of pox try wire -1 inches long and 8 ieet

v . .. “I ' '1"! ‘ ..l',‘ ‘6 '1". v ' ’Lv ' r ‘. f‘ ‘ ‘ t' -'
JldG. Elem ego eo-n.1s 01 a lidc s1dfl qu diegona1 cm? s :10 Lnde to the

f

other side so as to produce 3 erosion of' U1'1'e n V ing 6 feet by 22 inches

by 1 foot and six inches. When the two diagonal cuts are brought Leg ther

..-

funn l 22 inches lon g is produced wit! en i11 side opening 4 inches in

’1 I

O a“ ‘ '71 ‘4 ‘1... o " I. - __0 w . .‘ o 3 '3: 'v‘ _-_ . >. ‘f' _-
diameter one an euus1ne Op n1ng 2% 1m1'1ss 1n misnomer. 1113 funnel,

' ‘ ’.‘ “’\ ‘1"- : "‘1’ "‘ '.' ' J' l' ’ I r" ". '1!
Ifiunl ins«ru,n 1n emu mxngrn es en the:xsm>shxpc as

f)

01 the cylinder uh;"e reinforc‘nent sire serves as a; aneho: for attach-

’1

metro oi‘ ifin: legvxz end.cn;'thc 11nn1.l.

F?

1he end 01p0" it: the entrance is

O 1 ~-- / J." .(N‘ Q ~ I .

round end then eov red by onn 1nen no. 2.-r shine f1sn nee 1ng eon m1 ing

J.',

a p rse strin: Opening all we easy removal of trapped fish. Due to one

triangular shapv of the trap a so; oosigion is elm st alwar" taken

1 V

re Winiucgss o the gainer .y uhics it is placed in Lhr water one cork

buoys are not necessary for maintain in." an upright posigion. A long line
atbnehed to th1 fykg end enables the Operator to control the manner in

v" —. ‘ V' 1 I“ 1 I“ J‘ 1.’ "\ F 4' -.Q V‘.‘ 1 “1‘1" ‘ V _v"|__. - ‘w 1 " 7 ‘fi ‘ ¢ 1 ’1‘ ‘1 . F . O r.
U; 1.011 1., 1 1.1.1..) 1.11 1-111;; LCM/3; 1.1011 :11; 01m 11. U11 SJOI“ p.141 81-1th8 1 C U1 10": 1115

‘. "1 ‘ ‘.. ... .‘ ‘ '
V1 Kn1t at. 01 .1 0033.

Figure 3. Z'ri—Ro Trap

WEE 2 - #5.-“

 

 

 

 

$2;sz

 

 

 

 

*‘3' ' . 1‘13.-.— f1' 4.. ... - 1‘1 r- ..f j p
11100;? treiw. Q..._-.1_1'e A.) -ne trap 1.1a; 1,1- 01. any size on. ior

 

' ,1.. .,.1. -., '57,. .' n - .'- ._ 4...- .' .-— ’1 .I ( ., .. J. ,.. .n U .j.',,
in 1132 te-. 1imn.cllj LNSZth_lalS chi mnqxzarc the game he m£2
' "‘ J". l' ‘- "‘ J'f',’ " . 1" —.- 1 A -. 3'.‘ -\~" :~-. r- 4-! -— \ -:- ' . I
Lira;- We». 52-00111. quit; 1"» (1.1.1 of one i111..e1-ta1,..1.->11 or 1.11.2031, 13:13 bicog
' ,1 .1... ....‘3,. J. .1.) ‘7 . .91, " \_ fl: _‘-,.- .1 0.... 3.1‘ .0 w ,7‘
nae 11.0 ingentaiuonr, 3.11.1 I); ..1de t 1111...: one 1111-1- 1-“. g“ 11 of the trap.

-.1‘- din-1 113:3.0115 are such that a vulge tray,- eut transversely i11"..o tI-Io equal

"' " O l O O O
J

.1. .0 1 .1. _. 1- .. 1 . \ .. .—-, -, _‘ g, . ‘ .° J-’
parts ml. promuce two ..ic {, tr.._ps. 1111 012011111: ..n 08.0.1 11.11entz1tion 5

- -.\ u“ ‘ - . 1 n, .0 yr ': j A _I 9 fl --.. 1”.“ ~.-1 ' .. . 4- J.
luCHUS lonr (1110 ; inches 1.11151, o 111e.1cs LI‘UJu. one on- dilate C11 Jrence to

the inSioc. Th : end Opposite the r:11tr .nce contains 11 p1.rse string
one“"“x‘ 0': corn"; arbbinf; "or 127.311 r.:1:1ova.1. Cori: 1111 “s are not rceozmcnfied

o v I I. n g ' - a

for this type trap oceans: -; «.11 its :3. 1.11.1-1 size 1-I1ich brings the buoys too

'. .fi . ‘ .. .1. .n' , :1, , .‘i,°
near the entra 11.0 or... .1513- SUOp iieh -1011 111tozing.

14°

Drum trag. LI-‘igure 5). Th 5 tray differs iron-:1 the t-Iedg‘c and bieog

traps only in the 1110:1113 by which fish enter the trap. The c;v‘3-i1'1irr and

’\ 1 “ 4“ f I‘ ' .“ . "‘ '1' ‘,’\ 1‘. 'L
01.1.1.3 1.13:] be the 3.11.? 1111111511015. ..5 L.

111dez1‘7‘atio11, a 110.70 is cut 123 in hes long}; and 9 inches IfidC and 8 inches

from the to: of the trap-:1. .'.‘l1roug‘h this Open 115; ai'u1‘111el of non].
neuting extel‘lds inn. ‘d and dox-mt-Ierd xr'e. th an 5.111 or openin 5‘ 351' inches in
diameter. Depositc this entrance on the pcri Ihery of the net, another

cut 12: 2.1mm; long: and 8 i1nei cs t-Iiee 1’. 111010 sfrom tn: too 01 the

D‘
O
}..J
\D
1.}.
C)

1.123.} hro1‘gh which :1 11 "11311193 0.:tm1oe i111-Ia"c.. and down 1rd Hi 3}! an ;.1mer
op] ir‘n .1 3.; 1137053111 disinter. 113 1.1.111 the ‘1ther traps a stout cord
attached to the ten end of the tram fee r‘Ji itatee h: nailing; ‘I 11 “10.01 ng th

trap in and out of the 11'e.t-:‘.r. A 1‘01! e1." cork b‘_1oys may be attached to the

top end to .1elp maintain an upright position when set.

Figure 1;. Bicog trap.

    

l

u

,...m
M .-
.- r .
.K .- U,
1 w.
All:
.y k
I
. I
,f

T
.3.

..—

41

rd . 3,..1 .. .n q ..- , u... , .. a”. ... .. . .- '1
Eng weibnt, cos, 0; COLSLruct;un 9;d tluC Iqui;ed Lo ganufactuie

‘ ‘ ' ‘. 1 21‘“ . r A ' “"4 . ' ‘ 4! Hfi ’. fl ‘- “'|r wr- ‘ ‘1’“: n ‘
sacn trap L' p.0un 1n Table 8. The -il—RO tlay lo no;o “QQLQLV, tLo.

' usyfl for conutr*ction.

L! J-“ , -..-. - 1 ~ , - .- . - - '
fie ou”*;b*124fl4'oeca¢3;rxum Jaterldlxxw)

Cord webbing was usci to cover one end of the trap which filso added to

J- ,‘N w ‘ iA (q n I“ -.. - -. -| r- J- J— . ...," \. . - ‘ . ‘ - -‘ . .u -v - — -«
UHC oxpc;u. ufig Luc:ph ed uhc Uluc o; COAStTUCthH. QSCMbiln; an? one

- , 7.71..
‘5. fi 4...

cf‘

'5‘ 4“ '.‘ u ’1 . n‘ f- ! ’ ‘3
0; J30 trap; 4oqu1rcs hafl u ROJLS of

 

Fw‘
3 air
(3
t‘
_)
D
TU.
7:1 ”r
J.
Lip
.

 

 

 

\JETTlNEI

I

 

  

U;
4 .24. ,. 1 "1.2 - n j: * 2.
. Herpes, Cost and ring AOQLLTCQ UO

5

Construct Wire lisn f“8p8

 

Iaterials, cost Weight Construction

Dollars pounds time . Hours .

 

 

Tri-Ro
Wedge

Bicog

1.4
O

‘5?
L)
}_1
O

I...)
O
C)
(3
0\
ex A) p~ cs

 

one pond

oufn the air
n? in a trap
I 9

of one trap.

to another

each trap is low enough so that one man is able to
J 4‘. ‘Nf? - ‘- r‘ ' ‘0'.- "'I ~- '0‘. 4-" r1 'h 1 r“' '71 T 1'! 51 r: ' J“
=o11i and ret1_eVing egeiaeions iien sno-e qy Unioning udG
the desired distance from the bank of a pond and

to remove the fish by means of a line attached to

cog, may be transported from

3y placing it in the'trunk of a car r may be

45

11a) Location in Ponds

.2.~, .x- J- H

In fiends with bain eon.-~ or U on that slope to a depth of 0 feet

sets may be made anywhere on the periphery provided that there 18 %.fficien

.L
U

l V

depth of water to completely cov r 330 11333.

:T‘ .. .3. .v- . ~ v - _ .1.n,.. I r» I. ,.'-.C',.
. er an in Cu to a ions users the dep h 1s less than a loop OLLLTS
J‘ . e a 5 J. .. ~‘ 0 -L' T\—. .. ,.. -. ‘1 V , .- T3 . fl‘ 1' ' n. -a‘ . .1,- a"
a good location ior setting de JLUOW an; Tri—no trans. Inc nOVenenc cl
'3‘ "v’ ‘ ' 9!" r - "\ "‘ 'LJ" 4" ‘ n. r ‘1 r1 3 n . 4'7‘. .
the wage: cnu rin_ the pond S'CMS UL a tract ii n ins loci izc teem. AS

a rrsult more fish enter the traps. Drum and Hedge traps should be set

from a dock or boat in water more than 1 feet deep. Figure 6 shows

relativ. positions of two traps set in water of varying dczths.
Orainarily during summer months, a pond bottom is covered with

dense growths of aLaatic vegetation. Tlis obstacle to catching fish is

I
.1...-

li ninatc; waen setting Operations are properly carried 49. As the
is lowered into the Ha ser the aquatic plants arc eit h r brushes to one
side 0: ar. pisses ”en ath the trap leaving the entrane e unoes ru.cted and
1. Since the entrance '3 near the toy some ca-tion
is necessary in settizc to avoii tipping the trap - nto the v getatien 01d
covering the Opening to tne inside. All bet th Fri-Re ray be Sat
directly in dense vegetation. lhis trap reruires an arcs relativvly

of aquaLic verttisLon for efficient 0p ration.

Sets nav be made anywhere in the pond, ho:ev<:r the most conp

vcnient sets arf I‘iade from shore or rton a doc: .Jithoa t using; extra

Maintenance of *‘a23. A.snall amount of extra attention aft: r use

 

will inrrarc season after season of (‘tn-:n‘e ble servi cc. Hirr traps should

.5

Figure 6. Diagram of a pond showing; traps :.n a.

pk.)
1 ‘ "".'1f\ 1r)“f“fl.1vr n1 q'h’!“ L. 173-." .) 1"":‘4 nf‘a 1‘~-}‘\q—r“»] ”(u r‘“. \\ hf" ~"VD - -~\.y~, t -- -' :{fiwfi
DC U..\.'l \ 1.15- LU: V. C (... ' s .1... .41 L, H u____ _1_ U- -.'_.__IL. (1,.) 9' /(3.‘L 3.....) LIL O) 'l..-£‘) 0;)Cra JLVJ...)
- a .-. - ,' 3" \ J-‘l --.. ”'9 4‘ »' ' v n-j 1- 1 v- - — -'~<'
are 001-711. tea 1 or ULC J -.a . 1.1. a trap .LS a. lower so cry for a l ...-1.1; VI). of

3 . .1: . - . .-1— .1 2.,- -'-' -- ...:1 .1 2
time bcf ere cl -eaninr .1; 1.1115. t. be :»oL1-.-e-... .11 13.11.21, 'ullei sol..->oe<1 and rin SCd.

‘ 'LfV . 1'41 "‘ WU". - r‘ 7" t: I" 0 ‘v' ' '3 'fZ‘. " 3‘01) Ad 7‘ J-Y' ‘ 1 r‘l ('1 '1 fi-)- fi r1;'n“t t
LI‘ {1.1-11 LL... u---.'_ ..Cl' u .L 1.11: Jay 1 Lu! I). (.14. ii; 0.- 14110 ..LC'5)LIOD 0.4. {.3 .. Us) ‘ .1 UL.-- O

C)

cle sin n: cam and to corrode the trir‘ 1:11er- sears bencs 5.1. wea'iij :ccar.

'i

. ' ~ '.- - ‘ ‘L c " - a. ' ° 1": - *1 s .
Wh n cor:rosv_on .LS (.Vii_Cflu a coa. 0-. b1 {at ala...n. - pain; :..a;, be agplied

to restore the original ralvanizcd ncarance ad 71101711...) further

J __ A

" ’. “L. . ‘ .$“ —' -. a \ 'v z- j -. l" ‘l‘ 0 - '
deterioration. E L- 1111.1 pa in L is 11.,co;.‘r;.1v..:nc..e_. rasae“ than co‘cpcr

naphtha 1ate or 110'; tar ”semi-is: it is believed that the srigflmress of the

wrracis sh and produces a larger catch. It was observed that when

d'
’1
f.)
'23
{D
L -
I")
' J.

the brig-htnr. ss of the galve 1ized paint on each strand of wire was masked

by an algal 1i :0 coating fish tended to avoid the traps out I-I.Lil€ they

were 1107.! and cl:an the fish congregated in the area of the trap.

'1 r1." “3. "m -. 3‘",
13.71:? liIlnfilt '- lgCLlji'Lllg fl‘OkaLLLJ.O
"1. .v.--: ... . v . '1 , .4. -, —,. ., --,- -
ch nessina Ive.‘ iod eutendcd r0: iasu sane so caLly Segb1mbrr,

\

175a. Trapping was carricfl 0“t :Ln Ponds 2Q, 21, 32, and 23, (Fisurc

L»

1) ani was confined to two gznn“al areas, n; near shore in shallow

I

' --‘-- ”—2 ‘ 1». «\
- 1:117 tut) Kl?-'_:1..‘. 1, j .

.J
(1'
U}
(3
$14
0.
(-4

-'-A _ j v ‘ __~.‘ ‘ _-_v 0.,
{as T anc one O¥ACT near 430 11_e
W '— . .. z . \-.. .- - 9:": 1 :1 ,. - r- ,-
lNC cla, aces Jif. g n.rall; ii ace in one luCQoLOA ior several

fi-‘fr-q -'-"‘ 1 V J», 1 v- '5' ~- I o-r-L 1 1 .1->- (‘ 'Q , «hr-r“. b'!‘
{.s sheigh Caej -e1c alwads lifueo oa i3. QOMO were culmilu as elven

but in {here i1 st: es oaba were combined
'1 -:. , 1 .. - 1. 4. ".3 ., .2. V L .. 1
LlfoS Lo dot lairc the Vocal dlla cases. Iv was found

.;.v.. .z. .:. .9 .Y .- - ,. ,,-;--‘ . , - . , 4‘. 7"
.las moss fish were ca; :C 10: 7 P.X. to 9 P.M. and , A.M. uJ 7 A._. ans

_\

11")". \2- -~.' 5-H. 5". r411 pan-{-.~vrr~", 4"- Juno-1 13-4“, "A 7 '7 r; -} ‘. 4.7..3- .-,- q“:.‘ “.11?
(L4. \J ‘vrb .— y H J..LI1L.4 ‘_>.‘LU-..A. «(.J. U$¢O UJ. by?!) k". bu’lO'u—L - .a»‘ Q.’ .ILAV -..—.L’lifi (AAA-LA 0m U

afternoon (11 A.M. to 4 E.L.}. All Chan Cs 0: nL-ts to nor locati ns
11 -- o3

- place at this time aha d1;:ei.:'cs of a few ho1rs in

I
q > ”‘1 I __ 4" >~.~," _ _ o ._‘ AV
.L .11”? ull Of t .10 30 {IL-.9 L;l«_‘f*--_ OJ.“ . 131103."..211,

V'fici iency of Era.s
0:1 A q 1 _4. 1'“ 11“,, 1;,.(~£, - fim‘l t b. ann '3 {7) .7. -1 ° i nfi‘l ”'1 O
while-J 4...C.1 ulul) .4-L4J Li-u--( -.‘ b -4. O C OpCl L.UO(,-. _--- L... Sp‘.-Cl--__C LL—L C... .L
racer a root COUllir i:3-n of efficiency cannot be made in ‘espcct to

1 v Q 1 r‘.

.-.-u —-‘ 1 .. .. -. :J 1 1“,. x -- ._: i. .‘ - ‘
Inmlmrs elnarxiq ros4iasrl , ax21ch».ha.iacog magaziiSACa wmuuly

’\

'rx' ' .1 .. ..L- ‘ - ,,
rue PCQQC urao reqxired deep

‘-

ing on *Fu movement of the llS'

C
'-

" * v‘ ‘ ‘n .- -‘-'~ ~ . o -1 ,‘ ,. f . ‘ -‘ .1. .-. , fl..\"' ," ' , ..L 'r _ .J-
wat i waelcas one 2100; could 3e set in shallow Wfluul ass all nos Operase

(31; Me .ntly uni ss so set. Also, “he £531 nov d shrou3h deceer water only

("'1

at or Lain "i11¢-s 7f tht any (lat; for11oon and early aft rneon) ans old not

nual y

flun—

-T- . 7‘ , 4.7 ‘ '1 - - . n 4. ,. D' . -' . »-.'
wrap we:7 wler~e' one SHOC~ a“cas scales o0 hay: ll.9h mOVLng c010

‘
caroufis .iex.

5O

‘1 ‘1‘ 0 31.1.1

o m 04 m..- 5. a; o m 06 0.0 c o S San
eta m msfl Q Q o o o o o o 0 mafia

mwzom sfi

. gnaw omflm

OR 38 En 38m NQ SS 33 Row 10.330
gonad:

H88.

omwoa

(‘\
O

o . o o . m H o .....3 m . w a w c o

m.3 m m.mH C.u ma $.w m.@ Q 0.5 c O o omlfiam

and: sounflm ufiflfimosfim moan cozmfih uamww.sfim nmwm coauflm mafiflmosflm mmdm tosmflm.mfififlumzfim
whoa 939 9.8 995 Adam.
mm qum ,m Usom flu wmom om ccom

\

uwaoa A: was urua A: adv mom wcgzpadc guflg mo gusts: cmd92>4 .0 OHQGB

51

.«s

The catch 1

, -. 1. -' -1, 1- , ,1.1 1-1 n - v
i111W33 ed 11chle , saovi1, aveze¢_ nvmb o1 flSfl

‘. ‘ ' ‘ 1 sv‘ 1’. ‘n 7" 1 ~r' r- '7 ‘1' 'V‘ ‘
rc:1 11 a 211n1u Lo11o1 b, t1e11:31 lb po1ds.

Lho catch par dcv av trans as compared to the total

0 o 1 ." fl _____ o _‘ 7 _ ”1‘ ”_v_ ‘In’. . 0 ._
mvectablc—31zc £153 p101 nu 1h the con1s 11 d111u1ng. FTOA

She Eri—Ro trap cnpcars to he more effective in capturing

lumb1rs 01 fish during a 51v n time 111nm1 other trays, however

1indicotcd no Si"nil1cart difzere cs Cid each firep
:f catching the same number of 1ish in

o“‘__L

‘ _ -‘ 1‘ o ‘3‘. ‘ J-‘ “ ~ '
Table 10). Due to L1: sbhod 1n w;1cn one cxpc1 1 Au

J-O. J-w 04f . .fl ‘7 , A- a '1, f. ' . fl

1u1cn booJM :trap c1101o1c3 11d nagoer 01 cdlblc-
“P“ I 'w1‘“o 101711 7:1,-.1 nfi in?‘ 1114 in
(nu-dbl pol-l ( ‘IL~') l-l: ’OIJL—J-L 3)....K/ . cL‘JIJC J. I‘, CLL‘ *&~(.A>LC‘AI-’\Jk.

° *1 -11 Y 1 .. .1. ..., .2...‘ , 4.1 1 1.1 .~

l-nO can flccgn ur1as can 1rod one 1crc,3u nimbcr of

in Pond 23 unich conba1:1cd the laraooo .Opulazion of

E1
0
H
A
E-4
E2
10
}J.
:3
O
Q

on rvoir and

p O i' -5 _n-\
01 f131 1C11n

aring abundance 01 fish in Who lcr

I_ 9

riv r before invetndm1c t founu that he a undan co

the n1ul1r ca “ht per hoop trap. They also fou;*

\1

xlcct ulviuy, th' r:]a“i : abunml 113o of var1ou" so: Icics

dopuiation difftroT from the relativ; abundance of these Spec1cs

Pond
number

21

fable ll.

Pond

Table 10.

Trap

Drum
Tri—Ro
Bicog
Hedge

Drum
frat-110

Drum
’i‘ri-Ro

lillIJIqulr

1
of gays

fished

+424
\9;\

$\\o

L")
,m.

~— r T -‘—
"3 cog, ran no
. a‘ x 4‘ 't
1 gres-nu r
Percent of

total number

I

;nae of differcn o in tne

icance
dilfcrence

none

110110

none

total

n ponds

number

number
stab.0-
p 7

-‘ ‘-.‘ j v 0‘? ‘ I o ..- 2-‘_ -
wouwn on. noxun, oi 11u‘ ‘oio r“1 by traos
I
15"
1.41.

ixfl’it,

11 up A17 rm?
.7

 

Average AVCT780 nVo“
. - 11c "ah weight 10:1 [j'bh i
(inches) (frans)

a
Ho," 511‘;
(inches) 3

Drum

49.0 0.67 2o1 0
Hedge 5,65 30.9 11.30 303
Tri-Ro 5.70 . 1 10.60 302.3
5.40 49.9 ,

 

O\

7 “I
..-.--

279.2
From Table 12 1% can be soon **o* J

VLALJ-U L1

 

1v '1
‘3‘]

lour ’

I
s— a

*5

fl
gin)
‘

- 1 . - 4n.
1C avorogc longu;
did not vary

a deal.
-¢Lt of tho fis“

1 of the fish

However, 1

‘
S 'QL’lO

ale average
n caufht by th dodrr and Trl-Lo NUS 20 PCT CEHt higher
bran L508? caught by the other two traLS. It mifht be oxpectoi that tho
3‘20 o- the tray #3130. influcn‘o the ova-rage size of the £3011 cong1t.
[‘1 1 O -_' .0 ' I I-. -
1n. nicoé 1&1on 1

s alloot of * p trn,s caught fiofi of ”he
.,- 1 ,._-- ,. .v __ .' .v. 1. ...! ...O 7. ,.. ‘3 .1 . .L , .
sane averaga lon¢oh a» bum; cxuqyr,gy'uno 11—fio and “Cog: olqps
13--.; ,r I“: 1‘4. 1.111 “1.10 ,3 ,1, . ”-1.14-
Lau ..C - n.) U .11LL, 0714..-. “V51 a5) 1'! "‘I‘L; lu.
m“ p- O ... - I w
11:63 ..‘1'1-1‘10 agpoarod no 0 ;
I‘“\ ’\ J’ 1 I. I1
.L r, 11 U f 170C100 .

-‘-' m . -'.-_ ,
AIIC'J —' u!» uw

a food devic: for capturing a numb r of
olxuyoilfl
1

one on“ 7

9‘...

suckers
L) g D I(' to

ob.

, and
amount of data availa
u;‘.C"PI‘S, -13 1x31 1

L. —--..

b10 captur; of r
be .1130.-. .305; 02:13." briefly.

1 ‘ l' 1 ". 7-
lo cars gnfl sscucrs
L- 's v v O v ‘
10 Draw ‘lrn ”at A not r 5 f ’
rumor v'01 so: ”n

‘ -, 7.4 1:,1 1,
'00 moon or more _1o own “Jt
I J'r \ ‘s ‘. H .
1“ may r logs 1mniLgr
‘« :— x-7~ fln+,_ 1 J) ‘ u. ’L ' I“ ~ ’ ‘ ‘
CH orod 0L1; u4U r a 033 01 ran nuao .03 u_sw :1
:'~‘-" 1 I ‘ In "-"I"‘ J
l'-.. . u ‘W’vl 1, 1;-13‘165'

.Q

traj.
over a two-day goriod durin- hours of Bar 1058

51
.L

v 15 J- ’1
L‘I’. x t, u. 1

\r-_

\r.

141 -n-.1'

' fir
‘uLv _- .J- V‘

:a‘ ’

Y
O

.
WW.

n

T.’
n

ntor

I)

" ’
'l. n‘ "

Theory of 11s“ CepL ‘e 1% fire: heLs
ficnscn (1?44) in his cor .1urs’ve report on how ;1Ln are cazght
by hoon nets 5o: Led 01L .33 ooze fish :_re camp 1* because the entrance
nfinnel res ens to sLan in Lfc exacL 5eLn of mov~ncnt, whereas others are
taken who: they attemwt 1 yet ‘esL one of the rings which hrs lPLF"1”er
wf Lh vo-JLr' rovcnent. ?h re is also the possi‘ility that certain species,
for xen:1:, members of the catfish furily, er so”u31;y eLtre cte y the
enclostr just as they are attractc; by :1ollow Logs and be holes “or
cor'1‘3Wi1’: n'H‘ “we " “"hw 1‘1 ' ”.1'r‘-'1' (“V" “(Pie “6‘10 "FL”."M'ICi‘iQr v'afi b .63: or
._ ‘21.“.-- Vu.- ,1'. , g... L) V... 1 J A. (‘4‘ u L.L. , u.- up"..- uUuig- L; . - ......) ...‘Lu..
0 wt er'e tree to 3. To e certain czzt nL who fish within the net 2 y
”ecL“ etVCrs. Also a "Sth? reaction", in Ihic1 on“ fish 3n,“r'n3 UTC
“v0" ‘7" “1101M“: "'1‘ (3'3. <1! T" '31.“ 07" M: .nrvr ‘ - ’nr of U911“
-L .U -.a J..- J: . --11 _ ‘1 u u Lille... 5), 4.11", 13.11.-.-WJ7ULL‘- .
- - ' , ° 1.7,. . ' ., ~-J‘
Since ELIT‘ fr:w:1r*““ in LnIs ex5er11m11331 PC COLeructrd LithoLL
lens vi1gs ioeiinj ror th< entrance, fish fiusL have c n induced to
TLer by other uwens. From.ohscrvations 1 fish ecti"Lty in an? arognd
the trons it we" Io :d ' 1t thn bri “Lans of th T..1 enis3i wir: attsected
the ‘ajority 01 th fish for when sire: or corrosfvu ‘eteliLls co v red the
wire Vv"“ few fish we“e oren i: or arcn1c the traps. Sev rel b1u gills
were notri (utering the traps when Lord prisse by 1arge bass -Jd may have
‘see ‘he tree rs e Doe‘s .or escape much :s they might ”UMGr"n’ orush or
tree to s. .
Usually :Lft'r “overs” 310.11 1311.771 1.-s (a. 5 fly-cue") dud attired LLe
Lrup he 3 Less rouli c nr ‘Cite ,n the Vicirity. RVs: Capt red “lfiOYills
often _c*wd as a due r for larr sass which would th”n enter the Lrsp L3
f ed or the 3.217 u“r“i11€. SLo5cc‘ s o; several lGij bass ixanined

r,-
)‘J
-- . 3 ’.-,,2 5'1 3"" '~,..-.- .1. .J- ., v- n . 1 .L. ‘. ‘1
conLe1nei 5 inLa UWUC£1-1S. nsnL of Lhe sLogachs iron ‘ass La1en b;
11’ ‘- ear”. 1 N" 11--~.--—""1o '73 'm (5-an nr-‘I ...-In - 3“pr n“ can
l-‘..’O;. (.11.. .L1lC CO1; .JI'LJ...‘ '00. ADJ-LEI; 1'-.qu -;.llw 91.1.4? g- .u L’.“L..1C-.d~ .2...) v1.01).-

sn1“ ’3 "n(‘ J" '[" 5 “I"Dr.7~‘ ,4~'\-'~(.‘\fl - . ‘
C»..- .1. 12.2-1.1) 0.. JilL '--... r_- _I - 11;- --'._f, L ‘u
A

3': “:1 '(\H fl“",’~. '\".11
...-4.1.1; , .zlL -- -- , \— (Lg..-

evwic aft“r*. rw OUSJ meter no bass were
o’servod prQVing on bjn "ills over B-A inches in 1 ngth.

The "eke 5 reaction" 3oz: tion e; by Lunsrn was Ovid nt eL “ixes
rsxefiiy d rinfi the p rioc from 7 P.X. to snlxl an, when large nunbc s of
bluegills ware tsnaiij scan moving a; Lend the sterilin; in scettIrcd
schools.

’V Q‘- ,1
a

-'..' . ... ' .L ... .I. '. ' 'l
f“ 12.5.1!-'I-1t 1 O1. C1101 UC-.)21U 111.810.?)

-.-=«—: . -.I 7 . -.. s. J-t~ . - L . J '- ... - ~ ‘-, --1-~»~ I? +-‘--
11-..-1-3- anon, pL-sse... ovr Lie naLei 01 the LrLI'i. was none LIL-rind 113.1115

operations. flilcn qeie 1_y observed from shore both species u31s11y were

' 'Iw1in'Lw-h1w .3: b‘.' A Y5" - .‘I'H- 1" ‘(r II fr?“ '15-? r~ rt 1. tiw New" “‘ a" 7‘ ‘ I
LL .C/__LuJ U- .L l.‘ ,LL 9‘ ~.(.)A-.l.:.. I110 .1C..-\J, ...O..CV‘-r, n’..$OlA - .5.) Je(_t LAC ..Lg;u_) CL Ue: $.11LCA1
5W o J-‘ _;_V *F‘ -. who '1 q --- n a - \’ '3 _1 J-".~n _3_ _n- (‘

more co meta-0* 1 Ln an 110 L]-L.c,__,iiis. ens n (2.9/1, ooserveI-I L..eL 11.11

trapn'cl in 1100p nvts were ~1311a1ly c0111 I‘*‘I‘.t vii-tin disturbed by the presence

...

n A ‘ -\ ' ’. “ ‘ " ‘. r! ‘n r.'. ’ .' -_.v '7 v-! I:\ '
01 large-- n L‘ in rs of 1.’C.'.’¢J-’_‘._?.OI.LS sate-es o-I. J.-.S.1 or .-., now/111g me not

~.Ir/\w‘\l 'I1a’!"fl‘fir '. fl '? (‘4‘: 1“ -_n [q ' .‘d 4‘ 7x1 q 2: 17-; 4-7- 1' r] (1 IV, ua 'I -71,“ Ob(" r‘r'; $1"
- \J ’7 -JvJ. ‘ O .L U "z 401‘»? .l. (for U.__LJ C LLC'-'.‘-h-L.U.’ 5’14) -‘.r :I} do J.‘A U~ --l L)
I" ‘L .' . ° - .5- , 1.2. '. . ..- . ,. n .ru 1 ._ .7 .z. 4-?“ .- 0 .LL
iis1 in Mir~ Irep n Ls, char 13V 01 11:1 onainsL Lne s des 01 she Let

\! “7.,a 1 n - r , -'--- ‘ -.I v . J— “ w'- tsp-o -. -'*-~- - ' V 5 ‘ -~ I“ \
econnIm iorLL::;.or111 inrxiiaLjh 0,1mn1 casman amlecn emigra-

D

tions were wide ior removing

:eCLons Influencinf CupLLLC Li 'isb it Hi re Trap KCLS
Hiring thi '* c,:L.*el'?'-L:.'1L-21“L ”Liz-r 1n::.1be s 0. fish tilieLl entered ‘Llize “L1“: .8
veggie". ..:'.L’ ‘Ll‘e “‘L;_'.:' of dog. During; “the T:Iez':'I.oI.1 between 11 A.1--. (‘11..
A P.X. vex: fix fisb wer' cuoyuxLL The Hajor**y of firh JCPO Lrewned
1.2113, 11:: ch‘j‘LrIztnL on .1113. ewrl‘r in ""110 11313111? zonally bebvee; the 1021's:
of (3 3‘15. 10 P.3'. LLnIL betwuez be here of z’, (ml 7 A.Z-I. More bass were

captured (Iffii'in {3 "31.0 even in pL.:'iod than Crating; the morning lireriod.
Blmigilfs 115133.331? cn'ianl‘Iz-(Z "she rap by? 037‘? zit-Let 33 the 302.1: rate (firing;
i.tker ficriod.

Lerffer 1be1's; of Live fills could bf: ‘ingen 3‘07: 0. poyula‘bion
dnrin.~ n. 72,; E1 21' p 01 by 1'~Lzlovinj* the Lion from 3. rep at she-"L nter—
V3.13 the; when lef" LU‘LIL‘LL'L“L1'T;0;. for the sale 3w“ 0d. It was flown: that
in traye were emptied at 3 not" :°.1ch:I'V:f-e 7.101" fi 311 (01'le be "taken the:
1:13:11 .‘7r2ptiI“‘d at 8 .101“ 71111 rvels. {L15 0 19.1 or ".lbIIrs of.’ fish *Lrerr; ”betel:
aiming: 2/; hour jnirriofi i'hnn ‘LIII‘L-f>53 were em: tied e. C 11033? Uttcxval.) than
x-rhen I:*171*I“:C3.01 once "1*1'” ' a 7.1;. he 33 1‘21"}. In one instance :1 t3. was
allow-1.3L ":.o fis b unIL'L-i. tubal fo“ 2/, he: :1 :5le captured 2" 7"".311. During
another .Ieriod of the some I. 113th the trap was er.1p*'ie:’» at 3 her: rt rveLls
and ee.:‘I'L':;red an ev 1'. of {I i‘i 11 nor li‘"" or 48 fish Liming; L. 2LP henr
"I'LL-r7? r1. 1."? bass MCI": tLJIGL. Uth trap-:3 'Ifere fillet-tea "Lo “3 oh 2 more
nnei S‘L‘L‘Irbed .

Smith and LilIer (1012) when “1*“ 1100 ‘ 110133 for capt‘ “in” fish
not“: the. more fish 'L-II. re L .1 when water was: mid/L‘s" or above- nenaa.‘ level,
'i‘tirbiditr EL". the edgvesit :1? :.e-=.ce on @210 e; to": in x-Iirr: fi 311 .rt“-".
Dol‘in" 'i'hv: 31m :01“ of 1,62 Pond 73?. pro in CI: u 2. iron»- 11;.e.v3r alga“- bloom.

Traps placed in this

bfi'l'L 1??"r\_ 'l‘L‘hfir‘ "' 3.1-. (7‘
-.LI K yJ -- ‘

.15.“; -5- LI L~,. n;
A

"I ' U 'V

bloom ;;sn roaaily ,ntorod '

(‘0 r"’-‘ :_ [3 fl
~1o132o gfl Pong ml,

bur ‘

f: x~ .
-LS.A \...'(.f.._.rL

(,1
U

'c" 'L g“ ‘s
-.O U C‘U"

in on

J-
. ore?) S .

V

Ara-(.1

($3;le

oomd which contained no

afbcr the bloo.

IA 11.1} CI IT'S-II I‘llu‘}; P1LIf’I‘.Z I'III'I‘IRS

{17-3 ,- ‘fi 1 '. ~ .I '. a. . -‘. ~E-J' “ -. ‘\ -\ 1 1' v- J". ‘. '- ' - n . ~
1.1:... .LOl-.-.OTf.Ll-l:; .LS cuI accom- -u 731.;olis:Ic<_ a”. use A]...I.Iorr.c; senorsl's
v“. — J. K : w -. a, J- v, ... J— . (, ..- . .1. , > ,, .. '7 7,.
D port. 5-1:» on an C;-£-JL o-- as .0 Luis cozst.1tI:-u_.s 7r 5.-vc;L.c Isis, I-rhcn a.

1 7-“ ”’3 "I? V (3‘1 " a j ‘C, "... ' c I- ‘ N r. “' J‘pJ -.
Ia.-'..- :7 10 so cl- s f.-5.c-t Ism- ss vorsI; nu.- SulOIlfJ rush-II, :.o t..-I.115

1 ...- . .. .0: '.. {‘- ,-. .:.
any. Doss-ssII: ‘3. I--sI11‘v prim-u s waters.

" ("7 fl f" C" f“; (if: ‘. O". i-INC“ “Lfi’t'~\o.“‘rw o 'O'T(".f“1 (3+: v. Y" .—: ya "\ qI . I“ ’ f 1 ‘Wcfi
U-«LLLT’LJ-« ~— .'\¢ ... - JA~~I :1 .J. ' 1J~/ OJ. .L _, 'L-._L.. \J-IOAL, (r), IL“. .L‘ubv d-L ~-C C -l.K-I$J9

4'! ‘P " ' ". ’1‘ ' ' ‘ "Li r“ '2 \ *1 'L -. - 'L , <1 I "‘ :’ “ 1 -. fi- u
c.1811 930 acres :.‘iuh no :..-00 or cuss-o.- OIL-I nos g_)lC...uC\: 1:1 m1 O.U-L.LC --Ish,

J“ ‘I.' .n -"I . v ‘ r1 v- 4‘ o —‘ 11‘: -~ 3‘ - I
uLlO lipariIIn own-Is may, by Isa..IoII o.. c01I.I.,i;ubions-l IIVV‘h US, ss.-«x.
"..." 'n ' ‘ V‘. 'L!‘ ' "‘ "' ‘v‘ *n'. ‘I r-~. ‘ n‘ ~ - "- vw "‘““ ”5‘" ~w --- — lyr‘A‘ ‘ "L. .
It: :roro-.- L: Ugo-1o r sup-5.111331 3-C-_.Lf,lII’-.U.LVG nus-ctmcI-Io. IICJ my ..p we

:.-,1 . J . 3 ‘, 1+. ,.:.~ ...—.1 ' In ., u
Issing In sau- I0--.” Int-II- losscoo LL10. .1ch Isccs ”av.- sci--211

I“ 1'". 'V‘" '. ‘ V '1‘; .~'-:~ '3': 11‘.“ t " “I ' ’ f‘ v‘ . . '7 . . .
" Im tan-AIL; of fisa but we riLIIIJ-II-III omnas Is lo-I'rIul 1n :1 )I‘lVOIEC

3.3.1:: but that tho possession is mILax-Iful. Elm-rover, the sits-z; 'ion that

' 1

results 3 sow-(1,113“ similar to a. D‘s-"SOL Dosscssing ::to::‘_i chin-s liquors

' . v.- -~ . 1‘: -._ 4..-.....-..:, v. ' a. - _ -~
3.1 hIs mom ~. ufldCI “Is 00* so... L1‘_I.Io11:~l 11 has, LLIloss h» 1.12:1: a sale o1

some- or maImI act 1311 sz‘xo, it 1.1011342 be i’TITCiTISf-blC to t a. so 0. ‘ch ‘.~.’8.3_‘I‘C_11't

and comrict the person of 73.sz possession. In the casc of his taxin

m

Iisn from his 01.er progorty, til-r s:?.ti.=.:1.tior. :roul-T: b? similar. The cor-sor-
ficcrs won-7;}- I'm-.0 no rig-'1“: to search his '-)1‘z::‘1«1‘_:.3:.s for the fish
tritirout a jerfgcrs arch warrant."

!- ’- .-.: - .I o ‘ 4“ ‘ ~ ' l._ I‘ ‘ ‘Ifi .
Izzo -u-IIy paw-log- we cI-mors of rivstr U8. ...:rs .-I.

‘1
<:
I J
(f)
i:-
F;
C
O
k

-!' 3 I. «'4 u“: ' -~-:- I ('1‘ \-~ , - >— \ a -- ~ '- v I" 1 'L! A (N 0“
‘JO— .J.-11' (4.: .L.‘... S); O A. .1 OJ. S (18011. .LL S:U.LO .L‘ L‘(:' .3", I- .u-k.. J LlPJ- :J L131, .‘ OQSCSQ—
.° 1 h - . .- 7- .v. . I1 '1- -, w ..s a

on m: ax-rILLL voalc Il-c who arm-1 I: «In-t s:.-Io 0 12am.”

Ho
03

m.'\ v \‘L . V‘ ‘ J‘ '1 ~\ -- ? ~- 4" -‘-'?‘ \~ «1. '1 K a .— ’ .\ 'l'
I-Ic bCII‘JlACIIUL 132:":3. sstd 1;; mo Actors .4 LIn-norul's Uo 181‘on

‘ ' I J“ ‘1' ' .' T I ". \J“ ‘ '1' I ~- FL I -. I- J‘ A i‘. .1 '1 r r ”‘ '1‘." r““ J"-
S‘J-Ch bflr'lu v.1) “ICJ-SlCL £330, {lb LOIlC I 3....I1r0 L10. m5, L.lOU..--<-L ‘ 11.1.01; 'JtéL- o U110

I
be
'- ‘ -" ~n‘. ‘ ‘fi A-- - D r‘ w 'I ~ -' .‘fiv- -_ _"\ ~ r' V ‘1“: 1‘ 4‘ ."
po s:.si on OI .ILI out o- L:Ison “non l aIlr IIIes Iron I JIIvsuu ls“-
-- . r \ - ,- ‘Vfi -. '1". Cr" , ‘ 7‘
.33 .1. ’CICU;.LLTI1 Io DIC> : :u)f.]- lqu.

"“1- 1" 11 . ".-1\r' ‘I "- ‘1'n~.~"". 11 - a "x 4- J.“ I n ‘J-lnq ? qn «31 +1: Yr "F'L'i
[.1. ~ .... (D.— C LJJ.--‘ L ....a ...- ‘3‘. - .i ~ l).-.|3&.. -..LJ .1.0 K. ‘J'IJ‘ -./' . - C\I-sLI ' -e. L‘JJ k). «1.0 'CLLJ—-VO

\ “I I4: 1 .3: I -I- J- (1 5 ‘fl r- '7 J- 15~~ ‘7 r1 ‘11:, 1 'r' - I" -(' ya I“ .- ( o.» 1 m ,j w-: — 4" 11'1
OI; .. O .I- .L V luv . (Lu C. v U0... .’ LOU L): l -C bf C 0.40 II. 0.. .. - 'qu. 1-x). v.‘. C (.J....L
') C‘i".‘¢“ +""‘ . 3‘" '1’, 1 “q A t‘ ‘ ‘l'v. r3“ “‘v 1" -' "'1‘: ’1 ‘vfi'l'z‘ II‘P'L'N ". ‘xOJ‘ ‘. '\

u...’ u). u up .LL - L. LLJ.-.a- ..IQI. ..r u ru .TI'II'... 'VLl 131.. y 0011' L011. p \.-‘. I. L;\_,I':1I._-I :9. Lil. K. 11 g

-- ... I' a... at - 4-3- -.. - ‘,--I 4‘“-
IroA she otiLions uolIsh.i Lg on” AsIOIne; fleLersl 's chs“s-In ,
. . .1 ..- I - . - .-. I, .I -- w ._ 4-: I... . -.I .: -_ :.-
farm poses a peer to come in,ur Lhe sexy rufidfia Iu.s as orIIau: laias
-'-'. I. or - . .' -L ... .'. --'~ .L r ": J- -.5 ., - 4. -. :- 1 .' " ‘ l
-.. 33".: L; .{111 DU 3.0.1". .5) U" ml L113 .-llII‘ICY g ml" 07-1 -....2’3 9 31.; v. LL) L; 1‘3“. 1--CC ‘w'I ‘11 5.11: l C
It? -. ‘. . - M I _ .° . - . - I, w I . ....- w ,w -. .I , 1 .-, .3. --
J-.'-Sh. 1-1515153 oil-IS. C..'- ‘01 L .3 oil 43gb 8.0-151 Quid-Tl" Mull. no. V- --IC¥-l..‘.3. 33.... I1 I, v0
7» f‘! .'. -- u 4— °.-. .. v. I. 1 .x. '1 I '5 ... “--- : ..'.-'_ . . -1 -. It‘s-I .
til-IO I. IL L.- . I SIS," ulfi. 3 13.1.; YIC'LLL’IL 110 ‘u 0;: -LCfi 1.- I'-L_ 11L; I11 pOC S ...“ {SI-11‘- one-be
f? r-h Q‘s“ fl .7 1 'L': .. - (n I,‘ \0 9" J" '. (-1 . (a a .. ‘4“: -. ~4 -'- -:- ‘\ (C(V (*1 (‘: '5" “O
.I'- i) c. u (4.....- VILL: ‘. u . a.- V 1", U11; L) 3..) b.L..L._lU.L ”O u. C 1W0 no 00 C‘doo“ Oi.
I ._ a 'sI». IT ' ..., m ‘ ~ T.— ~ _.. -'-" any—«'1 3», r, - r-(Ww-(‘fi‘I '\ .-~-" j" (‘13 ‘1 a
*JltoyM TCL' ‘Irh-‘fi .1-l( L~.O.‘. , :':-Cr(: I | ', \I‘ \f ii (I. 1‘} nu ‘4 '11:: iWC)t.-i53' L353... 01; I-'_. . ... LILA J. t.)
‘ " " 1 ~ ,‘x' v'~-, — 1‘ . ‘ '\ u ”I’e' ' fi-v ... 1 ‘. ‘ ’1 ‘ . ’ ' 1 J- ~‘ . J.
L 7 gs? g; g nerci -aw, u scares xsrrals JehII o< rogLirna o0 OOH? CU
‘ s» r1 ‘ '7"'\‘~ HY”.- ’-“ 0’7 ~ Y‘u" “S." J-n 4* 0 ' 1"I- “ t "- "r“ .r‘ +‘ ‘5 4‘" " r. (“mm 4 5' ' n
Luflu 05439.1. (““4 :.2 .1 C11 ..'< 'fJ. all no OJ. - Ll.) T-.I'.- _ .9; “O ..- .J.- LIE/u I. 3.x. Ir. ..I I. Luz-.0 v.4. lu

Wtrposu.

-- _ 7 u \‘ . V' ’ c-_o . __}-O ‘ ‘ -' ‘fi_‘_ .r. _ ‘ -- _- “I _ 17, . _
A p0ul oxner ro.s-aLIMg IISI so C.J Ior LorsomsI £80 cox d at any
tjr "“A n. 1 ’- fi 1r '1’); (‘3‘ r1 ’3 I‘H_? ‘fifi T ‘1 -.. fl *1 '1" “ 'r‘ ‘ ‘1’ ‘ "' V
.-.I , 1‘ I I..*JV~--‘ ab ..LIIIU. .1. Muu. a.) LI'VIJJ. I’Z‘ Z” .d .71 O CCSIL) Lille“: .1- 0.3: S L-UI‘ngf. fly.

urosce”ti on so 1 "f as

‘-
o
A

freezing, snoLin“ or e Erin: vi bout fear of

‘—\ f‘ "‘?< a ‘1 -; r‘ . . -.-‘- A - -,- .... ' 4 - .4 - - ~ ‘ -'- I .—
Uas ,rooI shay all processem fish uhqc r AO‘HG Ire; s Mons on she own rs

"3 I" .' - I I. ’1: ‘ .'.. ' ' L ‘ . ‘
1 1 O 1 q — - . ‘, n —. ‘-‘ - u. - - .- ‘p- —‘ .' — a ..
30.1. Cl C .....IILDI Clue" ... I: n ..1 c‘. 7).: I11 .2: DIXIE 8. u‘:5 laIIC , {I .I‘l C.I‘_OlI CHI}- 1‘
‘ a

w i- ‘A am: 4- n -... v.” :9. -I m: . .z ..I ~ -
InufiIxm. CCIoJJJl a: Q) o taiIIIgtesigssf is II%,FIIewsso, (2) IKIII J .me

w,
‘11'

I. -I..'.' . -. - ,r- .-. .. :.- n. -I -_ - J. . ,~
C0118 3'."ng 41.011 O-..v.,.C .I‘ 0.1. uh” count»: .-.;'3 U1-.C' ll"). 3:; C11"; :«0 13 111-2“

9 “712"?" ‘ _- _‘. -,\ .'._,. _ - “a -‘ \ _ _‘ _‘ .7 _ . ‘ ‘ , ’ .
(2) mu—d 01 i<lnn,ify In: “5:25 -Iun osher's Lana an: F CT.SS. dscaos: oi

. ,.'..I .4 r I .' _ fl . .' ‘- J- -
neUIoss, p~rm SSJ -e. Iron :roiuags

{>1

Onr“ V.
IL; '4. S I.
: I -1
...QJ. Spt
- 1-1.4-” "-
‘1 ”ram- "*1
. .L-
fI‘Ol‘t q
- o;
. LJI' “-
01 ‘ T‘l‘O" "’
A; 'w‘ ~
:0; u:
I. O

A.

6’3
IISC.Sprh

.J.:j Ti“. 11:35 1101.1" Lazo Stat. '33:}; “utcmry ‘.-I::1"C concwneu ,ibh
1'18; mont prnc*:c;s for ivrn punfs 31' we“o cruou to” in Grier to notar—
ninc fisi morttlouJ Curin; draiang Oposutions, asepor “at 03 of "plaics
for saock'DI ponds, 03‘syimr Cclaeoty of faxn typo pozlls 3-8 ;0 “stormino
a gethod for ha:v:3ting ed blc—sizc fLsh.

Obszrva34uns made uurin~ too "ammo: of 1552 Lndieated that d‘aining
a pond quoccly tend- to $.18Tat“ the larg: from the snail :ish and that
a h1g1 103: of sutll fixh cocvrs after fieb have been returL 8 ,0 p0 U9.
Thfo ;-fo:m8tion is immortont to the 3048 owner who consi ors pon draining
.3 9 me hod f0; harvqsting 2h“ MCSl- d p0”tion of a “.sh crop. Since the
mortality 383358 from 52 to 79 onrc :t of the *otal we"ht with the
reatco losers 1n bho snail blu gill 31““ group a pond Oincl "so? not
b: jus;i“io* ii usinj this method unl_ss rccons it *:on of the ax;s:fing
rcpulation were nccoo.u1 HOUcv,r, bccczm of the losses in the snail

Si ~- ;m*01p tilis m tnoi may be a axons for Lel“:nfi an
bluegills "‘TCL usualiy soc SS in far: ponus in tLis lot?
so: cases may nsan sac:ificin¢ th~ crop of efli‘le-sizo
£011 Nil? grain n3 but too 030* fift/L tnzls first 'ear may
to nor than oompoLsate $0“ the -niol&l loss.

Ponds ”oath.” n3 ol“r8vll m.1 bee” w'rn drain 8
stocking to e_m 5:. the goyulation at d aiming nith the ra
stoc: us 3. It was found that the two.ponds stoe -08

”‘3‘ . on ‘ - « r,-‘~< -. “1Q . J--: w‘— u-'

bill S Elli: «43 l ._ ' ”7'01". .lnL' ' C.“ .5 :34.”qu - T‘L . C}. Doing-L;- b-.011 30.41. .11] ‘LL
I Y -A .' ,_‘ . '1 :8 ‘ ‘ , ,_ _- +1 - r _"u H ~ _' ‘ . 1 N
we“ two {songs :3 :.o 8.08; m. to 1.00 J. r13 :1"; 1.11; b '13.) one 1 ,

three :..CDJ.
t
-1311 10 {if} 11.1 4L.)
t I

,O

‘5 after

We of gorcnt

0] «fl...

1oro favorable

,1, ...fi J-

ukzLL—LU

blue—

.3 '7 :'| J n , -3. H ._, .L: ”A -. .J..” .J- 'J . 8. ,- ‘- A
gel 5. th, Lo: c: ntoc ‘1; 'CU JO pro mu n.28Jth scan LH' CfiOp uf

.,“ ’.‘ ~f ‘ ‘ ~ .. - ,.~. ‘ '- 1 . - 1,-‘0 .-‘V«-‘-.,-x, "r. . h "0- ‘i" -
e,;olc—s;zt ole Lills -8 . Lowcs ocahu_h7 c;o, 01 Jo-ng-of- -tho-yccr
‘- . I. L?- ,— x ' .1 l- -‘ .-- .-
at uraln-n bdlL no two, r Jcbur' ratio.
I). o c‘» .J .. ”117., 7! - ‘, q -i- d-j, ‘ ,. .(1 1-‘ -, _ 3a 7 (‘_1Nr_‘ (J “span, a n - 1 ,;.I),V ‘, . .. _ -q-L
L; 1..) x: .., ‘An__..-'_ CL 2; .L. u b; '... ”'11:.-4). ‘.-\.-(.' 0-. *~,=.L g. u scaly L.) L l’u‘ \l;4'~- J. NIL)“ r“.
. ~.~ . x - 811‘. J— 7 M , - n -4- 1* - 1 '—- '1'
of 8.3-;3' largo 12.7.17. 151-.-... r: "1., “.11 bllz‘ C_C‘)t-rI‘lJ.lCllu LOP voor. s. Lil‘s :1 r

‘ ' q " “J" ‘ ""I \" "‘n— r‘fifi-fi ""3 J‘“\—. -| ('1- m A 1 *: fl ‘.
hcxcrchtcx'<l oLCIYlSdCl in 1:4 tovhuu; ovcrqum wL :crn1 of thoJ, 3‘ :le; -JJ the

. -.‘7‘ .1. 1- ,3 ‘ ..L‘ _. ...—7 d') .3. . ‘ ~ .~- 1 a.“ 1 ' - —~ ~1~ N .
pOn; s ocucu U;ofl lO ac.L;t lac ills Sub u; ¢lh£flrlldg coco. hose «Aperi—
-.- _— -- ..':. -t mm; .. 2.8,. -.—.—-~. .7 J -. .- 8 A" ~. 14- 'v r01
:.1'\;llta loll iii.~-; 11- ' {41“DVL L..'\ L1. U I, '$1'—:~Vvllléf a: .I :1 .1”) 21:) . )OSS-‘n-b_i. (3 'Jl a-ln. L1.- U b-LZ’I L3 3::‘- #015

- v * .V 1‘: -. :‘ , ,.~.~.,- c J .. 7.“ J
ty'noox o;a lific “to“.n; “HMOleo-JL . .8: on shcccscf H Spaurwn” LCCSOD

O I O
_ - . . . A . ~». ..., .J.
18 c 3018 .r1 bractlce 1n fcrg DOLQ‘J“LQ£LX$Qbo

.J- ‘ c 1.! - “:3 ... - .L: . ', . . .r.‘ '. c . ‘- 3'1 _ n .=.'_. v ‘4 w-
It no; on worth; 0; HCJUAOH nor“ the rcgcru;.sc o; coo numb :3
(Q L "F 1- V '1‘ 1 'I' I‘m ~ -r~-' r-!\ f; 9 1 .'~ nr' ‘1‘-‘ 3" ' r"; 1 .1 r 11 r ,y“ 1? u)!" 1 '. 'I‘ ‘:1 ’ " " ' ('FI‘J.
.;:UOC:A-C':, t‘.’.JCI- i-‘ Av JL.ML L‘.\_ L -t-\-I(. uLL-x L"...‘_-) I) J \ \A. .\ L) 11' . I ~ \'-~Lé. LU

an 1 (‘u. I“ ‘ ‘ . « o ' \ . w
o; “bee DCbS 0.: acre was low an. 1108 verse.
‘ " ‘- ' l‘ ‘; ""'" ..- 1‘ J. ‘7'. 1 —1 no" " .. '1 "‘ \1" '8‘ n31 . j :1 ‘ '. ‘.
'o‘HLOL]. p04 '18 1 .‘ GJ-./CCU\F\.£ U0 9' 3.3.-“ 44,0. 011: bJ.C 110.05. 9-2.an 1 -10 f4- :J .J.-1A5?

‘0 n 9.3 : J. . , 2'- ,. . . ..2 :J.* 'J.
or a ,;03 oi too. cmsa tor at 4042 a ,n‘uc Vtar oer;od ULVHO c 813 iIL ng

rs . 1 '1' '1 , ' z, . "'4 - -'r 8. A r .‘1‘ 8-," ._ r .- ~ ' '~ ‘ fr -1. 1' #8 .‘\ ‘~ 1 ‘
8nd a41 who; COflulL¢OQS a; intercolc 4Ul chvta, scoc ¢d_ cor“ than *0
'y 'L ‘- N -. I" n " ,\r\ v: '. J. - -, Q
adult glucglgus and 83 f; P”F“1ul cuss we not n:cebsary.
-L o: ’1 .— .8 _ I‘ J- . g -. q -: p: ’- QN
A prac coax ntcho. for harvestlnb cotbtc-3¢2n n;ch fr m a go up

lotion was found in the use of ware fish traps. Constr-cting and testing

these traps oV"r a threw nonth period shower that they could be constructrd

.n o . ‘ ‘w __ o J- _ .0 (-1 -1. _"_ ‘ .J v. o I _._ 0 _ . ‘ o __ .__|” V ... ‘ - -1.
o; 1y9490881vo mat041clo, cth ¢.;o llgnc ;n 9:1ght, ch? when Operated
prOgorly caught swfficieLtfly itrgc nwxbern cf fish to 1m_rr 1 plcclng

.‘J . ‘ .:-'. J. _. J-’ 4'.“ c- . ‘ .. . .
uUCM wltg Oohor ess L 1a; hraCLlCCS for f'tm ,onu Jana; non
—' . .‘ ‘ ‘TV' ' “ ’(s vt‘xvi - "1 fl - 4" .
310-- th ugh onxy .gjclvangzcd mm: MOE—41;. J. 1A8I,t-',1. _ x.._....-. cam 10' bills

‘

f~‘ ‘P'f‘l.~'» -J -L P""*~ N -‘ ' \w ,‘ ~a ' . -.1. n ... ~, J-J- or... ... ‘ .LL. .J.
agtefilm n. other H bDlnL “at *1513 81L cs COU con lgbh anu n

1
C
H
1')
ci'
‘0
L

l

"‘\

A

q

4'. ' ‘,- --.' .J m: J..'. . 13. ,-. - .'
less 8 rel nettin, may Dc cousia130d. Joe ooodon woos n. :chiros a

‘

fl ' "0
107111118 1.7.01”.- 2

‘f'lw'WAn’firJr; .fiq‘” -
_. ._ .-JJ

‘J‘.

A' Qvl'l': 1 r~ :.- A-'v ‘\ .1"'-: I: '3‘ .’.' 't ‘ ‘ '7.
A—l ...-.u'}. ‘).—. S (3.. 'f.v.l‘;-. gaC L;. IIIII 1.0 81“ ill—z.“ JJCPJ'I U dll ... I- Lq‘Jl-CO {1]. 10“! U010

fish in ponds. HOMOVCr,

be more Clio

i;11511: ‘bk1 : c>i;}1<:

J- ar- "1 ‘ n ... V r‘ 8. f! n‘; ‘ '7 ‘ "' A U ‘7 "“ " "
eaLfll ur11111ad -L1 amp/37 CidchT oi C; AJ1HIJr Lflu .Ag1e 1&11014. 01

I")

" '- -— q I J- '-— . r‘ 1:-
rOfl tn” tables 19 311 11) who firi—Ro CppCu s to

o ‘ _ - I ’. ' -- . -L 0 ‘
l;h gfflni a g;v-n ulMO

. V.’_° _o v‘ ' -f‘ ., ..27‘. - o l- 37'
1:11 1-Ll M( %/.) LL COJUJELQ sue ab12md co 0 LLSH LA
J-

rvoir an? in the r vo r beforo imporn‘m nu found that he

j :7 1 V L

f sh roflociuc ; on ERG nunoc: ccujnb por hoe} trap. Do; to

f t1is =xpr“imrnt cox: iation hot”c1n trap offic12ncy and

-1- J .n -J 4' A ° _._.L.‘ , ,1 . :.. .— ... T.”
nunools o; edible—siz- “13h bras flu in ea-h non; mos ingots.0iu. howovor,

thc ”Ti—R0 (I-
in Pond 23 11

11 11:)11

VS ', ., n. '. ..J. ,- 4.1 .1. M -- , :0 “
4:1.L¢l~o ,raps CSOU‘rJd one 1:11,:3U1niibsr oi m111nmzn plac d

' (“I
.
.1

hi oh containhd the lorg st :0 ulo.tion of harvosbab7 o—Sizr

d owner prOpagazin* .isq so; 1y for porsc-n”? use could so anv

’--°-. ‘» . .".' .- ‘ .. “ 3 - 'T ,7 - \ -l-'J .1" - J— ,.— "

«1.1.121. 1‘ .- k-VC (1.3 -.-C‘Jl r .1. -L c311 L28 (LDC-LIX». (711;; 7.7.000 13.", 'J;-C..7. __ 01' S L; 3.78.5", * Dy

f“ f‘"‘ ".|“f-' “7" 1‘ n-«vviwr- 07-.- 'l". *1" ‘njfl '7‘ q T! fiflfl '1‘"? f‘ l "" ”f"
..C 32:11 “>le -.L4Ll'_" , ( -_‘ . v2..J'VL.'.L....LLL'J 1.1.4. LulOLJ J J. LCL. O.- J— On V11 U.~On .JO 01.1}; ‘3'")

thCI‘C was ‘5')?

01 mor' s prop

) .',
xC".i.d

I ‘
0

oof that all nrocossod fiSA we e r uovrc from a Donl on the
‘ rJ'Zr.

1"

from nunb8r o;

C;
U

D. . p --, A .
OS “7CulO'7J '7.” {IS 3135:3118 4.0.: I‘tfl‘iOVi 1'15 {.2

n .3 . In. .2,- . ,. -.. .. 1 :J... .. -,. .J
1 iron a pond is? humon co:s-.1uion mcv_r 1 Cu r a L.fibb MQJ of

J- , . -. , ,D ,1.) _; _ J -_ JV ‘ 1 _ ,,
Q13 proger Ls: 0L uh18~ Urey”. PC:: o:_1ic re ova: of largo

fish froa a pOpulation, nSpCCLaily blu g.Llls, "juiu have a t n191‘oy to

.. C .1 1 14.: . I-.. , .12, . .:.‘ ,. n: ”1,. 1‘ - .211. ., _‘ 1- ..1..
delay? 01701310111”; C1011 L3,] 11211014- 11;. 0:14 1.13.1 .»..;,Cc11111C):7_1‘CC me mat 901111;.

Also, tkcir r movcl r0“71 rcfluco concat’tion for Ju;7uuj“ £007 for thos

.J-

:-.7:?1sh 12c“ 111W" edible-size (11:1 s {331: {30:11:— 935111111113; of: ‘ mad” 531171313; of
this aim:- fish. It. is :10'17)L£"C1?._ 11.73:.‘113101' "111-, ofhr 1" Mare: 1:1. 1.011731 1m

TCC. 1107.. 83.1100 8:115:11}: 3.11:1 ,1 17.17. 1:" (.7912?) :i'oun'l “that th 2.711311111311109 of fish
l‘-:‘-f.-'-0Ct (1 on ’i :10 1111;133:1‘ caught yer trap, it, right 73:- o:~:_:cctcd 11,111; a
1311:1110 brtw-fi'n 1.111.173Cr cr.r.;__;lxi; 311d muzbcr prosrn" :21 the 90111112111011 would

"I

‘01

c:1tr~.;ri-11;; L210 (7L; 1070—5136

C;
1
I
J
O
{7.)
$1.
54
’2
' 4
C 3
L
L};
H
I J
. I
*1
L‘k‘
{J
I '-
"i
D-
1:
9"
‘1
cl"
H
p.)
:4
(..J
H
...—1‘
’5
H
O
L
7)
i
C...
y...)

Q 'Q n "\ '1" - .s-V‘ ,1, ,5 u
31?on 1110.». C110 3-11.2-lrr {117-111.}.

T71 . . -2- . 11.. . '. 4.!“ 1 1.1" 1,3- 71' ' '. J- '1
Cxpnrih JUS acre CCLHJCCCJ aL Us: Jon1 L140 :1:n “guano-
« -'— -- . 1 ~'-' - J- ...- q 4‘.’ ,.' J- -. - - .:~~O -. § , - 1 . «h. o r -,- .-
do -JmLR Ca- 10 :1 115n morualit; C 3;; uraleng agCr
‘ 0 ‘r‘ fl 3 > “a p _ _-__ fl _ o . “a ’ ‘ r. VJ .
raulos o: 113u SPOOL s 1ur SUOquDfl fer; wands, .nw a h.

1 n . . _ - - ‘ . . ‘ ' ‘ ‘1 ‘ fi' 2 "t ’1 - 1
\f. ‘ ‘ 'pr1~ '- 11' - ~ I '7 r n I? 'fi 4-. w + 1 r. --
[\k . ... c. -/I..J w-’-.‘~ . .-‘).~C_Ulo—4’C $40.- $14011 kn *:.ll‘l

O. 1..

030;.

u 1 '1 . . ‘ 1 f '"' _ .‘ ' ‘ V - w u
. a Y ‘ .9 . v .

POACS CO.»aiuinf D nn§;;ls a; )33 nor‘ ura1¢C1 “5:0
n I r 0""; 1A (-0 '2' jfivjjx. up +}\ ‘A ‘Wq‘\1‘lq"-~: "7 fi-'¢ T‘qn-3 ‘1: war. 1 ~ 3": '

\) J -~--.-:J JO C( “5': J1 ’ wki. ‘ \ J i'.. “~J—Un K’s. (.L Lb—o—J- ..La 0 - LILI

. o 'p
-" r, 4'; “1 “1'! v ‘0 ' r1
‘10 \ct (:2 U\3. 37-54—31}? i71\/l t\..v'.oL-- LIL-Ir K Lu‘il:

operatiorm Cur} {to 13119

...“ .L :3 . J. ,‘__ ,
-41 1, LICIIIAEJ 'JO f.)

Dr.:1“7.:1:1'.11;'

9' ..‘- A‘ I": 7. a , .— 1
1133 .. 1 1154 umu¢l1j nrccCQe

13y lar:

_ - .:.‘- .L .2. h "1
1L-tl Oi ‘Ji.'e ”O ‘u. ‘.

‘1‘ .: "‘ - o ’: .1 o -_.o ‘ _o‘-" I_f “ ‘-I ,-‘ r‘l
d.:1u; dra.n;xg owcra ~1uns U¢.n ,n L; nos; 101.0

“ r l- j ,n V ~ DJ- n * Jo J-‘~ ‘
(‘I‘Ollpu . C‘II" 1‘ 4.0-5103 OC"‘:.7.I' (3; ml‘ 7' ‘ 017'711 1,0 ~,;1C‘: lEODCL
\J “I

n 'L‘HWW ’7 "‘1 "3’15‘ "r1 “1"“. ‘ r“

uC Ugo... u c- 111.. 011,19CU.L011M.

'71,:1

113i.f1t rug? be quroct

in thr

7-1 .‘ w ”'- 1‘ '- ‘l J. 4“. ..W - , '9 If}... ‘1’ J

xcnus SuOCLCd Lima 10 fidulu b ¢-{1;l" “1u (J »LHCOT¢'1?
...- . ‘ ' -, - 1‘ _°'_ " .I., . ‘3

e no "'IZMLOP so1xmnuzuzm.39 org» 0 CnLJE Ah, CLO ponCs

5
Y7 ..L‘{)(1\ISCJ:(1 1‘01) 0.1.

lho lower

T'T'

to

lbthC,

olian"

Cd

“:77

I). LL

pro 7111:3061

stocked with
:atio

low;r

S 1nd

fo'Lf‘ H ‘. ~o H - I“ V‘ A ~. p o'-‘»,. . " 11 I '3 '. ~"' ’L“l '~ J'!‘ ' '. '2" ‘ >IA’YF. ~v
,C.Lwln 0:03 OJ FO;M&~OL“QHW*Z 3a: 9L Wrd¢uihu UHJL um“ ui-~~F S U¢h4LC
-.. :-.:
1'. 27 .L0 .
"1:“ ‘ ‘ f5 '\ .F ‘_‘ :F _“ 1 I_ v.‘ ~> ‘ w

we orcsrnoe o; LQTQU p c10r3 CL; CC r Lova; of many larrc leC'i‘nS

.I- " 1" F _'_ _0 v \ ’ A-'_ _ ' _I —. _ _ n 1 K" n -\ ‘ ‘~ -_ -v : _ . ‘V
s 00104 ,Crld in .ms -01?”:v.nc 1C: 10w“ CC1C cs nag have a;u " d inc

. - .“ + ‘." w ..,.,_ .. .- J‘- _‘5 J" ‘0 o ' .0 'Y- 1 1 .1

7791-" uI‘Gflf: VOU' JCQS Ov:.1‘-'0 111.10.:11017. O- :11.) ...) Cle -121 ”6:19 ‘ O.- C -AOCA-‘x'a

,1 ("7

.. - 0 '1
- - \(c w 'x u \n 9‘
o, 1;_b rl1n; C13“.

r\

10.

I5

" _ - j ‘ .0 . - _— 1‘ pt . fl ' 1‘.‘ \A w- o _ _ r- " o__‘
When gonzo are expccccd to jlrlm ;.no:ao 0 good e;1d 1133 1 341g; or

fa ’5 _1_ p- '_ ‘7» - ~ '1 ...-1. -

. ~ -. ,7. a - n-‘- _x_‘, ,_ -- v4 ,4.
1 Negux. A at Lwaootflauo “oarsxniuonu

I“
O
O
O
}_
{.41
Q
(J
I-
O
L

1 In—°~x:wrc -.‘: . "-‘ ~ -'»'~—' " ° '
o WQLJJ.mi.alflcnmorcmnowwonszum oznn;uh5 sbx:lnvrwro‘dm

10 adult bivogillu and 83 £11" rlinr bass is no: g50033“"

.1 o
Mir fish trafin were fOHLd to L« a practical moons So" harvcsting
9:1;L‘;-;rs—sizo :.‘T s}; :Z‘ro:-1 rt; far-n. 1303.21. Tho-g 1111...; to comfort: ted of
t1an 2.00 dollars.
:ho time required for co: ‘.st.action was less than 6 hovrs.
rris o; variance slowed no sirniLicant difference between the
traps uni each tral t;stcd had an @qual abili*
num’t or of fi.sh aring a :ivon time
A pond owner prepagatinf fish sol fly for prrsonut as: could at any
freezing, snokfn: 3nd crnninf J;Lhout icar of 1r0“‘0“tno so long as
thnrr was nroof "“3t 877 wrcccssc ;;sh h.o b: n ranov~rl 5301 a pond

.- .-.-

.1.‘ ‘ - . J. ..
on one owLor's 3r0yosd3.
O a " 4- ~ .A ' .L A , -rw ,- J_: n -, 3 ".w 4 _v
UCVVI'QJ. OUIACI‘ LLCCVVJ 11331115:th 13M1€CIC ('1--- wLL 4.11 v.1 11mg OJ. 1.1.1.. ‘— J—uil

traps f0" “2.31:1 non; magagrmont. 13-‘1‘1’..Cdic CilOVCLl of large fish from

.L‘ . - 'l .5: ,- V‘ . ' .‘1‘. -- . "41 -n J. _—,"_ -‘ — -'«_ —. ~.-
Vue no muat'oz” - s.;:;o.ol.1y bliiogl. gs, ~. OLLLQ ha A ‘ a tedious), to L‘CJJIJ

I

-- AMP n! In? . -' ~u~ v ~- - .-
O‘"fl‘CT)? $8 Lflnl ad x -13‘Lu:.=»10 ¢Holt\u1-oa ‘Iwmogcc 1A1:;JULL JCLJgg.

A180, their ?‘wovafl would rod:cc compet ,ion for av-iiable food ;or

-x.1 . a: L ° . . 9.2". ' 'v ,..° . .. u A -- - -"‘ .. ' .. " -
£11108 ,' l -L 3.1 near]. fl"; «,1, _ 01(;— {3" 20 8,1;C; S 557* 1.10419 3. S fjrSHCC OJ. 8. u CCELCLZ.
A . D ' "" y. . . ‘ ' .I- _ _ A ,‘_ ,1 4-! J, "I 1 ' -. 1H J-, .
suwnly of sozr ; on. it H“ 4‘ by ogioco u tnat u.oo;agco uCuNCCn
.b A
“‘ 1W9" fl“¢“ MHW‘J“ '1“ '3 w 5- m ~< 711-!“ — -w—’~ -° «- -5" I» ~—. 7 .- —'—-', .m v: 1 '; .‘ ‘n,’ T"r3r_ 05061
$414.. ~~)\. -L t.) (yak-‘2 :.J ‘J Li... LCL ..u..L)C1ru I)... ”5331. l; U ii; uLlu "OWILJJ uth'. “ V LL. J. U~ - vb ’1v

-1 . - 1.2,..- - ...! .o -..1 , 1 n ,: ,_..'.o .z ,. .L‘, __‘ ‘ .-.-.1
an” dfllluaLRed 3] ”no ouOvl 0* “tag tMLCr+nr UJC LU.blC~u z“ “Hemp

- .. -’ -,‘,.‘ ,t. ' . ,. .
£10m no szllns SlZC groao.

-..-..“

H "3-,
A J.U---I

r11“? ‘
U;.L- '4

LI

Dal., tobcrt C. 3n; L. D. Bait
1952 Pv;ducbién of 303; and 31¢ ill: in
Hie igfit 392%; COllefi Ag. ij. Sta.
c cE: 4:1.]_. ’7: jqn.
Emmott, @013? J.
19",]. mo. offec" 31‘ ago. :3 C')‘:‘D:7.....UI 311::
Iran . VinLA I.A. Hildiifo COLE. TD.

Conpton, La"rcncc

1 ‘ ~ ‘ 1 a-
n--\ “ - V‘ q »,
~353 3 -4» Cu ? .mdb. SOIL LCNUfiIWT
1

Dycho,1. L.

0‘1

l

1?

Lfixx; J01.

‘l-. (I? .
J— lJIl

. ‘5
.Lu

’ ~190.

31C..le

5.031.

XVIII,

"}_' ‘ w - q ‘ - r. . A, n ‘w ' :"‘ .' ’
l ,‘l/Ia Ponds, ronf -Isn ung 3 1d; ”u Cdltfil . Ada. ‘opt. of
.._ I‘. u', h ~ W .'_'-
1‘ if“ r. LLL. (:.zva—V‘L , -gtLIlsGou J, J-—?O‘J.
~ 0 o_ I _"b ' _ ‘ . T1. AV.) ..44: V. I~ n-v T.1..‘w
1914b P03: :llltles OI in core IluL poAA. Irang. AAA . Iloh
"b P1 ,"'
Soc 4;: u1—7
l\ ‘Iru'v‘ ._ .-'0: C
‘1‘ l\«u- , al- a.
Eh‘ 3 “.1 r.\ , 'r.‘.»‘ 1 I M -{ :3 -. r Lw~ \ ,—~r
1914 IOAL “I; LAC ‘inn'L7H 0- ;;33. A wor ulrf-f.
7r 1 a y, _o . T: CK f.“ I) \(J‘
HOI‘ :‘ ”WC.l.Llif_._ l, 1.0. u, XK' J—) C.
q_ . n
illubbs, 'J. L.
* 4 ._ . .ms. . w 1 . fl ..x.- n .. 0: I- _
L 3; Son; cgthIoncc Ann 3‘ gouu;ons on lora; lIsh culture.

Tish SOC. 63: 53-58.

Amer.

Lloyd

. “......
PI" '0 t . u.)

‘4‘},

Vr v

1952 Pond :mcn

( 1

AL'A4..

.‘

MU“.

p-;
19hfi

n-v‘rw N

J.‘ , -'
1h1_m1

. ;(‘f

I.
(:11 .

v- I.»’? 'W r .1‘ f‘\
01':3r1 m. Elna ..olxzr:. g. .;anL
1:.“ t (Q I‘ll',‘ ..‘J (_l I n-:--;-‘.\v1 .I' 1‘\'\

erLL) -.L Lil-1.: 3-1 quAL .‘1; ...-1.
I 0 '1 ‘ - 1 n.
Ll zen ponas u;

. , . . .
.Ll 1-8
Tech. Bull. 207, L Ch ga:

Pa.'

Ul‘ 0’-

8.1.11

...—cl.

0..-: ~'- ‘

S.._.'_ JL ,

.-O’[:,2

fl". .xs—I-l CH C"!

C...“ —\o
A CO..1‘[‘.'.l‘i.".-_31 of the
Tfiznossee inllcy bof
Fish 803., YOl. 72

~
r1 ‘

‘
‘ A} T»:- '1 .- .
C... Li :3 ‘. 4-‘~.« -' o l

V . Sigitll
!' ’1, .
VA. 1‘ (1:7,; 3, .

‘ .5
Paw. .3 . Ag.

IIIDO
A

U.

1n 2' m :-
L .3 UlO-AL --fl

utiiizabion

in“:

‘~-

. . ')

. .J. .
J-

V... .1... .
. , ...
.-l;“4.. VI];

..—q
1"“!
...

Cour.

by oung

CoIlcge

.L
U.

21..

S-

‘ l“
‘.'Li...

.LlCL

.9- ° '2 _' 1
.11 le‘J-Z.o \.'
\I‘ -'

p‘ ,

'5. 7"
£1; . A33) 0

Ma;frs in
Waiv-

...-n. A .

a. Poly.

as; LC‘.

'Tv'fl
\

Sta

.,‘.r

the

(LI-s o

a. . 1‘. .2 A .J r‘
O‘IIlL—g-‘.\', -. Q.
‘1 (3,0 71...... ".3 ”-‘l' (u a. !P\ . 113'. *\r\J--. \ D ‘Q/‘fir'u \‘ '1" 7“ v ‘r " 1 ~ ~
.1. , A", 1' J.u -*)r_‘1. i.‘-1'T-$ UL-’ t; ; .¢ CO. .J.: <'..L..-|.-L ‘JJ.OA‘IS 0.... 3-9-; . :A\J;.1(J L1 U.’\ Ull l-C—- ‘1-)8. {3: , ' )1 alt» ’—
"—‘l

‘._'V 'I l "“V: _c ““q “ _I '. W. _ ,H ‘ (”‘1 .. A, ‘ In ' .0 h! C\ (\l" I‘ ',-
r;,.]..j.s, 1-. ...-'.-;.';3'.-I~J .101 _‘_.\01‘.u.s. 4? L5,. A“ :.Lufl .200. 1,»), 7a:

O..' ~.-'T ‘ “ "" -:
..J.ll'._.c’ .L. S. ;.,, I _ . J. 94...; 11;
1,4,3 7543110232 :‘.-_.'".":2 "1:11: {3111‘ ’L‘I‘C‘d ‘Chion of 33 35:11.“. , 31‘0331 031';
I.:_r3(.‘::.;r.>ut’;1 37:107: 33335 i: jwonc’irz. Ala. A31". T':-:. S's-3.. Cir.
130. 8,: CW .

“NF? '3‘. n. “'13,“, fl ._'1 .' " --L . " < ' _ c ('1 l]
\- .- ‘ ‘ v (f. ' .3_ r. A.-"': . rs. ‘ r '3’-
l ) — -'"-‘. -1./'n‘ J.‘-'<tl r0411») ..I 1.. 4- -L .-.-.. . .- '.L_UL.1». . U-'a-. ‘JO --“~‘.

‘ n.‘ . - -' . 0 ~ '- ' V“ ,_ ‘ ’ q ‘ ’ .. .- C' . ..
,. up _ lg r -: {x r ‘ 5 , n“ '- P
A ._O 41-). Dl-Ju“. Pl. ' l‘, CL ..."). $.SL7 IL, VQN.IJ r .. 3. (“b5. LlC.«.:J.-. L)"; .L“.a‘.".

Torms-yz-:‘, C.
3,114 '31- 11"}..1rzz'tr 13?: Pox} A 1:12;“_~c1:.:w1 L13 11-01. Trams. 11,101“. Jish
Soc. 43: 87~92.
1'; .11!) , ‘1. . O
.7935? '51:“: pom? exits”: 3:? 17.7.0.0“: an 23:11; I‘ifJiL, 31113: '51-‘33

“(a ._

...L

d;
I

(:2;

fiUS E UR“
- . 4&(52.
mm; afi

. -‘1'"

11k“ 1

 

 

llllllllfllULIILIUIIIHIIIIWNIIIIllMllfllfllfljfljlNIH

93 0306