LOW VOLU ME

COMPAMSON OF
WEED CONTROL

WRAV NOZZLES FOR

Thalia ht flu Dogm a? M. 3.

MlCHiGAN STATE COLLEGE
Benton Hudspeth, it.
1949

'flmor

'THibns

 

V’ltlv

3: 331533 0? L3; ?0L3%3 SPRAY fiOfiZLflS

373?": 33112? C 53???? CL

fly

’Y‘f‘Tmf‘9’ “‘77" 0 ""’” r" 717 - ‘
war: we? 1:».-11ul’£.1:4. L.
M

ELISE

m

A T333313
Submdttod to tho School or firnduntu Studies of yinhigan
Stats Collar. of Agriculturo and Appllod Science
in partial fulfillmont of tho roqulremnnts
for tho dagroo of

MEKZ Q?” SflIE7ECE

Eopartmont of Agricultural Engineering
1949

I.

II.

III.

V.

VI.

VII.

51.8.3.3"; {"3}; flflfi

J45 “—1

‘34”. "17‘ oar-x fit?

‘1

.2“ n—M‘Q u;

up z‘x'

.M:;Lt¢~v..l..w" o p o o i a o

D. Background

A. Purpaso of ?ry-
of
C. Eiatcrieal ?

.. Corr=i stud Twat fivay
B. Visuai fipray Pattern

‘II III-CI SI 3’: .I II} . . .
A. Scrrugsted 23a: Tray
3. Visufil Spray faLtarn
C. 75533.1" ‘Eaata ‘. Q t a o
CJIISLITIITIIS g o o o, a o

”'15:qu f QJu-IMR

«.5. — 4 - 74“.“ '1 I. j o I 0- O O 0 O
(3‘ ’3‘!‘ sun {I 7' "i . *
L. ‘ 4.1:“. ‘ '9' 3 A“ ' I I‘L *3 . . . .

VIIILI’Iflafirfy C O C I O G

,r‘n w. n .-
f1; ’3 al-

ffifflftfi .
a a o a I

o o o a
O a CI 0
o o o o 0
at u a . o
u 0 c o u»
o 0 o o a.
p 0 o o .
o o o o o
o o a 0r 0

42
43
43

L13? 0? TEELEU

!”
(330

I. Cnpaa :16: at Spray nozzles Vaafi fer weed
COHtPOInooooooooQogacnaooco 23

II. Comparatlva Eatingo cf fiozzlas Testad . . . c o 59

E.
10.

11.

LIST 3? FIGEETS

Corrugated. Taat Tim; and PM? . ¢ . . . . .. . .
£ 3. ?. Electric Vetar and Ermnza Saar Pufl? . .
Adjustable Stanfiard for Spray Euca- . . . . . .
Spacing Aflaptgra for Sgrny'fioom . . . . . . . .
Vlnual Spray Apyarntua . g . . . . . . . . . .
fletail Erawing of Visual fiprag Aggaratuz . . .
E311 Eaariuga ow Fovable Tabla Eaad 31th
Viaual Sgray Ayparatus . c . . . o o . . ¢ 0 .
Epray Pattaru fiith ?iffarant Sgray fiaaariala. .
Tank fiubas Aftar fibet Showing Spray Pattern . .
Unirarm Ptttorn Single 30:21. (5 gala. per acre
“apafllty at Q at P0 E0)! 0 o o I 9 a a O 9 o o
Unavan Pattarn Single £03810 (5 gall. par aura
capacity ‘t ‘ V0 P. J.) . o a o t G O o o a o a
Uniform Pattarn flith fihreo Rosales (fl gala. per
acre cayacity at 4 w. ?. 3.). , . o o . u . . .
Snifarm ?attwrn of fitrwa $032133 on floom . . .

«-
1'?

fuevan Pattarn fiifih fihrea ozzlaa (3 gals. par

afira eaifiaflitf at 5., If. P. It. . g . g g g g Q j g
Fattarn for Singla 502210 (2.3 gala. per acre
cagaclty at ¢ Y. F. E.) o o a c 0 o a o a o o I

Fattarn 9r Threw 303119: (2.3 gals. per 83P9

capacity at 4 Y. F. X. o o 0 u u o 0 d o o a o

Faga

10
11

13

14

13

20

23

2:3

1?.

-*-\
.4 u

ism!
I

ES
(.1
Q

s...

24.

D3
01
c

Pattarn

NJ

nued)

far 513:13 393219 (13 rain. p3: aara

cagaaxty a: Q E. P. 3o). o a a o o u o t o a

Fattara far ihraa fioxslas (13 gala. par acra

cayaeifiy

'3‘; ‘3‘ (:9,_‘_ was
‘30 {A} aka-41;. 3‘ rif‘ \1 t!d13

lsunl rattarl Tmi la Luzzla

b "t7 "“‘v f:
fik4:~0-ou<o):tnfittfiiitO

a.

Jr'l Ll‘aubalbnu C O o i

"1¢L!U¢u€i 1‘13 “”1.

r .3 ‘
wuLAOfi . u a a o I d 0 a a c t 0 o a a a 0 0

Q

Eyray Tattar: thrfia $932133 finifcrm‘fiiatrl-

bution o a 9 Q a I a o o n ¢ 0 o o o 0 ¢ 0 a

Phoha f

?at Earn

f

‘ ‘1“? . . ’- . ‘ .
Lifl"$3 Lazfla wifih heavy

.‘IOOIOOOIQC‘IOIQ.

Visual ?attarm of Singla Lottie with fiaavy

Laged 11a rLJLtio“.

Eprav Pattern Qhrae $022133 with fieavy idgad

*

COCOCCOQICOO.

tistribution . o i o u o o n o a o o 0,0 I o

Lffgct a?

fiear 0a Spray Pattern

00!...

b3
(.32

{-3
Ci!

£3 KY: 3.”; EEG if 1". K733

Tho author wishes to express his sincere acknowledg¢

manta to tho r0110t1n3!

Professor P. W. Peikort of tho Agricultural Engineer“
lag Eopartmant for tha suggestions, guifianco and anaistanca

ha gave flaring an. courso of this study.

Profeaaor B. E. Qrigaby of tho E zany Bopartmnnt and
Professor Charles fianner and fir. A. E. Eitoholl of tho Eartia

culturo repartment for their counsel and assistance.

Th. manufacturer: or spray chomioala, pumpa, and spray
nozzles, for ch: use or their equipment and materials in

making this a twin

' 1"“W; I" ”C ”Ir“;
3.; ito‘ Eh! .‘ ‘4‘.

Purpose of Problem

?he effectiveaeel of 2,4-dichlor09henoxyacaale acid,
for weed control. depende on how uniformlly it is spread
over e given area. rather than the total volume per acre ap-
plied. Thus the minimum volume to use ie the leeet *heb can
be spread over the areas.

?he nozzle is e moat imgertant part of eprey equipment.
It is the metering aevice which actually controls the appli-
cation of the chemical to the crop. Even alight inaccuracy
at the muzzle can result in earioue damage to crops or e
waate or chemicals.

ii. purpcee or the problem is, therefore. to test and
compare the capacity, spray pattern, and.the effect of wear
on the low valume spray nozzles used to apply 2,4~D for need

cantrol.

Eackground of the Seed for Teet

In the Ynited Etetee 1t hen been eetlmeted that uaeée

cause an annual lose in crap yield: of 3 billion aollereg.

w. w. flabbine (1942), Professor 0! Botany, University
a: California states:
The average cost of tillage on cultivated lende
has been estimated at 15 per cent tie value of the

crop, enfi approximately onevhalf of cultivation in
made neeeeeary b3 the presence or weeds.

In addition to increeaed proéaction coate result.

ing from weeds. oonaiéorable expense is incurred in

erafiioatlng woods in éltohee along roadways, rail-

roaé rights or way, and in lawns, golf courses, and

canto places. It has been estimated that the aver.

age annual coat of lobar end material to keep woods

down elong railroad rights or we? in_tke finited

Etatoa amounts to :2,&03,000 {about £10 per mile).

formers were quiok to appreciate that it needs could
be controlled with eeleotivo chemicals in the growing crops,
the productive toreaze or their farms could be increased ten

9’
to twenty per coat .

About five your: ego 2,4-d1chlorophanoxgaootie eoid tee
introdnood as a eo-esllod “growth-realisting” compound.
fihie chemical had eevorel remarkable qualities: it was cheap,
oelootive. adapted to a wide variety of weed problems, end
only I small amount of it ran required to kill the reeds on
an more of lend.

The early spray: of 2.4-3 were wade at relatively high
volumes yer acre, with groundwrlg applications of from 100
to 800 gallone. Today. however. there is more interee: in
lowavolume epreye to reduce the bulk or material applied per
acre. The first spray equipmont urea for weed control we:
developed for other purpoeee. It wee etriotly epeolellzed
and made principally for the application or insecticidee and
Fungicides to roe crooe. This equipment one else expensive.

Hany farmers Regen to build their own spray meohiaee.
Although 2,4~D has the reputation ot'bolng the safest or the

antlveood chemicale, the farmers foond that it wee not elveye

safe. For examplo,?becauno of its toxicity toward many.
plants. its mdlunt did result in injury to news crops and
armamentalao The? alao faund that the sodium salt ia-not
as volatila find in glowar in acticn than the «stars.

filth.thc knawledga 0! tbs most effective way to apply
2,4.5, the Operatorabagan to ask for the answers to tho
{allowing quentiohs!

1. In the spray pattern from existing spray machines
uniform and evenly aistributod?

2. Does the nozzlo actually dalivgr its rated capacity?

3. What effect does nozzle taar have on the spray
pattern and capacity?

Thu: that. vast mead for checking tho Spray patterns
and capacities of tho many different nozzles that arc sold

for spraying anti-mead chomi¢slc.

Historical flaviaw

Tho first spray pattern nna capacity tests warn and. on
nozzles used for orchard apraying. In 1009 Baward w. RileyB
ran tout: on high,praasuro nozzlae naing an apparatus called
u "Sprtyograah'o

Er. Eilay abaerved and axparimentally determined two
main points for ouch natal. touted. First h» mnasurod the
rate or discharge of various liquid: at given protaurnl

through different sized openings. Secondly. he observed th.

charactarlatlas of tho spray produced under any given not
or canditiona.

The rate of discharge was muanurad by recording the
time nacaaaary to discharge into the cyan air a known amount
or liquid.

@ho charactar or apray can atudlad by taking a graphical
racord of tho «pray produced on n “Sprayagraph'. fihi: appu-
rntul worked upon tho principlfl of a toctl plane abutter for
a camera. A curtain with I slot was and. to pan. over tho
record shes: at a constant speed. Liquid colored with red
anglino dye was uprayed at the desired prsaaura against the
curtain. Payer use appliaé to the curtain and tha 3105
moved dawn across the frant a! tha record chant exposing all
portiana at it to the spray for the sumo length of films. By
having the cxposmrc sufficiently shar: it Ina poasiblo to
obtain tram any nozzla a record on uhieh the spot. were no
thinly éiatributad that they varu practically all separate
and distinct.

ht tho third finnual Expaaition of tho flatlonnl Horti-
cultur. Congreaa in 1910, spraying machina trials and compa-
titiona were held undar the auaplceu or tag Amarlcnn Society
of Agricultural Lnginuorlsg Both pumps and nozzles worn
ohnckad on many different makes of spray machines. Th. pur~
pose of tha test was to furnish.purchtuort full and complot-
information.£n regard to tho work, efficiency. design. and

construction of spraying machinau on the market in 1910.

:33 spray nozzles 3333 0330333 for cagacity and for
£13333.3, uniforul f and a justibiltty of Spray. €33 langth
and braadfiu cf 33? " 333 33333333 far 3333 302313, 333 the
33333333 3? 313131131103 and {1333333 of apray ware measured
by a 'fiprayograph”.

Research carried an 33 French?’ in 1254.3 and by Tre oh
and firafta“ in 1336 shows the recegnitian or the iwportanco

‘1 to

at spray patzarn. 33113 no 331333 of observing spray p3113rn
is described, 113 imp3rtance 13 noted and a mthod 3? 33¢
tsrm13 n; 1h3 3313133 force a? 130 spray 131331cat33.

£3 hettar apray c33313313 3333 31 aevared, and 33 the
apra" 3Q31pnant dev31033d, farmaru 13533 to use c 3331.331!
for centralling 33333. Er. O. 0. French; reportaa 433: by
1340 ha 333 or 333 313313 for ocutrolling 33333 had found
favor 1113.333} $333333. Fowavor, :33 33125 033 of 31331331
3333 aantrol were 3333513; no rapid 13 1340 that it was
315113313 to specim v the axact aquipmant that we: required.
Far 113 a rcason infiustry 33313 not 3330 stock eq3 lpvant
ivaildblo :33 the farmer: 333 to afiapt cud castam build .-
Q31p333t to 3333 their 33333.

flaring 30:13 fiar II, the discavary a! new erganlc 303»
90333: 3333333 139 problem or chamicul 3333 3331301 313033
over night. 53 as: growth r3 33133033 not only gave promise
or bottar 3331r31 of 3333:, 331 30313 33 3321136 In cancen-

133333 m1zt;rea, 1133 333113 33 on transportation or watar.

333. 3303 3333 dafln1ta ap331flcatior a far apray eqz1gnent

could he made.

033 at 3L3 mos: promisi 33 of 1:233. growsh regulators
was 2,4~E. 33 it L333.3 3313 ultely acceptou 32 a aelactivc
weed 311133.313 atata a :rlcult rel collegas be; gnn 10313 on
tho 33333313r131133 or 1313 chemical. 113 3 3353 available
to 3:13 char 133311;..3L1.3 comer .12.. 1L3 effact of 2,4-1? an
313? mat planta 3.2.3 LLe amount La 3 3313 per acre. In 33»
diticn Lhey a: cifiefl 113 L133 of 333133333 330333 or best
331:33 f3- 3,31,-3w 3.4-3. In 333 t 133 tanaea the 30'; 313
racomgondeé 333 333 L aLw 33 give a flat spray with ma
Lesvy 3133333 3? e3h33. TL933 333 3333 far 133:3 to 3333
wimi . 3323133 33313 [1V3 LL13 type or spray pattern.

Prefessor Z. L. Eergar and his cc-worLera 31 1323 Stats
€0113ga ran 313131L3L103 13318 on individual 3332133 in
33363135 11 9 333133 or 333 23331 330d control QQ3133333 far
row cropsl. 130 Last app aratua usad eonaisted of a aLoat of
aorrugatad 31331333 roofing with 2.71noh corrugatz 03:. 133
a; ray material was sprayed on the !;333 rack and on 15L at

313 and a! the cerr35311333 in gradanted 03'1133333.

10 of the Uni-

Froroaaora G. L. Shanks 133 J. J. 33L3rson
varsity of 33311033, 31331335, 533333. fievalopei in 1337.33
33 app=ratua 3L1ch permits studying 133 3; 2‘3? path arm from
any typa of nozzle for any cambination of hcight, prelsuro,
a 3 332313 3332133. 3 3331f.2utlon G! 131: apparatus was
333d in tho Last Lara at chhlgan 11329 6511353 336 is 30-

acribad in tnother section.

.7.

DESCRIP’I‘Imf 0.9 T‘FTIflG APPARIUE'JS

Corrugated in: Tim:

mo fir“ spray pattam and volwaa tut- were mad. with

the aqulprmnt shown In Fig. 1.

 

 

P15. 1. German-d 'rnt Tu: and Map.

Th. apparitul conuittad or a containor for spray materi-
n1. 1 auction utrninar. an electric mater ta paint tho bronze
gear pwmp, I pritlnro ra;UIutar, two precaurc guugos, and I
3.30121. sprty boom mountod ovar upoczal corrugatcd IhIO‘
mom.

Tho 100 moth auction carton was act.ehnd to thn 3/! inch
suction lino and plnood below ch. Ourftec at tho spat:
material in u 10 gtllcu confininor. ?h. 5/! 1nch.bronso
herringbon. goat pump was penance by a % B. P. oloetrtc motor.

 

Fla. 2. % H. P. Electric gator
and Bronte 60:: Pump.

whan oparatad n: 500 R. P. E. anfi-at 4O pounia per aquara
inch pressure. tho gum? ha& a capacity a! 5.1 sullen: per
minute. fih. spray material was forced past the diephrtgm
praanuro regulator into the 1 inch.upray boom, and aproyod
tram the nozzles onto tha corrugated shoot motal.

Th! tost trty had 1.5 inch corrugations and Eh! I 4 x 6
root acctlan. Tho top: at the corrugation ribs were sharp,
rtthor th&n rcund as in regular roaring. and tbs tray val
mounted so that the corrugablann were inclinaa 6 degree: in
their longitudinal direction (tbs 4 foot dimension). in.
degree 6f incllnb remained tho sumo throughous the tea: and
tho spray materials arained into test tube: placeé at tun
front of the tray.

The Spray boom, afiova tho teat tray, was mounted an In
adjustabla atanéard. Fig. 5. Aéjuatment for height was ob.
tained by taloacoping a 3/3 inch conduit into a 1 inch 919..
Two % inch.nuta were weldad an aha side or the pipe to pro-
vide thread: for the thumb carat: that held the vertical
standard 1n poaitian.

Tb provide a mean: or placing t3: nezalo at any angle
between the vertical and harlzantal plane: a chart aacticn
of 1‘} inch pips was welded an top of the 3)! inch conduit.
39 1 inch spray bogm was slippad thrmugh this lection and
hold in ylnca by a thumb screw. This aéjuatmsnt mafia 1t
poaaibla, by turnir: tha bocm, to place the nozzle in any

desired position. Fig. 3.

 

 

mg. 3. suntan. Manchu!
for Spray Em.

I

In order to comply with most 0! tbs mursc tmrs'
recommendations. ss to noszls spsclng, i inch couplings
vars ssldsd on tho spray boom 30 inohss spurt. However, to
provids for spacings Other thsn 23 inchss. oonnsozlons that
could be clamped.st any position on tbs boom vars slso
ands. F15. 4. Tasss spsolng sdsptsrs cansisted of two i
inch nipplos. s short longth or ohsmlosl rsslsnsnt rubbsr
hose, and s i inch slbos for tho nossls. Th. strap iron
clamp sss ssldsd to tbs nippls sud slbos. snd tbs unit was
bold in plsas by s small bolt and sing nut.

 

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Fla. 4. Spsolng adaptors
for Sprsy Boom.

Vlsusl Spray Pstbsrn

Tho ssoona test sppsrstus msds s vtsusl rsoord or
tbs spray psttsrn dslivsred by tbs nosxls. Tbs mschins
18 shown in detail by tho photo, ?lg. 5, snd the art-lag.
Fig. 6.

 

Fla. 5. Visa-l Spray Appsrstus

 

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-14-

The main frame of the cost oQulpmmnt conaiszaé of two
wooden 2 x 4's 12 foot long on 6550 and agacad a tee: s-
part. fumes wars supreraad by S x 4 12;: abnut 24 inches
3’;3 £35 accuraly braced. & length of 1 inch angle iron,
Lith Lia sharp coramr up, was fsSLaned on tap of each of
ans 3 x 4 rails. €31: formed s amaOLh, nearly frictionlsll
track for the 1.5 by 3 foot plywood table which was
suppertwd Lg four fixad uhssls. fimsss shoals were 3/3 inch
Furnir flange unins. fine; vars simply smsll bsll hearings
slat-s flange on tho lids sud oporstsd on the sngls Iron

much the sums ss s rsllrosd car shssl on rails.

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 7. 3:11 Eastings on rovsblo
tabla usmd with Visual
apray Ap;cratus.

On both suds of the track and fastened to thy 2 x 4
main trams wars two parallel shsfts. Each of these shafts
carried a ¢ inch V pulley. l?o firivlng. 10 inch, V pulley
waa powered by a 1/3 E. P. clectrlc meter that operatad at
17£5 l. P. R. €ith s 2 inch pulley on the mater, the V
belt and plywcod tabla travelled 4 miles par hour, which
was canaldared s common Speed for traeter mounzad sprayers.

A short place of rank syring attached the table to the
bolt. $hés was a precaution ta prsvent damage if the table
was not stoppad srter the syray pattern was complatad.

fins sums 3/3 inch.bronzs gear pump and adjustable
spray boom wars uaod with this GQuipmcnt .3 with the first
apparatus. fiethyleno blue dye was éprnyod onto paper
placad on the plywood tabla, which was passad under the
spraying nozzle at 4 miles par hear. A visual pattern of

tha nozzle was thus obtainad.

-1§-

1630‘ 1‘13“ "l a"; £313. V“ ' '7‘)ny 7.:
314-1 .9 at" 6«'#v0dw~dltp4

Corrugatad l at Tray

A: a means of detarmining which nozzlaa t9 aback. the
manufacturara of chemical weed control aQuipnant ware asksd
the name and type spray nnzzlea used on their mao?lnea. It
was foumd that many at the conganiaa did not make their own.
hut pm. based than from other concerna npaciallzin; in tho

, .
.mauufacture of low voluma nozzlea.

$93t nozzlas wars obiained from ten different eomyanien.
2333 were capable a: applying approximately 5, 19, and 15
5911 as par acre when aparatod at 4 miles par hour and ut
a praasare a! from 20 to 33 pounds per square inch. Each
lampla nozzle was checked fit the height, pressure and spaco
1mg racommenéed by its manufacturer.

?ha first tast, mafia with the corrugagod test tray, was
ta ohack the possibility cf using plain tap water, as a
aprsy matarial. when determiniag the capaelfiy and agrag
pattéra or the nozzles. fiho nozzle used in this teaz had an
as~urato discharga rate par minute avan thoufih the spray
pafiiern did 3h w heuvy efigea. In adéiti n to plain watar, a
aslution er tow Esteron 44 and a aolutian cf flow Formula 40
wara used as spray matariala. Eye 2,4«fi aolut one were used
according to tua raconmendefi concentratiuns cf 1 quart par
130 gallons of watar.

fhflaa throa mixtures gare Sprayed throuhh the 3330

nozzle at 33 pounds pr? tquere inch pressure, and Fig. 3
clown the reaultin; pattern anfi voluma fiischarged. Moither
the spray pattgrn nor tha vcluwe, showed any greats? vari-
ntlcn tfian coulé ha expected in any two nozzle: of the same
size ané apraying the semfi matarial. $?erafcre, plain tap
water at & tewyaratura of 75 :0 $9 degrees lahranhcit was
used in all the tests.

with aha corrugafieé taat tray, the capacity and spray
pattern were checked simultaneously. A nozmla was placed
in tha ceatar of the spray boom and raised 1% In has abavs
tho corrugatiOus, tha gear puhp started, and zha pr$nsuro
net acrording ta the manufacturars' raccmfiendnttons. After
Lfie liquid bfigan flowing off the tust tray, tha test tube
rack wag place& under the corrugations and the time for tho
tubes ta rill cmeckad with u stop watch. Th tubes were

hen ramovad without stapptag the pump. flares iéantical
tenth were mfido with cash nozzle. in ndiltion, tésta taro
mafia with two nazzlaa at each size, in erflar to insure that
a ranéam sampla had been used in the check.

A ghoto or the tubeu, Fig. 9 after a tast, gives a
general picture of the apray yatt$rn, but due ta aliaht
variations in the Léfit tube sizes, 1: was nesasaary to
measure tha amount of liquid caught in each tube. 7%: ivor-
ago of three replication: was plotted to chew the pattern
éallvwrfié by the infilvzfiual nozzla. F15. 10 anfi ll ars

curvsa that taro obtainad in this manner.

3302 no m2... «52.3 22.... 3102.
N. w T m m o n m

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The cnpacity of 3L@ a 2316 neg éatsrmizxod by usasgrl n3,
512k a graduated cylinfier, the amount 0; material Eischargad
1: a given L130. 1“: r sulta, fiahle 1, shew Liar 1E9 ca¢

xaclzi.an of all 120 nczzl as chacked were Very near 3T9 manu-

an:
‘2

facturars' ratings.
After {Ln 313916 no: lam Lad 399:1 333:3 6a, tlrce

J

nozalcs 0? aces size aura placed on the e~ra5 boo", and in

its sane'manncr as 6% r’boa abcvs , t a putter: for the
tlxrea was cha-okaé. Fig. 2 is an an ample of a curva ohtainad

from d.rea nozzles 31:3 a uniform pattarn. 3L9 heavy linan
reprasent the center of each nozzla. 333.13 in a photo or
this avsn distribution, anfi the curve, Fig . l4, aLnu: the
pattern 0.1 three no:.?1es uith Leavy 36303. 35059 with heavy

Lgns were chackcé ah uevaral diff2ront spacings on t? a beam,
an 3 hai;~ F to above the tost tray. A position could not b0
found, howevar, that would give an evsn a distributian an
aaeu In 713. 12 ans 13.

130 nozzles that produced the spray patterns ehown in
figuraa 13, 1%, 1? 33% 13, Igra manufactarad by 3h: 3am
co"pany, buL hafl difforo at rates 0 dlchar 9. P133. 15 ax: d
16 aka: the pattam cf ram nozzles the; aellvsr 2.5 gallons
per acre at 4 miles par hnur and 30 pounds per square inch
pressure. f3. patM rns in 3% :3. 17 and 13 w:ra made b5
nozzles that deliver 10 gallons per acre at the same spend
and pressuro.

fifia nozzles with tha higgar c&pao1ty gave the mast ovum

 

 

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spraylng Systems Fan

Accessories
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Fig. 19. Pattern for Throo 30:21.: with 13 5:13.
For fer. Capcclty It 4 H. P. 8.

éistribution or cpray material. That in. :19: wit. rates or
fiixchnrga abova 5 gallons per aura. .8 4 mils: per hour,
gave : morn oven pattern. than those with capacities under

5 gallana par acre at tLu sumo speed.

Vllunl Sproy Puttarn

239 second group of teat: It. made with tha visual spray
apparatus. This machine maéc 1t panaibla to raeard a visual
pattern for ouch.no:xlo. It any desirad spacing and height.

2L9 nozzlu, to be checked, was mnuntad on tha afijustablo
boom, and Lbs boom placed in position over the apparatus.

A plain shaos of «Lita wragping paper in: pinned to the 313-
wood table. fter it had been movad to tha startia3 and, and
attac2zad to t2: V belt b3 3 string. A: noon on tLa pump
utartad. a.contc£nor was held banoath the nozslo until the
preasuro and pattcrn ware normtl. next the motor Operatlag
LLe V belt and table was awltched on Iné the containar tith-
érawn from baneahh the spray. ?La paper paaaad unfiar LL
nozzle reaaivin3 2L spray, anfi as rap: 213 as possible tLo
cantalnar was returned to catch 1L9 liquid unt21 £39 puwp
mg a? could us 92933 ad.

23 u32223 :Ist th3lana blue in the spray material, a clear
pattoru of tha spray was éegoslted on the 3593?.

*iyuras 19 and 23 coflpare a spray éiatribuzlon, of a

eingr 19 nozzla with a uzwlrcrn pattern, mafia with tLo corru-

-32.

gated cast tray and tLe vicual apray apparatus. fhan
nozzlal, with uniform pattern: as sheen in 713 ran 19 and 23,
are placed on tha spray boom, the desired uniforfiity 3?
application in obtsinaé. The 150:1 distribution, for apply-
1n3 2.4-3 fer mead central, 13 illustrated t3 T13. 21.

A cc parieon at £30 ézstrlbutlnn patzern of elnxlo
nozzlaa, w :3 LOAV3 9533:, may ba noon in Figures 22 nnd 25.
Eta overspra3ed strips, that occfir with 35373 963ad pattarns.
are illuatrated by Fig. 24.

fits egrny pattern: in $133rea 21 and 24 tern produced by
nazzlsa with he saga rat: of discharge, but their spray éia~
tributlona were different. Tho affect of this overtreatad
strip, in uaiag 2.4.3, cannot Lo anauared witkout further

$1015 tflfltflo

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226304 Erna-than”.

a
-97-

YJORI‘ TO I ‘53

As a third test tho nozzIOI ware cheokad for the affect
of wear on spray pattern and capacity. A nozzle with a 5
gallon per acre rtto of diaahargo. and one with a 13 gallon
per tare capacity hero aelected to be used for this test.
In the beginning, when chacked with the corrugated test
tray and the vllual spray apparatua, both gav: a uniform
distribution pattern.

1h» Lao nestle: were mountcd on the spray boom, placed
ovar tha corrugatad ahaet. Ina Operatad fit a pressura of 33
pounéa per aquaro inch. Attar 10, 20, 334 50 hauro of coa-
'inucus operation, the spray pittarn and capacity of both
negzlaa tare chookad.

Fig. 25 anew: that the variation in rate of diachargo
and distribution pattarn wera not 33? greater than could he
expectad with two now nozzle! of tho name also.

A farmer operating I spray rig 4 mile: per hear ané
covering a Iiéth or 23 fact, could spray appraximntely 100
acres in 10 houra. The averago oparator probnhly unuld not
need ta spray mara than 100 nova: annually: therefore, thn
50 hours of continuous operatien represent about 3 years'
11f. far tha spray nozzla. Athough oantinuad Lasts uhould

be mafia on the effect of wear, it is apparent tuat with Eh:

progar care the low volume nozzle should have tba saws pattern

and capaelty eftar 3 weave of marmal operaticn.

Comparative rating: of the nozzle: tented may be aeen in

Table II;

mJNNOZ m0 m2... mMszo 20m... mmzoz.

 

 

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"IVI 8 BLVW AVUdS

 

CfiiLfi II
CJ"PALH’*V -;EHS.L‘IIJTT;:*2.SfiTB
Vanufas urar flfizzl.e Bamarka
attfiw
iicmarch 3 - Constnm tim’z 512mb

fiaavy augvd Pagtfirn‘

 

.prayin; $333913 2 Lexy to change nozzle tips.
,fiazzlas with capacitiaa of 10
gala. par acre and abOV2
gavu the most avaa apray
pattern.
Aacaasartes 2:3 2 Ccnstructlom good.
lac. 303216 tip protected shoulé it
come in contact with tho
grouafi.
Autamatio ?quip- 4 Elfrzault :2 £809 frag 1333b 2 a.
want Cc.
fibrado Co. 1 Very uniform spray pattarn.
firewar :aay to fiawaro tip n2021d it
come in cantact with graund.
Linck 3 Eighor vo1uma tLan needed far
mmfit work.
Santury 2 301133 cane.
Vary flag spray.
Spray angering 3 “’ff: exit to c§;aa;;- ;a 51a: .
Polavan 3 E32219: with capacitzea nfiovc
10 gals. per azre give the
..._..r hast aprqupattern: w
Key ta Eatings: 1. Excellent
Goofi
g: "811‘
4. P001.
$23 constr*22t 2.2, 2:233 pattern and capacity 2225

considared L; $319 rat1n3 of each nozzle.

1.

2o

4.

~45.

GafifLKSIGSS

The two-piooo {an noazlo with a uniform pattern, on
individual strainer, and a capacity of 13 to 15 gallons
par acro moot: tho roquiromonts for a general 222d

spray nozslo.

Tho {on nasal: 1n the boat, for wood control. Leoauao
r it: largor droplot spray and uniform coverage. The
mora atomized soray produood by hollow and solid cone

nozzloa, has a groatar tendency to fog or drift.

finiform fiiatributiou of spray material may be obtained
from.fan nozzles with capacities as low as 5 gallon:
par aoro. tawovor, thooo with.ratoo of éiaohargo above

2 gallons por @229, at 4 milos per hour, give a moro

oven pattern than those with lower capacities at the aamo

a§80do

fan pottarn of each noozlo, on a spray boom, must overlap

to give oomgleto oOV2raga.

foublo coverage does not nooeaoarily give uniform diatriu
button. Fan nozoloa, on a boom, that produce heavy edged
patterns will give more aaziofaotory results 1! tfiair
font! ommlotely ova-rites), but {fiery will not give the fill!-

nrioution prodgood by nozzles whose pattarmo aro uniform.

Go

7.

It is apparent tht with the prayer cars tha low volumn
nasal. ahculfi have the same pattern ad capacity xrtar

5 years 0? normal Operation.

If nozzles are purchaaod from an exgoriencad manufacturer,
their rltod capacities will be reliable. Eowaver, each
apray rig must be calibrated, because manufacturarc'
ratings, gallons per acre, 1111 only be corract if the

speed of travel and pressure urn a: raeommended.

(- vans-‘0;
wiem- ”on:

Tue affect! 35383 of 2.4-3, for waod cautrol, 6393353
on haw uniforaily it is spread over a given area. rath3r
than L3 as total vol}: 33 pnr acre applied. The nozzle is,
therefore, a most im3ortant part of spray aq;1ymant as it
acts as a metering éfiViCfi 3hicn. controla tE a up ' leation or
the chewicnl to tha crap.

533: nozzles, capable of upglying approximatal3 5, 10,
335 15 gallons per acre, wsra 03:31:05 frou Len alfffirent
companies, 335 LE 3 capacity anal spray patter a for 3331‘: was
checked on hath tha corrugated teat Lray and the visual spray
apparatus. 13 355151 a. check: for the offaet 35 wear on
rats 5? icebergs and pattern mar. 3350.

5%» results show that if nozzles ura purchased Tran an
oxperloaced manufacturer, their rated capacities 3111 be re-
llable. All of the nozzlas, hoaovar, 615 not produce a uni~
form pottarn. 53030 with rates or diachnrge abov3 5 gallons
per acre gave a morn uniforn diaLrlbu tics than :3 033 with
capacities below 5 gallons par 8330. 3333133 pro 5.33:.3
patierna 51$ ) LeaV3 edges, 13!; ovartrcazaé atripo in tha
sprayed 3336. It is 1399881313 to éetermin t129 off He or
t 333 overxgrayad strips an 3335 kill without {1315 33329.

the capacity and spray pa*t3rn at £33 103 volama
nozzles 3933 350333305 after 33 hours at continuous Operation.
To obtain nova camplate results tha wear 139:8 should La eon-

fi

tinuad, 55 51*f3m1t prza ur33, for 3 Ian 33 p335. .05 or time.

1.

2o

4.

Igrmnfimac f3

targer, E. L., Collina, E. v., Horton, E. A., and
Llljadahl, J.
lfléa Problems in tha Deafcn of Chemical weed

Control Equipmant for Eow Craps. gnurnal 9;

French, Orval Co
1934 Eachlnery for Applying atomizad 011 spray.

Jougnal of the Amerzcan Society of Agri-

, "Yv—vv- v' WW

cultural 3ngjnsors. gg; 324-326.

GPVEI Co. and Croftfi, A. 39'

:4
q
a
3
0
hr

.

1336 Characterlatlca cf Spray Holeaa for ?ogo-
table Qua T¢ed Spraying. _;ougn51 n? the
Amargceu flociaty of Agricultural fingtmaqgg,

178 115.1190

?rench, Qrval C.
1340 iquipmout for Chemical $606 Control. Journal
of tha gmfirican Sooiat? or Aggioultura;
Engineer: , at 437-4533.

 

arson, Laurens, and Tavidaon, J. Y.
1310 ficport of Spraying xechtno Triala. Trans-
m
actions a? the American Society: at“ Ajrimzlmral

6o

*3

8.

9.

10¢

Harvey. 4. 5.. and Eebbina, A. A.
1AA? 9,4an as a fAed Klllar. 3&11f0rns.& A; r:-

Aultural IztAAalon Service Ciraular 133.

Hassag, G. ?.
1343 Anday'a fiaad sprayAr fingtnaarhn Frdblams.

TAAA IAQIAAAAA iéwn, L9 (13): 4"'53a 93 99

O I

 

100.

E1193, Eoward A.

1909 A Sprnyog.aph. fr A‘sacticna of tha AA wtcaa

Society of Awricflltjrel A"? 20,? a, 3: 43.32.

F0 gklns, w. 4.. Crafts, A. 3., and $agnor, R. A.
lfi~2 AAagzgontrAE. "ca rawufiill ~ook Company, Inc..

flew Ecru, EBA York. 513 pg.

f} “ll-'3. G. La. Edd Pat<~ra'3n, J. J.
1343 1AA. 3.31quo far Spray E02213 Thating. Jburnal
o$_thAAAAAr1can 2 :1 Ag? of $~r‘c lturg}

?1'?1;:1TI=9}'I£, g3! ammo.

1.

3.

4o

6.

1“? mm 7 ~
Bl_u13uuA?£Y

to. :33303’ 2:. 3". 33.114. flawey, S... A.

Barr. £0:

7*“. ‘0 j-fi
5’ " K)

1947

Lquipuonb for the Application of Egrbicidea.
gs ruleor tha Atari cur: Sociat: or. ricul

:1 Ln; nears, 29: 334-3“; 9.

fl"... and Era“. C. It.
weed Control with 2,4-D. Jo rnal of the
A arlcan Socie§}_or Agricult ral : neorS.

g3! 54 1.343 c

Erasn, c. A., and Carter, A. E.

13

46

£363 Investigations. Louisiana Agricultural

“rparl. th Station, Bulletin 402.

Rrawa, C. A.. and Eoldermnn, Q. L.

19

46

4Controlli g Alli; ator read in Sugar Cane with

2,463. Louisiana Agricultural fixpariment

Station, Hullotin 410.

Chagical iaed and Plant Control. fiénrnal of

the A {3? ca 1 Eécioty of A;r1cultural»?nginaerg.

w.

33: 339-541.

Erwed, V. 3., anfi varreu, 3.

134%

2,4-3 as 3 Age Killar in firfigcn. O?agon

Ctaaa College Iztenaimn, Jllutiu .‘7, 16 pp.

7o

9o

10.

11c

12.

\

6P1? c"

L 4, E. K., and haunar, w. L.

1945

{Z'a1v1L1’

1943

?~mner,

19a?

Eanncr,

134$

Hangfin,

1943

Scath to 29035 with 2.4-3. fiichiqan prario

*-

,. 1'- -$! ‘3" *‘
man: itaw‘un, «elfier 33.

at». Li.
A 10w~gallonaga 2951 Eyrayer, fl. I. Stag.
College *xtenalon Himeograph Circular 60,

B pagan.

C. L.,Ifukoy, fl. 8.. and Carlson, 3. P.

Apglication of 2.4-3 to £011 33 Pra-amgvganco
pray mu Pravant Lofiglng and to Control $3968
in Sweet Corn. richigan flaricaltural fifiperi-

mant figatififls Quartorly Bulletin 3Q: 194.200.

C. L.. anfi Tukoy, E. B.
Signlo Favica far Apylying around Sprays
(in taed oonzrol). richigan Agricultural

fixgerimant Station Quarterly Bulletin, 303

1:. 3.. and itfifilt. J.
apray fiquipmnnt for naa& Cantrol. Eebraaka

Agricultural fzteasion Circular, 174: 1-16.

fiaphart, L. 13".

1&45

figad {antral witk Chanicala. Jaurfi 1 G! the

Amerfinan Facian? of £1P1¢71t2?fi1_““V7“94P91

2:13 593-533 0

135 Lat n3r, L. J.

#43 Hmat's $POH; Wltfl'iafid Sprayers. Errm

.gr13‘3;§ £333, C3: 33-43.

1343 Sangars in Chemical flaefilng. ”8P3 Tfiplawant

 

 

15. F533; 'Qflald' E Q P.
1543 Field Spraying :Quipmant for Weed Conirol.
Journal a! thaufiwsrioan Society 3! kwri-
m ., v

qgltursl Faginactg. 22} 899:393.

3":

15¢ PPIQQ; 3. E0
1345 ‘ufiaxfiaadatla a for sea ”Drfijiuu fiquipmant.
Cregon Agricultural :xperiment Circular, 1?OI

1-33.

Q

17. Pynar, r. ..
1943 EWq 1x333. for Low Callonag; a M “1 cation or
Harbicidaa. Califsrnia Agricultural Taparta

M‘ifint‘: tilletin, 3,7: §O¢?3.

18. E31113, E. C.
1343 11p3r133 ants 3113 2.4-? f-sr Controlling $o3ds
13 £133 Clelfis in Fouthaaatzrn szaa in 134?.
T3333 Africa taral 3*cfifwafit S‘at.3: Pr3333aa

Wart 111:, 3 pagaa. C3113 : Cvag on.

1?. ¥n¢arwoodg J. Kon an: ficfiurray, 30 F.
13%3 fifia Use of 2.4-3 935d Hillsra. 33fl43533°
Agricultural ;xparimen‘ fixation Circular.

81. 4 pages.

1:

20¢ :33- tags. ‘13 ’ ti). ii.
- " V“... V... .u A. ‘ , ‘4 f i ‘_ -~. . A , ‘\ h . ‘ 4.
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