A STL’DY OF THE FACTORS AFFECTENG THE PURCHASING OF CITRUS FRL'ITS Thesis for Lbe Degree of M. S. MECHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Orpha M. Hufh‘uan 10'10 Jul 3.. \u ¢ — a . _ f ‘ . 33.... o c» .A STUDY OPTIEE FACTORS _AFFECTIKG THE PURCHASING OF CITRUS FRUITS By Qrpha Mae Huffman W Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science Department of Institution Administration Division of Home Economics Michigan State College June - 1959 :. 5 E ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer wishes to express her apprec- iation and thanks to all who assisted in making this study possible: particularly to Professor Mabelle S. Ehlers, under whose supervision the work was directed; to Dr. Marie Dye who rendered valuable assistance by her suggestive criticism; and to Dr. Ernest Bessey, Dr. W. L. Mallmann, Professor G. G. Speeker and Dr. W. D. Baten. 121485 TABLE OF CO NTENI‘S I. Introduction Object of Study Review of Literature The Present Status of Citrus Consumption History of the Citrus Industry Species and Varieties of Citrus Fruits II. Methods Used in Study Statistical Information Prices Qualities of Fruit Interpretation of Data III. Discussion Importance of the Industry Production of Citrus Fruits Distribution of Citrus Fruits Prices of Citrus Fruits Qualities of the Fruits IV. Summary and Conclusions V. Appendix VI. Bibliography Page 26. 50. 77. 101. 115. 151. Graph II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. XII. XIII. XIV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. LIST OF GRAPES Location of Citrus Acreages Oranges II II II I! Grapefruit Tangerines I! 1! 1! II Total Citrus Increase in Citrus Shipments, 1918 to 1932—57, Oranges Increase in Citrus Shipments, 1918 to 1952-57, Grapefruit Increase in Citrus Shipments, 1918 to 1952-57, Lemons Increase in Citrus Shipments, 1918 to 1952-37, Total Citrus Fruits Origin of Shipments by Regions, Oranges II ' " " " " , Grapefruit n n n n u , Lemons n u " " " , Tangerines N " " " " , Total Citrus Fruits Total Annual Shipments of Citrus Fruits from all Regions Oranges - Annual Shipments from the Four Chief Producing Regions Oranges - Monthly Shipments from Southern California Oranges - " " " Central California Oranges - " " " Florida Oranges - Total Monthly Shipments, All Regions Grapefruit " " n u n Page 29. 29. 29. 29. 41. 42. 42. Graph XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX XL. XLI Grapefruit, Annual Shipments from Four Chief Regions " Origin of Carlot Shipments with Texas Placed on Top of Florida Grapefruit, Monthly Shipments from Texas " " " " Florida Lemons, " " " All Regions Tangerines, " " N H n Mixed Citrus, " u n n u Total Citrus Fruit Monthly Shipments from All Regions Varieties of Oranges Shipped - California n n N " -Florida Age of the Bearing Trees - Oranges n n u u n - Grapefruit n n n n n - Tangerines n n n n " — Lemons 45. 46. 47. 48. 48. 48. 49. 54. 54. 57. 57. 57. 57. Oranges - Monthly Shipments from California, All RegionsSO. Seasonal Variations of Oranges from California and Florida Seasonal Indexes Pertaining to Shipments of Oranges From California and Florida Cyclic Fluctuations with Trend Removed, Oranges - California Cyclic Fluctuations Pertaining to Florida Oranges Seasonal Variations of Grapefruit from Florida and Texas. Seasonal Indexes Pertaining to Shipments of Grapefruit from Florida and Texas. 61. 65. 64. 64. 67. 68. Graph XLII XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. LII. LIII. IJV. IV. LVI. INII. Cyclic Fluctuations with Trend and Seasons Removed Florida and Texas Grapefruit Differential Graph for Orange Shipments II II II Grapefruit II II II II Lemon II " " " Total Citrus " Orange Prices — Weekly Auction Prices at Detroit, Michigan Origir.of Oranpes - Weekly Carlot Unloads at " " Grapefruit Prices - Weekly Auction Prices at " " Tangerine Prices - monthly Average, All Auctions Origin of Grapefruit - Feekly Carlot Unloads at " " Orange Prices, Monthly Averages, All Auctions Grapefruit Prices, Monthly " " " Volumes of Various Sizes of Fruits Cost of Orange Juice Per Ounce for Oranges Purchased Cost of Orange Juice Per Ounce with Wholesale Prices Used as Basis for Computations. 1 Leirhts of California er Florida Oranges. Page. 69. 110. 111. 112. 116. 117. 118. 119. LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Grapefruit Shipments 1917 161 II. Orange " 1917 161 III. Lemon " 1917 161 IV. Grapefruit " 1918 162 V. Orange " 1918 162 VI. Lemon " 1918 ' 165 VII. Grapefruit " 1952 165 VIII. Orange & Satsuma " 1952 164 IX. Lemon " 1952 . 165 X. Tangerine " 1952 166 XI. Mixed Citrus Fruit " 1952 166 XII. Grapefruit " 1955 167 XIII. Orange and Satsuma " 1955 169 XIV. Lemon " 1955 171 XV. Tangerine " -1955 172 XVI. Mixed Citrus Fruit " 1955 175 XVII. Grapefruit " 1954 174 XVIII. Oranges and Satsumas " 1954 176 XIX. Lemons " 1954 177 XX. Tangerine " 1954 178 XXI. Mixed Citrus Fruit " 1954 179 XXII. Grapefruit " 1955 182 XXIII. Orange & Satsuma " 1955 182 XXIV. Lemons " 1955 184 XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. Tangerines Mixed Citrus Fruit Grapefruit Orange and Satsuma Lemon Tangerine Mixed Citrus Fruit Grapefruit Orange and Satsuma Lemon Tangerine Mixed Citrus Fruit Grapefruit Shipments from II II II II II II Shipments 1955 " 1955 " 1956 " 1956 " 1956 " 1956 " 1956 " 1957 " 1957 " 1957 " 1957 " 1957 Florida " Texas- Southern.Ca1ifornia Arizona Imperial Valley of California Central California Northern California Orange and Satsuma Shipments, Southern California II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II Florida Central California Texas Northern California Arizona Alabama Louisiana Page 185 186 187 189 191 192 195 194 196 198 199 200 201 202 205 204 206 207 208 209 210 211 215 214 215 Table LII. LIII. LIV. LV. LVI. LVII. LVIII LIX. LX. LXI. LXII. LXIII LXIV. LXV. LXVI. LXVII. LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. LXXII. LXXIII. LXXIV. LXXV. LXXVI. Page Orange and Satsuma Shipments, Mississippi 216 " " " " Imperial Valley California 217 Lemon " Southern California 218 N 9 Central " 219 n " Northern " 230 n " Arizona 221 Tangerine " Florida 22. fl " Louisiana 295 N " Southern California 224 u " California 225 Mixed Citrus Fruit " Florida 226 n " " " Southern California 227 H " " " Louisiana 238 " " " " Central California 229 " fl " " Arizona 250 " " " " Imperial Valley California 251 Total Citrus Fruit " Southern California 252 " " " " Florida 255 " " " " Central California ‘ 254 fl " " " Texas 355 " " " " Imperial Valley California 256 " " fl " Herthern California 257 fl " " " Arizona 258 " fl " " Louisiana 259 " " " " California 240 .b I‘ .1 c MP?» Table LXXVII. LXXVIII. LXXIX LXXI LXXXI. LXXXII. LXXXIII. LXXXIV. LXXXV. LXXXVI. LXXXVII. LXXXVIII. LXXXIX. XC. XCI. XCII. XCIII. XCIV. XCV. XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. XCIX. Total Grapefruit Shipments, 1952-57 " Orange " 1932—57 " Lemon " 1952—57 " Tangerine " 1952—37 " Mixed Citrus Fruit " 1932—57 " Citrus Fruit " 1952-37 Estimated Bearing Acreages & Percentage Distribution Oranges - Weekly Auction Sales at Detroit, Michigan Grapefruit " " n n u n Oranges — Monthly Prices - All Auctions Grapefruit " u u n Tangerines " n n u Carlot Unloads of Citrus Fruit Average for 1952-57, New England States Do. Middle Atlantic States Do. Central States, Eastern.Croup Do. " . ” , Western " and Southern States Do. Southern States and Northwestern States Weights, - Florida Valencia Oranges " - California Navel " " - Florida Temple " " - Various Oranges n _ u n “ of oranges 260 262 264 265 266 267 268 269 Tables C. CI. CII. CIII. CIV. CV. CVI. CVII. CVIII. CIX. CX. Weights and Volumes of Juices - Florida Valencia Oranges Do. California Ravel Do. Various Oranges Percentage and Cost of Juice - Florida Valencia Oranges Do. California Navel Do. Various varieties Retail prices of Oranges Weights of Oranges on Storage EXperiment Juice Yield of Oranges on " " Diameters of Oranges and Grapefruit Size of Tissue Wraps " Page 270 271 272 275. 274. 275. 276. 277 278 279 280 Chart II. III. IV. VI. VIII. LIST OF cams Shipping Calendar for Oranges " " " Grapefruit " " " Lemons " " " Tangerines Diameters of Oranges " " Grapefruit Method of Packing 52 52 85 86 87 ll!.‘..‘ I 57.3.41 Ill; . play I. IFERODUCTION A. Object of Study Since Citrus Fruits from three widely separated regions are now found on the markets of the central states, it would be advantageous to learn whether any particular varieties are super- ior to others in any respect. To formulate buying guides for citrus fruits for institution marketing was the motive leading to this study. The investigation was conducted along four lines: (1) volumes, areas and seasons of production of citrus fruits, (2) methods of distribution and resulting consumption areas, (5) prices of citrus fruits and (4) comparison of qualities of these fruits. B. Review of Literature While a great deal of literature is available on the topic of citrus fruits, little has been interpreted so as to assist in formulating purchasing guides for the institution buyer. The topic as studied by the United States Department of Agriculture, has dealt with the production, distribution and marketing angles of the problem. The consumer angle is not men— tioned. One phase of production studied extensively by the Department of Agriculture deals with genetics. In the "Yearbook of Agriculture 1957" (1) the report on "Improvement of SubtrOpical Fruit CrOps: Citrus" was written by Hamilton Traub, Senior Horti— culturist and T. Ralph Robinson, Senior Physiologist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable CrOps and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry. “In 1...... l. 9.. . $.NI .l. This report contains an excellent discussion of types and varieties of fruits grown in various regions, as well as breeding methods and results. The Federal Bureau of Agricultural Economics deals with the distribution of the fruits. The Division of Fruits and Vegetables in that bureau prepares statistical reports of "Carlot Shipments of Fruits and Vegetables" (2) and "Carlot Unloads of Certain fruits and Vegetables in 66 Cities and Imports in Four Cities for Canada" (5). These appear first, while some figures might still be incomplete, in mimeographed form, and as soon as possible after the close of the calendar year. Printed bulletins later combine the two above mentioned reports with data for two years included in one volume. The series of Carlot Shipments (2) show each of the fruits and vegetables in separate tables, giving the state of origin of the cars and the months in which they were shipped. (Tables I to AAAVI) In the case of some states with widely differing climatic conditions, the state production is divided into regions; for example, California Nbrthern District, Southern District, Central District and Imperial Valley. (Tables VII, VIII and others). "Carlot Unloads" (5) gives the information for each of the important pepulation centers in this country. The tables give the same two types of information; the origin of the fruit and the months of arrival. The Farm Credit Administration has published a bulletin by Kelsey B. Gardner regarding "Terminal Fruit Auctions as Marketing Agencies for Farmers' Cooperatives". (4) The discussion therein proves the power of the organizations of cooperative associations in -'«"_'s I JW‘K-‘ a ' - 5. the sale of produce, including citrus fruits, in which c00peratives were organized early and which practically control the industry. From time to time there appear bulletins prepared by state agricultural experimental stations. These deal with management of orch- ards and problems of production, handling and marketing of the fruits. Florida State Marketing Bureau in c00peration with the United States Department of Agriculture has edited a bulletin, "Marketing Florida Citrus, Summary of 1957-1958 Season" by H. F. Willson (5). This is again statistical information regarding marketing of the fruits. The Department of Agriculture has also published "Citrus Growing in Florida" (6) with contributions by John M. Scott, R. H. Howard, Frank H. Scruggs and others. Phases of growing and marketing are discussed. Since the beginning of this study by the writer, a new bulletin has appeared. J. M. Thompson, former Assistant in Agriculture Extension in California wrote "The Orange Industry: An Economic Study" (7). This survey is written from the vieWpoint of understanding the problems of production and marketing as they affect the producer. while c00perative selling agencies have issued many circulars, in the main these were written for advertising purposes and hence the material therein is more or less biased. Much of this from the Califor- nia Fruit Growers Exchange is an attempt to influence the public to use "Sunkist" fruits. Florida Citrus Exchange is also publishing literature of this nature. However, through its Statistical Department it has com- piled "Auction Sales, 1957-1958" (8), "Statistical Bulletin" (9), and "Summary of Shipments" (10), which give authentic and unbiased informa- tion. The abundance of statistical data is therefore evident. However, There is little interpretation of that data as to its effect on the purchasing of citrus fruits. One study of this nature has been found. Oranges and grapefruit are included in foods examined by Olive Gertrude Wyse in "A Study of Consumers' Problems in the Selection of Certain Foodstuffs" (11). C. The Present Status of Citrus Consumption. It is obvious to any observer that increasing amounts of citrus fruits are appearing in the daily diet of peOple of all finan- cial circumstances. No longer are oranges on the table a mark of wealth. It is taken for granted that citrus fruits contribute something of value to the winter diet in particular. The last twenty years have found an enormous increase in the quantities of citrus products in the northern markets. Not only do local grocery stores handle the fruits, but rapidly increasing nimbers of small markets are springing up for the sale of fresh vegetables and fruits only. There are even occasional stores which sell citrus fruits exclusively. Several factors have contributed to this increased use of citrus fruits. The deve10pment of better keeping varieties makes long shipments possible; new and better methods of preservation extend the season; lower prices extend their uses. Advertising by producers and their agents has made the public ”citrus conscious", while education along nutritional lines has emphasized the need for the citrus fruits from childhood to old age. When it is found that a food seemingly so desirable and one which can be put to a variety of uses, is "good for one", and that the price of that food is reasonable, its increased use is the logical result. Thus the use of citrus fruits in the institution menu has grad- ually extended from the first course of the breakfast meal through the final course of the evening meal. D. History of the Citrus Industry. 1. Early History The citrus fruits as a class are native to southeastern Asia-- eastern India, Indo—China, southern China and the Philippines. As a group, these fruits have been cultivated for hundreds of years in the Orient. The earliest treatise on citrus culture which is still in existence, is a monograph on the oranges of fienchow, Chekiang, Nan Yen-Chih's Chu.Lu. This was composed during the period 1174-1189, in the Chinese language. That long ago three horticultural groups of oranges were recognized and the total varieties listed was twenty—seven. (1) From the commercial standpoint, onLy five or six of the dozen or more types of citrus fruits are important. They include the following: 1. Citrus sinensis, the sweet orange 2. Citrus maximg, the grapefruit 5. Citrus limonia, the lemon 4. Citrus aurantifolia, the lime 5. Citrus nobilig, the Mandarin orange Rootstocks are obtained from some other varieties, as: 1. Citrus aurantium, the sour orange 2. Citrus limonia, the rough lemon 5. Poncirus trifoliata, the trifoliolate orange Along the trade routes from the Orient the various types and varieties spread to the other parts of the world. The orange received 11 -.3,nav .n.. y i ,. Il.ll... rlf7.: . ‘lrr'! . O. mention in the Sanskrit. (12) At an early date the Citron reached the Mediterranean region as mention of it appears in the writings of Theophrastus. (1) The sweet orange reached this region later, apparently not until the early fifteenth century. The sour orange reached Spain by way of northern Africa. Ellen Ramsey (12) states that the sour orange was seen by the Crusaders growing in Palestine. In 1002 A. D. the Arabs took it to Sicily. Traub and Robinson (1) say that the lemon and lime were introduced into Eur0pe about the same time as the sweet orange, the fifteenth century. Several varieties of these are described by Fer- rarius and other writers. Lemon culture first became important in Sicily, Genoa, and other parts of southern EurOpe. 2. Introduction into Western Hemisphere. On his second voyage to the New World in 1493, Columbus stopped off at Gomera, Grand Canary Island, for‘two days. He purchased livestock and fruit and vegetable seed, and among these, he is SUpposed to have obtained ”seeds of oranges, lemons and citrons'. On the island of Hispaniola, where he landed on November 22, 1495, he estab- lished a colony, where he "set out orchards, planted gardens". (1) 3. History in Florida. Exhaustive studies have not been made of introductions to other parts of America. It is believed that citrus fruits were es- tablished at Saint Augustine, eastern.Florida by 1579. In that state the sour orange, and to some extent the sweet orange and the lime, escaped into the wild to grow uncultivated. (1) 7. Citrus growing in Florida to any great extent dates back about two hundred years. In 1791, William Bartram wrote of his "Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida". In accounts of his journeys through Florida in 1775, often he mentions the orange groves along the St. Johns River in the region where Jacksonville now stands, and as far south as DeLand. At another time his writings tell of passing orange groves on his trip from St. Johns to the Alachua savanna. (6) However, citrus growing in Florida did not reach prOpor- tions which could be called commercial until 1870. By the 1830's the industry had become fairly important. Two severe freezes in the winter of l894~1895 practically wiped out that fruit growing in the northeast- ern part of the state, and the orange industry became centered in the central ridge section and the southern coastal area where it is located today. (1) Grapefruit suffered a setback at that same time, but has gradually recovered, reaching a peak in 1929. The lemon industry, which was of considerable importance commercially until the time of the freeze, has never been rebuilt, although there have been some recent attempts to reestablish it. (1) 4. History in California. Citrus seeds were brought into Lower California probably in the early 1700's, from other parts of Mexico. In 1769 the Franciscan missionaries began establishing missions for four hundred miles along the coast of California. At these missions they set out various fruit trees, among them orange and citron cuttings. Early settlers obtained trees from these mission orchards, and by 1850 and 1840 there were a number of small plantings in the region of Los Angeles. About 1871 the section where Riverside now stands was sold to settlers by an eastern promoter, and numerous orchards were set. (15) The source of the supply of many of the plantings of about this time was the nursery owned by Thomas A. Garey. He was the out- standing nurseryman of his time, and imported large numbers of important varieties from 1858 to 1875, apparently from Florida, Australia and southern EurOpe, as well as from the nurseries of Allwanger and Barry of Rochester, New York, and Sir Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England. (1) The fruit was sold locally until the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1876, when the first carload of fruit was shipped to St. Louis, Missouri, arriving in good condition follow- ing a month in transit. The first special train loaded entirely with oranges, left the River Station, Los Angeles, February 14, 1886 for the east via the Southern Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads. Grapefruit growing in California and Arizona was started in 1890 with plantings of the Marsh variety. It has been important only locally, since the quality of these grapefruit is inferior so far, to that of the fruit grown in.Texas and Florida. (1) Lemon culture has been.especially successful in.Ca1ifornia; the southern coastal region of this state produces most of this fruit found on our markets. (1) 5. History in Texas The Rio Grande Valley citrus industry is a rather young enterprise. Its history can be divided into three distinct periods. (1) Up to 1899 citrus fruit was grown for home use, and no particular attention was paid to rootstock. (2) The resistance to frost was . demonstrated during the freeze of 1899. Trees budded on trifoliate stock withstood this destruction, and therefore, this type was the pop- ular supply of rootstock for the next decade. However, this stock was soon found to be subject to several diseases common to oranges. (5) Observations of some very outstanding pioneers in the Rio Grande Valley, beginning after 1900, made possible the growing of citrus there in commercial quantities. The sour—orange rootstock was found to be superior for the climatic conditions there. The importance of this development is clearly demonstrated by the fact that in 1921 the citrus shipments of this section amounted to thirteen carloads, and in 1951 had increased to five thousand carloads. These shipments consisted mainly of grapefruit of the Marsh variety and its pink- fleshed mutations. (l) E. Species and Varieties of Citrus Fruits 1. Species of Citrus Fruits. The genus Citrus includes many species in the Family Rutaceae, whose fleshy fruits are used chiefly for food. Closely related to the true Citrus species are the genera Fortunella, includ- ing the kumquats, and Poncirus, the Trifoliolate orange, as well as a few other trepical genera whose fruit never reach this region. (19) The outstanding groups have been mentioned in connection with the history of the fruit. The Mandarin orange and the tangerine orange are forms of.Qit§g§ nobilis variety deliciosa; and the Satsuma orange of Citrus nobilis variety unshiu. Citrus maxima has several members, the shaddock, the grapefruit and the pummelo (also Spelled pomelo). Citron, Citrus medica is not an important Species,'but is grown somewhat in this country. Of lesser importance are the species )1 .‘fi.\o.lf 1.1.2. .I... .3111 10. of Fortunella, the kumquats. (19, 1) The large number of types make possible fruit with many diversities-- in dessert and keeping qualities, season of maturity, resistance to disease, and regional adaptation. 2. Characteristics and Uses of the Fruits. Many of the citrus fruits—~sweet orange, grapefruit, lemon, and 1ime—-are very well known even to the people in northern United States, and require but little description. The taste qualities are said to depend on.various combinations of sugars, acids, glucosides, esters, and peel oil. The engars and acids are the basic matrix, and give the variations from sour through tart, sweet and insipid. The esters, glucosides and peel oil account for the bitter and aromatic qualities. It seems that the bitter characteristic furnished by glup cosides is in evidence only if these substances are present in suf- ficient amount in the tissue. This bitter taste is not normally present in oranges, but is an expected and even desired quality in grapefruit and lemons. This is proved by a prejudice against a variety of grapefruit called Triumph which does not have the characteristic glucoside bitterness of this type of citrus. Coit (15) describes this variety as "somewhat lacking in flavor". The aromatic quality furnished by the oil of the peel, is important in some Species, such as Citrus nobilis. (l) The sensation of sweetness predominates in most commercial varieties of the sweet orange. Analyses of California oranges reported in.a bulletin from.the University of California Agricultural Station, shows the sugar content of Washington Navel and Mediterranean Sweet oranges to be 9.92% and 9.70% respectively. (15) Of this approximately 11.. 'half is sucrose, and the remainder a mixture of other fruit sugars. A slight perceptible tartness is usually combined with the sweet flavor. Coit (15) attributes this to the citric acid content which is about 1d. The contribution of esters is only slight in most varieties, but in the "Pineapple" variety lends an outstanding characteristic odor. In the Mandarin orange or the "kid glove" varieties, the esters give the tangerines a pleasant "tang". The King and Satsuma oranges in this group are sweet like the sweet orange. The glucoside naringin gives the grapefruit the quality of bitterness. This, added to the acidity, which is at times mild, and at others more prominent, makes the fruit the outstanding breakfast or first course appetizer. The term Shaddock or pomelo named after Captain Shaddock, who first brOUght it to the West Indies, is supposed to be native to the Malayan Islands. It is very large in size, sometimes attaining a diam- eter of nine inches and a weight of fifteen pounds. The skin is yellow; the rind thick, white, Spongy and bitter; the pulp greenish, sub-acid, watery and aromatic. Fairchild in "The World Was My Garden" describes a pink fleshed Shaddock which he foumd in Java. In this country a small variety, somewhat larger than a large orange, is the one seen on the market. This is the fruit called grape- fruit from a habit of growing in clusters like bunches of grapes, or pomelo, leaving the name Shaddock for the larger sort, although strictly Speaking all are pomelos. The grapefruit is rather thinrskinned for its size, but the toughness of its skin renders it a good shipper, and pre- serves the juice for a long time, often till far into the summer. The tree is productive, yielding as much as sixteen barrels from a tree 12. ‘twenty-five years old. (22) The acidity is the first importance in limes and lemons. Traub and Robinson think that the acid content should be 6% to 7% in these fruits. (1) Coit (15) says the lemons contain 7%% of citric acid and 2% total sugars, of which % of 1% is cane sugar. The characteristic glucoside accounts for the distinguishing flavor of limes. The peel oil in both fruits contributes desirable qualities. (1) Citron is used entirely for making preserves or for candied citron used in fruit cakes, plum puddings and products of that nature. The kumquat is used in preserving, for table decorations on twigs which are grown as ornamentals on lawns in California, and as a fruit to be consumed fresh, in which case the whole, including the skin is eaten. Sweet and sour varieties are known, and in each the rind has little of the pungent oil which is found in most citrus fruits. (1,15) 5. Varieties of Oranges. Varieties of the various types are closely linked with the region in which they are grown. Therefore, they will be discussed in groups corresponding to the regions of citrus culture. (a) Florida Oranges. The sweet oranges of Florida consist of mainly five varieties; the Hamlin, and Parson Brown which are early; the Pineapple and Homo- sassa which are mid-season crops; and one late variety, the Valencia. Hamlin, a sport of the Mediterranean orange, was discovered in a grove planted by Isaac Stone, near Glenwood, Florida in 1879 for Mrs. Mary H. Payne. This grove later came into the possession of A. G. Hamlin and the orange was then named for him. It is an early orange of remarkably fine quality. (15) When conditions for culture are favorable, 15 the acidity and sweetness are well blended, resulting in excellent flavor. The rind is the smoothest of any of the sweet varieties, and is glossy; seeds contained usually number one to five, with many fruits seedless; sections 11-12, uneven in size. Unfavorable growing conditions give rise to fruit Splitting, riciness of pulp, and poor juice quality, so the quality of Hamlin is not always satisfactory. (l) The Parson Brown is an orange of Spanish origin. This var- iety originated about the same time as the Hamlin variety. According to F. D. Waite, it was introduced by Captain J. L. Carney of Lake Weir, Florida, about 1878, and originated at Webster in the seedling grove of Parson Brown. (15) In this variety also, the acidity and sweetness are fairly well blended, if the fruit is picked early. Seeds number from ten to nineteen; sections 16, regular, well defined. (1) It is thought by some to be of better quality than Hamlin from Sweetness standpoint. The Homosassa, another Spanish type, is a variety of excellent quality, with a rich flavor. Rind is thick, tough and smooth. Seeds in this kind number up aroumd twenty to twenty-four. Sections number eleven, large, and fairly regular; flesh is coarse—grained. The acidity and sweetness is well blended. This variety is one of the best of the Florida seedlings. According to Reasoner, it originated in the grove of the Honorable Mr. Yulee at Homosassa, Florida. (15) The Pineapple, is an outstanding variety. It has a glossy, smooth, bright and satiny rind of deep orange color, full ripe speci- mens often showing a reddish tinge. Sections number eleven, slightly irregular; seeds are abundant, usually thirteen to twenty-three. It originated in the heart of the old citrus belt near Citra, Marion County, 14., Florida, in the grove of James B. Owens. It was named Pineapple because of its fancied resemblance in flavor to this fruit, and from the odor which is similar to that of pineapple, in the opinion of some. The fruit belongs to the Mediterranean type. (15) The Valencia orange is outstanding because of its late maturity. The Mediterranean type also claims this variety. The flesh is firm; the rind is thin, smooth, tough; sections are nine or more in number, and are clearly marked. (15) It has a fairly high content of citric acid which contributes to its good holding and shipping quality. (1) It is regarded as seedless, but actually has from two to six seeds. The Valencia orange was introduced through the Thomas Rivers' Nurser- ies, London, England, into Florida and California nearly the same time. The Rivers'nurseries had imported it from the Azores, and had catalogued it "Excelsior". It was introduced into Florida seemingly in two differ- ent plantings, about 1870 by General Sanford, Palatka, and shortly after- ward by E. H. Hart, Federal Point. It is sometimes referred to as Hart's Late orange, Hart's Tardiff, or Hart. However, in recent years the term Valencia is commercially applied. In the markets of the middle west a variety known as Indian River is seen only rarely. It is a native seedling variety, originating on the Indian River in Florida; hence its name. The quality is excellent, Juice abundant, flavor rich and Sprightly. (b) California Oranges Two varieties prove sufficient to furnish California with an orange crop every month of the year. And so the number of varieties there are limited to these plantings of any great size. nihia‘llrfibi Haggai—H , v 1 III IIIIJ 15. The Washington Navel, Bahia or Riverside Navel is of great commercial importance. The best strain of this variety is described by Shammel and associates as "obovoid in shape, and generally of med- ium to large size. The rind is of medium thickness, and the texture is smooth grained. The color of the fruit is bright orange; the rag is tender and comparatively small in quantity; the juice is abundant and of superior quality; having a pleasing and Sprightly subacid flavor. The fruits are seedless, and the navel usually is small, rudimentary, with no development except in the rind." (16) This var- iety was introduced into California in 1875. In 1870 William Saunders, then in charge of government propagating at fiashington, District of Columbia, for the United States Agricultural Department, received a shipment from a missionary at Bahia, Brazil, containing twelve trees of the Bahia Navel orange. After being placed in the greenhouse at Eashington, these trees were used indiscriminately as a source of buds from which were prOpagated a number of trees. Hume (15) thinks two of these twelve trees imported were received by Mrs. Luther (Eliza) Tibbets, of Riverside California. Coit (15) believes all these twelve original trees for some reason passed out of existence, and that the trees re- ceived by Mrs. Tibbets were two prOpagated from the originals in the greenhouses at Washington. In either case, the two trees were planted beside the cottage of the Tibbets family in Riverside on land which they were homesteading. In 1879, at the Citrus Fair in Riverside, fruits of the trees of Mrs. Tibbets were displayed and received considerable attene tion. It was thought that Mrs. Tibbets forgot the name Bahia, and upon questioning answered that the oranges were from Washington. Thus the 16. name came to be Washington Navel, and all other Navels were called Australian because it was supposed that they all came from Australia. (15) The Valencia is the other principal variety of sweet orange grown in California. Climatic conditions vary widely because of differ- ences in rainfall, protection by mountain ranges, the moderating influ- ence of the ocean and other factors. These affect the ripening period of fruit, so that the same variety matures at different times in differ— ent regions. This, linked with "tree-storage" in the case of Valencias, which holds its fruit in good condition for several months, causes a marketable fruit crOp throughout the year. This tree storage is made possible by the dry summer climate with comparative freedom from fruit- destroying fungi, together with other seasonal factors assisting in a long ripening season. This type of storage is used to a lesser extent in Florida. One disadvantage is that the oranges become less juicy during such storage. Although this is the same variety of orange grown in Florida, there is some difference in the flavor, texture, etc., due to different soil, arfl.different climatic conditions. Some other varieties are grown in lesser amounts in Calif- ornia. These include Australian, Mediterranean Sweet, Paper Rind, Ruby (Blood), Jaffa, JOppa and Grafton, none of these being of commer- cial importance in California. (15) (c) Texas Oranges. The oranges grown in.Texas consist of varieties already men- tioned, the Hamlin, Pineapple, Parson Brown and a few additional var- ieties as the JOppa and Ruby. However, in general none of these are well adapted to the climatic conditions of Texas. The Valencia trees l] are productive and fairly regular in bearing, but the fruit is under- sized. (l) The Temple orange, the exact origin of which is unknown, is promising under Texas conditions. It is thought to be a hybrid between a sweet orange and some variety of the Mandarin group. The original tree from which propagation was started is budded, but no one knows where the bud came from. (15) It stands in old Temple place, near Winter Park, Florida, and was named for William Chase Temple. The Buckeye Nurseries, Tampa Florida catalogued it in 1917. 4. Varieties of Grapefruit. (a) The important varieties of grapefruit which are grown in Florida consist of two kinds, the Duncan and the Marsh. The Duncan is a very superior variety, but has many seeds, sometimes as many as fifty. (15) Sections number fourteen, well marked. The large juice sacs make it possible to remove the pulp from the sections. It originated as a seedling from a tree grown by Don Phillippe, in Pinel- las County, Florida. (15) The original tree nearly one hundred years old was standing yet in 1925. This variety of fruit can be held on the trees, and is picked from N0vember to April. However, the seeds often germinate after March, and the fruit is not as desirable. The Marsh variety, because of its seedlessness is gradually replacing many of the seedy varieties. Although called seedless, the seeds number from none up to six. The rind varies in thickness and is smooth. The sections are thirteen, regular, and have thin partitions. The bitter principal is not strongly marked. This variety was intro- duced by C. M. Marsh, Lakeland, Florida, about 1895. The absence of seeds makes it possible to hold this fruit on the trees in "tree storage" 18. very late. They mature late in the fall or in early winter. . McCarty or Indian River is an interesting variety. Its fruiting habit is different, as it bears its fruit singly on the branches. It is seedy, containing forty to sixty seeds; acidity is normal. Sections total thirteen and are large, rather irregular. The origin of the variety is unknown, according to Hume (15). The man for whom it was named, C. T. McCarty of Eldred, Florida, from whom specimens were first received, wrote regarding it; "This pomelo is known here as the Standard or Indian River; I don't know its origin. It came here from Rockledge sixteen.years ago (about 1886)." There are now pink—fleshed varieties being grown in Florida. Both are from Marsh variety parents. The Thompson (seedless), and also the Foster (seedy) are similar to the parent in characteristics except for the pink flesh. In both, this color tends to fade as the fruit reaches full maturity. (l). The former variety was discovered by S. A. Collins in a grove owned by W. B. Thompson, near Oneco, in 1913. The latter was found by I. B. Foster, of Manatee, Florida, in an Atwood grove at Manavista. In Foster, the color often shows through the rind, although actually the color is confined to the section membranes. (15). A variety known as Davis is being grown and receiving attena tion, because of its outstanding characteristic, which is the fact that it has been satisfactory for canning. The pulp remains firm, while that of the Marsh tends to become soft in processing. (1). (b) Texas Grapefruit. The Marsh variety is the most abundant kind being grown in the Rio Grande Valley. This, as grown there, has "a pleasing, mild flavor that has met with favor in most markets where the fruits have 19. been offered for sale." (17) A number of early seedy varieties are grown to a lesser ex- tent, but these disappear from the market after the seedless Marsh variety is on sale. These seedy fruits include Duncan, Conner, McCarty, Inman, and Walters. (1) Both the Foster (seedy) and the Thompson (seedless) pink— fleshed varieties grown.in Texas ripen early and sell at a premium. The Ruby, a newer type, a mutation from Thompson, has both pink flesh and pink rind. This should not be confused with the Ruby orange. (0) California and Arizona Grapefruit. The few grapefruit which are grown in this district are of the Marsh variety. They mature late in the fall or in early winter. 5. Varieties of Mandarin Oranges, Tangerines and Satsumas. (a) Tangerines (1) Florida tangerines are one variety, the Dancy. This variety is very prolific. The skin is deep orange in color and so is the flesh. The rind is smooth, thick, leathery, and easily removed from the rest, being attached by few strings to the flesh. Sections number eleven to fourteen, fairly regular in size, and are easily de- tached from one another. It is said to have originated as a seedling at Buena Vista, St. Johns County, Florida. The parent tree was raised by Colonel George L. Danny. (15) (2) Texas has the Dancy variety from its earlier plantings, but has later found the Clementine and the Warnuco superior under Rio Grande Valley conditions. (1) (5) California Dancy tangerines are small in size. Therefore new varieties are being develOped which produce fruits of good 20. size and excellent quality. Three of these developed by Frost of the Riverside Station are the Kara, the Kinnow and the Wilking. (l) (b) Satsumas. (1) The Satsuma industry of the Gulf coast region from Florida to eastern Texas is based primarily on the Owari Satsuma, as it is an early fruit. An earlier variety would be still more advan- tageous to this region, in order to get it on the market before the sweet orange arrives in large quantities. Therefore, newer varieties, as the Kawano and the Silverhill are being tested for this early develop— ment quality and for ability to resist cold. (1) 6. Varieties of Lemons. (a) Florida Lemons. Citrus scab has proved to be destructive to the lemon in— dustry in Florida. Varieties to withstand this disease are desirable. The Perrine lemon has lately been introduced, and promises, because of its resistant qualities, to give new hOpe to the industry. So far it is not important commercially. (l) The Meyer lemon is a variety noteworthy for its frost resistance. However, its low acid content, which is only 4.5% to 4.8%, large size, and round shape are all definite drawbacks on.the commercial market. (1) (b) California Lemons. The present plartings of California lemons are limited to two varieties. The Eureka is desirable because of its comparative freedom from thorns, its earlier bearing quality, and its ability to produce large quantities of fruit. Its chief drawback is its character- istic of dropping leaves from the branches, leaving the fruit exposed 21. to the hot rays of the sun. The color of the cured fruit is lemon- yellow. The rind is very thick when uncured, and reduces to 1/8 inch when cured. Sections number ten, and are well defined and regular. Juice is abundant; acid, pure and strong. Flavor is excellent; seeds are present, mostly abortive, small. This variety was intro- duced by T. A. Garey of Los Angeles and was originated by C. R. Work- man at the same place, the seed from which it grew having been im- ported from Hamburg in 1872. (15). The Lisbon is the other principal variety. It has heavy foliage which, in contrast to the Eureka, protects the fruit from sunburn. It has a tendency to bear one large crop, maturing in win— ter, with only a small amount of summer fruit. The color of the cured fruit is lemongyellow and the base is somewhat necked. The rind is fairly smooth, and sweet to the taste. Sections total ten or eleven, and are regular in size. Juice is abundant and acid is clear, pure, strong, with an excellent flavor. Seeds number one to five, usually abortive. The fruit keeps well. The Lisbon lemon was imported from Portugal and was first grown at Riverside, Calif- ornia by D. N. Burnham. 7. Varieties of Limes. The Key, Mexican or Vest Indian lime has been the princi- pal variety of limes grown, and these mainky on the keys. In size and quality the fruit is very variable as it is grown from seeds, and accordingly it is thought that it is not any single well-marked variety. Lately, the Tahiti (also called Persian or Bearss) variety is being planted on the main land in the southern ridge section. It 22'. is of high quality, with a heavier skin that will permit storing rand shipping, and it has a pleasant aromatic prOperty. (l) The Lake- land and Eustis limes are excellent for juicing quality, but are small and lack the thick rind which is desirable for transportation. (1) Therefore, they are of local importance only. 8. Varieties of Minor Citrus Fruits. (a) The citron.varieties also are numerous, but here also one variety is important commercially, the Corsican. (l) (b) Kumquats include the Nagami, oval variety, the Marumi, round and the Meiwa, a sweet variety. The first named predominates in all plantings thus far. Its rind is smooth, aromatic and spicy. The juice acid is Sparse; sections usually number five. Seeds total two to five. (15) (c) The sour orange, Oklawaka, is superior to other varie- ties. The fruits are larger, three or four inches in.diameter. It is an excellent marmalade variety if one likes bitter orange marma- lade of the English or Scotch type. (1). II. METHODS USED IN STUDY Several methods were used in making this study. Through statistics, a survey was made of the size of the industry, the produc- tion regions and distribution of the fruits. Prices of fruits secured on local markets gave insight into the types and sizes of fruits avail- able. Laboratory study was used to ascertain relative qualities of fruits. Comparison was made with similar findings of other research workers. A. Statistical Information Statistics on citrus production were obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture through the Chicago office of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Reports from state agricultur— al stations and from marketing organizations listed volumes of pro- duction of the various varieties of fruits, prices of fruit on the Detroit and other auctions, and the sales of the fruit from week to week with the carlot unloads of fruit in each of the sixty—six prine cipal cities in the United States. Bulletins published by Florida Agricultural Experimental Station, University of California and the United States Department of Agriculture gave information of production and distribution. (1, 2, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17) B. Prices. As the packing and handling of the fruits affect both the price and quality of the fruits, these aspects of marketing were studied. Literature obtained from state bulletins and the bulletins from marketing agencies assisted in.this phase of the work. Information re- garding rots and fumigation methods were checked by Dr. W. L. Mallmann.* Local retail stores were visited each Wednesday and Saturday for three months, January 28 to April 15, 1959. Varieties of stock on hand and the prices of these fruits were obtained. Wholesale prices were obtained from bulletins published by the marketing agencies. Freight rates were obtained from local freight agents. *Dr. W. L. Mallmann is Associate Professor in the Bacteriology Depart— ment of Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. C. Qualities of Fruit. Thirty dozen oranges of various varieties were purchased at various intervals from local retail stores and from the Detroit Union Terminal, a wholesale market. Determinations were made on the day of purchase or within three days after the purchase. During that time they were kept at ordirery room temperature. Determinations were made on one dozen of each of the follow- ing varieties and sizes. California Navels Florida Valencias 524 524 288 288 252 250 216 i I 216 200 200 _l76 176 150 150 126 126 100 , ‘ 100 I 96 Florida Temples Florida "Round" 176 Not sized 150 126 Florida Valencias U. S. #1 U. S. #2 U. S. #5 Florida Pineapples 200 176 150 Texas Navels Not sized . :5!" 5.1.5.- 99..., vn‘u11 _‘.‘i‘l 25.. Each orange was weighed to the nearest tenth of a gram on a trip bal- ance which was balanced each day before use. The juice was extracted with the fruit juice extractor sold under the trade name "Sunkist", running at a high Speed. The orange was held steadily on the reamer for the first five seconds and then turned several times to get the pressure distributed so that the juice would be extracted from all parts of the fruit. The extraction was stopped when no more juice could be expressed, and when further reaming would have caused the removal of undesirable membranes. This process required from ten to twenty-five seconds, according to the size of the orange. The strained and unstrain- ed juices were measured in a graduate cylinder. The juices, both strain- ed and unstrained were also weighed to the nearesttenth of a gram. These weights were used to determine the percentage of juice obtainable from each size, the amount of juice obtainable and the cost of juice from each size. Ten dozen 150 California Navels and 7% dozen Florida Val— encias, size 150, were weighed for correlation of size. The oranges were taken.from one box in each case and weighed to the nearest gram. These were used to find mean weight and frequency of weights. Three dozen Florida Valencias and three dozen California Navels were tested for effect of storage on loss of weight and effect on amount of juice obtainable. The oranges of one variety came from one box in each case. One dozen of each variety were juiced immed— iately, one dozen was placed in a refrigerator for one week at 40°— 500 F., and the third dozen sotred in a storeroom at 700- 803F. for the same length of time. heights at purchase and when juiced were 26. recorded. The amounts of juice in each case was found, and comparison made betveen the different conditions of holding. Quality of the juice of different grades of Florida Valencia oranges was tested by having a group of judges rive opinions as to the comparative sweetness and flavor of the juices. A study was made of the ability of persons to determine the difference between lemon and lime juices when made into beverages. Judges attempted to name the juice from the flavor of the beverage. Desirable concentrations of lime and lemon ades mere rated by judges when beverages were made with constant amounts of mater and sugar, and three different amounts of juice in the case of each fruit. Judges rated the desirability of grapefruit sections from fruits from three states. Sections were tasted after removal from the fruit and without peel or membrane. A survey of similar studies showed work by Olive Gertrude hyse, UniVersity of Michigan Hospital and Greater New York Dietetics Assoc- iation. Comparisons of results are included. D. Interpretation of the statistical data was made throunh the aid of Dr. E. D. Batenkand G. G. Speaker*. III. DISCUSSION A. Importance of the Industry. 1. Value of the Crop. The citrus industry has reached such huge proportions that in 1954-55 the annual farm value of these fruits was *Dr. W. D. Eaten and G. G. Speaker are Associate Professors of Mathematics, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. 27 over $134,000,000. Of this amount, oranges brought in returns of $100,000,000; grapefruit, $16,750,00C; and lemons, $17,250,000. (1) 2. Number of PeOple Working in the Industry. During the 1936—37 rr: .eason, 110,000 peOple had full or part time work in the Florida citrus industry during the shipping season, September to June, and 25,000 of these had employment, mostly full time, during the summer. (6) Charles C. Teague, President of the California Fruit Growers Exchange, estimates the number of peOple deriving their livelihood from the citrus industry in California to be at least 200,000 (21) Texas Bureau of Labor Statistics was unable to estimate the number of peOple employed in the citrus industry*. The peOple affected by the citrus industry are not limited to those actually raising the fruit, as much of the labor concerned is connected with the marketing of the crop. Lumber for crating mounts into thousands of board feet each year. Tralsportstion facilities, including railways, trucks and boats, are used to take products to distant markets. Jobbers and dealers of various sorts handle the fruits before they reach the soot at which they are finally consumed. E. Acreages. a. Oranges The total acreage of bearing and non-bearing trees is estimated by J. m. Thompson to have been around 525,000 acres.(7) *CorreSpondence of April 15, 1959 28 , .; ~17 According to the table of acreages on Page 148 , the total acreages of bearing orange trees five years and over, in the four leading orange—producing states amounted to 452,054 as of July, 1957. The two states, California and Florida lead the field. California's acreage of bearing trees is estimated at 221,242 acres or 48.9% of the acreage of the four leading orange-producing states; while the rival state, Florida, boasts 202,076 acres or 44.7%. Texas production of oranges comes from 22,470 acres, or 4.9% while Arizona has plantings of bearing trees to the extent of 6,246 acres or 1.4% (Graph I) b. Grapefruit. Florida and Texas produce most of the grapefruit in this country. Florida plantings cover 85,168 acres, while those of Texas cover 74,459 acres. California had in 1957, acre- ages of grapefruit amounting to 16,855 and Arizona, her neighbor, claimed 12,651 acres. (Graph II) c. Tangerines. The raising of tangerines is mainly limited to Florida on its 24,509 acres. However, California has 1,602 acres, Texas 606 acres, and Arizona 54 acres. (Graph III) d. Lemons. California alone at present grows lemons commercially and has 47,159 acres devoted to this fruit. On these acres she grows most of the lemons consumed in the United States. e. Total Citrus Acreages. The total citrus acreages for the four leading citrus growing states appear from these estimates to be: Location 0% Citrus Acreage; Graph I Graph H ‘ Gme Tait Germ Total C i t rus 50; Florida, 509,755 acres; California 286,856 acres; Texas 97,515 acres; and Arizona 18,951 acres. 'hree other states, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana grow a combined total of approximately 17,500 acr.s, making the total number of acres of citrus fruit in the United States in the neighborhood of 750,500 acres. (Graph IV) E. Production of Citrus Fruits. 1. Areas of Production. The areas of production of citrus fruits in the United States are limited by climatic conditions to three main centers. These regions might be called the southern humid region, the southwestern irrigated region, and the central irrigated re- gion. a. Southern Humid Region The southern humid subtrOpic region, including Florida and the Gulf border of neighboring states, is one of the principal citrus regions. The citrus development began in eastern Flor- ida near St. Augustine and along the Indian River. In the north-central Florida region, early plantings were in the gen- eral vicinity of Palatka and Deals, as far south as Lake Mon— roe. The vicinity of Tampa Bay and southward is the location of the deve10pment of the industry on the west coast. As has previously been stated, production in the northeastern section mas fairly important, but the freeze in the winter of 1894-95 practically wiped out the industry there. Since then, the center of the industry has moved farther south, into the cenp tral ridge section and the southern coastal region. (1) 51.- Because of the cold resisting ability of the Satsuma which was demonstrated in the freeze of that fatal year (1894-95), the region producing this fruit has spread from its beginning along the St. Johns River and near Jacksonville. Now the Gulf coast region in western Florida, Alabama, Mississ- ippi, Louisiana and Texas produce this fruit also. (1) b. Southwestern Irrigated Region. The citrus industry in the southwestern irrigated region is established principally in the southern coast and interior valley sections of California. The fruits grown in the southern coast region are almost entirely sweet oranges and lemons. In the interior valley section the fruits are the sweet orange and the grapefruit. Grapefruit are now being grown in another sec— tion of this irrigated region, the southern part of Arizona. The northern coast districts of California are less important, but furnish some fruits. (15) In the interior valley region is the territory inland from San Francisco, and includes all the country not immediately adjacent to or within the influence of the ocean. The in— terior valley regions are sometimes d'vided into the Imperial valley region, and the Central District. The latter lies principally in Tulare County. United States Department of Agriculture Statistics use this division. The southern coast region includes all the citrus country between the mountains and the sea as far north as Santa Barbara. The northern coast region includes all the country within the influence of the sea from Santa Maria as far north as Sonoma County. (15) 52. 0. Central Irrigated Region In the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, a more recent establishment of the citrus industry is based principally on the grapefruit and to a lesser extent on the sweet orange. The district is limited mainly to three counties, Cameron, Hidalgo, and hillacy. 2. Volumes of Shipments of Citrus Fruits. a. Record of Shipments. The exact amount of production of the various fruits would be impossible to ascertain, for local consumption is a factor which cannot be determined. However, the phase in which the buyer of citrus fruits in the eastern and northern part of the United States is interested, is not the local consumption in Florida, California and Texas, but the amount of fruit enter— ing into wholesale trade. These figures are collected by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and published. Movement by rail in carlots can be easily found. Movement by truck is more difficult to compute. However, the Bureau has collected all such data possible and con- verted truckloads into carlot equivalents. Similarly the boat shipments have been reduced to carlot terms, in order that all shipments may be given in similar terms. b. Orange Shipments. The total orange shipments in the United States have more than trebled in.the last twenty years. The oldest complete record of shipments assembled by the United States Department of Agriculture was for the year 1918 (Table V), that Depart— ment having started to keep records of the same in October, 1917 (Table II). The total for 1918 was 28,444 carloads; 55. whereas the six seasons studied in detail in this writing, 1952-57 had an average of 91,582 carloads. (Graph V) .But as shown in Graph XIV, fluctuations in orange production are large, with crops ranging so that during these six years referred to, ship- ments varied between 81,517 carloads in 1952 and 102,629 car- loads in 1955, the largest production on record prior to 1958. (Table LXXVIII). Almost all of the oranges are produced in California and Florida. (Graph XV,'Tables XLIV, XLV, XLVI, XLVIII, LIII). The other states, Texas and Arizona, Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi produced a combined total of only about 4.5% of the United States total, in 1957 and 5% for 1952-57 average (Tables XLVII, XLIX, L, LI, and LII). Texas had a phenomenal rate of increase in production and now produces more than the other minor states combined. In 1952 the shipments of Texas were but 200 carloads, while in 1957, through a steady increase, the shipments of that state had reached 5,650 carloads. (Table XLVII). California and Florida Shipments. Throughout these six seasons studied, 1952-1957, the average shipments from California were 57,772 carloads, or 65% of the United States total production; and that of Florida 51,565 carloads, or 54%. (Graph IX). As a result of the sev— ere freeze, California shipments for 1957 drOpped to a figure near 42,600 carloads, while Florida shipments were the highest ever recorded, about 59,516 carloads. The trend of production has been steadily upward. The Increase. in Citrus 5'1 H13 and ”32-57 Averages '0 .l 4 ' L O firmen‘ts Ofanaes Grarcgvuif Lemons T613163": 15'0,000 - i ”—1-——————._1 a... 1&3kY Gra {LIE Gram ; i. L I ,___...__— .. .0. _—._ ._,_._ _. ‘ b» ——.- —- ----—< aw '-——- 140,00 0 150,00:- ’ 120,000 “0,000 * .50 000 F'“ ‘ 10‘000 90,000 1o.w° " 60,00 0 50, 000 rred. at .9 8 O ‘8' 8 0 agate ar|oad$ 9““ § N0. 08 C i H W '31-31 — 1>—-— —‘ ———-u.--—-d \‘lli '31-51 OT'Iglnog Skirmen'ts by RC8;OV\S Gfarklx: Gfarkx: Grqe Tu;‘t‘ OYOHA ~ as , A T; x at £5.77. 0 5n... Dii‘I'lIvv .IlIlllI R. an. 8.3. are»: _ L. . ..; L L _ . H . . . IL -- 1.....- 1i... -- L 11 Li- - L 1.1 i L L L L . H . . _ L - L L _ . L . -i- - L L, -1 s . 1-111.111 - L _ m L L . iii 1 L L T. -. . L- . - 1L. 1.--. . L . L L . . . - . . L 33:0 v... .. dmfludmfiaH --.--w.n.a.fluml— £5“qu U I... @520. L03.2.”. “MoiiowxabamUEfiKI O‘Ommvml =¢ S05“ W¥M$FP . iLsi 23.2 in. and: L 1.1.12.5: 9.er we «we. E a win—Z. W Lda¢£< flower—l 69.0 .. N .o 0 0.0.2:») 3 v ‘ cocow m: h. P 08. on 9 "I ~ A o8: m a 0. 906°. “.4. {000.00‘ 0on 2 .222... {a 4' >3 ‘3 Gravity: Oranges Annual, ékirmcrfl's Sum 5m! chic, Froduci‘ng regions, 1.0).”: 544“ i Luvat >1. ‘ H00 Carh «4» .’ i . i 1 . . . . l .' 6 - 0- . ‘ “ i - i i . ' . 1 _ . . - - ., . . .1 . -.,_LL . . . L.-. - LLLL L1 1 32733 31- 35'34'31 (9'31'33 '34'35'5531 1m '35 '31 3.‘ '35'31 1732/33 5+ 353. 37 SodkernCailgom‘m. TI ori to. C2 “Ni C “HR" n “L T e x a S thrn Q4); orQiQaL 1 1 -.L. L4 ———~;———-~——s I i i ' i . s . : i I i I ' i + . m-w—«a ‘ i - 1 LL ‘ F. . ”Li L . r ._. I i as : i LL- LL; 1 : 3 I 1 . ; . .3 1 i u 3 i L” t 1 . L . . gzouiu— 41-- .1-.. -- * —-}«~ ~ — —----—~+ w ‘ i ‘3. A“ 1 ‘ _'_’_ 1 * I (C, l,“.—— --———~——-—-——1i\— +———-- — ‘---—- -< . 1 —~-—7H - 6 —.._ -—i»———-—--- . - --< .- — -—-— -—- ——— --7 »——-+-—<.-_-- g . ‘ i no . ‘ 5 i o 3‘00 . i 1 ' . i ' i i , i ' ' i i i ': i Z i __ i ,_i . 1.1” ._._.__L',- ‘_- _____ _. H . i a m ART: 300 :1 FHA Huhsonn .rFmTNfraioflIir'FFII Mix—So ”Jr-NEW”? 0 ‘ '6 ND -—’ +—|‘133-—’ e—Ifisq—a «— I?3:‘—H——Hsa 23 u (v) O . . o I h . . . u 0 O u . . . . . a 0 T. v a . iii”! 1.. 0 .6 b o i v t L - . . fsfii. . x6. .fiwek... ._6U ~. Lu. 0 5.... £605. 00 mng. 4.1.65 alpmtllvalan. lllv AlthVLIIIwAI-vmr. [4.1an . H in lidnr.iv u. a 35:... m 3. g. .N 26.. 2h .. :YS $PVO'AU‘a o3.“ 11.1.1 63.» 40. trend line for yearly production is shown on Graph XIX. How- ever, the year~to~year fluctuations are often rather large, as is evidenced from Graph XIV. These variations are due mainly to frost, wind, and heat, but in a few cases, to drought or hurricanes. Since the freeze of 1957, orchard heating is being used more extensively in California. (7). Monthly shipments from each region varies. Southern Cal— ifornia has heavier production during spring and summer months (Graph XVI). The peak of central California production is in Nevember or December (Graph XVII), with a lesser peak in May. Florida shipments reach huge prOportions from December to May (Graph XVIII). c. Grapefruit Shipments. The total United States grapefruit shipments have been multiplied by five in the last twenty years. During the 1918 calendar year 5,650 carloads were shipped; whereas the six seasons, 1952—1957, averaged 28,905 cars. (Table IV, LXXVII, Graph VI). The increase in the last six years is outstanding. (Table VII, XII, XVII, XXII, XXVII, XXXII). In each year 1952 to 1954, the shipments were around 24,000 carloads. In 1955 this was increased to about 28,000 and in 1956 to around 50,000 carloads, and the year 1957 found 41,790 carloads on the market. Almost all of the grapefruit are produced in Florida and Texas, but California and Arizona together produced and shipped 2,806 carloads on an average. (Tables XXXIX, XL, XLI, XLII, XLIII) This is a little less than 10% of the 28,900 carload average of Grark M OYanaes Monthly Shipments gram Florida. 55-00 , Jen”: I Lar2¢;s?a $00 C(HIOQdS 4 ' é ‘ I £000; _,_.__!._._ , _ . - a- V I S‘s‘ooi : . t l : {Doc HMQ.-- i...... a 4. ; AvsnAoé ‘b-cc” \ up---” - . ' _ , , Jenanxnsourrnmnasonwrmm:AsoNpr‘mnnn 0NDJFHAH:IASONDJFMANIIASONJ) <—-I132.-—) 4-— \133—* é—1454-—b (——1135‘-—H——H:5—+ 6—1337—+ l4 DOND; P131" * SCJE I (ad L. IF Mn} 3 A K m. .Wokkéw an , -W: dd‘ltv. IKI It‘mfiz limo Itoaa moon 9:30 3000. 4000 30001..- A 1,000 I 000 2000 Sir/9%. g 8 ~oads is I § Number - § § 0 -—-1 ’ _...__. ._ ‘ 4--..-—< ‘—_—‘|‘13il“——* ‘—““ 3c. )eI lav :rMAfiafA .. affix“ —«> e M'uurc ‘ I lids 33k; Jdnugvfit OOCQr bc 45’. ach Had ; 3 2 "December? I? 37 i f .‘r F‘HAHIJAsoNDJ rWI'nIfAsoNDIFMAFTJM :. cub: 933——’ ‘—— I93fi——* Graph t rare? firut ECav-lohds Ship? Janudrb £131 -Deccimbe'r HS? G l ed. '+ Each i l t I. +,___ l FMAMJJAsofln.F I33 35-—’ *—— l‘i36-—’ <-— 0931—6 Manila. ---_- _ “lf' -H. 4..-..- HIMJJAl3i5$FHAHIJhuOND 45. the entire country. Of this 10%, California shipped about 6% and Arizona about 3.5%. (Graph X) Within the last six years for which records can be obtain- ed, a very interesting thing has happened in the grapefruit industry. Florida shipped from 15,600 carloads in 1932, up to 21,570 cars in 1957, other totals being between these two figures, these showing almost a steady increase, but for an exceptiorel year, 1955. (Graph XXI, Table XXXVII). The other leading state, Texas, however, shows a different picture. From 1952 to 1936 shipments ranged from 5,025 carloads to 6,900 car- loads. (Table XXXVIII). Then the shipments from Texas for the year 1937 soared Skyward to a figure of 17,000 carloads. (Graph XXI). The effect on the total grapefruit shipments is evidenced in Graph XXII. This is accounted for by the new trees of Texas plantings arriving at the productive stages. In 1957, according to the Table LXXXIII, 96% of the Texas grapefruit trees were less than 16 years old, the age at which they reach full productivity, and 76% were only five to ten years old. d. Lemon Shipments. The shipments of lemons, as stated in the discussion on var- ieties, originate almost solely in the Southern District of Cal— ifornia. (Table LIV). The total United States shipments origin- ating within the country have increased about two and one-half times in the last twenty years. In 1918 the total shipments of lemons from internal sources were about 6,900 carloads. In the six—year period, 1932-1957, the average annual shipments were I‘I’. dxox_s< d~<»o%~_cU¢swxw$ow 3.4». .3 3.3.3: fin. an. n. .3. nnhn: $.0me an. a... .333. mm. uh: ante-h. a. .n. M». 52.3: n.3,.» a L20 :20 :1 H a 1 n i I ‘0 . . i _. iril .z: {Irwin till? a . n f! .- 3% -- .9 . m M _ If; I _ _ i w 1r so v *9 I ”a 1- ll» - I. ' 3.»!me _ 3 m in: i i g I is M a flu! Ti- 4-1,- , ...... a L... _ i g ”r l, » W3. 1 i w? Iii; - - W 1 l i. is- . u H w I _ _ w n i a in m n I m _ Tillillliz- , E . - -. A ,i _: - + i i ; c - A . Em seasovqfii. . inwfiuficif fl 39¢.ng . w . . s m w m m {mqullelqu lb . _ ..., . _ s a. a L a»... 5.19.9 . ob . . . fl Gurklfll’ .Grare Stu: t l Iggllllll’lllnlfll H all/I’ldyllt Ill I’II‘IIIIIA . mil. _ I. H"I’I‘II””"M”””’f””””"I/I’IA"1 I. I?””””””””””" -u l””"?”””’.’”””¢ Ski Pmcnt’; 08 Cat 1ft OT|(Q;\“ “a! Mylf/l/f/ a! ”Vlglllllrl I 9’47! .3 c .b c. L L P 1 I 1 3 q. f! i - t - Florida m Town [11111] Other m7, ”/’ [If]! N,” I’ll/I .Vgll’l’fd F—HBl—fi ‘—-l933—*‘—l93‘}_——“"—l93f——“——I‘| 30r—"“——|q37—-+ Z 5’“ 7 .oo 6,500 000 :5" fich.Jm 0.140.150 we .07— “I SkilgmcnIS gym; 1Com: . f Q I I ,. . Q 000 a ”—0 5.5-” -3941; -1.A1':L#_[Lo_hn I I I 500‘ 41 , 1.5““ H 1 ‘ “ * * arr“ H“ -+ - -—1I+ - ‘ I I 1.000 I ' I 3..“ I‘ ‘ ' I ’~' I ’9’ ' ' ‘ ‘I‘ _._. ' ~I -———~— “—- I+ -1} I I 3600 . 4 l I d u.a;LnuH—k.jm_n -__.__ _, I J ____g ___‘ _ *_ «1 .— ~— :— AVfRAQE I 1 .910» 1 L L I - I I ; I . ‘ ' I. In , I . . . . . . {m I" + “ H ” I“ ”I "M *‘* * r”- -“M, . 3 I I ' 7? I ‘ . : ‘ I: 7 "°“ I - . I . . j I . I _._- .—. . I D I No. ‘8 C‘ or, __L nu r1560. 5 PM WWW JIA no ‘— I13Z—9 h—I‘I53—fi ‘— I‘34_" ‘——I‘I35'—" ‘—|136—" ‘——I‘I31—’ .1...Y Ar} IF»: I Alone. luv Tllhmr.||v Irwilllv Inn: Illw INm: It ona _: : Azooczzctmh Azoanhnzct; t... aznhtczhnnzo: n: I Sn .0 . I5 I 83 my . \ n . . I U 0.3”: + C. . .Vu I in. I la P . I 05 n 3} can.» I I. mLfizr .16th 4,130 .10. Cmrk m Co? I (MISS n" ”it e 10. , (0O J'HAHJ 3A1 V-..- éjIj-k Ilu%£ 5119' U Lem-om I <1. . Ea.- Duémb r“?1. -L 91v -..I 1. onnJ!NAnJJAso~nxIHAHJJA$o~oJ - ”.0 rd 0 cums-2.. I - I- -..I-.. - .. _-—--....__.. ._..4 FHAHJJASONDJFHAHJJAfiONTJ' L._--——-o ThouJAsou Ni' €—-|‘132.—9 ‘-—|‘I33—-9 ‘—l131——N——I‘355-—9 +—l930—* <-—H37—-P cm? mm Ian}; scrunes J.“ LUI_--... uu JFMAnJJAsoun I I I nrfikndihioii‘ Ina --C_ fI-I¢ d 5.3” Q “ “£41 SFW‘s I I I I I I I Stud g I Incl c J35“, -E19I1 HJtL__- __ CLC‘p‘ CVHS'] cut ‘ Loco Culn‘ 377-1176;; s 6 an ‘pfu’h in; 0637-31 a an 1: l1. >— ---. _ .—.—._ AP—‘”‘” -o—-———-—-< {EunxrnAHJJasouy {—1431—-§ (—-l‘l33—') ‘——|131—’ *— I135——’ ‘—l?36-—’ {—1151—’ Grark .x :4. .QI‘th-tg XfllI <—I¢|32——1<——I‘Ibs—-) +—|?34—’ <——I135—-t e—I IMF—1 +—|?37'—’ ‘h‘ " " ’- "'"*'—""“-I"""-"f”""— ‘ ' I ‘3 1 - CM “locals 3M F1 :1. Bank _- 911311. a: Jamming I 31”D¢¢§m [111' ”37 i I.__.1'_..__ _I‘ MWfigm ' 0433.113! 43 . ' f 0 I 4 ‘ 1M - __| __ , - I - II C ' . 3 I I I é bu ; .- .- I I I . I I I U I ' , 7‘U~._ -; r-I~-~~-r _ _ _ .. é ’ . , Z .L .I' i L ‘ ' ‘ . f?fiAflJJAaou)mrnA JtAsonnrFMAflaiAoOHDJFHAHJJASONDJPMAHJJAfloflhJFflAflllASOND Isoao Mono Il-JJC‘ H.300 ooao IJao bJJO :51000 31.. ( L 1poo f‘load: 0| 0 Ca 0 Nun bcv oi Ca -3? g l‘SuIL I lpwae. IFHAHJ’IASOND." C (}1Hn.r‘\j:K]:!]I[. Cltrus Fruits r— *I I I I 1v- 404165 I Sq unIe ’- IOOO cj H1 AfiLIJASONDJ’F HA HIIASONDJ Hal—9 I——I‘I35—~—+ F—I‘IJQ—A ‘—I‘IM’ II 3:13., III.“ Each M 0111' Imbevl‘ISI! hI r-~-I--~*~w—»~~ _ --_f 11. __..-1- I I ‘ I .. ._.- .. - - 1.--}- - "4'1- ._ ._...I»-— f I I I I I I-- - i 7 i I ’ 2 I I I I ‘ i I -1-.. --- I--_-.i-- - FHAHJIASoufiir ANIJASONDJIFHAHfIASOND 4% HUB—fih—HST—d —4 I --___$_..-._.__ I I I SD. 17,250 cars. (Table LXXIX, Graph VII). Of these shipments the Southern District of California provided an average of about 16,600 carloads, or about 96% of the total crop. (Graph XI, Tables LIV, LV, LVI, LVII). Monthly shipments reach peaks in early summer. (Graph XXV) e. Tangerine Shipments. . Another fruit originating almost entirely from one sec— tion of the country is the tangerine. 0f the 22,762 carloads shipped in the six-year period, only 115 carloads were grown outside of the State of Florida. (Table LVIII) These were grown in California. Therefore, Florida furnished 99.5% of the crop, and California provided only % of 1%. (Tables LIX, LX, LXI, Graphs, XII, XXVI). f. Mixed Citrus Fruits Shipments. The mixed citrus fruits consist of carloads packed with a mixture of citrus fruits in each car. Since the proportion of each fruit is unknown, it would be impossible to discuss the fruits in this case. However, these figures are combined with the others to calculate the total citrus fruit shipments. (Tables LXII, LXIII, LXIV, LXV, LXVI, LXVII, Graph XXVII). g. Total Citrus Fruit Shipments. Totaling the citrus fruit shipments for the last six years of recorded information, a composite view of the citrus in— dustry is found. The total citrus shipped has more than treb— led since 1918. That year 41,000 carloads were moved through the transportation systems. In the 1952—1957 average, almost 152,000 carloads entered into the trade of the country. (Table 51. LXXXII, Graph VIII). Monthly totals vary greatly with differ- ent fruits reaching peaks. (Graph XXVIII) Almost all of the total citrus shipments are traced to three states. California shipped about 479,000 of the 911,000 carloads, or about 52%; Florida furnished about 568,000 carloads, or about 41%; and Texas sent about 54,000 carloads, or about 6% of the entire amount; and the other states, Arizona, Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi provided only about 11. (Tables LXVIII, LXX, LXXII, LXXIII, LXIX, LXXI, LXXIV, L, LXXV, LXXVI, Graph XIII) 5. Seasons of Production of Citrus Fruits. Orarges from different localities furnish a supply of the fruit over the entire year. California furnishes the two leading varieties, shipping from 5,000 cars to 10,000 cars per month. The season for Navels and other miscellaneous varieties which constitutes 43% of the California crop, begins with a few ship- ments in November. The bulk of that crop is sold during Nev- ember to April. A few are still on the market in May. The Valencias from California, which make up 57% of that state's total orange figure, begin with small shipments in February and March. (Graph XXIX) By May the crOp is in full swing, with huge ship- ments in each of the months May through October, with a peak about June or Judy. (7) (Chart I) The orange crOp from Florida is more variable, due par- ticularly to the greater number of varieties, and to the entire- ly different climatic conditions. The Florida season opens with Parson Brown and some other minor varieities in late Setp— ember or early October. This variety reaches a peak in.N0vember IJIII I. - - Me... I- .I I I..- IIIHIII .I - I- r..- I. I I 1 I _ . -5.-- a I I 1 1 . 1 . a i “I- .IIIUIIII.-.IIWI...III I I.II I I I II - I . In a h L M . . 1 i 1 Pu..-1 Ivy--- I - m-.4;.-.- . _ H . in a I. I- -- I ”In. I I a .. . i . .. "III I I .. . - - n- IIIIII: “I l w _. H a _ . 1 n 4. IIIMIIIIW II I I I I . , 1 1WWT..:I I- -_..- 7 _ I - -le. I , I I. II..- .. IAN... I 1. 11 M I I I I .J I I a. I I I I.. III IHI n I - I I . LN I. .Im Id .. - I...I I . a I _ i a . . . 1-, I ...........I1. . . .1 . . w . . s23 .1 o a a Lu «.3? my? Tunis 1%-- 3.. - L- 1w... If. -1 a. gag; 33.3%,. f < Z. Z a: 3.1.: 1...: . , _ m I- 1 I tdfizudU e3. QWJWr 55. and disappears from the market by December. The next var- iety to appear from Florida is the Pineapple orange. ship- ments of these begin in November, and last through May. Large amounts of these appear during December, January, Feb- ruary and March. The peak months are January,and February. These early varieties comprise about 60% to 65% of Florida's orange production (Graph XXX) Florida Valencias first arrive on the markets in February. Shipments that month are small, but for March, April, May and sometimes June great amounts of the Valencias are marketed. These make up the other 55 to 40% of the Florida orange crop. During July, August and September only an occasional car of oranges leaves Florida. The seasons of these various varieties are represented in the form of a chart. (Chart II) The Duncan grapefruit from Florida is shipped with the season beginning in.September. Large quantities are on the market until the following April, with a peak production arriv- ing from October to March. As stated before, germination of seeds is apt to occur in.March or thereafter, so this variety dwindles from that date. (Chart III) The Marsh (seedless) grapefruit season begins in the later part of September. The size of the shipments are fairly large and quite steady from October through February. In March, when the seedy varieties disappear because of the growth of seed mentioned above, the "tree-stored" Marsh variety shipments are abundant. These last through May, with but few appearing as late in the year as July. Vavu'ct'ies cg Oranges Surreal CnrkIXIX Cal; OYYLIQ. Naval and. M Bee-Hana: us eru-Vav i at; es 4570 (1").me T l o V} dd Timeapph [Pearson/Brown omdx 0th“ Eavbs Vcwichts 80‘670 55. Little grapefruit from Arizona and California appears on the eastern markets. The distance for transportation is great, the season nearly coincides with the Florida crop, and the product is, as yet, an inferior one. Therefore, the fruit is consumed mainly in the west. Texas is growing mainly the seedless varieties, as has been stated before. The season again coincides with the Florida season for the fruit, and so the two states are rivals for the market. (Graphs XXIII and XXIV). The vast increase in.Texas production has lowered the price. Theij. grapefruit seasons are shown on a calendar chart on page 51.. The lemon is another year-round crog. However, the crOp seems to reach its low ebb in November, and its peak in.May, June and July. The tangerine shipments begin with a few early fruits in October, but quantity production is seen from November through February, with a few shipments in March and April. The peak of the market is in December and January. (Chart IV) 4. Prediction on Future Production. One may to predict the possible production for the years to come is to study the age of the trees. Coit (15) believes that if given prOper care, some citrus trees will bear profit- able crops up to fifty years of age or more, as the citrus trees are naturally long-lived. The limit given by some other auth- orities is placed at twenty-five years. Coit thinks this fig- ure too low, and that if trees are grown on fertile soil and 56. are well cared for, they will produce profitable crops to a very great age. Trees up to five years of age have not yet reached the productive stage. From the age of five years, when.trees start to bear, the productivity increases yearly until the trees reach the age of about sixteen years. R. H. Howard cites records proving this. All groves in the grOUp which Howard studied were over ten.years of age at the beginning of the record period, and averaged fourteen years at that time. The total of 1,011.5 acres in the fifty—five groves studied consisted of approximately 71% oranges, 25% grape- fruit and 4% tangerines. During this study the average yield per acre on these fifty-five groves increased from 148 boxes per acre in 1950-51 to 191 boxes per acre in 1954-55. There was an increase in yield each year except for the crop pro- duced in 1952-55 when approximateLy twenty percent of the fruit was destroyed by a wind storm. The increase in yield over the five-year period was probably no greater than the normal increase concurrent with the increasing age. (6) The possible future production will apparently continue to increase, in view of the above. From table LXXXIII it is found that 69% of the grapefruit trees are from five to fif- teen years old (Graph XXXII). The age of bearing orange trees in the states studied, is less than fifteen years for 45% of the acreage (Graph XXXI ). Tangerine trees have not reached the full production stage in 65% of the groves (Graph XXXIII), while 54% of the lemon trees are in that group. (Graph XXXIV) 57. A88 0% BearinCSF-Recs 6“ko Gvarkm Ova. es Grmeruit 5-Ifxurs Old "L‘I‘Io 5'15 Jexfs 0‘4"f57o OVQV '5 r.'317o 5'15 sears OM '- L3 7o 58. Annual plantings furnish another criteria of judging the future production in this industry. The plantings of citrus trees in Florida were at a steady rate from 1921-22 to 1926-27, except in 1922-25 and 1925-24 when there was a very marked increase. Between 1928 and 1956 many more trees have moved from the nurseries in Florida; these trees total- ing: oranges, 5,600,000; grapefruit, 1,500,000; lemons.78,000; limes,257,000; and temples and tangerines,562,000. In Texas also we find a striking picture. From 1921-22to the season 1926-27, there was a rapid increase in plantings. By the lat- ter year, the plantings were seven and one-half times those of the first mentioned season. (6) In California also, the new trees being planted are more than enough to replace the nor- mal acreage removals in the case of Valencias. (6) These two factors, increasing productivity of a great share of the trees, and the ever increasing number of trees, would appear to predict that prOSpective crops of citrus will be constantly increasing in size, for the next ten.years, provided natural forces do not result in low per-acre yields or heavier acreage removals than normal. The location of this heavier yield can evenlae predicted. For oranges, Florida has a higher proportion of younger trees than California. The orchards of Texas and Arizona furnish only a small part of the total crop of oranges, but the larger proportions of the trees in these states are very young. (Table LXXKIII) Therefore, these three states are going to continue to become increasingly important in the orange in— 59. dustry in the next ten years, barring unforeseen unfavorable conditions. The grapefruit industry shows growth in another district. The trees of Florida are the older trees. The young trees are found in Texas, California and Arizona. The crepe of these states will become more important in the total grape- fruit produced in the next decade. All states appear to be planting more and more tangerine trees. Accordingly, the crop from all regions should be increased. Armlysis of Data Regarding California and Florida Oranges. Shipments may be analyzed from computations of several kinds. One of the methods of contrasting the shipments of oranges from the two leading producing states is to plot the moving averages. This method gives a more accurate trend than the straight line trend. Graph.XXXV presents the trend by this method for the combined shipments from all regions of California. High point of this moving average was reached in.May 1955, and it has been in a downward direction since. While Florida shipments reached temporary highs in October, 1955 and July, 1934, it shows an upward slant from July, 1955 to the last computed average, at which time it reached its maximum. Data with trend removed for oranges from these two states have been computed by calculating the actual shipments as a percentage of the moving average for that particular month. This method removes the trend factor from the picture. Graph XXXVI indicates these percentages have extreme variations. Florida shipments reach high points for months December to May inclusive, and dwindle to nothing for the summer months. Cal- 7500* 1000:11$D11115E._Lfi—~-~J AVE the: 5000 4500 1am. 5300 50cm. 1300 P'k .3 OF (7‘ - as Corloads SAP Nb .- _ "4r Graph +,,_________ ‘1 , v._ "t __-.______ Oman Jill . ______. _._ .1 _. Q ——--_._ —-4 < ‘“O J .. _._. .s...__. _._ .4 p. -.-— m..-...« _.u —;4y. .—-.—- _- “_._ a...— _____.__4_-__.. anAfiIJAsonn: I T53 'rMAnrxnioun; NEH l955 H36 +~ - 4 t : i i l , .. l I 1 __-1,_ .ll._ a- _ _-_ ..... ,3 € ‘ -_-1lli_-._ - ii . "i . ! : : ; i E i l i I - f i ! i i rrnAfiJIASouDIFMAHIJASONDJFMANJIASOND' 1137 (.1 '0'“ 0‘ Grapkmi Oranges gnu Eat SMMV" govm‘aNFIon‘da lhnr . i- .I- n I-ln :1: III l1 .1. nilllinll z I a i a a l A m a w or w _ n l. o m. . fl . , a . .. l. i- n I llw'l. vl ' t is In. _ n _ 1M7 . _ . 3 9. I o 4 «Jo. Mllpi: t‘IrIIIAWIA IOOAII.C villlzlu . Ill; .' blvhr‘ll I l‘ I l I , Ml .l W \IVI l llllll 1hr , H “NV fl ||I.|.|.||_ lolllwwl . * Mr 6. _ I l l l TI .1 I. It H N m. liIiiE- S - i it}..- 1-- 1 . w A H! . ||||| Nu. an Ab 90 i uuuuuuu .43 .m. - _ . w w l _ m- lAw/Iw .7“ VI in f. N». s l b. . Ilkllllullwllll I9'| livll 'lIl~1llaT' 0|! "JYI-|| 1‘ . . 11.9lll9 VI.|’ID. I41' dijij “[6 _ Mfr as ----'-"‘ ‘ M St .\-.\ n : . | ‘II I JIII I.||. .i > N QT .r; 11:1 - - lit- L :da M 3 \.V _ A5 a \\ "W a a lllll'llu l?! .. Ilv '9qu 0' I l I ”IN“. ‘A I- _.f M‘ Q L / . _ “ c . [-1 l l H . m. a ..... , _ L 9.4“ M l ‘‘‘‘‘ In LIIIHJI M r S .0 & IPIIHMI b _ u a v I b 7» o lily.» a}! .. I 1.... lolly - 72.-.!!! - or! 111.! m g «u. Shula- ||I||.I.v .13 F ' a-._ :ifi 7; .. a l _ _ _ 1!. 1-1:..- -- l - -T i- a; i I i a. _ u .l 4.. n M. w w w w w a m m W m m u u n w u u w a n 7a 2 a / / I z z r l J~¢+x3.¢ 62. ifornia shipments show a different story. The variations are not as great, thus showing that the shipments are more steady. However, fluctuations do show definite seasonal highs, occurring in summer months, especially May and June, and low points when the shipments from Florida are greatest. Seasonal variations were computed to get a picture of the sizes of the crops each month of the year. This was accomplished by removing trend, and the method used was to take the values for all Januarys in the data for the trerd removed, and averaging these numbers, and similarly for each of the successive months. These values were corrected to make the total 12003. The Graph XXXVII shows, therefore, the seasonal variations with trend re- moved. California has variation to a lesser extent, due to sev- eral reasons. The various districts are computed together, and their seasons differ so that a year round crop leaves that state. Had the districts of California been computed separately, season- als would have been more nearly similar to the Florida seasonal. The height of the California season is noticed to be in.May or June. Florida seasonals show that the winter months furnish most of the fruit from that state, with high levels from Dec- ember to March. The summer months show almost no crops. Further analysis can be made by removing seasonal variations along with trends, and plotting the cyclic fluctuations together with residual errors. Graph XXXVIII shows the cycles for the state of California, while Graph XXXIX represents the cycles for Florida with the California.cycles SUperimposed Upon it Cara zozorvu Seasonal Indexes arch; n‘ma to 55.: Gauge F ments (5 rn ML an «ed. on a,” C 9s 1 0 ram cl Tier: 0» {3 grown. “a _ L-~—+- ~ +~--—-—4+ -—.——-. exam was . .0? . - -.._~1 ————— _._-TL—-- _._.--._‘ .Lm i4 _‘1?—— -— _.a—m- ---—4L__. .. 4r-—-7——— ‘— I93e—+e—|931—; A ¢—-I‘|32.——) t— l‘IbS—-> <——- 65. with dotted lines. The fluctuation about the zero line is much more pronounced in Florida than in.California. The data seem to be in opposite direction for the two states; for example, in November 1 3?, Florida figures were low while California figures were high. December figures for Florida were high com- pared with low figures for California. The figures for October, 1956, for Florida were low while they were high for California. In most cases it is found that when.California figures are low, Florida figures are high. (This is the reasonable thing to expect, because of the variations in seasons, and because of the fact that if Florida can supply cheaper fruit it will push the more expensive fruit from the market.) Cycles (the distance from one high to another, or one low to another) appear to be of the same size. Time between.the extremes average about the same duration, although the amount of variation does not always co- incide. The leg of California behind Florida for highs and for lows is from two to four months, with an average of three months. Analysis of Data Regarding Florida and Texas Grapefruit. Moving averages were computed for grapefruit from Florida and Texas. Florida shipments (Graph XXIV) give high averages for July and August, 1955, January and February, 1955, and the highest point in the winter of 1957. This latter high was due to the hUge shipments of 1957. Texas shipments produce a moving average which was fairly steady from 1952 to 1956 (Graph XXIII). This average went Upward to a new unprecedented level during the winter of 1956-57. Data with trend removed for grapefruit from these two states have been computed from the relation of actual shipments to the moving averages. 80, with'trend removed, Graph XL gives a comparison of seasonal cycles and residual error. Florida fruit may precede the Texas fruit on the market, but this is not always true. The shipments from.Florida are large during November through May. Shipments from Texas reach maximum levels during December through February, and usually attain the peak in January of each year. In the year 1957 this most phe- nomenal peak occurred in.March. Data with trend removed for grapefruit from the states of Florida and Texas show us the crOp seasons. Graph XLI. Texas shipments appear to reach the high in January, with other high values in November, December, February and March. In.other words, Texas has a five-month grapefruit season. Florida grapefruit appear the same months in quantities, with the highest point following just after the Texas fruit disappear from the market, the month of May. Upon removing both trend and seasonal variations, cyclic fluctuations for these shipments were obtained. These are represented on Graph XLII with Texas cycles shown in dotted lines, and Florida cycles given in solid lines superimposed. Fluctuations in Texas shipments are rather large, especially so in 1957. Peaks are ten, four, thirteen, nine and sixteen months apart. No peak is found in.l936, probably due to the 3"... y . o 9‘ ‘ I I u .. n. . 67. CTN [>ka Susana) Variations as Gmregrud' ivomT'u «in N Texas ? I 1' am- . .r A ‘n ya 0 _N o m _s In A7 c J3 m l\\\\\\\|...\r9 e ..... ---------\ W ob _ ................. “ Q J . r “ V 0. w a Y W I ¢ Q0 n. V o W L e T MuH In +l N o I I I IS % 5 , +43 1\ JG: l - . ‘ ‘ . vxflll aux A t_| m 1 .J D N OH 96 S n 4. .. 3 d. I? .W MI 1( A H. F _ J L. « up 5 _N .50 .5 .M A3 n “13 .r , .IQu w u? 15 P\ .. «H y ‘ 3 a a 5.4 an d-|l.Mbu e | f Pr Q . L . \I . .33 _u _ 30... .h . an! a . A C _ HF I u‘ ,9 ~h~o (J 0 Au. t ”J .- -\4 _\. O (v . .J a m w n w. a. . n .u ‘ . W 7 n h 0 rmw w ..‘ .33! var vg GrarkXLI Seasonal Index es ?YetA\n3n3 T;fi§£:r rnlnt};fl qur and” me basti 0h moving «ve‘rq%e3 70 i . ' . . l . . . , g . ' . , l . ‘ . i . .. . . i l . g . an L % 4 v t K i 75‘ *__\‘,_._ kl L_._- *— i T ' ‘ l . . . ! ‘ ; ' ‘ . ‘ 25° f ‘ fig? % J 9 \M . ' ‘ t ' I ' \ i ‘ 225* n+_._ T .4 'F i \ 1 ' \ 1 ~ D 2 0 k i g ’ o ‘ % ‘ \ ' --~- \ JP ‘ \ I ' 100% r , ‘. 15 5", 41 i . n l . . _ .\ 25f —-— ' _ . l '\ l .. .u" Ju‘s ‘3. Scit. 0&1. Nov. Dug. s. I, M . ,-.I..-..4 . -- .... -i If. e I- _ ---.Lv I '-". -l'l. -'--fI-'-YII CIII-- ' '-.--A"”‘O‘..‘L- I'OIr- --;--l'.ul 'II III- ‘I I I A I... 'II If ' k V ‘- ‘9' l " ‘ ’ I l ‘ Lil II ‘ ‘ | II‘ ‘ a \1 I1: I [III IIIIIIIIAV .. III I IIIIIIILrI .III.. . \ \ oIIILIII.IIII.o ,I OIIII I. u .Q k I 0 . , I a , ., a II; I. I I A . o a I I r'l'""' YI'II'II ' fl #kvo- 46- $ _._—V” I :1 '| l‘ IT “ 0| 'I ,0 I U , I | I 4—1__ I I l I I l \ I \l " | I I I I I I I $ I I | +_‘v— I I I 19% III- I17! I II 493“ I ; Gvark XLI]: TI” - FPH‘ I I I rIIII.---:II--I-:.-I..I-.-I-.-I,--- III , -1 - ’ C3 CIIG Tluc‘l‘ua‘hms wifk trend! «1 scum remand. . I, I '- ' l I III. - ' illIII.ILrI' lllvlllnoln -.III . .II III. .II .II. .Lvl It'l‘Ii .I all .II It IIIIII - 'F III! L _1_ 1,4,0-+__.- +170 +I10 I +100 +3.) L 7 -— H90 I MI #10 O arrnAnJJ ASOUJIPHAMJA soNDJ‘ fHAMIJA 50MB Ir-HAHJ’IA50ND :annxn sou) IFHAMJ’J’thN-D 4——I152-‘) ‘-—|13‘5—-’ <-——|‘13‘I—* ‘—-—I‘IS5’-—’ ‘—1756—+ ‘——-I‘i57——> —I.’20 ~40 ’IbD “as?! V." ‘* .V‘ -.' J ’I- _ _._-‘67.— . . __d .‘a‘- 70. moving average having been greatly increased by the inclusion of the large shipments of the first part of the following year. Low points for Texas occur at distances of eight, eleven, eleven, six, and ten months. This produces an average cycle of about ten months. Florida cycles are not so pronounced, as the shipments from this state have been fairly steady. However, peaks occur at intervals of seven, nine, six, ten, seven and four months, while lows occur at intervals of seven, thirteen, nine, ten, five and nine months. These cyclic extremes therefore happen at an average interval of seven to eight months. From a study of these seasonals and qycles the student of the markets is aided in pre- dicting the future. Another method of predictions is included, based upon the differential scheme. In Graphs XLIII, XLIV, XLV and XLVI, each monthly shipment is represented along with the ordinate and abscissa of that point in reference to the preceding monthly shipment. The shipments for the different years and the average thereof, are placedone above the other so that corresponding months appear in the same vertical column. Readings are taken by reading the ordinate of any point above or below the pre- ceding point in order to see the differential in the monthly period. In using this graph, it is wise to cover all exeept the one vertical column which is to be scrutinized at that time. For example, if the shipments for March are desired for oranges, on Graph XLIII cover all except the February and March values 720 and the intervening column. From the average differential given in the top horizontal row, it will be noticed that March shipments average about three spaces or 1,500 carloads above average shipments for February. The average alone may not tell enough for predictions. Therefore, it is wise to look at the pictures of the separate years. Upon scanning the vertical column for the February~March interval, it will be noticed that each of the six years did snow an increase of shipments in March over that of February, and that the extremes of the increases were from about two-thirds of a space or three hundred carloads in 1955, to the highest which occurred in 1934 and was about seven and one-half Spaces or 5,500 carloads. It may also be wise to notice the trend of that increase, along with the latest figure which is given in the bottom row. There has been no steady enlargement of that increase, and the amount in 1957 was close to that of the average. Therefore, the average does present an amount that might be anticipated for the next year. Thus, whenever the total shipments for February are known, the average differential can be added to it, and the result will represent a prediction for the following March. In most cases the average differential graph does show the same tendency in each interval as is presented in the in- dividual yearly graphs. However, that is not true for the grapefruit shipments. In Graph XLIV, for the February-March interval, the advisability of searching the vertical column is shown. The average would show that the March shipments would ‘3 hi Emmi} Il‘ibb l134‘ p——..- - 4F..—._- .4+—_ r’.—u_———.————.4N 7- A- _._.A \N. __ 5.. o ‘ . .. r s .o. . $ . I.‘ . .o. H.‘ a t . J». 1; . . o .‘. I o. n.» flail bufi‘ law .5» . . .. .. . . . ‘.v o ., D .. I. i . r . — .. V. .5 . a b. o m” . . Q.- . .fi'u.’ _._ .‘. . . a l . o.\ I A. 0.0‘00 .. a... “5.9% ' ...«J I u‘ i. . . ”—1.... a J'. 9 I o o 1 In IIIIIJ-a‘n'l .l I ' nits-I. r . Illw'..l .fll r.o’- \vl Q's-.1 - . 71 l . . ‘ , . ‘ o . ‘ x . v .i o, .C, . v. v v . . , r .. ‘ I n . . ' y . . . . . . yr . I; v, . cl 1|. ‘. . Ou‘oy V . I.‘.y.. B). u . 1.; vi. Vili '4l\0.1t‘! I. i. I. I9 onli o . . u V . 1‘0; . I . .. . f .v .:| .u ¢ 0 . .. o I. o . .. l. . . v . . «it la'fllfi t‘l I wl .u.|o .. 0‘ 4‘.- r j _ . in v ‘ r . v“ ‘ l i c t .. Q . 00 i P ¢ A . o t « 0| 7 .olaurwn 3...... v Q I‘Y‘r v x noul .nfo llolI . ' .0 0 T C . 0 v .\ o l I. o t _ I. f . . , . ‘ tr. . y ‘ . I V . ‘ c . v , . 4 1. ‘ r v t. x ‘ . ‘ 1 . v ., . A. I9 I > O 7 )5 .0 OJ V 4. o o u h L V [ < 4 V c I r4 o‘Y" 119. L0 9.9 it LT‘I Iol . o v fitoll . I. I .I t .6 . 9 c v a Lol ox . II‘ 1 9 fl 4 J i o O o In on ‘ U Al'lO o ‘ Tv!‘ _ p A; I Q I . o o . olyo lo I U A. A .I a 01 I I1 ,: 0 L ir r F Ly b 4 l l 4 [4‘ l 1 1 < 1‘ fl 4 4 I l . 1 a o o \ rat I t :0 olv\| o I lTlllv. t v . 1|» I'll! . o v ~ t to» all. I \t I u \o lllll o v. II I o II... I k t l. 0 I I A r r t 10‘ , r r t t l | W 14‘ . V . $11!. .1 A- 5.x. b0 u p O I v v\ o o I MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SE f. oc‘fiiflof ‘1) LT IN. JAN. FEB. mm. A “- 131 9 l 1 f T 1 4.314 I . . [ o ~l all" .‘- 76. be one and one-half spaces or 750 carloads above the February total. But the separate values Show that the shipments have during that month, increased, decreased and stayed level. Per- haps in this case, the latest figure would be the most val- uable criteria for judging future shipments, for it is this large increase which caused the average to be positive. In Spite of the large seasonal variations, and the changing climatic conditions, by using all of these methods the student of the market has some criteria for judging the future shipments of fruits. ! I‘lall til .4 . v.16. g a t . 3/- 77. C. Distribution of Citrus Fruits. 1. Methods of Distribution. a. Picking, Handling, Packaging the Citrus Fruits. As the citrus industry keeps increasing in volume, the methods of handling the enormous amount of fruit become more modern and efficient. Buyers are interested in fruit handling from the beginning, as each thing that is done to the fruit affects first, the quality; and second, the cost of the fruit to the consumer. The harvesting and marketing of the citrus may be done by the owner himself, under his supervision, or by the personnel of a packing house or cooperative organization in the neighborhood. In either case the methods used are es- sentially the same. Before the fruit can be shipped, it must meet the legal standards of maturity set up by the United States Food and Drug Administration, and of the state in which the fruit was grown. The outward appearance of an orange or grapefruit is not indicative of the stage of maturity. A fruit which is still green in color, may be fully mature as to flavor, and also, because of different climatic conditions and character— istics of the fruit itself, another variety may be sour and unripe in spite of the fact that its rind has changed to the expected "ripe" color. Chemical tests of maturity have now been set up in Florida, California, and Texas, whereby the exact stage of maturity can be determined. (Appendix, p. 134) ane of the treatments given to fruit to cause the color to be changed, affect the ripening or sweetening of the fruit. 78. A fruit picked immature will remain so. (22 Picking must be done by hand, and with clippers in the case of oranges, lemons and tangerines. Care must be taken in clipping. It is important to clip the fruit with very short stems. If a long stem is left attached, there is danger that the other fruits in the package will be injured by the stem. Also, the fruit rind must not be clipped. Clipper cuts are the site of rotting. Snub nosed clippers are being widely used because they avoid much of the injury to rind. Lemons are picked according to size. The lemon is considered large enough when it will just pass through the ring the picker slips on the fruit. (12) After the lemon has reached that stage of maturity, the pulp section does not continue to grow, but only the rind section enlarges.* Picking is usually paid for by the box. The rate varies with the size of the fruit, the kind of picking desired, as spot-picking, or the entire crep, and the amount of fruit on the tree, as scattered or close. The rate for tangerines is usu— ally double that for grapefruit, and for oranges usually about two-thirds the tangerine rate. "Pulling" instead of picking is seldom done with tanger- ines, lemons, or oranges, because of the danger of tearing the skin near the stem. On the other hand, the grapefruit can be pulled during the greater part of the season. It appears to be *Interview with—Dr. Ernest Bessey, Head of the Botany Department and Dean of Graduate School, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. 79. a distinct advantage over clipping, as removing the calyx points lessens the liability of stem—erd.rot. The fruit is placed in a bag, so fixed that the bottom can be Opened to dis- charge the fruit into field boxes. The ordinary day's work is eighty boxes of oranges or one hundred twenty boxes of grapefruit, if trees are well loaded. Some of the more pro- gressive organizations require pickers to wear gloves, to pre- vent fingernails from injuring the tender skin of the fruit. (22) Field boxes in which the fruits are hauled to the packing house, are usually slightly larger than the standard orange crates seen on the market, and hold from eighty to one hundred five pounds of fruit. The California field box is smaller than the one used in Florida. Unless the crop is unusually good, it is not possible to secure a packed box of fruit from a standard Florida field box. It is the desire of every packer to do so, and this leads to the practise of overfilling the field boxes. Boxes in this condition, and stacked four high on the trucks, damage the fruit by bruising. (22) Hauling to the packing house is now done mainly by motor truck. It may be necessary to haul the fruit to the edge of the orchard on low-wheeled carts, if the trees are so close together that the truck can not get into the orchard. The packing houses are new modern plants of efficient planning. The fruit follow a straight line path through the plant, arriving at one end and leaving at the other. Careful checking is necessary to keep the fruit owned by the different customers in lots which will not become confused. Another 80. duty of the supervisor is to decide on the treatment of the fruit which is necessary before packing. Various forms of rot are liable to attack the citrus fruits after harvest. The stage of maturity and the climatic conditions, temperature and humidity greatly influence the deveIOpment of the organisms that cause decay. Five forms of rot are common to the citrus fruits; the Penicillium rots, stem-end rot, Colletotrichum rot, brown rot and blossom-end rot. Penicillium rots are the most common of the above named. These include green mold rot, blue mold rot, blister rot, and pinhead rot. These occur more often during the cooler months, or on fruit held in storage which is cool or cold, for some time. Organisms are air-borne, and are, of course, more abundant where other decaying fruit is near. The green and blue mold rots begin with a small, soft, watery Spot, some— times known as pinhead rot. Upon spreading, a larger Spot is sometimes called blister rot. A white mold or fungus gr0wth then appears over the central area of the affected part, and then the spot turns blue or green, according to which organism is causing the rot. Green mold spores develop only on the surface. Blue mold spreads rapidly in packages by contact. The susceptibility of the fruit increases with advancing maturity. Mechanical injury of fruit should be prevented, as a means of warding off Penicillium rot. Sanitary packing houses also reduce the sources of chance infection. (28) Methods for cleaning and sterilizing packing house equipment and field boxes include scrubbing with pine oil emulsions, subjecting to live steam, or sulphur dioxide fumes, or gassing with Decco gas, (N015). The latter method has been worked out by Leo J. Klotz, recently of Michigan State College, working now at the RiVerside Station, Riverside, California. (51) High temperatures used in degreening, render the fruit less sus- ceptible to this rot, but cause the fruit to be more suscep- tible to stem-end rot. Dipping the frUit in five percent borax solution is also quite effective in preventing the spread, but must be prompt, within six or eight hours after the 3! fruit is picked, to be effective. {fizfi’ Chilling the fruit promptly, to a temperature below the optimum for growth of the fungi, is also effective. (22) Stem-end rot is not so common. It does not form a dis- tinct Spot, but there is a softening and decay of the rind and pulp tissue in the stem area. Discoloration does not often appear, but when it occurs, it is buff or slightly darker. The decay advances through the center, and often reaches the blossom end before one-third of the surface is affected. Treatment to prevent this rot includes a bath in eight to ten percent borax solution, careful handling, and refrigeration. (22) Colletotrichum rot is not usual in occurrence. It is very similar to stem-end rot. Refrigeration is the only known means of retarding its growth, as antiseptics are ineffective. kcfl Brown rot is more common in California. It is detected by a characteristic odor. Control measures consist of soak- ing the fruit in water held at 120 degrees Fahrenheit, for a period of two or three minutes, and then promptly refrigerating the fruit. (22) Blossom—end rot occurs very commonly in oranges, but is not often serious. The disease seems to attack the skin, and not much of the flesh decays. Navel oranges are more subject to this disease. No Special remedial measure has been developed. The above shows reasons for the packing house treating the fruit in an antiseptic bath, and refrigerating the fruit as soon as possible. (22) Another problem of marketing is the color of the fruit. Oranges, specially the Washington Navel, Parson Brown and Sat- suma, reach maturity before turning the desired orange color. Valencia oranges develop the orange color before they are mature, and when left on the tree until Spring, "regreen" as nature is returning the color element to the trees. (25) Therefore, coloring or degreening is necessary to allow the orange color- ing to show. One usual method of doing this is to subject the fruit to gas, either ethylene, or the fumes of burning kero- sene. The former is preferred. The time required for this process is from twenty-four hours to one week. Another method is use dye liquid or concentrate, or materials which react to form a dye, to enhance the color of citrus fruit by the addition of artificial color to the peel thereof. The law rah! .. «nil. ._ 1 z . as. in Florida required that each fruit be stamped "Color Added", if this treatment has been used. (22,50) Frozen fruit is separated from the rest by flotation tanks in some cases. The borax solution can be used in this tank, thereby doing the two jobs at once. (22) In California now fluoroscooes are used to X-Ray the fruit and detect frost damage. (25) Fruit is cleaned thoroughly be scrabbing. The water in the automatic machines is maintained at about one hundred degrees Fahrenheit. Detergents are used, especially trisodium phosphate, as the results with this solution are gratifying. An interesting incident was called to the attention of the writer. After California adepted the use of automatic wash- ing tanks, making use of flotation of the fruit, Florida fruit men visited and marveled over the new invention. Upon return, a machine was ordered for use in Florida. The machine was unsuccessful there, because the men had forgotten that the Florida fruit is so heavy that it sinks in water. New adap- tations of the machine had to be made before success was ob- tained in Florida*. Drying must be thorough for polishing to be effective, but more important than polishing is the possibility of decay in damp fruit. ' Polishing may be by mechanical means only, producing a natural sheen on the fruit, or by applying paraffin, carnauba *Interview with Dr. Ernest Bessey. H4h.l;kuJ.|.'.. “\WUIAH . . _, . _ ' I 84. wax, pine oil, or rosin compounds. It is believed that polishes reduce subsequent wilting of the fruit, retard "aging" effects, ard.keep the rind with a fresh look. (22) Grading of fruit is the next step in the process. Graders wear gloves to prevent damaging the fruits. (12) Citrus fruit is graded mainly on the surface appearance of the fruit. The United States Department of Agriculture grades and standards are usually used. These are given in the Appendix. After grading, sizing is next in order. Machines size and count the fruit. Maximum and minimum diameters for the different sizes of oranges and grapefruit, lemons and tangerines are es- tablished. The size indicates the number of fruit necessary to fill a standard container. Fruits in one box must be uniform in size. (Tables CX, CXI, Charts V, VI, VII) The number of oranges in a crate varies from 96 to 544. The average size oranges pack 126 to 216 to the crate. Grape— fruit require 28 to 96 to a crate, common sizes being 46, 54, 64, 72, and 80 to the crate. (6) Lemons go to market packed 240, 270, 500, 52, 490 and 540 to the box. (25) Tangerines, Mandarins and Satsumas are usually packed in half boxes or "straps", and graded according to number as 48's to 216's. (26) Packaging is an important step in producing a satisfactory articles which can travel for great distances to the ultimate destination. Fruits must keep their original position in the box. Loose fruit would be damaged by bruising.: ' Various containers are used. The Florida box is the most common in Florida, while the California box is the usual . 'CRAT‘t T as. mismatcrs of" Oranges) gram CQ'SSOVnI'g , iii :20 793 I30 I 26‘ [00 cg... m: D§am¢tcvs ‘ Dramas gram Florida .184 [6' I 7: 1.50 . [26‘ 9 a .l .II'II‘...’ IP32 86. Ckavffl ‘ :D'unmo‘hvs of) vapc "I“? anlorick‘frcxa‘» [26 .96 80 7o 5 4 .36 28 No. and size“; Dis. 3% in.; Liners ‘ A No and size 150: Dis. 31‘: in.: Layer-es No. and size 216; Dis. 2H in.; Lsyersfi 2.0. and size 36; Did. 5 in.: Layers3 No. sud size 64: Dis. 4% in.; Lsyers4 No. and size 80. Die. 4 km Layers 4 MARIN CHANGES —Metho¢l of Parking V'sr'ous Rises oi' Citrus Fruits. Y ' Y Y ‘ £233. 32323 .101. ICLOI No. and size w: Dis. 35‘ in.; Layers 3 OYOYQYO I033! I010" 0191010 0101010 IOOIQ1 ”10:01 0:01.. meme 101..“ No. and size 1%: Dis. 2% in.; Lsyersii No. and size 112: Dis. 3% in.; Lsyersi OYOYOY. IOYOYOI 5969893 9.98%" home! «a» 01010101010101 N0. and size 176: Dis. 2*} in.; Lsyersfi I I No. and size as; Dis. 2}; in.; Layers 5 Gas] OO . No. sudl size 46: Die. 4% in.: Layers3 No. and size 72; Dis. 4% 111.; Layers 4 No. and size 96: Dis. 3% in.; Layers 4 No. and size 76: Dis. 3% in.; Layers 3 size Dis. "1.: Layers 3 No. and size 16%: - Dis. 2% in.; Layers 4: sod size in.; Layers 4 No. sud size 1%; Dis. 3% in.; Layers 6 No and size mo; Dis. 2 it in.; Lsyers 5 No. and size 2112; Dis. 211‘ in.: Lsyersfl POMELOS Y Y. OYOYOI {9.2.1IOIOI. 52.2.1933: [01.10. 010101 No. and size I); Dis. 3 in.: Levers 3 Y Y " Y Y I 590909430909 P0-0'00'0'0'1 359623 5252.: 91.101 [01.10. No. and size 1“: Dis. 2% ins Lsyers‘ ration oi Citrus Fruits, by H. II. Home. -By Permission of The Macmillan Company. From ('ulti- r27 I .. rquqv . yard . s .‘n I. s u.» ” w. 88. one in that state. The Florida box has a capacity of 1.60 bushels. The inside dimensions are: length, 24 inch 5; width, 12 inches; depth, 2 inches. The California box has a capac- ity‘of 1.47 bushels, and the inside dimensions are 24 by 11%:- by 11% inches. Texas uses both the California and the Florida boxes. The half boxes hold .8 bushel, and are known as "half straps", as two are often strapped together for shipping. These boxes are the length and width of the other boxes, but are only six inches deep. A small box, with a capacity of .8 bushel, but having dimensions 9% by 9% by 19-1/8 inches, is often used for small oranges and tangerines. Bushel boxes, cylindrical crates with slatted sides and wired crates are economical crates often used. Open mesh bags, with capacity of 40, 8, and 5 pounds are now being used. This is an econ— omical package, but not satisfactory for long distance ship- ments. (Appendix) Wrapping in tissues is next in order. This wrapping is not always done when packing in standard Florida boxes. If fruits are wrapped, it is usual to wrap each fruit. How- ever, there is a pack known as "blind pack" in which case only those fruits in the tOp and bottom layers and those that are visible through the Open Spaces in the box are wrap- ped. This is often used for oranges of size 250 or less. The paper used is tissue, and it is ordinarily slightly oiled, making it easier to work, and somewhat tougher than common tissue paper. The amount of paper needed to pack s, 89. aries with the size of the fruit. On an average, about forty reams of paper are required for each one hundred boxes of oranges or tangerines and about twenty reams for a like number of grapefruit boxes. Sizes of the individual papers for various sizes of fruit are shown in table on page 280 . (22) The shippers are very particular about the wrapping. If advertising appears on the wrappers, as it often does, the top layer must show the advertisement on each fruit. No "flags" or loose ends are allowed to show through the Open slots. A tight twist is demanded in some packing houses for the entire pack. Some twist only the top layer and these touching the Open Spaces of the box, and allow the others to be "wedded". The latter requires much less time. The tOp is nailed on, and a metal strap fastened across the center of the top. They are then stacked four high on their sides, to prevent pressure on the top. When packing, the bulge on the tOp varies, in the case of oranges from 1% to 1% inches, and for grapefruit 2 to 5 inches, measured above the sides. If the bulge is less than the minimum, a "slack pack" is apt to result before the fruit reaches its destination, and cause bruising. Too high a bulge will also cause bruising, through heavy pressure within the package. Florida boxes, instead of tOps being nailed on, have them fastened by wires, usually five, around the case. Precooling is being practised in many packing houses. As has been stated, growth of decay organisms are thus retarded. 90. b. Transportation of Citrus Fruits. The principal methods of transporting fruits for great distances are by rail, water, and motor truck. Much of the transportation is a combination of two of these methods, as fruits are taken to the ocean by motor or rail, and then the remainder of the distance by water. Better methods of refrig- eration on shipboard is one reason for increased pOpularity of this kind of shipment. Between 1950-51 and 1952-55, the boat shipments increased from a fraction of a percent to 57.4% of the New York receipts. (28) This was attributed somewhat to lowered prices for fruit in 1952-53 and to the fact that cheaper modes of transportation were therefore used. The exact extent of the boat shipments cannot be judged from the figures compiled by the United States Department of Agriculture, as these are included in the carlots after being reduced to a similar figure. Truck shipments can be studied, however, as they are listed separately. The number of truck loads translated into carload equivalents increased from 1,799 in 1932, to 20,230 in 1957. The compiling agency does not claim these figures to be complete, as it is impossible for the truck shipments to be exactly recorded. Therefore, it is very evident that the truck shipments are playing an important part in the movement of citrus fruits to the market. This is eSpecially true of Florida and Texas fruits going to northern markets. Preservation of the fruit while in transit may be done in either of several ways or a combination of two of these. 91» In a study of Florida citrus prices, Spurlock and Brooker found that the following methods were used in 1950—35: pre-cooled; initially iced; pre-cooled and initially iced; precooled and sts ard refrigeration; standard refrigeration; standard ventilation. Pre-cooled consists of placing the fruit in refrigerators at the packing house and cooling the fruit before it begins shipment. Initially iced consists of using refrigerator cars which must be provided with ice as a means of cooling. Standard refrigeration is the method whereby cars are cooled by automatic mechanical refrigeration. Standard ventilation involves no refrigeration of any type. Of these, the most pOpular method was to pre-cool and initially ice the fruit or use standard refrigeration in the hotter months from May to October, and to use standard ventilation only (no. refrigeration) in the cooler months, Ibvember to April. (28) c. Distribution Agencies. The owner of citrus crOps may market the products inde- pendently, packing, shipping and selling the products as he sees fit, or he may have this function performed for him by any one of several organizations. Numerous marketing agencies are available to these growers. There are independently owned shipping agencies located throughout the citrus areas which will harvest, pack, and market the fruit. Cooperative organizations are functioning for this same purpose. Several outstanding examples of these are 92. now operating in each state. In Florida, the Florida Citrus Exchanfe, with headquarters at Tampa, Florida, is a grower's COOperative marketing organiza— tion. This was organized in 1909. Its membership is composed of about one hundred twenty-five local associations including five or six thousand growers. This agency handles approximately one- third of the citrus crop of Florida. This organization takes complete charge of the fruit of all of its growers, gathers it from the trees, packs and markets the fruit, and charges the owner a stipulated price, per box, while the independent shippers buy the fruit on the tree, or delivered at the shipoing point. (6) In 1928, another group of citrus shippers in Florida or- ganized the Florida Citrus Growers Clearing house Association, the headquarters of which is in Winter Haven, Florida. Their purpose, as set forth in their charter, is to "better promote the general interest of Florida citrus growers: (1) By improving the quality, grade and pack; (2) by promoting a wider distri- bution of the volume of Florida citrus fruit through advertising, through more equitable freight rates, and through economic re- frigeration; (5) by securing and stabilizing a systematic flow of Florida citrus fruit from producers to consumers as efficiently and directly as possible." (6) In 1955, the Legislature established the Citrus Commission. The duties of this group were to take charge of packing, shipping, and advertising of citrus fruits. These laws were reenacted by the Legislature of 1937. (50). Inapection service is carried 92. out by the Commissioner of Agriculture under the direction of the Citrus Commission created by the last named law. PrOper grading, adjustment of juice requirements and collection of fees per box to create a fund for advertising fruits in Var- ious parts of the United States, were all measures included in the powers of the Commission. The Federal government has set up a board to assist in regulating shipments. This board works with the Florida Commission to allocate shipments. (6) California has one of the most widely known c00peratives in the entire world, the California Fruit Growers Exchange. This organization has been mentioned previously, but deserves discussion as the outstanding marketing agency for citrus fruits. The organization of this groUp consists of three main divisions: (l) the local associations; (2) the district exchanges; and (5) the California Fruit Growers Exchange. The services rendered by each of these divisions are different. The local associations may perform mary'and varied func— tions, at the discretion of the individual groups. Many super- vise the pruning and look after the fumigating of the orchards. Most of the locals set the time for picking the fruit, set the amount to be picked, and actually supervise the picking. In practically all cases, the local organization sorts, packs, and grades the member's fruit, and has the authority to sell the fruit. Each local establishes a grade pool, and sets Up label- ing under its own'brend name. However, if it choses to use the "Sunkist" and "Red Ball? labels which belorg to the association as a whole,- on fruit which comes up to the required standard, it may do so. The district exchanges have a number of functions. Usu— ally the fruit ready for sale from the local organizations is actually sold by the district exchange. Cars are ordered through this medium. Monetary returns are transferred to the locals upon receipt from the California Fruit Growers' Exchange. The functions performed by the central exchange included a host of important services. Through collection of data and research carried on by its own trained scientists, it tries to educate the fruit growers regarding the most profitable methods of production and marketing. It handles the money from actual sale of the fruit, and returns the same to the grower. It carries on inSpection of fruits while enroute, and at the point of final destination. It assembles and diapenses information as to the markets, demand, prices, and movement of the fruits from its own and other sources. It attends to all legal mat- ters arising from marketing or transportation. It establishes sales agencies in the principal cities of the country. The one nearest East Lansing is located at Grand Rapids. And, as one of the most important services to the grOUp at large, it ad- vertises citrus fruits extensively, trying to create an in- creased demand for the products. (53,54) ;Texas has lately established a Citrus Commission similar to Florida's, with authority over maturity and grading and method of securing revenue for support. 95. d. Methods of Sale. Upon arrival of the fruit at the terminal where final wholesale selling is to be done, the fruit may be sold either at private sale or at auction. In 1958, the California Fruit Growers' Exchange sold carloads of fruit to 1,800 customers at private sale, as well as using the auctions in 10 cities (21). In the twelve leading cities of the United States, reg- ular produce auctions are held. In 1957, the auction sales of fruits and vegetables by fourteen companies totaled 102,128 cars. Of these, 61.9' consisted of citrus fruit. (35) Auctions are usually held on a pier or at railroad freight shed. Unpacked and separated into lots, the goods are placed so that they can be inspected by prospective buyers. Buyers and auctioneers then meet in the salesroom and selling takes place there, amid continuous talk. Goods are usually owned by the shipper and handled by a broker for him, or by a representative of the selling agency. Auction companies receive pay for such services, and this usually amounts to 15% to 5%. An article, to supply the market for auction must be one which appears continuously, in order to establish its name among buyers; also goods must be of a quality that does not vary a great deal for customers often.buy through knowing only the name of the shipper. oranges from California meet all these conditions very well, and therefore the largest percentage of auction sales are citrus from that state. Retailers may attend the auction, or may buy from jobbers that do attend the auction. Large chain groups send buyers to 96. the auctions. Independert store owners usually use the jobber method, as they do not hive the time to attend the auction, nor buy in sufficiert quantities to make it profitable. For the buyer for institutiors, several methods of purchase are possible. The buyer may attend the auction. Quantity buy- ing may be done at the terminal from car-lot distributors. Pur- chases may bempde from jobbers, or from peddlers. And the local retail stores always furnish small quantities if other amounts are too large to buy and handle advantageously. Large price variations exist,depending upon the method. 2. Consumption of Citrus Fruits. a. Per Capita Consurption and Uses. The American diet is changing, as can be demonstrated by the figures regarding the per capita consumption of Various cereals, fruits, and vegetables. The per capita consumption of oranges has been.stated by Thompson (7) to have increased from 19 pounds in 1925-95 to an average of 26 pounds ten years later, 1955. Hamilton and Brooker (56) estimate the consumption per capita of oranges and grapefruit in 1899—1900 to have been about seven pounds, while in 1951-52 the consumption of these two fruits averaged 54 pounds, or an increase of nearly 500% in 52 years. Armstrong (52) shows in charts that the consumption of wheat, meats, potatoes, corn, bananas, apples, and peaches has declined during the last thirty years. At the same time, the consumption of onions, celery, carrots, lettuce, pears, earned vegetables, canned fruits, grapefruit, lemons and oranges has materialLy in- 97. creased. he has computed the per capita consumption of grape- fruit to be 6.59 pounds, lemons at 5.91 pounds, and oranges at 27.08 pounds for the year 1936. California Fruit Growers' Exchange, in order to assist in its advertising campaign for California citrus fruits, has taken a survey of the income, budgets, buying habits and uses of food of many families in the United States. In order to study more Closely the habits of these families, one thousand families considered to be representive of a cross-section of the states were selected. This group was called "Sunkist Town“. Selections were made in an attempt to give an accurate cross—section as to income classes, by size of city, by age groups, and by geograph- ical location. It was composed of 789 urban families, averaging 4.05 persons per family; and 211 farm families averaging 4.29 persons per family. The averages for all families in the com- munity, both rural and urban, were as follows: husband, 41 years; wife, 41 years; and children/years. Eight hundred ninety-three of these families were of the white or Caucasian race, 94 were Negro families, and 14 belonged to other races. Six hundred ninety-five families were composed offbur or less members, while 305 families had five or more members. The average size of the family was 4.11 members. In sixty of the families, there was no member gainfully employed. This means, that if the family did not have enough to live on its accumulated income, it was living on.relief, or on the charity of relatives. Six hundred 98., twenty-one of these families had one gainful worker, while 519 had two or more workers gainfully employed. Eighty-eight of these families rented rooms to outsiders. Only 18 out of the 1,000 families had money enough to employ servants in the home. All these facts seem to present an average or cross- section.which should be typical of the American habits. Of these 1,000 families, 810 used oranges in some way or other. Uses to which they put oranges are interesting. Nb. of Families 'Qgg' 640 Juice 462 Whole 352 Salads 26? Orangeade 211 Fruit Cocktail 194 Sliced 154 Halved or segmented 146 Cooking or Baking 105 Fruit punch 97 Alcoholic beverages As will be noticed, juice and whole are the two most pOpular ways of serving oranges. Lemons were used by a few more families than those using oranges. Eight hundred ninety families used lemons in the following ways: ..-... 99. No. ijami._’§§ 1.3.89. 694 Cold lemonade 552 Tea 554 Lemon pie 505 Flavoring, seasoning 267 Garnish 249 Remove stains 240 Cooking, baking 225 Salad dressing 205 Hair rinse 151 Alcoholic beverages 142 Health drink 125 With orange juice 89 With tomato juice 80 Whole 62 Hot lemonade. These figures might be taken as the desires of the customers for the fruits used in various ways, as peOple usually prepare things at home in just the way they prefer them. (58) Thompson attributes the increase in citrus consumption to several factors. Dietitians, doctors, nurses, social workers, and home economics educators have encouraged the use of citrus fruits as a menas of securing a more Optimum diet for all members of the family. National advertising on the part of California Fruit Growers' Exchange has brought the attention of the public to the healthful properties of these fruits. The production of better quality fruits, and more 100. uniform methods of distribution of the fruits have been es- tablished through the efforts of merchandising agencies and the agricultural agencies. The availability of the fruits in different markets and at all seasons of the year cause their more wide use. (7) 2.‘ Consumption by areas. The figures compiled by the United States Department of Agriculture show the car-lot unloads of the fruits in the sixty-six important cities in the United States. The average consumption of each city for each of the fruits is shown in tables LXXXIX to XCIII, having been computed from the government figures for the separate years. New York City alone receives an average of 27,959 cars of citrus fruits each year, which is over 26% of the total ship- ments. Chicago, the second largest city, had an.average of 9,259 carlots of citrus fruits unloaded. Seventeen cities annually receive more than 1,000 cars of citrus fruits, and of these, New York, Chicago, Boston and Philadelphia each took over five thousand carlots of these fruits. Approximately 51% of the total carlot shipments of the United States came into these four markets. (Table XC) In order to present an analysis by sections of the United States, these cities have been grouped into large geographical areas. (Tables LXXXIV’ XC) The New England and Middle Atlantic States received over 56% of these total unloads. The Central States use almost one-third of the total citrus fruits 101. shipped, 51% arriving in this area. This leaves only 15% used in the southern and western states. This is not a true picture of the situation in these districts, as practically all of the fruit entering the markets in these states, especially Los Angeles, Jacksonville, and the other cities in California and Florida, come in via the motor trucks. (Tables XCI, XCII, XCIII) D. Prices of Citrus Fruit 1. Costs of the fruit. a. Costs of production The cultural cost of oranges and lemons in California has been investigated by the California Citrus League, an organization which includes most of the citrus growers of the state. This study was done over a period of five years, 1924 to 1928, and included about 18,000 acres of oranges and 8,000 acres of lemons. Average cost of lemons per packed box was $1.474, and the aver— age cost of all oranges per packed box (Up to the time of pick- ing) was $1.581. The cost of Washington Navels was $1.296, and. at the same time Valencia oranges cost $1.489 per case. (24) At this rate, the cost per acre of producing the oranges averages $252.00 or $255.98 for Washington Navels and $248.55 for'Valenp cias. Lemons, per acre, cost $262.48. Since that time the cost of production must have decreased. Charles Teague, in discussing Exchange problems, states that an income of $117.00 per acre is less than the cost of production, while an $216.00 income per acre can bring a small profit to the ... - ,n _ .m a limb. u . a... . . fl 3. v~u~i V, 102. average grower instead of a loss. (21) Paul Armstrong gives the price paid the grower for fruit on trees averaged 3 .909 per box. 52) The costs of Florida fruit can be computed from average figures. The cost of planting and caring for an.orchard until the bearing age is roughly estimated at $500.00 per acre by Vosbury and Robinson. (25) Scott gives the cost per acre as $551.41, for all.expenses to the end of the fifth year, less the income received the fifth year. The cost of maintaining a grove after it reaches the bearing age averages from $75.00 to $150.00 per acre. The average yield per acre is about 150 boxes. So it appears that the cost of growing of Florida fruit is between 5.50 and $ 1.00 a box. This, plus cost of the orig- inal investment apportioned over the bearing period of 50 to 40 years, represents a cost of $.57 to $1.10 per case. b. Costs of Handling. The Agricultural Experiment Station has made very thorough studies of the cost of handling the citrus fruit from the tree to the car in Florida. This study was carried on by H. G. Hamil- ton, Associate Professor of Marketing, College of Agriculture, University of Florida, and Marvin A. Brooker. This study inp eluded the volume of fruit handled by 95 to 125 packing houses in 1924-25, 1925-26, and in 1951-52 which handled from 40% to 68% of the commercial production. (56) The costs of handling bulk and packaged fruits are quite different. The increasing p0pu1arity of bulk fruits is demon- Hagen) unduuflhflnllii N. a ‘ >77: ‘ w” 105. strated by the fact that in 1924-25 such fruits made Up onLy 2.9% of the total Florida crep, while in 1951-52 the volume had increased to 21.1%. No doubt the figure is much higher at the present time, for the number of stores handling bulk fruit is constantly increasing. (56) The cost of handling fruit at the latest date studied by this grOUp, was 75.9 cents per box average. This included the handling and packing the citrus fruit from the tree to the car, but did not include the cost of pre-cooling. This cost varied from 58 cents to $1.56 per box. The average figure is broken down into the component parts, as follows: labor, 15.5¢; manage— ment, 5.7¢; office, 2.4¢; packing house and land, 5.7¢; packing equipment, 4.5¢; field equipment, l.5¢; light, water and power, l.l¢; materials 27.9¢; other costs, 2.6¢; making the total pack- ing house costs 62.5¢. To this was added the picking costs of 7.2¢ and the hauling costs of 6.2¢. (56) The cost of handling bulk fruit at this same date, was only 42.4¢. It is easy to understand this difference of 52.5¢ when it is noticed that the materials, including paper, boxes, nails, labels and other materials, comprised 27.9¢ of the above cost, and that labor of packing would be eliminated in the bulk fruits. No such study could be obtained for the Texas fruit, but it is fair to expect the cost to be similar, unless labor costs vary widehy. Even then, the variation.could not be great, as labor totaled only 15.5¢ of the total cost. r1. . FEERIJ I“ 0.. g . I F: V 104. The cost of handling California fruit is estimated by the California Fruit GrowerS' Exchange as picking and hauling l4.8¢ per box, and the cost of packing as $.474 per box. (52) This totals $.622 per box as contrasted with $759 average cost for the same service in Florida. The cooperative enterprises have reduced cost of separate items through thorough study and effort. Ownership of forest reduces cost of boxes, and owner- ship of plants reduces overhead. Such items lower total cost. The assessment of the marketing organizations or state commission must be added to this. The assessment levied by the California Fruit Growers' Exchange for marketing costs were 5.02¢ per packed box last year. (21) The assessment by that organization for advertising purposes was five cents on each packed box of oranges, ten.cerms on.lemons, and three cents on grapefruit. (21) The levy'nmde by the state of Texas is 2fi¢ for each box of citrus fruit, or l%¢ per bushel in smaller con~ tainers, and 2§¢ for each eighty pounds of fruit sold in bulk. Florida charges an inspection fee of l¢ for each standard box of 1-5/5 bushels of fruit inspected for maturity, and requires this inspectioanrom August 51 to December 1. A charge of %¢ for each box to which artificial color has been added, is an additional inspection cost. Advertising tax levied by the Florida state organization amounts to one cent per standard box of oranges, three cents per box of grapefruit, and five cents per box of tangerines. The cost of various methods of preservation.vary as follows: : Judith. “‘Ohvl. . R. . . . q ”- w ‘ s in .. r I; 105. For pro-cooling, 9.5; per box; initial icing, 10.5c; pre- cooling and initial icing, combined, 18.l¢; pre-cooling and standard refrigeration, 27.3¢; and for standard refrigeration alone, 19.l¢. Fruit shipped by standard ventilation would, of course, have no preservation charge. These figures were compiled in 1950-53, and are perhaps changed by now, but rel- ative costs of the different methods would probably be in the same ratio. (28) Freight makes up a large item in the total cost of citrus fruit on the northern.market. The distance from the origin to the place of consumption in vicinity of Lansing is about twelve to fifteen hundred miles in the case of Florida, and nearly three thousand miles in the case of California. The rate for shipment of fruit by rail from Florida to Detroit in 1955 was $1.02 per box. (28) The freight from California to the eastern market averaged $1.14 last year including the refrigeration. (52). This item then amounts to as high as twenty-five percent of the total retail price of the oranges. The citrus fruit from California and Texas which arrives in Lansing is shipped via the Grand Trunk and Western.Railway. The rate for shipments from California is $1.42 per hundred- weight plus the expense of initial icing. The icing charge varies with the size of the car, and averages from $58.00 to $57.00. The average crate of oranges weighs 70 pounds net and about 80 pounds gross. Therefore, the freight per box is in the neighborhood of $1.13 plus about $.09 icing charge. (a) The rate for grapefruit from Texas is $.88 per hundredweight, or lOd. about $.75 per case. (a) Beginning May lst, 1939, a new service was to have been inaugurated. This was to allow a stop-off of a car of fruit to have part of it unloaded, and the remainder forwarded to another destination. This may have its advantages to markets which cannot handle an entire carload at one time, but may cause too much loss of fruit through delay. Fruit from Florida reaches Lansing via the Pere Marquette Railway and the Michigan Central Railway. The rates from Winter Haven, Florida, the origin of much of the fruit received this year, is $.97 per hundredweight plus the icing charge. The charge for complete refrigeration which includes re-icing, amounts to about $100.00 per car. Florida boxes weigh about 90 pounds gross, and thus the freight per box would be about $.87 plus about $.25 for icing charges. The rate fOr fruit loaded in bulk is 10% higher than for boxed fruit, due to the fact that it is loaded green, and because it is more perishable,-if spoilage does start it carries through the fruit more readily than where the fruit is separated in boxes. (b) Therefore, the costs of shipment of fruit from the follow- ing sources are: California, $l.l5; Florida, $.87; Texas, $.75 per case. Icing prices are $.09 per case for initial icing from California and $.25 for complete icing from Florida. Therefore, Florida fruit can be transported to the Lansing market cheaper than California fruit, as would be expected from comparing distances. Texas fruit transportation is cheaper than that from Florida, to the Lansing destination. .' W ”C. '- 115 Interview with 65333 Trunk Freight Agent. (b) Interview with Pere Marquette Freight Agent. ||I|1VI4I amnsdi. 4' "r! 107, Selling charges charged by the broker doing this service for the shipper, may be charged as a percentage of the selling price. On terminal markets, this amounts to l§% to 2% of the price. Other charges are added to cover the labor necessary to move the fruit through the auction shed. 'This usually ranges from 1 to 5 cents per box. These charges include storage, drayage, demurrage, reconsigning and government inspection. The total selling charge, therefore, ranges from 5 to 7 cents per box. (28, 32, 55) From totaling these items which must be paid before a price can be set for the fruit on the market, it would appear that the average cost to the jobber of Florida fruits sold in package is in the region of $2.50, while bulk Florida Fruits cost about $2.10 and California fruits $2.75. Al; though these totals will vary from one year to another, and from one season to another, these items of cost will remain, and must be reckoned with if the institution buyer wishes to understand the economic basis for the pricing of citrus fruits. It is apparent that there are times when the price offered on the distant market will not justify the gathering and shipping of fruit. During April, 1959, visitors in‘ Florida saw grapefruit being knocked from the trees, and hauled to the fields for humus. This included both Duncan (seedy) and Marsh (seedless). Visitors were given fruit by the bushel. This is regarded by some as an advertising scheme 108. for the fruitgrowers. Probably the large quantities of fruit being shipped from Texas is the factor which has affected the Florida market.* Prices of the Fruit on the Markets. a. Wholesale Prices in Detroit. Prices of oranges from Florida which were sold on the Detroit market for the season 1957—58 varied from $1.68 to $4.45 per case, with an average price of $2.25 per case. The highest price was found at the beginning of the season, October 15, and the lowest price was found on April 29th. (Graph XLVII} (GraphXLVIII), At the same time, the California oranges ranged in price from $2.15 to £5.40 per case in that same market. (GraphXLVII ). These averaged $5.00 for the entire season. Grapefruit on the Detroit auction sold from 3.75 to $5.59 per case for fruit originating in Florida with an average price of $2.20, while the fruit from Texas sold from $1.95 to $5.17 per case with an average of $2.25. (Graphs XLIX and L ). Prices for tangerines on the Detroit market varied from $1.05 to $2.25 per case of 4/5 bushel (Graph Ll with an average price of $1.23. Prices at all auctions are shown in Graphs LI and LII (Tables LXXXIV to LXXXVIII; b. Retail prices. Retail prices which were collected at the local stores over a period of three months show little variation in price from time to time. It does show the items which were available on the local market, and thus available to the small institution which :ould find it necessary to relie on the local market for its supply. * Inte§v1é§"%i£h“h?L Max Strothers of East Lansing, iichigan. 1091 GIIPIXLYII Or erases 'R‘I‘ cc 5 5.20. 9 4“:- A _._ -.tilv .‘ '__ 7 - ' fl 1 fi — ‘--y- S... .. ,-. , -7 ,_. a .A I_.l‘ .__ . ._ _I " "-f—- ' “ Irv 1 ?— 9 .- l.. 4., I - J - 44 I I. . .o- . I . . - g . . I I--. , . - ‘ .. , ‘C 1 | . . . _ _ . . _._. , . . . g 1 IL A 1 4°°..*:'-T fl. .:. _w . 560 f . % ' . L # ' -_ T --- . 1 fl , . . . .' . . - . . . . . . 1 -. . . . . 3.2.0 wk . . 2.‘° . . . -_ - f A .. . .‘ . . . .- - .. . . K . 1 . . f. \. . - . N.’ ‘{ . . I" . . , . . .. . \h . ”I . .\.,._ _I’. v A‘./ . _, _. . . _- . _ ‘. .. , AV} . . . 7L.— I . ‘v, V . , . 2.40 '. #L V .-. _ .. .... . . ._ . I‘ I /\ . . ‘V‘ ,-. ‘ I _ . . . 1.00 A W “VI—LS / ‘\ 4 '0‘0 > ' ‘ I L A ' . P N O .735‘“ euros. tn‘ILéi. f ‘ i i l . . f 1‘ .. .--,._ I - ., . ... ' Flu ‘ I u. sinusi- 101:; ... & . .°. I I .1...'_l‘| ‘ 1. ..4 A,.- I "I - - '2: ~ V 1 . ¢"V"‘ . I | I I I § A I ’0 .--.‘...4 A I III I‘uJI’I-II II II II “III II III ”IL? III a 51" o-oa. ”-57 Hams «amt-3‘ «54; «av «mo: “Aer-’3 «my. e—J...» «m,- 6—— H 51 ; ‘L I q 3 8 ‘Pn‘cg PO? C1 5e. I" | I l l . 9A . T 110. G Y “Y kXLVIH OT 3&3“ 0% Oranges : L---‘.-C«\¢qpén‘u‘ magi ' i :. . ‘ :1 . V. . ' ~: ‘ i . K. . _ F.|ov€¢q 0*Qn82fi, SQ4 IL. [5qu 1 1 “pqvloqcl, ' ’ ‘ Ll I 31, I I I 4' ”ml 3:0] Mr u1 U] :3 to 9 TT WI [ m I A” n! '5' 15‘2 1011!?“ ”-11. No. 0% CM‘ \oads .A i; Octal?“ fi-fiofi #32:; PI“: “Yew «nut» ~A§11d hf“; +3 «new-Jul: 193'] > e I Q 11]. G r ark XL}: Grafegmit Pr ices W§Qfly “0 ‘QIL-B'jgigtbctroimck. l ---—_.o .— A i u . ’7'“ I i i s Q; A ! n m "10; ‘ 'i i .5 1 I I d g i ; . EL ..----erems EPNCQ% 1 7 g i _lovicI17n‘q'cs, --fl .,._4 4 $ ' ~ -1 0’ '40 ' i ‘ ' 1 4 i ‘3 State. :4 Lav8g511 440‘ pt l L ; L A L; i ! I 5 3 1 ' 4 3 a 5 l 43 lo _ a; ”We no” N“ u.i nn 4“, 10 n H 12. 1!. 24 18 15‘ 25' 22. 2. 1" 1 5c A—Odffi «+£on ripen-.1“ «Jaw-v 0F tab-3 ~Moxa *Aftgfi+W3-’ *Juhc) Id! <———I ‘i 51 a 'fi H 3% r “-1-- Tu}: abvudvv AN ‘44 Mi. 1‘. V. 4’. 33.)... 1.1.9.. Gmka ‘-]‘nflL ‘"‘4§; ‘3".; 1"“ q; ‘]:>‘!‘ ; I: 4113 Mad“) Averages— A“ ib‘uttfl'W‘“5 11.50 _ — 'Jgo' €2.20 V __ “zoo ' ;i : ;f 9 _ii" ’L? ' 'I.bo 1 ”-40 A, H.20— LO Gmrk LI Ofiain 0g GraPe ruit 115. ~ Wee.“ Ca. 1a 11,11 “.15 at mum. ...... t‘as _ ‘_ |ofl¢l~ . 1 z, < tJe “Luz. 51’» HT.“ «d. 2'4 . . . . A . ’/'|. Jl\ . . |. \ - 4 A . .‘ J's “ /‘\ 4r. E 10 “1 * v‘fi 40v, ‘ ' . ‘ a, .it ’ g. '. ‘l b... _7‘ . .- ‘ I‘ I ‘ , n l. u ‘1 . I ‘ ‘r ‘. I . \... .I |' : ‘ 4., ‘ . ‘.'. ‘ .'| 4 , I“ A A L L w ‘ ‘ J A .' \ .7 ' ' " .‘J,|-. . J ' ‘l I | '\ ‘1 \1‘ . . .. : \.I 3‘}: '.' ..‘4".LL . ' 1 I - Y w'Z: 3 q 1.‘ _. . _ ‘d . . 3 .21 H, . ,- .7 ; d .l. 1 1:4 ... , . 2 z~ Y A v . 4.. _ , 4 . 0 IV I I '\\ i . 0... fi 4 l ., -4? :4 Z 7 ' \1 i“. an no” ”14 HH u“ I“. I!“ to” i u an 24 2.9 25 a: u 1.7 2.4 6.7%. «Och-3 «Nov» abuzz-3“ Jam? 4-F (bro ‘HQT?’ ‘A?r.—*“ 4443* ‘Juhe" 03343 <———H3’| 9 <— 6438 114. mu: l‘i38———§ AMI ices I451 Do N4- quk LII (:)"NUUV\£E;€3 "]:EL’ "and”! Auraaes ‘—"""" A“ E. 115. Comparison of Quality of Fruits. 1. Sizes of Fruits The sizes of the fruits as they are packed for shipment are based on the diameter of the fruits. It was desirable to know whether that dimension alone was enough to tell the buyer the amount of fruit that he was purchasing. In the case of the oranges which were later juiced, weights were taken on each or- ange to the nearest tenth of a gram. (Tables IXGIV.to XCVIII) In each case except the size 150 and size 176 Florida Valencias, the larger orange by weight of one size was heavier than the smaller orange by weight of the next size larger. For example, the largest orange of size 288 weighed 142.5 grams, while the smallest orange of size 250 weighed 128.2 grams. This would lead to the conclusion that the size of oranges is not truly indicative of the weight of fruit. Because only one dozen samples of each size were taken, it was thought that perhaps the sampling was not sufficient to prove the above statement. Therefore, 7% dozen oranges each from a case of Florida Valencias, size 150, and California Navels, size 150, were used. This larger sampling shows a variation in each case to be of a wider range than was found for the dozen sampling. The average weights were as follows: Florida “"California Average 252.56 grams 214.25 dflhn 1.49 1.27 On testing for significance it was found that the Florida oranges were significantly heavier than the California oranges. Further evidence of this is shown by Graph LVI. From the two above experiments, it would appear that if the institution buyer is interested mainly in the number of , ‘11-.an fl!|'.%s .. I . . ‘l. 1150. Curt. LEI Gfaregvui‘t‘ ?ru‘¢¢“a Mam, Anny. ~— Au Am... ’4.” ' . '3 00 ' 2.00? J A s U l ‘ E V : P’ 1 -..... ....Tcuia Pris L . d E Florida)?“ a. J I """""" . . ...... if. g SQQ‘Q liar» kfinqrc #101 ‘1 : JAsoNDJFMAMJJASONJDJr-MAMJT? b—l‘lSC—9 ‘———|‘15'l 9' 4 1153* ifiufllfltfl x\ - Gm. fk LE ”9‘“ YO‘Kmes 0% Y4? I'o-us S‘Lcfi 0g 0rana:s 23; I I Sit-e- .D‘GMCT’CY Vo‘u ' A 1:;(1‘3‘3 5151,11» 22-4écu—ih H—lZé‘s 'lfgin lci,00Cu.3n. 17‘ Skin. IS-QIoujn. 5 1h. '4ID'F4‘4-l’} Eiw | 2.3%C1u-1n 2 33"“. [0.8%]Cufln " C 2 5‘7/1 ,y‘ I-ZZCu.§n Z L. . g'l%cu.6r\ 2 tum CKL-c. Lht‘gqs VOIQMQ. t.“ Diana eter in Iw=k¢ 5 .9. ..t 1“. ' 00.. 117.. C 3,0,,1rQLSt} 9%] Qrangji. uuag her Cure; 5 ‘ I ' ‘ I I 1 ' { g I I % _W-W’ls, utm1-?urc.hqs°ePrjqe-a _ulfiedlas $412315. a8- §Coml>Ktqtior i/ / - ' H . , i , . + . ‘ ' ’ i 1 E / ; .0 o ' g 4 g : . 2 , . i 4 g . F f .0011 f L i i u l i ’ . , . a i J/ ...» e 1 , q . . ““9“” 7 7“? ‘ fr i / .I T ‘ ‘/ t / a .Oo'hr --* 4. . / , 1 ’ 1 : __ ... _.I I r ~ I 004:..__ -___.l_ - i § ; , t ! E _e I ! 1 003 F ——«E>—“~ ; [I .' ; . i . J . _, ' l ! .\ .00‘;\ 1 \‘r‘! I 4 _ l ’ i ‘\‘ f i .003 A a 1 l . i if _ -.--_;l- - " -; flail ; . i - ‘ .002; i L L { ~' [ _ _-4 1-- i-- L “mi- ...—1 -——-— 2 r l I . * = ‘: ' i . Q: . , . . i i . ‘ § % i JOLW p % if r i F10+tdt Pihcdl r1¢5““J""T“7 i I. ! r 3 + sfldijlalkmfixu- r-----h::-_'ri__ 111....“ - ill... - m1- -1 ---_- 1-1-1-”- ,1--. 3 1 Cul'fiothm chc\.s-— -:-' ~-.- ,_ i, | g E U~ 1 1 - ' 5 a A z ' L a z 1 , 5;... 34.1 an 2§o 1:5 zoo " mo ' :50 m. 100 76 51“ 152 210 47,. I 3 ’3 W H\ Who\e5u‘< Pn'c3QS \LSQ4’ 0 .5a 35 08 C43»: rat-K144“ . /,f I . r ‘ ' - 3 3 /l3 3 3 f . 3 I .3 .cncr -- -: --- :7 - ,- +7.-- .----- +——:fi—-~~--——¢——_g ... .-.__..-._---._--_---- -._;----._.---.-.{L_-L (01- - - . .: : _.-a 4 3-“ . . -.. . -__ _._.- 4 ._ -- _.__- ._-__ .-____.- _-..._./...__T’ . I ,3 3 .003. . . . . ,4. . . . . -- L - .. . -.. ._j . p --_ , * ’/ ' I 3 I 3 . 3 / ‘\\ ./ (07 ' ‘ ’ .3 ‘ ‘ " / I ' \g 'f // \\\’\,"/ ‘ \\\" / / ... ....— "- \ - .. :- .. x / I, / \ / / / / .0040 ' / ' / / /’ / / / ,' / , ‘\ ‘/ 0(5. \\"~v” .(f3 .(Ilf) + .002._ . _.__. _.__ . I, . . .-3 . .-_.. .--- v . g ‘ : 2 ~ . * I r ! E ’ KShcl Dds ! 3 3 i 1 ,_ .00, 3.---.C‘ll15‘01 21.11149121qu 9..-: —:————___,_- 3__ ; _- -- ‘3, _ 7 _. ..-- _ L ' Cd oqn'aNavds Feb 7 -—->~-—- 3 i : : 3 T; Flov\dn YQ‘EVIC\3¢SM‘\XZ 3 3 3 3 I 3 (3 ’ F1ov|43xPlntkfr|Ps Fcb1—3_" 3 3 3 ’ I ' __---. --.... --__._. - __3...__..-__-..L____-_-___--.I _-- 3.- __- -_____L_._-___- .3 s.“ 344 2?? 2.50 2/4» zoo :76. 150 124, I00 119. Gm 333‘ 3.131 CHQQSLLO _§_.QL3LL&L_J_ULI_SL3. Er Ounce .....“.il. ..II..VI..... r. y 10. garnia Orangc‘ :- LIE! Cat 3or34a 4ni Gar 681415 053? 4 s1 .3. 40" 4‘00 104 _ Y110 14 . . . . _ _ ..- 712 -1“: .- 7 :17.-.- :1. -2 1. l+1--1-..1 3-1-2-1- _ @111.--- 1 11:21 2+3 7+ -3 71041 440- -40 I I 4 3 . 4 4 0 o H—o—i 3 +- . ¢ 1 3 4 _ 1 _ _ .3 .-313._ ... ._ 11711.77..- 1 WM 4 4 “-1.31 1- _{1 i— . 4 -i 1 -.r 1+ 33- l 3 ~3— 3 . E O 273* 73.1 L 1 1.13 _ _ _ .14457.|§1441|&4444 _ 245’ .115 [75’ (if 375’ o 4 | —$——#— 1+ v 4 o A -111 1 1 I o - 4 ~ I . 74—1111 . . 3 s 9 n . I -..- . I 4 190 .200 110 2.20 4 M; 214.1? m) “In... ... -. __ .. .64 199 units which are obtained in any one purchase, size is the correct factor to notice, but if the weight of food is the desired information, the weight of the fruit would be more indicative of the amount of food purchased. Few peoole realize that the volume of a Sphere in- creases in direct prOportion to the cube of the diameter. Volumes of sizes from diameters are shown on page 116. 2. Juice a. Volume of judce from various sizes and varieties. Since one of the methods of selling or serving citrus fruits in the institution today, is the serving of juices by the glass, the information which many institution buyers wish to know is which is the cheapest size of orange to buy for juice purposes. Accordingly, all obtainable sizes of the different varieties on the market were juiced, and the weights and measures of strained and unstrained juices re- corded. From these, it was possible to compute the ounces of juice from each size of orange, and the cost of such juice. (Tables C, CI, CII) 0f the three sizes studied, the size which proved to give the highest percentage of juice of the Florida Pineapple oranges was size 150. (Table CV) Florida Valencias were studied in all sizes on.the markets, 96's to 524's. From Table CIII it rill be noticed that size 216 gave the highest percentage of juice with re— gard to the original weight, and that size 126 was a near approach to the same percentage, differing by only .lS%. 121.- Of the sizes of California Navels studied, which in- cluded all the sizes from 100's to 544's, the size winch gave the largest amount of juice in proportion to the orig- inal weight of the oranges was size 288. (Table CIV) Bulk Florida Valencias on the market are not always sized, but are often graded as to external condition. The bulk varieties on the market were a mixture of U. 8. Grades ‘ #1, #2, and fiS, as shown in Table CV. Grade #5 gave the highest percentage of juice, although there was little difference. ‘ Florida Temples for sale in Lansing, were not sized by the packers, but were sorted into sizes here before sale, and the means of so doing was only the eye of the untrained employee. However, the approximete sizes were placed on the fruit. Those which the store sold as size 176 gave the high- est percentafie of juice, but the difference between.the three sizes was only 6%. b. Cost of juice from various sizes. If the oranges are to be sold as juices, the institution person is interested in the cost of the prepared juice per unit. Since the capacity of glasses and cups vary, the cost was computed for a fluid ounce of the juice. The first compu- tation was based on the actual cost of the oranges in East Lansing, Lansing, or the Detroit terminal where the oranges were purchased. The cost of juice prepared from the Florida Pineapple 122. oranges was nearly the same for sizes 150 and 200, this cost being 3.00518 and 8.00515 per ounce reapectively. The cost of size 176 was 3.00445 (Table CV) Florida Valencias yielded the cheapest juice when size 216's were used, the cost per ounce of strained juice being _ 8.00569 per ounce. Low prices were also possible when sizes 250, 150 or 288's were usedt (Table CIII, Graph LIV) California Navel oranges purchased on the retail market appear to produce the cheapest juice if purchased in size 544. The juice from this size was $.00627 per fluid ounce. The larger sizes were much more expensive in relation to the juice produced, when all were purchased on the retail market, with the juice costing approximately one cent per ounce. (Table CIV) The juice from Florida Temples was cheapest in the small- est size used, size 176. (Table CV) The highest percentage of juice obtained from all oranges studied was obtained from bulk Valencia oranges shipped by express from the orchard direct to a local retail store. This shows that either the time which elapsed between the time of picking and the time of consumption in the usual way of market- ing, or else the difference in the maturity of the oranges when picked, has a decided effect Upon the amount of juice obtained from the fruit. Because all of the oranges which were juiced and costs computed on were not purchased on a wholesale basis, and because of the fact that they were bought on different dates, it was thought that the comparisons would be more valuable if computed as if all oranges had been bOUght on one day at wholesale prices on the Detroit Terminal. Computations made using this assumption are shown in‘Table CVI . Here it will be ob- served that the California Navel oranges produce juice which becomes progressively cheaper in cost per ounce through most of the sizes except for the size 126 which do not usually find a ready market, and are therefore cheaper. The low point in cost is reached with size 288, with 544 being a bit more wasteful. {Graph LV) The Florida Pineapples do not very much in price when purchased wholesale. Size 176 yielded the juice which was slightly cheaper. Florida Valencias yielded the cheapest juice when using size 216 , and the most expensive when size 150 was used. California Valencias were not on the market at the time this study was made. In using Florida Temple oranges, size 176 was found to be the most economical. This was the smallest size used. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the smaller sizes yield the least expensive juice, with the exception of size 524 or 544, no matter what the variety of orange. This agrees with the findings of the Greater NEW’YOTk Dietetics Association study in which it was concluded that "The smaller oranges yield more juice." (18) It is also in agreement with the practise of the University of Michigan Hospital Dietetics Division which has "used size 252 oranges for juice for at 124. least ten years. The amount of juice is measured by the dietitians on the first and fifteenth of each month the year round, and the yield varies from 15 to 18 quarts of juice per case. The average is 14 or 14% quarts". Miss Mary E. McKelvey is the dietitian in charge of this work, and the information was obtained through the courtesy of Miss Mable MacLachlan, Director of the Department of Dietetics and Housekeeping. The variations in cost per ounce (0.05¢ or % mill) of strained juice from different groups of Florida oranges pur- chased by weight regardless of size were so slight that they are well within the errors of measurement, while the differ- ences in cost of juice of California navels obtained from different sizes as if purchased on the same day in the same market were as great as .15¢ or 1% mills. Therefore, in Spite of difficulty in getting accurate weights and in spite of var- iations in the percentage of juice obtained from different sizes, (41.6% to 49.5%), it appears that purchasing oranges by weight is a wiser plan than purchasing them by the grade size alone. This agrees with Wyse (11) who found the cost of juice on Florida oranges bought by the pound to vary $.005 per cup, while California navel oranges yielded juice which varied 3.055 per cup. c. Effect of storage condition on volume of juice. Oranges are often held for several days or a week after purchase before use. It is advantageous, therefore, to dis— cover whether holding these fruits and whether conditions under which they are held affect the volume of juice. Three dozen oranges were obtained from a box each of Cal- ifornia Navels 220's and of Florida Valencias 150's. One dozen of each were weighed and juiced immediately. The other two dozens were weighed individually and then one dozen of each var- iety was placed in a storeroom at a temperature of about 700 to 80° Fahrenheit for the week. At the end of that time, weights of individual fruits were taken again and compared with the orig- inal weights. Juices extracted were computed for the percentage of the original weight yielded. (Tables CVII, CVlII) The results were a surprise, as it was expected that the fruits would yield a much lower percentage of juice after being placed in dry storage. The loss of weight of the Valencias stored in the warmer place was much greater, averaging 18.78 grams, while the loss of weight in those stored at refrigerator temperatures lost an average of only 5.0 grams. The losses for the California navels were 9.57 and 1.07 grams in the same two instances. Part of this small apparent loss might be due to the fact that the cool fruit, when brought out into the warmer air, had a layer of condensed vapor on the outside, as they appeared wet. Moreover, when the fruit was compared for appear- ance, the common storage oranges looked dry, while those from the refrigerator looked much fresher. Table CVIII shows that the fresh Valencias juiced 60.15% while those stored in the refrig- erator juiced 55.9% and those from warmer storage juiced 54.5% of the original weight. The California Navels juiced 45.194% fresh, and yielded 42.6% under refrigeration storage, and 42.4% after storage in a warm place. It may be concluded from.the above that the temperature of storage does not materially affect the percent of juice obtained. The reason then forfstorgge must be to retard decay caused by organisms which grow under warm conditions. 2. Flavor. a. Preference for Juices from Different Sources. Flavor is a quality which is hard to describe, yet it is very important in the article in question. The flavor of Cali- fornia oranges is different from the flavor of Florida oranges. then offered a choice of California juice or Florida juice, each of six persons preferred the California juice. This might be partially accounted for by the deeper orange color in California juice; however, the writer believes that it was the flavor which was the deciding factor. When Florida Pineapple juice and Florida Temple juice were tasted by five peOple, all thought that the'Temple juice was far SUperior in flavor to the juice of the Pineapple orange. b. Preference for juice from different grades of oranges. Since some fruit which is offered on the market is graded as U. S. #1, U. S. #2, and U. S. #5, the difference in the quality of the juice was studied. (The oranges sold usually in bulk as a mixture of these three grades, were purchased upon special request with one dozen of each in a separate bag. It would have been possible to have separated them after purchase, 127. as each has the grade stamped on the skin, but as exactly one dozen of each was desired, the sorting was done by the salesman.) The rating as to sweetness as judged by six dietitians in the Institution department are shown in the following table: guggg U. S. fl U. S. ”2 U. S._fi§ 1 Second Sweetest Sour 2 Sweetest Second Sour 5. #1 and #2 alike Sour 4. #1 and #2 alike Sour 5. Second Sweetest Sour 6. #:1 and $2 alike Sour It is apparent from the above that there was some differ- ence of Opinion regarding the first and second grades. Perhaos this is due to the difficulty of differentiating between the sweet quality of the two. However, it is definitely shown that the fruit with lower grade according to the grading system set up by the United States Department of Agriculture and described on page 151 of the Appendix, gives a juice of lower sugar con— tent and therefore less desirable. Some described the flavor as insipid. c. Ability to Detect Lime and Lemon.Juices. It was the Opinion of some that the average person tasting lime and lemon juice made into beverages could not detect which fruit had been used. Therefore, it was thought advisable to prepare limeade and lemonade, and see whether judges could dis- tinguish between the two. The beverages were made with juices in equal concentre ion, that is, 100 milliliters of juice to 500 milliliters of water and 100 milliliters of simple syrup (made Of 1 cup sugar to 1 cup water). In this case, four persons were able to distinguish correctly the fruit that had been used, while two were not sure. Later limeade only was given twelve judges, and they were told to state whether in their Opinion the fruit used was lime or lemon. This time, in preparation, all skin and membrane had been removed, as it was thourht that possibly the distinguishing flavor was obtained from the Oil Of the peel. Dean.Bessey, in.referring to a test Of this sort some time ago in Florida, stated that no difference could be told if peel and membranes were removed. Eleven Of the twelve thought that lime had been used, while one thought it was lemon. It appears then, that lime can be distinguished from lemon when used in beverages. It was thought that the peel Oil present in the limeade and lemonade used for judging might have affected the flavor enouch to affect the detection. Therefore, limes were prepared by peeling the fruit and removing the pulp without membranes. The pulp was then squeezed, and this juice used to prepare limeade. This beverare was tasted by twelve judges, and their Opinion asked as to which fruit was used, lemon or lime. Eleven Of the twelve recognized the juice as lime. Two were only positive that the fruit was not lemon, and thus deducted 129. that the juice must have come from lime. One person was positive that the juice was lemon. 5. Concentration of Limeade and Lemonade. Limeade was prepared in three different concentrations. In each case 500 milliliters of juice was used, with 100 milli— liters of syrUp. To this was added 75 milliliters, lOO milli- liters and 125 milliliters of lime juice. Judges tasted the limeades, with an idea of deciding the desirable concentration. All six judges preferred the one which included 100 milliliters of the juice. Lemonade was prepared in the same ways, using the same amount of syrup and water, and varying the lemon juice. The juice was added as 75, 100, 125 and 150 milliliters. One person preferred that made with 100 milliliters, while the other five judges preferred the lemonade made with 125 milliliters of the juice. This would make it appear that lime juice is needed in less amount to secure the same acidity of beverage. An asser- tion made to the writer by a person who tried this experiment some years ago, was to the effect that one lime was equal to one lemon in effectiveness of juice. Since limes that appear on the northern markets are not sized, and since there is a great difference in size, this statement might be true if the lemon contained only 1/5 more juice, according to this experi- ment. 4. Quantity of Juice. 130. Lemons, because they must conform with the U. S. Standards For Lemons, must contain not less than 25%, by volume, of juice. Therefore, the minimum amount of juice can be judged when pur- chasing lemons. On.the other hand, limes are not sized, and no definite amount of juice is demanded. Therefore, if juice content is to be a factor in purchasing and use, such as for punch, lemons are to be preferred. d. Preference for Grapefruit from Different Regions. Grapefruit from three states were tasted by ten judges. The sections,without peel or membrane, were tested to ascer— tain whether there was a difference in taste, and whether, if so, there was a preference. All ten judges without know— ing source or the Opinion of others, agreed that the fruit from Arizona was very sour, bordering almost on the bitter state. Florida, whileegnightly acid, had a sweetness with it that made it the most desirable to eight of the ten judges. If Florida fruit was tasted before the Texas fruit, the Flor— ida was preferred. Texas fruit was less acid, and therefore more desirable to the two judges who tested it first. If tested after Florida fruit, it was thought to be almost insipidly mild. No judge preferred the Arizona fruit. Different fruits from each state were included in the trial. It would appear, then,that most peeple would prefer the Florida fruit unless a very mild fruit is desired, in which case the Teras fruit would be the preference. The Arizona fruit res very light in weight, and had a . thick rind. This would also be a drawback on the market Where buyers are accustomed to lifting the fruit to judge it by the weight/size ratio; IV. SUMAARY AND COKCLUSICNS. Since approximately $150,000,000 to $150,000,000 worth of citrus fruits appear in the market each year, it is evident that these fruits are of great importance in the American diet. California, furnishes about 52% of this crOp, while Florida furnishes 41% and Texas 6% of the total. The production of the citrus fruits in the last six yea‘s has been increasing, par— ticularly the grapefruit and oranges from Texas. COOperative marketing organizations have made possible better graling, sizing, quality standards and handling of citrus fruits as well as creating a greater demand for the product. Of all commodities sold in uholesele auctions, California citrus fruits furnish a larger percentage than any other commodity. California and other citrus comprise the major part of the auction sales. Lvailable varieties vary greatly throngh the year, with lower prices in winter when Florida oranges furnish great quantities and both Florida and Texas grapefruit compete for the market. Prices differ greatly with different methods of purchasing. Comparison of the qualities of the fruits show the following results: 1. heights of oranges vary greatly with each size rating of oranges, with weights of different groups over-lapping. Therefore, actual amount of fruit obtained cannot be determined by size when bryinr less-then—crate lots. ’Jo 2. Juice obtainable from different sizes var es greatly. Smaller siwe oranges yield a higher percentage of juice based on.the original veight of the oranges. 5. Bulk oranres, rot sired but graded, yield the highest percentrres of juice for the U. S. #5 grade. 4. Juice cost is less for Florida oranges than for Czliforria oranges and ice for smaller sized fruits than :n for the larger. Variations in the cost of juice from Florida oranges vary slightly (about g mill per ounce), while that of California revels is much greater, (5 mills per ounce). 5. Cost of juice extracted from oranges boufht by weight (if all sizes cost the same per pound) would vary ... only about 3 mill per ounce for Florida oranges, while California oranges are not sold on the markets of the middle west by the pound. 6. Storage temperatures have little effect on the obtainable juice of oranges stored a week. Cool temper— atures inhibit growth of decay rather than prevent evapora- tion of juice, in spite of the fact that the refrigerzted fruits look fresher. 7. Preference for California juice is common, but it is questioned whether it would, for institution purposes, merit the cost which is nearly double in most advantageous Sizes. 8. Better grades of bulk fruit yield sweeter, more desirable juice. 9. The difference between lemon and lime juice can be detected by consumers, so it would not be wise to attempt substitution of lemon for lime juice in commercial trade. 10. Lime juice can be used in lower concentrations by about 20% to get comparable strengths in beverages. ll. Lime juice is more expensive than lemon juice at local prices. Therefore, if expense is an item in making punch and similar drinks, lemon juice would be the better buy. 12. Arizona grapefruit, because of the almost bitter flavor, are not preferred by people when tasted with grapefruit from other states. 15. Florida grapefruit are preferred when full acid- sweet flavor is desired. 14. Texas grapefruit are mild, and thought by some to be almost insipid in flavor when compared with Florida grape- fruit. 15. Juice content of limes varies, and as the fruit is not sized, the content cannot be foretold. ’16. Lemon juice content is fixed by grading standards as at least 25%, and therefore, can be estimated before purchase. 17. When lime or lemon juice is to be used in punch and volume is a consideration, lemons will provide more volume of juice for the money eXpended. APPENDIX APPEIEIX I. Maturity Laws A. Oranges 1. California - 796. (Extracts from the Agricultural Code of California) Oranges, except bloods, tangerines, mandarins, Jaffas, Javas, and Parson Browns, shall not be considered mature unless the juice contains soluble solids, as determined by a Brix scale hydrometer, equal to or in excess of eight parts to every part of acid contained in the juice (the acidity of the juice to be calculated as citric acid without water of crystallization), and unless, before picking, they have attained at least twenty-five per cent of characteristic color. In view of differences in climatic and growing conditions prevailing north of the Tehachapi Mountains in California which results in some navel oranges grown in certain districts of that area having at maturity a lower ratio of soluble solids to acid than matured navel oranges grown in the area south of the Tehachapi Mountains, navel oranges produced in the area north of the Tehachapi Mountains which are at least seventy per cent colored at the time of picking shall be considered mature if the juice contains soluble solids as determined by a Brix scale hydrometer, equal to or in excess of six and one-half parts to every part of acid contained in the juice. No oranges may be accelerated in color unless the juice contains solUble solide, as deter- mined by a Brix scale hydrometer, equal to or in excess of eight parts to every part of acid contained in the juice (the acidity of the juice to be calculated as citric acid without water of crystallization). "Twenty-five per cent of characteristic color" in the case of oranges is defined as that color designated by the Mun— sell color notation as hue one and fourteen one-hundredths greenpyellow, value five and twenty-three one—hundredths chroma four and three-tenths (l.l4GY5.25/4.5), and "seventy per cent colored" as hue three yellow, value six, chroma five (5Y6/5). Oranges shall be considered as having exceed- ed twenty—five or seventy per cent color if the average hue of the surface of each fruit is numerically less than one and fourteen-hundredths green-yellow or three yellow res- pectively, regardless of the other components of the color. (Amended~by Ch. 286, Stats. 1955; amended bnyh.‘529,fSt821957)«r 2. Florida — Section 4. (State of Florida Citrus Inspection Bureau,wfinnma$a ReportESeasOn.of11957668)e That within the purpose and meaning of this Act, oranges shall be deemed to be mature only when the ratio of total soluble solids of the juice thereof to the anhy— drous citric acid is not less than eight to one (8 to l). ~Chapter No. 17779 - Lays of Floridayrfls$9W6f#%9§%¥Eax 135. 5. Texas - H.B. No. 47 (irrthe‘house.45Janu:ry”117“1955y.readwfinet- time and referred'tO'Committee"oangricultureradanuervv$5;~w 1235,Wn&pdrted”favorably,uas-amended;‘January”25,“1935,“sent~fi to printer.L.p§cc. 5. (e) That within the meaning and purpose of this Act, oranges shall be deemed to be mature when the juice thereof con— tains not less than eight (8%) per centum of the total 601- uble solids to each part of the anhydrous citric acid. (f) In determining the total soluble solids, the Brix hydrometer shall be used and the reading of the hydrometer corrected for temperature shall be considered as the per centum of the total soluble solids. Anhydrous citric acid shall be determined by titration of the juice, using standard alkali and phenolphthalein as the indicator, the total acidity being calculated as anhydrous citric acid. (g) All citrus fruit not conforming to the above standards shall be deemed and held to be immature within the meaning of this act. 8. Grapefruit 1. California— 797. (Extracts from the Agricultural Code of California). Grapefruit shall not be considered mature unless the juice contains soluble solids, as determined by a Brix scale hydrometer, equal to or in excess of five and one-half parts to every part of acid contained in the juice (the acidity of the juice to be calculated as citric acid without water of crystallization), and unless, before picking, they have attained at least twenty-five per cent of characteristic color. Grapefruit which are at least seventy per cent colored at the time of picking shall be considered mature if the juice contains soluble solids, as determined by a Brix scale hydrometer, equal to or in excess of five parts to every part of acid contained in the juice. No grapefruit may be accelerated in color unless the juice contains sol- uble solids, as determined by a Brix scale hydrometer, equal to or in excess of five and one-half parts to every part of acid contained in the juice (the acidity of the juice to be calculated as citric acid without water of crystallization). In view of differences in climatic conditions prevailing south and east of San Gorgonio Pass, which results in the grapefruit grown in that area having, at maturity, a higher percentage of soluble solids to acid than the mature grape- fruit grown in the area north and west of said ban Grogonio Pass, grapefruit produced in the area south and east of:ian Gorgonio Pass shall not be considered mature unless the juice contains soluble solids equal to or in excess of six parts to every part of acid contained in the juice (the acidity of the juice to be calculated as citric acid without water of crystal- lization), and has attained, before picking, at least twenty-five per cent of characteristic yellow color. In the event that the maturity standard fixed for that area south and east of ban Gorgonio Pass should be declared void it is the intent of the Legislature that the other maturity standards prescribed in this section shall prevail. Grapefruit produced outside of this state under climatic conditions similar to those prevailing in the area south and east of San Gorgonio Pass and offered for sale in this State shall meet the same maturity standard as those pre- scribed for grapefruit produced south and east of said San Gorgonio Pass. "Twenty-five per cent characteristic yellow color" in the case of grapefnuit is defined as that color designated by the Munsell color notation as hue three and three one-hundredths green-yellow, value five and sixty-one one-hundredths, chroma, four and nine-tenths (5.05 GY 5.61/4.9), ard "seventy per cent colored" as hue seven yellow, value seven, chroma six (7Y7/6). Grapefruit shall be considered as having exceeded twenty—five or seventy per cent color if the average hue of the surface of each fruit is numerically less than three and three one— hundredths greeneyellow and seven yellow, respectively, re- gardless of the other components of the color. 2. Florida - (The Citrus Maturity Law - Chapter to. 17779 Lave of Florida, Actsmcf“1952). section 5. That within the purpose and meaning of this Act, grapefruit shall be deemed to be mature only when the total soluble solids of the juice thereof is not less than seven (7) percent, and when the ratio of total soluble solids of the juice thereof to the anhydrous citric acid is as set forth in sub—section A of this Section, and when the juice contents of said grapefruit is not less than the minimum requirement for the reapective sizes of said grapefruit as set forth hereinafter in sub-section.B of this Section. (A) The minimum ratios of total soluble solids of the juice of said grapefruit to the anhydrous citric acid are as follows: 1. When the total solUble solids of the juice is not less than seven (7) percent and not more than eight (8) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be seven to one (7 to l). 2. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight (8) percent and not more than nine (9) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six and one-half to one (6.50 to l). 157. 5. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less then nine (9) percent end not more than nine and one-tenth (9.1) percent the minimum ratio of the total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six and forty-five hundredths to one (6.45 to 1). 4. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine and one-tenth(9.l)percent and not more than nine and two—tenths (9.?) percent the minimum ratio of the total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six and four-tenths to one (6.4 to 1). 5. Vherxthe total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine and two—tenths (9.2) percent and not more than nine and three—tenths (9.3) percent the minimum ratio of total solUble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six and thirty-five hundredths to one (6.55 to 1). 6. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine and three-tenths (9.5) percent and not more than nine and four-tenths (9.4) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six and thirty hundredths to one (6.30 to l). 7. then the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine and four-tenths (9.4) percent and not more than nine and five~tenths (9.5) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous Citric acid shall be six and twenty-five hundredths to one (6.25 to l). 8. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine and five-tenths (9.5) percent and not more than nine and six—tenths (9.6) percent of the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six end twenty hundredths to one (6.20 to l). 9. Ihen.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine and six-tenths (9.6) percent and not more than nine and sevenetenths (9.7) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six and fifteen hundredths to one (6.15 to l). 10. When the total solUble solids of the juice is not less than nine ard.seven—tenths (9.7) percent and not more than nine and eight—tenths (9.8) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six and ten hundredths to one (6.10 to l). 11. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine and eight—tenths (9.8) percent and not more than nine and nine-tenths (9.9) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six and five hundredths to one (6.05 to l). .1: b1 12. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine and nine-tenths (9.9) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be six to one (6 to 1). 5. Texas (H.B. 47)Section 5. That within the purpose and meaning of this act, pomelos (grapefruit) shall be deemed to be nwture only when the ratio of total soluble solids of the juice thereof to anhydrous citric acid is as follows: (a) then the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine per cent (9%), the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to the anhydrous citric acid shall be seven and two tenths to one (7.2-1). (b) hhen the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than ten percent (10%), the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to the anhydrous citric acid shall be seven to one (7 — l). (c) When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eleven per cent (11%), the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to the anhydrous citric acid shall be six and eight-tenths to one (6.8-1). (d) When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eleven and one—half per cent (11.5%), the mimi- mum ratio of total soluble solids to the anhydrous citric acid shall be six and one—half to one (6.5 — 1). (f) In determining the total soluble solids, the Brix hydrometer shall be used and the reading of the hydrometer corrected for temperature shall be considered as the per centum of the total solUble solids. Anhydrous citric acid shall be determined by titration of the juice, using standard alkali and phenolphthalein as the indicator the total acidity being calculated as anhydrous citric acid. (g) All citrus fruit not conforming to the above standards upon official test shall be deemed and held to be immature within the meaning of this act. C. Tangerines 1. Florida (Chapter R). 17779 Less of Florida, getsaef_1932f Section 5. That within the purpose and meaning of this Act, tangerines shall be deemed to be mature only when the ratio of the total soluble solids of the juice thereof to the anhydrous citric acid is not less than seven and one-half to one (7.50 -l). III. Grading Laws A. United State Standards for Oranges. 1. California and Arizona ETHQELLEEEQE The tolerances for the standards are on a container basis. Hewever, individual packages in any lot may vary from the specified tolerances as stated below, provided the averages for the entire lot, based on sample inspec- tion, are within the tolerances Specified. For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than one and one—half times the tolerance specified, except that when the package contains 15 specimens or less, individual packages may contain not more than double the tolerance specified. For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than double the tolerance specified, provided at least one specimen which does not meet the requirements shall be allowed in any one package. GRADES LL;§§_fancy shall consist of oranges of similar varie- tal characteristics, which are mature, well colored, firm, aell formed, of smooth texture for the variety, free from decay, broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, growth cracks, bruises (except those incident to prOper handling and packing), dryness or mushy condition, and from injury caused by Split, rough, wide or protruding navels, sprayburn, fumigation, ammoniation, creasing, scars, green spots, scale, sunburn, dirt or other foreign materie 5, disease, insects or mechanical or other means. Stems shall be properly clipped. U. S. No. 1 shall consist of oranges of similar varietal characteristics, which are mature, firm, well formed, of fairly smooth texture for the variety, free from decay, broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, growth cracks, bruises (except those incident to prOper handling and packing), and from damage caused by dryness or mushy condition, Split, rough, excessively wide or protruding navels, Spray-burn, fumigation, ammoniation, creasing, scars, green spots, scale, sunburn, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. Each fruit sha11.be well colored except Valencia oranges, which shall be at least fairly well colored. btems shall be preperly clipped. 140. Lhw§l~§o. 2 shall consist of oranges of similar varietal characteristics, which are mature, fairly well colored, fairly firm, which may be slightly misshapen but not excessively rough which are free from decay, broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, growth cracks, and from serious damage caused by bruises, dryness or mushy condition, Split or protruding navels, 'Sprayburn, fumigation, ammoniation, creasing, scars, green spots, scale, sunburn, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects or mechanical or other means. Stems shall be prOperly clipped. U. S. No. 5 shall consist of oranges of similar varie» tal characteristics, which are mature, which may be slightly Spongy, misshapen, rough, but not seriously lumpy, which are free from decay, broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, from serious damage by growth cracks, bruises, dryness or mushy condition, and from very ser- ious damage caused by Split navels, Sprayburn, fumigation, ammoniation, creasing, scars, green spots, scale, sunburn, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects or me- chanical or other means. Stems shall be properly clipped. Unclassified shall consist of oranges which have not been classified in accordance with any of the foregoing grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade within the meaning of these standards but is provided as a des- ignation to show that no definite grade has been applied to the lot. TOLERANCES In order to allow for variations incident to prOper grading and handling in each of the foregoing grades, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may be below the requirements of the specified grade, but not more than one-twentieth of this amount, or one-half of 1 percent, shall be allowed for decay at ship- ping point; provided that an additional tolerance of 2-1/2 percent, or a total of not more than 5 percent, shall be allowed for decay enroute or at destination. In addition, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may not meet the requirements relating to color. 2. Florida and Texas — Standards for Citrus Fruits (Taken.from "Texas Standards for Fruits and Vegetables and Fruit and Vegetable Containers,fi19£5*7?g These stand- ards apply only to the common or sweet orange grOUp, grape- *o ,d .7 Eli.fiu. A a. .d L p ‘ . 'naI-r 141. fruit, and tangerines, and other varieties belonging to the Mandarin.Group. These standards to not apply to California and Arizona citrus fruits for which separate U. 8. standards are issued. The tolerances for the standards are on a container basis. However, individual packages in any lot may vary from the specified tolerances as stated below, provided the averages for the entire lot, based on sample inspec- tion, are within the tolerances specified. For a tolerance of 10 per cent or more, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than one and one- half times the tolerance specified. For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than double the tolerance specified, provided at least One Specimen which does not meet the requirements shall be allowed in any one package. Grades U. S. Fangy shall consist of citrus fruits of similar varietal characteristics, which are well colored, firm, well formed, mature, and of smooth texture; free from ammoniation, bird peeks, bruises, buckskin, creasing, cuts which are not healed, decay, growth cracks, scab, split navels, sprayburn, and undeveIOped or sunken seg- ments, from injury by black or unsightly discoloration, green spots, rough and excessively wide or protruding navels, scale, scars, thorn scratches, and from damage, caused by dirt or other foreign materials, dryness, sprouting, sunburn, disease, insects or mechanical or other means. In this grade not more than one-tenth of the surface in the aggregate may be affected with discoloration. U. S. No. 1 shall consist of citrus fruits of similar varietal characteristics which are fairly well colored, firm, well formed, mature, and of fairly smooth texture; free from bnuises, buckskin, cuts which are not healed, decay, growth cracks, sprayburn, undeveloped or sunken segments, and from damage caused by ammoniation, bird peeks, black or unsightly discoloration, creasing, dirt or other foreign materials, dryness, green Spots, scab, scale, scars, split or rough or protruding navels, sprout- ing, sunburn, thorn scratches, disease, insects or mechani- cal or other means. In this grade not more than one-third of the surface in the aggregate may be affected with discoloration. U. S. No. 1 Bright. The requirements for this grade are the same as for U. o. No. 1 except that in this grade no fruit may have more than one~tenth of its surface in the aggregate effected with discoloration. U. S. No. l Russet. The requirements for this grade are the same as for U. 6. No. 1 except that, in this grade, at least 75 per cent, by count, of the fruit shall have in excess of one-third of the surface in the aggregate affected with discoloration. U. S. No. a; shall consist of citrus fruits of similar varietal characteristics which are mature but may be only slightly colored, fairly firm, slightly misshapen and slightly rough, but which are free from bruises, cuts which are not healed, decay, growth cracks, and from serious dam- age caused by ammoniation, bird pecks, black or unsightly discoloration, buckskin, creasing, dirt or other foreign materials, dryness, green spots, scab, scale, scars, split, rough or protruding navels, Sprayburn, Sprouting, sunburn, thorn scratches, undevelOped or sunken segments, disease, insects, mechanical or other means. In this grade not more than 35 per cent, by count, of the fruit may have in excess of one-third of the surface in the aggregate affected with discoloration. U. 8. Combination Grade. Any lot of citrus fruits may be designated “U. 5. Combination" when not less than 40 per cent, by count, of the fruits in each container meet the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade and the remainder U. S. No. 2 grade, provided that not more than 25 per cent, by count, of the fruits in any container may have in excess of one—third of the surface in the aggregate affected with discoloration. U. S. No. 2 Bright. The requirements for this grade are the same as for U. S. No. 2 except that in this grade no fruit may have more than one-tenth of its surface in the aggregate affected with discoloration. IL 5. No. 2 Russet. The requirements for this grade are the same as for U. o. No. 2 except that, in this grade, at least 75 per cent, by count, of the fruit shall have in ex- cess of one—third of the surface in the aggregate affected with discoloration. Unclassified shall consist of citrus fruits which are not graded in conformity with the foregoing grades. z ‘i .--.i.!’§ III ...I III?! '. ...h. . . a 9.7 145. Tolerances for Preceding Grades In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling in each of the foregoing grades, the following tolerances are provided as specified: U. S. FEDC‘. Not more than 10 per cent, by count, of the fruit in.ary'container may be below the requirements of this grade, but not more than one-fourth of this tolerance, or 2% per cent, shall be allowed for damage by black or unsightly discoloration, and not more than one-twentieth of this tolerance, or one—half of one per cent, shall be allowed for decay at shipping point; provided, that a total tolerance of not more than 3 per cent shall be allowed for decay en route or at destination. Eo part of any tolerance shall be allowed for wormy fruit or worm holes. U. S. No. l, U. S. No. 1 Bright, 1L 5. NO. 2 Bright Grades. not more than 10 per cent, by count, of the fruit in any container may be below the requirements of the grade other than for discoloration, but not more than one-twentieth of this tolerance, or one-half of one per cent, shall be allowed for decay at shipping point; provided, that a total tolerance of not more than 5 per cent shall be allowed for decay en route or at destination. In addition, not more than ten per cent, by.count, of the fruit in any container may not meet the requirements relat— ing to discoloration, but not more than one-fourth of this tolerance, or 2% per cent, shall be allowed for serious damage by black or unsightly discoloration. No part of any tolerance shall be allowed for wormy fruit or worm holes. U. S. No. 2. th more than 10 per cent, by count, of the fruit in any container may be below the requirements of this grade other than for discoloration, but not more than one—twentieth of this tolerance, or one-half of one per cent, shall be allowed for decay at shipping point; provided, that a total tolerance of not more than 5 per cent shall be allowed for decay en route or at destination. In addition, not more than 10 per cent, by count, of the fruit in any container may not meet the requirements relat- ing to discoloration. No part of any tolerance shall be allowed for wormy fruit or worm holes. U. S. Combinatioanrgde. EOt more than 10 per cent, by count, of the fruit in any container may be below the require- ments of this grade, but not more than one-twentieth of this tolerance, or one-half of one per cent shall be allowed for decay at shipping point; provided, that a total tolerance of ' not more than 3 per cent shall be allowed for decay en route or at destination. No part of ary tolerance shall be allowed to reduce, for the lot as a whole, the percentage of U. S. No. 1 required in the combination, or to increase the per- centage of fruit having in excess of one-third of the surface 'f .5}... I __.epfii‘ 1A4. in the aggregate affected with discoloration which is permitted in the combination, but individual containers may have not more than a total of 10 per cent less than the percentage of U. D. No. 1 required or specified and/or in excess of the percentage of discolored fruits Specified, provided that the entire lot averages within the percentages specified. No part of any tolerance shall be allowed for wormy fruit or worm holes. U. S. No. l RussetJ U. S. mo.gg Russe£=grades. Not more than 10 per cent, by count, of the fruit in any container may be below the requirements of the grade, but not more than one-twentieth of this amount, or one-half of one per cent, shall be allowed for decay at shipping point; provided, that a total tolerance of not more than 5 per cent shall be al- lowed for decay en route or at destination. No part of any tolerance shall be allowed to reduce the percentage of fruit having in.excess of one-third of the surface in the aggregate affected with discoloration which is required in these grades, but individual containers may have not more than 10 per cent less than the percentage required, provided that the entire lot averages within the percentage specified. No part of any tolerance shall be allowed for wormy fruit or worm holes. B. United States Standards for Grapefruit 1. California and Arizona INTROIUCTION The tolerances for the standards are on a container basis. However, individual packages in any lot may vary from the specified tolerances as stated below, provided the averages for the entire lot, based on sample inSpection, are within the tolerances Specified. For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual pack- ages in any lot may contain not more than one and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that when the package contains 15 Specimens or less, individual packages may con- tain not more than double the tolerance specified. For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than double the tolerance specified, provided at least one specimen which does not meet the requirements shall be allowed in.any one package. C- 83. FPS U. S. Fancy shall consist of'grapefruit of similar varietal characteristics, which are mature, well colored, firm, well formed, of smooth texture for the variety, fairly thin skinned, free from decay, broken skins which are not 145 o healed, hard or dry skins, bruises (except these incident to proper handling and packing), dryness or mushy COD? dition, and from injury caused by sprayburn, fumigation, ammoniation, scars, green Spots, scale, sunburn, sprout- ing, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects or mechanical or other means. §tems shall be properly clipped. U. S. No. 1 shall consist of grapefruit of similar varietal characteristics, which are mature, fairly well colored, firm, well formed, of fairly smooth texture for the variety, and not excessively thick skinned, free from decay, broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, bruises (except those incident to proper handling and pack- ing), and from damage caused by dryness or mushy condition, Sprayburn, fumigation, ammoniation, scars, green spots, scale, sunburn, sprouting, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. Stems shall be properly clipped. U. S. No: 2 shall consist of grapefruit of similar varietal characteristics, which are mature, slightly colored, fairly firm, which may be slightly misshapen but not excessively rough, which are free from decay, broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, and from serious damage caused by bruises, dryness or mushy condition, sprayburn, fumigation, ammoniation, scars, green Spots, scale, sunburn, sprouting, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects or mechanical or other means. Stems shall be properly clipped. U. S. No. a shall consist of grapefruit of similar varietal characteristics, which are mature, slightly colored, which may be slightly Spongy, misshapen, rough, but not seriously lumpy, which are free from decay, broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, from serious damage by bruises, dryness or mushy condition, and from very serious damage caused by Sprayburn, fumigation, am- moniation, scars, green Spots, scale, sunburn, sprouting, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects or me- chanical or other means. Stems shall be preperly clipped. Unclassified shall consist of grapefruit which have not been cla sified in accor‘ance with any of the foregoing grades. The term "Unclassified" is not a grade within the meaning of these sta ”ards but is provided as a designation to show that no definite grade has been applied to the lot. 4||'.I. If 146. Tommjxcss In order to allow for variations incident to prOper grading and handling in each of the foregoing grades, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may be below the requirements of the Specified grade, but not more than one-twentieth of this amount, or one-half of 1 percent, shall be allowed for decay at shipping point; provided that an additional tolerance of 2—1/2 percent, or a total of not more than 5 percent, shall be allowed for decay enroute or at des- tination. In addition, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may not meet the requirements relating to color. 2. Florida and Texas (Same as A—2 under II, Grading Laws) C. U. 8. Standards for Tangerines and Mandarin. Oranges (Included in A-Z) D. U. 8. Standards for Lemons — (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agr'l Economics - "U. S. Standards for Lemons" effeettvee Jéfgafimrkgéal~ gggfggngIon The tolerances for the standards are on a container basis. However, except when. applying the tolerances for "Standards for Export”, individual packages in any lot may vary from the specified tolerances as stated below, provided the averages for the entire lot, based on sample inspection, are within the tolerances specified. For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than one and.one- half times the tolerance Specified, except that when the package contains 15 specimens or less, individual packages may contain not more than.double the tolerance specified. For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than double the tolerance specified, provided at least one specimen which does not meet the requirements shall be allowed in any one package. ' GRLDES U. S. No. 1 shall consist of lemons which are firm, fairly well formed, not abnormally rough, which are free 147. from decay, internal evidence of Alternaria development, ‘broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, growth cracks, internal decline, red blotch, bruises (except those incident to proper handling and packing) membranous stain, or other internal discoloration, and from damage caused by dryness or mushy condition, spray- burn, fumigation, exanthema, scars, green spots, scale, sunburn, hollow core, peteca, scab, melanose, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects or mechanical or other means. The lemons shall be at least fairly well colored, provided that lots of lemons which meet all the require- ments of this grade except as to color shall be desig- nated as "U. S. No. 1 Green” if the lemons in each COD? tainer are of a full green color; or as ”U. S. No. 1 Mixed Color" if the lemons in each container fail to meet the color requirements of either "U. S. No. l" or “U. S. No. 1 Green". The fruit shall have a juice content of not less than 25 percent, by volume, except when designated aS"U. S. No. 1 Green for Export". When so designated the lemons shall have a juice content of not less than 22-1/2 percent unless otherwise Specified. Stems shall be prOperly clipped. In order to allow for variations incident to prOper grading and handling, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may not meet the color re- ruirements. Inwaddition, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container, may be below the remaining requirements of this grade, but not more than one-half of this tolerance, or 5 percent, shalllae.allowed for decay, internal evidence of Alternaria develOpment, internal decline, broken skins which are not healed, growth cracks, or defects causing serious damage, but not more than one-tenth of this amount, or one-half of one percent, Shall be allowed for lemons affected by decay in State of origin. A total tolerance of not more than 5 percent shall be allowed for lemons affected by decay upon arrival in other States than that of their origin. U. S. No. 2 Shall consist of lemons which are not soft or excessively Spongy, not badly deformed, not excessively rough, which are free from decay, internal evidence of Alternaria develOpment, broken.Skins which are not healed, hard or dry Skins, red blotch, and from serious damage caused by bruises, membranous stain, or other internal discoloration, dryness or mushy condition, sprayburn, fumigation, exanthema, scars, green Spots, scale, sunburn, hollow core, peteca, growth cranks, internal decline, scab, melanose, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects or mechanical or other means. 148. The lemons shall be at least fairly well colored, provided that lots of.lemons which meet all the require- ments of this grade except as to color shall be desig- nated as "U. S. No. 2 Green" if the lemons in each cone tainer are of a full green color; or as "U. S. No. 2 Mixed Color" if the lemons in each container fail to meet the color requirements of either “U. S. No. 2" or ”U. S. N'. 2 Green". The fruit shall have a juice content of not less than 25 percent, by volume, except when designated as "U. S. No. 2 Green for Export". When so designated the lemons shall have a juice content of not less than 22—1/2 per- cent unless otherwise specified. Stems shall be properly clipped. In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may not meet the color requirements. In addition, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container, may be below the remaining requirements of this grade but not more than one-half of this tolerance, or 5 percent, shall be allowed for decay, internal evidence of Alternaria develOpment, or internal decline, but not more than one-fifth of this amount, or 1 percent, shall be allowed for lemons affected by decay in State of origin. A total tolerance of not more than 5 percent shall be allowed for lemons affected by decay upon arrival in other States than that of their origin. U. S. No. 5 shall consist of lemons which may'be soft but not seriously spongy, seriously deformed or seriously lumpy; which are free from decay, internal evidence of Alternaria development, broken skins which are not healed, hard or dry skins, and from serious damage caused by growth cracks, internal decline, bruises, dryness or mushy condition, and from very serious damage caused by red blotch, membranous stain, or other internal discoloration, spraybumn, fumigation, exanthema, scars, green Spots, scale, sunburn, hollow core, peteca, scab, melanose, dirt or other foreign materials, disease, insects or mechanical or other means. The lemons shall be at least fairly well colored, pro- vided that lots of lemons which meet all the requirements of this grade except as to color shall be designated as "U. S. No. 5 Green" if the lemons in each container are of a full green color; or as ”U. S. No. 5 Mixed Color" if the ‘ lemons in each container fail to meet the color requirements of either "U. S. No. 5" or "U. S. No. 5 Green”. The fruit shall have a juice content of not less than 20 percent, by volume, except when designated as "U. S. No. 5 Green for Export". When so designated there shall be no requirements for juice content. qsu...|..?:‘. 149. Stems shall be properly clipped. In order to allow for variations incident to prOper grading and handling, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may not meet the color requirements. In addition, not more than 10 per- cent, by count, of the fruit in any container may be below the remaining requirements of this grade, but not more than one-tenth of this tolerance, or 1 percent, shall be allowed for lemons affected by decay in.State of origin. A total tolerance of not more than 5 per cent shall be allowed for lemons affected by decay upon arrival in other States than that of their origin. U. S. Cgmbimtion Grade. A combination. of U. S. No. l and U. S. No. 2 lemons may be packed. Combin- ations other than this are not provided for in connec- tion with the United States lemon grades. A combina- tion of U. S. No. l and U. S. No. 2 lemons may be desig- nated "U. S. Combination" grade when at least 75 per cent of the lemons in any container meet the requirements of U. S. No. 1. In order to allow for variations incident to preper grading and handling, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may not meet the color requirements. In addition, not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container may be below the remaining requirements of the lower grade in the combination, but not more than one—tenth of this toler— ance, or 1 percent, shall be allowed for lemons affected by decay in.State of origin. No part of the above tol- erance shall be allowed to reduce, for the lot as a whole, the 75 percent of U. S. No. l lemons required in the com- bination, but individual containers may have not less than 65 percent of the higher grade. A total tolerance of not more than 5 percent shall be allowed for lemons affected by decay upon arrival in other States than that of their origin. This 5 percent tolerance may be used to reduce the percentage of lemons of the higher grade required in the combination, provided the affected fruits meet the require- ments of the higher grade in other respects. Unclassifigd shall consist of lemons which have not been classified in accordance with any of the foregoing grades. The term "Unclassified" is not a grade within the meaning of these standards but is provided as a designation to show that no definite grade has been applied to the lot. nudists}! ‘ _ . r _ 150. 'III. Juice Content Laws A. Grapefruit 1. Florida - (State of Florida Citrus Inspection Bureau, Annual Report Seaaenggfi§E95¥$SST pages 22 and 25). (B) The minimum juice contents of the juice of the respective sizes of said grapefruit are as follows, each size being designated by the commercial number assigend to it, based on the number of grapefruit of said size packed commercially in.a standard Florida packed box of grapefruit containing two compartments each having inside dimensions of twelve inches by twelve inches by twelve inches: 1. A grapefruit of size 28 shall contain not less than 555 cubic centimeters of juice. 2. A grapefruit of size 56 shall contain not less than 510 cubic centimeters of juice. 5. A grapefruit of size 46 shall contain not less than 295 cubic centimeters of juice. 4. A grapefruit of size 54 shall contain not less than 270 cubic centimeters of juice. 5. A grapefruit of size 64 shall contain not less than 245 cubic centimeters of juice. 6. A grapefruit of size 70 shall contain not less than 225 cubic centimeters of juice. 7. A grapefruit of size 80 shall contain not less than 215 cubic centimeters of juice. 8. A grapefruit of size 96 shall contain not less than 190 cubic centimeters of juice. 9. A grapefruit of size 126 shall contain not less than 160 cUbic centimeters of juice. 10. A grapefruit of size 150 shall contain not less than 140 cubic centimeters of juice. The tests of the jfiice contents of grapefruit hereunder shall be based upon the average maximum amount of liquid con- tents which can be extracted from the flesh and pulp of not less than three average individual specimens of said grapefruit of any given size. The Florida Citrus Commission shall by prOper rules and regulations to be issued hereunder prescribe B. C. IV. 151. the manner and method of drawing of said samples and of conducting said tests. The skin and rind shall be removed before the liquid contents are extracted, and the remain? ing portion of the fruit shall be enclosed within a porous cloth before the juice is extracted therefrom for the pur— pose of permitting an efficient extraction of said juice, and the mechanical juice extractor or fruit press known. as "Juicy Fruit Press" manufactured by O. P. Schriver Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, shall be used in such process of ex- traction with the strength of one man applied thereto. .Pro- vided, that by the regulation of the Florida Citrus Commiss- ion any other mechanical fruit press or juice extractor of similar construction and equal efficiency may be used in such process of extraction. Oranges Only when color is added is law effective. See Color-Added Law in.IV, Sec. 6, Paragraph 18) Lemons (Included in U. S. Standards for Lemons) U.S. No. l - The fruit shall have a juice content of not less than 25 percent, by volume, except when designated as ”U. S. No. l Green.for Export". When so designated the lemons shall have a juice content of not less than 22-1/2 percent unless otherwise specified. U. S. No. 2 - The fruit shall have a juice content of not less than 25 percent, by volume, except when designated as "U. S. No. 2 Green for EXport'. When so designated the lemons shall have a juice content of not less than 22-1/2 percent unless otherwise specified. U. S. Ngip5 - The fruit shall have a juice content of not less than 20 percent, by volume, except when designated as "U. S. No. 5 Green for Export". When so designated there shall be no requirements for juice content. Color Added Law Florida - (Chapter No. 17778, Laws of Florida, mama?!) Section 5. It shall be unlawful for any person to treat any citrus fruit with, or apply thereto, any coloring matter which has not first received the approval of the Commissioner as herein provided. Section 6. That it shall be unlawful for any person to use on citrus fruits or apply thereto any coloring matter unless such fruit passes the requirement of the State maturity tests, and, in addition thereto, oranges shall pass the follow- ing minimum requirements for total soluble solids of the juice thereof and for ratio of total soluble solids of the juice thereof to anhydrous citric acid: 152. 1. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than nine (9) percent of the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be eight and one-half to one (8.50 to l). 2. When.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight and nine-tenths (8.9) percent and not more than nine (9) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be eight and sixty hundredths to one (8.60 to l). 5. When.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight and eight—tenths (8.8) percent and not more than.eight and nine-tenths (8.9) percent the minimum ra— tio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be eight and seventy hundredths to one (8.70 to l). 4. When.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight and sevenrtenths (8.7) percent and not more than eight and eight—tenths (8.8) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be eight and eighty hundredths to one (8.80 to l). 5. When.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight and six-tenths (8.6) percent and not more than eight and seven-tenths (8.7) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be eight and ninety hundredths to one (8.90 to l). 6. When.the total solUble solids of the juice is not less than eight and five-tenths (8.5) percent and not more than eight and six-tenths (8.6) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine to one (9 to l). 7. When.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight and four-tenths (8.4) percent and not more than eight and five-tenths (8.5) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine ard.ten.hundredths to one (9.10 to l). 8. When.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight and three-tenths (8.5) percent and not more than eight and four-tenths (8.4) percent the minimum ratio of total solUble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine and twenty hundredths to one (9.20 to l). 9. When.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight and two-tenths (8.2) percent and not more than eight and three-tenths (8.5) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine and thirty hundredths to one (9.50 to l). _._—_.L 155. 10. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight and one-tenth (8.1) percent and not more than eight and two—tenths (8.2) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine and forty hundredths to one (9.40 to 1). ll. When.the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than eight (8) percent and not more than eight and one-tenths (8.1) percent the minimum ratio ot total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine and fifty hundredths to one (9.50 to l). 12. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than seven and nine-tenths (7.9) percent and not more than eight (8) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine and sixty hundredths to one (9.60 to l). 15. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than seven and eight-tenths (7.8) percent and not more than seven.and nine-tenths (7.9) percent the minimum ratio of total solUble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine and seventy hundredths to one (9.70 to l). 14. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than seven and sevenatenths (7.7) percent and not more than seven.and eight-tenths (7.8) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine and eighty hundredths to one (9.80 to l). 15. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than seven and six—tenths (7.6) percent and not more than seven.and seven-tenths (7.7) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be nine and ninety hundredths to one (9.90 to 1). 16. When the total soluble solids of the juice is not less than seven and five-tenths (7.5) percent and not more than seven.and six—tenths (7.6) percent the minimum ratio of total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid shall be ten to one (10 to l). 17. When the ratio of total soluble solids to anhy- drous citric acid shall be not less than ten and one-half to one (10.50 to 1) there shall be no requirement for soluble solids. 18. Coloring matter shall not in any case be applied to any oranges when the ratio bf total soluble solids to anhydrous citric acid is less than eight and one~ha1f to one (8.50 to 1). Likewise, coloring matter shall not in any case be applied to any oranges unless the juice content thereof shall be at least four and one-half gallons to each standard packed box, the juice to be extracted by hand, with- out mechaniCal pressure. 154. In determining the total soluble solids of citrus fruit (within the purpose and meaning of this Act, the Brix hydrometer shall be used and the reading of the hydrometer corrected for tem— perature shall be considered as the per centum of the total sol— uble solids. Anhydrous citric acid shall be determined by titra— tion of thejuice, using standard alkali and Phenolphthalein as the indicator, the total acidity being calculated as anhydrous citric acid. “Vtv’fidvertising Regulations P. Grapefruit 1. Florida - _ Section 6. That there is hereby levied and imposed an excise tax of three cents on each standard packed box of grape- fruit grown in the State of Florida. B. Oranges 1. Florida - wx Section 6. That there is hereby levied and imposed an excise tax of one cent on each standard packed box of oranges grown in the State of Florida. ‘ C. Tangerine - 1. Florida - ‘“.\ Section 6. That there is hereby levied and imposed an excise tax of five cents on each standard packed box of tanger- ines grown in the State of Florida. ~ ." I :1? ~ ‘Vla Freezing Damage A. California 795. (Extracts from the Agr'l Code of California). Citrus fruits shall be mature and free from decay; free from serious damage due to freezing, drying at the stem or blossom end (resulting from causes other than freezing), splits, bruises, or punctures, and in addition lemons shall be free from serious damage due to sunburn and internal decline. Packed citrus fruit shall be virtually uniform in size. Damage by drying at the stem or blossom end of all citrus fruits (resulting from causes other than freezing), and by internal decline or drying due to sunburn of lemons, is not serious unless twenty per cent or more of the pulp shows staining, drying or desiccation. Damage from freezing to :any one fruit is not serious unless (a) it causes a drying or desiccation in twenty per cent or more of the exposed pulp as shown on a transverse cut through the center or (b) it causes, before the drying process develops, a water-soaked appearance, or evidence of previous water soaking, or the presence of cry- stals or crystalline deposit, on the two surface membranes of each of two or more Segments as shown on the separation of two or more segments of a section, which section shall not be less 155. than one inch or more than one and one-half inches in thickness, obtained from the central portion of the fruit by cutting off a portion of each end—~such evidence of freezing injury to show for the entire length but not nec~ essarily the entire area of the surface membranes. The percentage of serious damage to citrus fruits in containers, or in.bulk, may be established by inepection of a representative sample which shall consist of not less than one-hundred fruits. Damage caused by splits, bruises, or punctures in any citrus fruit is not serious if the injury is—well healed and free from mold or decay. Damage other than.drying, caused by sunburn to lemons, is not serious unless it affects the edible portion of the fruit. With the exception of serious damage caused by freezing, not more than ten per cent, by count, of the citrus fruit in.any one container or bulk lot may be below these require- ments, but with the exception of serious damage by sunburn and internal decline of lemons, or by drying at the stem or blos- som end of all citrus fruits (resulting from causes other than freezing), not to exceed one-half of this tolerance shall be allowed for any one cause. In the case of serious damage by freezing injury, when the determination of serious freezing damage is based on a water-soaked appearance, or evidence of previous water soaking, or the presence of crystals or crystal- line deposit, on the surface membranes of the segments, as herein defined, and before the drying process develOps, not more than fifteen percent, by count, of the citrus fruit in any one container or bulk lot may be below these requirements. After the drying process develops and the determination of serious freezing damage is based on a transverse cut, as here— in defined, not more than fifteen per cent, by count, of the citrus fruit in any one container or bulk lot may be below these requirements, but not to exceed one-third of this tol- erance shall be allowed for citrus fruits which show a drying or desiccation in forty per cent or more of the eXposed pulp, as shown on a transverse cut through the center. The total tolerance for a combination of defects shall not exceed the tolerance permitted for any one cause by more than five per cent, by count. No lot of citrus fruit failing to conform to the requirements because of serious damage caused by freezing injury may be mixed or blended with other lots of citrus fruit which conforms to these requirements, resulting in the concealment of inferior fruit, thereby reducing the percermage of defective fruits in the seriously damaged lots to within the tolerance which is permitted for errors in grading only. Any packed, wrapped citrus fruit which has been in storage or after being shipped fails to meet the requirements of this standard only by reason of brown rot, blue mold, or green mold which has occurred after packing, shall not be held for violation of the provisions of this chapter on account of such deterioration. 156. B. Florida 1. (Juice content laws provide for this). ViEv’“€6fif§lher§" A.~'California Oranges, grapefruit and tangerines when packed shall bev' in standard containers numbers 51 or 55, and lemons when packed shall be in standard containers numbers 55, 56, E7 and 58. Other size containers may be used if conspicuously marked on the outside of the end which bears any marks intended to describe the contents of such container, in letters not less than one- half inch in height, “irregular size container.” 829. The standard containers and packs for the following fruits, nuts and vegetables hereinafter Specified shall be as follows: Oranges, grapefruit and tangerines, numbers 51, or 53; lemons, numbers 35, 56, 57, or 58. Dimensions Depth _ Yidth. Length inside . inside inside no. Name in inches in inches in inches 5 Standard orange box . . . . . . 11% lll‘ . 24-5/8 55 Half orange box . . . . . . . . 5—5/4 11% 24-5/8 55 Standard lemon box . . . . . . 10 ' 15 25-5/8 58 Half lemon box . . . . . . . . 5 15 25-5/8 57 xdumbo lemon box . . . . . . . . 11-}/8 15% A 25-5/8 3 Half jumbo lemon box . . . . . 5-9 16 l 2 25-5/8 Florida 4~p (See text, p. 84) Texas - ' ’ Bill 625: Only the following containers shall be used for grapefruit and oranges: ‘ l. The Standard Box.= The dimensions of the standard box shall be 12 x 12 x 12 inches.for each one—half box, inside measurements. K 2. The One—Half Standard Box. The dimensions of the one-half standard box (or strap box) shall be 12 x 12 x 6 inches for each one-half of said box, inside measurements. 5. The One_Compartment Box. The dimensions of the one com- partment box shall be 12 x 12 x 24 inches, inside measurements. 4. Standard Bushel Basket. The standard bushel basket shall contain not less than 2150.4 cubic inches in the basket proper, regardless of the manner in which the lid is made. ‘ 157. 5. Other closed containers of a capacity of not more than 1—5/5 bushels, with a cubical space not exceeding $456 cubic inches in the container proper, regardless of the j/~« shape of the containers and the manner they are closed. VIII. Markings A. Florida 1. Color Added - Regulation No.16 - page 126 6. Each fruit which has been colored under said Act shall have on.the skin.thereof a label statement plainly showing it to be so colored. Such label statement shall consist of the words "COLOR ADDED" in type not less than five thirty-seconds (5-52) inch in height and an overall length of not less than one inch, and type not used in the words "COLOR ADDED" shall not extend into, between or at either end of the words "COLOR ADDED", and wherever any other word or words appear in such label statement in addition to the words "COLOR ADDED" such word or words must be under and not over the words "COLOR ADDED" and of the type not larger than.the type used in the words "COLOR.ADDED". All packing boxes and containers containing fruit so colored shall bear thereon in a conspicuous manner in bold face type not less than three-fourths (5/4) inch in height the words "COLOR ADDED". Such words shall be printed on or form a part of the main label affixed to or stamped on such packing boxes or containers, or shall be stamped on the same end or side of such packing boxes or containers that such main label is affixed to or stamped thereon. 2. Grade - Section 2. Each citrus fruit sold or offered for sale or offered for shipment or being shipped by common carrier or otherwise in bulk shall have on the skin thereof a label statement plainly showing its grade or, if it is a cull, it shall be labeled on.the skin thereof “CULL”. Such label statement shall be in type not less than 5-52 inch in height and an.overall length of not less than one inch. Shipping ‘ in bulk means the shipping of any citrus fruit loose without in any manner placing such citrus fruit in any container other than the car, truck, boat, or other vehicle used in tranSporting such fruit. When citrus fruit is sold, offered for sale, or offered for shipment, or being shipped by com- mon carrier or otherwise, enclosed in a container which meets the standards adOpted by the Florida Citrus Commission, it shall be sufficient if the grade of said citrus fruit, or in the case of "CULLS", the word "CULL" shall be stamped upon said closed container in a conspicuous place in bold faced type not less than 5/4 inch in.height. Such grade, or the word "CULLS" in the case of culls, shall be printed on or form a part of the main label affixed to or stamped on such 158. container, or shall be stamped on the same end or side of such container that the main label is affixed or stamped thereon. In the case of stamping the grade and name and address on bags, or on the tag attached to the bag, as re- quired herein, the size of the type shall be not less than. three—eights.(5/8) inch in height and shall be plainly legi- ble. In the case of seamless bags of 4-5 bushel capacity the tag, instead of being sewn, may be securely affixed to the bag with not less than.three metal staples at least three eights (3/8) inch in length, the tag to be folded over the salvage edge of the bag in such manner that the staples will pass through the tag on both sides of the bag. When fruit is shipped in consumer site, namely, l-16 or 1—10 box size bags, the shipper shall be allowed the privilege of substitut- ing for the required white cloth tag or marking on the bag itself an insert tag which shall be inserted in the bag with the fruit and carry the required grade, name and address in- formation and which must be legible from the outside. Pro- vided, that the shipper or seller using closed containers adop— ted as standard by the Florida.Citrus Commission shall have the privilege of using, instead of marking the grade on the container, either labels, brands or trademarks which shall represent Specific State grades or specific United.States Grades and which shall be registered with the Florida Citrus Commission. In all cases where culls are shipped in a closed container the word "CULLS" shall be clearly marked upon the container as above set forth. No citrus fruit shall be sold, offered for sale or offered for shipment or be shipped by common carrier or otherwise except in bulk or in containers adOpted by the Florida Citrus Commission. The name and address of the shipper shipping said citrus fruit, unless the same are clearly and legibly set forth in the label used on said container, and the point of origin of the shipment, if it be a point other than the address of the shipper and if the same does not appear clearly and legibly on the label or elsewhere in permanent form on the container, shall all be stamped on the container immediately below the label, if such container carries a label and otherwise they shall be stamped in a similar place and manner as the grade is customarily stamped, in bold face type not less than three sights (5/8) inch in height. E. California Closed containers of unpacked citrus fruit and all contain- ers of packed citrus fruit shall bear upon them in plain sight and in plain letters on one outside end; the name of the person who first authorized the packing of the citrus fruit or the name under which such packer is engaged in.business, tOgether with a sufficiently explicit address to permit ready location of such packer; the number and average diameter of the citrus fruit in the container, or the cubical content of the container; and in the case of oranges, the name of the variety, if known, and when not known the words “unknown'variety" or "seedlings." 724' “-4" .a‘ .....- 159. ' Ix: “Standard Packing A. California and Arizona 1. 2. 5. Oranges - Oranges shall be uniform in size and arranged in the boxes according to the approved and recognized methods. The fruit shall be tightly packed and the wrap show at least one-half twist. Each fruit shall be enclosed in its individual wrapper. Each box of oranges shall show a minimum bulge of 1-1/4 inches. "Uniform in size" means that not more than 10 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container, may be one stane dard size larger or smaller than.the standard size for the count packed. Example of Standard Size Orange - The standard size orange for a 200 count is that size orange which will pack tightly 200 oranges of uniform size when packed according to the approved and recognized method. In order to allow for variations incident to proper packing, not more than 5 percent of the boxes in any lot may not meet the requirements for the standard pack. Grapefruit - ' Grapefruit shall be fairly uniform in size and arranged in the boxes according to the approved and recognized me- thods. The fruit shall be tightly packed and the wrap show at least one-half twist. Each fruit shall be enclosed in its individual wrapper. Each box of grapefruit shall show a minimum bulge of 2 inches.“ "Fairly uniform in size" means that not more than 5 per cent, by count, of the fruit in any Container, may be more than one standard size larger or smaller than the standard size for the count packed. Example of Standard Size Grgpefruit ~| The standard size grapefruit for a 64 count is that size grapefruit which will pack tightly 64 grapefruit of uniform size when packed according to the approved and recognized method. In order to allow for variations incident to proper packing, not more than 5 percent of the boxes in any lot, may not meet the requirements for the standard pack. Lemons -1 Lemons shall be fairly uniform in size and arranged in the boxes according to the approved and recognized methods. The fruit shall be tightly packed and each fruit shall be fairly well enclosed ih its individual wrapper.; Button ends only shall bepacked against the end pieces or center partitions of the box. B. C. Florida Texas 160. Each box of lemons shall show a minimum bulge of 1-1/4 inches. \\\ "Fairly uniform in size" means that not more than 5 percent, by count, of the fruit in any container, may be more than one standard size larger or smaller than the standard size fur the count packed \ Example of Standard: Size Lemon. The standard size of a 500 size is that size which will pack tightly 500 lemons of uniform size when packed according to the approved and recognized methods. - In order to allow for variations incident to prOper packing, not more than 5 percent of the boxes in any lot may not meet the reQuirements for the standard pack. The term "Standard packed box" means 1—5/5 bushels of citrus fruit whether in bulk or containers. Fruit shall be fairly uniform in size and arranged in the boxes according to the appr0ved and recognized methods. The fruit shall be tightly packediand the wrap show at least one-half twist. Eaeh fruit shall be enclosed in its individual wrapper, except that in packs of oranges and tanp gerines of a size 250 and smaller only fruit in the t0p and bottom layers and fruit eXposed at the sides of the box shall be required to be wrapped. 3 Each box of oranges shall show a minimum bulge of 11 inches. With grapefruit the minimum bulge shall be 2 inches, except that the boxes packed with grapefruit of a size 80 or smaller need only show a bulge of 11 inches. Boxes of tan- gerines shall show a minimum bulge of 5/4 inch. /' "Fairly uniform in size" means that there is not excessive variation in diameters of the fruits in any container and that oranges and grapefruits are within the range given in.Table CIX for the various packs. $4 161. 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NH odonHdoH I H mm CNN own HHm onm OHOH ooHHlo I I I I I I H I HoHHmb HoHHomaH I I I 0H 0H N I H poHHpoHH Honpnoo ban ddfi NnN pm HNH mNN mmH HnH pOHHpmHH_QHQp9dom oHnHoHHHoo 0N IH N I I I H I H n I m onouHH< .oon .poz .poo .pmom Imam dew ondh mom .hmq .Hofi .pph .now opopm mMooHp Hopoa mp enoaoooa pom pdp opquobHdUo mpoHIHoo op voodoon mpnoapHpo poop mnHodHonH oomH nH mpooaHHpm mpoHIHoo m a H D m h m D.m a H o A MJM Hhfi HbHM oHpoB 187. .‘i‘ .I.) x J \i )I I I I -ISI .3 - 211! 4I I. ,IIH I - IQI I43 A J.- o I {\ r r l . 2. If s IN I IYL I. r Gnu-H“ r \ II LIOI. .Ir IPIM 4M S.l (1 (Hal 0 Nb ‘1 III I .I. ‘1 I) I .IJ ..Il .IIHI J II.I JIIII \I ..J \l l._\I J x). )II AHH )0 k > . .{I I.» I hm? HI.. III (I 0 I1 . r ( ...Im. | all. VJ..- ...H .( . I 0 II \ oIIono oIz o ,o (I '4- f (s oil-4 I I I II I. . V,)o \I I. ‘ III III I ) I I II I I ll 1 I 1) );MJ I II) I a») )) )J. on) 1)) .w 1 I (I Q I r a l p: IL. I v I‘ t . v\ I r ( L It. r (a ”I I Q vb ( ( r NI PI. 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(“I 01 wH 01 Q C HmHH IW ) “I Op...‘ Hum .ICHJIA.“ bxrumH CH mPQQEQHHMm MPOHIHMO ff) CO [H 44 { L Hm an fimH OHN M wmoH nwwm 0:: £14 {‘3 b ,5, a) 1'0 (1) L0 fl! 0 (D [II mHmpoe mHmHHo HHmHH wHHgo mHmHowHHmo mmpwpm dmpHQD proe mmxma HOHHHmHH HmHHQmo HOHHpmHQ :qupsom HOHHHmHn QHmnHHoq qupomHHmo mcouHHn mpmpm ' 7:4 IWJII I!” -l I I I I I . I II [Illr'!r .I.D n .Iia' $.33! ., MIQ. Irhrlct m 9 .I 1 Impmopwh CszmOHud oomHoumHm 2mm @00H 004 «a I I I I I I HH :wH mom awn Hm I I I I I I b NIH II no mw m I I I I I I H b m B H H H m H m . 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HHHHH gym mu Hapop deHOHh mmHHm> HmHmeGH HOHHpmHm Hmhpzmo HOHHume sawflpdom 201 mmva meOHH panm bnme owmbH NmOFH mmHON nmomH Hmpoe m¢>OH HomH nbmm monH meH ummH mHoH Iowa mmHN hme .>ofi mmeH HHHN mmom mwbH bmom HmmH 5mm OPOO ommw HHm wmfiH mom wwb mam mo mmm won I N ON I n HQH N H mom >m¢ I n a H b HHbMMk mHDmB .pmmm .mdm dew mafia Hmom mmmm n¢m mmmm OHH muHH New bmmH mmH anH mme mon ¢m mpHH H RH HdeHlou m m M m m moooH mem momm mmHn mHHN Nowm bmmm .Hmm m a HmnnH wmom >b¢w HHnN bmmm Mm>N mmmm HmonH wmon owmm dan nOHN ommH wodm .Qmm OOQ¢H HHpm dobH Noom «Nmm mmom owbm .flmh wwwhmbw mHmpoe pan mMmH nmmH «mmH mmmH Nan Hmow mew¢ mo¢> NHHQ mama mom I I I I now ommm womb mmmm mHmpoe mm¢bH mem bmnH mme I I I I I mam ammo Hmmm mmHm bmmH meo nmom mmnH wmm I I I I I OH ¢bm wmb ome ean mnmo mmm mmmH mwo I I I I I rHH >NOH H¢MH mme nmmH coon m¢m How wan mm I I I I ma mmm mnw wbw «mmH mmom mom can me mom I I I I I HOH ¢oo moOH mmmH memo bob com ¢©n on I I I I I obmH mmoH anH mmmH .mHmpoe Iowa open .poo .pmmm .wdq HHdh mafia Hm: .HHH .me .pmm Imam mew AmwNoBv a H D m h m m m m w HHHbHHH mHQme mmMH mama mar mumH mfibH waH 0mm mmnH proe mmH mpm mm mm Hm 0H ofi om «m mm m¢ N am mp .omn .pom bwm 0% 0H mu mm ¢N ) K van mmmH HHH ObH or Hmm mam 0mm obH mum mm HmH >OH wnH .poo .fiHmm .34 33. mbmH mmmH owH mp and Hon own pom mam mmH mOH mMH nmw 0mm QBHHRH a H D m m m MHMHM mHnwa m 4 m 0 Now OHN mm 05H mOH no HquHomHHmo chmapdomv pm Hb 5% #50 4. om ¢OH Hm mOH ¢N do .Hmm .sz .pmm .Qmw mMmHm>H mepoe bmmH wan nmmH wmmH an mamH hwwW O ’W‘A QOOH wnom mmm omom mMHH mOHH mmn non Hmpoa mmn awn mmH bHH pm bOH onH >QH 00H wm Hm on hm ww .omn I>QH can on HoH I omH mm mp I Hm I n I nH I .poo .Hgmm .m a H.D m h m m 4 m a n mpm H mm m mm H ow ”muouHHmy HM memB 0mm me mom flwH an mm rm new mOH me me NbH mm on m thh onh hmh .Hmm ohmpm omr ad Nam me OOH we on .pmh How me pHn OHH mm an 06 .th mmmpm>m mHmpoe bmmH wmmH man «mmH man Nan .HwOIN 205 . mwm mmbH wwm opH Hmpoe AwHQHomHku Ho meHmb HmHHomaHv B H D m h m H @ HHH mHan m h) C mmmhm>4 mHH mOH wOH I I I NH MHN Ham 5mm mom mHm mHmpoe mH mm mm I I I I I mm Hr #0 OH wmmH mm mm on I I I m om mOH mHH 00H Hm oan Hm mw u I I I H wH on HH mm Hm mmmH nH dH b I I I m on mm #0 OH on HmmH mH mm NH I I I I pH mm hm mm mm mmmH Hm nH pH I I I m wfi mm oH pH pH man .owm .>om .poo .Hmmm Imam HHdH oqdh Hm; .Hmm .Hmu .poh Inmw 9mm» Table XIII r- 1 CO in 03 If) (‘D 46 IO m 8 ‘5. r / NW [0 N 78 69 34 19 140 N CG CG C\I N 1935 69 (A2 to If) 03 r-l a0 [‘3 L\I 01 [>- [‘3 l9 0) U) L\. m) IO Total 129 aver 206. 207. E‘) Ck? IJJ C 4 (I ow mH mm wm mm mm HHH um mHH . bmmH II HmHaHoHHHmo Hmdm umpmHHv H H D m m d m a m m I I I I I I I I I nmmH .umum .mdn HHdw mafia huh .Hmm .Hmh .nmm .flmh Hmmw quHomHHwo Ho poHHpmHQ mhmnpuoz H H b m m H H a m w HHHHN oHme Inla Califo p v RI. ‘7 ;76 “Pp _LCJ J n District 0 June G E S her fTa;r t - L Sou O R A H r1 LL.) (3) r- I Li) (D O) M (2) LL) (1) :11 's’.) H K) 5011 0? f0 CI 0 p. §J 49; 4616 I9 (:1 k») 0,} II. ’J u 1 L0 L\. (' i ) LO [0 02 L0 63 H :nn 4LUQ9 (I) H M (D :2 r0 (1') CD OJ LL) Cl} 76 2443 12;9 -~ n H F I.) 96 5867 m :51) O) m (I) (D (5‘0 LG n LV) LL) 97 O 1692 1’ .‘ 07L 3751 C) 29145 7979 4374 281 2912 34 2949 ‘2 1..) 28448 23199 51334 30140 Totals 18253 ”a“ '..A_PI ‘ ‘4' *LO erg- ---. 209 mmnflm munmca mpamm mmem mmop 66H ma moo m¢oo Hmmua mammm manna owomu mwomm aflmmn Oboe mmmw mmmm no H mmH bonfi erw mmw mmmw wmww mmom mmvwn mwnm omnw mem mm I H mHm «gum mwnw bmwm fimmw mwow ownmu OHMM mmnn pup pH m owfi QHUH mwmm uwww mnmw mumw meow mHuon Homo mumw 0mmH m n a 0mm pupa owqw mHmo mwmw noun uwmon mmum HHHn mmw om m mna mmwm pawn bbwa mama meow wwmn nonmfi mew mmwm ow I I H pom QOFH wwwn gmmm Hmwm mum mHmpom .omm .>om .poo .pmmm .mgm mfldm mndw mam .amm .Hmm .pmh .qwm Hmcflpoamv m m E D m B 1 m H m m M w z 4 m o kprfruww 0 H D: t, B Totals Dec. ITov . “i3 t. Cot. ' 0.1.; .‘_. ... c“. k.‘ \. D 111‘? ‘- _J A (V , I "\ '.' 'r Tr A” .' V VI* J D “r ... V A I -trict U Taule Di v June July 5‘“. ‘_a V ‘0‘ J .- J- E :1 1_, Air. (”’1 U ar . 7. an. Feb. T 0 Year 210. 10 t O b- L Li) d‘ 02 O XII L? 3* xi“ 0‘. 10 0.] «:1 L‘ O I J‘ b b H r—! O (U L.) O O O (D 'd" m H H H L.) ' ‘ 3 O5 (0 (D m c g (:1 ) {>- L\- (1') ; 4) {-0 \34 l“) I O i ‘3 H {O H 9 ~’_ ) N N r“) r“) (‘3 \f‘ m H L‘ <24 ’0 b”) (:0 <1* 0‘: Cd 0 C I 01 H <14 .' «3 LC) LO (h \0 {>- (D H L 3 W) H r 3 Cd KC) H H 1‘) 0] 0‘ H (D I :0 N H {>- 10 H) CO I I I 01 H I K) :0 C0 ‘3‘ LG I l I N H <34 0 O H N H r) LN H [Q N N H m 01 cm b¢ to C) r0 PI 03 r!) 0.? ii) (>- H on 0 m Li) L‘ 01 Q) “<1“ {0 H 03 L0 d“ m \1‘ ' O 10 If) u’ 3 OI L‘- O b— C~ $9 E) c0 :9 H H Ck? H L‘— C‘ . O f.‘ I t‘) d‘ H 01 C") (.0 O O 0 CG H C". N <14 <fi F0 1‘) m PI H rs) l0 L0 03 (m a) <0 (“I I k0 O N IQ H H H ~44 93 H H \1‘ L“ \O H H d‘ “3 t0 r0 H H 5) <1‘ F0 L0 21* to H o .1 'Li 3 L“) C x1 (*3 (7‘0 (D [(3 Cu] H b- e). u) w ‘11 H [5) G) U) 5&3 H CO 03 b’) V3.4 LO 0 b- u) )1; [Q F‘ 3 N) [‘3 7.0 if) P ‘1) O5 0‘ (TI 01 (To C“ O > H H H H H H E! «r. 5 2; ‘1 bIJH wwwhm>n mwmm bMHm worm me OH I I I I >0 mm mme meH mflmpoa OMun omw umm Nbfl I I I I I Hm me on omb bmmH Hmmu Hop 0mm nmu I I I I I H «m HHw mow man mnuH Haw Hwfi um I I I I I N mp bow mum mama ow- ppm mow mu H I I I I mm mm NmH owH mmH mvw mom mm on m I I I I I ow mp om mme oom mm NH ¢ I I I I I I mp ¢¢ mm mnmfi mHmpoB .omm .>om .poo .pmmm .mdm mfldw dew awn .Hmn .amu .pwm .dmh Hmmw ammwwev m 4.3 D m B m m 9 Z a m H a M m m o HHPHM manme 212. 05H mnmhm>4 mmOH mm“ bad I I I I H NH a m mH mHH mHmpoe oufi mo w I I I I I m I I II mm ummH mnH oHH Hm I I I I I H I I H mm mmH mHH Hm H I I I I I m n I m CH mmmH onH on b» I I I I I I I I I I ¢an mH H I I I I I I I I m o b mmmH th wwm @«H I I I I H I I o 0 H0 man mHmpoa .omm .pom .poo .pmmm .mdn thh mafia amt .amm .nmu .pom .QQH pmmw aHmaomHHmo Mo plomem Cpmsphom m 4 H D m H 4 m n m a m m m 2 m m 0 HHH>H1 mHImB IIK ‘ Table A D ‘1' h (Arizona) Totals . Dec. ’\ F ‘3‘ "J C 'J o - ‘- Seat une July Aug ay J 1- [ti-1:1,. a O r. .. 01 1' IL Feb. Jan. Year 110 60 5) CI! {‘3 ('h r"{ 79 61 C22 (0 r-I IQ {Q r! U) ff 01 KO Ff) 9J4 H 93 70 L0 H) *J‘ N \1‘ (5') 1438 14 10 KO [Q r-{ 156 I. 0 LO (1) 33 01 ‘9 " r - d ‘x 01 0) 14 11 Totals {1 1') OJ Aver !! I!" U . [as “II L Table T S U H A S S 5 (Alabama) \1 ,-.. 5'1," 0 V 1' U Jul, June 1 Fr "r Judd Feb. Jan. g}! IQ m r-4 0] l“ J ()7 :Q n I—l 119 11 97 L0 IQ O) r-’. LO £0 (3) ("L I -‘ Lg U L3 1957 Totals ‘1‘ l0 (1) a d C5 Aver 215 . w L\ (3 hi 0} Cd 3.) mbahm>4 LL J O) f. (0 p O F—I 0H 0” In H r-I L‘- H I I I I H 19 Q1 r1 pm 0‘0 rI Q] I I I I I Q1 (3 #4 (D ¢ '...I D‘ J (7‘ H 0H m a a I I I I I I I I H momH HH m I I I I I I I I H m agar 0H um I I I I I H I H m wme nu mw m I I I I H I m m om mamH own .boz .pow .pmom .wda dew oHd huh .pmm .amh .pwh .th Haw» AmmmHdeofiv m a H b m n 4 m m H 4 m a m z < m 0 HR qume LII Table A (D I? (5 93.. H «_‘q Yississigpil (a {Ifl ..l ’V-TT'" .1I Quin.- 1.1.x. June F—I LU 48 IO 1") i? (To \0 02 r—I 100 01 :2) d» 1335 $0 QI 1956 LC) L“ CO IO I0 0) r4 -9 14 o" r- 49 G) U C) {H 48 P'Q w Averag 216. é____.————_r HHH—_— 217. h mMmhm>a NH I I I I I I I I a HH mm I mepoa m I I I I I I I I I m I I pmmH 0H I I I I I I I I I p m I omoH NH I I I I I I I I I I NH I man m I I I I I I I I I m b I «mmH o I I I I I I I I I I I I mmmH n I I I I I I I I n I I I mmmH mHmpoe .omm .>om .poo .pmmm .mdm HHdH moon Hog .Hmm .pmh .pmh .nww pmmw wHuaowHHmo Ho mmHHmb HmHnmmaH m a N D m a 4 m n a 4 m m a Z a m o HHHH mema 218. Noer mHHmH mHmpoa H0» #00 oomQ Homm Hwa m0w¢ 000 new row row mum owm mmm 1 Mo .poo wH RHOr+H mmww HmHH bomH «mmH wonH HmmH mum 11') pm a: mH comm ome wwmm «me npr hHfih m H &H mumnH QOIc mmuc HmHn «mum o H m H >HH oHHmH 7...)... cIo mbmH umMH Hmmm meH «HOH HHQH .Hmn Hmo Ho poHHpmHm qpmapdom d‘ L‘- (.0 a) v) u) 5500 cam cum oomH new mom me .Qwh ommHmPH mHmHoa uan man mmmH wan v) {Q mH mH c3 5) meW 213 ¢bw mHmpoe Hnm mm um 00H um l0 m OHH wmw 7“ o 50H mu um hm hm IO 0 OJ L‘ to u) LG do HH H mm mm HH pH I o N | U) Cu 03wa r4 ‘¢ on m¢ 0% pH fin nH I H N I H HH I I N & NH mH HHH t0 6) CO d‘ 0 mm .omm .>oh .poo .pmmm .Mdn dem mafia mmu .HQH .qu .pmm .nmh mHnHoHHHmo Ho m Z PH poflppmfln Happnmo o a m H oHpma mmmnmbm mHmpoe bme ommH mmmH vmmH nmmH mmmH Hw uwm mm mw 19 05 CJ t‘) 03 OHH mHmpoa mm NH mH mH .Om .>ou I I I I 0 OH .poo .pmmm .mdm HHdm wqdw mm: HHHHoHHHmo Ho mPOanmHH upmeHoH m z o E M H HbH anma 0 wH om mo @H Hm m cm .Hgm .Hmz .pmm .qmw mmmpmbm mHmpoe bmmH ommH mmmH wmmH nmmH mamH Ham» 221. H m o N. H m o I I I I I I I I I m o H I. N N I. .l I. II II I. mHmpou .owm .>om .poo .pwwm .mfin dew msdw ham .Hmm .H Amqouflnqv a a o H.m H ( HHbH meme 0. c . t ‘ .I .pmm on 0 In\ a flu“ . .1 u 22. 0.1 O Hnnm mmmhmbm omomm mowm men NH I I I I I Hm mmm moan ano mepoe Hnom oan wow I I I I I I nH mum oHHH mme man wwmw HmmH mmb w I I I I I m m mmw HHHH ommH m on wme mH¢ m I I I I I I am now Hm» mmmH worm mmHH mHm m I I I I I H mm pbw HOHH wmmH ovum mmnH oom m I I I I I an mp9 mam on mmmH mHom HHm mom H I I I I I I on mow wmm mmmH mHmpoe .omn .pom .puo .pmmm .mdm dem mudw nah .pmH Inmm .pmm Inwh nwmw ”mlolov m H m H m M m a m a HHHbH mHnwe "161.5. Ind NIHMIIIIJ.‘ .Ha' Hm 0 ¢ I I I I I I I I ¢ OH mHmpoe [‘7 n I I I I I I I I I I bmmH I I I I I I I I I I I I oHoH I I I I I I I I I I I I HmmH m o H I I I I I I I I I I I H mmmH o m I I I I I I I I . I I I m nmmH o I H I I I I I I I I w H man mHmpoe .omm .bom .poo .pmmn .mdm thm quw man .Hmm .Hmn .pmh Imam Hmmw AwandeoHv m m a H m m w a Q a MHH mHnme 224. [—4 C0 +3 I II I IH I II I IH mHsnoHHHmo Mo HOHHHmHm upmquom M m H m H m H m 9 NH orpwe HHNLO m .omm .>oH .pou .pmmm .mdm deh deh HHH .HHH .pmh 25. 10 H r0 0‘0 O"! CO <11 I!) I I I I I I d‘ L‘- (D O O O O O N) I I I I I I I I I I I me909 .omm .>oq .poo .uMmm .MHn mwdw mfidw Hma .nmq .Mm- HmfidmoHHHmov m m 3 H m m w a 4 a HMH oHnt IQUH. mmmgo>m mHmpoe bamH oan mmmH Han wan mmmH hmmw !‘ ' 4.HIIIIII.I1. i omwb Hommw mwmw Hom> awow unnp comm omow mHmpoa meHH mmmH mmbH waH HnoH mbmH vomH oomnm Homo me omOH non vow mom omm . >03“ .p00 a H Hm Nb Hm mm me I I pm I b mm I H bH m ow man I I an HOHN Homm OHm m¢> mwm 0pm onm on wow mpm mam mmp nmm mmb .pmmm .de.HHdw mafia amp .9mm H D m h “HHHHOHHV m D m B H o HHNH mHan H H.M H H mach mHHH mQOH 0mm NFNH HomH wwwH .pmrm «com oomH meH OHQH HooH meH mmbH .HHwH- mme waoH mmoH wmmm bmmw mmmH mHmH momH mHmpoB omH mmw wmb 0 NH nHH no Hm mmH mo OHH be NH on wOH Hm mp HnH on No omH .>oh mmnH .poo .pmmm .msI wmmH mmm mmm wa bmm mom mwm HHdw mmrH omw wwm HHH n¢¢ HHm mom pm wow OHH mmH HwH ram wa ondh mm; 0 (O O m 5‘) H «HunoHHHmu Ho Hafinpmflm Hpmapsom B H.b m h m D m B H o HHHHH mhnam H m N H E meH obH Hon ~L OHH OmH mmH IHNH .pom 60% mm mpH mHmpoa pan ommH mmmH wmmH mmmH mmmH .HmmMI I ‘L _"_"'_' 1 twfi. . in mHH mmmpm>4 who NON OOH OH N I I I I I mN NHH NHN mePoB wm OM mH m I I I I I I H nH bN bmmH Nm Hm NN & I I I I I I H m wN Oan No m 5H N I I I I I I ¢ 0 OH mamH >OH «a >H b I I I I I I HH OH 0N vamH #mH N O H N I I I I I m Ow mm anH mm ow ON H I I I I I I I m nN Nan mHmpoe .omn .pom .uoo .pmmm .MHH thm qun Han .Hmm .ku .nmm .nmw nmmw AmsmHdeoHu B H D m h m D m a H O H M M H.H >HNH mewB 229. Omw mm. pm ON. <1 «HHHOHHHHD \- u NH ”vH H. wH Qua” 7‘... 9w OOH rm NH 0! N (D o mHmpoa mw HH ON OH OH mH wH m B H D m h .omn .>om .poo .pmmm .mdm HHdm mmda Ammoanmv m D.m H H o HhHH mHQme OH OH Hm mMmHobH 0H 0H mm mHmpoe N I m uan m OH H ommH H n n mmmH H m m Hon I I H nmmH I H n mamH L .Hmw .pmu .pmh .nmh mew n m H H_m LE) r4 (n I I I I I I I I I r1 6: ID r-I I I I I I I I H I I O O O [Q LN I I I I I I I I I I I I mMmpon .owm .boq .poo .pmmn .qu mwfiw mafia my; .pmw .am; .pmm .Qm ‘. mflqmomflwno Mo hmwwmb HmflpmmaH E 4 H Lt) 17': [14 r I) D N H H o D m H H L HHbMH memB ALI-I,- M>OOb mmwomv wmmom ommOp HHmbw anwb Hambw nwwmo mflwpoe @wnm OfiwH OOOH Hmam mmHm omnH mmmH .omm mHmHm HOO mmm mwmm mHmOH Hmnw meow .POK mmomm mmmm Noam 00¢w fimmm Mon mug) (CK .900 B H D m h bewm bObw mmHo #mpo OOMO bmoo moon .pmom Mumm mwmm OHOO mmwm Noam mmHO ONOO .MSm HNOHO nmmw whom HO¢HH muam OOOb mmom knfidh. bmmmm wHOb wbwm mama mmwm mem OOOO andm m b m E_H o HHHPMH mHOrmB wflqaomflflmo Mo pOHapmHm gymnpsom nmmnw mvmo¢ mmmm wmw¢ Ommu mawb Hmm mpmm ouou mono ppmb comm Obmm more mmm .hmm H 4 a O a HH¢H¢ Hmwn mmmo mHmb Homm Ombm Oomm .amg bmoom ombm 5000 Home mnbm fimmw O¢Oo .Qmm wwwpm>a OHOON mHmpoe NOOM owmn NObm mwon mbmw m¢¢v ..flmh bmmfi OmmH mmmfi wmmfi man mamH “wow LEN-r- Table LKIX T F R U I R U 3 C I T A L [H (Florida) otals "I l. 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[0 LL) 0 N) momomm mmuoo I 2 pdfioooo op ompcmHos mmpfimflm .omHHorm .1 .Hmfi pnmflms HmnHmHho hmmHonHo> moHHOHhv H M 1 a w b o m H H HHH>U mHnt w w u a onoHo mmo Mo g * .hoomlOb Pm Mow; mso now aooaohopm QH omohopm Hopmw omoHfiw .mOomuow pm How; ogo Mom mmopopm pupMm omOHdh mono pm dooHdw .Moomnoo pm Moms mQQ how a onopopm QH mm.popm gmpwo omoHfim .moomumw pm Moms oso How whouopm nopwm omOHfio mono pm ooofidh 273. oH\HH o oH\o o oH\oH n oH\m n oH\m ¢ oH\mH o oH\o w oH\oH o oH\m w oH\n w oa\oH w oH\o o oH\m o oH\HH « oH\m o o mononH qH adaHfim; adaHth pHdHMmMmhm mm.nmpmaan m.me m.mm m.om m.oo m.wo m.¢n m.o¢ m.®m mNHm moaop moHyon oH\o oH\oH oH\mH oH\¢H oH\m oH\w oH\o oH\HH MNNNN L0 n n m mononH adaHMma n adqu oH\¢ oH\o oH\o oH\oH oH\mH oH\«H KO H\o H\o F—l to MMMNNNNNN H44 .I» a. mmeQHo Mo nopoamHm QH omMomm mm pHdnmmmmnm dam moMCmuo mo mmNHm pnmhmmmHo can now mgmpoamfio adafiqfla duo adanmH (I) <14 03 r () m.mmm m.omm m.mHm m.oom mumbH whomH m.omH m.©m mNHm "f! my 30 9;. m.©n m.¢o .m.o¢ m.oo .m,ob .m.wo m—om ‘ m.©NH pHdemmmpw noman dam m.ouH nmman m.on .m_oom HoHHmam cam m.omm m.on n- HoHrmam mmmnmpo mpfidhw mahpfio Ho ouHm mopmum pmmoo MHdw mdtho no ommd mmwns mdmme mqp Ho ouHm ) rt cum m.omH m.w¢H .mhooa dflw m.©mH @Qw m.omm mqunoQOe mewB map 2H mpflsnm mononH masonfl mmaouH mmaqu meodH m mu 2% mmgqu monoqfi oH 0H 0H wH (O H NH HH OH an an my bH 0H HH OH monqu m an m mafia mamme Mo ouHm BIBLIOGRAPIH 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY Traub, Hamilton and Robinson, T. Ralph Improvemerm of Subtropical Fruit Crons; Citrus. Yearbook of Arriculture, 1957. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, U. C., 1957. Car-lot Shipments of Fruits and Vegetables. Years 1932—1937. Published by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture. Car-lot Unloads of Certain Fruits and Vegetables in 66 Cities and Imports in Four Cities for Canada. Years 1939-37. Published by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Departmert of Agriculture. Gardner, Kelsey B. Terminal Fruit Auctions as marketing Agencies for Farmers' COOperatives. Farm Credit Administration Bulletin E0. 29, Fovember 1958. Hillson, H. F. Marketing Florida Citrus, Summary of 1937-193 Season, United States Department of Agriculture and Florida State marketing Bureau, Lakeland, Florida, September 5, 1958. Scott, John M., Howard, B. H., Scruggs, Frank H. and others. Citrus Growing in Florida. State of Florida, Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 2, New Series, Aurust, 1957. Thompson, J. M. The Orange Industry: An Economic Stud . University of California, College of Agriculture, Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California, Bulletin 622, June 1938. Auction Sales, Season 1957-58. '0 Florida Citrus Exchange, Statistical Department Published August 8, 1958. =tatistical Bulletin, Florida Citrus Exchange. Season 195 -38. Florida Citrus Exchange, Septembet' 22, 1958. 10. 11. 12. 15. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 282. Summary of Shipments, Season 1957-38. Florida Citrus Exchange, A~rust 8, 1938. Wyse, Olive Gertrude A Study of Consumers' Problems in the Selection of Certain Foddstuffs. Master's Degree Thesis, University of Iowa, June 1935. Ramsey, Ellen M. Story of the Citrus Fruits F. A. Owen Publishing Company, Dansville, N. Y. (1928) Coit, J. Eliot Citrus Fruits . The Macmillan Company, New York, 1L Y. (1915) Traub, H. T., Camp, A. F., Gaddum, L. W. and Stahl, A. L. Type, Variety, Maturity and Physiological Anatomy of Citrus Fruits as Affecting Quality of Prepared Citrus Juices. University of Florida, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 245, (May 1952) Gainesville, Florida. Hume, H. H. The Cultivation of Citrus Fruits. The Macmillan Company, New York, N. Y. (1926) Shamel, A. D., Pomeroy, C. S., and Caryl, R. E. Bud Selection in the Washington Navel Orange Progeny Tests of Limb Variations. United States Department of Agriculturefrechnical Bulletin 125 (1929) Friend, E. H. Citrus Orchard Management in the Lower Rio Grande -Va11ey. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular No. 67. (1953) Greater New York Dietetic Association A Study of Oranges Used for the Extraction of Juice. Chairman of Committee, Adeline Wood. .rlI—'- “I 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. TO 01 26. 27. Bailey, Liberty Hyde Manuel of Cultivated Plants The Macmillan Company, New York, 1% Y. (1924) Thomas, John J. The American Fruit Culturist, 2lst Edition. Orange Judd Company, New York, N. Y. (1905) Teague, Charles C. Ten Talks on Citrus Marketing Los Angeles, California, 1959 Winston, J. R. Harvesting and Handling Citrus Fruits in the Gulf States. United States Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin 1765, 1957 Vosbury, E. D. and Robinson, T. Ralph Culture of Citrus Fruits in the Gulf States. United States Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 1345, 1929. Shamel, A. D., Pomeroy, C. S. and Caryl, R. E. Citrus Fruits Growing in the Southwest. United States Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 1447, 1930. Blythe, Stuart 0. California Citrus, California-~Magazine of Pacific Business, February, 1957 Blinks, Ruetta Day and Moore, Willetta. Food Purchasing for the Home, Second Edition J. B. Lippincott Company, Chicago, 1952 Spurlock, A. H. and Brooker, Marvin A. Florida Citrus Prices, I University of Florida, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 515, September 1957. 28. 50. (N (O "N 03 54. 284. Spurlock, A. H. and Brooker, Marvin.A. Florida Citrus Prices, II University of Florida, Agricultural EXperiment Station, Bulletin 317, Boveflber 1957 Ramsay, H. J. Cleaning and Sterilizing Packing House Equipment and Field Boxes. California Fruit Growers' Exchange, Field Department Circular No. 356, Los Angeles, California, March 6, 1955. Taylor, J. J. State of Florida, Citrus Inspection Bureau, Annual Report, Season 1957-58. Florida 1958 Klotz, Leo J. Nitrogen'Frichloride and Other Gases as Funpicides Hilgardia, Volume 10, (2), Page 27-52, (1956) Armstrong, Paul S. Annual Report of the General Manager of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, for the year ending October 31, 1938. Comish, Newel H. C00perative Marketing of Agricultural Products D. Appleton and Company, New York, N. Y. (1929) Clark, Fred E., and Weld, L. D. H. Marketing Agricultural Products The Macmillan Company, New York, N. Y. (1952) VivinSton, J. R. Feducing Decay in Citrus Fruits with Borax. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 488, October 1955. Hamilton, H. G. and Brooker, Marvin A. A Study of the Cost of Handling Citrus Fruit from the Tree to the Car in Florida. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 266, Gainesville, Florida, April, 1954. 3'3?" .9 -.. I. «5 . a. .v v J it .0 ‘4 t... . v Q. .. . . J . vl ‘ ‘ ‘,I_ g .9 . . , w J u D‘. . 7’ .‘ \ .. ... . 8 fl ._ 5 a . ..., ,- 1 y . .Q .9 . ..w. . J . . . h ...H. .{p I f? . i . ....r . n u 1% n b . .... L r. . ... 1., .... , 0.. ..- ..sr, . .11 .r. 5.4. v .... .... .fl. 3:5. . . . .... A SIP. h